Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

MirrorFly

2023-09-07T09:58:32Z

Parth Bharadwaj: MirrorFly in-app communication provider

{{Short description|Communication SDK for mobile and web}}
{{Orphan}}

{{Infobox company
| name = MirrorFly
| logo = mirrorfly-logo.webp
| type =
| traded_as =
| location_city = [[Chennai]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| founders = Sriram Manoharan
| founded = 2008
| key_people =
| industry = [[Technology]]
| services =
| revenue =
| products =
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year =
| parent =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.mirrorfly.com}}
}}'''MirrorFly''' is an in-app communication provider founded by Sriram Manoharan<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top 10 Metaverse Development Companies in India 2023 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/brandhub/pr-release/top-10-metaverse-development-companies-in-india-2023/article66014154.ece |access-date=2023-09-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> in 2015. The platform is owned by [[Contus Tech]], a software product company based in [[Chennai]], [[India]].

== History ==
In 2015, MirrorFly was launched as Contus Fly.

In 2019, Contus Fly was rebranded as MirrorFly.

By 2022, MirrorFly announced the Twin model comprising both SaaS and Self-hosted solutions.

In April 2023, MirrorFly released its [https://pub.dev/packages/mirrorfly_plugin Flutter Plugin] for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]].

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]

Bombay Backbay railway station

2023-07-15T18:12:01Z

Parth Bharadwaj: Constructed a new page.

{{Short description|Defunct railway station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Copy edit}}
{{Infobox Station
| name = Bombay Backbay Station
| style =
| type =
| image =
| image_caption =
| address =
| coordinates =
| owned = [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]]
| line = [[Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]]
| platform =
| tracks =
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| depth =
| levels =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| code =
| zone =
| opened = 1866
| closed = 1869/70 (likely)
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = No service demolished
| mapframe = no
| map_type =
| map_dot_label =
| image_size =
| baggage_check =
}}

'''Bombay Backbay station''' was a railway station of the erstwhile [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway|BB&CI Railway]](today's Western Railway), located in [[Back Bay (Mumbai)|Bombay Backbay]] in Mumbai. It was notably the starting point of the first regular local train service of the BB&CI Railway, that started on 12th April 1867, between the Station and Viraur (today, [[Virar railway station|Virar]]).<ref>https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1392817679390-article1.pdf</ref>

In the 1860s, after the BB&CIR line entered Bombay from Gujarat, [[Grant Road railway station|Grant Rd]] became the first terminus of the line. A service started on 28th November 1864 between Grant Rd and Ahmadabad. The next major milestone would be the beginning of a local service between Grant Rd, and Bassein Road (now, [[Vasai Road railway station|Vasai Rd]]) on 1 November 1865. There were reportedly two, 2 coached trains, running between Bassein Rd and Grant Rd.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Railways completes 150 years |url=http://www.twenty22.in/2014/11/western-railways-completes-150-years.html |access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref>

At about the same time, the Bombay Backbay Reclamation Scheme was under progress to 'reclaim the Backbay'. This was a necessary step, partly as a requirement to extend the line from Grant Rd southward, along the proposed extension route. A station finally opened in 1866, named the Bombay Backbay Station. Soon after, three suburban trains started with this station. The station primarily functioned as a place to run ballast trains from, that carried the materials for the land reclamation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aklekar |first=Rajendra B. |title=Halt Station India : The Dramatic Tale of the Nation's First Rail Lines |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-81-291-3497-4 |pages=179 |language=English}}</ref>

On 12 April 1867, a regular suburban service finally started, consisting of a four coached in each direction. The train had First, Second, and Third class compartments, with an exclusive coach for women in the second class, and a separate smoking room.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=12th April 1867 – First Local Train Service of Western Railway {{!}} MeMumbai |url=https://memumbai.com/first-local-train-service/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> The stations on this route were- Backbay, [[Grant Road railway station|Grant Rd]], [[Dadar railway station|Dadur]], [[Mahim Junction railway station|Mahim]], [[Bandra railway station|Bandora]] (now, Bandra), [[Santacruz railway station|Santacruz]], [[Andheri railway station|Andaru]] (now, Andheri), [[Goregaon railway station|Pahadee]] (now, Goregaon), [[Borivali railway station|Berewla]] (now, Borivali), [[Panju railway station|Panjoo]] (Near or at Panju Island), [[Vasai Road railway station|Bassein Rd]] (now, Vasai Rd), [[Nallasopara railway station|Nial]] (now, Nallasopara) and [[Virar railway station|Viraur]] (now, Virar).

The terminus was later shifted further south by about 1870, to a place along the road to the erstwhile Church gate of the Fort in Bombay. It was named the [[Churchgate railway station|Churchgate station]].

The station, was demolished, but the location of it was probably somewhere between today's Churchgate station and [[Marine Lines railway station|Marine Lines]].

== References ==

<references />

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Defunct railway stations in Mumbai]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

Maharashtra Ironmen

2023-07-12T15:16:09Z

Parth Bharadwaj: Published a captivating publication.

