https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=PasqualeCairnduf 2026-08-09T19:33:37Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katora,_Punjab&diff=508955 2026-04-30T00:42:29Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: started new entry from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=January 2023}}<br /> '''Katora village'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Katora · Punjab 142043, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Katora,+Punjab+142043/@30.9890301,75.0795799,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x391a1b99425c5047:0xa728a515a4199362!8m2!3d30.9900773!4d75.0757157 |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Katora · Punjab 142043, India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is located in Zira [[tehsil]] in [[Firozpur]] district in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].This village is 48&amp;nbsp;km away from the district [[Headquarters|headquarter]] Firozpur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Katora Village in Firozpur, Firozpur, Punjab – Info &amp; Details: |url=https://villageatlas.com/punjab/firozpur/firozpur/katora |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=villageatlas.com |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130035015/https://villageatlas.com/punjab/firozpur/firozpur/katora |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Katora village is also a [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]].<br /> <br /> [[Literacy rate]] of this village is 59.33%.<br /> <br /> Total population of this village is 1,040. Male population is 544 while female population is 496.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Katora (174) Village Population - Zira, Firozpur, Punjab |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/punjab/firozpur/zira/katora-174-population.html |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130034853/https://www.censusindia2011.com/punjab/firozpur/zira/katora-174-population.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Postal Index Number]] of this village is 142028.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Firozpur district]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Yunus_(Indian_politician)&diff=518138 2026-04-29T02:09:30Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: put up new post more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1884–1952)}}<br /> {{more footnotes needed|date=October 2013}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Mohammad Yunus<br /> | office = Premier of Bihar Province<br /> | order = 1st<br /> | image = Mohammad Yunus, First Premier of Bihar.jpg<br /> | governor = [[Sir Maurice Garnier Hallett]]<br /> | successor = [[Shri Krishna Sinha]]<br /> | term_start = 1 April 1937<br /> | term_end = 19 July 1937<br /> | party = [[Muslim Independent Party]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1884|5|4|df=y}}<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1952|5|13|1884|5|4|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Penhara, [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_place = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Mohammad Yunus''' (4 May 1884 – 13 May 1952) was the first [[Premier]] of [[British Raj|British India's]] [[Bihar Province]]. During his career, the heads of provincial governments were called Prime Ministers. He [[Chief minister (India)|governed]] for three months in 1937, during the state's first [[1937 Indian provincial elections|democratic election]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> <br /> Mohammad Yunus, the younger of two brothers, was born on 4 May 1884, in Penhara, a village located in [[Patna]] in the [[Bengal Presidency]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sajjad&quot; /&gt; He belonged to a [[Muslims|Muslim]] family that traced its descent back to the [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint [[Malik Ibrahim Bayu]], also known as [[Malik clan (Bihar)|Mallick caste]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 May 2012 |title=Bihar's first premier Yunus remembered |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihars-first-premier-yunus-remembered/articleshow/13128266.cms |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the son of Ali Hassan Mukhtar, an [[advocate]]. His grandfather was Mohammad Azam, who served as District Judge of [[Munger]] (Monghyr).{{fact|date=April 2026}}<br /> <br /> Yunus started studying [[Urdu]] and [[Islamic studies]] from Shah Saheb from Amthua, [[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]], who later founded the Amthua Khanqah. He continued his education at the [[Patna Collegiate School]], later traveling to the [[United Kingdom]] in the 1920s to continue his education and eventually pass the [[Bar (law)|bar]] at [[Middle Temple]], [[London]].{{fact|date=April 2026}}<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> Yunus' followed the principle of Muttahda Qaumiat (United Nationhood) which was in contrast with the Two Nation Theory of the [[All-India Muslim League]]. He was a delegate at the 1908 [[Lahore]] session but later left the party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=7 January 1990 |title=[missing] |work=The Hindustan Times daily newspaper, Patna |pages=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He later became a member of the Subject Committee at the 24th session of the [[Indian National Congress]] held in Lahore in 1909, serving with [[Syed Hasan Imam]], [[Deep Narayan Singh]], [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]], Kishan Sahay and Mr. Parmeswar.<br /> <br /> Yunus also served briefly as All India Secretary of the Muslim League. He became member of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] in 1916, at the age of 32. Yunus became member of [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar and Orissa]] Legislative Council in 1921. He was twice-elected a member of Patna Municipal Board, in 1917 and remained on its board from 1917 until 1923.<br /> <br /> He was elected to the position of the Chief Whip of the Democratic Party of Bihar and Orissa in 1921 and remained in the post until 1926. He was later elected as a member of the Bihar and Orissa Legislative Council in 1932. He presented a proposal for a new constitution to Viceroy [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Chelmsford]] and [[Edwin Montagu]], the [[Secretary of State for India]] that would be included within the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]].<br /> <br /> Yunus represented the Bihar Muslim Association and Bihar Landholder's Association as Chief Spokesman before the 1928 [[Simon Commission]]. He formed the [[Muslim Independent Party]] in 1936 along with [[Abul Mahasin Muhammad Sajjad]] to represent Muslims disillusioned with the Muslim League and the Congress.<br /> <br /> === 1937 Indian provincial elections ===<br /> {{Main|1937 Indian provincial elections}}<br /> He resisted efforts by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] to merge the Muslim Independent Party with the Muslim League before the 1937 Indian provincial elections. The Muslim Independent Party ran in the 1937 election with the Congress on a seat sharing basis and became the second largest party in the [[Bihar Province]] Legislative Assembly. Yunus became a member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]] again in 1937 on the Muslim Independent Party ticket from West Patna (Rural) Constituency. The Muslim Independent Party won 20 seats of 40 seats reserved for Muslims and the Congress won 4, Yunus wanted to form an coalition government with the Congress to show to the Muslim League that Hindus and Muslims, two largest religious groups, could exist with equal dignity and rights. However, the Congress rejected Yunus's proposal and attempted to form a government alone. He took the oath as the [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Prime Minister of Bihar]] on 1 April 1937.<br /> <br /> Yunus' government consisted of Abdul Wahab Khan as the revenue minister, Kumar Ajit Singh Deo as the minister for local self-government, and Babu Guru Sahay Lal as the river development minister. He also offered a ministerial position to [[Jagjivan Ram]], who declined under pressure from the Congress.<br /> <br /> [[Kazi Ahmad Hussain]], who was Nazim of Imarat-e-Sharia at that time and was also an important leader of Muslim Independent Party, had mixed feelings about the formation of the government. His view was that forming a government without the participation of a party which represented the second largest constituency of the country could lead to a serious divide between the two communities.<br /> <br /> During his tenure as [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]], the legislative assembly enacted a number of significant motions. ''Bihar Band'' (''Hartal'') agitators were detained in front of his residence (&quot;Dar-ul-Mallik&quot;) on [[Frazer Road]] in Patna on the second day of his tenure. Then youth leader [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] harshly criticized Barrister Yunus's acceptance of the governor's invitation to form the government. His [[Congress Socialist Party]] continued protests against the [[Muslim Independent Party]] government because it did not have a majority in the house.<br /> <br /> Following the fall of his minority administration, the first Congress Ministry, headed by Premier [[Shri Krishna Sinha]] and deputy premier [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] was formed on 20 July 1937.<br /> <br /> === Post partition ===<br /> After the [[Partition of India|partition]], he played an active part in the movement to amend the Custodian Ordinance and worked shoulder-to-shoulder with Jamiat-e-Ulema on this issue. His suggestions found a place in the [[Indian Councils Act 1909|Minto-Morley Reforms]].<br /> <br /> Mohammad Yunus actively helped [[J. B. Kripalani]] and Mahamaya Prasad found the [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]] (KMPP) in 1951. Mahamaya Prasad became state president of the party in Bihar and a member of the legislative council. In 1951, Yunus advised Maulana Manzoor Ejazi to refuse the proposal of the Congress party to nominate him to the Bihar Legislative Council. The next day, after Maulana's refusal, Mahamaya Prasad accepted the nomination from the party and joined the legislative council. In the 1951 election, the KMPP emerged as the third largest party of India after the Congress and the [[Socialism|Socialist]] Party. The KMPP and the Socialist party later merged to form the [[Praja Socialist Party]].<br /> <br /> == Other activities ==<br /> He was a Member of the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] for 6 years. He was also the founding President of the All India Mail-Milap Association which was formed with the objective of promoting [[Hindu–Muslim unity]] on a social level, beyond political Interest and limitations.<br /> <br /> He was the Secretary of [[Annie Besant]]'s [[Theosophical Society]].<br /> <br /> == Activities of Mohammad Yunus' sons ==<br /> His eldest son, Mohammad Yaseen Yunus, inherited his father's [[Judiciary|judicial]] heritage while staying out of politics, died in 1947 at the age of 40 while serving as a standing counsel for the Government of Bihar. Most of his political and business legacy was passed down to his younger son, Mohammad Yaqub Yunus (founding president of Bihar Muslim Majlis Mushawarat). Dar-ul-Mallik, his [[mansion]], was afterwards turned into the Grand Hotel, while another portion became an Oriental Bank which was eventually demolished in the late 1990s. His grandson, Baber Yunus, who manages the Yunus Construction Company in Patna, erected the Grand Apartment in its place.<br /> <br /> In addition to serving as standing counsel for the Government of Bihar in the Patna High Court, Muhammad Yasin Yunus, his eldest son, served as his father's political secretary, particularly during the key period of the Muslim Independent Party's formation and during his father's tenure as Chief Minister. He was appointed as standing counsel to the [[Bihar Government|Bihar government]] in 1945 and received the letter appointing him as a judge in the [[Patna High Court]]. He died in 1946.<br /> <br /> Mohammad Yaqub Yunus, a Patna High Court advocate, was a younger son who founded the All India Muslim Majlis-e- Mushawarat in 1967. He also held the position of President of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] Old Boys Association in Bihar for a very long time and led the [[Aligarh Movement]] when the AMU came under scrutiny during the rule of [[Indira Gandhi]].<br /> <br /> ==Academic and judicial affairs==<br /> <br /> Yunus moved to England in 1903 to join the Society of the Middle Temple, and was admitted to the bar on 26 January 1906. He was admitted as a [[Barrister]] of the [[High Court of Justice|High Court of Justice of London]] on 27 January. After just a brief period of practice in England, he returned to India in April 1906, and at the age of 22, he enrolled as an advocate in the [[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta High Court Bar]]. In 1906, he began his legal career in the Patna District Court before rising to the position of Senior Advocate. He actively contested matters in the [[Privy Council of England]], the Federal Court of Delhi, the [[Patna High Court]], and the High Court of Calcutta.<br /> <br /> ==Corporate affairs==<br /> <br /> * Founder of SearchLight Press in Patna, now known as [[Hindustan Times]]. In 1924 he started Patna Times as a weekly paper which in 1944 became a daily newspaper. Yunus was the editor and publisher of the newspaper.<br /> * Founder of Orient Bank India Limited., which had branches and pay offices all over India. <br /> * Founder and Chairman of the Industrial Engineering Developments Limited with branches in Bihar, Bengal and Assam. <br /> * Founded the Great India Development Limited. This Company undertook construction of a large railway project in various Rajputana States, especially Indore and Marwar, and was to link up B.B. C.I. Railway and [[G.I.P. Railway]]. <br /> * Founder of Bihar Flying Club, which still existed {{As of |2011|lc=on}}. <br /> * Served as managing director of the Bihar Provincial Co-operative Bank<br /> * Served as Director of the Bank of Bihar.<br /> * Served as Director and Managing Agent of Bihar United Insurance Company.<br /> * Opened Grand Hotel, Patna.<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> His first wife was Bibian Zeenatunissa, a descendant of Abdul Jabbar of Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh. who died on 19 March 1924. On 5 October 1924, he married his second wife, the eldest daughter of the late Habibur Rahman of Irki, [[Jehanabad]], [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]], who was working as an assistant civil surgeon at the time. No children were born from this marriage.<br /> <br /> ==Poetry==<br /> On 29 December 1944, Yunus had a heart attack. During his rehabilitation, particularly during his extended stay in Mussoorie in 1945, he started writing poetry. His best-known poems include &quot;Marsiya,&quot; on the passing of Birbal Lal, the justice Manohar Lal's son, &quot;Payam-e-Muhabbat,&quot; about the harmony between Hindus and Muslims, and &quot;Kalam-e-Yunus,&quot; a letter to young people.<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> He died of a heart attack while walking down a street in London on 13 May 1952. He was buried in Brookwood Muslim Graveyard in London.<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> <br /> On 13 May 2012, Yunus' great-grandson. Mohammad Kashif Yunus, organized a conference titled &quot;Mohammad Yunus: Hayat Wa Khidmat,&quot; which was attended by Mr. Nand Kishore Yadav, the [[Road Construction Authority|Road Construction minister]] of Bihar government. At the conference, the Chief Minister of Bihar, Mr. Nitish Kumar, announced the observation of an annual memorial of Yunus called &quot;Rajkiya Samaroh&quot; on 4 May, Yunus' birthday. The first observation of the memorial took place on 4 May 2013 and has been in practice ever since.<br /> <br /> The last known 'Rajkiya Samaroh' was organised to commemorate Mohammad Yunus on 4 May 2023, at Sri Krishna Memorial Hall, Patna, Bihar. The attendees included the Chief minister of Bihar, Mr. Nitish Kumar and the Deputy Chief minister of Bihar, Tejaswi Yadav along with Mohammad Yunus' grand son Baber Yunus, great-granddaughter, Huma Yunus, great-grandsons named Yasar Yunus, Kashif Yunus, Ashhar Yunus and Shahzeb Yunus respectively. Additionally, his great-great-grandchildren named Ferheen Yunus, Shahoon Yunus and Yashfa Yunus were in attendance as well for the ceremony.<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> &lt;references&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Sajjad&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.biharanjuman.org/bio/Mohamad_Yunus-the_first_Chief_Minister_of_Bihar.html<br /> |title=Mohammad Yunus (1884–1952), the 1st Chief Minister of Bihar<br /> |last=Sajjad |first=Mohammad<br /> |work=biharanjuman.org<br /> |publisher=[[Bihar Anjuman]]<br /> |accessdate=31 May 2011<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * The Hindustan Times daily newspaper, Patna, 7 January 1990, Page- 7<br /> *The Sunday Searchlight Magazine, Patna, 12 August 1979<br /> * Toote Hue Tare- Book written by Shah Mohammad Uthmani and published by his academic son.<br /> * Husn-e-Sirat - book written by Shah Mohammad Uthmani which is a Biography of Qazi Sahab-founder Nazim of Imarat-e-Sahria Bihar<br /> * Tazkira-e-Yunus written by prominent journalist Taqi Rahim<br /> * Barrister Mohammad Yunus ke Daur-e-Wazarat ka ek Aks written by Asghar Imam Falsafi<br /> * &quot;Freedom and Partition and Season Changed&quot; written by Syed Tanveer Hassan (Grand son of Sir SULTAN)<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Yunus, Mohammad}}<br /> [[Category:1884 births]]<br /> [[Category:1952 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Patna]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_peers_and_fidalgos_in_Portuguese_India&diff=513126 2026-04-25T09:09:25Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: put up some post w/ sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}<br /> [[File:Retrato de Afonso de Albuquerque (após 1545) - Autor desconhecido.png|thumb|[[Afonso de Albuquerque]], Duke of Goa]]<br /> The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] gave titles and created coats of arms for notable persons in [[Portuguese Goa]], including native [[Goans]]. However, these titles lost their recognition after the [[5 October 1910 revolution]] and start of the [[First Portuguese Republic]] in 1910.<br /> <br /> These families formed the highest echelons of the nobility of [[Portuguese India]] which was a mix of Gaunkars and warriros who founded villages, lawyers, doctors and industrialists who founded its largest enterprises.<br /> <br /> ==Peerages==<br /> <br /> === Peers ===<br /> <br /> ''Portuguese and Mestico''<br /> [[File:D._Pedro_Miguel_de_Almeida_Portugal,_1.º_Marquês_de_Alorna_(Fundação_das_Casas_de_Fronteira_e_Alorna).png|thumb|''[[:pt:Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos|Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos]]'', 1st Marquis of Alorna]]<br /> * '''[[Marquis of Alorna]] and [[Count of Coculim]]'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/01/13/opinions/opinion/the-land-grab-of-a-militant-people/|title=The land grab of a militant people &amp;#124; The Navhind Times &amp;#124; Goa News|first=Navhind|last=Times|date=January 13, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; These hereditary titles are currently held by the present [[Marquis of Fronteira]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@goanet.org/msg10491.html | title=Re: &amp;#91;Goanet&amp;#93;FEATURE: Killer cocktail of prescription drugs, narcotics haunts Goa coastline }}&lt;/ref&gt; Count of Coculim is a Portuguese title of nobility created by King Afonso VI of Portugal, by a decree of 3 May 1666, in favour of D. Francisco Mascarenhas, a Portuguese nobleman. Marquis of Alorna was a Portuguese title of nobility granted, on 9 November 1748, by King John V of Portugal, to D. Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos, 3rd Count of Assumar and 44th viceroy of India.Originally, on 24 March 1744, the title was granted to him as Marquis of Castelo Novo but, due to his victories in India, it was changed, in 1748, to Marquis of Alorna, a town in Portuguese India after capturing the [[Alorna Fort]]. While the Count of Cuncolim &lt;ref&gt;chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://epaper.navhindtimes.in/PageImages/pdf/2023/01/13/1301023-md-ga-06.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; received the villages of Assolna, Velim, Cuncolim, Veroda and Ambelim as a grant from the king and this continued till the [[Liberation of Goa]], the Marquess of Alorna was an honorific title for the capture of the Fort, [[Alorna]] never became a countship. In the Code of Communidades of 1961 in independent India Alorna had a communidade. &lt;ref&gt;https://indiankanoon.org/doc/163331569/&lt;/ref&gt;. Similar to Mayem, Goa (Abolition of Proprietorships, Titles and Grants of Lands) Act, 2014 was to solve the land title issue of Cuncolim, yet villagers are still awaiting a solution &lt;ref&gt;https://indiankanoon.org/doc/123549076/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/meet-calls-for-moving-cuncolim-out-of-land-act-preview/424206/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/cuncolim-sociedade-draws-red-lines-on-mhaje-ghar-scheme/139771.html&lt;/ref&gt;The connection of these two titles is that they are now held by the same person.&lt;ref&gt;https://institutodanobrezaportuguesa.pt/titulos-de-nobreza/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Pernem_taluka_in_North_Goa_district.png|thumb|Pernem Taluka in dark blue, the Viscondado]]<br /> * '''[[Count of Nova Goa]]'''. This hereditary title was originally bestowed on Luis Caetano de Castro e Almeida Pimentel de Sequeira e Abreu (1840—1914) of [[Panjim]] in 1864 by [[Luis I of Portugal]]. The current holder of the title is his descendant Luis Eduardo de Mendia de Castro (1943—).<br /> * '''[[:pt:Conde de Maém|Count of Mayem]]'''. This is a hereditary title given to the Noronha family of Mayem in [[Bicholim taluka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=140997|title=Colonialism's Shadow Lingers over Goa Village|website=www.daijiworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Noronha family were descendants of [[Francisco de Távora, 1st Count of Alvor]] who was the governor of [[Portuguese India]], the same family of the infamous [[Távora affair]]. The first Count of Maem was Jose Joaquim Noronha, a [[mestico]], the grandson of Diogo da Costa Ataide Teive, one of the Maquinez, and owners of the famous [[List of palaces in India|Maquinez Palace]], who purchased Mayem, the palace was donated by the Conde de Mayem and served as [[Goa Medical College]] at [[Panaji]].&lt;ref&gt;https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/sep/04goa.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gomantaktimes.com/ampstories/web-stories/tune-into-entertainment-at-panjims-maquinez-palace&lt;/ref&gt;. Jose Joaquim Noronha, bequeathed half of his lands to his daughter's son Eurico da Silva Noronha, son of ''[[:pt:Francisco António Wolfgango da Silva|Francisco António Wolfgango da Silva]]'', director of [[Goa Medical College]]. He could not pass his title as within his lifetime Portugal had abolished the monarchy. Their lands were designated as evacuee property in 1967 which was challenged by the family.&lt;ref&gt;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/mayem-evacuee-property-issue-to-be-finally-resolved/articleshow/40529768.cms&lt;/ref&gt; After decades of court battles with the Government of Goa, the government passed the Goa (Abolition of proprietorships, titles and grants of lands) bill, 2014 primarily to solve the Mayem property issue.&lt;ref&gt;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/bill-introduced-to-abolish-landlord-rights-over-evacuee-properties/articleshow/31497174.cms&lt;/ref&gt;. The heirs, some of whom have now acquired [[Overseas Citizenship of India]] and others who are Indian citizens, are continuing to challenge this bill over loss of their rights.<br /> * '''[[:pt:Conde de Ribandar|Viscount and Count of Ribandar]]''' and '''[[:pt:Barão de Combarjua|Baron of Cumbarjua]]''' The Viscount and Count of Ribandar are noble title created by King [[Carlos I of Portugal]] , by Decree of September 19 , 1890 , in favor of Joaquim Mourão Garcês Palha, formerly the 1st Viscount of Ribandar. The title of Viscount was created by King [[Luís I of Portugal]] , by Decree of June 25, 1880. for Joaquim Mourão Garcês Palha grandson of ''[[:pt:Joaquim Mourão Garcez Palha|Joaquim Mourão Garcez Palha]]'' the 48th Governor of Macau ( 1825–1827 ) and the 90th Governor of Portuguese India ( 1843–1844 ) at [[Ribandar]] in [[Tiswadi]].The Baron of Cumbarjua was a title created by King [[Luís I of Portugal]], by decree of November 21 , 1865 , in favor of Ludovico Xavier Garcês Palha (1814-1871), son of Joaquim Mourão Garcês Palha , governor of India and Macau.The Garcez Palha family were [[mestico]], Tomás de Aquino Mourão Garcês Palha , 2nd Baron of Combarjua was a pioneer in Konkani and Marathi in the Devnagiri script, popularizing it and ensuring its resilience, unheard of for a noble whose ancestors came from Portugal.&lt;ref&gt;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/garces-palha-an-unsung-hero-in-the-fight-for-konkani/articleshow/66711861.cms&lt;/ref&gt; He held the role of Inspector of Government Primary School and published a Marathi Monthly&lt;ref&gt;chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/bitstream/handle/unigoa/3922/desai_n_b_2002.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Goans====<br /> * '''[[Pernem|Baron and Viscount of Perném]]'''. He, along with the Viscount of Bardez, is the highest-ranked patrilineally non-European noble in European history&lt;ref&gt;https://portugality.yolasite.com/vila-deshprabhu.php&lt;/ref&gt; and the only one with an extant line. The title of Baron was given to the ruler of [[Pernem taluka|Pernem]], Vassudeva Deshprabhu, by decree of 14/6 /1878 ([[Luís I of Portugal]]). His son Atmaram Vassudeva Deshprabhu, Commander of the Order of Christ (1891), was elevated to Viscount by decree of 19/8/1893 ([[Carlos I of Portugal]]). There is succession from the first Viscount to the present day. MLA [[zamindar|Jitendra Deshprabhu]] and [[Pernem]] Municipal Council member and politician Vasudeva Deshprabhu are direct descendants. Jitendra Deshprabhu had the title re-affirmed by [[Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza]] heir to the throne of Portugal in the 21st Century. While this was also given to Viscount Deshprabhu in his life (comparable to the British [[Life peer]] as the Portuguese royal family made few hereditary peerages) his heir Jitendra had it renewed by [[Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza]] in the 21st century. Deshprabhu was one of the largest landowners of Portuguese India and part of their land was acquired for [[Manohar International Airport]] &lt;ref&gt;https://www.heraldgoa.in/review/is-the-mopa-name-game-overshadowing-some-of-the-larger-concerns-that-affect-land-losers/384214/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *'''[[Dempo|Baron Dempo]]'''. Created in 1873 for Krishna Govinda Rayú Sinai Dempo, [[Dempo|1st Baron Dempo]], a wealthy [[zamindar]] and trader.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dempos.com/kalpavriksha-family/|title=Kalpavriksha Family|first=Sancoale|last=Technologies|date=October 14, 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; His descendant Vaikuntrao Dempo was the last member of parliament in [[Portugal]] prior to the independence of [[Portuguese India]]. His brother [[Vasantrao S. Dempo]] was the founder of [[Dempo|Dempo Mining Corporation]] and owner of football club [[Dempo S.C.]]. While the family is extant, the title is considered as extinct because it was given for his lifetime and was not renewed. The Dempo family continues to be involved in politics and business, and is considered Goa's wealthiest family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/srinivas-dempo-only-goan-to-feature-in-indias-rich-list/105266.html|title=Srinivas Dempo only Goan to feature in India's rich list|website=The Goan EveryDay}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dempo family was among the 10 richest in India post independence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19781231-new-breed-of-millionaires-in-goa-in-the-offing-823236-2014-03-11|title=New breed of millionaires in Goa in the offing|date=March 11, 2014|website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *'''[[St. Cruz, Goa|Baron Kenkre of Calapor]]'''. given to a wealthy capitalist and trader named Purshottam Sinai Kenkre, Hindu [[zamindar]], residing in Diu, Knight of the Order of the Tower and Sword, by decree of 3/2/1853. Decree of 26/6/1873 [[Luis I]], in his life. While the family is extant, the title is considered as extinct because it was given for his lifetime and was not renewed.<br /> [[File:Bust of Luís de Menezes Bragança.jpg|thumb|Bust of Luis de Menezes Bragança, nobleman and freedom fighter]]<br /> <br /> === Extinct ===<br /> [[File:Miranda de Miranda.jpg|thumb|Famous cartoonist from the noble Miranda family, Mario Miranda]]<br /> * '''[[Duke of Goa]]'''. This hereditary title was given to [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] by [[Manuel I of Portugal]] following the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]].<br /> <br /> *'''[[Bardez|Viscount of Bardez]]'''. Inácio Caetano de Carvalho, lawyer and journalist, was born in [[Camurlim]], Bardez, on 9/5/1843 and died on 9/15/1907, of an ancient [[Brahmin]] family from [[Salcette]]. At the beginning of the 19th century, when a plague broke out, the Carvalho family settled in the beginning of the 19th century in the village of [[Camurlim]]. He was the son of Joaquim Salvador de Carvalho, one of the most eminent jurists of his time. He obtained a lawyer's license at just 20 years old, occupying various positions in the local administration and in Diu. As a journalist, he was editor-in-chief of the newspaper O Mensageiro and later of O Oriente, a newspaper that later merged into Gazeta de Bardez. In 1877 he founded ''A Pátria'', which for many years occupied a distinguished place in the local press. As a politician, he was head of a large party that, for many years, dominated the councils of [[Bardez]], affiliated to the “dynastic-left” association, founded in Portugal by [[José Vicente de Freitas]]; and then in the [[Regenerator Party|Regenerator]] Party, then under the leadership of [[António de Serpa Pimentel]]. On 8/19/1893 he was awarded the title of Viscount of Bardez.<br /> <br /> ==Fidalgos==<br /> {{unsourced|section|date=April 2025}}<br /> [[File:Pinto Arms.jpg|thumb|Coat of Arms of the Pintos, awarded by the King of Portugal in 1770, 17 years before their infamous revolt for independence]]<br /> The [[fidalgo]] is a Portuguese noble distinction granted to certain [[Goans]] who were lawyers, merchants and diplomats. These Christians were considered to be included in the [[Portuguese nobility]]. The fidalgos detailed here are only those whose distinction was hereditary.<br /> This distinction ranks above [[baronet]] as they form part of the nobility similar to the Spanish [[Hidalgo (nobility)]] while the baronet is a commoner despite it being a hereditary title. However fidalgo ranks below Baron.<br /> <br /> === Extant ===<br /> *'''[[Vincent Alvares|Alvares of Margao]]'''. Created in 1798 for Pedro Antonio Alvares, doctor and descendant of [[Vincent Alvares]], a medical practitioner and chemist of [[John V of Portugal]]. His descendant José Filipe Alvares assisted [[Swami Vivekananda]] in studying [[Christianity]] during the latter's visit to Goa. These arms and position of nobility could be bequeathed to their heirs.<br /> *'''[[Conspiracy of the Pintos|Pinto of Candolim]]'''. Created in 1770 twice for both António and Ignacio Pinto individually. The Pintos descended from the [[Roman Catholic Brahmin |Brahmin]] [[Candolim|Salvador Pinto alias Santu Sinay]], a historic figure in the village of [[Candolim]]. They were a military family who initially supported the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] government before participating in the [[Conspiracy of the Pintos]]. The Pinto family were defeated in their plans, convicted of treason and had their noble privileges revoked. The family went on to assist in the [[French Revolution]] and fight for the [[Maratha Empire]] before returning to [[Goa]]. The house of the Pintos today stands as Bosio Hospital in Candolim which was donated to he Sisters of Charity of Sts. Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa by heirs of Ignacio Pinto in Pinto Vaddo. <br /> *'''[[Chico Monteiro|Monteiro of Candolim]]'''. Created in 1802 for [[Roman Catholic Brahmin |Brahmin]] José João Monteiro, a military officer from Candolim. His descendants are Dr. Gustavo Monteiro, the benefactor of Dr. Gustavo Monteiro Football Ground of Candolim and [[Chico Monteiro]], a freedom fighter. <br /> [[File:Fr. Chico Monteiro.jpg|thumb|Famous priest and freedom fighter from the noble Monteiro family, Fr. Chico Monteiro]]<br /> *'''[[Luís de Menezes Bragança|Bragança of Chandor]]'''. Created in 1877 for ''[[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Chardo]] nobleman ''Francisco Xavier de Bragança of [[Chandor]]. His heir [[Luís de Menezes Bragança]] was a prominent journalist, writer, politician and anti-colonial activist. During his lifetime, Menezes Bragança was widely hailed around the [[Lusosphere]] (Portuguese speaking world) as &quot;O Maior de todos&quot; (&quot;The Greatest of all Goans&quot;) and in the Indian mainland as &quot;The Tilak of Goa&quot;. At his 25th death anniversary in 1963, the Instituto Vasco da Gama was renamed by its management to [[Institute Menezes Braganza]] in honour of his memory. These arms and position of nobility could be bequeathed to their heirs.<br /> <br /> *'''[[Mario Miranda|Miranda of Loutolim]]'''. Created in 1872 for Constâncio do Rosário de Miranda of [[Loutolim]]. After serving as a soldier in the Portuguese Army, his father Pedro Joaquim de Miranda was the Fiscal Administrator of the [[Novas Conquistas]]. One of his descendants was the cartoonist [[Mario Miranda]]. These arms and position of nobility could be bequeathed to their heirs.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Portuguese India]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of peerages|Portugal India]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of Portuguese nobility]]<br /> [[Category:Portuguese barons]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dileep_Shankar&diff=497094 2026-04-23T16:53:03Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: new a details needs work.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor and director (1970–2024)}}<br /> {{Lead too short|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Dileep Shankar<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1970|10|29}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Delhi]], India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2024|12|29|1970|10|29}}<br /> | death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | occupation = {{flatlist|<br /> *Actor<br /> *Director<br /> *Writer}}<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = Two<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dileep Shankar''' (29 October 1970 – 29 December 2024) was an Indian actor, director and writer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 December 2024 |title=Malayalam actor Dileep Shankar found dead in hotel room |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-film-and-television-actor-dileep-shankar-found-dead-in-hotel-room-in-thiruvananthapuram-9750117/ |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and acting career ==<br /> Shankar was born in [[Delhi]], India on 29 October 1970. He pursued his studies at [[St. Albert's College]]. Later, he furthered his education at [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|MG University]]. He gained prominence for his performances in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films such as ''[[Chaappa Kurishu|Chaappa Kurish]]'' (2011) and ''[[North 24 Kaatham]]'' (2013). He appeared in the television program ''[[Ammayariyathe]]'' (2020–2023), which spanned 235 episodes. His theatre roles included Cassio in Roysten Abel's adaptation of Shakespeare's ''Othello.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dilip Shankar - Photos, Videos, Birthday, Latest News, Height In Feet - FilmiBeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/dilip-shankar.html |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 December 2024 |title=Dileep Shankar Biography:Age,Wife,Family,Films,TV,Death,Wiki |url=https://indiapresentinfo.in/2024/12/dileep-shankar-biography-wife-wiki.html |access-date=30 December 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=2024 |title=Malayalam film and TV actor Dileep Shankar found dead in hotel room; actor Seema G Nair pays tribute |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/malayalam-film-and-tv-actor-dileep-shankar-found-dead-in-hotel-room-actor-seema-g-nair-pays-tribute-101735467075861.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; His last appearance was in TV series ''[[Panchagni (TV series)|Panchagni]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Malayalam Actor Dileep Sankar Found Dead In Hotel Room; Police Say This...|url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/malayalam-actor-dileep-sankar-found-dead-in-hotel-room-police-say-this-2837421.html|website=Zee News|date=29 December 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shankar wrote 36 plays. Notable roles included his portrayal of Jawaharlal Nehru in Pramila Le Hunte's ''Nehru – His Inner Story'' and Raju Guide in Sanjoy Roy's adaptation of R. K. Narayan's ''Guide.'' Additionally, from 2010 to 2012, he served as the Show Running Director for ''Zangoora – The Gypsy Prince'' at the Kingdom of Dreams.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> As a casting director, Shankar contributed to Indian films like ''[[Delhi-6|Delhi 6]]'' and ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]'' as well as international films such as ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]'', ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'', and ''[[The Darjeeling Limited]]''. Shankar also made other significant contributions in film production, including serving as associate director for ''Faith Connections'', a documentary by [[Pan Nalin]], and as a line producer for ''Samsara,'' ''Valley of Flowers,'' and ''Ayurveda – Art of Being.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life and death ==<br /> Shankar was married to Suma and they had two children.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dileep Shankar Death, Cause Of Death, Age, Wife, Family &amp; Biography |url=https://hamariweb.com/profiles/dileep-shankar_19458 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=Hamariweb.com Profiles |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He resided in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Film and television actor Dileep Shankar found dead at TVM hotel |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/12/29/actor-dileep-shankar-found-dead-thiruvananthapuram-hotel.html |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=Film and television actor Dileep Shankar found dead at TVM hotel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shankar died on 29 December 2024, at the age of 54. His body was found in a hotel room in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seema G Nair expresses shock and grief over Dileep Shankar's untimely death |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/12/29/seema-g-nair-expresses-shock-dileep-shankar-death.html |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=Seema G Nair expresses shock and grief over Dileep Shankar’s untimely death |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024 |title=Popular Malayalam TV actor Dileep Shankar found dead in hotel room |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/popular-malayalam-tv-actor-dileep-shankar-found-dead-in-hotel-room-1.500008430 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Dileep}}<br /> [[Category:1970 births]]<br /> [[Category:2024 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian directors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalyan_(choreographer)&diff=507823 2026-04-23T00:54:26Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Choreographer in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Kalyan<br /> | image =<br /> | imagesize =<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_name = Kalyan Kumar<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = Chennai<br /> | death_date =<br /> | death_place =<br /> | othername =<br /> | yearsactive = 1987–present<br /> | spouse = <br /> | website =<br /> | relatives =<br /> | occupation = [[Choreographer]]&lt;br&gt;[[Actor]] &lt;br&gt;[[Film producer|Producer]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Kalyan''' is an Indian choreographer, who has primarily worked on Tamil-language films. After beginning his career as a dancer and actor, he has gone on to choreograph songs in over two hundred films as a popular choreographer. He has also been a judge in the popular [[reality TV]] dance shows ''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]]'' and ''Kings of Dance'' for [[Vijay TV]].<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Kalyan began his career in the film industry as a dancer working with his great-aunt, Puliyur Saroja. He made his debut as a dancer in the film ''[[Per Sollum Pillai]]'' (1987) and then worked as an assistant choreographer with her in many popular Tamil films of the 1980s. He also became an actor and portrayed a negative role in the college drama film, ''[[Kalloori Vaasal]]'' (1996) featuring [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Prashanth]] and [[Pooja Bhatt]]. He then played an antagonist against actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]'s ''[[Maanbumigu Maanavan]]'' (1996), before moving on to work primarily as a choreographer. Since 1996, he initially worked as an assistant under various dancers such as Chinni Prakash, Thara, Tharun and Puliyur Saroja, before going on to choreograph songs in over 200 films. His first Tamil project as a main choreographer was ''[[Uyirodu Uyiraga]]'' (1999), and he made a breakthrough following his work in ''[[Dheena]]'' (2001).&lt;ref name=&quot;behindwoods&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Slideshows/slideshows2/tamil-movie-choreographers/tamil-cinema-choreographer-kalyan.html|publisher=behindwoods.com|title=Kalyan choreographer Tamil movie dancers prabu deva raju sundram kalyan kala master brundha Tamil cinema Tamil songs kollywood|accessdate=2016-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalyan has however continued to make acting appearances in films including ''[[Kattradhu Kalavu]]'' (2010) and ''[[Kannula Kaasa Kattappa]]'' (2016), which he co-produced.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/grill-mill-interview-with-actorchoreographer-kalyan/article77037.ece|publisher=thehindu.com|title=Grill Mill: Interview with actor-choreographer Kalyan - The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 January 2010 |accessdate=2016-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indread&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indread.com/12547/dance-master-kalyan-makes-a-comeback-with-vedhalam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928182925/http://indread.com/12547/dance-master-kalyan-makes-a-comeback-with-vedhalam|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 September 2015|author=Sriram Kasireddy|publisher=indread.com|title=Dance Master Kalyan Makes a Comeback with Vedhalam|accessdate=2016-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalyan has been a regular judge in the popular reality TV dance shows ''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]]'' and ''Kings of Dance'' for Vijay TV.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> ===Actor===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1996 || ''[[Kalloori Vaasal]]'' || Milton ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1996 || ''[[Maanbumigu Maanavan]]'' || Madhan ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2001 || ''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]'' || Police inspector ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''[[Kattradhu Kalavu]]'' || Stanley Deva Sahayam ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''[[Va (film)|Va]]'' || Sokkathangam ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (2015 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''[[Kannula Kaasa Kattappa]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''Koottali'' || Police inspector ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2022–2023 || ''[[Jhansi (TV series)|Jhansi]]'' || || Telugu TV series<br /> |-<br /> | 2022 || ''[[Rathasaatchi]]'' || Devasahayam ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2024 || ''[[Kadaisi Ulaga Por]]'' || Commissioner ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2025 || ''[[Indra (2025 film)|Indra]]'' || Inspector Nagendran ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2025 ||''[[Kiss (2025 film)|Kiss]]'' || Williams ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2025 ||''[[Revolver Rita]]'' || Master ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Dancer===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Song<br /> !class=unsortable| Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1987|| ''[[Per Sollum Pillai]]'' || &quot;Ammamma Vandathingu&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1992 || ''[[Thai Mozhi]]'' || &quot;Singara Maane&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1995 || ''[[Baashha]]'' || &quot;Naan Autokaaran&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1995 || ''[[Thirumoorthy]]'' || &quot;Thaka Thimi Tha&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1995 || ''[[Asuran (1995 film)|Asuran]]'' || &quot;Vathikuchu Pathikuchu&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1996 || ''[[Thayagam]]'' || &quot;Rangeela&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1998 || ''[[Moovendhar]]'' || &quot;Chera Enna&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1998 || ''[[Sollamale]]'' || &quot;Rathirida Roundadida&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1999 || ''[[Ethirum Puthirum]]'' || &quot;Kathu Pasanga&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1999 || ''[[Sivan (film)|Sivan]]'' || &quot;Rukkuthan Rukkuthan&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1999 || ''[[Azhagarsamy]]'' || &quot;Orange Colour&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2004 || ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]'' || &quot;January Matham&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2004 || ''[[M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi]]'' || &quot;Tamizh Nattu Manava&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2005 || ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' || &quot;Nenjam Enum&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2007 || ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' || &quot;Saroja Saaman Nikalo&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]'' || &quot;Soppanasundari&quot; ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Choreographer===<br /> {{Colbegin}}<br /> * 1998 ''[[Uyirodu Uyiraga]]''<br /> * 2001 ''[[Dheena]]''<br /> * 2001 ''[[Dhill]]''<br /> * 2002 ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]''<br /> * 2002 ''[[April Maadhathil]]''<br /> * 2002 ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]''<br /> * 2003 ''[[Dhool]]''<br /> * 2003 ''[[Kadhal Kondein]]''<br /> * 2003 ''[[Saamy]]''<br /> * 2003 ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]''<br /> * 2003 ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]''<br /> * 2003 ''[[Ottran]]''<br /> * 2004 ''[[Ghilli]]''<br /> * 2004 ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]''<br /> * 2004 ''[[Arasatchi]]''<br /> * 2004 ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]''<br /> * 2004 ''[[Attahasam]]''<br /> * 2004 ''[[Sullan]]''<br /> * 2004 ''[[Kovil (film)|Kovil]]''<br /> * 2005 ''[[Sukran]]''<br /> * 2005 ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]''<br /> * 2005 ''[[Anniyan]]''<br /> * 2005 ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]''<br /> * 2005 ''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayya]]''<br /> * 2005 ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]''<br /> * 2005 ''[[Balu (film)|Balu]]''<br /> * 2006 ''[[Paramasivan]]''<br /> * 2006 ''[[Pattiyal]]''<br /> * 2006 ''[[Pudhupettai]]''<br /> * 2007 ''[[Aalwar]]''<br /> * 2007 ''[[Chennai 600028]]''<br /> * 2007 ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]''<br /> * 2007 ''[[Malaikottai]]''<br /> * 2007 ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]''<br /> * 2007 ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]''<br /> * 2007 ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]''<br /> * 2008 ''[[Kuruvi]]''<br /> * 2008 ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]''<br /> * 2008 ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]''<br /> * 2009 ''[[Sarvam]]''<br /> * 2010 ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]''<br /> * 2010 ''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]''<br /> * 2010 ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]''<br /> * 2010 ''[[Kutty (2010 film)|Kutty]]''<br /> * 2010 ''[[Tamizh Padam]]''<br /> * 2010 ''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthamaputhiran]]''<br /> * 2010 ''[[Va (film)|Va Quarter Cutting]]''<br /> * 2011 ''[[Siruthai]]''<br /> * 2011 ''[[Mappillai (2011 film)|Mappillai]]''<br /> * 2011 ''[[Mankatha]]''<br /> * 2011 ''[[Mayakkam Enna]]''<br /> * 2012 ''[[3 (2012 Tamil film)|3]]''<br /> * 2013 ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]''<br /> * 2013 ''[[Irandaam Ulagam]]''<br /> * 2015 ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]''<br /> * 2015 ''[[Vedalam]]''<br /> * 2016 ''[[Chennai 600028 II: Second Innings]]''<br /> * 2016 ''[[Kannula Kaasa Kattappa]]''<br /> * 2017 ''[[Vivegam]]''<br /> * 2018 ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]''<br /> * 2019 ''[[Viswasam]]''<br /> * 2019 ''[[RK Nagar (film)|RK Nagar]]''<br /> * 2019 ''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]''<br /> * 2019 ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]''<br /> * 2023 ''[[Thunivu]]''<br /> * 2023 ''[[Pichaikkaran 2]]''<br /> * 2024 ''[[Mareesan]]''<br /> * 2024 ''[[Inga Naan Thaan Kingu]]''<br /> * 2025 ''[[Vidaamuyarchi]]''<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=1649307|name=Kalyan}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kalyan}}<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film choreographers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian choreographers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sushanta_Chowdhury&diff=538715 2026-04-21T22:59:13Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: Adding Basic Stub W/ Refs - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Sushanta Chowdhury<br /> | image =<br /> | cabinet = [[Government of Tripura|State Government of Tripura]]<br /> | state = [[Tripura]]<br /> | education = Post graduate<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|08|25|df=y}}<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]]<br /> | citizenship = [[India]]<br /> | office = [[Second Saha ministry|Minister of Food, civil supplies and consumer affairs, Transport and Tourism]]<br /> | term_start = 2023<br /> | alma_mater = [[Gauhati University]]<br /> | parents = Shyamal Chowdhury<br /> | office1 = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Majlishpur Assembly constituency|Majlishpur]]<br /> | term_start1 = 2018<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Manik Dey]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sushanta Chowdhury''' (born 25 August 1979) is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. He is currently serving as Minister of food, civil supplies and consumer affairs, Transport and [[Tripura Tourism Development Corporation|Tourism]] in [[Government of Tripura]] under [[Second Saha ministry|Second Saha Ministry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Council of Minister {{!}} Tripura State Portal |url=https://tripura.gov.in/councilminister |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=tripura.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2022-02-23 |title=Tripura govt to set up film institute in state: Minister |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/tripura/2022/02/23/tripura-govt-to-set-up-film-institute-in-state-minister/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He became the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Majlishpur Assembly constituency|Majlishpur Constituency]] by defeating [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] candidate [[Manik Dey]] by a margin of 3,890 votes in 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sushanta Chowdhury, BJP MLA from Majlishpur – Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/sushanta-chowdhury/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Criminal Case ==<br /> <br /> * In July 2011, charges were pressed against Sushanta for attempt to murder, voluntarily causing grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means, assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty and the like under [[Indian Penal Code|IPC]] sections 148, 149, 326, 333, 353, 307 and 427.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sushanta Chowdhury(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MAJLISHPUR(WEST TRIPURA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/tripura2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=6010 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TRIPURAINFOWAY : Tripura's Latest News, Views &amp; IT Portal |url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/172353/bjp-criminal-minister-sushanta-chowdhury-s-futile-attempt-to-manipulate-the-attack-incident-on-sudip-roy-barman-to-save-himself-from-fir-rsquo-s-changes-wrong-interpretation-of-lsquo-cut-rsquo-videos-though-proved-lsquo-nothing-rsquo.html |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=www.tripurainfoway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Again, in February 2016, Sushanta was charged under [[Indian Penal Code|IPC]] section 188 for disobedience to order duly promulgated by a public servant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Controversies ==<br /> <br /> * In November 2021, Tripura information and cultural affairs minister Sushanta Chowdhury claimed that two HW News Network journalists named Samriddhi Sakunia and Swarna Jha who visited the state to cover reported incidents of violence against minorities were agents of a political party and that they aimed to incite communal disturbances in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-17 |title=Tripura cops start questioning 2 women journalists after court gives them bail |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tripura-cops-start-questioning-2-women-journalists-after-court-gives-them-bail-101637088811467.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Journalists arrested in Tripura were agents of political party, says minister |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/11/16/journalists-arrested-in-tripura-were-agents-of-pollitical-party-says-minister.html |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=The Week |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The minister further alleged Sakunia and Jha were persuading people against the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] and its ministers in the state by disguising as salesmen and posting fake photos and footages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title='Agents of political party': Tripura minister criticises journalists out on bail |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/agents-of-political-party-tripura-minister-criticises-journalists-out-on-bail-101637042606768.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Gang-rape of a kid in Tripura: BJP's Information and Cultural Affairs (ICA) minister Sushanta Chowdhury backs accused minister's son.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-26 |title=Tripura minor's gang-rape: BJP comes out in support of accused minister's son |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tripura-minors-gang-rape-bjp-8231903/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Police arrest two more persons in gangrape case, BJP comes out in support of accused minister's son |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/assam/police-arrest-six-persons-bjp-comes-out-in-support-of-accused-ministers-son/na20221027150355410410099 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=ETV Bharat News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-27 |title=Tripura BJP refutes allegation against minister's son involvement in gang rape case |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/tripura-bjp-refutes-allegation-against-ministers-son-involvement-gang-rape-case-463459-2022-10-27 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oppn parties rap Tripura govt over recent rape cases {{!}} Nagaland Post |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/oppn-parties-rap-tripura-govt-over-recent-rape-cases/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Banik |first=Mrinal |date=2022-10-27 |title=Tripura gangrape: Protests against BJP minister's son continue |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/tripura/2022/10/27/tripura-gangrape-protests-against-bjp-ministers-son-continue/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Sushanta}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]<br /> [[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]<br /> [[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tripura]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]<br /> [[Category:1979 births]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumbam_Anil_Kumar_Reddy&diff=511101 2026-04-19T23:34:14Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: started some bio first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician from Telangana}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Kumbam Anil Kumar Reddy<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | caption = <br /> | image = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|2|8|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Valigonda, [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | office = Member of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 3 December 2023<br /> | predecessor = [[Pailla Shekar Reddy]]<br /> | successor = <br /> | constituency = [[Bhongir (Assembly constituency)|Bhongir]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | other_party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] (July 2023 - September 2023)<br /> | spouse = Jyothi Reddy<br /> | children = Keerthi Reddy&lt;ref name=&quot;Of High Spirits and Devotion&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=You and I |title=Of High Spirits and Devotion |url=https://www.youandi.com/high-spirits-and-devotion/ |access-date=8 February 2024 |date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140846/https://www.youandi.com/high-spirits-and-devotion/ |archive-date=8 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | parents = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | father = Srinivas Reddy<br /> | date = <br /> | year = <br /> | source = <br /> }}<br /> '''Kumbam Anil Kumar Reddy''' is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. He was elected as member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bhongir (Assembly constituency)|Bhongir constituency]] in '''[[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]]''' in [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023 Telangana Assembly elections]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Election Commission of India - Bhongir&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2994.htm|title=Election Commission of India - Bhongir|date=6 December 2023|work=|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206182028/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2994.htm|archive-date=6 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Anil Kumar began his political career with [[Indian National Congress]] and he unsuccessfully contested in 2018 on [[Indian National Congress]] Ticket from Bhongir Assembly seat in 2018 and was runner-up with over 60,000 votes with a vote share of 35.45 percent. he was appointed as [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri|Yadadri Bhuvanagir]] DCC President had left the Congress owing to local politics which were influenced by Bhongir MP Komatireddy Venkat Reddy on 24 July 2023 and joined the ruling BRS in the presence of Chief Minister [[Kalvakuntla Chandra Shekhar Rao|K. Chandra Shekhar Rao]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CM KCR admits Yadadri DCC president in BRS&quot;&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |first1= |title=CM KCR admits Yadadri DCC president in BRS |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/250723/cm-kcr-admits-yadadri-dcc-president-in-brs.html |access-date=8 February 2024 |work= |date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140800/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/250723/cm-kcr-admits-yadadri-dcc-president-in-brs.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Anil Kumar Two months after joining the ruling BRS switched over to the Congress party on in the presence of TPCC chief [[A.Revanth Reddy|A. Revanth Reddy]] on 25 September.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumbham Anil set to return to Congress just 2 months after joining BRS&quot;&gt;{{cite news|newspaper=The Hindu|first1=|title=Kumbham Anil set to return to Congress just 2 months after joining BRS|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kumbham-anil-set-to-return-to-congress-just-2-months-after-joining-brs/article67345879.ece|accessdate=6 December 2023|date=25 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206182805/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kumbham-anil-set-to-return-to-congress-just-2-months-after-joining-brs/article67345879.ece|archivedate=6 December 2023|language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Revanth Welcomes Ex-Cong DCC Prez into Party Fold&quot;&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |first1= |date=25 September 2023 |title=Revanth Welcomes Ex-Cong DCC Prez into Party Fold |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/250923/revanth-welcomes-ex-cong-dcc-prez-into-party-fold.