Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Paramara dynasty

2023-10-27T03:58:10Z

Parihar Piyush:

{{Short description|9th- to 14th-century dynasty of central India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Paramara Kingdom of Malwa
| common_name = Paramara
| image_coat = Royal emblem of Paramara.jpg
| symbol_type = Royal Emblem
| era = [[Middle kingdoms of India|Classical India]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| title_leader = [[Maharajadhiraj]] (Emperor)
| leader1 = [[Siyaka]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 948–972 CE
| leader3 = [[Mahalakadeva]] (last)
| year_leader3 = Late 13th century – 24 November 1305
| title_deputy = Pradhan (prime minister)
| deputy1 = Vishnu (first)
| year_deputy1 = 948–?? CE
| deputy2 = Goga Deva (last)
| year_deputy2 = 1275–1305 CE
| year_start = 9th or 10th century CE
| year_end = 1305 CE
| p1 = Rashtrakuta dynasty
| flag_p1 = Indian_Rashtrakuta_Empire_map.svg
| s1 = Ghurid dynasty
| flag_s1 = Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas,_p.147.png
| p2 = Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty
| flag_p2 = Map_of_the_Gurjara-Pratiharas_(circa_800-950_CE).png
| p3 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
| flag_p3 = Map_of_the_Later_Kalacuris.png
| s2 = Delhi Sultanate
| flag_s2 = Delhi Sultanate Flag (catalan atlas).png
| image_map = Map of the Paramaras.png
| image_map_caption = Greatest extent of Paramaras under Emperor [[Bhoja]] 9th .<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (a)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185}}</ref>
| capital = {{ubl|[[Dhara (city)|Dhar]]
|[[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]}}
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Shaivism]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages,Studies in Indian history |first1=S.R. Bakshi |last1=R.K. Gupta |publisher=Swarup & Sons|year=2008|quote="Parmara rulers were devout shaivas." |location=Rajasthan |pages=43|volume=1|isbn=9788176258418}}</ref> 
| today = [[India]]
}}
The '''Paramara dynasty''' ([[IAST]]: Paramāra){{notetag|Also known as Pramara, Ponwar, Powar, Panwar, Bhoyar Pawar etc.{{sfn|Benjamin Walker|1995|p=186}}}} was a Indian dynasty that ruled [[Malwa]] and surrounding areas in west-central India between 9th and 14th centuries. They belonged to the [[Parmara]] clan of [[Rajputs]].<ref>
*{{cite book|author=Nandini Chatterjee|title=Land and Law in Mughal India: A Family of Landlords across Three Indian Empires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HzUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|year=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-48603-3|page=51|quote=One such Rajput dynasty was that of the Paramaras of Malwa}}
*{{Cite book|author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21SgAAAAMAAJ|title=Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues|date=2006|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-1-84331-132-4|language=en|page=116|quote=The period between seventh and twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh which came to constitute a social-political category known as Rajputs. Some of the major lineages were Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, The Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan, the Chaulakyas or Solankis Of Gujarat, The Parmaras of Madhya Pradesh}}
*{{cite book|author=David Ludden|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|year=2013|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-108-6|pages=88–|quote=By contrast in Rajasthan a single warrior group evolved called Rajput (Rajaputra-son of kings), they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise from labour as farming was literally beneath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas (Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias) and Caulukyas were spitting off from Gurjara Pratihara clans.}}
*{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=History of Medieval India:800-1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|page=62|quote=The rise of a new section called the Rajputs and the controversy about their origins have already been mentioned. With the break-up of the Pratihara empire, a number of Rajput states camne into existence in north India. The most important of these were the Gahadavalas of Kanauj, the Paramaras of Malwa, and the Chauhans of Ajmer|language=en}}</ref>

The dynasty was established in either the 9th or 10th century, and its early rulers most probably ruled as vassals of the [[Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta]]. The earliest extant Paramara inscriptions, issued by the 10th-century ruler [[Siyaka]], have been found in [[Gujarat]]. Around 972 CE, Siyaka sacked the Rashtrakuta capital [[Manyakheta]], and established the Paramaras as a sovereign power. By the time of his successor [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]], the Malwa region in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]] had become the core Paramara territory, with [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]] (now Dhar) as their capital. The dynasty reached its zenith under Munja's nephew [[Bhoja]], whose kingdom extended from [[Chittorgarh Fort|Chittor]] in the north to [[Konkan]] in the south, and from the [[Sabarmati River]] in the west to [[Vidisha]] in the east.

The Paramara power rose and declined several times as a result of their struggles with the [[Chaulukya]]s of Gujarat, the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]], the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]], [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] and other neighbouring kingdoms. The later Paramara rulers moved their capital to [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandapa-Durga]] (now Mandu) after Dhara was sacked multiple times by their enemies. [[Mahalakadeva]], the last known Paramara king, was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa|defeated and killed]] by the forces of [[Alauddin Khalji]] of [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]] in 1305 CE, although epigraphic evidence suggests that the Paramara rule continued for a few years after his death.

Malwa enjoyed a great level of political and cultural prestige under the Paramaras. The Paramaras were well known for their patronage to [[Sanskrit]] poets and scholars, and Bhoja was himself a renowned scholar. Most of the Paramara kings were [[Shaivite]]s and commissioned several Shiva temples, although they also patronized [[Jainism|Jain]] scholars.

== Origin ==

=== Ancestry ===

[[File:Siyak harsola1005ga.jpg|thumb|right|[[Harsola copper plates]]]]
The [[Harsola copper plates]] (949 CE) issued by the Paramara king [[Siyaka II]] mentions a king called Akalavarsha, followed by the expression ''tasmin kule'' ("in that family"), and then followed by the name "Vappairaja" (identified with the Paramara king Vakpati I).{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=4}} Based on the identification of "Akalavarsha" (which was a [[Rashtrakuta]] title) with the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]], historian as D.C. Ganguly theorized that the Paramaras were descended from the Rashtrakutas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages,Studies in Indian history |first1=S.R. Bakshi |last1=R.K. Gupta |publisher=Swarup & Sons|year=2008 |location=Rajasthan |pages=24|volume=|isbn=9788176258418}}</ref> Ganguly tried to find support for his theory in ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', whose variation of the [[Agnikula]] myth (see below) states that a predecessor of the Paramaras came to Malwa from [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=327}} According to ''Ain-i-Akbari'', Dhanji - a man born from a fire sacrifice - came from Deccan to establish a kingdom in Malwa; when his descendant Putraj died heirless, the nobles established Aditya Ponwar - the ancestor of the Paramaras - as the new king.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=4}} Ganguly also noted Siyaka's successor [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]] (Vakpati II) assumed titles such as [[Amoghavarsha]], Sri-vallabha and [[Prithvi-vallabha]]: these are distinctively Rashtrakuta titles.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=36}}