{{Short description|Team of PHL}}

{{Infobox sports team
| name = Maharashtra Ironmen
| logo = Maharashtra Ironmen Logo.png
| logo_size =
| full_name = Maharashtra Ironmen
| short_name =
| sport = [[handball]]
| founded = 2023
| first_season = [[Premier Handball League (India)|2023]]
| league = [[Premier Handball League (India)|PHL]]
| conference =
| division =
| history =
| city = [[Pune]]
| arena =
| ballpark =
| stadium = Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium, Jaipur
| colors = {{color box|#ff5A00}}{{color box|#000000}}
| colours =
| anthem =
| current =
| owner = [[Punit Balan]], Janhavi Dhariwal Balan
| managing_director =
| coach = Sunil Gahlawat, Ajay Kumar Dabas.
| manager =
| gm =
| captain = Igor Chiseliov
| championships = [[2023 Premier Handball League (India)|Winner 2023]]
| division_titles =
| playoff_berths =
| website =
}}

'''Maharashtra Ironmen''' is a professional [[handball]] team based in Pune, Maharashtra, that plays in the [[Premier Handball League (India)|Premier Handball League]].<ref name="news18">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/sports/premier-handball-league-maharashtra-ironmen-reach-final-with-rout-of-rajasthan-patriots-8166127.html|title=Premier Handball League: Maharashtra Ironmen Reach Final With Rout of Rajasthan Patriots|website=News18|access-date=2023-07-05}}</ref> Maharashtra Ironmen won inaugural season of [[2023 Premier Handball League (India)]] by defeating Golden Eagles Uttar Pradesh by 38–24.The team is owned by [[Punit Balan]] & Janhavi Dhariwal Balan.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/maharashtra-ironmen-wins-premier-handball-league-golden-eagles-uttar-pradesh-final-result/article67009319.ece|title=Maharashtra Ironmen wins inaugural Premier Handball League|website=Sportstar|access-date=2023-07-05}}</ref><ref name="thebridge">{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/handball/premier-handball-league-maharashtra-ironmen-win-title-42711|website=thebridge.in|title=Premier Handball League: Maharashtra Ironmen wins the inaugural title|access-date=2023-07-05}}</ref><ref name="mykhel">{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/premier-handball-league-2023-maharashtra-ironmen-crowned-champions-of-first-ever-season-220121.html|title=Premier Handball League 2023: Maharashtra Ironmen Crowned Champions of first-ever Season|website=myKhel|access-date=2023-07-05}}</ref>

== Franchise history ==

[[Premier Handball League (India)]] is a professional [[Handball]] league in India, based on the format of the Indian Premier League T20 cricket tournament. The first edition of the tournament was played in 2023 with six franchises representing various cities in India. Maharashtra Ironmen is a Pune-based franchise owned by [[Punit Balan]] & Janhavi Dhariwal Balan.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/maharashtra-ironmen-crowned-champions-of-the-first-ever-premier-handball-league/articleshow/101261592.cms?from=mdr|title=Maharashtra Ironmen crowned champions of the first-ever Premier Handball League {{pipe}} More sports News|website=Times of India|access-date=2023-07-05}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Premier Handball League (India)]]
[[Category:Sport in Pune]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Horticulture

2022-11-25T23:09:24Z

Parth Bharadwaj: Created an influential work.

{{Short description|Small-scale cultivation of plants}}
[[File:Horticulturist Amy Boul by Lance Cheung.jpg|thumb|A horticulture student tending to plants in a [[Market garden|garden]] in [[Lawrenceville, Georgia]], March 2015]]
[[File:Charrette des maraîchers de Vottem Belgique.jpg|thumb|right|Typical cart used in horticulture in [[Vottem]], Belgium]]

'''Horticulture''' is the cultivation of plants in [[garden]]s or [[greenhouse]]s, as opposed to the field-scale production of crops characteristic of [[agriculture]]. It includes the cultivation of [[fruit]]s, [[vegetable]]s, [[Nut (fruit)|nut]]s, [[seed]]s, [[herb]]s, [[Sprouting|sprout]]s, [[mushroom]]s, [[algae]], [[flower]]s, [[seaweed]]s and non-food crops such as [[Poaceae|grass]] and [[Ornamental plant|ornamental trees and plants]]. It also includes plant conservation, landscape restoration, [[Landscaping|landscape]] and [[garden design]], construction, and maintenance, and [[arboriculture]], ornamental trees and [[Lawn|lawns]].<ref name="Preece-Biology-2005">{{Cite book| first1=John E.| last1=Preece| first2=Paul E.| last2=Read| title=The biology of horticulture: an introductory textbook| year=2005| edition=2| publisher=John Wiley & Sons| isbn=0-471-46579-8| pages=4–6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| first1=Richard N.| last1=Arteca| title=Introduction to Horticultural Science| edition=2| year=2015| publisher=Cengage Learning| location=Stamford, Connecticut | page=584| isbn=978-1-111-31279-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://horticulture.umn.edu/students/why-horticulture|title=Why Horticulture?|website=Department of Horticultural Science|publisher=University of Minnesota|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502082101/https://horticulture.umn.edu/students/why-horticulture|archive-date=2019-05-02|access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref>