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208125104/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/250923/revanth-welcomes-ex-cong-dcc-prez-into-party-fold.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=8 February 2024 |work= |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He contested the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Bhongir (Assembly constituency)|Bhongir]] Constituency and won by a margin of 26201 votes, defeating [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] candidate [[Pailla Shekar Reddy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Election Commission of India - Bhongir&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:1961 births]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jabalpur_North_Assembly_constituency&diff=504988 2026-04-19T19:27:36Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: started basic stub needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Jabalpur North<br /> | state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 98<br /> | map_image = 98-Jabalpur North.svg<br /> | district = [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jabalpur]]<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | mla = [[Abhilash Pandey]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | preceded_by = Vinay Saxena<br /> }}<br /> '''Jabalpur North''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;consts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> It is part of [[Jabalpur district]] and [[Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. As of 2023, its representative is [[Abhilash Pandey]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|2}} It consists of Wards 1 to 4, 8 to 15, 19 to 26 and Ward No. 37 of [[Jabalpur Municipal Corporation]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=4 |''Prior to 2008: Constituency did not exist''<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]&lt;ref name=election2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |rowspan=2 |Sharad Jain<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2013 Complete Winners List&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/2013.pdf|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2013 Complete Winners List|last1=CEO Madhyapradesh|date=2013|accessdate=17 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217165210/https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/2013.pdf|archivedate=17 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Madhya Pradesh election results: Here is the full list of winners&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-full-list-of-winners-1407178-2018-12-11|title=Madhya Pradesh election results: Here is the full list of winners|last1=India Today|date=12 December 2018|accessdate=17 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217164904/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-full-list-of-winners-1407178-2018-12-11|archivedate=17 February 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Vinay Saxena<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |[[Abhilash Pandey]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jabalpur North&lt;ref name=&quot;election2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Abhilash Pandey]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:88419}}<br /> |percentage = 56.09<br /> |change = +21.27<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Vinay Saxena<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:65764}}<br /> |percentage = 41.72<br /> |change = +6.49<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1418}}<br /> |percentage = 0.9<br /> |change = +0.05<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:22655}}<br /> |percentage = 14.37<br /> |change = +13.96<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:157637}}<br /> |percentage = 72.86<br /> |change = +4.4<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jabalpur North&lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Vinay Saxena<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:50045}}<br /> |percentage = 35.23<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Sharad Jain<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:49467}}<br /> |percentage = 34.82<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Pn. Dheeraj Pateria<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:29479}}<br /> |percentage = 20.75<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Sitaram Sen<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:5424}}<br /> |percentage = 3.82<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Aftab Alam<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1779}}<br /> |percentage = 1.25<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1209}}<br /> |percentage = 0.85<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:578}}<br /> |percentage = 0.41<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:142054}}<br /> |percentage = 68.46<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Jabalpur]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> {{coords|23.21|79.94|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Jabalpur district]]<br /> [[Category:Jabalpur]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pernambut_Assembly_constituency&diff=525234 2026-04-16T04:31:03Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: adding new post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | established = 1971<br /> | district = [[Thiruvannamalai district|Thiruvannamalai]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = <br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | party = <br /> | mla = <br /> | name = Peranambattu<br /> | electors = 188,544<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | abolished = 2008<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pernambut''' was a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a Scheduled Caste reserved constituency. Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below.<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[N. Krishnan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[I. Tamilarasan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[G. Moorthy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[K. Thamizharasan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[V. Govindan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[J. Parandaman]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | V. Govindan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[C. Kanagathara]]&lt;ref name=election2001/&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[A. Chinnasamy]]&lt;ref name=election2006/&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.61}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|37.21}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.31}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.17}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.94}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|67.54}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.36}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.07}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.05}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===1971=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pernambut&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. Krishnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,804 |percentage=59.61% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajagopal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,665 |percentage=36.07% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anairaj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,195 |percentage=3.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=399 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,139 |percentage=23.54% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=60,063 |percentage=72.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,711 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pernambut&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=I. Tamilarsan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,536 |percentage=37.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajagopal |party=Janata Party |votes=20,873 |percentage=31.66% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Govindan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,862 |percentage=24.06% |change=-35.56% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. P. Ulaganambi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,628 |percentage=5.50% |change=-30.57% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Saman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,040 |percentage=1.58% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,663 |percentage=5.56% |change=-17.99% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=65,939 |percentage=64.72% |change= -7.57% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,535 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -22.40% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pernambut&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. Moorthy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,048 |percentage=45.31% |change=8.10% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Rajarathinam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,713 |percentage=37.26% |change=31.76% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajagopal |party=Janata Party |votes=8,982 |percentage=13.54% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Samannan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,044 |percentage=1.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Munisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=731 |percentage=1.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=517 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Tamilarasan |party=Independent politician |votes=288 |percentage=0.43% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,335 |percentage=8.04% |change=2.49% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=66,323 |percentage=59.58% |change= -5.14% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,142 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.10% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pernambut&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thamizharasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,813 |percentage=56.17% |change=10.86% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Govindan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,420 |percentage=42.78% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Raghunathan |party=Independent politician |votes=895 |percentage=1.05% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,393 |percentage=13.38% |change=5.34% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=85,128 |percentage=74.54% |change= 14.96% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,028 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.86% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pernambut&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Govindan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,264 |percentage=42.94% |change=0.16% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Tamilarasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,818 |percentage=31.31% |change=-24.86% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Rajaratnam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,106 |percentage=17.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Sagadevan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,386 |percentage=7.50% |change=-48.66% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Subramani |party=Independent politician |votes=337 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Samannan |party=Independent politician |votes=296 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramani |party=Independent politician |votes=224 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,446 |percentage=11.63% |change=-1.75% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=98,431 |percentage=72.02% |change= -2.52% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,817 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.23% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pernambut&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=J. Parandaman |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,398 |percentage=67.54% |change=36.23% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Govindan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,900 |percentage=24.95% |change=-17.98% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. C. Ventaktasamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,870 |percentage=3.88% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. S. Pandian |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,566 |percentage=2.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Thirumal |party=Janata Party |votes=646 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Subramani |party=Independent politician |votes=260 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chinnakuppan |party=Independent politician |votes=144 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=42,498 |percentage=42.59% |change=30.96% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=99,784 |percentage=64.13% |change= -7.89% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,962 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 24.61% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pernambut&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Govindan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,655 |percentage=58.36% |change=33.41% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Tamizharasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,481 |percentage=29.78% |change=-37.76% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Stalin |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=5,166 |percentage=4.74% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Muthukrishnan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,004 |percentage=2.75% |change=-1.12% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. J. Ashok Ilayaraja |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,544 |percentage=2.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. Kandappan |party=Independent politician |votes=860 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Gajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=357 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Amudha |party=Independent politician |votes=241 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Raghavan |party=Independent politician |votes=165 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=137 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. P. Saravanan |party=Independent politician |votes=97 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,174 |percentage=28.58% |change=-14.01% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=109,071 |percentage=68.19% |change= 4.06% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,817 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.18% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pernambut&lt;ref name=election2001&gt;{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kanagathara |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,366 |percentage=59.07% |change=29.29% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thondral Nayagan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=36,511 |percentage=32.99% |change=30.24% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. H. Kandappan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,615 |percentage=2.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Sureshkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,759 |percentage=1.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Gangadharan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,560 |percentage=1.41% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kamalavalli |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=1,232 |percentage=1.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Raghavan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,017 |percentage=0.92% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Dhansing |party=Loktantrik Jan Samta Party |votes=598 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,855 |percentage=26.08% |change=-2.51% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=110,658 |percentage=60.92% |change= -7.27% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,724 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.71% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pernambut&lt;ref name=election2006&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Chinnasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,805 |percentage=50.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chandra Settu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,890 |percentage=37.18% |change=-21.89% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. Kandappan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=12,296 |percentage=9.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinnuswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,527 |percentage=1.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Subramani |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,042 |percentage=0.79% |change=-0.62% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Panneerselvam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,023 |percentage=0.78% |change=-32.22% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Karunanithi |party=Independent politician |votes=908 |percentage=0.69% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,915 |percentage=12.86% |change=-13.21% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=131,491 |percentage=69.74% |change= 8.82% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,544 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.03% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coord|12.94|78.71|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tiruvannamalai district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1971]]<br /> [[Category:1971 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadpatri_Assembly_constituency&diff=539270 2026-04-14T03:36:08Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: Adding Basic Page First Draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Tadpatri<br /> | map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (151-Tadipatri highlighted).png <br /> | map_caption = Location of Tadpatri Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh<br /> | mla = [[J.C. Asmit Reddy]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = 334,741<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 151<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tadpatri Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> [[J.C. Asmit Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS01151.htm?ac=151|title = Election Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2019, there are a total of 334,741 electors in the constituency.{{update after|2024|6}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.<br /> <br /> == Mandals ==<br /> {{srn}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash&quot;<br /> !Mandal<br /> |-<br /> | Peddavadugur<br /> |-<br /> | Yadiki<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tadipatri|Tadpatri]]<br /> |-<br /> | Peddapappur<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Political party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | rowspan=2 |Challa Subbarayudu<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | C. Kulasekhara Reddy<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | rowspan=2 |Challa Subbarayudu<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> | Diddekunta Venkata Reddy<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br /> | M. Kesava Reddy <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | rowspan=6 |[[J. C. Diwakar Reddy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> | [[J. C. Prabhakar Reddy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> | [[Kethireddy Pedda Reddy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | [[J.C. Asmit Reddy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===1952=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadpatri&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Subbarayudu |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=16,868 |percentage=38.00% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. C. Nagi Reddi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,455 |percentage=34.82% |change=34.82% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulasekara Reddi |party=Independent politician |votes=12,065 |percentage=27.18% |change= }}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,412 |percentage=3.18% |change= }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=44,388 |percentage=63.99% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,367 |change = }} <br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2004===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadpatri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[J. C. Diwakar Reddy]]<br /> |votes = 66,195<br /> |percentage = 51.32<br /> |change = +0.31<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kethireddy Suryaprathapa Reddy]]|votes=58,318|percentage=45.22|change=-1.78}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=7,877|percentage=6.10|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=128,977|percentage=66.21|change=+8.26}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2009===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadpatri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[J. C. Diwakar Reddy]]<br /> |votes = 63,358<br /> |percentage = 42.17<br /> |change = +9.15<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Peram Nagi Reddy]]|votes=56,403|percentage=37.54|change=-7.68}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Pyla Narasimhaiah]]|votes=19,718|percentage=13.12|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=6,955|percentage=4.63|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=150,252|percentage=74.08|change=+7.87}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadpatri&lt;ref name=election2014&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate = [[J. C. Prabhakar Reddy]]<br /> |votes = 96,268<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = YSR Congress Party<br /> |candidate = [[V R Rami Reddy]]<br /> |votes = 74,110<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 22,158<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 170,379<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadpatri&lt;ref name=election2019&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = YSR Congress Party<br /> |candidate = [[Kethireddy Pedda Reddy]]<br /> |votes = 92000<br /> |percentage = 49.45<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate = [[J.C. Asmit Reddy]]<br /> |votes = 85,400<br /> |percentage = 45.46<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 7,533<br /> |percentage = 3.99<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,87,874<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = YSR Congress Party<br /> |loser = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2024===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadpatri&lt;ref name=election2024&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2024/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2024 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate = [[J.C. Asmit Reddy]]<br /> |votes = 1,13,755 <br /> |percentage = 54.77<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = YSRCP<br /> |candidate = [[ Kethireddy Pedda Reddy]]<br /> |votes = 86024 <br /> |percentage = 41.42<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress <br /> |candidate = Gujjala Nagi Reddy<br /> |votes = 2,628 <br /> |percentage = 1.27<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = NOTA<br /> |candidate = None Of The Above <br /> |votes = 1,000 <br /> |percentage = 0.48<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes =27,731<br /> |percentage =13.35 <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes =2,07,679<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Telugu Desam Party <br /> |loser = YSR Congress Party <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{coord|14.91|78.00|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Anantapur district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phulbani_Assembly_constituency&diff=525424 2026-04-14T03:32:12Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: adding details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Phulbani}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Phulbani<br /> | state = [[Odisha]]<br /> | constituency_no = 84<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | division = Southern Division<br /> | district = [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency|Kandhamal]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | incumbent_image = <br /> | mla = [[Uma Charan Mallick]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | electors = 2,00,205{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''[[Phulbani]]''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Kandhamal district]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&amp;cid=84|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223021056/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&amp;cid=84|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 February 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Phulbani (84) District : Kandhamal |accessdate= 20 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This constituency includes [[Phulbani]], Phulbani block, Chakapada block, Khajuripada block and Phiringia block.&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Elected members==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp104.htm |title=104 - Phulbani (SC) Assembly Constituency |work=eci.nic.in |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate=31 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|36.81}}<br /> {{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.05}}<br /> {{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.65}}<br /> {{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|36.60}}<br /> {{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.55}}<br /> {{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.25}}<br /> {{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|36.59}}<br /> {{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|64.00}}<br /> {{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.64}}<br /> {{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|60.24}}<br /> {{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|57.12}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including in one bypoll in 1955. It was a 2 member constituency for 1952 &amp; 1957.<br /> <br /> List of members elected from Phulbani constituency are:&lt;ref name=prevMLAs&gt;{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Phulbani Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/phulbani.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate=20 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Phulbani Assembly Election Results 2024: Phulbani Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/phulbani-constituency-result-18084 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Uma Charan Mallick]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]&lt;ref name=election2019&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=7 October 2021 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Angada Kanhar]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=5|Biju Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |Duguni Kanhar<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> |Debendra Kanhar<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |[[Padmanabha Behera|Padmanabha Behara]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> |Bishnu Priya Behera<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |Dasarathi Behera<br /> |{{full party name with color|Independent}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |[[Padmanabha Behera|Padmanabha Behara]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |Abhimanyu Behera<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |Chandra Sekhar Behera<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |Prahallad Behera<br /> |{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br /> |Chandra Sekhar Behera<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> |Jagadish Jani<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |Barada Prasanna Kanhar<br /> |{{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]<br /> |Himansu Sekhar Padhi<br /> |{{full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}<br /> |Anirudha Dipa<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Ganatantra Parishad}}<br /> |-<br /> |Himansu Sekhar Padhi<br /> |-<br /> |1955 (bypoll){{efn|Death of Balakrishna Mallick}}<br /> |Sarangdhar Pradhan<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}<br /> |Balakrishna Mallick<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent}}<br /> |-<br /> |Sadananda Sahu<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> Voting were held on 20 May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election &amp; 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Uma Charan Mallick]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Jayashree Kanhar by a margin of 2,858 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Phulbani}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Uma Charan Mallick]]|votes=53,900|percentage=36.81|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=Jayashree Kanhar|votes=51,042|percentage=34.85|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Prativa Kanhar|votes=23,328|percentage=15.93|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,894|percentage=1.29|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=2,858|percentage=1.96|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,46,447|percentage=73.15|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2019 ===<br /> In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Angada Kanhar]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Debanarayan Pradhan by a margin of 24,416 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Phulbani&lt;ref name=&quot;SP Ass Cand&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Angada Kanhar]]<br /> |votes = 65,564<br /> |percentage = 48.05<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Debanarayan Pradhan<br /> |votes = 41,148<br /> |percentage = 30.15<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Kishor Chandra Kanhar<br /> |votes = 23,317<br /> |percentage = 17.09<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 1,250<br /> |percentage = 0.92<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 24,416<br /> |percentage = 17.09<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,36,462<br /> |percentage = 72.36<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2014 ===<br /> In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Duguni Kanhar defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Debanarayan Pradhan by a margin of 25,795 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> | title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Phulbani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Odisha - Phulbani|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1884.htm?ac=84|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=31 May 2014}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Phulbani (84)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&amp;cid=84|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531203041/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&amp;cid=84|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 May 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=31 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = Duguni Kanhar<br /> |votes = 58,273<br /> |percentage = 46.65<br /> |change = {{up}}10.05<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Debanarayan Pradhan<br /> |votes = 32,478<br /> |percentage = 26<br /> |change = {{down}}2.21<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Sudarsan Kanhar<br /> |votes = 21,510<br /> |percentage = 17.22<br /> |change = {{down}}5.52<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 1,584<br /> |percentage = 1.27<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 25,795<br /> |percentage = 20.64<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,24,922<br /> |percentage = 75.64<br /> |change = {{up}}10.42<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 1,65,147<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2009 ===<br /> In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Debendra Kanhar defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Debanarayan Pradhan by a margin of 8,729 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=8729 |accessdate=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Phulbani&lt;ref name=election2009&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|candidatetitle=}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = Abinash pradhan<br /> |votes = 38,092<br /> |percentage = 36.60<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Debanarayan Pradhan|votes=29,363|percentage=28.21|change=''-''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Jalandhar Kanhar|votes=23,669|percentage=22.74|change=''-''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=Artratrana Kanhar|votes=5,816|percentage=5.59|change=''-''}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=8,729|percentage=8.39{{efn|% of total valid votes}}|change=''-''}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,04,078|percentage=65.22|change=''-''}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Kandhamal district}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}<br /> {{coord|20.48|84.23|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Kandhamal district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lingashtaka&diff=512215 2026-04-10T20:18:30Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: put up a article w/ sources!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu hymn in praise of Shiva}}{{Italic title}}{{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Hinduism]]|author=Adi Shankara|language=[[Sanskrit]]|caption=Image of a lingam, Badavilinga Temple, Hampi|image=[[File:The Magnificent Siva Lingam, Hampi.jpg|260px]]|verses=8|name=''Lingashtaka''}}The '''''Lingashtaka'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/lingashtakam_202011 |title=LINGASHTAKAM |language=Indonesian}}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{Langx|sa|लिंगाष्टकम्|translit=Liṃgāṣṭakaṃ}}) is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] hymn attributed to the 8th-century philosopher [[Adi Shankara]]. An ''[[Ashtakam|ashtaka]]'', it comprises 8 stanzas,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Pratha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpNPDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA39 |title=The Forgotten Shivlings of Sati Shaktipeeths |date=2018-03-06 |publisher=Zorba Books |isbn=978-93-87456-12-9 |pages=39 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; extolling the [[lingam]], an aniconic form of the deity [[Shiva]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vanamali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmAoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT107 |title=Shiva: Stories and Teachings from the Shiva Mahapurana |date=2013-10-04 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-62055-249-0 |pages=107 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=SUVRATSUT |url=http://archive.org/details/LingashtakamEngV1 |title=Lingashtakam Eng |date=2017-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legend ==<br /> [[File:Ravaṇa attempts to lift the mountain.jpg|thumb|19th century painting of Ravana submitting to Shiva after attempting to lift his abode]]<br /> According to the ''[[Shiva Purana]]'', when [[Brahma]] and [[Vishnu]] disputed their superiority over the other, Shiva manifested before them as a massive [[Jyotirlinga|pillar of light]]. The two deities travelled along the length of the pillar in opposite directions to locate the end. While Vishnu confessed that he had been unable to locate the end, Brahma lied about having achieved his goal, proclaiming his victory. Shiva punished Brahma for his falsehood by creating [[Bhairava]], who decapitated one of Brahma's [[Panchamukha|five heads]]. Shiva announced that Brahma would not be worshipped by humans thence; he rewarded Vishnu for his honesty by announcing that he would be widely worshipped in the same manner as himself. Brahma was forgiven following the intercession of Vishnu. Following this event, Brahma and Vishnu worshipped Shiva, who named the day [[Maha Shivaratri|Shivaratri]]; he also prescribed the veneration of the lingam as his phallic emblem towards the achievement of [[Moksha|salvation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shastri |first=J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kbmDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA60 |title=The Siva Purana Part 1: Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 1 |date=2000-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3868-0 |pages=60 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_ZLEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA2-PA34 |title=Siva Purana: Vidyeswara Samhitha: English Translation only without Slokas |date=2021-10-24 |publisher=Kausiki Books |pages=34 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''Lingashtaka'' also references other legends of Shiva, such as the quelling of the [[Ravananugraha|pride of Ravana]] when the latter attempted to lift [[Mount Kailash]], and the destruction of [[Daksha yajna|Daksha's yajna]]. The ''[[phalashruti]]'' (meritorious verse) of the hymn states that when the ''Lingashtaka'' is recited near a lingam, the reciter would attain the abode of Shiva and enjoy his bliss.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Manjunath.R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFblEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA224 |title=Beyond the Temples: Unraveling the Mysteries of Hindu Gods |date=2023-11-24 |publisher=Manjunath.R |pages=224–226 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Hymn ==<br /> {{Saivism}}<br /> The first stanza of the hymn extols the attributes of the lingam:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shivakumar |first=K. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgAUEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA54 |title=Shlokas and Bhajans: with general knowledge and subhashitams |date=2021-01-14 |publisher=Sangeet Bharati |pages=54 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=''brahmamurārisurārcita lingam&lt;br&gt;nirmalabhāsitaśōbhita lingam&lt;br&gt;janmajaduḥkhavināśaka lingaṁ&lt;br&gt;tatpraṇamāmi sadā śiva lingam&lt;br&gt;''|title=|source=Verse 1}}{{Blockquote|text=''(I salute) the lingam that is worshipped by Brahma, Vishnu, and the devas&lt;br&gt;the lingam that is without impurity, smeared with ash, and splendid&lt;br&gt;the lingam that destroys the sorrows arising from birth&lt;br&gt;I salute that eternal Shiva's lingam''}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * ''[[Kalabhairavashtakam|Kalabhairava Ashtaka]]''<br /> * ''[[Shiva Tandava Stotra]]''<br /> * ''[[Dakshinamurti Stotra]]''<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu mantras]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu devotional texts]]<br /> [[Category:Shaiva texts]]<br /> [[Category:Sanskrit texts]]<br /> [[Category:8th-century texts]]<br /> [[Category:Adi Shankara]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Goonewardene&diff=512114 2026-04-07T22:42:14Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: put up a pg w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sri Lankan politician}}<br /> {{good article}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]<br /> | name = Leslie Goonewardene<br /> | honorific_suffix =<br /> | native_name = ලෙස්ලි ගුනවර්ධන<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image = LeslieSimonGoonewardenePortrait.jpg<br /> | caption = Goonewardene in the 1970s<br /> | image_size = <br /> | order1 = <br /> | office1 = [[General Secretary of the Communist Party|General Secretary of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party]]<br /> | term_start1 = 18 December 1935<br /> | term_end1 = 1977<br /> | predecessor1 = Position established<br /> | successor1 = [[Colvin R. de Silva]]<br /> | order2 = <br /> | office2 = [[Minister of Transport (Sri Lanka)|Minister of Transport]]<br /> | term_start2 = 1970<br /> | term_end2 = 1975<br /> | prime_minister2 = [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]<br /> | predecessor2 = [[E. L. B. Hurulle]]<br /> | successor2 = [[K. B. Ratnayake]]<br /> | order3 = <br /> | office3 = [[Ministry of Telecommunication, Digital Infrastructure and Foreign Employment|Minister of Communications]]<br /> | term_start3 = 1970<br /> | term_end3 = 1977<br /> | prime_minister3 = [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]<br /> | predecessor3 = [[Montague Jayawickrama]]<br /> | successor3 = [[Shelton Jayasinghe]]<br /> | constituency_MP4 = [[Panadura Electoral District|Panadura]]<br /> | parliament4 = Ceylonese<br /> | majority4 = <br /> | term_start4 = 1956<br /> | term_end4 = 1977<br /> | predecessor4 = D. C. W. Kannangara<br /> | successor4 = [[Neville Fernando]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1909|10|31}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Panadura]], [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1983|04|11|1909|10|31}}<br /> | death_place = [[Colombo]]<br /> | citizenship = <br /> | party = [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]]<br /> | other_party = [[Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma]]<br /> | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Vivienne Goonewardene]]&lt;br/&gt;|30 January 1939}}<br /> | partner = <br /> | relations = {{Unbulleted list|[[Cholomondeley Goonewardene]] (cousin)|[[Celestina Dias|Selestina Rodrigo]] (aunt)|Thome Rodrigo}}<br /> | children = {{Dotlist|Kumundu|Ajit Surendra|Premilla}}<br /> | alma_mater = [[St. John's College, Panadura]]&lt;br /&gt;[[S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[London School of Economics]]<br /> | occupation = {{Dotlist|Independence activist|politician|statesman|philanthropist}}<br /> | profession = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | signature = Leslie Goonewardene Signature.png<br /> | blank1 = Ethnicity<br /> | data1 = [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Leslie Simon Goonewardene''' ({{langx|si|ලෙස්ලි සයිමන් ගුනවර්ධන}}, {{langx|ta|லெஸ்லி சைமன் குணவர்தன}}; 31 October 1909{{spnd}}11 April 1983) was a prominent [[Sri Lanka]]n statesman. He founded Sri Lanka's first political party, the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]], in 1935, and served as its [[Secretary (title)|General-Secretary]] from 1935 to 1977. Goonewardene was a key figure in both the [[Indian independence movement]] and the [[Sri Lankan independence movement]]. He was designated as a [[National Heroes of Sri Lanka|National Hero of Sri Lanka]] for his leadership in the independence movement, and his efforts are celebrated each year on the [[Independence Day (Sri Lanka)|Sri Lankan Independence Day]].{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}<br /> <br /> Born into an aristocratic [[Panadura]]n family, Goonewardene was brought up [[Methodism|Methodist]], educated in [[English-medium education|English-medium schools]], and spoke [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] as well as English. Goonewardene was shaped by the widespread [[Marxism|Marxist teachings]] of the time, notably conflicting with his own privilege, resulting in him pursuing the study of [[Political science|government]] from the [[London School of Economics]]. There, he was deeply influenced by the teachings of his professor, [[Harold Laski]]. Upon his return to [[Ceylon]] from London, Goonewardene founded the Lanka Sama Samaja Party in 1935. He rose to prominence leading the party through [[World War II]], when it was key to the [[anti-war movement]], culminating in its proscription and his escape from [[Ceylon]] to India.<br /> <br /> In India, he founded the [[Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma|Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India]], which was a revolutionary [[Trotskyist]] party, campaigning for [[independence]] and [[socialism]] in [[South Asia]]. He was a significant figure in the [[Quit India Movement]] alongside [[Mahatma Gandhi]], leading to [[Indian Independence Act 1947|India's independence from Britain]] in 1947. In 1948, [[Sri Lankan independence movement|Ceylon followed]]. From the 1940s to 1960s, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party was Sri Lanka's main opposition party. Through this, Goonewardene attempted to reform the former British colony of Ceylon into a socialist republic by [[Nationalization|nationalising]] organisations in the banking, education, industry, media, and trade sectors. In the 1960s, the party led the [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] coalition, and through their election landslide brought the [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike|first female head of state]] to power. Whilst initially declining a cabinet position, by 1970 Goonewardene believed he could implement his views best through a coalition government and brought about the United Front [[Second Sirimavo Bandaranaike cabinet|government]]. Goonewardene's government was elected that year with an overwhelming majority, leading to his taking up senior cabinet roles. During this time, he was an active critic of the nationalist [[Sinhala Only Act]].<br /> <br /> Goonewardene remained a key figure in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[Fourth International]], past his retirement in 1977 and until his death in 1983. Despite being one of the largest landowners in Sri Lanka through inheritance, by his death he had pledged all of his wealth to charitable organisations. In the 1950s, he had also led the re-introduction of [[inheritance tax]] to Sri Lanka, despite the opposition of wealthy established parliamentarians.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and family==<br /> [[File:The_Goonewardene_Family.png|alt=|left|thumb|Leslie Goonewardene as a young adult with his family, pictured at the centre with his father, Dr. Andrew Simon Goonewardene.|283x283px]]<br /> Goonewardene was born on 31 October 1909 in [[Panadura]], south-western [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]], to the wealthy Goonewardene family, which was active in local colonial-era politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Goonawardene, Leslie Simon|url=http://www.parliament.lk/en/members-of-parliament/directory-of-past-members/viewMember/2263|publisher=[[Parliament of Sri Lanka]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Go|url=http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/g/o.htm|work=Glossary of People|publisher=Marxists Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the son of Andrew Simon Goonewardene, a reputed doctor who served as President of the [[Panadura]] [[Lanka Mahajana Sabha|Maha Jana Sabha]] and chairman of the [[Urban Council]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=Wright|editor-first=Arnold |title=Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources|year=2016|publisher=Vijitha Yapa |isbn=978-955-665-184-3|oclc=1011356607}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Goonewardene family were major [[Ownership|proprietors]] of [[coconut]] property.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon|last=Wright|first= Arnold|year=1999|pages=677–78|publisher=Lloyd's Greater Britain Publishing Company|isbn=978-8120613355}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Methodist&quot;&gt;''The Methodist Recorder'', December 1943&lt;/ref&gt; Goonewardene's mother died when he was a toddler. She was from the well-known Fernando family of 'Whitehall' Katana, one of the wealthiest families in [[Ceylon]], privately owning very significant amounts of land.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Lawnet.gov.lk|url=https://www.lawnet.gov.lk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/007-NLR-NLR-V-52-HUNTER-Government-Agent-W.P.-Appellant-and-SRI-CHANDRASEKERA-Respondent.pdf|journal=Sri Lanka Legal Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=News Features|url=https://www.nation.lk/2008/12/21/newsfe1.htm|access-date=6 July 2020|website=www.nation.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Leslie inherited all the wealth from his mother and, as his eldest son, a major share from his father.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Obituaries|url=http://www.island.lk/2003/12/03/obituari.html|website=www.island.lk|access-date=30 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; This wealth allowed Leslie to serve as a major party (LSSP) financier in his later life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lerski|first1=Jerzy Jan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjQ0AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=lanka+sama+samaja+party+donor+goonewardene|title=Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon: A Documentary History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1935-1942|last2=Lerski|first2=George Jan|date=1968|publisher=Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His grand-aunt [[Celestina Dias|Selestina Rodrigo]] and another relative Jeramias Dias were the chief sponsors of the Panadura Ronkoth Viharaya and the reputed [[Panadura#Panadura Debate|Panadura Vivadaya]] debate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Great Panadura Debate by S. de F. Jayasuriya, Sunday Observer, 13/16/2010|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2010/06/13/spe40.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152502/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2010/06/13/spe40.asp|archive-date=14 July 2014|access-date=8 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their ancestor Thome Rodrigo was a prince who was a signatory to the [[Convention of Malvana|Malvana Convention]] in 1597.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120126134906/http://www.karava.org/the_rodrigo_family_of_panadura The Rodrigo family of Panadura, Karava of Sri Lanka]&lt;/ref&gt; As traditional chiefs of the area their ancestors had played a role in defeating [[Aryacakravarti dynasty|Arya Chakrawarti]]'s fleet at Panadura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sivaratnam|first=C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlocAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=defeating+Arya+Chakravarti+fleet+at+Panadura|title=The Tamils in Early Ceylon|date=1968|publisher=C. Sivaratnam|language=en}}; {{Cite web|title=The 1st General Assembly of the World e-Governments Organization|url=http://www.meci.co.kr/societyevent/WEGO2012/letter/SRI_JAYAWARDENAPURA_KOTTE.html|website=www.meci.co.kr|access-date=30 May 2020}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Religious beliefs and the Methodist Church ===<br /> Though in adulthood Goonewardene did not have any religious beliefs, as a boy he was influenced by the ideas of [[John Wesley]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 March 2015|title=The Nationalist Turn: A Necessary Detour?|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/the-nationalist-turn-a-necessary-detour/|access-date=6 July 2020|website=Colombo Telegraph|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Methodists were reputed for their contribution in the campaigns to abolish slavery and to make education more accessible,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Missionary Arrival 1814, Richmond College Website|url=http://richmondcollege.org/arrival-1814.html#,|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927032351/http://www.richmondcollege.org/arrival-1814.html#,|archive-date=27 September 2014|access-date=8 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in the Temperance Movement.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=gnbcmHrFF7MC&amp;pg=PA137 Health Policy in Britain's Model Colony: Ceylon, 1900-1948] - Margaret Jones, p. 41 (Orient Blackswan Private Limited) ASIN: B00ECYFXNE&lt;/ref&gt; Goonewardene's family were prominent figures of the [[Methodist Church in Sri Lanka|Methodist Church of Ceylon]], and his father was a lay preacher and treasurer of the Home Mission Fund.&lt;ref name=&quot;Methodist&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Panadura Methodist Church Opening 1861.png|thumb|The consecration of the Panadura Wesleyan Chapel, funded by Goonewardene's grandfather, Mathes Swaris Rodrigo Goonewardene on 6 March 1861.|304x304px]]<br /> <br /> === The Panadura debate ===<br /> <br /> The &quot;[[Panadura|Panadura debate]]&quot; (පානදුරාවාදය) was the final debate defending [[Buddhism]] against the arguments of the [[Missionary|Christian missionaries]]. The cause for the debate arose when Rev. David de Silva, at the request of Goonewardene's grandfather, Mathes Swaris Rodrigo Goonewardene, delivered a sermon on the [[soul]] at the Wesleyan Chapel in [[Panadura]] on 12 June 1873. Mathes had funded and helped build the chapel. The Buddhist orator [[Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera|Gunananda Thera]] delivered a sermon a week later criticizing the points raised by de Silva.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Koschorke|first1=Klaus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbq6fkyp698C&amp;pg=PA67|title=A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450-1990: A Documentary Sourcebook|last2=Ludwig|first2=Frieder|last3=Delgado|first3=Mariano|last4=Spliesgart|first4=Roland|date=14 September 2007|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-2889-7|language=en}}; {{Cite book|last=Thera|first=Migettuwatte Gunananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1TQuAEACAAJ&amp;q=Rev.+David+de+Silva+delivered+a+sermon+on+the+soul+at+the+Wesleyan+Chapel,+Panadura+on+12+June+1873|title=The Great Debate: Buddhism and Christianity Face to Face - Peebles, J. M.; Mohattiwatte, Gunanda; De Silva|date=July 2019|publisher=hansebooks|isbn=978-3-337-58986-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following Thera's sermon, Mathes Swaris invited the respective parties for a debate, one that served as a pivotal moment in [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] history.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=QNoGAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=leslie The Story of Selestina Dias: Buddhist Female Philanthropy and Education] - Manel Tampoe, p. 23 (Social Scientists' Association) {{ISBN|9550762165}}; [http://archives.dailynews.lk/2011/03/07/fea15.asp Methodist Church, Panadura celebrates 150 years] - Nalin Peiris (Daily News) Accessed 15 January 2015&lt;/ref&gt; Both parties signed an agreement on 24 July 1873 to hold another debate at Panadura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard Fox|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljrkAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=24+July+1873+panadura+debate|title=Vain Debates: The Buddhist-Christian Controversies of Nineteenth-century Ceylon|last2=Somaratna|first2=G. P. V.|last3=Sōmaratna|first3=Jī Pī Vī|date=1996|publisher=De Nobili Research Library|isbn=978-3-900271-28-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The debate was held on 24 and 26 August 1873 with a wide array of philosophical topics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ariyapala|first=M. B.|date=1980|title=Cultural Renaissance - A lesser - known pioneer Ven. Piyaratana Tissa Maha Thera: PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23730776|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Sri Lanka Branch|volume=25|pages=1–27|jstor=23730776|issn=2312-7732}}&lt;/ref&gt; The impact of the debate was phenomenal, both locally and internationally. Locally, it was the principal factor behind reviving the identity and pride of [[Sinhalese people|Sinhala]] [[Buddhist]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ganzevoort|first1=R. Ruard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blNKDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA27|title=Lived Religion and the Politics of (In)Tolerance|last2=Sremac|first2=Srdjan|date=8 March 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-43406-3|language=en}}; {{Cite web|last=Pasquel|first=D. E. Dayan|title=Great pitched battle|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2017/01/03/features/103609|access-date=30 May 2020|website=Daily News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Internationally, it was instrumental in raising awareness of [[Buddhism in the West]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Goonatilake 2004 87–118&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Goonatilake|first=Susantha|date=2004|title=Pānadurā Vādaya and Its Consequences: Mischievous Association with Fundamentalism|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka|volume=49|pages=87–118|issn=1391-720X|jstor=23732428}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education and raising a family==<br /> <br /> As a young child, Goonewardene was educated at [[St. John's College, Panadura]] and [[S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia]]; S. Thomas' is considered to be the most prestigious school in Ceylon, with notable alumni including four former [[List of prime ministers of Sri Lanka|prime ministers of Sri Lanka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2jvhndxPzQC&amp;pg=PA1|title=S.J.V. Chelvanayakam and the Crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism, 1947-1977: A Political Biography|date=1994|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-130-7|language=en}}; {{Cite book|last=Pinto|first=Leonard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifVMCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT146|title=Being a Christian in Sri Lanka: Historical, Political, Social, and Religious Considerations|date=14 July 2015|publisher=Balboa Press|isbn=978-1-4525-2862-5|language=en}}; {{Cite web|title=The prestigious Shield – Royal confident, S. Thomas' determined|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2020/03/12/sports/214133/prestigious-shield-%E2%80%93-royal-confident-s-thomas%E2%80%99-determined|last=Sivakumar|first=Pranavesh|website=Daily News|language=en|access-date=30 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goonewardene's father, Andrew Simon Goonewardene, later sent him to a [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public]] (in the British sense of the term) [[boarding school]], [[Rydal Penrhos|Rydal School]], in north [[Wales]] with the aim of making him a [[Methodist]] priest.&lt;ref name=&quot;MIA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunawardena&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Gunawardena|first=Charles A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC|title=Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka|publisher=New Dawn Press Group|year=2005|isbn=1932705481|edition=Revised|location=New Delhi|pages=166–167}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, Goonewardene became influenced by the widespread [[Marxism|Marxist teachings]] of the time, notably conflicting with his own privilege. This was a major factor leading him to pursue a [[BSc degree]] in [[economics]] from the [[London School of Economics]], where he was shaped by the teachings of his professor, [[Harold Laski]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmRdAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=goonewardene+Gray's+Inn|title=Cahiers Léon Trotsky|date=1985|publisher=Institut Léon Trotsky|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Gunawardena/&gt; He was [[admitted to the bar]] at [[Gray's Inn]], one of the four [[Inns of Court]] in London, in 1933 but never [[Practice of law|practised law]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Abeynaike|first1=H. B. W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPMcAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=goonewardene+Gray's+Inn|title=Parliament of Ceylon, 1970|last2=Ameratunga|first2=H. P.|date=1970|publisher=Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited|language=en}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hlbAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=goonewardene+Gray's+Inn|title=Parliaments of Ceylon|date=1960|publisher=Associated Newspapers of Ceylon|language=en}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuIyAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=goonewardene+Gray's+Inn|title=Graya: A Magazine for Members of Gray's Inn|date=1932|publisher=Gray's Inn|language=en}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QMAtAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=goonewardene+Gray's+Inn|title=The Solicitors' Journal|date=1933|publisher=The Journal|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Vivienne Goonewardene===<br /> {{Main|Vivienne Goonewardene}}<br /> [[File:Leslie Goonewardene in his youth.jpg|thumb|Leslie as a young adult|left|304x304px|link=Special:FilePath/File:Leslie_Goonewardene_in_his_youth.jpg]]Goonewardene met [[Vivienne Goonewardene|Vivienne Goonatilleka]], who was the niece of two of the leading leftist politicians in [[Ceylon]], at a political meeting.&lt;ref name=&quot;ceylontoday.lk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Forces to Reckon With Women of the Leftist Movement in Sri Lanka|url=https://ceylontoday.lk/features-more/3022|website=CeylonToday.lk|language=en|access-date=30 May 2020}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gunawardena|first=Charles A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC&amp;pg=PA167|title=Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka|date=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-48-5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her uncle [[Philip Gunawardena]] was the &quot;Father of Socialism&quot; in Ceylon, and another uncle, [[Robert Gunawardena]], was a prominent [[Sri Lanka]]n politician and diplomat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kurukularatne|first=Buddhika|title=Vivienne – The making of a rebel|url=http://www.island.lk/2006/04/23/features9.html|newspaper=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]]|date=23 April 2006}}; {{Cite web|title=Philip Gunawardena: The Lion's Roar|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2020/03/27/features/215248/philip-gunawardena-lion%E2%80%99s-roar|last=PERERA|first=K. K. S.|website=Daily News|language=en|access-date=30 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vivienne's father, Don Alanson Goonatilleka, was a pro-monarchy conservative who believed in the continuous British governing of Ceylon.