However, there is a lacuna before the words ''tasmin kule'' ("in that family") in the Harsola inscription, and therefore, Ganguly's suggestion is a pure guess in absence of any concrete evidence.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi (Introduction)|1991|p=4}} Moreover, even if the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' legend is historically accurate, Aditya Ponwar was not a descendant of Dhanji: he was most probably a local magnate rather than a native of Deccan.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=18}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1975|p=225}} Critics of Ganguly's theory also argue that the Rashtrakuta titles in these inscriptions refer to Paramara rulers, who had assumed these titles to portray themselves as the legitimate successors of the Rashtrakutas in the Malwa region.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}} The Rashtrakutas had similarly adopted the titles such as ''[[Prithvi-vallabha]]'', which had been used by the preceding [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Chalukya]] rulers.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}} Historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]] points out that the Paramaras claimed the mythical [[Agnikula]] origin by the 10th century: had they really been descendants of the Rashtrakutas, they would not have forgotten their prestigious royal origin within a generation.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=36}}

[[File:Stone sculpt NMND -23.JPG|thumb|left|[[Chamunda]], Paramaras, 12th century CE, [[Madhya Pradesh]].]]
The later Paramara kings claimed to be members of the [[Agnikula]] or Agnivansha ("fire clan"). The Agnikula myth of origin, which appears in several of their inscriptions and literary works, goes like this: The sage [[Vishvamitra]] forcibly took a [[Kamadhenu|wish-granting cow]] from another sage [[Vashistha]] on the Arbuda mountain ([[Mount Abu]]). Vashistha then conjured a hero from a sacrificial fire pit (''agni-kunda''), who defeated
Vishvamitra's enemies and brought back the cow. Vashistha then gave the hero the title Paramara ("enemy killer").{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=32}} The earliest known source to mention this story is the ''[[Nava-sahasanka-charita]]'' of Padmagupta Parimala, who was a court-poet of the Paramara king [[Sindhuraja]] (c. 997-1010).{{sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|2009|p=444}} The legend is not mentioned in earlier Paramara-era inscriptions or literary works. By this time, all the neighbouring dynasties claimed divine or heroic origin, which might have motivated the Paramaras to invent a legend of their own.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=10-13}}{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}}

A legend mentioned in a recension of ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' extended their Agnikula legend to describe other dynasties as fire-born Rajputs. The earliest extant copies of ''Prithviraj Raso'' do not contain this legend; this version might have been invented by the 16th-century poets who wanted to foster Rajput unity against the [[Mughal Emperor|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=17-18}} Some [[British India|colonial-era]] historians interpreted this mythical account to suggest a foreign origin for the Paramaras. According to this theory, the ancestors of the Paramaras and other Agnivanshi Rajputs came to India after the decline of the [[Gupta Empire]] around the 5th century CE. They were admitted in the [[Hindu caste system]] after performing a fire ritual.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=35}} However, this theory is weakened by the fact that the legend is not mentioned in the earliest of the Paramara records, and even the earliest Paramara-era account does not mention the other dynasties as Agnivanshi.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=16}}

Some historians, such as Dasharatha Sharma and Pratipal Bhatia, have argued that the Paramaras were originally [[Brahmin]]s from the Vashistha [[gotra]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=327}} This theory is based on the fact that [[Halayudha]], who was patronized by Munja, describes the king as "Brahma-Kshtra" in ''Pingala-Sutra-Vritti''. According to Bhatia this expression means that Munja came from a family of [[Brahmin]]s who became [[Kshatriya]]s.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=37}} In addition, the Patanarayana temple inscription states that the Paramaras were of Vashistha [[gotra]], which is a gotra among Brahmins claiming descent from the sage Vashistha.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=29}} However, historian Arvind K. Singh points out that several other sources point to a [[Kshatriya]] ancestry of the dynasty. For example, the 1211 Piplianagar inscription states that the ancestors of the Paramaras were "crest-jewel of the Kshatriyas", and the ''Prabha-vakara-charita'' mentions that Vakpati was born in the dynasty of a Kshatriya. According to Singh, the expression "Brahma-Kshatriya" refers to a learned Kshatriya.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}}

[[D. C. Sircar]] theorized that the dynasty descended from the [[Malavas]]. However, there is no evidence of the early Paramara rulers being called Malava; the Paramaras began to be called Malavas only after they began ruling the Malwa region.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=327}}

<gallery mode="packed">
Chaulukya-Paramara coin circa AD 950-1050.jpg | A [[Chaulukya]]-Paramara coin, c. 950-1050 CE. Stylized rendition of [[Chavda dynasty]] coins: [[Indo-Sassanian]] style bust right; pellets and ornaments around / Stylised fire altar; pellets around.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261205 | title=CNG: EAuction 329. INDIA, Post-Gupta (Chaulukya-Paramara). Circa AD 950-1050. AR Drachm (16mm, 4.41 g, 6h) | access-date=15 July 2017 | archive-date=4 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904104559/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261205 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Paramaras of Malwa King Naravarman Circa 1094-1133.jpg | Coin of the Paramara king [[Naravarman]], c. 1094-1133. Goddess [[Lakshmi]] seated facing / Devanagari legend.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=88523 |title=CNG Coins |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090215/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=88523 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Paramaras of Vidarbha King Jagaddeva 12th-13th centuries.jpg | Coin of the Paramara prince [[Jagadeva]], 12th-13th centuries CE.
</gallery>

=== Original homeland ===

{{Location map+
|India Gujarat
|float = right
|width = 300
|caption = Places in [[Gujarat]] where the earliest Paramara inscriptions (of [[Siyaka II]]) have been discovered
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|places =
{{location map~ |India Gujarat |lat=23.36|N |long=73.02|E |label=[[Harsol]] |position=right}}
{{location map~ |India Gujarat |lat=22.75|N |long=72.68|E |label=[[Kheda]] |position=left}}
}}

Based on the Agnikula legend, some scholars such as [[C. V. Vaidya]] and [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] speculated that Mount Abu was the original home of the Paramaras. Based on the Harsola copper plates and ''Ain-i-Akbari'', D. C. Ganguly believed they came from the Deccan region.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=30}}

The earliest of the Paramara inscriptions (that of Siyaka II) have all been discovered in Gujarat, and concern land grants in that region. Based on this, D. B. Diskalkar and H. V. Trivedi theorized that the Paramaras were associated with Gujarat during their early days.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=9}} Another possibility is that the early Paramara rulers temporarily left their capital city of Dhara in Malwa for Gujarat because of a Gurjara-Pratihara invasion. This theory is based on the combined analysis of two sources: the ''Nava-sahasanka-charita'', which states that the Paramara king Vairisimha cleared the Dhara city in Malwa of enemies; and the 945-946 CE Pratapgah inscription of the Gurjara-Prathiara king Mahendrapala, which states that he recaptured Malwa.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=16}}