In [[anthropology]], horticulture refers to a [[Subsistence pattern|subsistence strategy]] characterized by the small-scale, non-industrial cultivation of plants for food.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lassiter |first1=Luke E. |title=Invitation to Anthropology |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780759122550 |page=118 |edition=4th}}</ref> Horticulture involves the use of hand tools such as [[Digging stick|digging sticks]], [[Hoe (tool)|hoes]] and carrying baskets.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Barbara D. |title=Cultural Anthropology |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=9780205683291 |page=93 |edition=5th}}</ref> In contrast to horticulture, agriculture is viewed by anthropologists as a more intensive strategy involving the use of [[Plough|plowing]], [[Working animal|animal traction]] and complex techniques of [[irrigation]] and [[soil management]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanda |first1=Serena |title=Cultural Anthropology |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |isbn=9780534617066 |page=148 |edition=9th}}</ref>

The study and practice of horticulture have been traced back thousands of years. Horticulture contributed to the transition from nomadic human communities to sedentary, or semi-sedentary, horticultural communities.<ref name="Hagen, V.W. 1957">von Hagen, V.W. (1957) The Ancient Sun Kingdoms Of The Americas. Ohio: The World Publishing Company</ref> Horticulture is divided into several categories which focus on the cultivation and processing of different types of plants and food items for specific purposes. In order to conserve the science of horticulture, multiple organizations worldwide educate, encourage, and promote the advancement of horticulture. Some notable horticulturists include [[Luca Ghini]] and [[Luther Burbank]].

==Definition==
[[File:027 Flowers at Algemene warenmarkt - market in Grote Markt, Breda, Netherlands.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Flower seedlings at a market in [[Breda]], Netherlands]]
Horticulture, from Latin ''hortus'' meaning garden and ''colere'' meaning to cultivate,<ref name="Janick">{{Cite book |last=Janick |first=Jules |oclc=4194358 |title=Horticultural science |isbn=0-7167-1031-5 |page=1}}</ref> focuses on the use of small plots,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sutton |first1=Mark Q. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zgr-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 |title=An Introduction to Cultural Ecology |last2=Anderson |first2=E. N. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-32535-5 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-11 |archive-date=2023-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119181021/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zgr-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 |url-status=live }}</ref> in contrast to [[agronomy]] which involves intensive crop farming and large-scale field crop production of grains and [[Forage|forages]] or [[forestry]] involving forest trees and products derived from them.{{sfn|Janick|1979|p=1}} It deals with garden crops such as ornamental plants grown for their appearance, fruits and vegetable and spices grown for their food value, and medicinal plants.{{sfn|Janick|1979|p=1}}

==Types==
There are several major areas of focus within the science of horticulture.<ref name="Preece-Biology-2005" /> They include:
* [[Olericulture]]: the production of vegetables.
* [[Pomology]], also called ''fruticulture'': the production of fruits and nuts.
* [[Viticulture]]: the production of grapes (largely intended for winemaking).
* [[Floriculture]]: the production of flowering and ornamental plants.
* [[Turf management]]: the production and maintenance of turf grass for sports, leisure and amenity use.
* [[Arboriculture]]: the cultivation and care of individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants, primarily for landscape and amenity purposes.
* [[Landscape horticulture]]: the selection, production and care of plants used in landscape architecture.
* [[Postharvest physiology]]: the management of harvested horticultural crops to retard spoilage while stored or transported.
* Environmental horticulture: the science and management of green spaces.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cameron |first1=Ross |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zoDDAAAQBAJ |title=Environmental Horticulture: Science and Management of Green Landscapes |last2=Hitchmough |first2=James |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-78064-138-6 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-15 |archive-date=2023-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119181020/https://books.google.com/books?id=-zoDDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Interiorscaping: the science and art of using indoor plants. It has an important role in house, hotel, office and mall decor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Horticulture and its Branches |url=https://www.agrihortieducation.com/2016/07/definitions-of-horticulture-and-its.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=agrihortieducation.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206230537/https://www.agrihortieducation.com/2016/07/definitions-of-horticulture-and-its.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Spices Crops Culture: deals with the cultivation of spice crops which include pepper, nutmeg and cardamom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fundamentals of Horticulture: Branches of Horticulture |url=http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=148108 |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in |archive-date=2023-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119180940/http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=148108 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Plantation Crops Culture: deals with the plantation crop growth.
* Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Culture: deals with growing and handling of medicinal and aromatic plants.
* Post-Harvest Management: deals with the post-harvest handling, processing and marketing of horticultural products. It also includes grading, packaging and storage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Horticulture and its Branches |url=https://www.agrihortieducation.com/2016/07/definitions-of-horticulture-and-its.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=agrihortieducation.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119180939/https://www.agrihortieducation.com/2016/07/definitions-of-horticulture-and-its.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
The history of horticulture overlaps with the [[history of agriculture]] and [[history of botany]].