&lt;ref name=&quot;ceylontoday.lk&quot; /&gt; Vivienne was educated at [[Musaeus College]] in Ceylon and was initially drawn to politics through the [[Suriya-Mal Movement]] in 1933, when nationalist anti-imperialists initiated the sale of the native Suriya (Portia tree) flowers as an alternative to the British colonial-symbolizing poppies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vivi: Biography&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWRuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=vivienne+goonewardena|title= Vivi: A Biography of Vivienne Goonewardena |date= 1998|access-date=20 October 2018|first=Pulsara|work=Women's Education and Research Centre, Inc|last=Liyanage |publisher= Women's Education and Research Centre |isbn= 9789559261070 |quote=Background: Vivienne took to assisting Suriyamal sales whilst she was still at school at Musaeus College.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;enc&quot;&gt;Charles A. Gunawardena (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC&amp;pg=PA167 ''Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka'']. Elgin, Il; Slough, Berkshire; New Delhi: New Dawn Press. {{ISBN|9781932705485}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The movement had the bold slogan of &quot;against slavery and poverty and for freedom and prosperity&quot;. As [[Head girl and head boy|head girl]] she recruited her entire school to this cause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Head Girl&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC&amp;pg=PA167|last=Gunawardena|first=Charles|date=2006|work=New Dawn Press, Inc| publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. |isbn = 9781932705485|access-date=20 October 2018|quote=Background: She was head girl at Museaus College.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The two intended to wed, but Vivienne's father was against the relationship because Goonewardene was a [[Christianity in Sri Lanka|Christian]], from the minority [[Karava]] [[Sri Lankan caste system|caste]] and a revolutionary under surveillance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Jayawardena|first=Kumari|url=http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php/Socialist_Women_of_Sri_Lanka|title=Socialist Women of Sri Lanka|publisher=Young Socialist Publications|year=2006|isbn=955-9150-06-5|editor1-last=Muthiah|editor1-first=Wesley S.|location=Colombo|page=55|chapter=Vivienne Goonewardene – 'La Pasionaria' of Sri Lanka|editor2-last=Thiruchandran|editor2-first=Selvy|editor3-last=Wanasinghe|editor3-first=Sydney}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was kept a virtual prisoner at home, and Goonewardene was forced to file a [[habeas corpus]] writ, a [[Legal recourse|recourse in law]] through which a person can report an [[Arbitrary arrest and detention|unlawful detention or imprisonment]] to a [[court]], to get her released.&lt;ref name=&quot;Memories&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Kurukularatne|first=Buddhika|date=7 May 2006|title=Men and Memories: 'Vivi' — the 'rebel' is made|newspaper=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]]|url=http://www.island.lk/2006/05/07/features3.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the legal battle, they were notably represented by their attorney, the future [[President of Sri Lanka|President]] and [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Prime Minister]] [[President of Sri Lanka|of Sri Lanka]] [[J. R. Jayewardene]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Men and Memories 'Vivi' — the 'rebel' is made|url=http://www.island.lk/2006/05/07/features3.html|website=www.island.lk|access-date=30 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The couple were married on 30 January 1939.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunawardena&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early political career==<br /> <br /> === Foundation of the LSSP ===<br /> [[File:General_Secretary_Leslie_Goonewardene.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Goonewardene as General Secretary of the LSSP]]<br /> Goonewardene returned to Ceylon from [[United Kingdom|Britain]] in 1933 and helped found the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] (LSSP) on 18 December 1935.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Abeynayake|first=Stanley E.|date=14 August 2012|title=Dr N M Perera's 33rd death anniversary : Doughty fighter and man of principles|newspaper=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]|url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2012/08/14/fea04.asp}}; {{Cite book|last=Perera|first=T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmJuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=18+December+1935+lssp|title=Revolutionary trails, Edmund Samarakkody: a political profile|date=2006|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-955-9102-80-9|language=en}}; {{Cite book|last=Peebles|first=Patrick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50igCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA213|title=Historical Dictionary of Sri Lanka|date=22 October 2015|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-5585-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was created with the broad aims of independence from British rule and socialism by a group of young people who had gathered together for that purpose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Busky|first=Donald F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5Bxd7sq9KcC&amp;pg=PA64|title=Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97733-7|language=en}}; {{Cite book|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Nira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-xQ8qk9mgYC&amp;pg=PA201|title=Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Indentities|date=2006|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3016-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The group at the commencement numbered six, composed principally of students who had, like Goonewardene, returned from abroad, influenced deeply by the ideas of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Lenin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Amarasinghe|first=Y. Ranjith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxkvAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lssp+founded+by+students|title=Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics: A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka|date=2000|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-91-0-225070-4 |language=en}}; {{Cite book|last=Nubin|first=Walter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iudi2JJLaUAC&amp;pg=PA213|title=Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background|date=2002|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-573-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goonewardene founded the LSSP alongside [[N.M. Perera]] and [[Colvin R. de Silva]], as well as [[Philip Gunawardena]] and [[Robert Gunawardena]]. Goonewardene was the LSSP's first [[Secretary (title)|General-Secretary]] and served in that role from 1935 to 1977.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Kearney|first1=Robert N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2XNzShV1r4C&amp;pg=PA62|title=Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon|last2=Studies|first2=University of California (System) Center for South and Southeast Asia|last3=California (Berkeley)|first3=University of|date=1971|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01713-9|language=en}}; {{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9OvCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA145|title=Politics in Sri Lanka, 1947-1979|date=1 January 1979|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-17718-9|language=en}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1MMAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=goonewardene+LSSP+general+secretary|title=Towards a History of the Fourth International: Education for Socialists Bulletins Towards a History of the Fourth International|date=1975|publisher=National Education Department, Socialist Workers Party|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The party, with the aid of the South Colombo Youth League, initiated various strikes with the aim to disrupt. One such took place at the Wellawatte Spinning and Weaving Mills.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Amarasinghe|first=Y. Ranjith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxkvAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lssp+Wellawatte+Spinning+and+Weaving+Mills|title=Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics: A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka|date=2000|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|language=en}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgvtoQoiTJIC&amp;q=lssp+Wellawatte+Spinning+and+Weaving+Mills|title=Sri Lanka, the Ethnic Conflict: Myths, Realities &amp; Perspectives|date=1984|publisher=Navrang|isbn=9780836412925|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goonewardene also published a [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]]-language journal, ''Kamkaruwa'' (The Worker), allowing the party to become involved in the 1933 [[Suriya-Mal Movement]], whose aim was to generate financial support for indigenous (Ceylonese) veterans through the sale of native [[Portia tree|Suriya]] flowers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Seneviratne|first=H. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ypjyd2th7mkC&amp;pg=PA130|title=The Work of Kings|date=1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-74865-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Suriya-Mal Movement gained international coverage, propelled by the fact that [[Poppy Day]]-raised funds went solely to British ex-servicemen, despite the funds being raised abroad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lerski|first1=Jerzy Jan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjQ0AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=lssp+suriya+mal|title=Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon: A Documentary History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1935-1942|last2=Lerski|first2=George Jan|date=1968|publisher=Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Suriya-Mal Movement also helped contribute to the poor and needy during the [[1934-35 malaria outbreak in Ceylon|1934–1935 Ceylonese malaria epidemic]], which took a toll on poorer communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Wijesundere|first1=Dilkushi Anula|last2=Ramasamy|first2=Ranjan|date=28 August 2017|title=Analysis of Historical Trends and Recent Elimination of Malaria from Sri Lanka and Its Applicability for Malaria Control in Other Countries|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|volume=5|article-number=212|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2017.00212|issn=2296-2565|pmc=5581355|pmid=28894732|bibcode=2017FrPH....5..212W |doi-access=free}}; {{Cite book|last=Jayasuriya|first=Laksiri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxtBDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT200|title=Taking Social Development Seriously: The Experience of Sri Lanka|date=17 August 2010|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-85985-87-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With the outbreak of the [[World War II|Second World War]], the party was re-established underground, a necessity due to its vocal [[Anti-war movement|anti-war]] stance, opposing that of the British [[war effort]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=David S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4uyAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=lanka+sama+samaja+party+banned+wwii|title=Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific: A Reference Guide|last2=Sagar|first2=Darren J.|date=1992|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-09811-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Members of the party, including two [[State Council of Ceylon|State Council]] members, as well as others in its leadership—including N.M. Perera, Philip Gunawardena and Colvin R. de Silva—were arrested and jailed, but Goonewardene evaded arrest and went underground.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI050102&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Fernando|first=Amaradasa|date=5 January 2002|title=Edmund Samarakkody kept faith to the last|newspaper=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]]|url=http://www.island.lk/2002/01/05/featur02.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === The Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma ===<br /> {{Main|Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma}}<br /> [[File:Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma.jpg|thumb|[[Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma]]]]<br /> Though Philip Gunawardena, N.M. Perera, [[Edmund Samarakkody]], and Colvin R. de Silva were detained in Ceylon, Goonewardene and his wife [[Vivienne Goonewardene|Vivienne]] were able to escape to India, but Goonewardene's properties were seized.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI050102&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wriggins|first=William Howard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCfWCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA126|title=Ceylon: Dilemmas of a New Nation|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7690-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They settled in [[Calcutta]] and established networks with the local Trotskyist organisations, including that of the [[Uttar Pradesh]] Trotskyist group, as well as groups in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] and [[Madras]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1MMAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=goonewardene+colvin+de+silva+escape+to+india|title=Towards a History of the Fourth International: Education for Socialists Bulletins Towards a History of the Fourth International|date=1975|publisher=National Education Department, Socialist Workers Party|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Through discussion, the Indian and Ceylonese Trotskyists led by Goonewardene established a preliminary committee for the formation of the [[Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India|Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma]] (BLPI for short).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUw5AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Committee+for+the+Formation+of+the+Bolshevik+-+Leninist+Party+of+India|title=The Revolution in India|date=1942|publisher=T. Tait Memorial Committee|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The discussions for this took place through underground meetings in [[Kandy]] in December 1940 and March 1941 and set the stage for a sole Trotskyist party for India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9kuAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Bolshevik+-+Leninist+Party+of+India+kandy|title=South Asia Bulletin|date=1987|publisher=University of California, Los Angeles|language=en}}; {{Cite book|last1=Grant|first1=E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5c61AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Committee+for+the+Formation+of+the+Bolshevik+-+Leninist+Party+of+India|title=The Road to India's Freedom: The Permanent Revolution in India and the Task of the British Working-class|last2=Scott|first2=A.|date=1941|publisher=Workers' International League, Fourth International|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An underground conference was held on 20 April 1941, attended by 42 delegates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jasentuliyana|first=Nandasiri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKTTDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT2071|title=Same Sky, Different Nights|date=29 July 2016|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-5246-0041-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goonewardene, whilst evading the colonial authorities, led the conference at which the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] conceived a new constitution and manifesto, both of which were accepted by the delegates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sworakowski|first=Witold S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IlQYAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=LSSP+conference+20+April+1941|title=World Communism; a Handbook, 1918-1965|date=1973|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8179-1081-5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The meetings in 1940 and 1941 were also attended by the other detained LSSP leaders, who had been aided by their imprisoner; the imprisoner later helped them escape their prison on 7 April 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgjH0GjmTeIC&amp;pg=PA5|title=Exploring Confrontation: Sri Lanka--politics, Culture and History|date=1994|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-3-7186-5692-9|language=en}}; {{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Sadhan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC80AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=lssp+7th+April+1942|title=Ceylon: Island that Changed|date=1971|publisher=People's Publishing House|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The BLPI was formed in May 1942 and was approved by the [[Fourth International]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Amarasinghe|first=Y. Ranjith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxkvAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=BLPI+was+formed+in+May+1942+and+was+approved+by+the+Fourth+International|title=Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics: A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka|date=2000|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-91-0-225070-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Through this, the now-public BLPI, fronted by Goonewardene, [[S. C. C. Anthony Pillai|S.C.C. Anthonipillai]], [[Robert Gunawardena]], [[William de Silva]], and [[V. Karalasingham]], focused on continuing strike waves that had begun in May 1941. These continued through 1942 and 1944.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ervin|first=Charles Wesley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqTaAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=BLPI+strike+wave+in+May+1941+and+strikes+in+1942+and+1944|title=Tomorrow is Ours: The Trotskyist Movement in India and Ceylon, 1935-48|date=2006|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-955-9102-83-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Initially, during World War II, the Goonewardene-led BLPI remained relatively small—a large contrast to the high expectations of a subcontinent-wide political revolutionary party. Whilst the BLPI's full name, the ''Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma'', suggests that it also represented [[Burma]], there was arguably no party representation there.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Amarasinghe|first=Y. Ranjith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxkvAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=BLPI+not+in+burma|title=Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics: A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka|date=2000|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-91-0-225070-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The BLPI, however, found later success, launching ''Spark'', its party publication issued in the party's base of [[Calcutta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm9dAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=BLPI+Spark|title=Cahiers Léon Trotsky|date=1998|publisher=Institut Léon Trotsky|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to political suppression, the publication was moved to [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] and its name was changed to ''New Spark''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abhayavardhana|first=Hector|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWNuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=BLPI+Spark|title=Hector Abhayavardhana: Selected Writings|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-955-9102-40-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They published Trotsky's open letter to the Indian workers and other pieces. Leslie Goonewardene was a key contributor to the party publications, writing under the [[pseudonym]], K. Tilak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm9dAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=BLPI+Spark+k+tilak|title=Cahiers Léon Trotsky|date=1998|publisher=Institut Léon Trotsky|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the remainder of World War II, the BLPI was able to influence the trade union and student movements in several cities. Significant membership was recorded among [[Tramway (industrial)|tramway]] workers, as well as workers of the [[Buckingham and Carnatic Mills]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Richardson|first=Al|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFOOAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=BLPI+Buckingham+and+Carnatic+Mills|title=Blows Against the Empire: Trotskyism in Ceylon: The Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1935-1964|date=1997|publisher=Porcupine Press|isbn=978-1-899438-26-6|language=en}}; {{Cite book|last=Ervin|first=Charles Wesley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqTaAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=BLPI+Buckingham+and+Carnatic+Mills|title=Tomorrow is Ours: The Trotskyist Movement in India and Ceylon, 1935-48|date=2006|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-955-9102-83-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Procession at Bangalore during Quit India movement, by Indian National Congress.jpg|left|thumb|254x254px|Quit India procession in [[Bangalore]]]]<br /> <br /> ===Quit India Movement===<br /> {{Main|Quit India Movement}}<br /> From April 1942, Goonewardene primarily focused his efforts on the [[Quit India Movement]], a movement with the demand to end the [[British Raj|British Rule of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement|title=1942 Quit India Movement – Making Britain|website=www.open.ac.uk|access-date=1 May 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623193852/http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement|archive-date=23 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He remained uncaptured throughout the war years both in Ceylon and India.&lt;ref name=Gunawardena/&gt; In 1953, Goonewardene also sheltered [[Jeanne Hoban]] from the authorities when she was threatened with deportation for organising plantation workers unions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jayawardena|first=Kumari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjdpAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA287|title=The White Woman's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia During British Rule|date=23 April 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-65707-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the Quit India Movement, hope was rife among the [[South Asia|South-Asian]] socialist leaders. Goonewardene, under the pseudonym K. Tilak, wrote that the &quot;young Bolshevik-Leninist Party ... now faces its first real chance for expansion ... The situation is changing and without doubt, of all of the parties and political groups in India, the BLPI is the one which is going to gain the most in this change.&quot;{{sfn|Alexander|1991|p=519}}<br /> <br /> ==== Initial party split ====<br /> Towards the end of World War II the LSSP split into two: a LSSP faction led by N.M. Perera and Philip Gunawardena; and the [[Bolshevik Samasamaja Party]] (BSP), the Ceylonese arm of the BLPI, led by Goonewardene, Colvin R. de Silva, Edmund Samarakkody, and Bernard Soysa.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI050102&quot; /&gt; The BSP and LSSP merged in 1950.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Richardson|first=Al|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFOOAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=BSP+and+LSSP+merged+in+1950|title=Blows Against the Empire: Trotskyism in Ceylon: The Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1935-1964|date=1997|publisher=Porcupine Press|isbn=978-1-899438-26-6|language=en}}; {{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9OvCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA136|title=Politics in Sri Lanka, 1947-1979|date=1 January 1979|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-17718-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Return to Sri Lanka==<br /> [[File:SL Independence.jpg|thumb|316x316px|The formal ceremony marking the start of self-rule, with the opening of the first parliament at [[Independence Square, Colombo|Independence Square]] by [[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester]] in the presence of [[Rt Hon]] [[D.S. Senanayake]] as first [[Prime Minister of Ceylon]].]]<br /> <br /> === Independence ===<br /> {{Main|Sri Lankan independence movement}}<br /> Following the end of the war, the LSSP's proscription ended, and Leslie was able to return to Ceylon to work further on the independence movement. The [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] led [[Sri Lankan independence movement]] succeeded when, on 4 February 1948, Ceylon was granted independence as the Dominion of Ceylon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ellis|first=Royston|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htAmdNr75P0C&amp;pg=PA7|title=Sri Lanka|date=2011|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-346-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dominion]] status within the British Commonwealth was retained for the next 24 years until 22 May 1972, when it became a [[republic]] and was renamed the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.{{sfn|Alexander|1991|p=170}}<br /> <br /> === Electoral beginnings ===<br /> Goonewardene stood as the LSSP's candidate for [[Colombo North Electoral District|Colombo North]] at the [[1952 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1952 parliamentary election]] but was defeated by the [[United National Party]] candidate Cyril E. S. Perera.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Result of Parliamentary General Election 1952|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1952%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209231904/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1952%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|archive-date=9 December 2009|publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka}}&lt;/ref&gt; He stood as the LSSP's candidate for [[Panadura Electoral District|Panadura]] at the [[1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1956 parliamentary election]]. He won the election and entered [[Parliament of Sri Lanka|Parliament]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Result of Parliamentary General Election 1956|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1956%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209232204/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1956%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|archive-date=9 December 2009|publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was re-elected at the [[March 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election|March 1960]], [[July 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election|July 1960]], [[1965 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1965]] and [[1970 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1970]] parliamentary elections.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> * March 1960: {{cite web|title=Result of Parliamentary General Election 19 March 1960|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1960_03_19%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209231748/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1960_03_19%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|archive-date=9 December 2009|publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka}}<br /> * July 1960: {{cite web|title=Result of Parliamentary General Election 20 July 1960|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1960_07_20%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209232020/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1960_07_20%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|archive-date=9 December 2009|publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka}}<br /> * 1965: {{cite web|title=Result of Parliamentary General Election 1965|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1965%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209231813/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1965%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|archive-date=9 December 2009|publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka}}<br /> * 1970: {{cite web|title=Result of Parliamentary General Election 1970|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1970%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209231958/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1970%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|archive-date=9 December 2009|access-date=11 January 2014|publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Growth of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party ==<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Sri Lanka 1970 Joint May Day.jpg|thumb|289x289px|The 1970 Joint May Day.|alt=|left]] --&gt;<br /> From the late 1940s to 1960s, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party served as the [[Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)|opposition Party in Sri Lanka]], whilst being recognised as the Sri Lankan wing of the [[Fourth International]], an organisation characterised by [[Trotskyism]] and [[Anti-Stalinist left|Anti-Stalinism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Barker|first=Rodney S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zAvAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lssp+opposition|title=Studies in Opposition|date=1971|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780333124826|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Through this, Goonewardene attempted to reform the former British Colony of Ceylon into a socialist republic by [[Nationalization|nationalising]] organisations in the banking, education, industry, media, and trade sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Bose|first1=Sumantra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGNuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=lssp+opposition+1950s|title=States, Nations, Sovereignty: Sri Lanka, India and the Tamil Eelam Movement|last2=Bose|first2=Professor of International and Comparative Politics Sumantra|date=6 September 1994|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-8039-9170-5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1959, despite being one of the largest landowners in [[Sri Lanka]] through inheritance, Goonewardene re-introduced inheritance tax to the country, despite the opposition of wealthy established parliamentarians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Trotskyism - Ceylon/Sri Lanka: The Rise of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/alex/works/in_trot/cey1_1.htm|access-date=12 July 2020|website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With its increased popularity, the LSSP was looking to grow. In 1964, the party held a conference in which the majority of delegates nominated the classification of the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]] (SLFP), a [[petty bourgeois]] party, leaving the prospects of a coalition with it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Nira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-xQ8qk9mgYC&amp;pg=PA227|title=Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Indentities|date=2006|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3016-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goonewardene and Colvin R. de Silva were opposed to this decision, but they remained with the LSSP.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=La|url=http://www.marxists.org/glossary/orgs/l/a.htm|work=Glossary of Organisations|publisher=Marxists Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Alexander|1991|p=176}} Another group, led by [[Edmund Samarakkody]] and [[Bala Tampoe]], split from Goonewardene's party to form the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party (Revolutionary)|Revolutionary Lanka Sama Samaja Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qes8AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP17|title=Electoral Politics in an Emergent State: The Ceylon General Election of May 1970|date=1975|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-1-001-32712-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Later in 1964, the LSSP formed a coalition with [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], the first female prime minister in the world, who had until then formally governed with a minority, missing one seat for majority.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTB5zSyBnDkC&amp;pg=PA84|title=The Historical &amp; International Foundations of the Socialist Equality Party|date=2008|publisher=Mehring Books|isbn=978-1-893638-07-5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This principal change led to the LSSP being expelled from the Fourth International, with the Revolutionary Lanka Sama Samaja Party taking its place.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Grant|first=Ted|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LAPaDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT241|title=History of British Trotskyism|date=2002|publisher=Wellred Books|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the election, Goonewardene alongside Colvin R. de Silva declined to accept cabinet office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Online edition of Sunday Observer - Business|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2003/08/24/fea05.html|website=archives.sundayobserver.lk|access-date=30 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The coalition government fell in 1965 due to the desertion of several members.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jasentuliyana|first=Nandasiri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKTTDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT208|title=Same Sky, Different Nights|date=29 July 2016|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-5246-0041-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the number of votes won by the LSSP increased at the [[1965 Ceylonese parliamentary election|general election held that year]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nubin|first=Walter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iudi2JJLaUAC&amp;pg=PA127|title=Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background|date=2002|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-573-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the election, supporters of the party were subjected to a period of co-ordinated victimisation by the new seven-party coalition led by the UNP.{{sfn|Richardson|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-sIRxpjfd-EC&amp;pg=PA273 273]}} In 1968, Goonewardene orchestrated the LSSP joining the SLFP and the [[Communist Party of Sri Lanka]] (CPSL) in a [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Nira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sCHCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA243|title=Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History|date=March 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-022579-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; That year's joint May Day rally was said to be the biggest ever to take place in Sri Lanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Kearney|first1=Robert N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2XNzShV1r4C&amp;pg=PA66|title=Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon|last2=Studies|first2=University of California (System) Center for South and Southeast Asia|last3=California (Berkeley)|first3=University of|date=1971|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01713-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Lanka Sama Samaja Government (1970–1975)==<br /> [[File:Bandaranaike_LSSP_Cabinet_1972.jpg|right|thumb|321x321px|The second Bandaranaike Cabinet, with [[Colvin R. de Silva]] and Goonewardene shown.]]<br /> By 1970, Goonewardene believed he could implement his views best through the SLFP coalition and joined the SLFP-led [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] [[Second Sirimavo Bandaranaike cabinet|government]]. That year, the United Front, made up of the SLFP, LSSP and its rival, the [[Communist Party of Sri Lanka]], was elected to power in landslide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgjH0GjmTeIC&amp;pg=PA3|title=Exploring Confrontation: Sri Lanka--politics, Culture and History|date=1994|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-3-7186-5692-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The LSSP had 18 MPs in the House of Representatives. Goonewardene became [[Ministry of Telecommunication, Digital Infrastructure and Foreign Employment|Minister of Communications]] and [[Minister of Transport (Sri Lanka)|Minister of Transport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=28 December 2008|title=When bus services were nationalised|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)|The Sunday Times]]|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/081228/FunDay/fundaytimes_2.html}}; {{cite news|last=Philips|first=Rajan|date=30 September 2012|title=The last of the Old Left and the end of an era: Hector Abhayavardhana|newspaper=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]]|url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&amp;page=article-details&amp;code_title=62667}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|''The Honolulu Star-Bulletin''|1970|p=2}} By July, he had worked to convene a Constitutional Assembly to replace the British-drafted constitution with one drafted by the Ceylonese.{{sfn|Phadnis|1971|p=268}} Policies requiring that permanent secretaries in the government ministries have expertise in their division were introduced. For example, those serving in the Ministry of Housing had to be trained engineers, and those serving in the Ministry of Health, medical practitioners. All government employees were allowed to join Workers Councils and at the local level, People's Committees were established to allow input from the population at large on government administration; this was brought from the LSSP management structure.{{sfn|Phadnis|1971|p=269}} The changes were intended to remove elements of [[British Empire|British colonisation]] and foreign influence from the country's institutions.{{sfn|Saha|1999|p=125}}<br /> <br /> Facing budget deficits of $195&amp;nbsp;million—caused by rising energy and food-importation costs and declining revenue from coconut, rubber, and tea exports—the government attempted to centralise the economy and implement price controls.{{sfn|Richardson|2005|pp=321–322}}{{sfn|''The Anniston Star''|1970|p=42}} Goonewardene and other party members pressed [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] to nationalise the foreign banks of British, Indian, and Pakistani origin, an act that would impact the need for credit.{{sfn|''The Anniston Star''|1970|p=42}} During this period, the United Front government officially granted recognition to other socialist nations, notably including [[East Germany]], [[North Korea]], [[North Vietnam]], and the [[National Liberation Front of South Vietnam]].{{sfn|Phadnis|1971|p=271}}<br /> <br /> Goonewardene supported the government stance opposing the development of an Anglo-US communications centre in the Indian Ocean, maintaining that the area should be a &quot;neutral, nuclear-free zone&quot;.{{sfn|Phadnis|1971|p=272}} In December, the Business Undertaking Acquisition Act was passed, allowing the state to nationalise any business with more than 100 employees. Ostensibly, the move aimed to reduce foreign control of key tea and rubber production, but it stunted both domestic and foreign investment in industry and development.{{sfn|''The Anniston Star''|1970|p=42}}{{sfn|Phadnis|1971|p=273}}<br /> <br /> Despite the efforts of Goonewardene and other leftist elements of the government to address the country's economic problems, unemployment and inflation remained unchecked.{{sfn|Phadnis|1971|p=274}} After 16 months in power, the United Front government was almost toppled by the [[1971 JVP Insurrection (Sri Lanka)|1971 Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna Insurrection]] of militant left-wing youths. Contrary to the LSSP, the JVP believed that socialism would be best implemented militarily. Though aware of the militant stance of the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] (People's Liberation Front), the administration initially failed to recognise them as an imminent threat, dismissing them as idealists.{{sfn|Phadnis|1971|pp=274–275}} On 6 March, militants attacked the U.S. Embassy in Colombo,{{sfn|Phadnis|1971|p=275}} leading to the declaration of a state of emergency on 17 March. In early April, attacks on police stations evidenced a well-planned insurgency that [[Sri Lanka Army|Ceylon's small army]] was ill-equipped to handle. Calling on its allies for assistance, the government was saved largely because of the LSSP's neutral foreign policy and Goonewardene's long-term stance as a member of the &quot;[[Non-Aligned Movement]]&quot;. The Soviet Union sent aircraft to support the Ceylonese government; arms and equipment came from Britain, the United Arab Republic, the United States, and Yugoslavia; medical supplies were provided by East and West Germany, Norway, and Poland; patrol boats were sent from India;{{sfn|''The Sydney Morning Herald''|1971|p=16}} and both India and Pakistan sent troops.{{sfn|Fathers|2000}} On 1 May, the government suspended their offensives and offered an amnesty, which resulted in thousands of surrenders. The following month a second amnesty was offered. One of the nation's first actions after the conflict was to expel North Korean diplomats, as it was suspected they had fomented the radical discontent.{{sfn|Phadnis|1971|pp=275–276}}<br /> <br /> In May 1972, [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]] was replaced by the [[Sri Lanka|Republic of Sri Lanka]] after a [[Sri Lankan Constitution of 1972|new constitution]] was ratified.{{sfn|Saha|1999|p=125}}{{sfn|Ross|Savada|1990|p=50}} Though the country remained within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] was no longer recognised as its sovereign.{{sfn|''The Tampa Bay Times''|1972|p=3}} Under its terms, the senate, suspended since 1971,{{sfn|''The Sydney Morning Herald''|1971|p=16}} was officially abolished,{{sfn|Saha|1999|p=125}} and the new unicameral [[National State Assembly]] was created, combining the powers of the executive, judicial, and legislative branches in one authority.{{sfn|Ross|Savada|1990|pp=50–51}} The constitution recognised the supremacy of Buddhism, though it guaranteed equal protection to Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam.{{sfn|Bartholomeusz|2010|p=173}} Despite the efforts of Goonewardene, it failed to provide a [[Bill of rights|charter of inalienable rights]],{{sfn|Bartholomeusz|2010|p=173}}{{sfn|Ross|Savada|1990|p=51}} recognised Sinhala as the only official language,{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1972|p=3}} and contained no &quot;elements of federalism&quot;.{{sfn|Ross|Savada|1990|p=51}} The [[Sinhala Only Act]] was vocally opposed to by Goonewardene in parliament. During this period, the government enacted land redistribution programmes to establish [[Agricultural cooperative|farming cooperatives]] and limit the size of privately held lands.{{sfn|Rajakaruna|1972|p=7}}<br /> <br /> The 1973 oil crisis had a traumatic effect on the Sri Lankan economy.{{sfn|Fathers|2000}} Still dependent on foreign assistance, goods, and monetary aid from Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, Hungary, and the World Bank, the government eased the austerity programmes that limited importation of consumer goods. The United States terminated aid grants, which required no repayment, and changed to a policy of providing foreign loans.{{sfn|Richardson|2005|pp=322–323}} Devaluation of the [[Sri Lankan rupee]], coupled with inflation and high taxes, slowed economic growth, consequently creating cyclical pressure to address deficits with even higher taxes and austerity measures.{{sfn|Richardson|2005|p=324}} Uncontrolled inflation between 1973 and 1974 led to economic uncertainty and public dissatisfaction.{{sfn|Richardson|2005|p=326}} In 1974, Bandaranaike forced the shutdown of the last independent newspaper group, ''[[Sun (Ceylon)|The Sun]]'', believing their criticism was fuelling unrest.{{sfn|Fathers|2000}}{{sfn|Sims|1974|p=16}} This, along with other factors, led to fissures appearing in the United Front coalition, largely resulting from the Lanka Sama Samaja Party's continued influence on trade unions and threats of strike actions throughout 1974 and 1975. When newly confiscated estates were placed under the Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, controlled by the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, fears that they would unionise plantation workers led Bandaranaike to oust them from the government coalition.{{sfn|Alexander|1991|p=180}}<br /> <br /> Despite later fissures, Goonewardene was able to advance parts of the party programme considerably: foreign-owned plantations were nationalised, local ownership was restricted, democratically elected workers' councils were established in state corporations and government departments under the purview of its ministries (and of that of a sympathiser, T.B. Subasinghe), and measures were taken that narrowed the gap between the rich and poor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZAfAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=sri+lanka+Foreign-owned+plantations+were+nationalised,+local+ownership+was+restricted,+democratically+elected+workers'+councils+were+established+in+state+corporation|title=World Marxist Review|date=1972|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party|Congress of Samasamaja Youth Leagues]] and other bodies affiliated to the party (membership of the party proper was still restricted to a small cadre, on a [[Leninist]] model) saw unprecedented growth at this time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Amarasinghe|first=Y. Ranjith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxkvAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=Congress+of+Samasamaja+Youth+Leagues|title=Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics: A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka|date=2000|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-91-0-225070-4 |language=en}}; {{Cite book|last1=Mel|first1=de Neloufer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0f_D1qiXQgC&amp;pg=PA34|title=Women &amp; the Nation's Narrative: Gender and Nationalism in Twentieth Century Sri Lanka|last2=Mel|first2=Neloufer De|date=2001|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1807-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The leadership looked to [[Salvador Allende]]'s [[Chile]] as a model of revolution through parliamentary means.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Thakurta|first1=Jnanranjan Guha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srhKAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=lanka+sama+samaja+Salvador+Allende|title=The New Year Book|last2=Ghatak|first2=Amal C.|date=1971|publisher=S.C. Sarkar &amp; Sons Limited|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this period, Goonewardene established contact with the captains of the [[Movement of the Armed Forces]] ({{lang|pt|Movimento das Forças Armadas}} or MFA) of Portugal, after the [[Carnation Revolution]] of April 1974; he also became a theoretician of [[Eurocommunism]] and its application to Sri Lanka, writing a pamphlet titled &quot;Can we get to socialism this way?&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Por que rejeitamos a demanda por uma &quot;assembleia constituinte&quot;|url=https://www.icl-fi.org/portugues/2017-assembleia%20constituinte.pdf|journal=Por Que Rejeitamos a Demanda Por Uma &quot;assembleia Constituinte&quot;}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Minister of Transport (1970–75) ===<br /> After the 1970 election, at which the [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] (UF) won a landslide victory, the workers at the [[Ceylon Transport Board]] spontaneously established workers' committees and took over the running of the institution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ganesh|first=Gopal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBuUNzIgJjAC&amp;pg=PA48|title=Privatisation and Labour Restructuring|date=2008|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-634-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This period began the most successful years of the CTB as an institution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Online edition of Sunday Observer - Editorial|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2005/03/27/editorial.html|date=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204040201/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2005/03/27/editorial.html|access-date=30 May 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=4 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the last two of the five years that Goonewardene was there, the CTB ran at a profit, whilst providing a service that was never previously or subsequently matched.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj22Puk37IUC&amp;pg=PA33|title=Electoral Politics in an Emergent State: The Ceylon General Election of May 1970|date=10 June 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-15311-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to his role in the management of the Employees' Councils, a council of which the workers' committees were transformed into after being properly constituted, commuter organisations were included in an advisory role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Resurrect 'CTB of Anil Moonesinghe' to fix the bus hooligans – Ceylon-Ananda.com|date=12 December 2016|url=http://ceylon-ananda.com/resurrect-ctb-of-anil-moonesinghe-to-fix-the-bus-hooligans/|language=en-US|access-date=30 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The services were expanded and measures were taken to improve efficiency, including rationalising bus types. The CTB started buying buses from [[Isuzu]] to offset any [[cartel]]isation by [[TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company|Tata]] and [[Ashok Leyland]], the main suppliers, and also purchased [[Ikarus Bus|Ikarus]] buses from Hungary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPgnAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Ceylon+Transport+Board+Isuzu|title=Far Eastern Economic Review|date=1961|publisher=Review Publishing Company Limited|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TIMnAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Ikarus+bus+ceylon|title=The Commercial Motor|date=1962|publisher=Temple Press Limited|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several new bus stands and bus depots were established. A modern, multi-storied bus station was planned at the Central Bus Station, complete with hotel and cinema, but was never completed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mA1DAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=Ceylon+Transport+Board+modern,+multi-storied+bus+station|title=The Buddhist|date=1976|publisher=Columbo Young Men's Buddhist Association.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goonewardene also took measures to build up local industry, and the CTB became well equipped with foundries and workshops: the central workshop at Werahera became the largest in South Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7cVAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Ceylon+Transport+Board+Central+Workshop+at+Werahera|title=State Transport Review|date=1959|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The local modification of ticket machines was started after employees pointed out many unsuitable features and other employees were found tampering with the machines; a new workshop was acquired for this scheme of modification.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Heraty|first=Margaret J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpIiAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=CTB+ceylon+ticket+machines|title=Urban Transport in Developing Countries: Lessons in Innovation|date=1 January 1991|publisher=PTRC Education and Research Services|isbn=978-0-86050-227-2|language=en}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciMjAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=CTB+ceylon+ticket+machines|title=The Commercial Motor|date=June 1967|publisher=Temple Press Limited|language=en}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jwZAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=CTB+ceylon+ticket+machines|title=Tribune|date=November 1975|publisher=Ceylon News Service|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1974 he started the assembly of bus chassis, and prototypes of a locally manufactured bus and a car rolled out of Werahera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uN8-AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Ceylon+Transport+Board+Central+Workshop+at+Werahera|title=Ceylon Year Book|date=1966|publisher=Department of Census and Statistics.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1971 [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] (JVP) insurrection, members of the CTB formed a 2,000-strong paramilitary body, the Hansa Regiment, from the employees of the CTB to guard bus depots, bus stops, and workshops. They also formed CANTAB, a secret intelligence organisation, the agents of whom were employees of the CTB, which provided accurate reports of the strength and distribution of JVP units.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Jayanntha|first1=Dilesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OHK3Mp9gGkC&amp;pg=PP15|title=Electoral Allegiance in Sri Lanka|last2=Officer|first2=Dilesh (economics|last3=Bank|first3=World|last4=Colombo)|date=4 June 1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-34586-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== The rail network ====<br /> At the time of Goonewardene's entry into office, most of the railways were developed during the British colonial period, with the first line (from Colombo to [[Kandy]]) opened on 26 April 1867.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Perera|first=G. F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmQ0AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=ceylonese+railway+April+1867|title=The Ceylon Railway: The Story of Its Inception and Progress|date=1925|publisher=Ceylon Observer|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The railway had been introduced as an economical means of transporting goods produced on the tea, rubber, and coconut plantations to the main port in Colombo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Reddy|first=L. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsRmJrqo5qQC&amp;pg=PA25C|title=Sri Lanka Past and Present|date=2003|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-449-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the 1950s the Sri Lankan economy became focused on industry rather than plantation agriculture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Pyatt|first1=Graham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFI9AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA34|title=Social Accounting for Development Planning with Special Reference to Sri Lanka|last2=Pyatt|last3=Roe|first3=Alan|date=1977|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-21578-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; During Goonewardene's time in office, the [[Transport in Sri Lanka|road network]] grew exponentially to ensure easy transition to an industrialising nation; with the introduction of lorries, a faster means of transporting goods, the amount of [[Rail freight transport|goods transported by rail]] declined.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=30 June 2016|title=Sri Lanka's drive to improve public transport|url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/sri-lanka%E2%80%99s-drive-improve-public-transport|access-date=6 July 2020|website=Oxford Business Group|language=en|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706123733/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/sri-lanka%E2%80%99s-drive-improve-public-transport|url-status=dead}}; {{Cite book|last=Nubin|first=Walter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iudi2JJLaUAC&amp;pg=PA200|title=Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background|date=2002|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-573-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The rail served as a major challenge for Goonewardene. Its network was more focused on plantation areas than on population and service centres, and the move to industrialisation meant that the railways generated large losses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Karunatilake|first=H. N. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2S_UAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Sri+lanka+rail+losses|title=The Economy of Sri Lanka|date=1987|publisher=Centre for Demographic and Socio-Economic Studies|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; To counteract this, Goonewardene extended the [[Coastal line (Sri Lanka)|coastal line]] from [[Puttalam]] to Aruvakalu in 1974 to serve the cement factory there.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx9SAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Puttalam+to+Aruvakalu+rail|title=Jane's World Railways|date=1974|publisher=Franklin Watts|language=en}}; {{cite web|title=Transportation in Sri Lanka|url=http://lankaholidaytrips.com/about-sri-lanka/transportation-in-sri-lanka.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202305/http://lankaholidaytrips.com/about-sri-lanka/transportation-in-sri-lanka.html|archive-date=29 October 2013|access-date=27 October 2013|publisher=www.lankaholidaystrip.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Minister of Communication (1970–77) ===<br /> <br /> In February 1971, [[India]] withdrew landing and overflying rights of Pakistani planes after the hijacking and later blowing up of an Indian plane at [[Lahore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9OvCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA246|title=Politics in Sri Lanka, 1947-1979|date=1 January 1979|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-17718-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sri Lanka]], under Goonewardene, granted [[Pakistan International Airlines]] (PIA) the aforementioned rights at the request of the [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistani government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=011aCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA269|title=Politics in Sri Lanka, the Republic of Ceylon: A Study in the Making of a New Nation|date=6 January 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-01544-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the months of March and April, PIA planes made over 140 refuelling landings in [[Bandaranaike International Airport|Katunaye International Airport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rai|first=Ranjit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfMMAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Pakistan+refuelling+landings+in+Katunayake+International+Airport|title=A Nation and Its Navy at War|date=1987|publisher=Lancer International|isbn=978-81-7062-013-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 1971, the [[Pakistani Air Force]] had 16 eastbound and 15 westbound military aircraft touch down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Murari|first=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FxdBDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT345|title=The Prabhakaran Saga: The Rise and Fall of an Eelam Warrior|date=13 June 2012|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-81-321-1678-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; These were of major significance as there were serious strains in relationship between [[East Pakistan|East]] and [[West Pakistan]] at the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Zaheer|first=Hasan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eFPPgAACAAJ&amp;q=east+west+pakistan|title=The Separation of East Pakistan: The Rise and Realization of Bengali Muslim Nationalism|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-577592-1|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goonewardene insisted that the flights only took place when the [[Awami League|Awmi League]] leader, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Mujibur Rahman]], was involved in negotiations with the government of Pakistan, emphasising that there were &quot;practically no flights other than scheduled flights&quot; from March through September, and denied that the [[Government of Sri Lanka]] was complicit in helping the transport of troops from West Pakistan to East Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zShbAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=goonewardene+minister+of+communications|title=Intercontinental Press|date=1971|publisher=Intercontinental Press|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPZgAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=goonewardene+minister+of+communications|title=Commonwealth Survey|date=1964|publisher=Central Office of Information|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === End of United Front Alliance ===<br /> Fissures appeared in the [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] coalition, largely resulting from the LSSP's continued influence on trade unions and threats of strike actions throughout 1974 and 1975. When newly confiscated estates were placed under the Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, controlled by the LSSP, fears that they would unionise plantation workers led Prime Minister Bandaranaike to oust them from the government coalition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Drachkovitch|first1=Milorad M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPMDAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=1975+sirimavo+bandaranaike+lssp|title=Yearbook on International Communist Affairs|last2=Gann|first2=Lewis H.