== Early rulers ==

Whether or not the Paramaras were descended from the Rashtrakutas, they were most probably subordinates of the Rashtrakutas in the 9th century.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}} Historical evidence suggests that between 808-812 CE, the Rashtrakutas expelled the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s from the [[Malwa]] region. The Rashtrakuta king [[Govinda III]] placed Malwa under the protection of Karka-raja, the Rashtrakuta chief of [[Lata (region)|Lata]] (a region bordering Malwa, in present-day Gujarat).{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=44-47}} The 871 Sanjan copper-plate inscription of Govinda's son [[Amoghavarsha I]] states that his father had appointed a vassal as the governor of Malwa. Since the Paramaras became the rulers of the Malwa region around this time, epigraphist H. V. Trivedi theorizes that this vassal was the Paramara king Upendra,{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}} although there is no definitive proof of this. The start of the Paramara rule in Malwa cannot be dated with certainty, but they certainly did not rule the Malwa before the 9th century CE.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=44-47}}

[[Siyaka]] is the earliest known Paramara king attested by his own inscriptions. His [[Harsola copper plates|Harsola copper plate inscription]] (949 CE) is the earliest available Paramara inscription: it suggests that he was a vassal of the Rashtrakutas.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=4}} The list of his predecessors varies between accounts:{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=3-4}}{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=4}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of early Paramara rulers according to different sources
! Harsola copper plates (949 CE) !! ''Nava-Sahasanka-Charita'' (early 11th century) !! ''Udaipur Prashasti'' inscription (11th century) !! ''Nagpur Prashasti'' inscription (1104 CE) !! Other land grants
|-
| || Paramara || Paramara || Paramara || Paramara
|-
| || Upendra || Upendra || || rowspan="4" | Krishna
|-
| ||rowspan="2" | "Other kings" || Vairisimha (I) ||
|-
| || Siyaka (I) ||
|-
| Vappairaja || Vakpati (I) || Vakpati (I) ||
|-
| Vairisimha || Vairisimha || Vairisimha (II) || Vairisimha || Vairisimha
|-
| [[Siyaka]] || Siyaka alias Harsha || Harsha || Siyaka || Siyaka
|}

Paramara is the dynasty's mythical progenitor, according to the [[Agnikula]] legend. Whether the other early kings mentioned in the ''Udaipur Prashasti'' are historical or fictional is a topic of debate among historians.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=48-49}}

According to [[C. V. Vaidya]] and [[K. A. Nilakantha Sastri]], the Paramara dynasty was founded only in the 10th century CE. Vaidya believes that the kings such as Vairisimha I and Siyaka I are imaginary, duplicated from the names of later historical kings in order to push back the dynasty's age.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=48-49}} The 1274 CE Mandhata copper-plate inscription of [[Jayavarman II (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman II]] similarly names eight successors of Paramara as Kamandaludhara, Dhumraja, Devasimhapala, Kanakasimha, Shriharsha, [[Jagadeva|Jagaddeva]], Sthirakaya and Voshari: these do not appear to be historical figures.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=212}} HV Trivedi states that there is a possibility that Vairisimha I and Siyaka I of the ''Udaipur Prashasti'' are same as Vairisimha II and Siyaka II; the names might have been repeated by mistake. Alternatively, he theorizes that these names have been omitted in other inscriptions because these rulers were not independent sovereigns.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=4}}

Several other historians believe that the early Paramara rulers mentioned in the ''Udaipur Prashasti'' are not fictional, and the Paramaras started ruling Malwa in the 9th century (as Rashtrakuta vassals). K. N. Seth argues that even some of the later Paramara inscriptions mention only 3-4 predecessors of the king who issued the inscription. Therefore, the absence of certain names from the genealogy provided in the early inscriptions does not mean that these were imaginary rulers. According to him, the mention of Upendra in ''Nava-Sahasanka-Charitra'' (composed by the court poet of the later king Sindhuraja) proves that Upendra is not a fictional king.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=48-51}} Historians such as [[Georg Bühler]] and [[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]] identify Upendra and Krishnaraja as one person, because these are synonyms (Upendra being another [[List of titles and names of Krishna|name of Krishna]]). However, an inscription of Siyaka's successor [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]] names the preceding kings as Krishnaraja, Vairisimha, and Siyaka. Based on this, Seth however identifies Krishnaraja with Vappairaja or Vakpati I mentioned in the Harsola plates (Vappairaja appears to be the Prakrit form of Vakpati-raja). In his support, Seth points out that Vairisimha has been called ''Krishna-padanudhyata'' in the inscription of Munja i.e. Vakpati II. He theorizes that Vakpati II used the name "Krishnaraja" instead of Vakpati I to identify his ancestor, in order to avoid confusion with his own name.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=48-51}}

== The imperial Paramaras ==

[[File:Temple of Bhojpur.jpg|thumb|The [[Bhojeshwar Temple]], Paramara dynasty, [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]]]]
[[File:Dam PP.JPG|thumb|Detail of the masonry of the northern dam at Bhojpur]]
The first independent sovereign of the Paramara dynasty was [[Siyaka]] (sometimes called Siyaka II to distinguish him from the earlier Siyaka mentioned in the ''Udaipur Prashasti''). The Harsola copper plates (949 CE) suggest that Siyaka was a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta ruler [[Krishna III]] in his early days. However, the same inscription also mentions the high-sounding ''[[Maharajadhiraj]]apati'' as one of Siyaka's titles. Based on this, K. N. Seth believes that Siyaka's acceptance of the Rashtrakuta lordship was nominal.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=76-77}}

As a Rashtrakuta feudatory, Siyaka participated in their campaigns against the [[Pratiharas]]. He also defeated some [[Huna people|Huna]] chiefs ruling to the north of Malwa.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=79}} He might have suffered setbacks against the [[Chandela]] king [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=334}} After the death of [[Krishna III]], Siyaka defeated his successor [[Khottiga Amoghavarsha|Khottiga]] in a battle fought on the banks of the [[Narmada River]]. He then pursued Khottiga's retreating army to the Rashtrakuta capital [[Manyakheta]], and sacked that city in 972 CE. His victory ultimately led to the decline of the Rashtrakutas, and the establishment of the Paramaras as an independent sovereign power in Malwa.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=81-84}}

Siyaka's successor Munja achieved military successes against the [[Chahamanas of Shakambari]], the [[Chahamanas of Naddula]], the [[Guhilas of Mewar]], the [[Huna people|Hunas]], the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]], and the ruler of [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara region]] (possibly a [[Chaulukya dynasty|Gujarat Chaulukya]] or [[Pratihara]] ruler).{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=336-338}} He also achieved some early successes against the [[Western Chalukya]] king [[Tailapa II]], but was ultimately defeated and killed by Tailapa some time between 994 CE and 998 CE.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=102-104}}{{sfn|M. Srinivasachariar|1974|p=502}}

As a result of this defeat, the Paramaras lost their southern territories (possibly the ones beyond the [[Narmada river]]) to the Chalukyas.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=339-340}} Munja was reputed as a patron of scholars, and his rule attracted scholars from different parts of India to Malwa.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=340-341}} He was also a poet himself, although only a few stanzas composed by him now survive.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=105}}

Munja's brother [[Sindhuraja]] (ruled c. 990s CE) defeated the Western Chalukya king [[Satyashraya]], and recovered the territories lost to Tailapa II.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=320}} He also achieved military successes against a [[Huna people|Huna]] chief, the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavanshi]] of [[Dakshina Kosala|south Kosala]], the [[Shilahara]]s of [[Konkana]], and the ruler of [[Lata (region)|Lata]] (southern Gujarat).{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=320}} His court poet Padmagupta wrote his biography ''Nava-Sahasanka-Charita'', which credits him with several other victories, although these appear to be poetic exaggerations.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=341}}