The origins of horticulture lie in the transition of human communities from a nomadic lifestyle as [[hunter-gatherers]] to sedentary, or semi-sedentary, horticultural communities. In the Pre-Columbian Amazon Rainforest, natives used [[biochar]] to enhance soil productivity by smoldering plant waste.<ref>Solomon, Dawit, Johannes Lehmann, Janice Thies, Thorsten Schafer, Biqing Liang, James Kinyangi, Eduardo Neves, James Petersen, Flavio Luizao, and Jan Skjemstad, ''Molecular signature and sources of biochemical recalcitrance of organic carbone in Amazonian Dark Earths'', Geochemica et cosmochemica ACTA 71.9 2285–2286 (2007) ("Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE) are a unique type of soils apparently developed between 500 and 9000 years B.P. through intense anthropogenic activities such as biomass-burning and high-intensity nutrient depositions on pre-Columbian Amerindian settlements that transformed the original soils into Fimic Anthrosols throughout the Brazilian Amazon Basin.") (internal citations omitted)</ref> European settlers called this soil [[Terra Preta de Indio]].<ref>Glaser, Bruno, Johannes Lehmann, and Wolfgang Zech,'' Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal – a review'', Biology and Fertility of Soils 35.4 219-220 (2002) ("These so called Terra Preta do Indio (Terra Preta) characterize the settlements of pre-Columbian Indios. In Terra Preta soils large amounts of black C indicate a high and prolonged input of carbonized organic matter probably due to the production of charcoal in hearths, whereas only low amounts of charcoal are added to soils as a result of forest fires and slash-and-burn techniques.") (internal citations omitted)</ref> In forest areas, such horticulture was often carried out in [[swidden]]s, or "[[slash and burn]]" areas.<ref>McGee, J.R. and Kruse, M. (1986) Swidden horticulture among the Lacandon Maya [videorecording (29 mins.)]. University of California, Berkeley: Extension Media Center</ref> In pre-contact North America, the semi-sedentary horticultural communities of the Eastern Woodlands, who grew maize, squash, and sunflower, contrasted markedly with the nomadic [[hunter-gatherer]] communities of the [[Plains Indians|Plains people]]. [[Mesoamerican]] cultures focused in the cultivating of crops on a small scale, such as the "[[milpa]]" or maize field, around their dwellings or in specialized plots which were visited occasionally during migrations from one area to the next.<ref name="Hagen, V.W. 1957"/> In Central America, [[Maya peoples|Maya]] horticulture involved augmentation of the forest with useful trees such as [[papaya]], [[avocado]], [[Theobroma cacao|cacao]], [[ceiba]] and [[sapodilla]]. In the cornfields, multiple crops such as beans, squash, pumpkins and chili peppers were grown, and in some cultures, these crops were tended mainly or exclusively by women.<ref>Thompson, S.I. (1977) Women, Horticulture, and Society in Tropical America. American Anthropologist, N.S., 79: 908–10</ref>

==Organizations==
There are various organizations worldwide that focus on promoting and encouraging research and education in all branches of horticultural science; such organizations include the [[International Society for Horticultural Science]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ishs.org/about|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922225337/http://ishs.org/about|title=ISHS|archive-date=September 22, 2012}}</ref> and the [[American Society of Horticultural Science]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ashs.org/|title=ASHS|publisher=ashs.org|access-date=2016-06-11|archive-date=2017-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103104/http://www.ashs.org/}}</ref>

In United Kingdom, there are two main horticulture societies. The [[Ancient Society of York Florists]] is the oldest horticultural society in the world and was founded in 1768; this organization continues to host four horticultural shows annually in York, UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ancientsocietyofyorkflorists.co.uk/|title=Ancient society of York Florists,oldest horticultural society in world,longest running horticultural show in world established 1768, flower shows in york yorkshire uk,horticultural shows in york yorkshire uk, vegetable shows in york yorkshire uk, fruit shows in york yorkshire uk, floral art shows in york yorkshire uk,handicrafts and baking shows in york uk,dahlia shows in york yorkshire uk,gladioli shows in york yorkshire uk,chrysanthemum shows in york yorkshire uk, auricula shows in york yorkshire uk, sweet pea shows in york yorkshire uk|website=www.ancientsocietyofyorkflorists.co.uk|access-date=2016-07-13|archive-date=2018-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112171754/http://ancientsocietyofyorkflorists.co.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, [[Royal Horticultural Society|The Royal Horticultural Society]], established in 1804, is a charity in United Kingdom that leads on the encouragement and improvement of the science, art, and practice of horticulture in all its branches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/science|title=The Royal Horticultural Society, UK charity focussed on the art, science and practice of horticulture.|website=The Royal Horticultural Society Website|access-date=2018-01-13|archive-date=2019-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526150441/https://www.rhs.org.uk/science|url-status=live}}</ref> The organization shares the knowledge of horticulture through its community, learning programs, and world-class gardens and shows.{{Cn}}

The Chartered Institute of Horticulture (CIoH) is the professional body which represents horticulturists in Great Britain and Ireland<ref>{{Cite web|title=CIoH|url=http://www.horticulture.org.uk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907015307/http://www.horticulture.org.uk/|archive-date=2015-09-07|website=Chartered Institute of Horticulture}}</ref> while also having an international branch for members outside of these islands. The Australian Society of Horticultural Science was established in 1990 as a professional society to promote and enhance Australian horticultural science and industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aushs.org.au/|title=Australian Society of Horticultural Science – Australian Society of Horticultural Science|access-date=2016-06-11|archive-date=2023-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119180941/http://aushs.org.au/|url-status=live}}</ref> Finally, the New Zealand Horticulture Institute is another known horticultural organization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rnzih.org.nz/|title=RNZIH – Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture – Home Page|access-date=2012-10-26|archive-date=2023-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119180944/https://www.rnzih.org.nz/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In India, Horticultural Society of India (now Indian Academy of Horticultural Sciences) is the oldest society which was established in 1941 at Lyallpur, Punjab (now in Pakistan) but was later shifted to Delhi 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Headquarters|url=https://www.iahs.org.in/headquarters/|access-date=2021-08-19|website=IAHS|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819171137/https://www.iahs.org.in/headquarters/|url-status=live}}</ref> The other notable organisation in operation since 2005 is the Society for Promotion of Horticulture based at Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SPH|url=https://sph.iihr.res.in/about_us.php|access-date=2021-08-19|website=sph.iihr.res.in|archive-date=2021-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819171138/https://sph.iihr.res.in/about_us.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Both these societies publish scholarly journals viz., Indian Journal of Horticulture and Journal of Horticultural Sciences for the advancement of horticultural sciences.{{Cn}} Horticulture in the Indian state of [[Kerala]] is spearheaded by [[Kerala State Horticulture Mission]].