|date=1977|publisher=Hoover Institution Press.|isbn=9780817967017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2 September 1975 all LSSP ministers in the government, including Goonewardene, were dismissed, and the United Front was dismantled.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DA26Df04.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020213090010/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DA26Df04.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=2002-02-13|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|chapter=Chapter 24: Tamil militancy – a manifestation}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was finally defeated in the [[1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1977 parliamentary election]] by United National Party candidate [[Neville Fernando|Dr Neville Fernando]] in the Panadura electorate.<br /> <br /> ==Other political acts==<br /> In the 1940s and 1950s, the LSSP and other [[Sri Lanka leftist parties|leftist parties]] had led the opposition to the [[Sectarianism|communal politics]] of successive governments. Goonewardene strongly opposed the [[Sinhala Only Act]] introduced by the [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike cabinet|SLFP government]] in 1956 and was chief among the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] and [[Marxist]] politicians to do so.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-xQ8qk9mgYC&amp;pg=PA38 Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Identities] By Nira Wickramasinghe, pp. xii &amp; 354 (C Hurst &amp; Co Publishers Ltd) {{ISBN|978-1850658078}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the parliamentary debate on the act, Goonewardene prophetically observed that:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Perera|first=T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmJuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=leslie+goonewardene+sinhala+only|title=Revolutionary trails, Edmund Samarakkody: a political profile|date=2006|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-955-9102-80-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Blockquote<br /> |text=&quot;There is a grave danger, if those people the [[Tamils]], feel that a grave and irreparable injustice is done to them. There is a possibility of their deciding even to break away from the rest of the country.&quot;<br /> |author=Leslie Goonewardene<br /> }}<br /> The Sinhala Only Act, opposed by Goonewardene, helped lead to the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]]. Goonewardene stood for re-election at the [[1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1977 parliamentary election]] but was defeated by UNP candidate [[Neville Fernando]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/General%20Election%201977.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717002624/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/General%20Election%201977.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2011|title=Result of Parliamentary General Election 1977|publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> Goonewardene died on 11 April 1983. A vast procession was held around the city, followed by thousands of mourners. Goonewardene was designated as a [[National Heroes of Sri Lanka|National Hero of Sri Lanka]] for his leadership in the independence movement, and his efforts are celebrated each year on the [[Independence Day (Sri Lanka)|Sri Lankan Independence Day]]. The [[Sri Lanka Post|Sri Lanka Postal Service]] commemorated him, and he was featured on a 5-rupee commemorative stamp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DB23Df04.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020803131012/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DB23Df04.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=2002-08-03|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|chapter=Chapter 28: Prelude to eruption}}; {{Cite web|title=&quot;Leftist Dies&quot;. The Straits Times. 12 April 1983. p. 44|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/issue/straitstimes19830412-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; His first cousin [[Cholomondeley Goonewardene]] was also a prominent LSSPer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Liyanage, Pulsara.|title=Vivi : a biography of Vivienne Goonewardena|date=1998|publisher=Women's Education and Research Centre|isbn=955926107X|location=Colombo|oclc=41143530}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another first cousin was E.G. (Eardley) Goonewardena, a senior member of the [[Ceylon Civil Service]] and later Permanent Secretary to a number of ministries as well as the Prime Minister, and first to hold the position of Secretary to the office of the President of Sri Lanka. Despite being one of the largest landowners in Sri Lanka through inheritance, by his death he had pledged all of his wealth to charitable organisations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Electoral history ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;<br /> |+Electoral history of Leslie Goonewardene<br /> ! scope=col|Election<br /> ! scope=col|Constituency<br /> ! scope=col|Party<br /> ! scope=col|Votes<br /> ! scope=col|Result<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1952 parliamentary]] || [[Colombo North Electoral District|Colombu North]] || [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] || align=right|{{Nts|7,136}}||Not elected ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sri Lanka Government|url=https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1952.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1956 parliamentary]] || [[Panadura Electoral District|Panadura]] || [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] || align=right|{{Nts|29,362}}||'''Elected''' ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sri Lanka Government|url=https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1956.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[March 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election|March 1960 parliamentary]] || [[Panadura Electoral District|Panadura]] || [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] || align=right|{{Nts|9,266}}||'''Elected''' ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sri Lanka Government - 1960 March Results|url=https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1960-03-19.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[July 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election|July 1960 parliamentary]] || [[Panadura Electoral District|Panadura]] || [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] || align=right|{{Nts|15,387}}||'''Elected''' ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sri Lanka Government - July 1960 Results|url=https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1960-07-20.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[1965 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1965 parliamentary]] || [[Panadura Electoral District|Panadura]] || [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] || align=right|{{Nts|20,033}}||'''Elected''' ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sri Lanka Government 1965 Results|url=https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1965.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[1970 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1970 parliamentary]] || [[Panadura Electoral District|Panadura]] || [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] || align=right|{{Nts|25,218}}||'''Elected''' ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sri Lanka Government - 1970 Results|url=https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1970.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1977 parliamentary]] || [[Panadura Electoral District|Panadura]] || [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] || align=right|{{Nts|17,546}}||Not elected ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sri Lanka Government - 1977 Results|url=https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-1977.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Authored books ==<br /> Goonewardene wrote a number of books, sometimes using the pseudonyms K. Tilak and V.S. Parthasarathi:&lt;ref name=MIA/&gt;<br /> * ''From the First to the Fourth International'' (1944)<br /> * ''The Rise and Fall of the Comintern'' (1947) - inspired by ''[[World Revolution (book)|World Revolution]]'' by [[C.L.R. James]]. <br /> * ''Open Letter to Socialist Party Members: The Coming Crisis in the Socialist Party'' (1947)<br /> * ''The Differences Between Trotskyism and Stalinism'' (1954)<br /> * ''What We Stand For'' (1959)<br /> * ''Short History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party'' (1960)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> === Citations ===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> *{{cite magazine |last1=Phadnis |first1=Urmila |title=The UF Government in Ceylon: Challenges and Responses |magazine=[[The World Today (magazine)|The World Today]] |date=June 1971 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=267–276 |jstor=40394514}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Saha |first1=Santosh C. |editor1-last=Commire |editor1-first=Anne |editor2-last=Klezmer |editor2-first=Deborah |title=Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia |volume=2: BA-Brec |date=1999 |publisher=Yorkin Publications |location=Waterford, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-7876-4061-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/womeninworldhist02comm/page/122 122]–126 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/womeninworldhist02comm/page/122 |chapter=Bandaranaike, Sirimavo (1916-2000) |url=https://archive.org/details/womeninworldhist02comm |url-access=registration }}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Richardson |first=John Martin |title=Paradise Poisoned: Learning about Conflict, Terrorism, and Development from Sri Lanka's Civil Wars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sIRxpjfd-EC&amp;pg=PA170 |year=2005 |publisher=International Center for Ethnic Studies |location=Kandy, Sri Lanka |isbn=978-955-580-094-5}}<br /> *{{cite news |ref={{harvid|''The Honolulu Star-Bulletin''|1970}}|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Bandaranaike Coalition Wins by Landslide |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25053818/bandaranaike_coalition_wins_by/ |access-date=2 November 2018 |newspaper=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin|The Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |date=28 May 1970 |page=2 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |agency=[[Associated Press]] |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}<br /> *{{cite news |ref={{harvid|''The Anniston Star''|1970}}|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Ceylon Socialists work on promises |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25079481/the_anniston_star/ |access-date=3 November 2018 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[The Anniston Star]] |date=25 December 1970 |location=Anniston, Alabama |page=42 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}<br /> *{{cite news |ref={{harvid|''The Sydney Morning Herald''|1971}}|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Ceylon: It could be a republic |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25083090/the_sydney_morning_herald/ |access-date=3 November 2018 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=13 July 1971 |location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |page=16 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}<br /> *{{cite magazine |last1=Fathers |first1=Michael |title=Obituary: Sirimavo Bandaranaike, the world's first woman prime minister |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time Asia]] |date=12 October 2000 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/features/news/2000/10/12/obituary.sri_lankan.html |access-date=3 November 2018 |location=Hong Kong |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717183647/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/features/news/2000/10/12/obituary.sri_lankan.html |archive-date=17 July 2012 |issn=0040-781X}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Ross |first1=Russell R. |last2=Savada |first2=Andrea Matles |title=Sri Lanka: A country study|url=https://archive.org/details/srilankacountrys00ross/page/49 |edition=2nd |series=Area Handbook Series |year=1990|publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress|location=Washington, D. C. |oclc=1044318527}}<br /> *{{cite news |ref={{harvid|''The New York Times''|1972}}|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Ceylon Becomes the Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/23/archives/ceylon-becomes-the-socialist-republic-of-sri-lanka.html |access-date=4 November 2018 |agency=[[Reuters]] |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 May 1972 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104162907/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/23/archives/ceylon-becomes-the-socialist-republic-of-sri-lanka.html |archive-date=4 November 2018 |location=New York City |page=3}}<br /> *{{cite news |last1=Rajakaruna |first1=Lucien |title=Civil war threatens Sri Lanka |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25093818/the_ottawa_citizen/ |access-date=4 November 2018 |agency=[[The Observer|The London Observer News Service]] |newspaper=[[Ottawa Citizen]] |date=20 December 1972 |location=Ottawa, Ontario, Canada |page=7 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}<br /> *{{cite news |last1=Sims |first1=Watson |title=The Open Window |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25105284/sims_watson_the_open_window_the/ |access-date=4 November 2018 |newspaper=[[Battle Creek Enquirer|The Battle Creek Enquirer]] |date=12 May 1974 |location=Battle Creek, Michigan |page=16 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}<br /> *{{cite news |ref={{harvid|''The Tampa Bay Times''|1972}}|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Ceylon Becomes Sri Lanka Republic |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25851901/tampa_bay_times/ |access-date=30 November 2018 |agency=[[United Press International]] |work=[[The Tampa Bay Times]] |date=23 May 1972 |location=St. Petersburg, Florida |page=3 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Bartholomeusz |first1=Tessa |editor-last=Harris |editor-first=Ian |title=Buddhism and Politics in Twentieth Century Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=81QSBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA173 |year=2010 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |location=London, England |chapter=First Among Equals: Buddhism and the Sri Lankan State |isbn=978-1-4411-6771-2 |pages=173–193}}<br /> *{{Cite book|last=Alexander|first=Robert Jackson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eUtQjseKaIC|title=International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement|date=1991|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-1066-2|language=en}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-off}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=Position Created}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary General|Secretary General of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party]]|years=1935–1977}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Colvin R. de Silva]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[E. L. B. Hurulle]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation (Sri Lanka)|Cabinet Minister of Transport]]|years=1970–1975}}<br /> {{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[K. B. Ratnayake]]}}}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Montague Jayawickrama]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Telecommunication, Digital Infrastructure and Foreign Employment|Cabinet Minister of Communications]]|years=1970–1977}}<br /> {{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Shelton Jayasinghe]]}}}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Sri Lankan transport ministers}}<br /> {{Sri Lankan Telecommunications ministers}}<br /> {{LSSP}}<br /> {{Members of 3rd Parliament of Ceylon}}<br /> {{Members of 4th Parliament of Ceylon}}<br /> {{Members of 5th Parliament of Ceylon}}<br /> {{Members of 6th Parliament of Ceylon}}<br /> {{Members of 7th Parliament of Ceylon}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Goonewardene, Leslie}}<br /> [[Category:1909 births]]<br /> [[Category:1983 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of St. John's College, Panadura]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]<br /> [[Category:Lanka Sama Samaja Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Members of Gray's Inn]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the 3rd Parliament of Ceylon]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the 4th Parliament of Ceylon]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the 5th Parliament of Ceylon]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the 6th Parliament of Ceylon]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the 7th Parliament of Ceylon]]<br /> [[Category:People from Panadura]]<br /> [[Category:People from British Ceylon]]<br /> [[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British Ceylon]]<br /> [[Category:Sinhalese writers]]<br /> [[Category:Sri Lankan Christians]]<br /> [[Category:Sri Lankan prisoners and detainees]]<br /> [[Category:Transport ministers of Sri Lanka]]<br /> [[Category:Quit India Movement]]<br /> [[Category:Indian independence activists]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shalimar_Express_(India)&diff=534425 2026-04-05T10:00:17Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | name = Shalimar Express<br /> | image = Shalimar express at rajpura.jpg<br /> | caption = Shalimar Express At [[Rajpura Junction railway station|Rajpura Junction]]<br /> | type = [[Express Trains in India|Express]]<br /> | operator = [[Northern Railways]]<br /> | first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1982|10|01}}<br /> | last = Permanently cancelled from {{start date and age|df=yes|2024|01|30}}<br /> | start = {{rws|Jaisalmer}} (JSM)<br /> | stops = 57<br /> | end = {{rws|Jammu Tawi}} (JAT)<br /> | distance = {{convert|1558|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 30 hrs 25 mins<br /> | frequency = 4 days a week<br /> | class = AC First, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | catering = Available<br /> | baggage = Available<br /> | otherfacilities = <br /> | gauge = [[Broad Gauge]]<br /> | trainnumber = 14645 / 14646<br /> | stock = [[ICF coach]]<br /> | speed = {{convert|51|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts<br /> | map = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The 14645 / 14646 '''Shalimar Express''' is a daily train between [[Jaisalmer railway station|Jaisalmer]] and [[Jammu Tawi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Solanki |first=Sonu |title=14645/Shalimar Express (PT) – Old Delhi to Jammu Tawi NR/Northern Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-shalimar-express-14645/1505/349/81 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is operated by the [[Northern Railways]]. Its number is 14645/14646. It comes in the Non Superfast (Mail/Express) trains category of the [[Indian Railways]].<br /> <br /> [[File:Shalimar Express in Meerut City Junction.jpg|thumb|Shalimar Express standing at Meerut City Junction.]]<br /> <br /> ==History and etymology==<br /> The Shalimar Express is one of the oldest trains to [[Jammu Tawi]]. It has been given the name 'Shalimar' with reference to the [[Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar)|Shalimar Gardens]] of [[Srinagar]], as Jammu Tawi was the nearest railway station to [[Srinagar]] at that time.<br /> <br /> ==Arrival and departure==<br /> <br /> The train leaves at 15:50 every day from [[Delhi Junction Railway Station|Delhi]] to Jammu Tawi. It reaches Jammu Tawi the next morning, early, at around 05:20. While heading towards the Capital, it leaves Jammu Tawi at 20:45 from #platform 3 and arrives at Delhi at about 10:50 at platform 1 at the next morning.<br /> <br /> ==Route and halts==<br /> <br /> It is runs from Jaisalmer via {{rws|Pokaran}}, {{rws|Phalodi Junction}}, {{rws|Jodhpur Junction}}, {{rws|Merta Road Junction}}, {{rws|Phulera Junction}}, {{rws|Jaipur Junction}}, {{rws|Bandikui Junction}}, {{rws|Alwar Junction}}, {{rws|Rewari}}, {{rws|Gurgaon}}, {{rws|old Delhi}}, {{rws|Ghaziabad}}, {{rws|Meerut City Junction}}, {{rws|Saharanpur}}, {{rws|Ambala Cantonment}}, {{rws|Ludhiana Junction}}, {{rws|Jalandhar Cantonment}}, {{rws|Pathankot Cantonment}}, {{rws|Kathua}} to Jammu Tawi.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Jhelum Express]]<br /> * [[Vivek Express]]<br /> * [[Jammu–Baramulla line]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Railways in Northern India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shalimar Express}}<br /> [[Category:Transport in Jammu]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koviladi,_Thanjavur&diff=510692 2026-03-26T19:48:28Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: started some article more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> |name = Koviladi <br /> |native_name = <br /> |native_name_lang = ta <br /> |other_name = <br /> |settlement_type = Neighbourhood<br /> |image_skyline = Koviladi10.jpg<br /> |image_alt =<br /> |image_caption = [[Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple]], Koviladi, [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> |nickname =<br /> |image_map =<br /> |map_alt =<br /> |map_caption =<br /> |pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu <br /> |pushpin_label_position = left <br /> |pushpin_map_alt =<br /> |pushpin_map_caption = Koviladi, [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|10.8404|N|78.8853|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> |subdivision_type = Country<br /> |subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> |subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]<br /> |subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> |subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> |subdivision_name2 = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]<br /> |established_title = &lt;! -- Established --&gt;<br /> |government_type =<br /> |government_body =<br /> |unit_pref = Metric <br /> |area_footnotes =<br /> |area_rank =<br /> |area_total_km2 =<br /> |elevation_footnotes =<br /> |elevation_m = 81.79<br /> |elevation_ft = <br /> |population_total = 3,700<br /> |population_as_of = 2011<br /> |population_rank =<br /> |population_density_km2 =<br /> |demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s <br /> |demographics1_title1 = [[Office|Official]] <br /> |demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |demographics1_title2 = [[Speech]] <br /> |demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> |postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] <br /> |postal_code = 613105<br /> |area_code_type = [[Telephone|Telephone code]]<br /> |area_code =<br /> |registration_plate =<br /> |blank1_name_sec1 = [[Neighbourhood|Other Neighbourhoods]]<br /> |blank1_info_sec1 = [[Indalur]], Tiruchinampoondi, [[Kachamangalam]]<br /> |blank2_name_sec1 = [[Corporation]]<br /> |blank2_info_sec1 = <br /> |blank3_name_sec1 = [[District Magistrate|District Collector]] <br /> |blank3_info_sec1 =<br /> |blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]<br /> |blank4_info_sec1 = [[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]<br /> |blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]<br /> |blank5_info_sec1 = [[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Tiruvaiyaru]]<br /> |blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]<br /> |blank6_info_sec1 =<br /> |blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br /> |blank7_info_sec1 =<br /> |website = <br /> |footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Koviladi''' is a village in [[Thanjavur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=R. S. Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94YL686RG8IC&amp;q=Koviladi,%2520Thanjavur |title=A Comprehensive History of India: A.D. 985-1206 |date=1992 |publisher=People's Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-fsAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Koviladi,%2520Thanjavur |title=Essays in Ancient Indian Economic History |date=1987 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-0084-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Noboru Karashima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARe1AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Koviladi,%2520Thanjavur |title=Towards a New Formation: South Indian Society Under Vijayanagar Rule |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562861-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Location ==<br /> Koviladi is located with the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] of ({{coord|10.8404|N|78.8853|E}}) in Thanjavur district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Koviladi TPL Pin Code - 613105, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search thanjavur Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/thanjavur/koviladi-tpl-pincode-613105.html |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Population ==<br /> According to the [[2011 census of India]], Koviladi village had a population of 3,700, out of which 1,829 persons are males and 1,871 persons are females.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Koviladi Village Population - Thiruvaiyaru - Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/638711-koviladi-tamil-nadu.html |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Religion ==<br /> === Temples ===<br /> A [[Hindu temple|Perumal temple]] one of the 108 Divya desams, viz., [[Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple|Appalarenganathar Swamy Temple]] and a [[Hindu temple|Shiva temple]] named [[Divyagnanesvarar Temple, Koviladi|Divyagnanesvarar Temple]] which are maintained under the control of [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]], are situated at Koviladi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Appalarenganathar Swamy Temple, Koviladi - 613105, Thanjavur District [TM014219]., Appakudathan, Appakudathan, kamalavalli |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=14219 |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Dhivya Gaaneswarar Swamy Temple, Koviladi - 613105, Thanjavur District [TM014220]., Dhivya Gnananeeswarar, Dhivya Gnananeeswarar |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=14220 |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Thanjavur district]]<br /> [[Category:Villages in Thanjavur district]]<br /> [[Category:Thanjavur district]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodiveeran&diff=468985 2026-03-26T08:20:55Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: general add structure based on references further and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2017 Indian film by M. Muthaiah}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Kodiveeran<br /> | image = Kodiveeran poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[M. Muthaiah]]<br /> | producer = [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]]<br /> | writer = M. Muthaiah<br /> | starring = [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vidharth]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pasupathy]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mahima Nambiar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sanusha]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Bala Saravanan]] <br /> | music = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]<br /> | cinematography = [[S. R. Kathir]]<br /> | editing = Venkat Raajen<br /> | studio = [[M. Sasikumar|Company Productions]]<br /> | distributor = Company Productions<br /> | released = {{Film date|2017|12|07|df=yes}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Kodiveeran''''' ({{Translation}} Flag Warrior) is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[M. Muthaiah]]. [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] and [[Mahima Nambiar]] play the lead pair in the movie alongside [[Vidharth]], [[Pasupathy]], [[Shamna Kasim]], [[Sanusha]], and [[Bala Saravanan]] in supporting roles. This is Sasikumar and Muthaiah's second collaboration after ''[[Kutti Puli]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Aishwarya Rajesh To Play A Pivotal Role In Sasikumar Starrer Kodi Veeran! |url=http://www.follo.in/bollywood-news/aishwarya-rajesh-to-play-a-pivotal-role-in-sasikumar-starrer-kodi-veeran/21000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730202342/http://www.follo.in/bollywood-news/aishwarya-rajesh-to-play-a-pivotal-role-in-sasikumar-starrer-kodi-veeran/21000 |archive-date=30 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Kodiveeran'' is produced by Sasikumar's Company Productions. The music was composed by [[N. R. Raghunanthan]], cinematography by [[S. R. Kathir]], and editing by Venkat Raajen. The film released on 7 December 2017.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Kodiveeran ([[M. Sasikumar]]), is a Hindu priest who protects his sister from bad guys. In his village in the [[Dindigul district]], corruption and injustice often happens mostly by Adhigaaram, a factory owner, whose men chase and kill anyone who protests against Adhigaaram. Kodiveeran knows of Adhigaaram's tricks and always beats up his goons if they cause any trouble to the village. In the present day, Villangam Vellaikkaran ([[Pasupathy]]) is released from jail and comes to his village where his sister, Velu ([[Shamna Kasim]]) is filled with joy to meet him. Kodiveeran and Villangam were enemies as Villangam is a big criminal who brutally kills anyone for money. He gets money from fellow politicians or factory owners who are very wealthy. Adhigaaram has also married Velu so that Villangam can help him with any problems. Kodiveeran hears about Villangam's release from jail and threatens him if he kills or hurts anyone, then he will die. The rest of the story deals with how Kodiveeran saves his family from Villangam and Adhigaaram's goons.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] as Kodiveeran, Malar's love interest and Parvati's brother.<br /> * [[Vidharth]] as Subash Chandrabose (Government Officer), Malar's and Durai's elder brother &amp; Kodiveeran's brother in law. <br /> * [[Pasupathy]] as Villangam, Vellaikkaran's &amp; Velu's brother.<br /> * [[Mahima Nambiar]] as Malar, Kodiveeran's love interest <br /> * [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] as Velu, Villangam's sister, Adhigaaram's wife<br /> * [[Sanusha]] as Parvathy, Kodiveeran's sister <br /> * [[Bala Saravanan]]<br /> * [[Prem (actor)|Prem]] as Kathirvel (Lawyer) &amp; Subash Chandra Bose's friend.<br /> * [[G. Gnanasambandam]] as Marriage Broker<br /> * [[Florent Pereira]] as Kandasamy Pandian, Judge and Kathirvel's father.<br /> * [[Vikram Sugumaran]] as Durai, Malar's brother<br /> * Inder Kumar as Adhigaaram, Velu's husband<br /> * Deepa Shankar as Maheshwari<br /> * [[Saravana Sakthi]] as Kodiveeran's uncle<br /> * Thavasi Thevar as Kodiveeran's grandfather<br /> * [[Sai Dheena]] as Police Inspector<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> This is the director M. Muthaiah's fourth film after [[Kutti Puli]], [[Komban]] and [[Marudhu]]. This is also touted to be a village entertainer like his previous movies and this is based on brother-sister relationship. [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] is the lead actor and producer of this movie. [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] has also been signed to do an important role in this movie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Poorna Is A New Addition To The Cast Of Kodi Veeran |url=http://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/poorna-is-a-new-addition-to-the-cast-of-kodi-veeran/article53464.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603141435/http://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/poorna-is-a-new-addition-to-the-cast-of-kodi-veeran/article53464.htm |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Desimartini |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Director wanted to sign Arjun for antagonist's role, but they decided to sign ''Madha Yaanai Koottam'' fame Vikram Sugumaran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 March 2017 |title='Action King' Arjun to lock horns with Sasikumar in Kodi Veeran? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/action-king-arjun-to-lock-horns-with-sasikumar-in-kodi-veeran/story-ts00c6OL5aOYzbKBPwvwnL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511014657/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/action-king-arjun-to-lock-horns-with-sasikumar-in-kodi-veeran/story-ts00c6OL5aOYzbKBPwvwnL.html |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=www.hindustantimes.com/ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Vikram Sukumaran plays the baddie in Sasikumar's Kodi Veeran |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-sukumaran-plays-the-baddie-in-sasikumar-s-kodi-veeran-news-tamil-rggk5jefjjfec.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107063416/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-sukumaran-plays-the-baddie-in-sasikumar-s-kodi-veeran-news-tamil-rggk5jefjjfec.html |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Sify |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vidharth]] is signed in to play brother-in-law role of Sasikumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Vidharth Roped In To Play Crucial Role In Sasikumar's 'Kodi Veeran' |url=http://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/vidharth-roped-in-to-play-crucial-role-in-sasikumars-kodi-veeran/article53997.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705125438/http://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/vidharth-roped-in-to-play-crucial-role-in-sasikumars-kodi-veeran/article53997.htm |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Desimartini |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first schedule for filming has begun at Madurai from March 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Sasi Kumar begins his next Kodi Veeran |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/sasi-kumar-begins-his-next-kodi-veeran/130604/story.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020026/http://www.nowrunning.com/sasi-kumar-begins-his-next-kodi-veeran/130604/story.htm |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=NOWRUNNING}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its reported that Poorna is doing negative role in this movie and for that she is going bald.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 July 2017 |title=Poorna goes baldpate for Kodi Veeran? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/060717/poorna-goes-baldpate-for-kodi-veeran.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705220552/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/060717/poorna-goes-baldpate-for-kodi-veeran.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Poorna plays a negative role in Kodi Veeran? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/poorna-plays-a-negative-role-in-kodi-veeran/articleshow/59436157.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709195533/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/poorna-plays-a-negative-role-in-kodi-veeran/articleshow/59436157.cms |archive-date=9 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NYOOOZ |title=Poorna goes baldpate for Kodi Veeran? {{!}} Chennai NYOOOZ |url=https://www.nyoooz.com/news/Chennai/858348/poorna-goes-baldpate-for-kodi-veeran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107010151/https://www.nyoooz.com/news/Chennai/858348/poorna-goes-baldpate-for-kodi-veeran/ |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |website=NYOOOZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=IndiaGlitz&amp;nbsp;– Poorna to play negative role and appear bald in Kodi veeran sasikumar vidharth mahima&amp;nbsp;– Tamil Movie News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/poorna-to-play-negative-role-and-appear-bald-in-kodi-veeran-sasikumar-vidharth-mahima-tamil-news-189167.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707063942/http://www.indiaglitz.com/poorna-to-play-negative-role-and-appear-bald-in-kodi-veeran-sasikumar-vidharth-mahima-tamil-news-189167.html |archive-date=7 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Poorna tonsures head for Kodi Veeran |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/05/poorna-tonsures-head-for-kodi-veeran-1624298.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714064859/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/05/poorna-tonsures-head-for-kodi-veeran-1624298.html |archive-date=14 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=poorna to shave off her head? |url=http://www.tollywood.net/topstories/poorna-to-shave-off-her-head |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706124407/http://www.tollywood.net/topstories/poorna-to-shave-off-her-head |archive-date=6 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=www.tollywood.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[S. R. Kathir]] handling camera and [[N. R. Raghunanthan]] composing music and [[Venkat Raajen]] is editing for this film. The film's release date was 30 November 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Top10cinema |title=Kodi Veeran gets the official release date revealed {{!}} Chennai Top10cinema |url=https://top10cinema.com/article/44556/kodi-veeran-gets-the-official-release-date-revealed |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020419/https://top10cinema.com/article/44556/kodi-veeran-gets-the-official-release-date-revealed |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Top10cinema}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Critical reception==<br /> {{Empty section|date=September 2025}}<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-12-08 |title=Kodiveeran movie review: This Sasikumar starrer is filled with punch dialogues, formulaic plot points |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kodiveeran-movie-review-this-sasikumar-starrer-is-filled-with-punch-dialogues-formulaic-plot-points-4249125.html |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kodiveeran Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Kodiveeran by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kodiveeran/movie-review/61965503.cms |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Suryawanshi |first=Sudhir |date=2017-12-09 |title='Kodiveeran' review: Sister concern |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/Dec/09/kodiveeran-review-sister-concern-1722404.html |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=2017-12-08 |title='Kodiveeran' review: sister concern |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kodiveera-movie-review/article21333104.ece |access-date=2025-09-23 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2017-12-09 |title=Kodiveeran movie review: Predictable plot with insensible twists |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/091217/kodiveeran-movie-review-predictable-plot-with-insensible-twists.html |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The music was composed by [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]. There are six tracks in the movie, which are as follows.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Soundtrack of Kodiveeran- MovieTeT |url=http://movietet.com/movie-review/m/Kodiveeran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301235855/http://movietet.com/movie-review/m/Kodiveeran |archive-date=1 March 2018 |access-date=8 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Kodiveeran<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | border =<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption =<br /> | released = 2017<br /> | recorded =<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre =<br /> | length =<br /> | language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | label =<br /> | producer = N. R. Raghunanthan<br /> | prev_title = [[Pichuva Kaththi]]<br /> | prev_year = 2017<br /> | next_title = [[Kalavani Mappillai]]<br /> | next_year = 2018<br /> }}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !No<br /> !Song name<br /> !Singer(s)<br /> !Length<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |&quot;Ayyo Adi Aathe&quot;<br /> |[[Vandana Srinivasan|Vandhana Srinivasan]], [[Jagadeesh Kumar]]<br /> |4:25<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |&quot;Kalavani&quot;<br /> |V. V. Prasanna, [[Soundarya Bala Nandakumar]]<br /> |4:20<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |&quot;Raga Raga Ragalada&quot;<br /> |Ayyappan, Jagatheesh, Velu, Sinduri, Kamalaja, Latha Krishna<br /> |2:02<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |&quot;Andam Kidukidunga&quot;<br /> |Guru, Mahitha<br /> |6:29<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |&quot;Aththa Seeru&quot;<br /> |Guru<br /> |1:02<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |&quot;Thangame Unna&quot;<br /> |[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]<br /> |3:10<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt7536636}}<br /> <br /> {{M. Muthaiah}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by M. Muthaiya]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by N. R. Raghunanthan]]<br /> [[Category:Films produced by M. Sasikumar]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shantanu&diff=450089 2026-03-22T21:29:10Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: Improved article clarity and structure</p> <hr /> <div>{{about|the character|other uses|Shantanu (disambiguation) }}<br /> {{redirect|Santanu|other uses|Santanu (disambiguation) }}<br /> {{short description|Kuru King and father of Bhishma in epic Mahabharata}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox character <br /> | title = [[Maharaja]] of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]]<br /> | image = File:Santanu and Ganga.JPG<br /> | alt = Shantanu<br /> | caption = ''Shantanu and Ganga'', chromolithograph by Bama Pada Banerjee <br /> | relatives = {{bulleted list|[[Pratipa]] (father)|Sunanda (mother)|[[Devapi]] (brother)|[[Bahlika (Mahabharata)|Bahlika]] (brother)}}<br /> | spouses = [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]]&lt;br&gt;[[Satyavati]]<br /> | children =<br /> {{bulleted list|[[Bhishma]] (from Ganga)|[[Chitrāngada|Chitrangada]] and [[Vichitravirya]] (from Satyavati)}}<br /> | home = [[Hastinapur]]a<br /> | religion= [[Hinduism]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shantanu''' ({{langx|sa|शांतनु, शान्तनु}}, {{IAST3|Śāṃtanu, Śāntanu}})&lt;ref&gt;van Buitenen (1973), p. 231; Shastri Chitrao (1964), p. 962&lt;/ref&gt; is a character in the ancient Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. He was the King of [[Kuru kingdom]] with his capital at [[Hastinapura]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Chandrakant |first1=Kamala |last2=Pai |first2=Anant |title=Bheesma- Heroes from the Mahabharat |date=1997 |publisher=Amar Chitra Katha Pvt Ltd |location=Mumbai |isbn=81-8482-035-6 |page=1 |edition=August 2010 Reprint}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a descendant of the [[Bhāratas|Bharata]] race, a forebear of the lineage of the [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravamsha]], the father of [[Bhishma]] and the great-grandfather of the [[Pandava]]s and the [[Kaurava]]s. <br /> <br /> Shantanu was the youngest son of King [[Pratipa]] of Hastinapura and had been born during the king's later years. His eldest brother, [[Devapi]], had [[leprosy]], and had given up his rightful claim before becoming a hermit. The middle son, [[Bahlika (Mahabharata)|Bahlika]] (or Vahlika), abandoned his birth kingdom, and had started living with his maternal uncle in [[Balkh]], subsequently inheriting his kingdom. Shantanu, thus, ascended the throne of Hastinapura.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The meaning of the name can be explained by [[Nirukta|nirukti]] available in [[Adi Parva]], through which Sri Nityananda Mishra elaborates its meaning as &quot;the one who amplifies [[sukha]] (happiness) for others&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Nityananda Mishra|title=Shantanu/śāntanu meaning explained|date=2020-03-29|url=http://archive.org/details/shantanumeaning|access-date=2020-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Unreliable source|date=November 2025}}{{Better source needed|date=November 2025}} Monier-Williams translates ''śaṁ-tanu'' as &quot;wholesome for the body&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Monier-Williams Online Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 1054&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Sambhava Parva of Mahabharata says that the old men of his kingdom who were touched by this monarch not only felt an indescribable sensation of pleasure but also became restored to youth. Therefore, this monarch was called Santanu.<br /> <br /> ==Brahma's curse and the birth of Shantanu==<br /> In his previous birth, there was a powerful king of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]] named Mahabhisha. He possessed many virtuous qualities, and after performing a thousand [[Ashvamedha]] Yagnas and a hundred [[Rajasuya]] [[Yagna]]s (to qualify as emperor), he had attained heaven after his death. Once, he got an opportunity to visit the court of [[Brahma]] where all the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] and [[Ganges in Hinduism|Ganga]] were also present.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Pratap Chandra |last2=Ganguli |first2=Kisari Mohan |title=The Mahabharat of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa - Translated from Original Sanskrit |date=1896 |publisher=Oriental Publishing Co. |location=Calcutta-12 |page=230 |url=https://holybooks-lichtenbergpress.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/Mahabharata-VOL-1.pdf |access-date=4 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the celestials were worshipping Brahma, a wind blew and displaced Ganga's clothes revealing her body. Everybody present there lowered their gaze except Mahabhisha who kept gazing at her. Upon seeing this, Brahma lost his temper and cursed him to be born a mortal. Ganga who also relished the impious act was cursed to be born as human and come back only after breaking Mahabhisha's heart. Mahabhisha then requested Brahma that he, Mahabhisha, be born as the son of Kuru king [[Pratipa]] and his wish was granted by Brahma.<br /> <br /> When the Pratipa was once meditating, Ganga took the form of a beautiful woman, approached the king and sat on his right thigh. When he asked her what she desired, Ganga requested him to become her husband. Pratipa however refused since he had taken a vow not to lust for anybody, and also that she had sat on his right thigh and according to traditions a man's right thigh was for his daughter or daughter-in-law while the left thigh was for his wife. He then proposed that she marry his son, to which she agreed.<br /> <br /> A child was born to Pratipa and his wife Sunanda in their old age. He was named Shantanu because when he was born his father had controlled his passions by ascetic penances. Pratipa then installed Shantanu as king of Hastinapura and retired into the woods to perform penances. Bahlika, who was elder than Shantanu, also gave his assent to Shantanu for becoming the king of Hastinapura.<br /> <br /> ==Marriage with Ganga==<br /> [[File: Raja Ravi Varma, Ganga and Shantanu (1890).jpg|thumb|170px|Shantanu stops Ganga from drowning their eighth child, who later was known as Bhishma.]]<br /> Shantanu saw a beautiful woman on the banks of the river [[Ganga]] and asked her to marry him. She agreed but with one condition: that Shantanu would never question any of her actions. They married and later she gave birth to a son. But she drowned the child. Shantanu could not ask her the reason, because of his promise, lest she would leave him. Six sons were born to the couple over the years and drowned by Ganga.<br /> <br /> When Ganga was about to drown their eighth son, the devastated Shantanu could not restrain himself and confronted her. Ganga explained to King Shantanu about Brahma's curse given to Mahabhisha and to her. She revealed to him that their eight children were the eight reincarnated [[Vasu]]s who were cursed by sage [[Vasishtha]] to be born on earth as mortal humans. However, when they pacified him, he limited his curse and told them that they would be freed from this curse upon their birth as humans. So, she liberated the seven of them from human life by drowning them all. However, the Vasu [[Dyaus Pita|Dyaus]] was cursed to live a long life and not to have a wife or children. But Vasishtha also gave him a boon that he would be virtuous, conversant with all the holy scriptures and would be an obedient son to his father. Ganga said she would take him to train him properly for the king's throne and status. With these words, she disappeared along with the child, while Shantanu was struck with grief, pondering over spending the rest of his life without her.&lt;ref&gt;van Buitenen (1973), pp. 218-222&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reunion with his son==<br /> [[File: The scene from the Mahabharata of the presentation by Ganga of her son Devavrata (the future Bhisma) to his father, Santanu..jpg|thumb|left|Ganga presents her son Devavrata (the future Bhishma) to his father, Shantanu.]]<br /> <br /> Shantanu, filled with grief from the loss of his wife and son, began to practise Brahmacharya and ruled his kingdom extremely well. By merely adopting virtuous behaviour, Shantanu was easily able to conquer the entire world without lifting weapons. All the kings declared Shantanu as Emperor and his reign was a peaceful one. Shantanu gave up hunting and gained popularity from his subjects.<br /> <br /> One day, while walking along the banks of the Ganga, Shantanu saw that the river had become shallow. While searching for the cause of this phenomenon, he came across a handsome young boy who had checked the river's flow with his celestial weapon. The young boy was his son whom he did not recognize him because he could see him only for a few moments after he was born. The boy recognized that he was his father; however, he did not reveal it to him. Instead he disappeared from his sight using his power of illusion. Shantanu upon seeing this wondered whether the boy was actually his son and called upon Ganga to show the boy to him. Ganga appeared and revealed to him that the boy was actually their son Devavrata and that he was taught the knowledge of the holy scriptures by sage Vasishtha and the art of warfare by [[Parshurama]]. After revealing the truth about Devavrata she told Shantanu to take him to Hastinapura. Upon reaching the capital Shantanu crowned Devavrata as his heir-apparent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Narasimhan|first=Chakravarthi V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-P56leXRgAYC&amp;q=santanu+sees+a+beautiful+woman&amp;pg=PA8|title=The Mahābhārata: An English Version Based on Selected Verses|date=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1673-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although Shantanu was pained from his separation from Ganga, he was overjoyed upon receiving such an accomplished son. He performed seven Ashvamedha Yagnas on the banks of Yamuna with the help of Devavrata.&lt;ref&gt;van Buitenen (1973), pp.223-224&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Marriage with Satyavati==<br /> [[File: Ravi Varma-Shantanu and Satyavati.jpg|thumb|Shantanu and Satyavati, painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]<br /> Four years later, Shantanu while travelling near the banks of Yamuna smelled a sweet scent coming from an unknown direction. While searching for the source of the fragrance, he came across [[Satyavati]] from whom the smell of scent was coming. Satyavati was an adopted daughter of the chief of the fishermen of her village. Upon seeing her, Shantanu fell in love with her and desired to marry her. Upon asking for his consent, her father agreed to the marriage on the condition that Satyavati's son would inherit the throne of Hastinapura.<br /> <br /> King Shantanu was unable to meet this condition as his son Devavrata was the heir to the throne and was forlorn. Devavrata, however, realised the cause of his sorrow and for the sake of his father, gave his word to the chief that he would renounce all his claims to the throne, in favour of Satyavati's children. To reassure the skeptical chief further, Devavrata also vowed lifelong celibacy to ensure that future generations descended from Satyavati would also not be challenged by his offspring. Upon hearing this vow he immediately agreed to the marriage of Satyavati and Shantanu. Devavrata was then named as [[Bhishma]] (one who has taken a terrible vow) by the celestials. Devavrata returned to Hastinapura with Satyavati. Shantanu, unaware of his son's vow, married Satyavati. Eventually Shantanu learnt of his son's vow and was heartbroken. Later he became highly impressed with his son's love and affection and gave him a boon that he will only die if and when he decides to. Shantanu and Satyavati went on to have two sons, [[Chitrāngada]] and [[Vichitravirya]]. After Shantanu's death, Chitrangada became king of Hastinapura.<br /> <br /> ==Literature==<br /> *van Buitenen, J.A.B. (1973), ''Mahabharata'', vol. 1, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, pp.&amp;nbsp;216–230<br /> *Shastri Chitrao, M.M.S. (1964), ''Bharatavarshiya Prachin Charitrakosha'' (Dictionary of Ancient Indian Biography, in Hindi), pp.&amp;nbsp;962–63<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Mahābhārata}}<br /> {{HinduMythology}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]<br /> [[Category:Mythological kings of Kuru]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khajjiar&diff=447903 2026-03-17T10:22:17Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Khajiar<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Hill Station]]<br /> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br /> | photo1a = Nature of Khajjiar.jpg<br /> | photo3a = <br /> | photo3b = Khajjiar.jpg<br /> | photo4a = A view of Khajjiar ,Chamba,Himachal Pradesh,India 02.jpg<br /> | spacing = 1<br /> | size = 250<br /> | position = center<br /> | border = 0<br /> | color = #000000<br /> | foot_montage = '''From top''': View from Khajjiar in different seasons<br /> }}<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_flag = <br /> | image_caption = Nature of Khajjiar in [[Chamba district]] (H.P)<br /> | nickname = &quot;&quot;Mini Switzerland of India&quot;&lt;ref name=Himchal&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://himachaltourism.gov.in/post/khajjiar.aspx |title=Himachal Tourism &amp;#124; Khajjiar |access-date=13 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020203302/http://himachaltourism.gov.in/post/Khajjiar.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|32.5462344|N|76.0580921|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = [[Country]]<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Chamba district|Chamba]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 1920<br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 176314<br /> | area_code = 01899<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | registration_plate = HP 48<br /> | unemployment_rate = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] [[Town]] and [[Dalhousie, India|Dalhousie]]<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Pahari language|Pahari]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra]]<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Dalhousie, India|Dalhousie]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Khajjiar''' is a [[hill station]] near the [[town]] of [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] in [[Chamba district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. Located approximately {{convert|24|km}} from [[Dalhousie, India|Dalhousie]], it lies on a small plateau about 2,000 meters (6,500 feet) above sea level in the foothills of the [[Dhauladhar]] ranges in the Western [[Himalayas]]. It is also part of the [[Kalatop Khajjiar Sanctuary]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://hpchamba.nic.in/destkhajjiar.htm <br /> |title=Chamba Government official website <br /> |accessdate=23 September 2006 <br /> |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716022137/http://hpchamba.nic.in/destkhajjiar.htm <br /> |archivedate=16 July 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Khajjiar can be reached from Dalhousie, the nearest major town. The area features a combination of three [[ecosystem]]s: [[lake]], [[pasture]], and [[forest]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Khajjiar New Page |url=https://hptdc.in/index.php/khajjiar-new-page/ |publisher=HP Tourism Development Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Mini Switzerland==<br /> On 7 July 1992, Swiss envoy Willy P. Blazer, Vice-Counselor and Head of the Chancery of Switzerland in India brought Khajjiar onto the world tourism map by calling it 'Mini Switzerland'. He also erected a sign featuring a yellow Swiss hiking footpath symbol, showing Khajjiar's distance from the Swiss capital, [[Bern]]: &quot;{{cvt|6194|km|mi|disp=x|&quot; or }}. Khajjiar is one of 160 locations worldwide that bear a topographical resemblance to [[Switzerland]]. The envoy also took a stone from Khajjiar, which forms part of a stone collage around the Swiss Parliament building to remind visitors that Khajjiar is the 'Mini Switzerland of India'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Himchal&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable sites==<br /> <br /> ===Kalatop Khajjiar Sanctuary===<br /> {{main|Kalatop Khajjiar Sanctuary}}<br /> The Kalatop Khajjiar Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary home to a wide variety of flora and fauna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Himachal Tourism|url=http://himachaltourism.gov.in/nature_sanctuaries.php|website=himachaltourism.gov.in|accessdate=25 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Khajjiar Lake===<br /> {{main|Khajjiar Lake}}<br /> Khajjiar Lake is a small lake surrounded by a saucer-shaped meadow and a floating island. The growth of a weed called [[Acorus calamus|vacha]] has made the earth spongy. Over time, the banks have been covered by a thick layer of earth formed by years of dust settling on the weeds.<br /> <br /> ===Khajji Nag temple===<br /> A little away from the lake stands the Khajji Nag Temple, built in the 12th century CE by Prithviraj Singh I, the king of Chamba. The temple features a golden dome, also known as Golden Devi Temple. Inside ''[[mandapa]],'' one can see the images of the [[Pandavas]] and the defeated [[Kauravas]] hanging from the roof of the circumambulatory path. The sanctum of the temple is carved from wood.&lt;ref name=Himchal/&gt; This temple is dedicated to snake ([[Nāga]]) worship, and it houses several snake idols. Additionally, there are idols of [[Shiva]] and the Goddess Hadimba. <br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> A view of Khajjiar ,Chamba,Himachal Pradesh.jpg|18 April 2019<br /> A view of Khajjiar ,Chamba,Himachal Pradesh,India 01.jpg|18 April 2019<br /> A view of Khajjiar ,Chamba,Himachal Pradesh,India 02.jpg|18 April 2019<br /> Khajjiarindia.jpg|Grasslands of Khajjiar, July 2012<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> {{Wikivoyage}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Chamba district]]<br /> [[Category:Grasslands of India]]<br /> [[Category:Hill stations in Himachal Pradesh]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akalpith&diff=463947 2026-03-04T09:46:37Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: quick fix article after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{independent sources|date=March 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Akalpith<br /> | image = Akalpith_Poster.jpg<br /> | alt = &lt;!-- see WP:ALT --&gt;<br /> | caption = Theatrical poster<br /> | writer = Prasad Acharekar<br /> | director = [[Prasad Acharekar]]<br /> | screenplay = Snehal Pendurkar<br /> | producer = NoughtCreations (Prasad Ugle and Harshal Ushir)<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Mohan Agashe]]<br /> * [[Nirmiti Sawant]]<br /> * [[Renuka Shahane]]<br /> }}<br /> | music = [[Parikrama (band)|Parikrama]]<br /> | cinematography = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Amit Kodoth<br /> * Neeshank Mathure<br /> }}<br /> | released = {{Film date|2014|02|28|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Akalpith''''' is a Marathi movie to be released on 28 February 2014. The genre of movie is a 'psychological thriller' and is written and directed by Mr. Prasad Acharekar. Movie starts with [[Renuka Shahane]], [[Mohan Agashe]] and [[Nirmiti Sawant]]. The theme song of movie is written by [[Guru Thakur]] and is composed by Sonam Sherpa, Nitin Malik and Subir Malik of [[Parikrama (band)|Parikrama Band]].<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> A Man is accused of three murders but in the interrogations he says that he doesn't remember the day's events and hence is considered to be insane. So he is to be transferred to [[Bhopal]] psychological research department. Just 14 h before he being transported to Bhopal he says that he has started to remember the events of that day. An urgent special midnight Jury is arranged to record the statement and he is taken there. He is recording his statement and what he remembers, but the problem starts when he remembers that he was present on the place of murders but didn't kill the people. Now he only has 4 hours to prove to the jury that he is innocent. What happens next is the movie.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Renuka Shahane]] - Dr. Mugdha<br /> * [[Mohan Agashe|Mohan Aagashe]] - Justice Gore<br /> * [[Nirmiti Sawant|Nirrmite Saawaant]] - Mrs. Sarnjamhe<br /> * Abheney Saawaant - Milind Deshmukh<br /> * Sumaydh Gaikwad - Raj<br /> * Rutul Patil - Shweta<br /> * [[Aggabai Sasubai|Ashutosh Patki]] — Vishal<br /> * Atul Todankar- Mr. Shinde<br /> * Sandesh Jadhav - Killer Chotu<br /> * Sachin Shinde - Milind's Lawyer<br /> * Saurabh Oak - Mr. Kamath<br /> * Shashikant Patade - Pandu<br /> <br /> == Critical reception ==<br /> Akalpith movie received mixed reviews from critics. A Reviewer of [[The Times of India]] wrote &quot;The film has its thrills and twists but does not build the kind of suspense that one would expect from a psychological thriller. The music does not provide the required tension but it is a one time watch&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title= AKALPITH MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/akalpith-abhinay-sawant-rutul-patil-mohan-agashe-renuka-shahane-prasad-acharekar/movie-review/31185085.