Sindhuraja's son [[Bhoja]] is the most celebrated ruler of the Paramara dynasty. He made several attempts to expand the Paramara kingdom varying results. Around 1018 CE, he defeated the [[Chalukyas of Lata]] in present-day Gujarat.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=137}} Between 1018 CE and 1020 CE, he gained control of the northern [[Konkan]], whose Shilahara rulers probably served as his feudatories for a brief period.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=140-141}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|p=46}} Bhoja also formed an alliance against the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani Chalukya]] king [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]], with [[Rajendra Chola]] and [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]] [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]]. The extent of Bhoja's success in this campaign is not certain, as both Chalukya and Paramara [[panegyric]]s claimed victory.{{sfn|Saikat K. Bose|2015|p=27}} During the last years of Bhoja's reign, sometime after 1042 CE, Jayasimha's son and successor [[Someshvara I]] invaded Malwa, and sacked his capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]].{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=320}} Bhoja re-established his control over Malwa soon after the departure of the Chalukya army, but the defeat pushed back the southern boundary of his kingdom from [[Godavari River|Godavari]] to [[Narmada River|Narmada]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=154}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|p=56}}

[[File:Statues At Bhojpur Temple (1).jpg|thumb|left|Statues at [[Bhojeshwar Temple]], Paramara dynasty, [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]].]]
Bhoja's attempt to expand his kingdom eastwards was foiled by the [[Chandela]] king [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadhara]].{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|p=69}} However, Bhoja was able to extend his influence among the Chandela feudatories, the [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghatas]] of Dubkund.{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=172-173}} Bhoja also launched a campaign against the Kachchhapaghatas of [[Gwalior]], possibly with the ultimate goal of capturing [[Kannauj]], but his attacks were repulsed by their ruler Kirtiraja.{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=173}} Bhoja also defeated the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]], killing their ruler [[Viryarama]]. However, he was forced to retreat by the [[Chahamanas of Naddula]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=177}} According to medieval Muslim historians, after sacking [[Somnath Temple|Somnath]], [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] changed his route to avoid confrontation with a Hindu king named Param Dev. Modern historians identify Param Dev as Bhoja: the name may be a corruption of Paramara-Deva or of Bhoja's title ''Parameshvara-Paramabhattaraka''.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=163-165}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=61-62}} Bhoja may have also contributed troops to support the [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] ruler [[Anandapala]]'s fight against the [[Ghaznavids]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=158}} He may have also been a part of the Hindu alliance that expelled Mahmud's governors from [[Hansi]], [[Thanesar]] and other areas around 1043 CE.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=166}}{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=320}} During the last year of Bhoja's reign, or shortly after his death, the Chaulukya king [[Bhima I]] and the Kalachuri king [[Lakshmikarna|Karna]] attacked his kingdom. According to the 14th-century author Merutunga, Bhoja died of a disease at the same time the allied army attacked his kingdom.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=182}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=66-67}}

At its zenith, Bhoja's kingdom extended from [[Chittorgarh Fort|Chittor]] in the north to upper [[Konkan]] in the south, and from the [[Sabarmati River]] in the west to [[Vidisha]] in the east.{{sfn|Kirit Mankodi|1987|p=62}} He was recognized as a capable military leader, but his territorial conquests were short-lived. His major claim to fame was his reputation as a scholar-king, who patronized arts, literature and sciences. Noted poets and writers of his time sought his sponsorship.{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|p=179}} Bhoja was himself a polymath, whose writings cover a wide variety of topics include grammar, poetry, architecture, yoga, and chemistry. Bhoja established the [[Bhoj Shala]] which was a centre for [[Sanskrit]] studies and a temple of [[Sarasvati]] in present-day [[Dhar]]. He is said to have founded the city of [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]], a belief supported by historical evidence. Besides the [[Bhojeshwar Temple]] there, the construction of three now-breached dams in that area is attributed to him.{{sfn|Kirit Mankodi|1987|p=71}} Because of his patronage to literary figures, several legends written after his death featured him as a righteous scholar-king.{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|pp=179-180}} In terms of the number of legends centered around him, Bhoja is comparable to the fabled [[Vikramaditya]].{{sfn|Anthony Kennedy Warder|1992|pp=176}}

== Decline ==
[[File:Naravarman PP.jpg|thumb|Pillar in the Bijamaṇḍal, [[Vidisha]] with an inscription of Naravarman]]
Bhoja's successor [[Jayasimha I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayasimha I]], who was probably his son,{{sfn|Anthony Kennedy Warder|1992|pp=177}} faced the joint [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]]-[[Chaulukya]] invasion immediately after Bhoja's death.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=182-184}} [[Bilhana]]'s writings suggest that he sought help from the Chalukyas of Kalyani.{{sfn|Prabhakar Narayan Kawthekar|1995|p=72}} Jayasimha's successor and Bhoja's brother [[Udayaditya]] was defeated by Chamundaraja, his vassal at [[Vagada]]. He repulsed an invasion by the [[Chaulukya]] ruler [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]], with help from his allies. Udayaditya's eldest son [[Lakshmadeva]] has been credited with extensive military conquests in the ''[[Nagpur]] Prashasti'' inscription of 1104-05 CE. However, these appear to be poetic exaggerations. At best, he might have defeated the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]].{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=110}} Udayaditya's younger son [[Naravarman]] faced several defeats, losing to the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] and the Chaulukya king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]. By the end of his reign, one Vijayapala had carved out an independent kingdom to the north-east of Ujjain.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=115-122}}

[[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] lost control of the Paramara capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]] to Jayasimha Siddharaja. His successor [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman I]] regained control of Dhara, but soon lost it to an usurper named Ballala.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=362-363}} The Chaulukya king [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] defeated Ballala around 1150 CE, supported by his feudatories the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] ruler [[Alhanadeva|Alhana]] and the [[Mount Abu|Abu]] Paramara chief Yashodhavala. Malwa then became a province of the Chaulukyas. A minor branch of the Paramaras, who styled themselves as ''Mahakumara''s, ruled the area around [[Bhopal]] during this time.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=363-364}} Nearly two decades later, Jayavarman's son [[Vindhyavarman]] defeated the Chaulukya king Mularaja II, and re-established the Paramara sovereignty in Malwa.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=328}} During his reign, Malwa faced repeated invasions from the [[Hoysala]]s and the [[Yadavas of Devagiri]].{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=162}} He was also defeated by the Chaulukya general Kumara.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=137}} Despite these setbacks, he was able to restore the Paramara power in Malwa before his death.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=322}}

Vindhyavarman's son [[Subhatavarman]] invaded Gujarat, and plundered the Chaulukya territories. But he was ultimately forced to retreat by the Chaulukya feudatory Lavana-Prasada.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=370}} His son [[Arjunavarman I]] also invaded Gujarat, and defeated Jayanta-simha (or Jaya-simha), who had usurped the Chaulukya throne for a brief period.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=148}} He was defeated by [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] general Kholeshvara in [[Lata (region)|Lata]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=371}}