The [[National Junior Horticultural Association]] (NJHA) was established in 1934 and was the first organization in the world dedicated solely to youth and horticulture. NJHA programs are designed to help young people obtain a basic understanding of horticulture and develop skills in this ever-expanding art and science.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njha.org/|title=Home – NJHA|access-date=2016-06-11|archive-date=2023-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119180942/https://www.njha.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Global Horticulture Initiative (GlobalHort) fosters partnerships and collective action among different stakeholders in horticulture. This organization has a special focus on horticulture for development (H4D), which involves using horticulture to reduce poverty and improve nutrition worldwide. GlobalHort is organized in a consortium of national and international organizations which collaborate in research, training, and technology-generating activities designed to meet mutually-agreed-upon objectives. GlobalHort is a non-profit organization registered in Belgium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalhort.org/|title=The Global Horticulture Initiative|access-date=2016-06-11|archive-date=2018-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413061926/http://www.globalhort.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Techniques and practices ==

=== Propagation ===
{{main|Plant propagation}}
Plant propagation in horticulture is the process in which the multiplication of a species or cultivar is controlled to fit the desire of the horticulturalist. It is primarily used to increase the number of individual plants while preserving wanted genetic and morphological characteristics. Propagation involves both sexual or [[Asexual reproduction|asexual]] methods.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arteca |first=Richard N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84XAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |title=Introduction to Horticultural Science |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-305-17780-2 |language=en |access-date=2022-12-07 |archive-date=2023-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119181036/https://books.google.com/books?id=84XAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |url-status=live }}</ref> In sexual propagation seeds are used, while asexual propagation involves the division of plants, separation of tubers, corms, and bulbs and techniques such as cutting, layering, grafting.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peter |first=K. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWMa741kG_gC&pg=PA338 |title=Basics Of Horticulture |publisher=New India Publishing |isbn=978-81-89422-55-4 |language=en |access-date=2022-12-07 |archive-date=2023-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119181048/https://books.google.com/books?id=NWMa741kG_gC&pg=PA338 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Seed propagation is a common method for both [[Self-pollination|self-pollinating]] and cross-pollinating plants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orton |first=Thomas J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rte_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |title=Horticultural Plant Breeding |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-815570-7 |language=en |access-date=2022-12-07 |archive-date=2023-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119181038/https://books.google.com/books?id=rte_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |url-status=live }}</ref> If stored in a cool, dry environment, seeds can last years and are a space efficient way to store plants and rarely transmit viruses. However, seeds do not preserve genetic homogeneity and depending on the species, can take a long time to grow into a mature plant.

Asexual, or vegetative propagation relies on the regeneration of plant tissues. Asexual propagation preserves genetic and morphological characteristics and allows for the propagation of species that do not produce seeds. However, the reduced genetic diversity means every individual produced is susceptible to the same diseases.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Horticulture {{!}} Definition, Types, Techniques, & Uses {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/horticulture |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207032531/https://www.britannica.com/science/horticulture |url-status=live }}</ref>

Asexual propagation techniques include the use of:

* Apomictic seeds
* Vegetative structures capable of regenerating entire plants such as tubers, corms, and runners.
* Layering: propagation by manipulating the plant into regenerating missing parts, the part being regenerated is attached to the original plant. Roots and shoots can be used.
* Cuttings: like layering, except the regenerated part is free from the original plant. Roots, stems, or leaves can be used.
* Grafting: propagation using natural regeneration to fuse two plant parts with callus tissue. The plant part containing the root is the stock, the part being grafted unto the stock is the scion.
* Budding: when the scion of a graft is a single plant bud.
* Tissue culture: propagation involving placing plant tissue, which can be embryos, shoot tips, and callus, onto a substrate supplying food (sugars), inorganic and organic compounds, and growth regulators catered to the type of tissue used.
* Embryo culture: used for species that do not grow an embryo within their fruit.
* Shoot tip culture: useful for producing plants without the risk of disease.
* Callus tissue culture: an experimental method of propagation by which callus tissue is grown and manipulated to differentiate into other plant organ tissue. This method is used in scientific research but is currently considered impractical for horticulture.<ref name=":0" />

=== Controlling environmental variables ===
Environmental control is involved at all scales of horticulture, although the extensiveness of control varies between hobbyist and commercial horticulture. Basic control involves planting location, sunlight availability, water availability, latitude, and longitude.<ref name=":0" />