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207144408/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/akalpith-abhinay-sawant-rutul-patil-mohan-agashe-renuka-shahane-prasad-acharekar/movie-review/31185085.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=7 February 2023 |access-date=7 February 2023 |website= [[The Times of India]] <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; A Reviewer of [[Loksatta]] wrote &quot;When watching the end of the movie, the writer definitely feels lost somewhere. As the ending of the film is not effective, the audience is likely to walk out of the theater in a confused state..&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 February 2014 |title= फिल्म रिव्ह्यूः रहस्यांत गुरफटलेला… 'अकल्पित' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/film-review-akalpith-386977/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207145227/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/film-review-akalpith-386977/lite/ |archive-date=7 February 2023 |access-date=7 February 2023 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; A Reviewer of [[Zee Talkies]] says &quot;But, if you are going to watch it from critical point of view, certainly there are few errors to notice. Especially, the climax of the film is not very convincing&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 February 2014 |title= Akalpith Movie Review |url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/reviews/akalpith-movie-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207145817/http://www.zeetalkies.com/reviews/akalpith-movie-review.html |archive-date=7 February 2023 |access-date=7 February 2023 |website= [[Zee Talkies]] |language=Marathi <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{official website|http://noughtcreations.com/akalpith/ Official website}}<br /> * {{IMDb title|3556240}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2014 Indian films]]<br /> <br /> {{2010s-Marathi-film-stub}}</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=LML_Star&diff=511455 2026-03-04T02:06:45Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: started the stub w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Model of motor scooter made in India}}<br /> {{Infobox Motorcycle<br /> | name = LML Star<br /> | image = Stellafront.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | aka = LML Star De Luxe , LML Stella ,<br /> LML NV<br /> | manufacturer = [[Lohia Machinery Limited]]<br /> | parent_company = <br /> | production = 1999–2017<br /> | model_year = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | class = <br /> | engine = {{cvt|149.56|cc|abbr=on}} [[Two-stroke engine|2-stroke]], [[Air-cooled engine|air-cooled]] [[Single-cylinder engine|single]]<br /> | bore_stroke = <br /> | compression = <br /> | top_speed = <br /> | power = <br /> | torque = <br /> | ignition = <br /> | transmission = 4-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]<br /> | frame = <br /> | suspension = <br /> | brakes = Front and rear [[Drum brakes|drum]]<br /> | tires = <br /> | rake_trail = <br /> | wheelbase = {{cvt|1,235|mm|in|abbr=on}}<br /> | length = <br /> | width = <br /> | height = <br /> | seat_height = <br /> | dry_weight = {{convert|104|kg|lb|abbr=on}}{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}<br /> | wet_weight = <br /> | fuel_capacity = {{convert|8|L|abbr=on}}<br /> | oil_capacity = <br /> | fuel_consumption = <br /> | turning_radius = <br /> | related = [[Piaggio Vespa|Vespa PX]]&lt;br&gt;[[Vespa T5]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Parade Day.jpg|thumb|Stella with standard and &quot;additional&quot; sidecar]]<br /> The '''LML Star''' (also known as '''Star De Luxe''' in Europe or ''' Stella''' in United States) is a model [[motor scooter]] manufactured by [[Lohia Machinery Limited]] in [[Kanpur]], India between 1999 and 2017 and based on the Italian [[Vespa PX|Piaggio Vespa PX]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> In 1983, [[Lohia Machinery Limited|LML]] established a joint venture with [[Piaggio]], forming Vespa Automobile Company Limited to produce Vespa PX (Piaggio brand) and NV3, Alfa, T5, 4W (LML Vespa brand) models for India, starting with a 100 cc scooter and expanding to the Supremo ([[Vespa Cosa]] variant) and Select ([[Vespa T5]] replica).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-30 |title=LML Star: storia e caratteristiche della Vespa indiana |url=https://www.quotidianomotori.com/moto/lml-star-storia-caratteristiche/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Quotidiano Motori |language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The LML Vespa PX model lacks an [[automatic lubrication]] system thus [[two-stroke oil]] must be pre-mixed with petrol. An upgraded version of this scooter was called the LML Select 2. Production of the LML NV and LML Select 2 ended in 2004. Up until 2004, the [[Bajaj Chetak]] (based on the older [[Vespa Sprint]] model) was its chief competitor in the Indian market for 150cc two-stroke scooters. <br /> <br /> LML revised production in 2007 and subsequently sold both two-stroke and four-stroke models. There was another model produced by LML, called Vespa A1; unlike other vespas it features split seating. The driver's seat had a spring beneath it and another separate seat for pillion.<br /> <br /> The Stella and Vespa P-series scooters share much of their design and engineering and many of their parts are [[Interchangeable parts|interchangeable]]. Genuine Scooters was formed to import the scooter to the United States market. Production was interrupted by a [[labor strike]] from 2005 to mid-2006 but resumed once the dispute was settled.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Genuine Scooter stopped importing in June 2017 after LML hit financial trouble.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Salzman |first1=Nathan |title=Genuine Halting Stella Imports |date=June 12, 2017|url=http://www.scooterfile.com/oems/genuine-scooter-company/genuine-halts-stella-imports/ |accessdate=24 May 2020 |website=Scooter File}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Characteristics==<br /> [[File:Stellarear.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Side]]<br /> The Stella features a {{cvt|150|cc|abbr=on}} [[two-stroke engine]]. Like &quot;vintage&quot; European scooters, it operates with a four-speed &quot;[[twist-grip]]&quot; manual transmission. Other traditional features include a steel frame, spare tire, and styling.<br /> <br /> The 2007 and 2008 models include better quality paint, grips, and a redesigned headlight.<br /> <br /> The two-stroke version of the scooter is authorized through Genuine Scooters dealers throughout most of the United States, but not in [[California]] due to state regulations.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.genuinescooters.com/stella2.html Genuine Scooters product page] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020205918/http://www.genuinescooters.com/stella2.html |date=October 20, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011, Genuine developed a [[four-stroke engine|four-stroke]] version of the Stella which meets [[California emission standards]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Genuine Scooters : Stella|url=http://www.genuinescooters.com/stella4.html|work=genuinescooters.com|publisher=Genuine Scooters|accessdate=5 April 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085544/http://www.genuinescooters.com/stella4.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Commons category|LML NV/Star/Stella/Bella Donna/Via Toscana/Speedy scooters|LML Stella scooters}}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Two wheelers in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian motor scooters]]<br /> [[Category:Motorcycles introduced in 1986]]<br /> [[Category:Two-stroke motorcycles]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nandhaur_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=520312 2026-02-24T02:21:23Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: put up the article initial version!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Uttarakhand, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox protected area<br /> | name = Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary<br /> | iucn_category = IV<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 10<br /> | location = Uttarakhand, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coords|29|02|00|N|79|48|00|E|display=inline, title}}<br /> | established = 2012<br /> | map = India Uttarakhand#India<br /> | relief = 1<br /> | mapframe = Yes<br /> | image = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | area = &lt;!-- {{convert||km2|abbr=on}} --&gt;<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | visitation_num = <br /> | visitation_year =<br /> }}<br /> '''Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[wildlife sanctuary]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]] that was created in 2012. It is located in the [[Terai]] Arc Landscape, a forest zone that stretches from Uttarakhand in India and extends into [[Nepal]].&lt;ref name=Irengbam2017&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Irengbam, M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Dobriyal, P. |author3=Hussain, S.A. |author4=Badola, R. |year=2017 |title=Balancing conservation and development in Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttarakhand, India |journal=Current Science |volume=112 |issue=6 |pages=1187–1196 |doi=10.18520/cs/v112/i06/1187-1196 |jstor=24912644 |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/112/06/1187.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Location ==<br /> Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary lies between the Gola and [[Sharda River]]s in the [[Haldwani]] forest division and links the forests of [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]] and Terai central forest division with [[Shuklaphanta National Park]] in Nepal.&lt;ref name=Irengbam2017/&gt; It extends over an area of {{convert|269.96|km2|abbr=on}}. Since 2002, Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary has been a part of the [[Shivalik Elephant Reserve]]. The [[Wildlife Institute of India]] in 2004 recognised Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary as one of three viable habitats key to the long-term future of the [[tiger]].&lt;ref name=Verma2011&gt;{{cite book|last=Verma|first=A. |title=Proposal for Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary |year=2011 |publisher=Uttarakhand Forest Department |pages=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;livemint&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Nandhaur becomes a wildlife sanctuary |date=2012 |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/3WGSwo8kE3GzVx8UbO9sPL/Nandhaur-becomes-a-wildlife-sanctuary.html |accessdate=28 November 2012 |newspaper=HT Mint}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Wildlife==<br /> === Flora ===<br /> Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary is primarily a [[Shorea robusta|sal]] forest with more than 100 species of trees including [[shisham]], [[bamboo]], [[teak]] and [[chir pine]].&lt;ref name=Verma2011/&gt; Over 30 species of shrubs and about 35 species of climbers and grasses were recorded.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sanctuary status for Uttarakhand's Nandhaur get Centre's push |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/sanctuary-status-for-uttarakhands-nandhaur-get-centres-push/962388.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126105902/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/sanctuary-status-for-uttarakhands-nandhaur-get-centres-push/962388.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-26|accessdate=28 November 2012|newspaper=CNN IBN |date=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Fauna ===<br /> Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary hosts about 25 species of [[mammals]], 250 species of birds, 15 species of [[reptiles]] and 20 species of fishes. The major mammalian species include [[Asian elephant]], [[leopard]], [[tiger]] and [[sloth bear]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Centre pushes for sanctuary status to Nandhaur |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/centre-pushes-for-sanctuary-status-to-nandhaur_758020.html |accessdate=28 November 2012 |newspaper=Zee News|date=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2026, the rare [[Smooth-coated otter]] was spotted on the sanctuary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Narendra |date=2026-02-19 |title=Wildlife experts hail first sighting of smooth-coated otters in Uttarakhand’s Nandhaur Sanctuary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Feb/19/wildlife-experts-hail-first-sighting-of-smooth-coated-otters-in-uttarakhands-nandhaur-sanctuary |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Threats ==<br /> Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary is threatened by [[illegal logging]] and boulder mining, [[poaching]] and the diversion of forest land for non-forestry related developmental activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;livemint_a&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Saving a forest from vanishing |date=2012|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/xdri6vwrUMgBLelR02t5yH/Saving-a-forest-from-vanishing.html|accessdate=28 November 2012 |newspaper=HT Mint}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:2012 establishments in Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Protected areas established in 2012]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharathi_Tirtha&diff=458420 2026-02-20T00:33:58Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: further correct section for consistency and cleaned formatting per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|36th Peetadhipathi of the Shringeri Sharada Peetham}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox religious biography<br /> | name = Bharathi Tirtha<br /> | order = [[Vedanta]] ([[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sringeri Math]])<br /> | honorific_prefix = His Holiness Shri Jagadguru Shankaracharya<br /> | honorific-suffix = Sri Mahasannidhanam<br /> | title = 36th [[Jagadguru]] [[Shankaracharya]] of [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]]<br /> | image = Jagadguru Bharathi Teertha 2018.jpg<br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | philosophy = [[Advaita]] [[Vedanta]]<br /> | ordination = 11 November 1974<br /> | birth_name = Seetharama Anjaneyalu<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|04|11|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Machilipatnam]], [[Madras State]] (present-day [[Andhra]]), India<br /> | nationality = [[India]]n<br /> | predecessor = [[Abhinava Vidyatirtha]]<br /> | successor = [[Vidhushekhara Bharati]]<br /> | caption = Tirtha in 2018<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bharathi Tirtha Mahaswamiji''' ({{langx|sa|श्रीभारतीतीर्थमहास्वामिनः}}), (Purvashrama name '''Seetharama Anjaneyalu''') (born 3 April 1951), is an Indian religious leader who is the current and 36th [[Shankaracharya]] of [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]], an important [[Hindus|Hindu]] monastery in the tradition of [[Advaita Vedanta]] established by Sri [[Adi Shankara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Maramkal |first1=MB |title=Successor designate appointed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/Successor-appointed-to-historic-Sharada-peetham-at-Sringeri/articleshow/45993640.cms |accessdate=7 October 2018 |work=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Murthy |first1=Narasimha |title=Salutations To Sringeri Jagadgurus |date=11 March 2017 |url=https://starofmysore.com/salutations-sringeri-jagadgurus/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and career ==<br /> <br /> Jagadguru Sri Sri Sri Sri Bharati Tirtha Mahaswamiji was born 03 April 1951 to a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Smarta tradition|Smartha]] family from [[Machilipatnam]]. His family later moved to [[Narasaraopet]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<br /> <br /> He was a religiously minded child. His ''[[upanayana]]'' ceremony was performed when he was seven years of age. In addition to schooling, he spent his time studying [[Sanskrit]] and took lessons in the [[Vedas]] from his father who himself was a [[Vedic]] scholar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Chandar |first1=Suresh |title=Inspiring Saint |publisher=Sri Vidyatirtha Foundation, Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/InspiringSaintLifeOfSriBharatiTirthaSureshChandarK.Sringeri/page/n5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the year 1966, at the age of 15, Anjaneyalu approached the 35th Jagadguru of the Sringeri Sharada Peetham, [[Abhinava Vidyatirtha|Jagadguru Sri Abhinava Vidyatirtha Mahaswamiji]], seeking religious guidance from him. Jagadguru Sri Sri Sri Abhinava Vidyatirtha Mahaswamiji accepted Brahmachari Seetharama Anjaneyalu as the disciple.<br /> <br /> Jagadguru Sri Abhinava Vidyatirtha Mahaswamiji appointed Brahmachari Seetharama Anjaneyalu as the successor-designate on the 11 November 1974, when Anjaneyalu received saffron robes, a staff, and a [[kamandalu]] (water pot).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Shivaram |first1=Choodie |title=Successor initiated |url=http://digital.hinduismtoday.com/publication/?i=411729&amp;article_id=2798892&amp;view=articleBrowser&amp;ver=html5#{%22issue_id%22:411729,%22view%22:%22articleBrowser%22,%22article_id%22:%222798892%22} |accessdate=6 October 2018 |publisher=Hinduismtoday}}&lt;/ref&gt; The newly initiated [[Sannyasa|sannyasi]] was given the title of Yogapatta Sri Bharati Tirtha in line with the [[Dashanami Sampradaya]] of [[Adi Shankara|Jagadguru Sri Adi Shankara]]charya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Geeta |first1=Venktaraman |title=Ascetic extraordinary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/sri-abhinava-vidyatirtha-ascetic-extraordinary/article25058881.ece |accessdate=8 October 2018 |work=The Hindu|date=27 September 2018 |quote=&quot;Successor nominated&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As part of the tradition, Jagadguru Sri Sri Sri Bharati Tirtha Mahaswamiji undertakes tours to different places in order to offer guidance to the devotees. The most recent tour took place in 2017 and spanned [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Special |first1=Correspondence |title=Reception accorded to the Jagadguru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/reception-accorded-to-sringeri-seers/article19152941.ece |accessdate=8 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Pontiffs arrive in the city |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/sringeri-pontiffs-arrive-in-city/article18204129.ece |accessdate=8 October 2018 |work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=A |first1=Rajagopal |title=Sringeri mutt chief arrives in capital |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/jun/12/sringeri-mutt-chief-arrives-in-capital-1615588.html |access-date=8 October 2018 |publisher=The new Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --&gt;<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.sringeri.net/ Sringeri Sharada Peetham]<br /> *[http://www.sankaracharya.org About Shri Adi Sankarcharya and His Parampara]<br /> <br /> {{Shankara mathas}}<br /> {{Hindudharma}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]<br /> [[Category:Sringeri Sharada Peetham]]<br /> [[Category:1951 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]<br /> [[Category:Shankaracharyas]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Guntur district]]<br /> [[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Diamond&diff=534227 2026-02-17T18:41:56Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: Adding The Details W/ Refs - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian gemstone}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}<br /> [[File:The Soviet Union 1971 CPA 4069 stamp (Shah Diamond, 16th Century) large resolution.jpg|thumb|right|Shah Diamond, 1971 postage stamp]]<br /> <br /> The '''Shah Diamond''' was found at the [[Golconda]] mines in what is now [[Telangana]], [[South India]], probably in 1450, and it is currently held in the [[Diamond Fund]] collection of [[Moscow]]'s [[Kremlin Armoury]].<br /> <br /> ==Physical description==<br /> <br /> The Shah Diamond is not of the [[first water]], since it has a yellowish tinge due to a little [[iron oxide]] at the surface. It is said to have originally weighed 95 [[Carat (unit)|carat]], and that it lost 9 carats when being cut. Its present weight is 88.7 carats (18 g). It is an elongated [[octahedron]], the eight original faces of which have been replaced by fifteen facets. It is often described as the shape of a coffin. The cut of the diamond is technically called a lasque cut; typical of Indian diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;Edwin W. Streeter: The Great Diamonds of the World: Their History and Romance. London. p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt; A groove has been cut round the stone to accommodate the thread by which it was formerly worn round the neck. Its most remarkable feature is that on three of its original faces the names of three of the rulers who owned it have been engraved in [[Persian language|Persian]], along with the [[Islamic calendar|Hijrī]] year. The names and dates of these three rulers are as follows:&lt;ref&gt;G.F. Herbert Smith: Gemstones. London, 1941. p. 171.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Nizām Shāh: 1000 (1591 CE).<br /> *Jahān Shāh: 1051 (1641 CE).<br /> *Fath 'Alī Shāh: 1242 (1826 CE).<br /> It does not rank as one of the top diamonds of the world in beauty or size, but the inscriptions on it testify to its history and provenance.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> It was rendered to the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Nizām Shāhī]] court in [[Ahmednagar]]. In 1591, [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Shāh Nizām]] ordered carving on one of the facets of the diamond: ''&quot;Burhān Nizām Shāh the Second. Year 1000&quot;'' (=1591 CE).<br /> <br /> That same year, [[Akbar the Great]], the [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor of Mughal India]] occupied the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] and seized the diamond. A number of years later Akbar's grandson, [[Shah Jehan|Shāh Jahān]], came to the throne, and commanded that another inscription be carved: ''&quot;Shāh Jahān, The son of Shāh Jehangir . Year 1051&quot;'' (equivalent to 1641 CE). The son of Shah Jahān [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzēb]] hung the diamond above his throne and encircled it with rubies and emeralds. After visiting the court of Aurangzēb, the famous French jeweller [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier|Tavernier]] wrote: &quot;On the side of the throne which is opposite the court there is to be seen a jewel consisting of a diamond of about 80 to 90 carats weight, with rubies and emeralds around it, and when the king is seated he has the jewel in full view.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Streeter, p. 128.&lt;/ref&gt; Because of its proximity to the throne, the diamond was also known as the &quot;Throne Diamond&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/streeter_great_diamonds/page_233|title=The Great Diamonds of the World - Edwin Streeter - Farlang|access-date=10 January 2014|archive-date=30 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030065807/http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/streeter_great_diamonds/page_233|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was transferred to [[Lahore]] in 1715 and kept here until 1738.<br /> <br /> In 1738, [[Nadir Shah|Nāder Shāh]] attacked India, seized the diamond, and took it back with him to [[Persia]]. The diamond stayed in Persia for nearly a century until, in 1826, the third inscription was engraved on the third facet: ''&quot;The ruler of the Qājār Fath 'Alī Shāh Sultān. Year 1242&quot;''.<br /> <br /> In 1829, the Russian diplomat and writer [[Alexandr Griboyedov]] was murdered in the capital of [[Persia]], [[Tehran]]. The Russian government demanded severe punishment of those responsible. In fear, the court of [[Fath Ali Shah|Fath 'Alī Shāh]] sent the Shāh's grandson [[Khosrow Mirza|Khusro Mirzā]] to [[Saint Petersburg]], where he gave the diamond to the [[Russian Tsar]] [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] as a present. It was then kept among the Russian Crown Jewels in the Diamond Room at the [[Winter Palace]] in St. Petersburg, until the [[Russian Revolution]] and the overthrow of the [[Romanov Dynasty]] on 2 March 1917. The diamond, along with the other treasures, was removed, taken to Moscow and placed in the [[Diamond Fund|Kremlin Diamond Fund]]. It remains there today in the [[Kremlin]], where it is exhibited as one of the seven famous gems.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of diamonds]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Commons category|Shah Diamond}}<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Jewels of the Mughal Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Iran–Russia relations]]<br /> [[Category:Diplomatic gifts]]<br /> [[Category:Golconda diamonds]]<br /> [[Category:Diamond Fund]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashmi_Doraiswamy&diff=529754 2026-02-10T02:56:50Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: adding new pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Rashmi Doraiswamy<br /> |image = {{CSS image crop<br /> |Image = Press conference by the Film Critics, M.K. Raghavendra, Rashmi Doraiswamy and Ashok Rane, at the 45th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2014), in Panaji, Goa on November 26, 2014.jpg<br /> |bSize = 1200<br /> |cWidth = 225<br /> |cHeight = 225<br /> |oTop = 390<br /> |oLeft = 495<br /> |Location=center}}<br /> <br /> | caption = Rashmi Doraiswamy, [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[45th International Film Festival of India|2014]])<br /> | birth_place = India<br /> | occupation = [[Film critic]]<br /> | awards = [[National Film Award]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Dr Rashmi Doraiswamy''' is a [[National Film Award]] winning [[film critic]]. She received her M. Phil from the Centre for Russian Studies, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (Delhi, India) for her dissertation, 'A Critique of [[Mikhail Bakhtin]]'s Theory of Literature in the Context of Contemporary Theories of Literature and the Formalist School of the 20s'. She is currently Professor (Central Asia) at the [[MMAJ Academy of International Studies]], [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]<br /> <br /> ==Books==<br /> *Co-editor - Being and Becoming: The Cinemas of Asia ([[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]], 2002).<br /> *Co-author - [[Encyclopedia]] of Postcolonial Literatures in English (Chapter: ‘Film and Literature (India)'; [[Routledge]], 2005)<br /> *Co-author - Image and Imagination: Reconstructing the Nation, in ‘India: A National Culture ([[SAGE Publications]], 2003)<br /> *Co-author - Hindi Commercial Cinema: Changing Narrative Strategies in Frames of Mind: Reflections on Indian Cinema (ed. [[Aruna Vasudev]]), [[UBS Publication, 1995]]<br /> *Co-author - Idiocy and Civilisation: A Study of [[Dostoevsky]]'s The Idiot in The Russian Enigma (ed. [[Madhavan Palat]] and [[Geeti Sen]], UBS Publications, 1994)<br /> *Author - The Post-Soviet Condition: Chingiz Aitmatov in the '90s ([[Aakar]], 2005).<br /> <br /> ==Translations (Russian To English)==<br /> *Piranesi, [[Sergei Eisenstein]], Excerpts from his book ‘Non-Indifferent Nature', Cinemaya 2, 1989<br /> *Distanced Montage/A Theory of Distance, [[Artavazd Peleshyan]], Cinemaya 3, 1989<br /> *Ishmukhamedov's Shok, [[Djhura Teshabaev]], [[Cinemaya]] 8, 1990<br /> *Landmarks in Tadjik cinema, [[Ato Akhrorov]], Cinemaya 13, 1991<br /> *Trying Times: Women Directors in the Asian Republics, [[Andrei Plakhov]], Cinemaya 27, 1995<br /> *Lessons from the East, Andrei Plakhov, Cinemaya 41,1998<br /> *Women behind the camera in Kazakh Cinema, Cinemaya 42, 1998<br /> *Evgeny Margolit, ‘Cinemas of Central Asia', in Being and Becoming, Macmillan, New Delhi, 2002<br /> *L Trotsky's Theory of Imperialism and the Universal Crisis of Capitalism, V Serebryakov<br /> <br /> ==Awards and accolades==<br /> * [[MAJLIS]] research fellowship for project entitled ‘Changing Narrative Strategies of hindi Cinema'.&lt;ref name=&quot;majlisbombay&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://majlisbombay.org/rashmi-doraiswamy/|publisher=majlisbombay.org|title=Rashmi Doraiswamy|accessdate=2016-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Certificate of Appreciation by [[Tadjik Filmmakers' Union]], for the active promotion of [[Tajik cinema]].<br /> *National Film Award for Best Film Critic<br /> <br /> ==Jury duty==<br /> *Selection committee member, Foreign films - IFFI-2005<br /> *Selection committee member - Talent Campus India (part of [[Berlin Film Festival]]/Cinefan scout for young filmmakers from India)<br /> *Member, Feature Film Jury - National Film Awards &lt;ref name=&quot;pib&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2003/rjul2003/09072003/r0907200316.html|publisher=pib.nic.in|title=PIB Press Releases|accessdate=2016-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Member, Book Jury - National Film Awards<br /> *Member, 54th National Film Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2008/jun/54th_nfa.pdf|title = Untitled Page}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Member, FIPRESCI Jury - [[Sochi International Film Festival]]<br /> *Member - Kinotavr Open Russian Film Festival<br /> *Member - National Film Awards for Non-Feature Films<br /> *FIPRESCI Jury - [[Toronto International Film Festival]]&lt;ref name=&quot;fipresci&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fipresci.org/people/rashmi-doraiswamy|publisher=fipresci.org|title=FIPRESCI - Rashmi Doraiswamy|accessdate=2016-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *NETPAC Jury - [[Taiwan International Documentary Festival]]<br /> *Member of the jury - [[Mumbai International Film Festival]]<br /> *Member of the jury - [[Mannheim International Film Festival]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Film Critics Circle of India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://jmi.ac.in/ais/faculty-members/Dr_Rashmi_Doraiswamy-1644 Jamia Milla]<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Doraiswamy, Rashmi}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film critics]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women film critics]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]<br /> [[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Best Critic National Film Award winners]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narasimha&diff=457959 2026-02-04T00:11:33Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: refine information additionally</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Man-lion and the fourth avatar of Hindu god Vishnu}}<br /> {{other uses}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox deity&lt;!--Bharatpedia:WikiProject Hindu mythology--&gt;<br /> | type = Hindu<br /> | member_of = [[Dashavatara]]<br /> | image = South India, late Chola Period - Yoga Narashimha, Vishnu in his Man-Lion Avatar - 1973.187 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif<br /> | caption = A sculpture of Yoga-Narsimha, South India, late Chola period<br /> | name = Narasimha<br /> | Devanagari = <br /> | Sanskrit_transliteration = <br /> | affiliation = {{Unbulletedlist|[[Vaishnavism]]|[[Avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]|[[Dashavatara]]|[[Lakshmi Narasimha]]|[[Nava Narasimha]]}}<br /> | weapon = [[Claw]]s, [[Sudarshana Chakra]] (discus), [[Kaumodaki]] (mace)<br /> | god_of = God of Protection, Destruction, [[Yoga]] and [[Kāla|Kala]] (Time); The Destroyer of Evil and Fear<br /> | festivals = [[Narasimha Jayanti]], [[Holi]]<br /> | consort = [[Lakshmi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mallik |first1=Anupama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsRTDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=lakshmi+narasimha+lap&amp;pg=PA183 |title=Digital Hampi: Preserving Indian Cultural Heritage |last2=Chaudhury |first2=Santanu |last3=Chandru |first3=Vijay |last4=Srinivasan |first4=Sharada |date=2018-03-31 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-5738-0 |pages=183 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | abode = <br /> | mantra = ugraṃ vīraṃ mahāviṣṇuṃ jvalantaṃ sarvatomukham {{!}}<br /> <br /> nṛsiṃhaṃ bhīṣaṇaṃ bhadraṃ mṛtyumṛtyuṃ namāmyaham {{!}}{{!}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = [[Dashavatara]] Sequence<br /> | predecessor = [[Varaha]]<br /> | successor = [[Vamana]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Vaishnavism}}<br /> <br /> '''Narasimha''' ({{langx|sa|नरसिंह|lit=man-lion}}, {{IAST3|Narasiṃha}}, or {{langx|sa|नृसिंह}}, {{IAST3|Nṛsiṃha}}),&lt;!--Do not remove, WP:INDICSCRIPT doesn't apply to WikiProject Hinduism--&gt; is a [[Hindu deities|deity]] in [[Hinduism]], revered as the fourth of the ten principal avatars ([[Dashavatara]]) of the god [[Vishnu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blurton |first=T. Richard |title=Hindu art |date=1993 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-39188-8 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |pages=123 |oclc=25833896}}&lt;/ref&gt; Depicted with a human torso and a lion's head and claws, Narasimha is venerated as a fierce protector who destroys evil and safeguards his devotees. He is most widely known for protecting his devotee [[Prahlada]] and for slaying the tyrannical demon king [[Hiranyakashipu]].'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2008p223&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=George M. Williams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&amp;pg=PA223 |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 |page=223}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Gavin D. Flood |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/111 111] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' <br /> <br /> According to [[Hindu scriptures|Hindu texts]], Hiranyakashipu, the elder brother of [[Hiranyaksha]]—who was killed earlier by Vishnu's [[Varaha]] avatar—received a boon from the creator god [[Brahma]] that made him nearly invulnerable. The conditions of the boon prevented his death by man or beast, indoors or outdoors, during day or night, on earth or in the sky, and not by any weapon. Empowered by this, Hiranyakashipu persecuted Vishnu’s devotees, including his own son Prahlada. To circumvent the boon, Vishnu incarnated as Narasimha—neither man nor animal—and killed Hiranyakashipu at twilight, on a palace threshold, placing him on his lap and tearing him apart with his claws.&lt;ref name=&quot;dalal2010p262&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Roshen Dalal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&amp;pg=PA262 |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6 |page=148}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2008p223&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Krishna2009p50&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Nanditha Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC&amp;pg=PA50 |title=The Book of Vishnu |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-14-306762-7 |pages=50–53}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Steven J. Rosen, ''Narasiṁha Avatar, The Half-Man/Half-Lion Incarnation'', p5&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Narasimha holds a central place in the Vishnu-centric [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] theology, iconography, and devotional traditions, particularly within the [[Vaikhanasa]], [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] and [[Sadh Vaishnavism|Sadha]] sects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Farley P. Richmond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C |title=Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance |author2=Darius L. Swann |author3=Phillip B. Zarrilli |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-208-0981-9 |pages=127 with footnote 1}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is portrayed in a range of [[Murti#Types|forms]], from fierce (''ugra'') to serene (''saumya''), and in certain Vaishnava interpretations, he is also worshipped as Yoga-Narasimha, the god of [[yoga]],{{Sfn|Soifer|1991|p=102}}{{Sfn|Soifer|1991|p=92}} and as the god of destruction, who destroys the entire universe through ''[[Pralaya]]''. Early representations have been found at archaeological sites in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]], such as [[Mathura]], and are dated between the 2nd and 4th centuries CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;merister292&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |year=1996 |title=Man and Man-Lion: The Philadelphia Narasimha |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=56 |issue=3/4 |pages=291–301 with footnotes |doi=10.2307/3250120 |jstor=3250120}}&lt;/ref&gt; Important pilgrimage sites dedicated to Narasimha include [[Ahobilam]] in Andhra Pradesh, where [[Nava Narasimha]]–nine forms of the deity–are venerated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Rangachar Vasantha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFDkAAAAMAAJ |title=The Nārāyaṇasvāmi Temple at Mēlkōṭe: An Archaeological and Historical Study |publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums |year=1991 |page=9 |quote=The layout of this matha is almost like that of the Parakāla - matha above described. Here too in the central shrine are kept a few bronze [[murti]]s, including that of Lakshmi Narasimha, the presiding deity of that matha.}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> He is honored in various temples, scriptures, performance traditions, and festivals, including [[Holi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dalal2010p262&quot; /&gt;{{sfn|Soifer|1991}} The annual festival [[Narasimha Jayanti]], observed on the 14th day of the Hindu month of [[Vaishakha|Vaisakha]] (April–May), commemorates the deity’s appearance to protect Prahlada and defeat Hiranyakashipu.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> [[File:The God Vishnu in Three Incarnations. Northern India (Mathura), Gupta period, mid-5th century AD. Boston Museum.jpg|thumb|Vishnu and his [[avatar]]as (''[[Vaikuntha Chaturmurti]]''): Depicting Vishnu as [[Krishna]] and Rama, Narasimha (lion), and [[Varaha]] (boar). [[Art of Mathura]], mid-5th century CE. [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Boston Museum]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CS&quot;&gt;For English summary, see page 80 {{cite journal |last1=Schmid |first1=Charlotte |title=Les Vaikuṇṭha gupta de Mathura : Viṣṇu ou Kṛṣṇa? |journal=Arts Asiatiques |date=1997 |volume=52 |pages=60–88 |doi=10.3406/arasi.1997.1401 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> In Sanskrit, the word ''Narasimha'' consists of two words &quot;nara&quot; which means man, and &quot;simha&quot; which means lion, referring to the man-lion avatara of Vishnu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2008p223&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dalal2010p262&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> His other names are ''Agnilochana'' ({{lang|sa|अग्निलोचन}}) – the one who has fiery eyes, ''Bhairavadambara'' ({{lang|sa|भैरवडम्बर}}) – the one who causes terror by roaring, ''Karala'' ({{lang|sa|कराल}}) – the one who has a wide mouth and projecting teeth, ''Hiranyakashipumardana'' ({{lang|sa|हिरण्यकषिपुमर्दान}}) – the one who killed Hiranyakashipu, ''Nakhastra'' ({{lang|sa|नखास्त्र}}) – the one for whom nails are his weapons, ''Simhavadana'' ({{lang|sa|सिंहवदन}}) – the one who has a lion face and ''Simha'' ({{lang|sa|सिंह}}) – the one who is a lion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.speakingtree.in/allslides/eight-sacred-names-of-narsimha-the-great-protector|title=Eight sacred names of Lord Narsimha to remove the fear|website=www.speakingtree.in|access-date=8 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Texts==<br /> [[File:0101821 Kevala Narasimha Temple, Ramtek Maharashtra 149.jpg|thumb|Narasimha, 5th century, [[Ramtek Kevala Narasimha temple inscription|Ramtek Kevala Narasimha temple.]]]]<br /> <br /> ===Vedas===<br /> <br /> Verse 1.154.2 of the ''[[Rigveda]]'' (15th century BCE to the 10th century BCE) describes Vishnu as a fearful prowling beast. This verse depicts Vishnu as a powerful and terrifying Mrga, or animal, ruling over the earth with his three steps. Many interpret this as referring to a lion, and thus a precursor to the Narasimha story.&lt;ref&gt;H.H. Wilson (1866) Rig Veda (Translation and Commentary), [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc830647.html]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The full story of Indra killing Namuci is found in ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' (7th - 6th century BCE) of the ''[[Yajurveda]]'' in chapter 12.7.3. Other references to Narasimha are found in the Vedic texts Vajaseneyi Samhita 10.34, Pancavimsa Brahmana 12.6.8 and Taittiriya Brahmana 1.7.1.6.{{sfn|Soifer|1991|pp=37–39}}<br /> <br /> ====The story of Indra killing Namuci ====<br /> Narasimha has the same story as Indra killing Namuci in the Vedas.{{sfn|Soifer|1991|pp=37–39}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last=Bloomfield | first=Maurice | title=Contributions to the Interpretation of the Veda | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | publisher=American Oriental Society | volume=15 | year=1893 | doi=10.2307/592353 | pages=143–156| jstor=592353 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Indra]] is the [[dharma|dharmic]] King of Heaven of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] and [[Devi]]s who commands lightning, thunder, rain and rivers, while Namuci is a deceptive demon [[Asura]] in competition for power. Namuci tells peace to Indra, which Indra accepts. He demands Indra to promise that he will neither try to kill him with his &quot;palm of the hand nor with the fist&quot;, neither in day nor in night, neither with &quot;anything that is dry&quot; nor with &quot;anything that is wet&quot;. Indra agrees.{{sfn|Soifer|1991|pp=37–39}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last=Fowler | first=Murray | title=The Role of Surā in the Myth of Namuci | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | publisher=American Oriental Society | volume=62 | issue=1 | year=1942 | doi=10.2307/594098 | pages=36–40| jstor=594098 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the deal is done, Namuci carries away all that nourishes the gods and goddesses: the Soma drink, the essence of food and the strength of Indra. The leader of the gods and goddesses finds himself conflicted and feels bound by his promise. Indra then meets [[Saraswati|Sarasvati]] (goddess of knowledge) and the [[Ashvins|Ashvinas]].{{sfn|Soifer|1991|pp=37–39}} They reply they will deal with Namuci, get it all back, if Indra agrees to share his powers, the essence of food and the Soma drink with them. Indra agrees. The gods and the goddess then come up with a creative plan. They pour out a foam of water with a thunderbolt, and Indra takes a thunderbolt in his hand and Indra kills Namuci in evening.{{sfn|Soifer|1991|pp=37–39}}<br /> <br /> After Namuci is killed, the gods and goddesses get all the powers back, but discover that Namuci had drunk the Soma already. The good was thus now mixed with his evil of his blood, which they did not want to drink. So, they extract the good out from the evil. Thus, good returns to the gods and goddesses, the evil is destroyed.{{sfn|Soifer|1991|pp=37–39}}<br /> <br /> According to Deborah Soifer, this story is the same as the story of Narasimha, it has the same plot, the same &quot;neither-nor&quot; constraints, and the same creative powers of the good kills and destroys the evil. Further, the [[Sanskrit]] words and phrasing such as &quot;neither palm nor fist&quot; and &quot;neither day nor night&quot; in the later Hindu texts is the same as in the [[Vedas|Vedic]] texts. This suggests a link and continuity between the Vedic story of Indra killing Namuci and the story of Narasimha killing Hiranyakashipu in the Puranas.{{sfn|Soifer|1991|pp=37–39}} According to Walter Ruben, both stories along with several other stories in ancient and medieval texts reflect the Indian Subcontinental tradition of killing and destroying despots and tyrants who abuse power.&lt;ref&gt;Walter Ruben (1968), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41694231 Fighting against despotes in old Indian literature], Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 48/49, Golden Jubilee, Volume 1917-1967 (1968), pp. 111-118&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Puranas===<br /> Vishnu as Narasimha is mentioned in a variety of [[Puranas]], in 17 Puranas, Vishnu as Narasimha mentioned.&lt;ref&gt;Steven J. Rosen, ''Narasimha, The Half-Man - Half-Lion Incarnation of Vishnu'', p1&lt;/ref&gt; The Valmiki Ramayana (7.24), [[Harivamsa]] (41 &amp; 3.41-47), [[Vishnu Purana]] (1.16-20), [[Bhagavata Purana]] (Canto 7),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Ravi M. Gupta|author2=Kenneth R. Valpey|title=The Bhagavata Purana: Sacred Text and Living Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEPfrzAwO0sC |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-53147-4|pages=21–23, 32–35}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Agni Purana]] (4.2-3), [[Brahmanda Purana]] (2.5.3-29), [[Vayu Purana]] (67.61-66), [[Brahma Purana]] (213.44-79), [[Vishnudharmottara Purana]] (1.54), [[Kurma Purana]] (1.15.18-72), [[Matsya Purana]] (161-163), [[Padma Purana]] (5.42), [[Shiva Purana]] (2.5.43 &amp; 3.10-12), [[Linga Purana]] (1.95-96) and [[Skanda Purana]] (2.18.60-130) all mention Vishnu as Narasimha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=David Leeming|title=A Dictionary of Asian Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRwgAQAAQBAJ |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-512053-0|pages=125–126}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=S. M. Srinivasa Chari|title=Vaiṣṇavism: Its Philosophy, Theology, and Religious Discipline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evmiLInyxBMC |year=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1098-3|pages=35–38}}&lt;/ref&gt; In all these Puranas, Narasimha is described as the God of Destruction, who does destruction at the time of [[Pralaya]] and described as [[Kāla|Kala]].{{Sfn|Soifer|1991|p=102}} Narasimha is also described as having three eyes just like [[Shiva]] and does destruction with fire coming from his third eye.{{Sfn|Soifer|1991|p=92}}<br /> <br /> === Sangam literature ===<br /> The ''[[Paripāṭal|Paripatal]]'' (Dated between 300 BCE to 300 CE) ({{langx|ta|பரிபாடல்}}, meaning ''the paripatal-metre anthology'') is a classical [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poetic work and traditionally the fifth of the [[Eight Anthologies]] (''Ettutokai'') in [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=123–124}} [[Kamil Zvelebil]] states that the hymns dedicated to [[Vishnu]] and [[Kartikeya|Murugan]] has branded the Paripatal as a [[Sanskrit]] plagiat within the so-called Sangam texts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&amp;pg=PA48 | title=Tamil Literature | isbn=9783447015820 | last1=Zvelebil | first1=Kamil | date=25 September 1974 | publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Narasimha in Paripadal'''<br /> &lt;poem&gt;<br /> O Lord with faultless red eyes! With<br /> burning hatred in his mind and drying up the sandal paste on his chest, [[Hiranyakashipu]], the evil king, fought with his son [[Prahlada]] for singing your praises, causing on him great shock. Prahlada was not worried about Hiranyakashipu who deserved disrespect. You placed Prahlada’s away because of your love for him. You attacked and caught [[Hiranyakashipu]] with your great strength, catching his mountain-like chest as drums of deities roared like thunder. You disemboweled and killed Hiranyakashipu alive with your claws and wore Hiranyakashipu's organs as a garland and threw Hiranyakashipu's organs away, along with broken pieces of a pillar which you blasted and came out, as Narasimha.<br /> <br /> ''Paripadal, poem 4, Verses 10 - 21''&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceF&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://sangamtranslationsbyvaidehi.com/ettuthokai-paripadal/ | title=Ettuthokai – Paripādal | date=19 May 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;/poem&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Other texts===<br /> Narasimha is also found in and is the focus of ''[[Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad|Narasimha Tapaniya Upanishad]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last= Deussen|first=Paul| title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&amp;pg=PA809|year= 1997|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 978-81-208-1467-7| pages=809–858}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=S. M. Srinivasa Chari|title=Vaiṣṇavism: Its Philosophy, Theology, and Religious Discipline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evmiLInyxBMC |year=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1098-3|pages=132–134}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legends==<br /> ===Prahlada legend===<br /> [[File:Narasimha Disemboweling Hiranyakashipu, Folio from a Bhagavata Purana (Ancient Stories of the Lord) LACMA M.82.42.8 (1 of 5).jpg|thumb|Narasimha disemboweling and killing Hiranyakashipu, manuscript folio from Bhagavata Purana, 1760 CE - 1770 CE.]]<br /> <br /> The Bhagavata Purana says that Vishnu, in his previous avatara as [[Varaha]], killed the evil demon [[Hiranyaksha]]. The elder brother of Hiranyaksha, demon king [[Hiranyakashipu]], hated Vishnu and wanted revenge.&lt;ref name=&quot;dalal2010p148&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Roshen Dalal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&amp;pg=PA148 |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6 |page=148}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hiranyakashipu undertakes prolonged and severe austerities in an effort to achieve immortality and universal sovereignty.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Ravi M. |last2=Valpey |first2=Kenneth R. |title=The Bhāgavata Purāṇa: Sacred Text and Living Tradition |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-231-14998-3 |pages=24–25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moved by the intensity of these austerities, Brahma grants Hiranyakashipu a series of protective boons providing assurance that he cannot be killed:<br /> * by any creature, human or animal;<br /> * inside or outside;<br /> * during day or night;<br /> * on the ground or in the sky;<br /> * by weapons or by any created being.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuptaValpey25&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Ravi M. |last2=Valpey |first2=Kenneth R. |title=The Bhāgavata Purāṇa: Sacred Text and Living Tradition |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-231-14998-3 |page=25}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> <br /> Hiranyakashipu, once powerful and invincible with the new boon, began to persecute those who were devotees of Vishnu. Hiranyakashipu had a son, [[Prahlada]], who disagreed and rebelled against his father. Prahlada became a devotee of Vishnu. This angered Hiranyakashipu, who tried to kill the boy but with each attempt, Prahlada was protected by Vishnu's mystical power. When asked, Prahlada refused to acknowledge his father as the supreme lord of the universe and said that Vishnu is [[omnipresent]].<br /> <br /> Hiranyakashipu pointed to a nearby pillar and asked if 'his Vishnu' is in it and said to his son Prahlada, &quot;O most unfortunate Prahlada, you have always described a supreme being other than me, a supreme being who is above everything, who is the controller of everyone, and who is all-pervading. But where is He? If He is everywhere, then why is He not present before me in this pillar?&quot; Prahlada then answered, &quot;He was, He is, He will be.&quot;<br /> <br /> Hiranyakashipu, unable to contain his anger, struck the pillar with his mace. Following a tumultuous sound, Vishnu, in the form of Narasimha, emerged from it and attacked Hiranyakashipu in defense of Prahlada. The form of Narsimha was chosen to avoid the boon granted to Hiranyakashipu by [[Brahma]]. According to the boon, Hiranyakashipu could not be killed by a human, deity, or animal. Narasimha, being part-human and part-lion, was none of these. He confronted Hiranyakashipu at twilight (neither day nor night), on the threshold of a courtyard (neither indoors nor outdoors), and placed him on his lap (neither earth nor space). Using his sharp fingernails (neither [[animate]] nor [[wikt:inanimate|inanimate]]) as weapons, he disemboweled and killed Hiranyakashipu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HariHarji |url=http://hariharji.blogspot.com/2008_09_14_archive.html |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=hariharji.blogspot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Seeing that Narasimha was in rage, Brahma, [[Shiva]] and all of the other gods and goddesses sent Prahlada to pacify him. Prahlada prayed to Narasimha, and Ugra Narasimha became the peaceful Soumya Narasimha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Vishwananda |first1=Paramahamsa Sri Swami |title=The Essence of Shreemad Bhagavatam: A Seven-Day Journey to Love |date=2017 |publisher=Bhakti Marga Publications |isbn=978-3-940381-71-2 |page=374 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ3JDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT374 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Vishwananda |first1=Sri Swami |title=Just Love: The Essence of Everything, Volume 3 |date=2019 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-96343-046-6 |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MnHDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA75 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Krishnan |first1=S. A. |title=Prahlad and Holika: The Narasimha Avatar |date=2017 |publisher=SA Krishnan |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3617DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA30 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Kurma Purana describes the preceding battle between the [[Vishnu]] and demonic forces in which he destroys the powerful weapons of asuras and asuris and kills the asuras and asuris. According to Soifer, it describes how Prahlada's brothers and sisters, headed by Anuhrada and thousands of other demons, were all led to the valley of death by the man-lion (who was Vishnu as Narasimha) and killed.{{sfn|Soifer|1991|p=85 |loc=K.P.1.15.70}} The same episode occurs in the ''Matsya Purana'', several chapters after Narasimha disemboweled and killed Hiranyakashipu.{{sfn|Soifer|1991}}<br /> <br /> ==Iconography==<br /> [[File:Narasimha by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg|thumb| Narasimha slays Hiranyakashipu. Painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]<br /> Narasimha has a lion face with clawed fingers fused with a human body. He is coming out of a pillar signifying that he is everywhere, in everything, in everyone. Some temples such as at [[Ahobilam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], the iconography is more extensive, and includes nine other icons of Narasimha:&lt;ref name=&quot;dalal2010p262&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Prahladavarada Narasimha: Narasimha blessing Prahlada.<br /> *Yogananda Narasimha: Narasimha as serene and peaceful, teaching yoga.<br /> *Guha Narasimha: Narasimha in a pillar of Hiranyakashipu's palace to disembowel and kill Hiranyakashipu.<br /> *Ugra Narasimha: Narasimha disemboweling and killing Hiranyakashipu.<br /> *Vira Narasimha: Narasimha killing all asuras and asuris. <br /> *[[Lakshmi Narasimha]]: Vishnu as Narasimha with Lakshmi as Kanakavalli.<br /> *Jvala Narasimha: Narasimha emitting flames of power. <br /> *Sarvatomukha Narasimha: Narasimha with a powerful face.<br /> *Bhishana Narasimha: A ferocious form of Narasimha.<br /> *Bhadra Narasimha: Blessing form of Narasimha.<br /> *Mrityormrityu Narasimha: Narasimha destroying death of Prahlada by disemboweling and killing Hiranyakashipu.<br /> <br /> The earliest known iconography of Narasimha is variously dated to between the 2nd and the 4th-century CE, and these have been found in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh.&lt;ref name=merister292/&gt; Most images and temples of Narasimha are found in the peninsular region of India, but important ancient and medieval archeological sites containing Narasimha icons are also found as [[Vaikuntha Chaturmurti]] in Kashmir and [[Khajuraho temples]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Alexandra Anna Enrica van der Geer|title=Animals in Stone: Indian Mammals Sculptured Through Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ3quxh9gsgC |year=2008|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-16819-0|pages=404–407}}&lt;/ref&gt; while single face versions are found in [[Garhwa]] and [[Mathura]] (Uttar Pradesh) and in [[Ellora Caves]] (Maharashtra).&lt;ref name=&quot;dalal2010p262&quot;/&gt; Other major temples with notable icons of Narasimha are found in Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] ruins in Karnataka.&lt;ref name=&quot;dalal2010p262&quot;/&gt; Some of the oldest surviving Hindu temples, such as those found in [[Tigawa|Tigava]] and [[Eran]] (Madhya Pradesh), dated to early 5th-century, include Narasimha along with other avatars of Vishnu.&lt;ref name=merister292/&gt; The [[Thuravoor, Cherthala|Thuravoor Temple]] is the most important shrine to Narasimha in Kerala; the form of Narasimha there is known as ''Vatakanappan''.[[File:Narasimha statue at National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|A Statue of Narasimha disemboweling and killing Hiranyakashipu]]<br /> <br /> ==Significance==<br /> [[File:Narasimha Musée Guimet 2697.jpg|thumbnail|right|Narasimha, [[Chola]] period, 12th - 13th century CE, [[Tamil Nadu]]. from [[Guimet Museum]], Paris.]]<br /> Narasimha is a significant iconic symbol of creative resistance, hope against odds, victory over persecution, and destruction of evil. He is the destructor of not only external evil, but also one's own inner evil of &quot;body, speech, and mind&quot; states Pratapaditya Pal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author= Pratapaditya Pal|title=Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700|url= https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa |url-access= registration|year=1986|publisher= University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05991-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa/page/42 42]–43}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Indian Subcontinental art – sculptures, bronzes and paintings – Vishnu's incarnation as Narasimha is one of the most chosen incarnations in Dashavatara of Vishnu and amongst all [[Dashavatara]] of Vishnu, Narasimha is popular.<br /> <br /> Narasimha is worshipped across Telangana and Andhra Pradesh States in numerous forms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Vemsani|first1=Lavanya|title=Narasimha, The Supreme Deity of Andhra Pradesh: Tradition and Innovation in Hinduism- An Examination of the Temple Myths, Folk Stories, and Popular Culture|journal=Journal of Contemporary Religion|date=2009|volume=24|issue=1|pages=35–52|url=https://www.academia.edu/231458|doi=10.1080/13537900802630489|s2cid=143495199}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although, it is common that each of the temples contain depictions of Narasimha in more than one form, Ahobilam contains nine temples of Narasimha dedicated to the nine forms of Narasimha. Statues of Narasimha disemboweling and killing Hiranyakashipu are common, and this image of Narasimha disemboweling and killing Hiranyakashipu is commonly worshipped in temples, and it is drawn.<br /> <br /> There exists a [[matha]] (monastery) dedicated to him by the name of [[Parakala Matha]] at [[Mysore|Mysuru]] in the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] tradition. There is also [[Ahobila mutt]], another Srivaishnava matha that primarily worships Narasimha, and controls [[Ahobilam]], [[Thiruvallur]], Pulamboothangudi, and Aadanur temples. Kshetras for Narasimha include [[Ahobilam]] where [[Lakshmi Narasimha]] and [[Nava Narasimha]]s are worshiped.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Rangachar Vasantha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFDkAAAAMAAJ |title=The Nārāyaṇasvāmi Temple at Mēlkōṭe: An Archaeological and Historical Study |publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums |year=1991 |page=9 |quote=The layout of this matha is almost like that of the Parakāla - matha above described. Here too in the central shrine are kept a few bronze [[murti]]s, including that of Lakshmi Narasimha, the presiding deity of that matha.}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ===Coins, inscriptions and terracotta===<br /> Narasimha is influential in the 5th-century CE, when various Gupta Empire rulers minted coins with his images or sponsored inscriptions that associated the powers of Narasimha with their own. The rulers thus showed their rule as someone like Narasimha who killed and destroyed evil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Daniel E Bassuk|title=Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=k3iwCwAAQBAJ |year=1987|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-349-08642-9|pages=27–28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the coins of the Kushan era show Narasimha, showing his influence.