{{South Asia in 1250|right|The Paramaras and neighbouring South Asian polities circa 1250 CE.<ref name="JES">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=21, 147|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=048}}</ref>|{{Annotation|93|100|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|50px]]}}}}
Arjunavarman was succeeded by [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]], who was the son of Harishchandra, a ''Mahakumara'' (chief of a Paramara branch).{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=371}} He continued to face struggles against the Chaulukyas and the Yadavas. The [[Sultanate of Delhi|Sultan of Delhi]] [[Iltutmish]] captured [[Bhilsa]] during 1233-34 CE, but Devapala defeated the Sultanate's governor and regained control of Bhilsa.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|pp=188}}{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1966|pp=187-188}} According to the ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'', he was killed by Vagabhata of [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Ranthambhor]], who suspected him of plotting his murder in connivance with the Delhi Sultan.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=372}}

During the reign of Devapala's son [[Jaitugideva]], the power of the Paramaras greatly declined because of invasions from the Yadava king Krishna, the Delhi Sultan [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]], and the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] prince Visala-deva.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=373}} Devapala's younger son [[Jayavarman II (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman II]] also faced attacks from these three powers. Either Jaitugi or Jayavarman II moved the Paramara capital from Dhara to the hilly Mandapa-Durga (present-day [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]), which offered a better defensive position.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=203}}

[[Arjunavarman II]], the successor of Jayavarman II, proved to be a weak ruler. He faced rebellion from his minister.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1977|p=445}} In the 1270s, the Yadava ruler [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] invaded Malwa,{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=158}} and in the 1280s, the [[Chauhans of Ranthambore|Ranthambhor Chahamana]] ruler [[Hammiradeva|Hammira]] also raided Malwa.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1975|p=124}} Arjuna's successor [[Bhoja II (Paramara dynasty)|Bhoja II]] also faced an invasion from Hammira. Bhoja II was either a titular ruler controlled by his minister, or his minister had usurped a part of the Paramara kingdom.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=160}}

[[Mahalakadeva]], the last known Paramara king, was defeated and killed by the army of [[Alauddin Khalji]] in 1305 CE.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=25}}

== Rulers ==

<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of the inscriptions from the reigns of Paramara monarchs of Malwa{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|pp=v-vi}}" width="350" height="350" zoom="5" longitude="76.15" latitude="22.25">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Atru]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.6701, 24.8768] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Banswara]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.4350, 23.5461] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Betma]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.6143, 22.6854] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.5784, 23.0992] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Depalpur, India|Depalpur]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.5422, 22.8514] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Dewas]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.0508, 22.9623] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "[[Dhar]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.3025, 22.6013] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Dharampuri]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.3500, 22.1562] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Gaowdi", "description": "Also known as Gaonri" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.9666, 23.0975] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Gyaraspur]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.1222, 23.6727] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Harsud]]", "description": "Also known as Harsauda" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.7365, 22.1014] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Harsol]]", "description": "Also known as Harsola" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.0140, 23.3628] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Jhalrapatan]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.1726, 24.5403] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Kheda", "description": "Also known as Kaira" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.9933, 22.9251] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Kalwan]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.0271, 20.4891] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Kamed" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.7924, 23.2273] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Jivapur Mahodia", "description": "Also known as Mahaudi" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.5084, 23.0666] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Mandhata]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.1523, 22.2508] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Modasa]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.2999, 23.4629] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Modi" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.2030, 23.9974] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Pathari]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.2220, 23.9353] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Pipliya Nagar", "description": "Also known as Piplianagar" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.9816, 23.2939] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Rahatgarh]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.3984, 23.7905] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Sehore]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.0851, 23.2050] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Shergarh", "description": "Also known as Shergadh" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.5416, 24.7069] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Tilakvada", "description": "Also known as Tilakwada" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.5903, 21.9526] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Udaipur, Madhya Pradesh|Udaipur]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.0709, 23.8737] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Ujjain]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.7849, 23.1793] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Un" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.4566, 21.8227] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Vidisha]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.8081, 23.5251] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>

According to historial 'Kailash Chand Jain', "Knowledge of the early Paramara rulers from Upendra to Vairisimha is scanty; there are no records, and they are known only from later sources."<ref>{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |year=1972 |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA329 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=329 |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9}}</ref>
The Paramara rulers mentioned in the various inscriptions and literary sources include:

* Paramara (ancient [[Agnikula]] ancestor)
* Upendra Krishnraja (late 8 to early 9th century CE)
* Vairisimha (I) (early 9th century CE)
* Siyaka (I) (mid of 9th century CE)
* Vakpati (I) (late 9th or early 10th century CE)
* Vairisimha (II) (middle 10th century CE)
* [[Siyaka]] (II) (940–972 CE)
* [[Vakpati Munja|Vakpati]] (II) alias Munja (972–990 CE)
* [[Sindhuraja]] (990–1010 CE)
* [[Bhoja]] (1010–1055 CE), greatest ruler of dynasty
* [[Jayasimha I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayasimha I]] (1055–1070 CE)
* [[Udayaditya]] (1070–1086 CE)
* [[Lakshmadeva]] (1086–1094 CE)
* [[Naravarman]] (1094–1130 CE)
* [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (1133–1142 CE)
* [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman I]] (1142–1143 CE)
* ''[[Interregnum]] from (1143 to 1175 CE)'' under an usurper named 'Ballala' and later the [[Solanki dynasty|Solanki king]] [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]
* [[Vindhyavarman]] (1175–1194 CE)
* [[Subhatavarman]] (1194–1209 CE)
* [[Arjunavarman I]] (1210–1215 CE)
* [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]] (1218–1239 CE)
* [[Jaitugideva]] (1239–1255 CE)
* [[Jayavarman II (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman II]] (1255–1274 CE)
* [[Arjunavarman II]] (1274–1285 CE)
* [[Bhoja II (Paramara dynasty)|Bhoja II]] (1285–1301 CE)
* [[Mahalakadeva]] (1301–1305 CE), (after his death dynasty was ended in [[Malwa]] region)

An inscription from [[Udaipur (Madhya Pradesh)|Udaipur]] indicates that the Paramara dynasty survived until 1310, at least in the north-eastern part of Malwa. A later inscription shows that the area had been captured by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] by 1338.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}

== Branches and claimed descendants ==

[[File:Malwa.PDF|thumb|400px|right|Map showing the find-spots of the inscriptions of the imperial Paramaras and some of their branches]]

Besides the Paramara sovereigns of Malwa, several branches of the dynasties ruled as feudatories at various places. These include:

* [[Paramaras of Chandravati]]
** Ruled the Arbuda-mandala ([[Mount Abu]] area){{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=13}}
** Became feudatories of the [[Chaulukya]]s of Gujarat by the 12th century{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=244}}
* Paramaras of [[Bhinmal]]-[[Kiradu]]
** Branched off from the Paramaras of Chandravati {{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=321}}
** Like the Paramaras of Chandravati, they were connected to the Chaulukyas, and were subdued by the Chahamanas in the 12th century{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=13}}
* Paramaras of [[Jalor]]
** Another branch of the Paramaras of Chandravati{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=13}}
** Supplanted by the [[Chahamanas of Jalor]]{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=333}}
* Paramaras of [[Vagada]]
** Ruled at [[Arthuna]] as feudatories of the Paramaras of Malwa {{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=280}}{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=13}}

The rulers of several [[princely state]]s claimed connection with the Paramaras. These include:

* [[Baghal State]]: It is said to have been founded by Ajab Dev Parmar, who came to present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]] from [[Ujjain]] in the 14th century.{{sfn|Poonam Minhas|1998|p=49}}
* [[Danta State]]: Its rulers claimed membership of the Parmar clan and descent from the legendary king [[Vikramaditya]] of Ujjain{{sfn|Tony McClenaghan|1996|p=115}}
* [[Dewas State]] (Senior and Junior): The [[Maratha]] Puar rulers of these states claimed descent from the Paramara dynasty.{{sfn|John Middleton|2015|p=236}}
* [[Dhar State]]: Its founder Anand Rao Puar, who claimed Paramara descent, received a fief from [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I]] in the 18th century.{{sfn|Tony McClenaghan|1996|p=122}}
* [[Muli State]]: Its rulers claimed Paramara descent, and are said to have started out as feudatories of the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghelas]].{{sfn|Virbhadra Singhji|1994|p=44}}
* [[Narsinghgarh State]]{{cn|date=June 2021}}
* [[Jagdispur|Jagdishpur]] and [[Dumraon]]: The Rajputs of [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur district]] in present-day [[Bihar]], who styled themselves as Ujjainiya Panwar Rajputs, started claiming descent from the royal family of Ujjain in the 17th century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dirk H. A. Kolff |author-link=Dirk H. A. Kolff |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&pg=PA59 |date=8 August 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52305-9 |page=59 |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=2 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302200455/https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&pg=PA59 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Rajas of Jagdishpur and Dumraon in Bihar claimed descent from the Ujjainia branch of Paramaras.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Journal of the Bihar Purāvid Parishad, Volumes=7-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iFduAAAAMAAJ |year=1983 |publisher=Bihar Puravid Parishad |page=411 |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131152/https://books.google.com/books?id=iFduAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The [[Gandhawaria Rajput]]s of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] and the [[Ujjainiya]]s of [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] also claim descent from the Paramara dynasty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iFduAAAAMAAJ&q=tirhut+rajput|title=The Journal of the Bihar Purāvid Parishad|publisher=Bihar Puravid Parishad|year=1983|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131152/https://books.google.com/books?id=iFduAAAAMAAJ&q=tirhut+rajput|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ahmad">{{cite book |title=Popular Literature And Pre-Modern Societies In South Asia |editor1-first=Surinder |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=I. D. |editor2-last=Gaur |pages=76–77 |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1358-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC |chapter=State Formation and Consolidation under the Ujjainiya Rajputs in Medieval Bihar: Testimony of Oral Traditions as Recorded in the ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjainiya'' |first=Imtiaz |last=Ahmad |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225135554/https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC |url-status=live }}
</ref>

==Present==

At present, [[Kshatriya]] '''Rajput Parmar/Panwar''' people of this caste/lineage are mainly found in [[Rajasthan]] , [[Gujarat]] , [[Madhya Pradesh]] , [[Punjab]] , [[Haryana]] , [[Uttarakhand]] , [[Himachal Pradesh]] , [[Uttar Pradesh]] , [[Bihar]] , [[Chhattisgarh]] , [[Sindh]] and Northern [[Maharashtra]] .

About '''(52 kul)''' branches of Parmars are settled in [[Malwa]] regions of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan .

About '''(36 kul)''' branches of '''Panwars/Powars''' who migrated from Dhara Nagar to Western Malwa via [[Bundelkhand]] , [[Baghelkhand]] during the year 1700 reside in [[Balaghat]] , [[Seoni]] of south -eastern Madhya Pradesh and [[Gondia]] [[Bhandara]] district area of Maharashtra.

From 15th to 17th century, Panwars migrated to [[Satpura]] and [[Vidarbha]] . In these areas he is called '''Bhoyar Pawar'''. This '''(72 kul)''' branch , which migrated from Dharanagar and East Malwa in the 15th to 17th century , resides in [[Betul]] , [[Chhindwara]] , [[Wardha]] and other districts.

The words Parmar/Pawar/Powar/Panwar/Pawar have become popular after being corrupted from the Sanskrit words Pramar, Prawar and Paur

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==See also==
{{commons category|Paramaras of Malwa}}
* [[List of Rajput dynasties and states]]
* [[List of rulers of Malwa]]
* [[Panwar Dynasty]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Alf Hiltebeitel |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PA444 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780226340555 |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323152137/https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PA444 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |author=Arvind K. Singh |title=Interpreting the History of the Paramāras |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=22 |issue=1 |year=2012 |pages=13–28 |jstor=41490371 }}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201055911/https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Concise History of Ancient India: Political history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VDAAAAYAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |oclc=5311157 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323144457/https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VDAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Anthony Kennedy Warder |author-link=A. K. Warder |title=Indian Kāvya Literature: The art of storytelling |chapter=XLVI: The Vikramaditya Legend |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl0l5ZTkNxIC&pg=PA176 |year=1992 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0615-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781107118560 }}
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Sircar |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=35 |chapter=Bhilsa inscription of the time of Jayasimha, Vikrama 1320 |year=1966 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |author-link=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties: A Study of Chauhān Political History, Chauhān Political Institutions, and Life in the Chauhān Dominions, from 800 to 1316 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-8426-0618-9 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324054808/https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=David P. Henige |author-link=David Henige |title=Princely States of India: A Guide to Chronology and Rulers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqDpAAAAMAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Orchid |isbn=978-974-524-049-0 |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726035008/http://books.google.com/books?id=fqDpAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Ganga Prasad Yadava |title=Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Concept |year=1982 |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228165807/https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Georg Bühler |chapter=The Udepur Prasasti of the Kings of Malva |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndicaVol1/Epigraphia%20Indica_vol%201#page/n255/mode/2up |title=Epigraphia Indica |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=1 |year=1892 }}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Introduction to Inscriptions of the Paramaras, Chandellas, Kachchhapaghatas, etc. (Part 1) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ybQrQEACAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1451761 |ref={{harvid|H. V. Trivedi (Introduction)|1991}} |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324034302/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ybQrQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1451755 |ref={{harvid|H. V. Trivedi|1991}} |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805231604/https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=John Middleton |title=World Monarchies and Dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA236 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45158-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kailash Chand Jain |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA158 |year=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216181925/https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA158 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |author=Kirit Mankodi |url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=140#page/2 |title=Scholar-Emperor and a Funerary Temple: Eleventh Century Bhojpur |journal=[[Marg (magazine)|Marg]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |publisher=[[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]] |year=1987 |pages=61–72 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511034707/http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=140#page/2 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Krishna Narain Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 |oclc=8931757 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324052331/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=M. Srinivasachariar |title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1974 |isbn=9788120802841 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA502 |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131158/https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA502 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Mahesh Singh |title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |oclc=11786897 |access-date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324053617/https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Poonam Minhas |title=Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh: With Trade-routes and Trading Communities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_52-WyPfLG0C&pg=PA49 |year=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-080-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Prabhakar Narayan Kawthekar |title=Bilhana |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1995 |isbn=9788172017798 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq5rT0yXGC0C&pg=PA72 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324053226/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq5rT0yXGC0C&pg=PA72 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA198 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324034306/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA198 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Pratipal Bhatia |title=The Paramāras, c. 800-1305 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gcAAAAMAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |oclc=199886 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819211758/https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gcAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 |access-date=20 July 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323170959/https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |title=Ancient India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120804364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA327 |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226004834/https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA327 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Saikat K. Bose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT281 |title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare |publisher=Vij |year=2015 |isbn=978-9-38446-454-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225065903/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172%20 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Sheldon Pollock |author-link=Sheldon Pollock |title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India |publisher=University of California Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA179 |year=2003 |isbn=0-5202-4500-8 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323210857/https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA179 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Tony McClenaghan |title=Indian Princely Medals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC&pg=PA115 |year=1996 |publisher=Lancer |isbn=978-1-897829-19-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Virbhadra Singhji |title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC&pg=PA44 |year=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-546-9 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=Origin of Rajputs |publisher=Sahitya Sansar Prakashan |year=1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IcM5AQAAIAAJ&q=magnate+ |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131203/https://books.google.com/books?id=IcM5AQAAIAAJ&q=magnate+ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author= Virendra N. Mishra |title=Rajasthan: Prehistoric and Early Historic Foundations |publisher=Aryan books International |year=2007 |isbn=9788173053214 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Rajasthan/jDRuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=parmars }}
* {{cite book |author=Benjamin Walker |title=Hindu World vol.2 |url=https://archive.org/details/hindu-world-vol.-2-an-encyclopedic-survey-of-wisdom-benjamin-walker/page/n7/mode/2up?q=PA186 |year=1995 |publisher=Indus |isbn=81-7223-179-2 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Paramara dynasty}}