More intensive control can involve the use of cold frames, greenhouses, and shade houses. Cold frames provide an enclosed environment, they are built close to the ground and with a top made of glass or plastic. The glass or plastic allows sunlight into the frame during the day and prevents heat loss that would have been lost as long-wave radiation at night. This allows plants to start to be grown before the growing season starts. Greenhouses are similar in function, but are larger in construction and heated with an external source, such as steam. They can be built out of glass, although they are now primarily made from plastic sheets. More expensive and modern greenhouses can include temperature control through shade and light control or air-conditioning as well as automatic watering. Shade houses provide shading to limit water loss by evapotranspiration.<ref name=":0" />

Temperature control can be done through a variety of methods. Covering plants with plastic in the form of cones, called hot caps, or tunnels can have the same effect as greenhouses. Mulching is also an effective method to protect plants from frost. Other frost prevention methods include the use of wind machines, heaters, and sprinklers.<ref name=":0" />

Light control by artificially increasing or decreasing the effective length of day through the use of fluorescent lights determines the time in which photosynthesis can occur. This increases the time in which the plant can grow and develop. Controlling the amount of light also controls which plants flower, lengthening the day encourages the flowering of long-day plants and discourages the flowering of short-day plants.<ref name=":0" />

Soil management methods include the use of planned crop rotation to prevent the degradation of soils that are seen in monocultures (need ref), applying fertilisers, and soil analysis.<ref name=":0" />
{{Further|CULTAN Fertilization}}

Water management methods involve employing irrigation and drainage systems, controlling soil moisture to the needs of the species. Methods of irrigation include surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, subirrigation, and trickle irrigation. Volume of water, pressure, and frequency are changed to optimise the growing environment. On a small scale watering can be done manually.<ref name=":0" />

=== Plant selection ===
When selecting plants to cultivate, a horticulturist may consider plant aspects based on their intended use and can include plant morphology, rarity, and utility.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Horticultural Practices |url=https://www.saanich.ca/EN/main/parks-recreation-community/parks/horticulture/horticultural-practices.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=District of Saanich |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206230537/https://www.saanich.ca/EN/main/parks-recreation-community/parks/horticulture/horticultural-practices.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Pre-plant bed preparation ===
Before planting, plant beds are weeded, extra mulch is removed, fertilizers or other soil enrichment is added, the bed is tilled, and the irrigation system is tested.<ref name=":1" />

=== Adding plants ===
If transplanting plants from a pot to a soil bed, plants are planted at the same depth as the pot and are spaced as to not crowd the plants.<ref name=":1" />

=== Pruning ===
Pruning has multiple functions. If growing shrubs, pruning overgrowth helps preserve the shape. Pruning can also increase the amount of flower buds on some species of flowering plants.<ref name=":1" />

=== Mulching ===
Mulching is the process of applying a layer of mulch on top of the soil layer of a garden. Mulch is a natural weed suppressant, conserves moisture, and helps in moderating the soil temperature. There are different types of mulch and includes leaf and bark substrates.<ref name=":1" />

=== Weed management ===
Weeds can be suppressed and managed through techniques such as mulching, selecting species that reduce weeds, and using cultural techniques.<ref name=":1" />

== Challenges ==

=== Abiotic stresses ===
Commercial horticulture is required to support a rapidly growing population with demands for its products.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Stress tolerance in horticultural crops: challenges and mitigation strategies |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |editor=Avinash Chandra Rai |isbn=978-0-323-85363-7 |location=Cambridge |oclc=1251764903}}</ref> Due to global climate change, extremes in temperatures, strength of precipitation events, flood frequency, and drought length and frequency are increasing. Together with other abiotic stressors such salinity, heavy metal toxicity, UV damage, and air pollution stressful environments are created for crop production as evapotranspiration is increased, soils are degraded of their nutrients, and oxygen levels are depleted, resulting in up to a 70% loss in crop yield.

=== Biotic stresses ===
Living organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, insects, weeds and native plants are sources of biotics stresses and can deprive the host of its nutrients.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of food grains |editor=Colin W. Wrigley |editor2=Harold Corke |editor3=Koushik Seetharaman |editor4=Jonathan Faubion |isbn=978-0-12-394786-4 |edition=Second |location=Kidlington, Oxford, UK |oclc=939553708}}</ref> Plants respond to these stresses using defence mechanisms such as morphological and structural barriers, chemical compounds, proteins, enzymes and hormones.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Postharvest physiology and biochemistry of fruits and vegetables |editor=Elhadi M. Yahia |editor2=Armando Carrillo-Lopez |isbn=978-0-12-813279-1 |location=Duxford, United Kingdom |oclc=1061148070}}</ref> The impact of biotic stresses can be prevented using practices such as incorporate tilling, spraying or Integrated Pest Management (IPM).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pantazi |first=Xanthoula-Eirini |title=Intelligent data mining and fusion systems in agriculture |author2=Dimitrios Moshou |author3=Dionysis Bochtis |isbn=978-0-12-814392-6 |location=London |oclc=1124761701}}</ref>

=== Transportation ===
After harvest, horticultural crops are sold commercially. Loading and in-transit conditions are a challenge to maintain the quality of the products.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of applied plant sciences |publisher=Academic Press |editor=Brian Thomas |editor2=Denis J. Murphy |editor3=Brian G. Murray |isbn=9780123948083 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |oclc=958565511}}</ref> Distance, transport time and transport methods are factors that need to be considered to minimise bruising and damage to horticultural goods.