&lt;ref&gt;Emilia Smagur 92015), Vaishnavite Influences in the Kushan Coinage, ''Notae Numismaticae. Zapiski numizmatyczne'', Issue 10, pages 63-85&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some of the oldest Narasimha terracotta artworks have been dated to about the 2nd century CE, such as those discovered in Kaushambi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Los Angeles County Museum of Art|author2=Pratapaditya Pal|title=Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700|url=https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa |url-access=registration|year=1986|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05991-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa/page/192 192]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A nearly complete, exquisitely carved standing Narasimha statue, wearing a ''pancha'', with personified attributes near him has been found at the Mathura archeological site and is dated to the 6th century CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Los Angeles County Museum of Art|author2=Pratapaditya Pal|title=Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700|url=https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa |url-access=registration|year=1986|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05991-7|pages= [https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa/page/252 252]–253}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Andhra Pradesh, one of the earliest depictions dates to the 4th century CE at Kondamotu in [[coastal Andhra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Verghese |first=Anila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zyluAAAAMAAJ |title=Religious Traditions at Vijayanagara, as Revealed Through Its Monuments |date=1995 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-086-3 |pages=39 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Elgood |first=Heather |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAcF8RgbtZ0C&amp;q=Kondamotu+narasimha+oldest |title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts |date=1 April 2000 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-8264-9865-6 |pages=60 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A panel dating to third-fourth century CE shows a full theriomorphic squatting lion with two extra human arms behind his shoulders holding a conch and a discus. This lion, flanked by [[Vrishni heroes|five heroes (''Viras'')]], is Narasimha.&lt;ref&gt;Abdul Waheed Khan, ''An Early Sculpture of Narasimha'', Andhra Pradesh Government Archaeological Series 16, Hyderabad: Government of Andhra Pradesh, 1964.&lt;/ref&gt; Standing cult images of Narasimha from the early Gupta period, survive from temples at Tigowa and Eran.&lt;ref&gt;Alexander Cunningham, Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Reports IX (1873-75), p.47&lt;/ref&gt; These sculptures are two-armed, long maned, frontal, wearing only a lower garment, and with no demon-figure of Hiranyakashipu. Statues of Narasimha disemboweling and killing Hiranyakasipu survive from slightly later Gupta-period temples: one at Madhia and one from a temple-doorway now set into the Kurma Matha at Nachna, both dated to the late fifth or early sixth century CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michael W. Meiste 1996 pp. 291-301&quot;&gt;Michael W. Meiste, ''Man and Man-Lion: The Philadelphia Narasiṁha'', Artibus Asiae, Vol. 56, No. 3/4 (1996), pp. 291–301&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> An image of Narasimha supposedly dating to second-third century CE sculpted at [[Mathura]] was acquired by the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1987. It was described by Stella Kramrisch, the former Philadelphia Museum of Art's Indian curator, as &quot;''perhaps the earliest image of Narasimha as yet known''&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michael W. Meiste 1996 pp. 291-301&quot; /&gt; This figure depicts a furled brow, fangs, and lolling tongue is same as later images of Narasimha, but the idol's robe, simplicity, and stance set it apart. On Narasimha's chest under his upper garment appears the suggestion of an amulet, which Stella Kramrisch associated with Vishnu's cognizance, the Kaustubha jewel. This upper garment flows over both shoulders; but below Hiranyakasipu, the demon-figure placed horizontally across Narasimha's body, a twisted waist-band suggests a separate garment covering the legs. The Hiranyakashipu's hair streams behind him, catching his head against Narasimha's right knee. He wears a simple single strand of beads. His body is caught and held down. His face is pushed down. His eyes face away below from the face of Vishnu. Hiranyakashipu is caught and pulled down as Narasimha disembowels and kills him. His organs are disemboweled and fall over his right side. In [[Matsya Purana]] it is shown Narasimha disemboweled and killed Hiranyakashipu as a plaiter of straw mats shreds his reeds&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michael W. Meiste 1996 pp. 291-301&quot; /&gt; Based on the [[Gandhara]] style of robe worn by the idol, Michael Meiste altered the date of the image to fourth century CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michael W. Meiste 1996 pp. 291-301&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> An image of Narasimha, dating to the 9th century CE, was found on the northern slope of Mount Ijo, at Prambanan, Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;[[Jan Fontein]], et al. (1990). The sculpture of Indonesia, p. 145&lt;/ref&gt; Images of Trivikrama and Varāha avatāras were also found at Prambanan, Indonesia. Vishnu and His avataras have iconographic differences characteristic of the art of central Java. This includes physiognomy of central Java, an exaggerated volume of garment, and some elaboration of the jewelry. This decorative scheme once formulated became, with very little modification, an accepted norm for sculptures throughout the Central Javanese period (circa 730–930 CE). Despite the iconographic peculiarities, the stylistic antecedents of the Java sculptures can be traced back to Indian carvings as the Chalukya and Pallava images of the 6th–7th centuries CE.&lt;ref&gt;Debjani Paul (1978) ''Deity or Deified King? Reflections on a Unique Vaiṣṇavite Sculpture from Java', Artibus Asiae, Vol. 40, No. 4 (1978), pp. 311–333.''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Performance arts===<br /> The story of Narasimha disemboweling and killing Hiranyakashipu is a part of various [[Indian classical dance]] repertoire. For example, [[Kathakali]] theatre has included the story of Narasimha disemboweling and killing Hiranyakashipu in battle, and performances of ''Prahlada Charitam'' with Narasimha has been one of the popular performances in [[Kerala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author= Philip Zarrilly|title=The Kathakali Complex: Performance &amp; Structure|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CjwYysH2ZQIC |year=1984 |publisher= Abhinav Publications|isbn= 978-81-7017-187-4|pages=160–161, 202–212, xxxvi (Figure 12)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the [[Bhagavata Mela]] dance-drama performance arts of Tamil Nadu traditionally celebrate the annual Narasimha Jayanti festival by performing the story within regional Narasimha temples.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Farley P. Richmond|author2=Darius L. Swann|author3=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C |year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0981-9|pages=140, 172–173}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notable temples ==<br /> ===India===<br /> ====[[Andhra Pradesh]]====<br /> * [[Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam]].<br /> * [[Ahobilam|Ahobila Nava Narasimha Swamy temples]].<br /> * [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Mangalagiri]], [[Mangalagiri]].<br /> * [[Vedadri Narasimha Temple]], [[Vedadri]].<br /> * Penchalakona Narasimha temple<br /> <br /> ====[[Karnataka]]====<br /> * [[Guru Narasimha Temple, Saligrama|Guru Narasimha Temple, Saligma]], [[Saligrama|Saligra]].<br /> * [[Narasimha Jharni]], [[Bidar]].<br /> * [[Yoganarasimha Temple, Devarayanadurga]], [[Devarayanadurga]].<br /> * [[Yoga Narasimha Temple]], [[Melukote]].<br /> * [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Bhadravati]], [[Bhadravati, Karnataka]].<br /> * [[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Javagal]], [[Hassan, Karnataka]].<br /> * [[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Haranhalli]], [[Hassan, Karnataka]].<br /> * [[Seebi Narasimhaswamy Temple, Seebi]], [[Tumkur, Karnataka]].<br /> <br /> ====[[Kerala]]====<br /> In Kerala, there is at least one temple dedicated to Narasimha in each of its 14 districts. Notable ones are:<br /> * [[Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Thalassery]], [[Thalassery]], [[Kannur district]].<br /> * [[Kozha Sree Narasimhaswami Temple]], [[Kottayam district]].<br /> * [[Sri Narasimhamoorthy Temple]], [[Chelakkara]], [[Thrissur District]].<br /> <br /> ====[[Odisha]]====<br /> * [[Narasimha Temple, Bhubaneswar]], [[Bhubaneswar]].<br /> * [[Narasimha Temple, Puri]], [[Puri]].<br /> <br /> ====[[Tamil Nadu]]====<br /> * [[Yoga Narasimha Temple]], [[Sholinghur]]<br /> * [[Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal|Namakkal Narasimha Temple]], [[Namakkal]].<br /> * [[Narasingam Yoga Narasimha Perumal Temple]].<br /> * [[Yoga Narasimha Swamy Temple]], [[Karur]]<br /> <br /> ====[[Telangana]]====<br /> * [[Hare Krishna Golden Temple]]. <br /> * [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Yadadri]], [[Yadadri]].<br /> * [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Dharmapuri]].<br /> <br /> ====[[West Bengal]]====<br /> * [[Temple of the Vedic Planetarium, Mayapur]], [[Nabadwip]].<br /> <br /> ==Notable Shrine/Ruins==<br /> <br /> ===India===<br /> ====[[Karnataka]]====<br /> * Burnt shrine restored with largest monolith (6.7 metres (22 ft)) of Yoga-Narasimha, Bhagwati Lakshmi idol removed post arson attempt., [[Hampi]]<br /> ===Pakistan===<br /> Ruins of [[Prahladpuri Temple]]<br /> <br /> == Notable Matha ==<br /> ===India===<br /> ====[[Andhra Pradesh]]====<br /> [[Ahobila Matha]]<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * ''[[Narasinha Avatar|Narasimha Avatara]]''<br /> * [[Narasimha Purana]]<br /> * [[Narasimha Satakam]]<br /> * [[Ramtek Kevala Narasimha temple inscription|Ramateka Kevala Narasimha temple inscription]]<br /> * [[Kangla Sha]]<br /> * [[Nongshāba|Nongashaba]]<br /> * [[Mahavatar Narasimha]] (2024 Hindi film)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> *{{cite book|title=The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OoFDK_sDGHwC|first=Deborah A.|last=Soifer|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1991|isbn = 9780791407998}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{commons category|Narasimha}}<br /> *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756820 Iconography and Symbolism of Panchamukha Narasimha], R. Kalidos (1987)<br /> <br /> {{VishnuAvatars}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Narasimha| ]]<br /> [[Category:Avatars of Vishnu]]<br /> [[Category:Lion gods]]<br /> [[Category:Animals in Hinduism]]<br /> [[Category:Akilattirattu Ammanai]]<br /> [[Category:Ayyavazhi mythology]]<br /> [[Category:Mythological human–animal hybrids]]<br /> [[Category:Heroes in Hindu mythology]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bijapur_Fort&diff=456707 2026-01-30T02:54:45Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: minor reworked information further and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Fort in Bijapur, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox military installation<br /> |name = Bijapur Fort<br /> |partof = [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]]<br /> |location =[[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]], India<br /> |image = [[File:Part of Fort, Beejapore..jpg|300px]]<br /> |caption = View of Bijapur Fort from the moat <br /> |map_type = India Karnataka<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|16.8276|75.7087|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}<br /> |map_size = 300<br /> |map_caption = <br /> |type = [[Fort]] <br /> |code = <br /> |built = 16th century<br /> |builder = [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] in 1566<br /> |materials = [[Granites]] and lime mortar<br /> |height = <br /> |used = <br /> |demolished =<br /> |condition = Ruins<br /> |open_to_public = Yes<br /> |controlledby = [[Government of Karnataka]]<br /> |garrison = <br /> |current_commander = <br /> |commanders =<br /> |occupants = <br /> |battles = <br /> |events = <br /> |image2 = [[File:Bijapur citadel.jpg|300px]]<br /> |caption2 = Layout Plan of Bijapur Fort<br /> }}<br /> The '''Bijapur Fort''' (Vijapur kote) is located in the [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur city]] in [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur District]] of the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. Bijapur fort has a plethora of historical monuments of architectural importance built during the rule of [[Adil Shahi]] dynasty.&lt;ref name=&quot;kannadasiri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heritage Areas |url=http://kannadasiri.kar.nic.in/heritage/heritage_areas.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820205534/http://kannadasiri.kar.nic.in/heritage/heritage_areas.htm |archive-date=Aug 20, 2009 |accessdate=2009-11-28 |work=Bijapur |publisher=Office Of the Commissioner, Archaeology, Museums &amp; Heritage, Mysore: Government of Karnataka}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bijapur&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bijapuronline.com/|title=Welcome to Bijapur|accessdate=2009-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221153702/http://bijapuronline.com/|archive-date=21 February 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=city&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bijapurcity.gov.in/|title=A brief History|accessdate=2011-11-28|publisher=Bijapur Cith Municipal Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030192813/http://www.bijapurcity.gov.in/|archive-date=30 October 2005|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Adil Shahi]] [[Sultans]] who ruled for nearly 200 years in Bijapur had expended their utmost authority, almost exclusively, on architecture and the allied arts, each Sultan endeavored to excel his predecessor in the number, size, or splendor of his building projects. As a result, the buildings seen in and around Bijapur Fort and the town have been rightly called as the [[Agra]] of [[South India]].&lt;ref name=kannadasiri/&gt;&lt;ref name=bijapur/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{off topic|date=July 2024}}<br /> The rich history of the fort, the citadel, and other structures is subsumed in the history of Bijapur city, which was established in the 10th–11th centuries by the [[Kalyani Chalukyas]]. It was then known as ''Vijayapura'' (city of victory). The city came under the influence of the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultanate]] in [[Delhi]] by the late 13th century. In 1347, the area was conquered by the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of [[Gulbarga]]. By this time, the city was being referred as Vijapur or Bijapur.&lt;ref name=kannadasiri/&gt;&lt;ref name=bijapur/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Yusuf Adil Shah]], son of Murad II, the Sultan of Turkey had joined the Bidar court of the sultanate in 1481 under the then Sultan Mohammed III. He had been purchased as slave by [[Mahmud Gavan]], the [[prime minister]] of the kingdom. He was later, in 1481, appointed as the Governor of Bijapur for his loyalty and bravery shown in the active defense of the [[sultanate]]. The fort and the citadel or Arkilla and the Faroukh Mahal were built by him with the skilled architects and artisans whom he had inducted into his employment from [[Iran|Persia]], Turkey and [[Rome]]. Yusuf declared himself independent of Sultan’s rule and thus established the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]] or the [[Bahmani kingdom]], in 1489 (in 1482, the Bahmini empire broke into five kingdoms and Bijapur sultanate was one of them).&lt;ref name=kannadasiri/&gt;&lt;ref name=bijapur/&gt;&lt;ref name=city/&gt;&lt;ref name=kamat&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/bijapur/adilshahis.htm|title=History of Bijapur: The Adil Shahi Kingdom (1510 CE to 1686 CE)|author=Dr. (Mrs) Jyotsna Kamat|accessdate=2009-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=tribune/&gt;<br /> <br /> Ibrahim Adil Shah, son of Yusuf Adil Shah by his [[Hindu]] wife Punji (daughter of a [[Maratha]] warrior), succeeded his father who died in 1510. Since he was a minor at the time of his father's death, there was an attempt to grab the throne, which was effectively thwarted by the timely intervention of his valiant mother fighting for her son's cause in male attire. He then became the ruler of [[Bijapur Sultanate]]. He was instrumental in making further additions to the fort and also building the Jami Masjid within the fort.&lt;ref name=city/&gt;&lt;ref name=kamat/&gt;&lt;ref name=tribune/&gt;<br /> <br /> Ibrahim Adil Shah’s successor [[Ali Adil Shah I]] forged an alliance with other [[Muslim]] rulers of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] (other Shahi kingdoms of ([[Ahmednagar]] and [[Bidar]]). Ali built several structures in the fort and the city suburbs, such as the Gagan Mahal, Ali Rauza (his own tomb), Chand Bawdi (a large well) and the Jami Masjid.<br /> [[File:ChandBibiHawking.png|left|thumb|[[Chand Bibi]], the [[regent]] of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]]]]<br /> Since Ali did not have a son of his own, his nephew Ibrahim II was crowned the king. But he was also a minor when he was crowned and his mother [[Chand Bibi]] effectively protected him, acting as the regent of Bijapur. Ibrahim, the fifth king of the dynasty of Bahmanis, was a tolerant and an intellectual king who forged good relationship between [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]] and also between [[Shia]] and [[Sunni]] Muslims in his kingdom and ushered harmony among the people of his kingdom; history has therefore titled him with the name of &quot;Jagadguru Badshah&quot;. He ruled for 46 years. He also built [[Hindu temples]] within his palace precincts and composed verses dedicated to [[Saraswati]] (Hindu goddess of learning) and [[Ganapati]], the Hindu god of wisdom. He was also a great patron of music and learning. He built the world-famous [[Gol Gumbaz]] (the second biggest dome in the world with whispering galleries). During his reign, the historic Mallik-E-Maidan, the gun position, was erected in the fort precincts. The gun is a massive arsenal of {{convert|4.45|m|ft}} length, which is seen even now at the same location in a good condition.&lt;ref name=kamat/&gt;&lt;ref name=tribune/&gt;&lt;ref name=kala&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/bijapur/adilshah2.htm|title=History of Bijapur: Ibrahim Adil Shah II |accessdate=2009-11-28|author=Jyotsna Kamat|publisher=Kamat potpourri}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the last decade of Adil Shah’s power, when he fell sick, his wife Bariba is said to have ruled. After he died in 1646, his adopted son [[Ali Adil Shah II]] came to power but there were internal struggles for the [[rein]]s of power. The dynasty's control thus weakened. Bijapur was greatly weakened after the defeat of Afzal Khan and his 10,000 man Bijapur forces by the [[Maratha]] ruler [[Shivaji Maharaj]], who had attacked Bijapur repeatedly and plundered it but later agreed to an armistice to consolidate his forces to capture [[Karnataka]]. But after Shivaji Maharaj died, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] led by [[Aurangzeb]] finally annexed the kingdom after the [[Siege of Bijapur]] in the year 1686 that eventually ended with the death of [[Sikandar Adil Shah]] the last of the Adil Shahi's. With this defeat, the 200-year rule of [[Adil Shahi dynasty]] ended and Bijapur sultanate was incorporated into the [[Mughal Empire]], in 1686. During this period, Adil Shah had started building his mausoleum, called the Bara Kaman, but he died before he could complete it.&lt;ref name=bijapur/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lach&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lach|first=Donald.F|title= Asia in the making of Europe, Volume 3, Book 2|work=Bijapur|page=860 (notes) |accessdate=2009-11-29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPPiumz4vx0C&amp;pg=RA1-PA860|publisher= University of Chicago Press|year=1993|isbn=0-226-46754-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Two centuries later, in 1877, during the British rule, due to scarcity (famine conditions) Bijapur city was found in a desolate and deserted state that was compared to similarly placed ruined cities of [[Baalbek]] in [[Bekaa Valley]] of [[Lebanon]] or [[Pompeiopolis]] in Rome. The palaces and tombs in the fort were in ruins. Bijapur was like the city of the dead, for there was no water or food in the city.&lt;ref name =fortnightly&gt;{{Cite book|title= The Fortnightly, Volume 3|work=Bijapur city|pages=225–226|accessdate=2009-11-29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQgeAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Rivers+near+Bijapur+city&amp;pg=PA226|publisher= Chapman and Hall|year=1880}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Structures==<br /> The fort precinct is studded with the historical fort, palaces, mosques, tombs and gardens built by the Adil Shahis with their deep interest in architecture (in [[Persian architecture|Persian]], [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkish]] and the allied arts. Some ruins of ancient temples, predating the Adilshahi period, are also seen. The most striking structures, in the order of their importance, are the Citadel or Arkilla, the [[Jama Mosque, Bijapur|Jamia Masjid]] (or Jumma masjid), the Gagan Mahal palace, the tomb of Ali Rauza or Ibrahim Roza (tomb of Ibrahim Adil Shah I), Chand Bawdi or Taj Bavdi (a large well), Mahatar Mahal (Dilkusha Mahal), Malikah-e-Jahan Mosque, Jal Mahal, and also an innocuous well in the vicinity of the fort with a legend of a tragedy linked to a brave but jealous general of the dynasty. It is said that the Adilshahis, during their reign of 200 years, built over 50 mosques, 20 tombs and 20 palaces. Bijapur has, therefore, been called as [[Agra]] of [[South India]].&lt;ref name=kannadasiri/&gt;&lt;ref name=bijapur/&gt;&lt;ref name=city/&gt;&lt;ref name=tribune&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020324/spectrum/heritage.htm|title=Bijapur Heritage|accessdate=2009-11-28|work=The Tribune|date=2002-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name =tourist/&gt;<br /> <br /> Apart from these monuments, Ibrahim II also built the Dattatreya Temple, to the west of the citadel. It contains a pair of [[paduka]] (foot sandals) of saint Narasimha Saraswati.&lt;ref name=kannadasiri/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Fort===<br /> The fort and the citadel within it were completed by Yusuf Adil Shah in 1566.&lt;ref name=EB1911/&gt; They were built in two concentric circles. The citadel at the centre of the two concentric circles has a circumferential length of {{convert|400|m|ft}}. The east–west axis of the fort measures {{convert|3|km|mi}}. The circumferential length of the fort’s outer wall, which encloses the old city, measures {{convert|10|km|mi}}. It is strongly fortified with the most massive materials with ninety-six large bastions of various designs.&lt;ref name=EB1911/&gt; The bastions are decorated with &quot;crenellations and interspersed with machicolations&quot;. In addition, there are ten other [[bastions]] at the five main gateways&lt;ref name=EB1911/&gt; (which are arched and decorated entrances) to the fort. It is surrounded by a moat of {{convert|30|ft|m}} to {{convert|40|ft|m}} width (assessed depth of {{convert|10|ft|m}}, but is presently silted up that even obscures its presence and hence its depth cannot be correctly stated).&lt;ref name=EB1911/&gt; The fort wall has varying height, about {{convert|50|ft|m}} high. The width is about {{convert|25|ft|m}}; from bastion to bastion runs a battlemented curtained wall about {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} high.&lt;ref name=EB1911/&gt;&lt;ref name=tourist&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bijapuronline.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=47&amp;Itemid=53|title=Places to visit|accessdate=2009-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221095226/http://www.bijapuronline.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=47&amp;Itemid=53|archive-date=21 December 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=fort&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/p/019pho0000254s3u00053000.html<br /> |title= Part of Fort, Beejapore|accessdate=2009-11-28|publisher =British Library On Line Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=image&gt;{{cite news|url= http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000247u00003000.html|title= Citadel of Bejapoor Plan|accessdate=2009-11-29|publisher=British Library On Line Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The five gateways in the fort are the Makka gate on the west, the Shahapur gate at the north-west corner, the Bahmani gate on the north, the Allahpur gate on the east, and the Fateh gate on the south-east.<br /> <br /> In the days when Bijapur Sultanate commanded almost the whole of the Deccan territory, the strongly fortified fort had more than 1000 canons made of brass and iron. The palace inside was encompassed by two moats. As also reported, in the mid 16th century, the palace was guarded by 2000 men and the city had a [[garrison]] of 5000 men headed by Nammouth Chan, an [[Italians|Italian]].&lt;ref&gt;Lach p. 859&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Jamia masjid===<br /> {{Main|Jama Masjid, Bijapur}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; border:2px solid orange;&quot;<br /> |+ Jamia Masjid<br /> |width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;|[[File:View from the south-east of the Jami Masjid, Bijapur..jpg|150px]]<br /> |width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;|[[File:Jumma Masjid - Quran.JPG|150px]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;top&quot;| View of the Jami Masjid from the south-east<br /> |valign=&quot;top&quot;| The [[Quran]], written in gold at Jumma Masjid’s [[mehrab]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Jamia Masjid located in the southeast part of the city, the largest mosque of Bijapur, was started in 1565, but not fully completed. It has an arcaded prayer hall with fine aisles supported on massive piers and has an impressive dome in the façade which has nine bays. The large courtyard also has a water tank. It is called the Jami Masjid or Jumma Masjid as [[Khutba|Qutba]] is read here every Friday. The masjid spreads over an area of {{convert|10810|m2|ft2}}. The mosque building is in a rectangular shape of size {{convert|170|m|ft}} x {{convert|70|m|ft}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bijapurcity.gov.in/tourism.html|title=Tourism details nearby Bijapur city|work=Juma Masjid|accessdate=2009-11-30|publisher=Bijapur City Municipal Council|quote=This imposing mosque (the rectangle is 170m x 70 m) is incomplete, lacking in 2 minarets|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212203002/http://www.bijapurcity.gov.in/tourism.html|archive-date=12 February 2006|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The façade depicts nine large arches with five inner arches enclosing 45 compartments; the building is incomplete as two minarets are missing or not built. The dome is semicircular in shape. In 1636, the arched shaped [[mehrab]] in the mosque was gilded and inscribed with [[Iran|Persia]]n verses, at the instance of Muhammad Adil Shah. Another interesting feature is the 2250 inlaid rectangular tiles in the form of prayer rugs seen in the prayer hall. The tiles were laid at the orders of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb also got the mosque extended with an eastern gate and verandahs to the east, the south and the north.&lt;ref name=city/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tourist&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=jami&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/c/019pho000001003u01844000.html|title=Close view of the central portion of the screen of the east façade of the Jami Masjid, Bijapur|accessdate=2009-11-29|publisher=British Library On Line Gallery|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021155201/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/c/019pho000001003u01844000.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=masjid&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/v/019pho000001003u01839000.html|title=View from the south-east of the Jami Masjid, Bijapur|accessdate=2009-11-29|publisher=British Library On Line Gallery|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021155208/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/v/019pho000001003u01839000.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Mehtar Mahal===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; border:2px solid orange;&quot;<br /> |+ Mehtar Mahal<br /> | width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:MehatarMahal.jpg|150px]]<br /> | width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Close view of the doorway of the Mehtar Mahal, Bijapur.jpg|150px]]<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; | Mehtar Mahal<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; | Doorway of the Mehtar Mahal<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Though modestly sized, Mehtar Mahal dated to 1620 is one of the most elegant structures in the fort; the entry gate in particular has been built in [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] style. The façade has three arches, which depict exquisite &quot;cornice supported on carved corbels&quot;. A gateway leads to the Mehtar mosque, which is a three-storey building. It has two slender minarets that are covered with delicately carved birds and rows of swans. The carvings are in Hindu architectural style, in the form of brackets supporting the balconies and stone trellis work. The building has a flat roof and minarets have rounded top.&lt;ref name=&quot;tourist&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mehtar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u01856000.html|title=General view of the Mehtar Mahal Mosque|accessdate=2009-11-28|publisher=British Library On Line Gallery|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021155226/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u01856000.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;basalt&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Barakaman<br /> [[File:BaraKaman.jpg|thumb|left|Barakaman- unfinished tomb of Ali Adil Shah]]<br /> Barakaman (meaning 12 arches) is a mausoleum of Ali Roza built in 1672. It is located to the north of the citadel and the Gagan Mahal, in the midst of a public garden. It was initially called as Ali Roza, but Shah Nawab Khan changed its name to Bara Kaman, as this was the 12th monument built during his reign and was planned with 12 arches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/6358278/Barakaman-Ali-Roza-II|title=Barakaman (Ali Roza)|quote=A mausoleum of Ali Roza built in 1672. It was previously named as Ali Roza, but Shah Nawab Khan changed its name to Bara Kaman as this was the 12th monument during his reign. It has now seven arches and the tomb containing the graves of Ali, his queens and eleven other ladies possibly belonging to the Zenana of the queens.}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a {{convert|215|ft|m|adj=on}} square building built on a raised platform. It has now seven arches built of brown [[basalt]]ic stone, in [[Gothic style]]. The tomb is in an inner raised enclosure, which contains the graves of Ali, queens and eleven other ladies, possibly belonging to the Zenana of the queens.&lt;ref name=&quot;tourist&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;basalt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiamike.com/india-articles/20_bijapur-karnataka/|title=Bijapur: Karnataka|accessdate=2009-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Malik-e-Maidan===<br /> {{main|Malik-E-Maidan}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; border:2px solid orange;&quot;<br /> |+ The Malik-i-Maidan, the Gun position<br /> | width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:View of the Malik-i-Maidan Gun in the Fort at Bijapur.jpg|150px]]<br /> | width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Malik E Maidan.jpg|150px]]<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; | View of the Malik-i-Maidan gun position in 1865<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |The Malik-i-Maidan is stated to be the largest piece of cast bronze ordnance in the world&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bijapur |volume=3 |page=928}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> The Malik-i-Maidan (Master of the Battlefield), also called Burj-E-Sherz, was erected by [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]]. It was named after the [[Battle of Talikota]] of 1565 in which the Vijayanagara Empire was routed. It is now located in the fort on its western ramparts between two bastions. It has a large cannon, {{convert|4.45|m|ft}} long and {{convert|1.5|m|ft}} in diameter with a {{convert|700|mm|in}} bore. The cannon weighs 55 tonnes and is considered one of the largest medieval guns made.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiamike.com/india-articles/20_bijapur-karnataka/|title=Bijapur, Karnataka|work=Burj-E-Sherz|accessdate=2009-11-30|quote=Malik-e-Maidan cannon (Lord of the Battlefield). It was used in the battle of Talikot, when the Vijayanagara Empire fell. Measuring 4.45 m in length, 1.5 m in diameter and weighing an estimated 55 tonnes, it is one of the largest medieval guns ever made}}&lt;/ref&gt; The unusual feature of the gun is that its muzzle is shaped in the form of a lion head with carved open jaws as if devouring an elephant (depicted between the jaws). The gun is cool when touched even during the hot summer season and when tapped gives soft resonating sound. It is said that touching it brings good luck. From the inscriptions on the gun position, it is deduced that the gun was cast in 1549 at [[Ahmadnagar]] from bell metal by Muhammad Bin Husain Rumi. Another inscription records that Aurangzeb conquered Bijapur in 1685-86.&lt;ref name=&quot;city&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tribune&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tourist&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;basalt&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maidan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/other/019pho0000125s3u00050000.html|title=View of the Malik-i-Maidan Gun in the Fort at Bijapur|accessdate=2009-11-28|publisher=British On Line gallery|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021155233/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/other/019pho0000125s3u00050000.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also said that the large weight of the canon discouraged the British from carrying it as a trophy to England.&lt;ref name=&quot;fortnightly&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Gagan Mahal===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; border:2px solid orange;&quot;<br /> |+ Gagan Mahal or Heavenly Palace<br /> | width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:View across the moat towards the Gagan Mahal and the Sat Manzili, Bijapur..jpg|150px]]<br /> | width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:View of the Gagan Mahal or durbar hall, Bijapur.jpg|150px]]<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; | View of the Gagan Mahal and the Sat Manzili from the moat<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; | Another view of Gagan Mahal<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Gagan Mahal or Heavenly Palace was built by Ali Adil Shah I in 1561 as a royal palace with a [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] hall. It has three impressive arches and the central arch is the widest. The durbar hall was located in the ground floor while the first floor was built as the private residence of the royal family. But both floors are now in ruins. The façade of the palace has three arches; the central arch, which is the largest of the three, is {{convert|20|m|ft}} long and {{convert|17|m|ft}} high.&lt;ref name=&quot;tribune&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tourist&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;basalt&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gagan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/v/019pho000001003u01802000.html| title=View across the moat towards the Gagan Mahal and the Sat Manzili, Bijapur| accessdate=2009-11-29| publisher=British Library On Line Gallery| archive-date=21 October 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021155303/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/v/019pho000001003u01802000.html| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sat Manzili===<br /> Sat Manzili was originally a seven-storeyed palace but now only five floors exist. It is conjectured that it was a pleasure pavilion built in 1583 during the reign of Ibrahim II Adil Shah.&lt;ref name=&quot;durbar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/v/019pho0000125s3u00055000.html| title=View of the Gagan Mahal or durbar hall, Bijapur| accessdate=2009-11-29| publisher=British Library On Line Gallery| archive-date=21 October 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021155332/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/v/019pho0000125s3u00055000.html| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> An engraving of a painting of this building by W Turner can be seen in {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832/The Palace of Seven Stories|The Palace of Seven Stories]]}} with a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] and, as she writes 'No steps are heard in the ruined hall. Such is man's pride, and such is its fall.' In a note, she records a traditional reason for the construction of such an elevated structure.&lt;ref&gt; {{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=8MpcAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PP32|section=poetical illustration|page=10|year=1831|publisher=Fisher, Son &amp; Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=8MpcAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PP35|section=picture|year=1831|publisher=Fisher, Son &amp; Co.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Asar Mahal==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; border:2px solid orange;&quot;<br /> |+ Asar Mahal or Dad Mahal or Asar-i-Sharaf<br /> | width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:The Asar Mahal, Bijapur.jpg|150px]]<br /> | width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Asar-i-Sharaf. Fine verandah 33 ft x 120 ft, roof supported by four massive wooden pillars, fine reservoir in front 25 yds x 60 yds. -Bijapur-..jpg|150px]]<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; | View of Asar Mahal from the reservoir<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; | Fine verandah, roof supported by four wooden pillars and reservoir<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Asar Mahal or palace was constructed in 1646 by the Adil Shahis. It is located to the east of the citadel. A bridge connects it and it is well preserved. It is also known as Dad Mahal since it was initially used as hall of justice. It was later converted as [[reliquary]] and has become a highly revered place since it is said to hold two hairs from the beard of [[Muhammad]]. The portico has impressive wooden columns (four numbers of octagonal shape) and is double the normal height and has wooden panelled ceiling. It faces an artificial lake. The walls and ceiling of the hall display landscape paintings. Women are prohibited from entering this Mahal.&lt;ref name=&quot;basalt&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mahal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000125s3u00065000.html| title=The Asar Mahal, Bijapur| accessdate=2009-11-28| publisher=British Library On-Line Gallery| archive-date=21 October 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021155339/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000125s3u00065000.html| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;asar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/a/019pho0000254s3u00048000.html|title=Asar-i-Sharaf. Fine verandah 33 ft x 120 ft, roof supported by four massive wooden pillars, fine reservoir in front 25 yds x 60 yds. Bijapur|accessdate=2009-11-28|publisher=British Library On-Line Gallery|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021155350/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/a/019pho0000254s3u00048000.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A picture of ''Assar Mahal, Beejapore'' by [[Thomas Boys]] was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833 along with a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] (wrongly described as ''Ruins near Agra'').&lt;ref&gt; {{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833|url=https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9619|section=poetical illustration|pages=26-27|year=1832|publisher=Fisher, Son &amp; Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833|url=https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9620|section=picture|year=1832|publisher=Fisher, Son &amp; Co.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833/The Assar Mahal|The Assar Mahal, a poetical illustration&lt;br /&gt;by L. E. L.}}<br /> <br /> ===Taj Bawdi===<br /> Taj Bawdi is a water reservoir that was built to commemorate Taj Sultana, Ibrahim II ’s first wife. The entrance arch is very impressive and has two octagonal towers; the east &amp; west wings of the two towers were used as rest houses.&lt;ref name=&quot;basalt&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Bijapur Fort}}<br /> * [http://maps.google.co.in/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q=Bijapur,+Karnataka&amp;aq=0&amp;sll=16.82237,75.727129&amp;sspn=0.0373,0.055017&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=&amp;hnear=Bijapur,+Karnataka&amp;ll=16.827464,75.724125&amp;spn=0.037299,0.055017&amp;t=h&amp;z=14 Bijapur Fort on Google Maps]<br /> <br /> {{Forts in Karnataka}}<br /> {{Forts in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Forts in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Bijapur, Karnataka|Fort]]<br /> [[Category:Artillery of India]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Bijapur district]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Bijapur district]]<br /> [[Category:Sultanate of Bijapur]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pancha_Sabhai&diff=524045 2026-01-25T05:20:56Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: adding new info - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Group of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> [[File:Madurai Meenakshi temple Nataraja.jpg|x216px|thumb|right|Shiva-Nataraja in the [[Meenakshi Amman Temple#Hall of Thousand Pillars|Thousand-Pillar-Hall]] of the [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]] in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India]]<br /> <br /> The '''Pancha Sabhai Sthalangal''' ({{Langx|ta|பஞ்ச சபை ஸ்தலங்கள்|lit=Five hall places}}) refers to the temples of [[Nataraja]], a form of the Hindu god [[Shiva]]&lt;ref&gt;''Historical dictionary of the Tamils''.Vijaya Ramaswamy&lt;/ref&gt; where he is regarded to have performed the cosmic dance called the [[Tandava]].&lt;ref&gt;''The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India''David Smith&lt;/ref&gt; All these temples are located in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The five dance performances were the Kali Tandava at Ratna Sabha in [[Sri Vadaranyeswarar Temple|Vada Aaranyeswarar Temple]], Ananda Tandava at the Kanaka Sabha in [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram#External links|Natarajar Temple]], Sandhya Tandava at the Rajata Sabha in [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]], Muni Tandava at the Tamra Sabha at [[:ta:செப்பறை_அழகிய_கூத்தர்_கோவில்|Chepparai Temple]], and Tripura Tandava at the Chitra Sabha in [[Thirukutralam|Kutralanathar Temple]].<br /> <br /> The presiding deities are revered in the 7th-century Tamil [[Shivism|Shaiva]] canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''. The five temples in [[Tamil Nadu]] are maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> The five halls within the Chidambaram temple are called Chitra Sabhai (the sanctum), Por Sabhai (hall preceding the sanctum), Nirutha Sabhai (the chariot shaped hall), Deva Sabhai (the hall where all the festival deities are housed) and Raja Sabhai (the thousand pillared hall) in Tamil.&lt;ref name=Saiva1&gt;{{cite book|title=Saiva Encyclopaedia volume 1 - Thirumurai Thalangal|editor-last=Dr. R.|editor-first=Selvaganapathy|publisher=Saint Sekkizhaar Human Resource Development Charitable Trust|location=Chennai, India|year=2013|pages=631–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As per the sage [[Bharata Muni|Bharata]], Shiva is the originator of dance, and he allowed [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] to witness his performance. [[Tandava]], the dance form, is derived from ''Tanda'', the other name of Nandi. Shiva Tandava is classified into seven types, namely, Kali Tandava, Sandhya Tandava, Tripura Tandava, Ananda Tandava, Uma Tandava, Samhara Tandava, and Urdhva Tandava.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Artha: A life Fostered by Silence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4XSCQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=thandava&amp;pg=PT60|first=Nagaraj|last= Neergundha|isbn=9789352060962|publisher=Notion Press|pages=60–1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A few temples in [[Tamil Nadu]] are closely associated with [[Nataraja]] and have their own myths of dance along with the halls specific to their version of dance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R.K.K.|date=2014|title=Pañcanṛtyasabhās: Dancing Halls Five.|url=https://www.academia.edu/9571297|journal=Religion of South Asia, Equinox Publishing, Sheffield|volume=8|issue=2|pages=197–216}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In the above classification of Shiva's dance, as mentioned in puranic literature the temples are found within the geographical and cultural limit of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Of the seven dances, the seventh dance, ''Ananda Tandava'' is representative and symbolic of the themes inherent in all other dances. The seventh is a composite ideal of the main tenets of ''[[Saiva Siddhanta|Shaiva Siddhanta]]'' Philosophy. According to Anand and Parmeshwaranand, the dance itself is a source of supreme aesthetic enjoyment of the beauty and bliss of god.&lt;ref&gt;''Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism ''. P 212 by Swami P. Anand, Swami Parmeshwaranand.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == The five temples ==<br /> <br /> {{Location map+|Tamil Nadu|alt=Locations of the Pancha Sabha<br /> |places=<br /> {{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=13.13|long=79.775|label= Ratna Sabha|position=left}}<br /> {{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=11.3994|long=79.6933|label= Kanaka Sabha|position=right}}<br /> {{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=9.9197|long=78.1201|label= Rajata Sabha|position=left}}<br /> {{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=8.7286|long=77.6882|label= Tamra Sabha|position=right}}<br /> {{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=9.0735|long=77.2699|label= Chitra Sabha|position=bottom}}<br /> |caption=Temple locations|float=center|width=300}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#FFC569&quot;<br /> | '''Category''' <br /> | '''Temple'''<br /> | '''Location'''<br /> | '''Element'''<br /> |'''Tandava'''<br /> | '''Image'''<br /> | '''Details'''<br /> |- align =&quot;center&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#ffe;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | Ratna Sabha (Rathinachabai) <br /> | [[Sri Vadaranyeswarar Temple|Vada Aaranyeswarar Temple]] <br /> | [[Thiruvalangadu]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|13|07|48|N|79|46|30|E}}<br /> | Emerald<br /> | Kali Tandava<br /> | [[Image:Thiruvalangadu (18).jpg|200px|center]]<br /> | At Sage Munjikesa Karkodaka's request, Shiva reached this temple's site. Kali challenged Shiva to a dance and said that she would give her right in the place to the deity if he won. The dance began. Shiva dropped his earring on the ground, picked it by the toe of his left leg and fixed it back on his ear in the dance. Kali accepted her defeat and said she could not do such a marvellous dance. Shiva said that he alone was equal to her and said further that those coming to worship him here, should worship her first to reap the full benefit of the worship. Since then, Kali has her own temple to grace the devotees.<br /> |-<br /> | Kanaka Sabha (Porchabai)<br /> | [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram#External links|Natarajar Temple]]<br /> | [[Chidambaram]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|11|23|58|N|79|41|36|E}}<br /> | Gold<br /> | Ananda Tandava<br /> |[[Image:Chidambaram Temple.jpg|200px|center]]<br /> | Chidambaram, the name of the city and the temple literally means &quot;atmosphere of wisdom&quot; or &quot;clothed in thought&quot;, the temple architecture symbolizes the connection between the arts and spirituality, creative activity and the divine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lochtefeld2002p147&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=147}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Donald Frederick Lakh|author2=Edwin J. Van Kley|title=South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPPiumz4vx0C |year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-46754-2|pages=1002–1003}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chidambaram&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Chidambaram Chidambaram], Encyclopædia Britannica&lt;/ref&gt; The temple wall carvings display all the 108 karanas from the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' by Bharata Muni, and these postures form a foundation of [[Bharatanatyam]], a classical Indian dance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lochtefeld2002p147&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JonesRyan2006p107&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1= Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&amp;pg=PA107|year= 2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|page=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shiva as [[Nataraja]] is the primary deity of the temple, it reverentially presents major themes from [[Shaktism]], [[Vaishnavism]], and other traditions of Hinduism. The Chidambaram temple complex, for example, has the earliest known Amman or [[Devi]] temple in South India, a pre-13th-century [[Surya]] shrine with chariot, shrines for [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya|Murugan]] and [[Vishnu]], one of the earliest known Shiva Ganga sacred pool, large mandapas for the convenience of pilgrims ([[choultry]], ''ambalam'' or ''sabha'') and other monuments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last=Barrett | first=Douglas | title=James C. Harle: Temple gateways in South India: the architecture and iconography of the Cidambaram gopuras | journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=27 | issue=2 | year=1964 | doi=10.1017/s0041977x00096063 | pages=462–463| s2cid=162883647 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pal 1988, p. 36&quot;&gt;[[#Pal|Pal 1988]], p. 36&lt;/ref&gt; Shiva himself is presented as the [[Nataraja]] performing the [[Ananda Tandava]] (&quot;Dance of Delight&quot;) in the golden hall of the shrine ''Pon Ambalam''.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Ca Ve|Ca Ve 1985]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | Rajata Sabha (Vellichabai)<br /> | [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]]<br /> | [[Madurai]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|9|55|22|N|78|7|12|E}}<br /> | Silver<br /> | Sandhya Tandava<br /> |[[Image:Madurai, India.jpg|200px|center]]<br /> | The temple is a historic Hindu temple located on the southern bank of the [[Vaigai River]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramaswamy2017p9&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ |year=2017|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-5381-0686-0|pages=9–10, 103, 210, 363–364}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the temple city of [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is dedicated to the goddess [[Meenakshi]], a form of [[Parvati]], and her consort, ''Sundareshvarar'', a form of [[Shiva]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.academia.edu/33832897/Minaksi_or_Sundaresvara_Who_is_the_first_principle Rajarajan], R.K.K. 2005. Minaksi or Sundaresvara: Who is the first principle? ''South Indian History Congress Annual Proceedings'' XXV, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, pp. 551-553.&lt;/ref&gt; The temple is at the center of the ancient temple city of Madurai mentioned in the Tamil Sangam literature, with the goddess temple mentioned in 6th-century-CE texts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=This Temple Is Covered in Thousands of Colorful Statues |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/asia/india/meenakshi-amman-hindu-temple/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804112508/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/asia/india/meenakshi-amman-hindu-temple/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 4, 2017 |publisher=[[National Geographic]] |access-date=26 February 2019 |date=2 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Tamra Sabha (Thamirachabai)<br /> | [[Nellaiappar Temple]]<br /> | [[Tirunelveli]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|8|43|43|N|77|41|17|E}}<br /> | Copper<br /> | Muni Tandava<br /> |[[Image:Nellaiappar temple tower.jpg|200px|center]]<br /> | During Puranic times, the place was called Venuvana, a forest of bamboos. The deity in the current temple was believed have appeared inside the bamboo forest. [[Vishnu]] is believed to have witnessed the wedding between Shiva and [[Parvathi|Parvati]] at this place. There is an image of Vishnu with a metallic ''gindi'', a vessel with a spout, in the temple depicting the legend.&lt;ref name=Ayyar&gt;{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|page=24|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|publisher=Asian Educational Service|year=1993|isbn=81-206-0151-3|edition=2nd|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shiva is worshipped as Nellaiappar (also called Venuvananathar) represented by the ''[[lingam]]'' and his consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Kanthimathi Amman.&lt;ref name=Ayyar/&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | Chitra Sabha (Chithirachabai)<br /> | [[Thirukutralam|Kutralanathar Temple]]<br /> | [[Courtallam]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|8|55|45|N|77|16|9|E}}<br /> | Art<br /> | Tripura Tandava<br /> | [[Image:The Kutraleeshwarar temple Gopuram.jpg|200px|center]] <br /> |The sage [[Agastyar|Agastya]], at Shiva's request, proceeded southward to stabilize the balance of the earth, and relieve the instability caused by the multitude of entities at Shiva's and Parvati's wedding in the [[Himalaya]]s, to wait for a glimpse of the divine couple. There he is said to have created the Shivalingam here by shrinking an image of Vishnu, hence the name Kutralam. Architecturally the Chitrasabha resembles that of the other Nataraja Sabhas elsewhere in Tamil Nadu, and its interior is decked with hundreds of murals, depicting images from the Indian epics. Nataraja is brought here during festivals from the Kurumpalaveesar temple. The [[Sthala Vriksha|temple tree]] is called the Kurum Pala and the temple tank is called Chitranadhi. Nataraja is depicted with the Nritya Tandava posture.&lt;ref name=Meena&gt;{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|20em}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Ca Ve |first1=Ppiramaṇiyan̲|last2= G.|first2= Rajendran|year=1985|title= Heritage of the Tamils: temple arts. International Institute of Tamil Studies|quote= &quot;the hymnists as Tillai came to be universally accepted as the place where the Lord dances in the Hall of Gold - ''Pon Ambalam''&quot;|ref=Ca Ve}}<br /> * {{cite book|title=Indian Sculpture: 700-1800 By Los Angeles County Museum of Art|first=Pratapaditya|last=Pal|ref=Pal|publisher=University of California Press|year=1988|isbn=9780520064775|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa}}<br /> <br /> ==External==<br /> {{Famous Shiva temples}}<br /> {{HinduMythology}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Pancha Sabhai| ]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badminton_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles&diff=471296 2026-01-22T15:02:36Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|None}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{onesource|date=July 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{BadmintonAt2010CommonwealthGames}}<br /> The Men's doubles event of [[badminton]] at the '''[[2010 Commonwealth Games]]''' was held from 10 to 14 October 2010 in [[Siri Fort Sports Complex]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==Finals==<br /> {{8TeamBracket|sets=3<br /> | RD1=Quarterfinals<br /> | RD2=Semifinals<br /> | RD3=Gold Medal Match<br /> | 3rd=Bronze Medal Match<br /> | score-width=25<br /> | team-width=175<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed1=1<br /> | RD1-team1='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Koo Kien Keat]]|MAS|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagCGFathlete|[[Tan Boon Heong]]|MAS|2010}}'''<br /> | RD1-score1-1='''21'''<br /> | RD1-score1-2='''21'''<br /> | RD1-score1-3=<br /> | RD1-seed2=<br /> | RD1-team2={{flagCGFathlete|[[Oliver Leydon]]|NZL|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagCGFathlete|[[Henry Tam]]|NZL|2010}}<br /> | RD1-score2-1=16<br /> | RD1-score2-2=13<br /> | RD1-score2-3=<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed3=4<br /> | RD1-team3='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Hendri Saputra]]|SIN|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagCGFathlete|[[Hendra Wijaya (badminton)|Hendra Wijaya]]|SIN|2010}}'''<br /> | RD1-score3-1='''21'''<br /> | RD1-score3-2='''22'''<br /> | RD1-score3-3=<br /> | RD1-seed4=<br /> | RD1-team4={{flagCGFathlete|[[Watson Briggs]]|SCO|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagCGFathlete|[[Paul van Rietvelde]]|SCO|2010}}<br /> | RD1-score4-1=11<br /> | RD1-score4-2=20<br /> | RD1-score4-3=<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed5=<br /> | RD1-team5='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Chayut Triyachart]]|SIN|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagCGFathlete|[[Derek Wong Zi Liang]]|SIN|2010}}'''<br /> | RD1-score5-1='''21'''<br /> | RD1-score5-2='''21'''<br /> | RD1-score5-3=<br /> | RD1-seed6=3<br /> | RD1-team6={{flagCGFathlete|[[Rupesh Kumar]]|IND|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagCGFathlete|[[Sanave Thomas]]|IND|2010}}<br /> | RD1-score6-1=16<br /> | RD1-score6-2=15<br /> | RD1-score6-3=<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed7=<br /> | RD1-team7={{flagCGFathlete|[[Chan Peng Soon]]|MAS|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Muhammad Hafiz Hashim]]|MAS|2010}}}}<br /> | RD1-score7-1=8<br /> | RD1-score7-2=7<br /> | RD1-score7-3=<br /> | RD1-seed8=2<br /> | RD1-team8='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Anthony Clark (badminton)|Anthony Clark]]|ENG|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Nathan Robertson]]|ENG|2010}}}}'''<br /> | RD1-score8-1='''21'''<br /> | RD1-score8-2='''21'''<br /> | RD1-score8-3=<br /> <br /> | RD2-seed1=1<br /> | RD2-team1='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Koo Kien Keat]]|MAS|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagCGFathlete|[[Tan Boon Heong]]|MAS|2010}}'''<br /> | RD2-score1-1='''21'''<br /> | RD2-score1-2='''21'''<br /> | RD2-score1-3=<br /> | RD2-seed2=4<br /> | RD2-team2={{flagCGFathlete|[[Hendri Saputra]]|SIN|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagCGFathlete|[[Hendra Wijaya (badminton)|Hendra Wijaya]]|SIN|2010}}<br /> | RD2-score2-1=11<br /> | RD2-score2-2=8<br /> | RD2-score2-3=<br /> <br /> | RD2-seed3=<br /> | RD2-team3={{flagCGFathlete|[[Chayut Triyachart]]|SIN|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagCGFathlete|[[Derek Wong Zi Liang]]|SIN|2010}}<br /> | RD2-score3-1=10<br /> | RD2-score3-2='''21'''<br /> | RD2-score3-3=14<br /> | RD2-seed4=2<br /> | RD2-team4='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Anthony Clark (badminton)|Anthony Clark]]|ENG|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Nathan Robertson]]|ENG|2010}}}}'''<br /> | RD2-score4-1='''21'''<br /> | RD2-score4-2=17<br /> | RD2-score4-3='''21'''<br /> <br /> | RD3-seed1=1<br /> | RD3-team1='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Koo Kien Keat]]|MAS|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagCGFathlete|[[Tan Boon Heong]]|MAS|2010}}'''<br /> | RD3-score1-1='''21'''<br /> | RD3-score1-2='''21'''<br /> | RD3-score1-3=<br /> | RD3-seed2=2<br /> | RD3-team2={{flagCGFathlete|[[Anthony Clark (badminton)|Anthony Clark]]|ENG|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Nathan Robertson]]|ENG|2010}}}}<br /> | RD3-score2-1=19<br /> | RD3-score2-2=14<br /> | RD3-score2-3=<br /> <br /> | 3rd-seed1=4<br /> | 3rd-team1='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Hendri Saputra]]|SIN|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagCGFathlete|[[Hendra Wijaya (badminton)|Hendra Wijaya]]|SIN|2010}}'''<br /> | 3rd-score1-1='''23'''<br /> | 3rd-score1-2='''21'''<br /> | 3rd-score1-3=<br /> | 3rd-seed2=<br /> | 3rd-team2={{flagCGFathlete|[[Chayut Triyachart]]|SIN|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagCGFathlete|[[Derek Wong Zi Liang]]|SIN|2010}}<br /> | 3rd-score2-1=21<br /> | 3rd-score2-2=12<br /> | 3rd-score2-3=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101008061055/http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Comp.mvc/DetailedScheduleByEvent?sportCode=BD Reports]}}<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Badminton At The 2010 Commonwealth Games}}<br /> [[Category:Badminton at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> [[Category:Men's events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teli&diff=448133 2026-01-05T01:01:21Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Caste in India, Nepal and Pakistan}}<br /> {{other uses}}{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox ethnic group<br /> |group = Teli<br /> |image = File:Teli oil press.jpg<br /> |caption =Teli oil press (Russell, 1916)<br /> |regions = {{flag|India}},{{flag|Nepal}}, {{flag|Pakistan}},<br /> |region1 = [[Bihar]] <br /> |pop1 = <br /> |langs = [[Hindi]] • [[Bengali language|Bengali]] • [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] • [[Odia language|Odia]]&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Mohanty2003&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|author=Ramesh P. Mohanty|title=Dalits Development and Change: An Empirical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMCEOmVXhLkC&amp;amp;pg=PA40|year=2003|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-696-7|pages=40–}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |rels = [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Judaism]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Teli''' is a [[caste]] traditionally occupied in the [[Expeller pressing|oil pressing and trade]] in [[India]], [[Nepal]], and [[Pakistan]]. Members may be either Hindu or Muslim; [[Muslim Teli]] are called [[Roshandaar]] or Teli Malik.