[[Category:Paramara dynasty| ]]
[[Category:9th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1305 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:14th-century disestablishments in India]]

Paramara dynasty

2023-10-27T03:56:14Z

Parihar Piyush: /* Present */

{{Short description|9th- to 14th-century dynasty of central India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Paramara Kingdom of Malwa
| common_name = Paramara
| image_coat = Royal emblem of Paramara.jpg
| symbol_type = Royal Emblem
| era = [[Middle kingdoms of India|Classical India]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| title_leader = [[Maharajadhiraj]] (Emperor)
| leader1 = [[Siyaka]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 948–972 CE
| leader3 = [[Mahalakadeva]] (last)
| year_leader3 = Late 13th century – 24 November 1305
| title_deputy = Pradhan (prime minister)
| deputy1 = Vishnu (first)
| year_deputy1 = 948–?? CE
| deputy2 = Goga Deva (last)
| year_deputy2 = 1275–1305 CE
| year_start = 9th or 10th century CE
| year_end = 1305 CE
| p1 = Rashtrakuta dynasty
| flag_p1 = Indian_Rashtrakuta_Empire_map.svg
| s1 = Ghurid dynasty
| flag_s1 = Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas,_p.147.png
| p2 = Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty
| flag_p2 = Map_of_the_Gurjara-Pratiharas_(circa_800-950_CE).png
| p3 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
| flag_p3 = Map_of_the_Later_Kalacuris.png
| s2 = Delhi Sultanate
| flag_s2 = Delhi Sultanate Flag (catalan atlas).png
| image_map = Map of the Paramaras.png
| image_map_caption = Greatest extent of Paramaras under Emperor [[Bhoja]] 9th .<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (a)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185}}</ref>
| capital = {{ubl|[[Dhara (city)|Dhar]]
|[[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]}}
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Shaivism]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages,Studies in Indian history |first1=S.R. Bakshi |last1=R.K. Gupta |publisher=Swarup & Sons|year=2008|quote="Parmara rulers were devout shaivas." |location=Rajasthan |pages=43|volume=1|isbn=9788176258418}}</ref> 
| today = [[India]]
}}
The '''Paramara dynasty''' ([[IAST]]: Paramāra){{notetag|Also known as Pramara, Ponwar, Powar, Panwar etc.{{sfn|Benjamin Walker|1995|p=186}}}} was a Indian dynasty that ruled [[Malwa]] and surrounding areas in west-central India between 9th and 14th centuries. They belonged to the [[Parmara]] clan of [[Rajputs]].<ref>
*{{cite book|author=Nandini Chatterjee|title=Land and Law in Mughal India: A Family of Landlords across Three Indian Empires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HzUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|year=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-48603-3|page=51|quote=One such Rajput dynasty was that of the Paramaras of Malwa}}
*{{Cite book|author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21SgAAAAMAAJ|title=Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues|date=2006|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-1-84331-132-4|language=en|page=116|quote=The period between seventh and twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh which came to constitute a social-political category known as Rajputs. Some of the major lineages were Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, The Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan, the Chaulakyas or Solankis Of Gujarat, The Parmaras of Madhya Pradesh}}
*{{cite book|author=David Ludden|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|year=2013|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-108-6|pages=88–|quote=By contrast in Rajasthan a single warrior group evolved called Rajput (Rajaputra-son of kings), they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise from labour as farming was literally beneath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas (Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias) and Caulukyas were spitting off from Gurjara Pratihara clans.}}
*{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=History of Medieval India:800-1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|page=62|quote=The rise of a new section called the Rajputs and the controversy about their origins have already been mentioned. With the break-up of the Pratihara empire, a number of Rajput states camne into existence in north India. The most important of these were the Gahadavalas of Kanauj, the Paramaras of Malwa, and the Chauhans of Ajmer|language=en}}</ref>

The dynasty was established in either the 9th or 10th century, and its early rulers most probably ruled as vassals of the [[Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta]]. The earliest extant Paramara inscriptions, issued by the 10th-century ruler [[Siyaka]], have been found in [[Gujarat]]. Around 972 CE, Siyaka sacked the Rashtrakuta capital [[Manyakheta]], and established the Paramaras as a sovereign power. By the time of his successor [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]], the Malwa region in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]] had become the core Paramara territory, with [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]] (now Dhar) as their capital. The dynasty reached its zenith under Munja's nephew [[Bhoja]], whose kingdom extended from [[Chittorgarh Fort|Chittor]] in the north to [[Konkan]] in the south, and from the [[Sabarmati River]] in the west to [[Vidisha]] in the east.