=== Harvest management ===
Care is required to reduce damages and losses to horticultural crops during harvest.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hussein |first1=Zaharan |last2=Fawole |first2=Olaniyi A. |last3=Opara |first3=Umezuruike Linus |title=Harvest and Postharvest Factors Affecting Bruise Damage of Fresh Fruits |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468014119301943 |journal=Horticultural Plant Journal |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1016/j.hpj.2019.07.006 |s2cid=202847840 |issn=2468-0141 |access-date=2022-12-07 |archive-date=2022-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207070417/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468014119301943 |url-status=live }}</ref> Compression forces occur during harvesting, and horticultural goods can be hit in a series of impacts during transport and packhouse operations. Different techniques are used to minimize mechanical injuries and wounding to plants such as:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Postharvest technology of perishable horticultural commodities |editor=Elhadi M. Yahia |isbn=978-0-12-813277-7 |location=Duxford, United Kingdom |oclc=1109725060}}</ref>

* Manual harvesting: This is the process of harvesting horticultural crops by hand. Fruits, such as apples, pears and peaches, can be harvested by clippers
* Sanitation: Harvest bags, crates, clippers and other equipment must be cleaned prior to harvest.<ref name=":2" />

== Emerging technology ==
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) has recently gained recognition as a highly efficient, simplified, precise, and low cost method of altering the genomes of species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Yang |last2=Zhang |first2=Chunling |last3=Wang |first3=Xiaofei |last4=Li |first4=Xiuming |last5=You |first5=Chunxiang |title=CRISPR/Cas9 technology and its application in horticultural crops |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468014122000462 |journal=Horticultural Plant Journal |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=395–407 |doi=10.1016/j.hpj.2022.04.007 |s2cid=248462799 |issn=2468-0141 |access-date=2022-12-07 |archive-date=2022-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207050325/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468014122000462 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2013, CRISPR has been used to enhance a variety of species of grains, fruits, and vegetables. Crops are modified to increase their resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors such as parasites, disease, and drought as well as increase yield, nutrition, and flavour.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Tian |last2=Zhang |first2=Chunjiao |last3=Zhang |first3=Hongyan |last4=Zhu |first4=Hongliang |title=CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing Revolutionizes the Improvement of Horticulture Food Crops |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00104 |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=69 |issue=45 |pages=13260–13269 |doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00104 |pmid=33734711 |s2cid=232302738 |issn=0021-8561 |access-date=2022-12-07 |archive-date=2022-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207050322/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00104 |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, CRISPR has been used to edit undesirable traits, for example, reducing the browning and production of toxic and bitter substances of potatoes. CRISPR has also been employed to solve issues of low pollination rates and low fruit yield common in greenhouses.

==See also==
{{Portal|Agriculture and Agronomy|Gardening}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Agricultural science]]
* [[Agronomy]]
* [[Floriculture]]
* [[Forest gardening]]
* [[Gardening]]
* [[Genetically modified tree]]s
* [[Genomics of domestication]]
* [[Hoe-farming]]
* [[Horticultural botany]]
* [[Horticultural flora]]
* [[Horticultural oil]]
* [[Horticultural therapy]]
* [[Indigenous horticulture]]
* [[Landscaping]]
* [[Permaculture]]
* [[Plant nutrition]]
* [[Plug (horticulture)]]
* [[Tropical horticulture]]
* [[Turf management]]
* [[Vertical farming]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* C.R. Adams, ''Principles of Horticulture'' Butterworth-Heinemann; 5th edition (11 Aug 2008), {{ISBN|0-7506-8694-4}}.

==External links==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150907015307/http://www.horticulture.org.uk/ The Institute of Horticulture]
* [http://www.ishs.org/ ISHS – International Society for Horticultural Science]
* [http://www.rhs.org.uk/ The Royal Horticultural Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060626042637/http://www.bl.uk/collections/business/hortindu.html British Library] – information on the [[horticulture industry]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120910033023/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/default.html History of Horticulture]
* [http://www.fao.org/hortivar HORTIVAR – The FAO Horticulture Cultivars Performance Database]
* [http://www.globalhort.org/ Global Horticulture Initiative – GlobalHort]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181004103903/http://www.hin.com.au/ Horticulture Information & Resource Library]
* [http://passel.unl.edu/ Plant and Soil Sciences eLibrary]
{{div col end}}

{{Horticulture and Gardening}}
{{Forestry}}
{{botany}}
{{Types of societies}}

[[Category:Horticulture| ]]
[[Category:Agronomy]]
[[Category:Agriculture by type]]

Bobby Friction

2022-11-10T20:45:49Z

Parth Bharadwaj: Initial Article - Probably far more that could be added that others know

{{Use dmy dates}}
[[Image:Bobby Friction at Radio 1 Big Weekend in Preston.jpg|thumb|right|Bobby DJing in Preston in 2007 for a Radio 1 event]]
'''Paramdeep Sehdev''' ({{Lang-pa|ਪਰਮਦੀਪ ਸਹਦੇਵ}}) (born 21 August 1971, in [[Hammersmith]])<ref>[http://www.findmypast.com Births in England and Wales 1837-2006]</ref> better known as '''Bobby Friction''', is a DJ, television presenter and radio presenter from west [[London]].