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Scheduled Castes {{!}} Department of Social Justice and Empowerment - Government of India |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/common/76750 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=socialjustice.gov.in}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Hasnain |first1=Nadeem |title=The Other Lucknow |date=2016 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5229-420-6 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjO6DQAAQBAJ |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; They are included in [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) category list by the Central government&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=National Commission for Backward Classes |url=https://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/centralliststateview.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220093503/https://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/CentralListStateView.aspx |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.ncbc.nic.in |language=en |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; but not the higher sub castes within Teli such as '''Telik Vaishya.'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |title=Telik vaishya is socially and educationally advanced caste, There for inclusion in central OBC list is rejected. |url=https://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/addodh67.pdf |journal=National Commission for Backward Classes Orissa Bench Findings}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> In the [[Early Middle Ages|Early Mediaeval period]] in some parts of [[South India]], the Teli community used to work on their own oil presses to produce oil to be supplied to the temples. The emergence of &quot;[[Temple]] towns&quot; in various parts of south India was instrumental in the improvement of social status of some of the communities that<br /> were associated with the supply of essential items for cultural activities. The communities like ''Malakar'' (garland makers) and ''Telikars'' (oil pressers) thus became important for the functioning of such towns. Some of them even became prosperous enough to make donations to the temples.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MP5tAAAAMAAJ|title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress|year=2003|pages=383, 387, 392|publisher= Indian History Congress (original from The University of Michigan)|access-date=2020-08-28|quote= Often oil presser is referred as Teli , “ Telikar or Tailyakar ( Sanskrit: Tailikakar), etc . The reference to... Obviously, the oil industry , whether on small or large scale was important and the telikaras, i.e. the oil pressers, assumed importance in rural and urban life . It appears from the inscriptions that some part of the oil production was donated to the temples for the worship of the diety&amp;lt;!--sic--&amp;gt; ( in the temples ) . }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In the first decade of the 20th century, upward mobilisation became the feature of Indian society when lower castes tried to move up in the socio-economic ladder by assuming the names and practices of &quot;upper castes&quot;. Professor [[M. N. Srinivas]] notes the attempts of Teli community to claim different surnames in different censuses in a bid to improve their position in ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]]'' system and ''[[Caste]]'' hierarchy. In 1911, the Teli community adopted the [[surname]], Rathore and started calling themselves ''[[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] Teli''; while in 1931 they claimed themselves to be ''Rathore-[[Vaishya]]''. According to Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda Patil, this was done in order to climb the social ladder. Such practices were common amongst the lower castes in India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R84n-Wv1S-8C&amp;amp;pg=PA88|title=Community Dominance and Political Modernisation: The Lingayats|first=Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda|last= Patil|publisher=Mittal Publications|page =88|year=2002|isbn= 8170998670|access-date=2020-08-28}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Arya Samaj]] movement also attempted to improve the status of lower castes. As in the case of Telis, Shri Satyavrat Sharma Dwivedi an Arya Samajist from [[Farrukhabad]] published a magazine &quot;''Telivarna Prakash''&quot; to prove the Teli caste to be of ''[[Vaishya]]'' varna.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bgpEIb4tNjgC&amp;amp;pg=PA2040|title=Caste in Question: Identity Or Hierarchy?|first=Dipankar|last= Gupta|publisher=SAGE|year= 2004|isbn=0761933247|access-date=2020-08-29}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Despite the later attempts to claim higher status Teli were initially considered as [[Shudra]] and were thought to be lower in status. According to [[Anand Yang]], the Telis worked with [[beast of burden]] in the oil pressers and for the purpose of obtaining the desired results from the animals, they were often blinded. This made them ritually impure but later many of them as Yang notes took up the occupation of trading and branched off as [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] in order to conceal the impurity of their origin.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |title=Bazaar India: markets, society, and the colonial state in Gangetic Bihar |first=Anand A. |last=Yang |date=February 1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5lQutvzAp4C&amp;amp;pg=RA1-PA30|page=230|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520919969 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Subdivisions==<br /> The Telis of Bengal share their social position with communities like [[Suvarna Banik]], [[Gandhabanik]], [[Saha (surname)|Saha]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |title=Folklore of Bengal: A Projected Study |first=Sankar Sen |last=Gupta |publisher=Indian Publications |year=1976 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0AiAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=teli+vaishya}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Further, the Ghanchi community of [[Gujarat]] have been described as a &quot;counterpart&quot; of the Telis.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/nitish-kumar-s-wait-and-watch-on-bihar-bjp-s-latest-narendra-modi-gimmick-363559 |title=Nitish Kumar's 'wait and watch' on Bihar BJP's latest Narendra Modi gimmick |publisher=NDTV |date=27 May 2009 |access-date=4 December 2013}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Politics ==<br /> ===Bihar===<br /> In the post [[Mandal Commission|Mandal]] phase the growing differences between upper castes and [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] due to tussle between the two groups over political power culminated into replacement of upper castes by the OBCs in the political circle. The Telis along with [[Yadav]], [[Kurmi]], [[Koeri]] and [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] took over the erstwhile political elites namely [[Brahmin]], [[Bhumihar]], [[Rajput]] and [[Kayastha]].The OBCs in Bihar are divided into upper and lower OBC on the basis of socio-economic mobility and political representation. The trio of Yadav, Kurmi and Koeri are considered as upper OBC; Teli along with Kanu, [[Dhanuk]], [[Kahar]], [[Kumhar]] and others are classified as lower OBC.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT27|title=Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns|first=Sanjay|last= Kumar|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|year=2018|isbn=978-9352805860|access-date=2020-08-30}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> In the late 2000s, some among the Teli community of [[Bihar]], organised by the Teli Sena, were engaging in [[vote bank]] politics as they sought to achieve categorisation as a Most Backward Class in the state. Initially, they had failed to achieve this repositioning in India's official [[positive discrimination]] scheme,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |publisher=The Telegraph |first=Joy |last=Sengupta |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/caste-brigades-drive-hard-bargain-for-their-share-in-assembly-keep-parties-guessing/cid/481332|title=Caste brigades drive hard bargain for their share in Assembly, keep parties guessing |date=27 September 2010 |access-date=4 December 2013}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; with opposition coming from other groups who considered the Teli to be too populous and socio-economically influential to justify the change.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bid-to-make-Teli-an-EBC-opposed/articleshow/4577067.cms#:~:text=The%20committee%2C%20comprising%20several%20organziation,influential%20socio%2Deconomic%20and%20educational|work=The Times of India |title=Bid to make Teli an EBC opposed |date=26 May 2009 |access-date=28 November 2013}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In April 2015, Bihar chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] announced a decision to include the Teli caste in the list of Extremely Backward Class in Bihar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Bonanzas in Bihar for upper castes, contractual employees|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bonanzas-in-bihar-for-upper-castes-contractual-employees-115042201097_1.html |work=Business Standard |agency=PTI |date=12 April 2015 |access-date=2015-06-12}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/bihar-bjp-jdu-set-for-a-war-of-sops-ahead-of-assembly-polls-2323246.html|title=Bihar: BJP, JD(U) set for a war of sops ahead of Assembly polls|date=2 July 2015 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As per the report of [[Bihar caste-based survey 2022]], the population of Teli in Bihar is 2.81%.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-caste-survey-63-percent-population-belongs-only-to-obc-and-ebc-category-see-the-complete-list-asj|title=Bihar Caste Survey: बिहार में किस जाति की कितनी आबादी, देखें पूरी सूची|date=2 October 2023 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bihar-caste-survey-report-caste-census-data-released-in-bihar-how-much-population-of-which-caste-live-blog-8790971.html|title=Bihar Caste Survey Report LIVE: बिहार में 63% पिछड़े, 19% दलित, 15% सवर्ण, जाति गणना रिपोर्ट में यादव सबसे ज्यादा}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Jharkhand===<br /> In 2018 the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led government in Jharkhand tried to include castes like Teli and [[Kurmi]] in the category of [[Scheduled Tribes]], which was welcomed by protests from tribals of Jharkhand under the banner of ''Jai Adivasi Yuvashakti'' (JAY) a local organisation which organised &quot;Adivasi Akrosh Maharally&quot;, a gathering of all principal tribal groups of the state to protest against the same.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/tribals-warn-govt-against-st-status-to-kurmi-teli.html&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwj1q4vTq8PrAhXCSH0KHf8UBT8QFjALegQIAhAB&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw3kjTcCiEjrMob6Ica1CyxD|title=Tribals warn Govt against ST status to Kurmi, Teli|website=The Pioneer|access-date=2020-08-29}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Maharashta===<br /> Teli form as a major caste in Vidarbha. They are found in every district of Maharashtra.<br /> <br /> ===Chhattisgarh===<br /> Teli are known as Sahu in Chhattisgarh.<br /> <br /> ==Telis in Nepal==<br /> The [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)|Central Bureau of Statistics]] of Nepal classifies the Teli as a subgroup within the broader social group of [[Madheshi people|Madheshi]] Other Caste.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; At the time of the [[2011 Nepal census]], 369,688 people (1.4% of the population of Nepal) were Teli. The frequency of Telis by province was as follows:<br /> * [[Madhesh Province]] (5.1%)<br /> * [[Koshi Province]] (0.9%)<br /> * [[Lumbini Province]] (0.9%)<br /> * [[Bagmati Province]] (0.2%)<br /> * [[Gandaki Province]] (0.1%)<br /> * [[Karnali Province]] (0.0%)<br /> * [[Sudurpashchim Province]] (0.0%)<br /> <br /> The frequency of Telis was higher than national average (1.4%) in the following districts:&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |title=2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * [[Saptari District|Saptari]] (7.3%)<br /> * [[Rautahat District|Rautahat]] (5.6%)<br /> * [[Sarlahi District|Sarlahi]] (5.4%)<br /> * [[Dhanusha District|Dhanusha]] (5.2%)<br /> * [[Siraha District|Siraha]] (4.8%)<br /> * [[Parsa District|Parsa]] (4.2%)<br /> * [[Bara District|Bara]] (4.1%)<br /> * [[Mahottari District|Mahottari]] (4.1%)<br /> * [[Parasi District|Parasi]] (3.3%)<br /> * [[Sunsari District|Sunsari]] (2.3%)<br /> * [[Kapilvastu District|Kapilvastu]] (1.9%)<br /> * [[Morang District|Morang]] (1.6%)<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Other Backward Class]]<br /> * [[Ghanchi (Muslim)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *[[Bene Israel]]<br /> *{{cite book |title=Karchana: lifeworld-ethnography of an Indian village |first=Øyvind |last=Jaer |publisher=Scandinavian University Press |year=1995 |isbn=9788200215073 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSESAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;q=teli+vaishya}}<br /> *{{cite book |title=Incredible story of social justice in India |first=L. M. |last=Khanna |publisher=Aravali Books International |year=2002 |isbn=9788186880920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqfZAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=teli+shudra}}<br /> *{{cite book |title=Class, Status, and Power: Social Stratification in Comparative Perspective |first1=Reinhard |last1=Bendix |first2=Seymour Martin |last2=Lipset |publisher=Taylor &amp;amp; Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVUVAAAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA29}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Punjabi tribes]]<br /> [[Category:Bania communities]]<br /> [[Category:Oil pressing castes]]<br /> [[Category:Surnames]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nirdosh_Lakra&diff=522154 2025-12-18T13:37:04Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: adding a details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Lutheran Bishop}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Christian leader<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[The Most Reverend]]<br /> | name = Rt. Rev. Nirdosh Lakra<br /> | church = [[Lutheran]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Prabhudas Sunil Tirkey|Rev. Prabhudas Sunil Tirkey]]<br /> | successor = [[Dular Lakra|Rev.Dular Lakra]]<br /> | nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]<br /> | religion = [[Christianity]]<br /> | term = 2007-2013<br /> | see = [[North Western Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church|N.W.G.E.L.Church]]<br /> | native_name_lang = निर्दोष लकड़ा<br /> | term_start = 11 November 2007<br /> | ordination = 9 June 1978<br /> | birth_place = Kitam, Aamgao<br /> | children = 3<br /> | spouse = Sorina Lakra<br /> | parents = Dhankuar Lakra (father)<br /> | residence = [[Hehal]], [[Ranchi]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Rev. Nirdosh Lakra''' was an Indian [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] [[Bishop]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=चर्च होता है परमेश्वर का घर :बिशप निर्दोष लकड़ा - |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/gumla-9137697.html |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=बाइबल के वचनों को अपनाएं : बिशप निर्दोष लकड़ा |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/gumla-9279174.html |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=एनडब्ल्यूजीइएल चर्च का स्थापना दिवस मना |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/article1-story-41217.html |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; who served as the third Bishop of [[North Western Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About NWGEL |url=http://www.nwgelcommunity.in/p/about-nwgel.html |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=NWGEL COMMUNITY}}&lt;/ref&gt; from 2007 to 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=नेम्हा बाइबल में संशोधन किया क्षमा मांगी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/article1-story-27366.html |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-04-04 |title=14 अप्रैल काे गुड फ्राइडे व 16 को ईस्टर, फादर थियोडोर टोप्पो संदेश देंगे, कई चर्च ने जारी किये कार्यक्रम |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/964419 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=पाम संडे पर यीशु के येरूशलेम प्रवेश का स्मरण करेंगे मसीही विश्वासी |url=https://newswing.com/%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%ae-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a1%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%b6%e0%a5%81-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%b6%e0%a4%b2/10223/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=NEWSWING |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Masses, messages mark Good Friday - Thousands swamp Loyola Grounds |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/masses-messages-mark-good-friday-thousands-swamp-loyola-grounds/cid/430976 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bishop Nirdosh Lakra |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-181-1007108-nor.html |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.bhaskar.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{India-reli-bio-stub}}<br /> {{Lutheran-bishop-stub}}</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashok_Leyland_Stallion&diff=465754 2025-12-03T03:30:52Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Range of trucks produced for the Indian Army}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=January 2018}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=January 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Stallion Truck for the Indian Army.jpg|thumb|[[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur|Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)]]'s Stallion 4X4 Truck for the Indian Army]]<br /> <br /> The '''Stallion''' range of trucks is produced by [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]] (VFJ) of [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]] (previously [[Ordnance Factory Board]]) for the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<br /> <br /> The Stallion forms the logistical backbone of the Indian Armed Forces, with over 60,000 Stallions used by the Indian Army and several thousand are used by [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP]].&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/news/ashok-leyland-defence-arm-ties-up-with-kraussmaffei/753566/0|title=Ashok Leyland defence arm ties up with Krauss-Maffei|work=The Financial Express |date=23 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stallions in a wide range of configurations were in active service with the [[Indian Army]] as of 2010. The Stallions have replaced the erstwhile workhorses of the Armed Forces, the [[Shaktiman truck]]s, which has been phased out.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> On 10 August 1998, a license was granted by Ashok Leyland to produce the Stallion Mk III variant at [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2010/Union_Performance_Defence_Procurement_Stores_and_Machinery_15_2010_chapter_7.pdf |title=Procurement of Stores and Machinery in Ordnance Factories, Chapter VII: Contract Management |website=cag.gov.in |access-date=2025-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2005, Ashok Leyland began to market the Stallion in Africa and the Middle East.&lt;ref&gt;https://gulfnews.com/business/ashok-leyland-eyeing-prospects-1.277687&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2006, a report from the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] indicated the Stallions were sold to the Sudanese government, supplied to GIAD Automotive Industry Co through kits.&lt;ref name=&quot;PR&quot;&gt;https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmquad/873/873we12.htm&lt;/ref&gt; Said report raised concerns of British involvement in the sale as some British nationals were listed as Ashok Leyland's board of directors without acquiring a Trade and Brokerage Licence.&lt;ref name=&quot;PR&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Design==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}<br /> [[File:Stallion Indian Army.jpg|thumb|VFJ Stallion Mk III]]<br /> The Stallion is designed for reliability, high mobility, off-road tactical capabilities, protection, and for operation in challenging environments. It is engineered for easy maintenance, particularly in areas lacking supporting infrastructure.&lt;ref name=janes&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Military-Vehicles-and-Logistics/Ashok-Leyland-Stallion-Mk-III-7-500-5000-kg-4-x-4-truck-India.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224044948if_/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Military-Vehicles-and-Logistics/Ashok-Leyland-Stallion-Mk-III-7-500-5000-kg-4-x-4-truck-India.html |title=Ashok Leyland Stallion Mk III 7,500/5,000 kg (4 x 4) truck (India), Trucks |archive-date=24 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is a medium-duty defence vehicle of the Indian Army with multiple logistical and tactical applications. The Stallion 4x4 and Stallion 6x6 are operational on varied terrains, from coastal operations to high-altitude bases, from deserts to snow-covered mountainous regions, at altitudes up to {{convert|5500|m}} and temperatures ranging from {{cvt|−35|to|55|C|F}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Grewal |first=J.S. |title=Indian Defence Review: Military Vehicles of India |publisher=Lancer Publishers |year=2014 |pages=112–115}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Vehicle configurations===<br /> The Stallion range offers various driveline configurations and standard bodies for each configuration. All base variants are<br /> available in right hand drive or left hand drive, manual or automatic transmission and armoured or non-armoured cabins. Ashok Leyland Defence also offers Stallion kits to various manufacturers who sell armoured vehicles and Mine Protected Vehicles (MPV).<br /> <br /> The standard troop carrying/cargo-type platform body is fitted with steel drop sides, a single-piece drop tailgate, and a removable tarpaulin and bows.&lt;ref name=mil-today&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130128231517/http://www.military-today.com/trucks/ashok_leyland_stallion.htm Ashok Leyland Stallion Mk.4 - General utility truck]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An optional feature includes a torsion-free body.<br /> <br /> The ''Stallion'' chassis has been adapted into a wide range of variants, including: Troop Carrier with Armoured Cab, Troop Carrier, Troop Carrier with Crane, Fuel Bowser, Water Bowser, Recovery Vehicle, ISO Container / Twist Locks, Fire Fighting Trucks, Tipper, MPV Kits.&lt;ref name=janes/&gt;&lt;ref name=ofb-vehicles&gt;[http://ofbindia.gov.in/index.php?wh=MV&amp;lang=en Indian Ordnance Factories: Military Vehicles&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Variants==<br /> ===Super Stallion=== <br /> [[File:Ashok Leyland Stallion 6X6 (9686037415).jpg|thumb|Ashok Leyland Super Stallion 6X6.]]<br /> The Super Stallion is an upgraded version of the Stallion. The 6x6 is rated at 10 tonnes while the 8x8 is rated at 12 tonnes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.ashokleyland.com/products.html |title=Products &amp;#124; Ashok Leyland Defence |access-date=2013-06-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603070902/http://www.defence.ashokleyland.com/products.html |archive-date=2013-06-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chassis used for mounting upgraded [[Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher|ERR 122]] [[BM-21 Grad]] MBRL by [[Larsen &amp; Toubro]] for the Indian Army.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Next Generation Weapons Technology - Indian army Grad BM21 upgrade The vehicle platform for Grad BM21 Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher (MBRL) is an all-wheel drive, high mobility platform built for the Grad BM21 launcher. Key features: Automatic transmission with effective cross-country mobility. Redundant power source with advanced power distribution system for powering the launcher. Suspension lock system to stabilize the platform during rocket firing. {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/NextGenerationWeapons/photos/indian-army-grad-bm21-upgradethe-vehicle-platform-for-grad-bm21-multi-barrel-roc/2900866403282173/?_rdr |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}{{better source needed|date=June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |number=1307552618424807426 |user=strategicfront |title=IA's upgraded BM-21 Grad on an Ashok Leyland Super Stallion truck. The older Russian truck(Pic4) was replaced. The upgrade was done by Ashok Leyland and L&amp;T. Since the Army already uses the Super Stallion in huge numbers this allows streamlining of logistics, spares &amp; services. |date=2020-09-20 |access-date=2024-08-27}}{{better source needed|date=June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Stallion Kavach===<br /> [[File:STALLION KAVACH.JPG|thumb|Stallion-based Kavach armored personnel carrier]]<br /> [[Ashok Leyland]] has developed an [[armored personnel carrier]] of the 4x4 Stallion.<br /> <br /> ===Field Artillery Tractor===<br /> [[File:Le1s 20180228-142634-1-1.jpg|thumb|Ashok Leyland FAT 6x6.]]<br /> [[Ashok Leyland FAT|Field Artillery Tractor]] is a variant developed for towing heavy artillery guns on 4×4 and 6×6 platform.<br /> <br /> ===Foreign Variants===<br /> [[File:Salon du Bourget 20090619 043.jpg|thumb|Panhard TC54 with an armored cab.]]<br /> The [[Panhard]] TC54 is an Ashok Leyland Stallion, but with an Austrian [[Steyr Motors GmbH|Steyr diesel]] engine and a Czech transmission built for a Saudi-Chinese 155mm towed artillery programme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.military-today.com/trucks/panhard_tc54.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222043913if_/http://www.military-today.com/trucks/panhard_tc54.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 February 2009 |title=Panhard TC54 - General utility truck |date= |access-date=2022-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was first developed in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deagel.com/Armies/TC%2054/a002188 |title=TC 54 |website=deagel.com |access-date=2025-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Operators==<br /> &lt;!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Ashok Leyland Stallion===<br /> * {{flag|Honduras}} - 139&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Big Honduras Armed Forces order for AL vehicles – Motorindia |url=https://www.motorindiaonline.in/big-honduras-armed-forces-order-for-al-vehicles/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flag|India}} - 70,000+&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-02-14 |title=Army Stallion {{!}} |url=https://commercialvehicle.in/army-stallion/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flag|Sudan}} - 100 sold through kits, assembled by GIAD.&lt;ref name=&quot;PR&quot;/&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Thailand}} - unknown number of Stallion 6x6&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-05-02|title=Royal Thai Navy {{!}} ยุทโธปกรณ์ในกองทัพเรือไทย|url=https://thaiarmedforce.com/royal-thai-navy-%e0%b8%a2%e0%b8%b8%e0%b8%97%e0%b9%82%e0%b8%98%e0%b8%9b%e0%b8%81%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%93%e0%b9%8c%e0%b9%83%e0%b8%99%e0%b8%81%e0%b8%ad%e0%b8%87%e0%b8%97%e0%b8%b1%e0%b8%9e%e0%b9%80%e0%b8%a3/|access-date=2020-12-13|website=ThaiArmedForce|language=th}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Ukraine}} - one acquired in October 2022.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}<br /> * {{Flag|Zimbabwe}} - 633&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2015/08/07/govts-us50m-military-vehicles-arrive/|title=Govt's US$50m military vehicles arrive|date=7 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213225642/https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2015/08/07/govts-us50m-military-vehicles-arrive/|archive-date=2015-12-13|access-date=2025-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Panhard TC54===<br /> * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} - 50 Panhard TC54s.&lt;ref name=b&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/trucks/panhard_tc54.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222043913/http://www.military-today.com/trucks/panhard_tc54.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 February 2009|title=Panhard TC54 - General utility truck}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Togo}} 80 Panhard TC54s.&lt;ref name=b /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links==<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170725102740/http://defence.ashokleyland.com/products.html Stallion and Super Stallion trucks]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Stallion truck}}<br /> [[Category:Military trucks of India]]<br /> [[Category:Ashok Leyland Defence Systems trucks]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Thomas_Church,_Kalamassery&diff=537454 2025-11-26T08:28:01Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Coord|10.054315|76.325423|display=t|type:landmark}} <br /> {{Infobox church<br /> | embed = St. Thomas Mar Thoma Church, Kalamassery<br /> | church name = St. Thomas Mar Thoma Church, Kalamassery<br /> | denomination = [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]]<br /> | founded date = 1959<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | location = [[Kalamassery]], [[Ernakulam District]], Kerala<br /> | tradition = Syrian<br /> | year completed = 1966<br /> | diocese = Kottayam Kochi Diocese<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''St. Thomas Marthoma Church Kalamassery&lt;ref&gt;http://stthomasmtc.com/parish/ {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;''', is a prominent Christian parish of the Kottayam – Kochi diocese under the [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] of Malabar. This parish forms the worship place for all the Marthomites in Changampuzha Nagar, Edapally, Muttam, NAD, Shanthinagar, North and South Kalamassery. The nearest Marthoma parishes are in Eloor, Palarivattom Kakanad and Aluva. The parish is currently lead by Rev. P Y Mathew. <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> In the year 1959, about nine families who were the part of Aluva Marthoma church started a small and active prayer group. They bought 27 cents of land near HMT Road, Kalmassery to construct a church building. The Most Rev. Dr. Philipose Mar Chrysostom Mar Thoma Valiya Metropolitan laid the foundation of the chapel in 1963.&lt;ref&gt;http://stthomasmtc.com/parish/ {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later the chapel was elevated as parish in 1966. One of the major reconstruction of the church building was on 1997. The present strength of the parish is about 300 families and approximately 2000 members.<br /> <br /> ==Golden Jubilee==<br /> Source:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/iMOpl5GBx0Y| archive-date = 2021-12-08| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMOpl5GBx0Y| title = St. Thomas Mar Thoma Church, Kalamassery Golden Jubilee Song | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since 2016 is the Golden Jubilee year for the parish, the Golden jubilee committee scheduled and charted numerous programs and events for one year.&lt;ref&gt;http://stthomasmtc.com/wp-content/gallery/Golden%20Jubilee%20Program%20Calendar/Program-Calendar-min-690x1024.jpg {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The program's were conceived under the leadership of Rev. Dr. John Joseph and Prof. M. Thomas Mathew. The parish also has initiated some of the major social causes during the Golden Jubilee year&lt;ref&gt;http://stthomasmtc.com/parish/golden-jubilee/ {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The golden Jubilee celebrations were inaugurated on 8 November 2015. The following are the notable initiatives &lt;ref&gt;http://stthomasmtc.com/organisations/golden-jubilee-committee/ {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> *† The pain and palliative program of the church - Friend in Need is a movement that take care of the sick and week people in the Kalamassery region.<br /> *† Snehakoodu is a fellowship for the elderly people, where they gather and share their great moments and spent their time creatively.<br /> *† Free Medical Consultation for the poor<br /> *† Medical and poor aid program for education, marriages and homeless<br /> *† Bazhaza – the distribution of school kits to children in tribal areas<br /> <br /> The church witnessed the presence of eminent personalities, seminars,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/sign-of-disrespect-to-sankar-says-mla/article7985507.ece | title=Sign of disrespect to Sankar, says MLA | date=14 December 2015 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=31 October 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; discussions and live music performances during the golden Jubilee year. The notable names are [[Alexander Jacob (police officer)]], [[Alphons Joseph]], [[Benny Prasad]], [[V. D. Satheesan]], [[P. Rajeev (Kerala)|P. Rajeev]], [[Fr. Bobby Jose Kattikad]], [[Kochouseph Chittilappilly]], Glorious Choir team etc. St Thomas Marthoma church Kalamassery organized a music show against drug abuse by [[Hillsong International Leadership College]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Music-against-drugs/article14589754.ece | title=Music against drugs | first=Anasuya | last=Menon | date=26 August 2016 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=31 October 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; on 2 October 2016 at Ernakulam Durbar Hall ground, Cochin.<br /> <br /> ==Organizations==<br /> # Edavaka Mission<br /> # Yuvajana Sakhyam<br /> # Pain &amp; Palliative<br /> # Welfare Trust<br /> # Sevika Sangam<br /> # Sunday School<br /> # Young Couples association<br /> # Choir<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Christianity in Kerala}}<br /> {{Churches of Kerala}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Thomas Marthoma Church, Mtckalamassery}}<br /> [[Category:Churches in Ernakulam district]]<br /> [[Category:Mar Thoma Syrian churches]]<br /> [[Category:Churches completed in 1966]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century churches in India]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox church buildings]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-church-stub}}</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nirmal_Sahadev&diff=522177 2025-11-11T21:46:47Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: adding a details - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film director, screenwriter and actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Indian name|Nirmal|Sahadev}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Nirmal Sahadev<br /> | birth_place = [[Thrithala]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br /> | image = Nirmal City-1 (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Nirmal in 2020<br /> | image_size = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|1|19}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/in-conversation-with-scenarist-director-nirmal-sahadev/article22689558.ece<br /> |title=In conversation with scenarist director Nirmal Sahadev<br /> |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 February 2018<br /> |last1=Sathyendran<br /> |first1=Nita<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director|Director]]|[[screenwriter]]|[[Film actor|actor]]}}<br /> | yearsactive = 2009–present<br /> | citizenship = <br /> | alma mater = [[New York Film Academy]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nirmal Sahadev''' is an Indian film director, screenwriter and actor who works in the [[Malayalam film industry]]. He is best known for his directorial debut, ''[[Ranam (2018 film)|Ranam]]'' (2018).<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> <br /> Nirmal Sahadev was born in [[Thrithala]], [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He completed his primary education at [[The Abu Dhabi Indian School]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} He graduated with a master's degree in [[mechanical engineering]] from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Atlanta]] and is a graduate of the [[New York Film Academy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Nirmal Sahadev is on a dream run'|url= https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/in-conversation-with-scenarist-director-nirmal-sahadev/article22689558.ece|work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Sahadev started his film career in Malayalam as an assistant director for the film ''[[Colours (2009 film)|Colours]]'' (2009).{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} Later, he worked as an assistant for the film ''[[Monsoon Mangoes]]'' (2016). He also directed an English short film, titled &quot;Sleep&quot; (2012). He made his directorial debut in 2018 with the film [[Ranam (2018 film)|''Ranam'']].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran in Nirmal Sahadev's crossover film 'Detroit Crossing'|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/prithviraj-sukumaran-nirmal-sahadevs-crossover-film-detroit-crossing-688599|publisher=IB Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-09-05 |title=Nirmal Sahadev on making Ranam with Prithviraj: 'It could be Malayalam cinema’s biggest crossover film' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nirmal-sahadev-on-making-ranam-with-prithviraj-it-could-be-malayalam-cinemas-biggest-crossover-film-5119341.html |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {{BLP unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}<br /> {{Pending films key}}<br /> <br /> === As screenwriter and director ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Screenwriter<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2018 <br /> | ''[[Ranam (2018 film)|Ranam]]'' <br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> | Directorial debut&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hey Jude (film)|Hey Jude]]''<br /> |<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2022 <br /> | ''[[Kumari (2022 film)|Kumari]]'' <br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2022-10-27 |title=Malayalam film ‘Kumari’ is the story of five women, says its director Nirmal Sahadev |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-film-kumari-is-the-story-of-five-women-says-its-director-nirmal-sahadev/article66052340.ece |access-date=2025-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Other crew positions ====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year!! width=&quot;150&quot; |Film !! Position<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2009 ||''[[Colours (2009 film)|Colours]]''|| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Assistant director<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |''[[Ivide]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''[[Monsoon Mangoes]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2025 <br /> |''[[L2: Empuraan]]''<br /> |Creative director <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=L2 Empuraan update – Prithviraj Sukumaran to kickstart the Chennai schedule of Mohanlal’s film soon |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-update-prithviraj-sukumaran-and-team-to-kickstart-the-chennai-schedule-of-mohanlals-film-soon/f050c61412414 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Acting credits ====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year!! Title !! Character !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''[[Ivide]]'' || Aakash Murthy ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''[[Brown Nation]]'' || Luv || Netflix series <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|5432920}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sahadev, Nirmal}}<br /> [[Category:Malayalam film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Malayali people]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:New York Film Academy alumni]]<br /> [[Category:People from Palakkad district]]<br /> [[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Palakkad district]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:1988 births]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madan_Singh&diff=514300 2025-10-18T15:06:36Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: put up new bio w/ sources!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}<br /> {{short description|Indian long-distance runner}}<br /> {{For|the Maharaja of Kishangarh|Madan Singh (ruler)}}<br /> '''Madan Singh''' (born 4 December 1964) is an Indian former [[long-distance runner]] who competed up to the [[marathon]] distance. He is currently serving in Border Security Force (B.S.F). From the state of [[Rajasthan]], he represented India at [[1991 South Asian Games]] in [[Colombo]] and won a bronze medal in the [[5000 metres]].<br /> <br /> In the 31st [[All India Inter-State Athletics Championship]] in [[New Delhi]] in 1993, he came first in the 10,000 metres run with a time of 29:26:00 to post a new meet record that was only beaten 14 years later by [[Surendra Singh (athlete)|Surendra Singh]] in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2007sep21/kerala_crowned_overall_champions_47th_national_inter_state_sr_athletics.html#.V1AOVDV97cs|title=Kerala crowned overall champions in 47th National Inter-state Sr. Athletics {{!}} TwoCircles.net|website=twocircles.net|access-date=2016-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> [http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/ind.htm All India Open National Championship]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/ind.htm All India Inter State Championship].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Singh represented India at the [[IAAF World Cross Country Championships]] on three occasions, running in [[1992 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|1992]], [[1993 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|1993]] and [[1994 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|1994]].{{fact|date=October 2022}}<br /> <br /> ==International competitions==<br /> {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1991 || [[1991 South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] || [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || bgcolor=silver|2nd || [[Athletics at the 1991 South Asian Games|5000 m]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1992 || [[1992 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race|IAAF World Cross Country Championships]] || [[Boston]], United States || 186th || Cross country ||42:12<br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || [[2nd Asian Cross Country Championship]] || [[Jakarta]], Indonesia || bgcolor=gold|1st || [[Cross country running|Cross country]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || [[1993 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race|IAAF World Cross Country Championships]] || [[Amorebieta]], Spain || 172nd || Cross country ||34:34<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|1993 || rowspan=2|[[World Police and Fire Games]] || rowspan=2|[[Colorado Springs]], United States<br /> | bgcolor=gold|1st || 5,000 m<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=silver|2nd || 10,000 m<br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || [[1994 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race|IAAF World Cross Country Championships]] || [[Budapest]], Hungary || 226th || Cross country ||38:48<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3|1995 || rowspan=3|[[World Police and Fire Games]] || rowspan=3|[[Melbourne]], Australia<br /> | bgcolor=gold|1st || 3000 m steeplechase<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=silver|2nd || 10,000 m<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=cc9966|3rd || 5000 m<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> *{{World Athletics}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Madan}}<br /> [[Category:1964 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men long-distance runners]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men steeplechase runners]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]<br /> [[Category:South Asian Games medalists in athletics]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vandoola&diff=543546 2025-10-11T08:20:46Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: created redirect page</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Vandula]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manappuram_Finance&diff=515671 2025-09-24T12:01:47Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian financial services company}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Manappuram Finance Limited<br /> | logo = <br /> | type = [[Public company|Public]]<br /> | traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|531213}}|{{NSE|MANAPPURAM}}}}<br /> | foundation = {{Start date and age|1949||}}<br /> | location = [[Valapad]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India<br /> | key_people = [[V. P. Nandakumar]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|(MD &amp; CEO)}}<br /> | industry = [[Non-banking financial company]]<br /> | products = {{Bulleted_list|Gold loan|Forex &amp; money transfer|SMS finance|Commercial vehicle loan}}<br /> | num_employees = 17,500<br /> | former_name = Manappuram General Finance and Leasing Ltd&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Manappuram General Fin renamed |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/Manappuram-General-Fin-renamed/article20258438.ece |access-date=25 June 2023 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=24 June 2011 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|6749|c}} (FY23)&lt;ref name=&quot;fy23&quot;/&gt;<br /> | profit = {{up}} {{INRconvert|1495|c}} (FY23)&lt;ref name=&quot;fy23&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Manappuram Finance Ltd reports consolidated PAT of Rs. 413.37 crores in Q4 FY2023 |url=https://www.equitybulls.com/category.php?id=331516 |access-date=25 June 2023 |work=EquityBulls |date=12 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | homepage = {{URL|https://www.manappuram.com}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Manappuram Finance Ltd''' is an Indian [[non-banking financial company]] (NBFC) based in [[Valapad]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/blnus/17051931.htm<br /> |title = Manappuram Gen Fin to expand operations<br /> |newspaper = The Hindu<br /> |access-date = 2010-05-07<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110510070628/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/blnus/17051931.htm<br /> |archive-date = 10 May 2011<br /> |url-status = usurped<br /> |df = dmy-all<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Manappuram has over 4190+ branches across 25 states.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/market-news/PE-firms-take-stock-use-uptrend-to-exit/articleshow/5870408.cms<br /> |title=PE firms take stock, use uptrend to exit<br /> |newspaper=Economic Times<br /> |access-date=2010-05-07<br /> |date=2010-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The company was founded in 1949 by late V. C. Padmanabhan in [[Thrissur district]]. The company commenced its operations at [[Valappad]], mainly with money lending activity on a very modest scale.<br /> <br /> The group's flagship company, MAGFIL, was established in 1992 in the wake of economic reforms launched by the [[Government of India]]. Its activity was mainly pawn broking and money lending carried out on a modest scale.<br /> <br /> In 2014, Manappuram Finance acquired Delhi-based Milestone Home Finance Company&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gooptu |first1=Biswarup |title=Manappuram Finance acquires Milestone Home Finance Company from Jaypee Hotels |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/manappuram-finance-acquires-milestone-home-finance-company-from-jaypee-hotels/articleshow/31944118.cms |access-date=25 June 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=13 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and subsequently renamed the company as Manappuram Home Finance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Manappuram Home Finance Limited |url=https://www.careratings.com/upload/CompanyFiles/PR/09092021064145_Manappuram_Home_Finance_Limited.pdf |access-date=25 June 2023 |work=CARE Ratings}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, Manappuram Finance acquired Asirvad Microfinance, a [[Chennai]]-based [[microfinance]] company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rebello |first1=Joel |title=Manappuram buys microfinance company Asirvad |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/5tnlqRGHd6sfICCjiKU0dJ/Manappuram-buys-microfinance-company-Asirvad.html |access-date=25 June 2023 |work=Mint |date=13 February 2015 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2025, [[Bain Capital]] signed a definitive agreement to acquire an 18.6% stake in Manappuram Finance for {{INRconvert|4385|c}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-03-20 |title=Bain Capital to acquire 18% stake in Manappuram Finance for ₹4,385 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/bain-capital-to-acquire-18-stake-in-manappuram-finance-for-4385-crore/article69354383.ece |access-date=2025-05-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; This transaction set off a mandatory [[tender offer|open offer]] by Bain Capital for an additional 26% stake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Atmadip |title=Sebi approves Bain Capital open offer for Manappuram Finance stake |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sebi-approves-bain-capital-open-offer-for-manappuram-finance-stake/articleshow/124071559.cms |access-date=24 September 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=23 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Controversies ==<br /> In February 2012, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) issued a warning to the general public against keeping deposits with Manappuram Finance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Manappuram-raising-deposits-illegally-RBI/articleshow/11786793.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Manappuram raising deposits illegally: RBI}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response, the company announced an immediate compliance to any of RBI's concerns and decided to constitute an independent committee under the chairmanship of [[Jagdish Capoor]] (former [[List of deputy governors of the Reserve Bank of India|Deputy Governor of RBI]] and former chairman of [[HDFC Bank]]) to review relevant aspects of operations, systems, controls and organizational structure, including Board composition and effectiveness.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/article2889848.ece?homepage=true&amp;ref=wl_home|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911171520/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/article2889848.ece?homepage=true&amp;ref=wl_home|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-11|title = Manappuram Fin 'will ensure' compliance with RBI norms}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Thrissur topics}}<br /> {{Nifty 200 companies}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Manappuram Finance Limited}}<br /> [[Category:Financial services companies in Thrissur]]<br /> [[Category:Financial services companies established in 1949]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1949]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paliyan&diff=523922 2025-09-23T19:27:32Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: adding a bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Group of Dravidian tribals living in South India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> The '''Paliyan''', or '''Pulliyar''', '''Palaiyar''' or '''Pazhaiyarare''', are a group of around 9,500 formerly nomadic [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] tribals living in the [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]] in [[South India]], especially in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]. They are traditional [[nomadic]] [[hunter-gatherers]], honey hunters and foragers. [[Yam (vegetable)|Yams]] are their major food source. In the early part of the 20th century the Paliyans dressed scantily and lived in rock crevices and caves. Most have now transformed into traders of forest products, food cultivators and beekeepers. Some work intermittently as wage laborers, mostly on plantations. They are a [[Scheduled Tribe]]. They speak a Dravidian language, [[Paliyan language|Paliyan]], closely related to [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<br /> <br /> == Past studies ==<br /> [[File:Paliyan women.jpg|thumb|right| Paliyan woman &amp; children]]<br /> &quot;Thurston,&lt;ref&gt;Thurston, E. 1909. Castes and Tribes of South India. Vol IV. Government press, Madras&lt;/ref&gt;(1909) quoting from the writing of Rev. F. Dahman.&lt;ref&gt;Dahmen, Rev. F. 1908 The Paliyans, a hill-tribe of the Palni Hills (south India), Anthropos 3: 19-31&lt;/ref&gt;(1908) describes Palians as nomadic tribe, who for the most part rove in small parties through the jungle clad gorges ([[Sholas]]) that fringe the upper Palnis plateau. Pate{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} (1916) describes Paliyans as a &quot;Very backward caste who live-in small scattered parties amid the jungles of the upper Palnis and the Varrushanadu valley&quot;. Gardner describes Paliyans as moderately dark in complexion, short in stature, and their physical characteristics fall within the range of South and South East Asian.&lt;ref&gt;Gardner, P. M. 1972. The Paliyans. In: Bicchieri, M. (ed.,). Hunters and Gatherers Today. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 404-447&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;D. Winfred Thomas, Department of Botany, The American College, Madurai – 625 002, Tamil Nadu., E. D. I. Oliver King, M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Taramani, Chennai – 600 113, Tamil Nadu., J. Soundrapandi, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Chennai – 600 059, Tamil Nadu. and D. Narasimhan???, &quot;Evolution of Livelihood strategies among Geographically isolated hill tribes of South India&quot;, 2003 [http://www.sasnet.lu.se/tribalevolution.doc Paliyan overview, full text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607060656/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/tribalevolution.doc |date=2007-06-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Peter M. Gardner, the foremost English Paliyan Author, states that Paliyans have distinctive ways:<br /> - To learn subsistence skills with minimal formal verbal instruction.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> - To ascertain themselves what others denote by terms – in the face of substantial interpersonal knowledge variation.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> - To &quot;know&quot; by testing empirically the validity of theories (e.g., on the condition of a hunted animal)&lt;ref&gt;Gardner, P. M., Bicultural Versatility as a Frontier Adaptation among Paliyan Foragers of South India, Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York, {{ISBN|0-7734-7819-1}}, 2000.[http://www.mellenpress.com/mellenpress.cfm?bookid=4149&amp;pc=9 Gardner, 2000]&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> &lt;ref&gt;Gardner, 2000,[https://books.google.com/books?id=VSRzAj-b8yAC&amp;dq=%22Peter%2BM%2B%2BGardner%22paliyan&amp;pg=PP15 Excerpts]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> .&lt;ref&gt;Lee, Richard B. &amp; Daly, Richard Heywood, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers 1999, Cambridge University Press, pp 61-64. &quot;The Paliyan&quot;, Peter M. Gardner, University of Missouri, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1ersVlgGw5cC&amp;dq=%22Peter%2BM%2B%2BGardner%22paliyan&amp;pg=RA1-PR15 Abstract chapter]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Paliyan girl child - thaanipaarai.jpg|thumb|right| Paliyan girl child|{{Deletable image-caption|1=Monday, 15 December 2008|date=May 2012}}]] --&gt;<br /> He summarizes:<br /> &quot;The Paliyan prescription for a good life - residing in a natural setting, cultivating a mature and independent self, respecting all others and fostering a peaceful society&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> Gardner, Peter M., &quot;Journeys to the Edge In the Footsteps of an Anthropologist&quot;, {{ISBN|978-0-8262-1634-2}}, University Of Missouri Press, 2006, page 207.[http://www.umsystem.edu/upress/spring2006/gardner.htm Gardner, 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605090243/http://www.umsystem.edu/upress/spring2006/gardner.htm |date=2007-06-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> *An important Interdisciplinary Conference on the Livelihood strategies among forest-related tribal groups of South India: Contextual analysis of local livelihood strategies, was held at the Centre for Indian Studies, Mysore, India, 17–19 October 2003. 21 papers were presented by 32 participants from several of the major universities of South India, the Anthropological Survey of Calcutta and Mysore, and other institutions. The academic disciplines represented were mainly Social Anthropology, Sociology, Linguistics and Botany. The abstracts of 12 papers are available online.&lt;ref&gt;SWEDISH SOUTH ASIAN STUDIES NETWORK, Livelihood strategies among forest-related tribal groups of South India: Contextual analysis of local livelihood strategies, Interdisciplinary Conference at the Centre for Indian Studies, Mysore, India, 17–19 October 2003.[http://www.sasnet.lu.se/tribalconf03.html Conference, 2003] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506041352/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/tribalconf03.html |date=2007-05-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Sirumalai Paliyans with Dakshinamurthy.jpg|thumb|right| Sirumalai Paliyans with Dakshinamurthy|{{Deletable image-caption|1=Monday, 15 December 2008|date=May 2012}}]] --&gt;<br /> *Christer Norström provides detailed ethnographic notes on the Paliyan, hunter-gatherers of South India, and the possibility of keeping a hunter-gatherer ethos in spite of long-time involvement in a market economy. Christer's fieldwork during 1991-2001 reveals where the Paliyan for decades have combined hunting and gathering with work within a plantation economy, it seems that the economic relations between them and their landholding [[Tamil people|Tamil]] neighbors is based on negotiation rather than subordination. These findings challenge earlier views, grounded on an ecological framework, which states the incompatibility between contemporary hunting and gathering societies and an expanding modern market economy.&lt;ref&gt;Norström, Christer, &quot;Individualism, Collectivism and Flexibility: A Paliyan Ethos for Securing Autonomy&quot;, Department of Social Anthropology, Stockholm University, Sweden [http://www.sasnet.lu.se/tribalnorstrom.doc Norström, Draft, full text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607061007/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/tribalnorstrom.doc |date=2007-06-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *V.Dakshinamurthy initiated his work on the Paliyan at Sirumalai hills, [[Dindigul District]], Tamil Nadu, India followed by extensive studies about the traditional knowledge of the Paliyan at the lower [[Palni hills]], Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu. Paliyan are also living in Varushanad, Sathuragiri.&lt;ref&gt;Norman, T. Selvan Jebaraj &amp; Dakshinamurthy, V.,&quot; A case Study of Paliyar Tribe of Sirumalai Hills&quot;, The Center for Future Studies, Gandhigram Rural Institute, Deemed University, Gandhigram, Dindigul, 624302, Tamil Nadu, India&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *About 500 families live in Idikki Didtrict, Kerala. About 400 Paliyar Live in [[Manjampatti Valley]], Coimbature District, Tamil Nadu.<br /> <br /> == Displacement ==<br /> *Selvakumar (1999) explains about forced migration through history with specific note on how the Paliyan of [[Madurai]] were banished to the hills. The Paliyans, displaced and dispossessed by various groups and by the nation state throughout their history, are in a pathetic state now. Though the Tamil Nadu government has built houses for a few Paliyan families at Kurinji Nagar (8&amp;nbsp;km west of [[Usilampatti]]), several of the Paliyan are without proper houses. The future of the Paliyan is very tenuous now that the forests, which are denuded due to illegal poaching and timber-cutting by the people from the plains, have much less area and [[biodiversity]].&lt;ref&gt;Selvakumar, V., &quot;Hunter-gatherer adaptations in Madurai Region, Tamil Nadu, India: from c. 10,000 B.P. to c. A.D. 500.&quot;, Asian Perspectives, 22-MAR-02,[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-2737315_ITM full text]{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Atrocities against Paliyar tribal families, living in remote villages of lower [[Kodaikanal]] Hills, have come to light.{{When|date=September 2025}} The families, living for a long time at Vellakavai, Chinnur and Periyur villages, had been engaged in cultivating common millet, ragi, coffee and oranges. Owing to persistent threat from encroachers, many of them would not like to go back to their villages. There was also constant threat to a few tribals who challenged the encroachers. Fifty-eight tribal families, belonging to Paliyar community, who had been living for generations on the Sathuragiri hills in Madurai district allege that they are being driven out of their 'motherland' by Forest department officials. Having learnt to live with nature's fury, these families lived on the hilltop but came down lured by the 'promises' of Government officials of getting group houses two decades ago. They now{{When|date=September 2025|reason=in 2003?}} feel that they are losing their rights over the forest and its produce.&lt;ref&gt;the Hindu, Southern States - Tamil Nadu, Monday, 3 Mar 2003, &quot;Paliyar tribals driven out, land taken over&quot; {{usurped|[https://archive.today/20120904070051/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/03/03/stories/2003030303460400.htm News]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Diet ==<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Paliyans favorite root tuber- Dioscorea sp.jpg|thumb|right| Lakshmanan a Paliyan with Dioscorea tubers|{{Deletable image-caption|1=Monday, 15 December 2008|date=May 2012}}]] --&gt;<br /> *Gardner has described traditional hunting and gathering techniques in detail: foraging for yams and sago, hunting of small game, fishing, and honey collecting. He has shown that Paliyan data refute the century-old theory (revived by Bose in 1956 and by Fox in 1969) that Indian foragers are &quot;professional primitives,&quot; unable to subsist on hunting and gathering alone.&lt;ref&gt;Gardner, Peter M. &quot;Dimensions of subsistence foraging in South India,&quot; Ethnology, Vol 32, 1993, pp. 109-44&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Tamilarasi, Murugesan and Ananthalakshmi (1991) have studied the dietary practices of the Paliyar tribal group and the nutrient content of unconventional foods consumed. The dietary pattern of the Paliyar tribal people was peculiar by the inclusion of local, natural resources, or unconventional foods. The studies were carried out at Vadakaraparai, Moolayar, Valaigiri, Velankulam and Boy's town area of [[Dindigul District]].&lt;ref&gt;Tamilarasi Murugesan, P. &amp; Ananthalakshmi, A.: Dietary Practices of the Paliyar Tribal Group and the Nutrient Content of Unconventional Foods Consumed. The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics. Dec. 1991. 28(12). p.297-301. Location: SNDT Churchgate [http://www.gendwaar.gen.in/TR/tribal39.htm Diet, full text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526061435/http://www.gendwaar.gen.in/TR/tribal39.htm |date=2006-05-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Social controls ==<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Paliyan workship.jpg|thumb|right| Paliyan worshiping|{{Deletable image-caption|1=Monday, 15 December 2008|date=May 2012}}]] --&gt;<br /> Peter M. Gardner (2000) studied the [[conflict resolution]] and nonviolence among recently sedentary Paliyan foragers. According to his research, Paliyan foragers in south India remain relatively nonviolent when becoming sedentary. Successful Paliyan peacekeeping may be due in part to both the multiplicity of their safeguards, the prevention of positive feedback and retreat from conflict. In the long run, however, altered treatment of children foreshadows change.&lt;ref&gt;Gardner P.M., Blackwell Publishing, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Volume 6, Number 2, June 2000, &quot;Respect and nonviolence among recently sedentary Paliyan foragers&quot;, pp. 215-236.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070703072845/http://www.peacefulsocieties.org/Archtext/Gardner00.pdf full text]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Environmental issues ==<br /> The Paliyan are not very willing agents of all this destruction; but with their traditional hunting - gathering economy no longer a practical proposition, they are dependent on forest produce collection for a living. As such, they have been directly responsible for the destruction of many species, including the cinnamon through bark collection. But now with only a small population of cinnamon trees surviving deep in the core of the forest, the Paliyan have informed the contractor that 'the cinnamon has been exhausted, and leave these trees alone'{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}<br /> <br /> == Ethnomedicine ==<br /> <br /> *Traditional botanical preparations represent the primary resource for health care in Paliyan society. Tribal herbal practitioners play an important role in helping keep the Paliyans healthy. The most common ailments treated are skin problems, burns, wounds, cuts, and diseases of the skin. Other illnesses alleviated by herbal medicines include respiratory infections, coughs, fevers, and colds, and gastrointestinal problems, abdominal pains, stomach aches, throat infections, snake bites, nervous disorders and more.&lt;ref&gt;Ignacimuthu, S., M. Ayyanar, and Sankara Sivaraman K. 2006. &quot;Ethnobotanical Investigations among Tribes in Madurai District of Tamil Nadu ( India).&quot; Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2:25.[http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/1/25 full text]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Ganesan, Suresh and Kesaven (2004), have surveyed the Ethnomedicine of lower Palni Hills. In the attempt, the ethno medicinal aspects of 45 species of plants used by the Paliyan and Paliyan tribes of lower Palni Hills (both northern and southern slopes), Tamil Nadu have been enumerated.&lt;ref&gt;Ganesan, S. &amp; Suresh, N. &amp; Kesaven, L., &quot;Ethnomedicinal survey of lower Palni Hills of Tamil Nadu&quot;, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Vol.3, July 2004, pp. 299-304. [http://www.niscair.res.in/ScienceCommunication/ResearchJournals/rejour/ijtk/ijtk2k4/ijtk_jul04.asp#a10 Ethnomedicine]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Dakshinamurthy from Gandhigram Rural University conducted micro studies of the Paliyan at Sirumalai Hills and major work In the Palni Hills documenting the ethno botanical knowledge of the Paliyan.&lt;ref&gt;Dakshinamurthy, V. &amp; Normen, T. Selvan Jebaraj, &quot;A Case Study of Paliyar Tribe of Surumalai Hills&quot; Center for Future Studies, Gandhigram Rural Institute, Deemed University, Gandhigram, Dindigul, 624302, Tamil Nadu. [[:File:Paliyan book.jpg|cover image]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *&quot;Ethnobotanical investigations among the Sathuragiri Paliyans resulted in the identification of 134 medicinal plants that are used by them to treat common ailments such as cold, cough, head ache, snake bites, poisonous insect bites and digestive disorders. Many of these diseases can be traced back to their environmental and occupational hazards. The Paliyans of Sathuragiri are prone to skin diseases. A few members in the community are recognized as Vaidyars or medicine man to whom the majority turns up when sick&quot;&lt;ref&gt;D. Winfred Thomas, 2003.[http://www.sasnet.lu.se/tribalevolution.doc Paliyan overview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607060656/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/tribalevolution.doc |date=2007-06-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Paliyan theories of illness, shamanistic diagnosis, and 75 measures for treatment of illness and injury have been described.&lt;ref&gt;Gardner, Peter M., &quot;Illness and response among South Indian foragers,&quot; Medical Anthropology, Vol. 16, 1995, pp.119-139&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *According to Palani Hills Adivasis Liberation Movement general secretary Leelawathi, the Central and State governments allocate crores of rupees every year for the welfare and upliftment of the tribals. But whether even a minor percentage of this amount is really spent on the welfare of the tribals was doubtful, taking into consideration, the appalling conditions under which they live, alienated from their traditional lands.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Dravidian languages}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]<br /> [[Category:Dravidian peoples]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:South Indian communities]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_(newspaper)&diff=445542 2025-09-14T19:58:21Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: quick fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Malayalam language newspaper in India}}<br /> {{other uses|General (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{More citations needed|date=October 2010}}<br /> {{One source|date=June 2021}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox newspaper<br /> | name = General<br /> | logo = [[File:General Malayalam logo.jpg|frameless]]<br /> | type = Daily [[newspaper]]<br /> | format = [[Broadsheet]]<br /> &lt;!-- |image = Deleted image removed: [[File:Mm1.JPG|175px]] --&gt;<br /> | image = [[File:General English logo.jpg|frameless]]<br /> | owners =<br /> | founded = 1976<br /> | political_position = Neo-liberal, Pro-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]<br /> | publisher = Johny Chandy<br /> | chief_editor = Johny Chandy<br /> | language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]<br /> | headquarters = [[Thrissur]]<br /> | circulation = 1,25,000 daily{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}<br /> | website = [http://www.generaldaily.com Generaldaily.com]<br /> | price = Rs. 5 <br /> }}<br /> &lt;!-- copyright image removed --&gt;<br /> '''''General''''' ({{langx|ml| ജനറൽ }}) is a [[Malayalam]] language newspaper printed daily and published from the City of [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]] in [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==Editions==<br /> * City of [[Thrissur]]<br /> * Online&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.generaldaily.com/ |title=General Online Malayalam Edition |access-date=16 October 2010 |archive-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418184002/http://www.generaldaily.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Timeline==<br /> * 1976 &quot;General&quot; founded<br /> * 1976 First issue of General was published on 21 May<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of newspapers in India by circulation]]<br /> * [[List of newspapers in the world by circulation]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * https://web.archive.org/web/20101225234022/http://malayalamnewspaper.net/<br /> * [http://www.pressdisplay.com/pressdisplay/viewer.aspx?cid=4243 General e-Paper] (Registration may be required)<br /> <br /> {{Malayalam journalism}}<br /> {{Newspapers in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mass media in Thrissur]]<br /> [[Category:Mass media in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam-language newspapers]]<br /> [[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]<br /> [[Category:1976 establishments in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Newspapers established in 1976]]<br /> <br /> [[ar:جنرال]]<br /> [[fr:General]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srinagar_Colony&diff=537181 2025-08-11T12:31:23Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: Adding Initial Page First Draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Srinagar Colony<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Telangana<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|17.416471|N|78.438247|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = Metro<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = [[GHMC]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 500 073<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Khairatabad Assembly constituency]]<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Srinagar Colony''' is an important commercial and residential area in the western part of [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India.&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Srinagar-Colony-road-declared-commercial-road/articleshow/18456226.cms Srinagar Colony road declared commercial road]&lt;/ref&gt; It formed [[Hyderabad Corporation zones, circles and wards|Ward No. 104]] of [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] in 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;ward&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Election Wards|url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/tender%20pdfs/election_wards.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110083915/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/tender%20pdfs/election_wards.pdf|archive-date=10 November 2011|access-date=12 June 2017|website=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|format=PDF|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Because the area is close to [[Madhapur]], with many working software professionals, it is a popular residential area, with a growing number of higher-valued flats. The area has also seen a large increase in real estate prices in recent years.<br /> <br /> ==Commercial area==<br /> There are many banks, supermarkets and restaurants located in this suburb. There are many software companies which have made Srinagar colony their base. Many malls and theatres like RK Cineplex (PVR RK Cineplex), [[Hyderabad Central]], [[PVR Cinemas]], [[Big Bazaar]] (Big Cinemas), [[CineMAX|Cinemax]], and [[GVK One]] (Inox) are within 1 to 2&amp;nbsp;km distance. [[Ameerpet]] is very close, which is a major shopping center also a capital of Software training. Most of them have made Srinagar colony their residence.<br /> <br /> ==Residential area==<br /> Srinagar Colony of Hyderabad is a posh suburban neighbourhood to the west of [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]. It is one of the best residential location in the city with rental prices up to Rs.60,000.00 for a three-bedroom flat (furnished flats rent for up to Rs.70,000.00). Most building in the area are five floors, with lot of small parks along the road. Ganapathi Complex is very famous meeting place for television stars. This landmark is known for its many artists of cinema and television stars.<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> The buses run by [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation|TGSRTC]] connect Srinagar colony to all parts of the city. There is also a mini-bus service called as [[Setwin]] service. The closest [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System|MMTS Train station]] is at [[Begumpet]]. The nearest metro stations are Yousufguda Metro Station, Road No. 5 Jubilee Hills Metro Station and Ameerpet Metro Station.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samatra_TV_tower&diff=532252 2025-08-09T05:53:01Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: Adding Some Info W/ Infobox - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox building<br /> |name = Samatra TV tower<br /> |image = [[File:Samatra TV Tower.jpg|frameless|center|Samatra TV tower]]<br /> |completion_date = 1999<br /> |building_type = TV and radio broadcasting tower<br /> |location = [[Bhuj]], India<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|23.191859|N|69.476877|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}<br /> |antenna_spire = {{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<br /> |top_floor =<br /> |roof = <br /> |floor_count = <br /> |floor_area = <br /> |elevator_count = <br /> }}<br /> '''Samatra TV tower''', is a television and radio broadcasting tower located near [[Samatra]] village, {{convert|12|mi|km}} west of [[Bhuj]] in [[Kutch district]], Gujarat, India. It was completed in 1999. With a height of {{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, it is 8th-tallest structure in India and 201st-tallest structure in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/ten-tallest-television-tower-of-india/|title=Ten Tallest Television Tower of India|website=walkthroughindia.com|access-date=19 July 2017|archive-date=17 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217061621/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/ten-tallest-television-tower-of-india/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Supertall}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bhuj]]<br /> [[Category:Communication towers in India]]<br /> [[Category:Towers completed in 1999]]<br /> [[Category:1999 establishments in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shyam_Chandra&diff=535541 2025-07-29T23:17:42Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: Adding New Entry Added Tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Raja of Nilgiri (1893-1913)}}<br /> {{infobox royalty<br /> | name = Shyam Chandra Mardraj Harichandan<br /> | title = [[Raja]]<br /> | succession = [[Raja]] of [[Nilgiri State|Nilgiri]]<br /> | reign = 11&amp;nbsp;May 1893{{Sndash}}{{Avoid wrap|6&amp;nbsp;July 1913}}<br /> | predecessor = Krishna Chandra Mardraj Harichandan<br /> | successor = [[Kishore Chandra Mardraj Harichandan]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1877|01|06|df=yes}}<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1913|07|6|1877|01|06|df=yes}}<br /> | issue = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Kishore Chandra Mardraj Harichandan]]<br /> * [[Basanta Manjari Devi|Basant Manjari Devi]]<br /> }}<br /> | issue-link = #Early_life,_education,_and_family<br /> | house = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]] (by birth)<br /> * [[Nilgiri State|Nilgiri]] (by adoption)<br /> }}<br /> | father = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Krishna Chandra Bhanj Deo]] (biological)<br /> * Krishna Chandra Mardraj Harichandan (adoptive)<br /> }}<br /> | module = {{infobox person<br /> |embed = yes<br /> |education = [[St. Paul's School, Darjeeling]]<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''Shyam Chandra Mardraj Harichandan''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Nilgiri State|Nilgiri]] from 1893 until his death in 1913.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=No restoration, clock tower of Nilagiri palace collapses |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2013/Feb/13/no-restoration-clock-tower-of-nilagiri-palace-collapses-450126.html |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en |date=13 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Rathore |first1=Abhinay |title=Nilgiri (Princely State) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/nilgiri |language=en |date=1956}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life, education, and family==<br /> He was born on 6 January 1877 to [[Krishna Chandra Bhanj Deo]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=MAYURBHANJ |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/mayurbhanj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706113757/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/mayurbhanj.html |archive-date=2017-07-06 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=NILGIRI |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/n/nilgiri.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000130/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/n/nilgiri.html |archive-date=2017-07-01 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was adopted in 1882 by Krishna Chandra Mardraj Harichandan, the [[Raja]] of [[Nilgiri State|Nilgiri]], as his son and heir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He was educated at [[St. Paul's School, Darjeeling]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ruling_Chiefs_Nobles_Zamindars_of_In/PeeRRf0EhnIC |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles &amp; Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=414 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He married and had issue: one son, [[Kishore Chandra Mardraj Harichandan]], and one daughter, [[Basanta Manjari Devi|Basant Manjari Devi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reign ==<br /> He acceded to the [[Nilgiri State|Nilgiri]] throne upon the death of his adoptive father on 11 May 1893.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/United_Provinces_Oudh_Bengal_Central_Pro/h8wkAQAAIAAJ |title=United Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Central Provinces |date=1909 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=305 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Owing to his minority on the occasion, the state was placed under the administration of the [[British government of India|British Government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; He was invested with administrative powers in 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; He was temporarily deprived of his powers in 1905 due to his complicity in a case of torture in his state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Superintendent Government Printing |first=Calcutta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210012 |title=A Collection Of Treaties Engagements And Sanads Vol- I |date=1909 |pages=305}}&lt;/ref&gt; The administration of the state was restored to him in 1908.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Committee |first=Commonwealth Shipping |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Report/UxkyAQAAMAAJ |title=Report |date=1910 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |pages=135 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bengal (India) |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Report_on_the_Administration_of_Bengal/IpI-AQAAMAAJ |title=Report on the Administration of Bengal |date=1910 |pages=3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> He died on 6 July 1913 and was succeeded by [[Kishore Chandra Mardraj Harichandan]] in his title, rank, and dignity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Branch |first=India Manager, Government of India Central Publication |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Memoranda_on_the_India_States_1930/twq2AAAAIAAJ |title=Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930) |date=1931 |pages=232 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:1877 births]]<br /> [[Category:1913 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:Indian maharajas]]<br /> [[Category:History of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:People from Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:People from British India]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._M._Joshi_(ophthalmologist)&diff=460377 2025-07-17T04:34:56Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: fix layout for clarity and added references to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian ophthalmologist}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name =M. M. Joshi<br /> | image = The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Dr Mahipati M. Joshi, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 28, 2016.jpg<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Dr Mahipati M. Joshi, 2016<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1935|05|10}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=BLP}}<br /> | birth_place =Nimbal<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | restingplace = <br /> | restingplacecoordinates = <br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = [[Ophthalmologist]]<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | known for = M. M. Joshi Eye Institute<br /> | spouse = <br /> | domesticpartner = <br /> | children = <br /> | parents = <br /> | website = https://www.mmjoshieyeinstitute.com<br /> | signature = <br /> | awards = [[Padma Shri]]&lt;br&gt;[[Rajyotsava Prashasti]]&lt;br&gt;AIOS Lifetime achievement Award&lt;br&gt;[[FIE Foundation]] National Award<br /> }}<br /> '''Mahipathi Madhwacharya Joshi''' (born 1935){{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=BLP}} is an Indian ophthalmologist and the founder of ''M. M. Joshi Eye Institute'' (''Padma Nayanalaya''), a 75-bedded super-specialty eye hospital, located in [[Hubli]] and [[Dharwad]], and the largest in the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;M M Joshi Eye Institute in Dharwad&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.askme.com/dharwad/outlets/m-m-joshi-eye-institute-dharwad-belgaum-road-krishinagar-u2091873584l39267485 | title=M M Joshi Eye Institute in Dharwad | publisher=Ask Me | date=2016 | accessdate=30 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818132100/https://www.askme.com/dharwad/outlets/m-m-joshi-eye-institute-dharwad-belgaum-road-krishinagar-u2091873584l39267485 | archive-date=18 August 2016 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The first post graduate private practitioner in the state of [[Karnataka]], he is one of the founders of ''Karnataka Ophthalmic Society'' and a recipient of [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]], the second highest civilian award of the Government of Karnataka.&lt;ref name=&quot;M.M. Joshi, Venkateshkumar among winners&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/mm-joshi-venkateshkumar-among-winners/article8153628.ece | title=M.M. Joshi, Venkateshkumar among winners | work=The Hindu | date=26 January 2016 | accessdate=30 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2016, for his contributions to medicine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | accessdate=3 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803085913/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf | archive-date=3 August 2017 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> M. M. Joshi was born on 10 May 1935{{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=BLP}} in the village of Nimbal in [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]] of the south Indian state of [[Karnataka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Founder&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.mmjoshieyeinstitute.com/founder.html | title=Founder | publisher=M M Joshi Eye Clinic | date=2016 | accessdate=30 July 2016 | archive-date=19 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119200838/http://mmjoshieyeinstitute.com/founder.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; After securing a post graduate degree (MS) in ophthalmology, he started his private practice in [[Hubli]], the first post graduate ophthalmologist from Karnataka to enter private practice, and in 1967, founded M. M. Joshi Eye Institute. The institution has over the years grown to become a two-location (Hubli and Dharwad) super specialty hospital group and is a post graduate institute in ophthalmology.&lt;ref name=&quot;M M Joshi Eye Institute in Dharwad&quot; /&gt; Under the egis of his institute, Joshi is involved in organizing free eye camps&lt;ref name=&quot;Cataract Surgery for screened patients at M.M. Joshi Eye Institute, Hubli under CSR - Kaiga Site&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.npcil.nic.in/pdf/news_05jun2014_02.pdf | title=Cataract Surgery for screened patients at M.M. Joshi Eye Institute, Hubli under CSR - Kaiga Site | publisher=Nuclear Power Corporation of India | date=20 May 2014 | accessdate=30 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blinded by greed&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.iijnm.org/mastersproject2015/navalgund-blinded-by-greed-2015.html | title=Blinded by greed | publisher=Indian Institute of Journalism and New Media | date=2016 | accessdate=30 July 2016 | archive-date=2 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001102/http://www.iijnm.org/mastersproject2015/navalgund-blinded-by-greed-2015.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Continuing medical education]] programs.&lt;ref name=&quot;CME on ophthalmology draws 170 participants&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/10/12/stories/2004101201230300.htm | title=CME on ophthalmology draws 170 participants | date=12 October 2004 | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=30 July 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; he is reported to have established the first [[eye bank]] in the state of Karnataka and is known to have initiated the first eye donation program in the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;M.M. Joshi, Venkateshkumar among winners&quot; /&gt; He is one of the founders of ''Karnataka Ophthalmic Society'' and it was the only professional body in ophthalmology in the state when it was established in 1980. The Government of Karnataka honored him with [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]] in 1989 and he received the national civilian honor of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot; /&gt; Joshi, a recipient of an honorary doctorate from [[Karnataka University]], also received the National Award of [[FIE Foundation]] in 1997 and Lifetime Achievement Award of the All India Ophthalmic Society in 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;M.M. Joshi, Venkateshkumar among winners&quot; /&gt; The Karnataka Ophthalmic Society have instituted an annual award, ''Dr. M.M. Joshi Best Paper Award'', in his honor for recognizing innovations in ophthalmology.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orations &amp; Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://kos.drgiri.org/index.php/orations-awards | title=Orations &amp; Awards | publisher=Karnataka Ophthalmic Society | date=2016 | accessdate=30 July 2016 | archive-date=24 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224085552/http://kos.drgiri.org/index.php/orations-awards | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr Padmamalini Mahendradas&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.narayananethralaya.org/doctors/dr-padmamalini/ | title=Dr Padmamalini Mahendradas | publisher=Narayana Netthralaya | date=2016 | accessdate=30 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Eye bank]]<br /> {{portal|India|Medicine}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWUU7d782Hw | title=Dr. M. M. Joshi awarded the &quot;PADMA SHRI&quot; Award | publisher=M. M. Joshi Eye Institute | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=5 April 2016 | accessdate=30 July 2016}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, M. M.}}<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]<br /> [[Category:1935 births]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bijapur district, Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Indian ophthalmologists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian medical administrators]]<br /> [[Category:Indian medical academics]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_cricket_in_India_from_1945%E2%80%9346_to_1960&diff=470305 2025-06-18T09:08:35Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: slightly enhance formatting and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|none}}<br /> This article describes the '''history of cricket in India''' from the 1945–46 season until 1960.<br /> <br /> ==Events==<br /> The major and defining event in the history of Indian cricket during this period was the [[Partition of India]] following full independence from the [[British Raj]] in 1947.<br /> <br /> An early casualty of change was the [[Bombay Quadrangular]] tournament which had been a focal point of Indian cricket for over 50 years. The new India had no place for teams based on ethnic origin. As a result, the [[Ranji Trophy]] came into its own as the national championship.<br /> <br /> The last-ever Bombay Pentangular, as it had become, was won by the [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]] in 1945–46.<br /> <br /> ==Domestic cricket==<br /> <br /> ===Ranji Trophy winners===<br /> * 1945-46 &amp;ndash; [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]<br /> * 1946-47 &amp;ndash; [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]<br /> * 1947-48 &amp;ndash; [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]<br /> * 1948-49 &amp;ndash; [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]<br /> * 1949-50 &amp;ndash; [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]<br /> * 1950-51 &amp;ndash; [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]<br /> * 1951-52 &amp;ndash; [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]<br /> * 1952-53 &amp;ndash; [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]<br /> * 1953-54 &amp;ndash; [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]<br /> * 1954-55 &amp;ndash; [[Madras cricket team|Madras]]<br /> * 1955-56 &amp;ndash; [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]<br /> * 1956-57 &amp;ndash; [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]<br /> * 1957-58 &amp;ndash; [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]<br /> * 1958-59 &amp;ndash; [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]<br /> * 1959-60 &amp;ndash; [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]<br /> <br /> ==Leading players by season==<br /> The lists below give the leading first-class runscorers and wicket-takers in each domestic season.<br /> <br /> ===Batsmen===<br /> * 1945-46 &amp;ndash;<br /> <br /> ===Bowlers===<br /> * 1945-46 &amp;ndash;<br /> <br /> ==International cricket==<br /> <br /> {{Empty section|date=July 2010}}<br /> <br /> ==International tours of India==<br /> <br /> ===Australian Services 1945-46===<br /> '''''For information about this tour, see'' : [[Australian Services cricket team in Ceylon and India in 1945-46]]'''<br /> <br /> ===West Indies 1948-49===<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/18/18716.html 1st Test] at [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/18/18732.html 2nd Test] at [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Bombay]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/18/18755.html 3rd Test] at [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/18/18771.html 4th Test] at [[MA Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chepauk]], [[Madras]] &amp;ndash; West Indies won by an innings and 193 runs<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/18/18779.html 5th Test] at [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Bombay]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> <br /> ===Commonwealth XI 1949-50===<br /> <br /> ===Commonwealth XI 1950-51===<br /> <br /> ===England 1951-52===<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/19/19997.html 1st Test] at [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/20/20031.html 2nd Test] at [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Bombay]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/20/20053.html 3rd Test] at [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/20/20071.html 4th Test] at [[Green Park Stadium|Modi Stadium]], [[Kanpur]] &amp;ndash; England won by 8 wickets<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/20/20096.html 5th Test] at [[MA Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chepauk]], [[Madras]] &amp;ndash; India won by an innings and 8 runs<br /> <br /> ===Pakistan 1952-53===<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/20/20436.html 1st Test] at [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]] &amp;ndash; India won by an innings and 70 runs<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/20/20438.html 2nd Test] at [[Lucknow University Ground|University Ground]], [[Lucknow]] &amp;ndash; Pakistan won by an innings and 43 runs<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/20/20448.html 3rd Test] at [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Bombay]] &amp;ndash; India won by 10 wickets<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/20/20458.html 4th Test] at [[MA Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chepauk]], [[Madras]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/20/20471.html 5th Test] at [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> <br /> ===Commonwealth XI 1953-54===<br /> <br /> ===New Zealand 1955-56===<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/21/21802.html 1st Test] at [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/21/21811.html 2nd Test] at [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Bombay]] &amp;ndash; India won by an innings and 27 runs<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/21/21822.html 3rd Test] at [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/21/21835.html 4th Test] at [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/21/21848.html 5th Test] at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Nehru Stadium]], [[Madras]] &amp;ndash; India won by an innings and 109 runs<br /> <br /> ===Ceylon 1955-56===<br /> <br /> ===Australia 1956-57===<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/22/22246.html 1st Test] at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Nehru Stadium]], [[Madras]] &amp;ndash; Australia won by an innings and 5 runs<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/22/22250.html 2nd Test] at [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Bombay]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/22/22254.html 3rd Test] at [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]] &amp;ndash; Australia won by 94 runs<br /> <br /> ===CG Howard's XI 1956-57===<br /> <br /> ===Ceylon 1957-58===<br /> <br /> ===West Indies 1958-59===<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/23/23212.html 1st Test] at [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Bombay]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/23/23224.html 2nd Test] at [[Green Park Stadium|Modi Stadium]], [[Kanpur]] &amp;ndash; West Indies won by 203 runs<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/23/23272.html 3rd Test] at [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]] &amp;ndash; West Indies won by an innings and 336 runs<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/23/23321.html 4th Test] at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Nehru Stadium]], [[Madras]] &amp;ndash; West Indies won by 295 runs<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/23/23336.html 5th Test] at [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> <br /> ===Australia 1959-60===<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/23/23857.html 1st Test] at [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]] &amp;ndash; Australia won by an innings and 127 runs<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/23/23863.html 2nd Test] at [[Green Park Stadium|Modi Stadium]], [[Kanpur]] &amp;ndash; India won by 119 runs<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/23/23887.html 3rd Test] at [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Bombay]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/23/23914.html 4th Test] at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Nehru Stadium]], [[Madras]] &amp;ndash; Australia won by an innings and 55 runs<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/23/23936.html 5th Test] at [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]] &amp;ndash; match drawn<br /> <br /> ==External sources==<br /> * [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Events/IND.html CricketArchive &amp;ndash; Itinerary of Events in India]<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * [[Rowland Bowen]], ''Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development'', Eyre &amp; Spottiswoode, 1970<br /> * [[Vasant Raiji]], ''India's Hambledon Men'', Tyeby Press, 1986<br /> * [[Mihir Bose]], ''A History of Indian Cricket'', Andre-Deutsch, 1990<br /> * [[Ramachandra Guha]], ''A Corner of a Foreign Field - An Indian History of a British Sport'', Picador, 2001<br /> <br /> {{International cricket tours of India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:History of cricket in India from 1945-46 to 1960}}<br /> [[Category:History of Indian cricket|1960]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricket seasons from 1945–46 to 1969–70|1960]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarita_Bhadauria&diff=475911 2025-06-11T07:42:31Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1963)}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=July 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Sarita Bhadauria<br /> | image = Smt Sarita Bhadauria receiving the guard of honor.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes| 1963|01|04}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Kishni, Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | residence = Vill. &amp; Post Udi, [[Etawah]],<br /> | office = Chairman of the Mahila Balvikas Sanyukt Samiti (U.P)<br /> | term_start = 3 December 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;bhaskar.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> | term_end = <br /> | office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]]<br /> | term_start1 = 11 March 2017<br /> | term_end1 = <br /> | predecessor1 = [[Raghuraj Singh Shakya]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Etawah]]<br /> | office2 = Vice President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (U.P.)<br /> | term_start2 = 2013<br /> | term_end2 = 2016<br /> | office3 = Vice President of BJP Mahila Morcha<br /> | term_start3 = 2010<br /> | term_end3 = 2013<br /> | office4 = Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (U.P.)<br /> | term_start4 = 2007<br /> | term_end4 = 2010<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bhaskar.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> | otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | spouse =Late Shri. Abhay Veer Singh Bhadauria<br /> | alma_mater = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Kanpur University]]<br /> | relations = <br /> | children = Reenu Chauhan<br /> Ashish Bhadauria<br /> Rohit Bhadauria<br /> | profession = Social worker, agriculturist, politician<br /> }}<br /> '''Sarita Bhadauria''' (born 4 January 1963) is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She is also a member of [[18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Legislative Assembly]], Uttar Pradesh of India. She hails from the [[Etawah]] constituency in [[Uttar Pradesh]] which is considered to be the stronghold of [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] and [[Akhilesh Yadav]]. She defeated the Samajwadi party's candidate by 17234 votes in the 2017 Assembly and by 4277 votes in 2022 Assembly elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;bhaskar.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/|title=Uttar Pradesh News (यूपी न्यूज़): Uttar Pradesh news in Hindi(उत्तर प्रदेश समाचार), Latest News in UP-Hindi News only on Dainik Bhaskar|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> She entered into politics in 1999 and contested the unsuccessful parliamentary elections on a congress ticket from Etawah constituency. Soon after in the year 2000 she joined [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] and again contested the 2004 Loksabha elections from the Etawah seat but lost. Initially she started working in public as a basic social worker but soon gained popularity among the masses. She was made the secretary of the Uttar Pradesh unit of BJP in 2007. In 2010 she was made the national vice president of BJP Mahila Morcha when [[Smriti Irani]] was the president. In 2013 she was made the vice president of the [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] Uttar Pradesh unit. Currently she holds the post of UP President of the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Abhiyan under the leadership of PM [[Shri Narendra Modi]]. In 2017 she was elected as a member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] from [[Etawah]] (Vidhan Sabha constituency) as the [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate. She received 91234 votes in this election.&lt;ref name=&quot;bhaskar.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Her husband's name was Abhay Veer Singh. She has two sons and a daughter, who is married to a doctor, Ashish Chauhan.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=2583|title=Sarita Bhadauriya(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- ETAWAH(ETAWAH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|last=ADR|work=myneta.info|accessdate=26 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhadauriya, Sarita}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:People from Etawah]]<br /> [[Category:1963 births]]<br /> [[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Shivangi_Joshi&diff=512856 2025-05-12T05:19:51Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: Redirect page</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Shivangi Joshi]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Chandrappa&diff=513859 2025-05-02T01:28:10Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: put up new entry added tags!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> '''M. Chandrappa''' (born 10 May 1957) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Holalkere Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Chitradurga district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=M Chandrappa in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/m-chandrappa-holalkere-candidate-s10a102c007/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Holalkere Election Results LIVE {{!}} M Chandrappa of BJP wins against Congress' H Anjaneya - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/holalkere-election-results-2023-live-updates-bjp-congress-16615191.htm |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Holalkere&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Holalkere |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10102.htm?ac=102 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501181600/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10102.htm?ac=102 |archivedate=1 May 2025 |accessdate=1 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Chandrappa is from [[Chitradurga]]. He is the son of Masiyappa. He completed his graduation in arts in 1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=M.Chandrappa(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- HOLALKERE (SC)(CHITRADURGA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7319 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Chandrappa was elected as an MLA for the third time from [[Holalkere Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 88,732 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[H. Anjaneya]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 5,682 votes. In March 2024, his son was denied a BJP ticket to contest the Lok Sabha election from Chitradurga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-03-29 |title=Row over BJP candidate in Chitradurga: MLA Chandrappa and son hold meeting with supporters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/row-over-bjp-candidate-in-chitradurga-mla-chandrappa-and-son-hold-meeting-with-supporters/article68006463.ece |access-date=2024-08-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Election: Holalkere Assembly constituency result 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/karnataka/acno102-acno102.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was first elected as an MLA winning the [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. In 2008, he defeated [[H. Anjaneya]] of the Indian National Congress by a margin of 15,368 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results in 2008 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; He won for the second time winning the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-14 |title=Karnataka assembly election results: List of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-results-list-of-winners-5176068/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He polled 107,976 votes and defeated his closest opponent, Anjaneya again, by a margin of 38,940 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Holalkere Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates &amp; more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/holalkere-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99488017.cms |access-date=2024-08-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrappa, M.}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1957 births]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]<br /> [[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]<br /> [[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]<br /> [[Category:People from Chitradurga district]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada people]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishan_Alang&diff=463739 2025-04-04T00:27:27Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: updated details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1991)}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox cricketer<br /> | name = Krishan Alang<br /> | image = <br /> | fullname = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|9|19|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Kapurthala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | batting = Right-handed<br /> | bowling = Right-arm offbreak<br /> | role =<br /> <br /> | club1 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> | year1 = 2018/19<br /> | clubnumber1 = <br /> | club2 = <br /> | year2 = <br /> | clubnumber2 =<br /> <br /> | date = 4 February 2020<br /> | source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1175459.html ESPNcricinfo<br /> }}<br /> '''Krishan Alang''' (born 19 September 1991) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1175459.html |title=Krishan Alang |access-date=4 February 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] in the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] on 27 February 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;T20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157166.html |title=Group C, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Indore, Feb 27 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut on 4 February 2020, for Punjab in the [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203572.html |title=Elite, Group A, Ranji Trophy at Patiala, Feb 4-7 2020 |access-date=4 February 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cricinfo|id=1175459}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Alang, Krishan}}<br /> [[Category:1991 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:Punjab, India cricketers]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-cricket-bio-1991-stub}}</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goparaja&diff=500913 2025-03-31T23:21:58Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Second Battle of Eran#Battle]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R with history}}<br /> }}</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lopchu_Tea_Estate&diff=466885 2025-02-28T21:27:36Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Tea garden in Rangli Rangliot, India}}<br /> {{Infobox park<br /> | name = Lopchu Tea Estate<br /> | alt_name = <br /> | photo = <br /> | photo_width = 250<br /> | photo_caption =<br /> | type = <br /> | location = [[Darjeeling district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br /> | nearest_city = <br /> | map = <br /> | coords = {{coord|27.074533|N|88.369637|E||display=inline,title}}<br /> | area = {{convert|226|acres|abbr=on}} <br /> | open = early 1860s<br /> | elevation = {{convert|4800|ft}}<br /> | owner = Rajesh Kanoria, Sandeep Kanoria<br /> | operator = <br /> | visitation_num = <br /> | status =<br /> | website =<br /> }}<br /> '''Lopchu Tea Estate''' is a [[Tea garden (cultivation)|tea garden]] in the [[Rangli Rangliot (community development block)|Rangli Rangliot]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Darjeeling district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> &quot;Lopchu&quot; is a derivative from [[Lepcha language]], which prevailed in the area when the garden was set up.&lt;ref name=&quot;teaboutique&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.darjeelingteaboutique.com/lopchu-tea-estate/| title= Lopchu Tea Estate| publisher= Darjeeling Tea Bouquet |accessdate = 8 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Lopchu Tea Estate was owned by British planters, possibly the Brown family, in its earlier days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://blogs.otago.ac.nz/global-dunedin/2015/12/08/lopchu-a-tea-family-in-dunedin/ | title = Lopchu: A Tea Family in Dunedin | publisher = University of Otago |accessdate = 8 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The garden was established in the early 1860s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.ajantatea.com/product/details/lopchu-golden-orange-pekoe-26.html| title = Lopchu Tea | publisher = Ajanta Tea|accessdate = 8 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1954, Lopchu Tea Estate was purchased by S.N.Kanoria and G.L.Kanoria, two cousins and both jute traders. Now, their grandsons, Rajesh Kanoria and Sandeep Kanoria, own the garden.&lt;ref name=&quot;teaboutique&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lopchu Tea Estate Darjeeling, Golden Flowery Orange Pekoe Tea Online |url=https://www.thunderbolttea.com/lopchu-tea-estate/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Thunderbolt Tea, Darjeeling |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=350| height=370| zoom=10<br /> | coord={{coord|26|57|0|N|88|20|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the north-eastern portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Rangli Rangliot CD block) and Kurseong subdivision in Darjeeling district'''&lt;br/&gt;CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: hill centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate, TA: tourist attraction&lt;br/&gt;Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br /> <br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|27|1|20|N|88|21|21|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= Rangli Rangliot| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Rangli Rangliot]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|27|2|10|N|88|22|0|E}}| label-pos2=right|label2=Takdah| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Takdah]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|27|3|30|N|88|23|12|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Peshok TG| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Peshok Tea Garden]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|27|0|30|N|88|24|13|E}}| label-pos4=right|label4=Teesta Valley TG| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Teesta Valley Tea Garden]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|26|48|45|N|88|15|38|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5=Longview TG| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Longview Tea Garden]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|26|57|57|N|88|22|20|E}}| labelpos6=right| label6=Mangpu| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Mangpu]] (R)| <br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|16|40|E}}| label-pos7=left|label7=Monteviot TG| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Monteviot Tea Garden]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|26|49|35|N|88|17|22|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Rohini TG| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Rohini Tea Garden]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|21|35|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9=Sukna| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Sukna, Darjeeling]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|26|50|35|N|88|19|45|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Tindharia| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Tindharia]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|26|52|5|N|88|17|55|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Giddapahar| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Giddapahar]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|26|47|47|N|88|18|30|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Simulbari TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Simulbari Tea Garden]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|26|56|11|N|88|28|2|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Sittong| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Sittong]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|49|N|88|28|22|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Sevoke| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Sevoke]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|26|52|15|N|88|15|50|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Ambootia| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Ambootia]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|26|49|45|N|88|19|0|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Cart Road| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Cart Road]] (CT) | shape-color16=#800000<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|26|53|30|N|88|17|30|E}}| label-pos17=left |label17=Kurseong| numbered17=M| mark-title17= [[Kurseong]] (M)| shape-color17=#800000<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|27|5|55|N|88|20|50|E}}| label-pos18=left|label18=Glenburn TE| numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[Glenburn Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|27|4|28|N|88|22|10|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19=Lopchu TE| numbered19=TE| mark-title19= Lopchu Tea Estate (TE)|shape-color19=black| label-size19=13|label-color19=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt;<br /> |mark-coord20={{coord|26|51|30|N|88|14|8|E}}| label-pos20=left|label20=Balasun TE| numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[Balasun Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B<br /> |mark-coord21={{coord|26|51|20|N|88|16|50|E}}| label-pos21=right|label21=Castleton TE| numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[Castleton Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B<br /> |mark-coord22={{coord|26|53|35|N|88|20|0|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22=Goomtee TE| numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[Goomtee Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B<br /> |mark-coord23={{coord|26|54|35|N|88|20|20|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Jungpana TE| numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[Jungpana Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B<br /> |mark-coord24={{coord|26|50|40|N|88|16|20|E}}| label-pos24=left|label24=Makaibari TE| numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[Makaibari Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B<br /> |mark-coord25={{coord|26|55|24|N|88|17|50|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25=Margaret’s Hope TE| numbered25=TE| mark-title25= [[Margaret's Hope Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color25=#87A96B<br /> |mark-coord26={{coord|26|52|25|N|88|26|20|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Mahananda |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22<br /> |mark-coord27={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|31|0|E}}|label27=Teesta River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=45| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none<br /> |mark-coord28={{coord|26|47|0|N|88|23|30|E}}|label28=Mahananda|labela28= River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none<br /> |mark-coord29={{coord|26|45|0|N|88|17|0|E}}|label29= Balason River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=35| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none<br /> |arc-coordA={{coord|27|9|0|N|88|11|50|E}}|arc-textA= SIKKIM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-161| arc-gapA=-4| arc-radiusA=0.7 <br /> |arc-coordB={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|7|0|E}}|arc-textB= NEPAL| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=60| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4 }}<br /> <br /> Lopchu Tea Estate is located north-east of [[Darjeeling]], mid-way between Darjeeling and [[Kalimpong]], and close to [[Sikkim]]. The nearest [[Darjeeling tea]] estate is [[Glenburn Tea Estate]], separated by a hill. [[Takdah]] is also close-by.&lt;ref name=&quot;teaboutique&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Located at a height of {{convert|4800|ft}} nestles in a glen overlooking the majestic [[Kangchenjunga]] peak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://lopchu.com/ | title = Enjoy your cuppa that cheers| publisher = Lopchu |accessdate = 8 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Lopchu has {{convert|226|acres|abbr=on}} under tea cultivation. Most of tea plants were transplanted from Yunan province in China, and much of the tea gets exported to Germany and other European countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://in.teabox.com/collections/estates-darjeeling-lopchu | title = Lopchu Tea Estate| publisher = Tea Box |accessdate = 8 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Lopchu tea==<br /> [[The Economic Times]] says that Lopchu, a 90-year old tea brand, &quot;has won a dedicated, global following after enduring tough competition.&quot; Many of the leading Indian tea connoisseurs love its aroma and smoky taste. <br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/lopchu-tea-a-brand-that-puts-no-stock-in-harrods/articleshow/44779741.cms | title = Lopchu tea: A brand that puts no stock in Harrods | publisher = The Economic Times, 11 October 2014 |accessdate = 8 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Wikivoyage inline|Darjeeling}}<br /> <br /> {{Darjeeling District}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tea estates in Darjeeling district]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghari_Detergent&diff=500350 2024-12-06T09:23:24Z

<p>PasqualeCairnduf: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Brand of detergent}}<br /> {{more footnotes|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Brand<br /> |name=Ghadi Detergent<br /> |image=[[File:Ghari Detergent 1 kg Pack.jpg|200px]]<br /> |type=[[Laundry detergent]] <br /> |currentowner=RSPL Limited (RSPL)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RSPL |url=https://www.rsplgroup.com/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=www.rsplgroup.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |origin= <br /> |introduced=1987<br /> |related=<br /> |markets=<br /> |previousowners=<br /> |trademarkregistrations=<br /> |website={{url|https://ghadimachinewash.com}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ghadi Detergent powder''' is a detergent manufactured by RSPL Limited (RSPL), a [[Kanpur]] based company with a net worth of more than 8,000 [[crore]] as a diversified [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] in [[India]]. When Ghadi was launched, market was already dominated by big brands like [[Surf (detergent)|Surf]] and [[Nirma]]. The [[detergent]] brand was founded by Muralidhar Gyanchandani (Chairman RSPL Group) and Bimal Kumar Gyanchandani (Vice Chairman) in 1988. According to the 2022 Hurun Rich List, their combined net worth was Rs 20,000 crore. <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130801192431/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-15/news/30627880_1_detergents-powder-business-vegetable-oils The Economic Times]<br /> * [https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/murli-gyanchandani-ghadi-detergent-powder-owner-is-ups-richest-man-with-rs-12000-crore-net-worth-this-is-his-story-634509.html Ghadi Detergent Powder Owner Is UP's Richest Man With Rs 12,000 Cr Net Worth, This Is His Story!]<br /> * [http://strategicmoves.wordpress.com/2011/01/04/ghari-detergent-did-the-nirma-act/ Ghari Detergent did the Nirma Act]<br /> * [http://branddesignconsultants.wordpress.com/2011/06/14/revamp-of-ghari-deteregent-rejuvenation-of-a-mass-brand/ Revamp of Ghari Deteregent : Rejuvenation of a Mass Brand]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.gharidetergent.com/ Official Website]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Companies based in Kanpur]]<br /> [[Category:Laundry detergents]]<br /> [[Category:Indian brands]]</div>

PasqualeCairnduf