== Early life ==
After studying Contemporary Arts at [[Nottingham Trent University]], Friction's career as a DJ started in 1997 with residencies at the ‘Swaraj' night at the Blue Note, [[Hoxton]], and the ‘Shaanti' club at [[Birmingham]]’s [[Custard Factory]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmFJA2DRh1MC&pg=PA76|title=Hub|publisher=Vinny Bhagat|language=en}}</ref>

== Broadcasting career ==

=== BBC Radio 1 ===
Friction joined [[BBC Radio 1]] in 2002 co-hosting ''Bobby Friction & Nihal Presents'' with [[DJ Nihal]]. In 2003 the show won a [[Radio Academy Awards|Sony Radio Academy Award]] in the Specialist Music category.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3012217.stm|title=Sony Radio Awards 2003: Winners|date=2003-05-08|access-date=2019-10-05|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2004 Friction and Nihal released a compilation album of music featured on the show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Various-Bobby-Friction-Nihal-Present/release/1309372|title=Various - Bobby Friction & Nihal Present...|website=Discogs|language=en|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>

=== BBC Asian Network ===
Friction joined [[BBC Asian Network]] in 2005, initially presenting the station's Saturday afternoon ''Album Chart Show'' and then ''The Mix'' on Sunday afternoons. In 2006 he began presenting a weeknightly show, ''Friction,'' showcasing new music by British Asian and South Asian artists. Friction moved to a daily drivetime show at the station in 2012,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2012/09/three-new-presenters-at-bbc-asian-network/|title=Radio Today}}</ref> winning Best Radio Show at the Asian Media Awards in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://asianmediaawards.com/asian-media-awards-2016-winners/|title=Asian Media Awards 2016 Winners List|date=2016-10-28|work=Asian Media Awards|access-date=2018-04-24|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2018 his documentary ''Straight Outta Mumbai'' explored the history of Indian hip-hop.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://asianlite.com/news/uk-news/straight-outta-mumbai-story-of-hip-hop-rap-in-india/|title=Straight Outta Mumbai: Story of hip-hop & rap in India|last=Newsdesk|first=Asianlite|date=2018-03-31|work=Leading Asian News in the UK|access-date=2018-04-24|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Television ===
In 2004 Friction was one of the judging panel in [[Channel 4|Channel 4's]] series ''Bollywood Star''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/film-and-tv/telly-talk-bollygood-show-1111090|title=Telly talk: Bollygood show!|last=News|first=Manchester Evening|date=2007-02-19|work=men|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref> He went on to present documentaries for the channel including Generation 7/7 and The Countryside Sucks''.'' He has also made appearances on The Wright Stuff (Channel 5), The Daily Politics (BBC2) and Sunday Morning Live (BBC1). In 2012 he appeared on [[Celebrity Mastermind]], answering questions on the life and music of [[Prince (musician)|Prince]].

== Other work ==
Friction presented ''Friction on EVR'', a weekly show on [[East Village Radio]] from 2012 and has been featured on streaming service [[Saavn]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/music/140317/indian-music-receives-a-big-rap-while-going-desi.html|title=Indian music receives a big rap while going desi|date=2017-03-14|work=asianage.com/|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref> He has made regular appearances on [[BBC 6 Music]], presenting a self-titled show,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0686t6c|title=Bobby Friction - BBC Radio 6 Music|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref> curating a tribute to [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08n8qwz|title=Bobby Friction sits in, Guy Garvey's Finest Hour - BBC Radio 6 Music|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref> and sitting in for other presenters in their absence.

In 2015 Friction presented an Asian Network Night at the BBC [[The Proms|Proms]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.classicalsource.com/db_control/db_prom_review.php?id=13017|title=Prom 8: Late Night with ... BBC Asian Network – Bobby Friction, Naughty Boy, Kanika Kapoor, Benny Dayal, Palak Muchhal, Emeli Sandé & Arrow Benjamin with the BBC Philharmonic & Richard Davis @www.classicalsource.com|access-date=2018-04-24|language=en}}</ref>

He has presented documentaries for [[BBC Radio 4]] on topics such as pub culture in the West Midlands Punjabi community (so called [[Desi pub]]s),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00t8xfh|title=Desi Pubs - BBC Radio 4|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref> the aftermath of the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]] in New Delhi in 1984,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04mhd58|title=Assassination: When Delhi Burned - BBC Radio 4|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref> and [[filter bubble]]s in social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b083p4lw|title=Bursting the Social Network Bubble - BBC Radio 4|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://bobbyfriction.com}}
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01rydpz ''Bobby Friction''] (BBC Asian Network)
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/shows/friction/about/ BBC Asian Network Biography]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Friction, Bobby}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:People from Hammersmith]]
[[Category:British radio DJs]]
[[Category:English Sikhs]]
[[Category:BBC Asian Network presenters]]
[[Category:BBC Radio 1 presenters]]
[[Category:Alumni of Nottingham Trent University]]