The Paramara power rose and declined several times as a result of their struggles with the [[Chaulukya]]s of Gujarat, the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]], the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]], [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] and other neighbouring kingdoms. The later Paramara rulers moved their capital to [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandapa-Durga]] (now Mandu) after Dhara was sacked multiple times by their enemies. [[Mahalakadeva]], the last known Paramara king, was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa|defeated and killed]] by the forces of [[Alauddin Khalji]] of [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]] in 1305 CE, although epigraphic evidence suggests that the Paramara rule continued for a few years after his death.

Malwa enjoyed a great level of political and cultural prestige under the Paramaras. The Paramaras were well known for their patronage to [[Sanskrit]] poets and scholars, and Bhoja was himself a renowned scholar. Most of the Paramara kings were [[Shaivite]]s and commissioned several Shiva temples, although they also patronized [[Jainism|Jain]] scholars.

== Origin ==

=== Ancestry ===

[[File:Siyak harsola1005ga.jpg|thumb|right|[[Harsola copper plates]]]]
The [[Harsola copper plates]] (949 CE) issued by the Paramara king [[Siyaka II]] mentions a king called Akalavarsha, followed by the expression ''tasmin kule'' ("in that family"), and then followed by the name "Vappairaja" (identified with the Paramara king Vakpati I).{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=4}} Based on the identification of "Akalavarsha" (which was a [[Rashtrakuta]] title) with the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]], historian as D.C. Ganguly theorized that the Paramaras were descended from the Rashtrakutas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages,Studies in Indian history |first1=S.R. Bakshi |last1=R.K. Gupta |publisher=Swarup & Sons|year=2008 |location=Rajasthan |pages=24|volume=|isbn=9788176258418}}</ref> Ganguly tried to find support for his theory in ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', whose variation of the [[Agnikula]] myth (see below) states that a predecessor of the Paramaras came to Malwa from [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=327}} According to ''Ain-i-Akbari'', Dhanji - a man born from a fire sacrifice - came from Deccan to establish a kingdom in Malwa; when his descendant Putraj died heirless, the nobles established Aditya Ponwar - the ancestor of the Paramaras - as the new king.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=4}} Ganguly also noted Siyaka's successor [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]] (Vakpati II) assumed titles such as [[Amoghavarsha]], Sri-vallabha and [[Prithvi-vallabha]]: these are distinctively Rashtrakuta titles.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=36}}

However, there is a lacuna before the words ''tasmin kule'' ("in that family") in the Harsola inscription, and therefore, Ganguly's suggestion is a pure guess in absence of any concrete evidence.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi (Introduction)|1991|p=4}} Moreover, even if the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' legend is historically accurate, Aditya Ponwar was not a descendant of Dhanji: he was most probably a local magnate rather than a native of Deccan.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=18}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1975|p=225}} Critics of Ganguly's theory also argue that the Rashtrakuta titles in these inscriptions refer to Paramara rulers, who had assumed these titles to portray themselves as the legitimate successors of the Rashtrakutas in the Malwa region.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}} The Rashtrakutas had similarly adopted the titles such as ''[[Prithvi-vallabha]]'', which had been used by the preceding [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Chalukya]] rulers.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}} Historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]] points out that the Paramaras claimed the mythical [[Agnikula]] origin by the 10th century: had they really been descendants of the Rashtrakutas, they would not have forgotten their prestigious royal origin within a generation.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=36}}

[[File:Stone sculpt NMND -23.JPG|thumb|left|[[Chamunda]], Paramaras, 12th century CE, [[Madhya Pradesh]].]]
The later Paramara kings claimed to be members of the [[Agnikula]] or Agnivansha ("fire clan"). The Agnikula myth of origin, which appears in several of their inscriptions and literary works, goes like this: The sage [[Vishvamitra]] forcibly took a [[Kamadhenu|wish-granting cow]] from another sage [[Vashistha]] on the Arbuda mountain ([[Mount Abu]]). Vashistha then conjured a hero from a sacrificial fire pit (''agni-kunda''), who defeated
Vishvamitra's enemies and brought back the cow. Vashistha then gave the hero the title Paramara ("enemy killer").{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=32}} The earliest known source to mention this story is the ''[[Nava-sahasanka-charita]]'' of Padmagupta Parimala, who was a court-poet of the Paramara king [[Sindhuraja]] (c. 997-1010).{{sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|2009|p=444}} The legend is not mentioned in earlier Paramara-era inscriptions or literary works. By this time, all the neighbouring dynasties claimed divine or heroic origin, which might have motivated the Paramaras to invent a legend of their own.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=10-13}}{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}}

A legend mentioned in a recension of ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' extended their Agnikula legend to describe other dynasties as fire-born Rajputs. The earliest extant copies of ''Prithviraj Raso'' do not contain this legend; this version might have been invented by the 16th-century poets who wanted to foster Rajput unity against the [[Mughal Emperor|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=17-18}} Some [[British India|colonial-era]] historians interpreted this mythical account to suggest a foreign origin for the Paramaras. According to this theory, the ancestors of the Paramaras and other Agnivanshi Rajputs came to India after the decline of the [[Gupta Empire]] around the 5th century CE. They were admitted in the [[Hindu caste system]] after performing a fire ritual.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=35}} However, this theory is weakened by the fact that the legend is not mentioned in the earliest of the Paramara records, and even the earliest Paramara-era account does not mention the other dynasties as Agnivanshi.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=16}}

Some historians, such as Dasharatha Sharma and Pratipal Bhatia, have argued that the Paramaras were originally [[Brahmin]]s from the Vashistha [[gotra]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=327}} This theory is based on the fact that [[Halayudha]], who was patronized by Munja, describes the king as "Brahma-Kshtra" in ''Pingala-Sutra-Vritti''. According to Bhatia this expression means that Munja came from a family of [[Brahmin]]s who became [[Kshatriya]]s.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=37}} In addition, the Patanarayana temple inscription states that the Paramaras were of Vashistha [[gotra]], which is a gotra among Brahmins claiming descent from the sage Vashistha.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=29}} However, historian Arvind K. Singh points out that several other sources point to a [[Kshatriya]] ancestry of the dynasty. For example, the 1211 Piplianagar inscription states that the ancestors of the Paramaras were "crest-jewel of the Kshatriyas", and the ''Prabha-vakara-charita'' mentions that Vakpati was born in the dynasty of a Kshatriya. According to Singh, the expression "Brahma-Kshatriya" refers to a learned Kshatriya.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}}

[[D. C. Sircar]] theorized that the dynasty descended from the [[Malavas]]. However, there is no evidence of the early Paramara rulers being called Malava; the Paramaras began to be called Malavas only after they began ruling the Malwa region.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=327}}

<gallery mode="packed">
Chaulukya-Paramara coin circa AD 950-1050.jpg | A [[Chaulukya]]-Paramara coin, c. 950-1050 CE. Stylized rendition of [[Chavda dynasty]] coins: [[Indo-Sassanian]] style bust right; pellets and ornaments around / Stylised fire altar; pellets around.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261205 | title=CNG: EAuction 329. INDIA, Post-Gupta (Chaulukya-Paramara). Circa AD 950-1050. AR Drachm (16mm, 4.41 g, 6h) | access-date=15 July 2017 | archive-date=4 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904104559/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261205 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Paramaras of Malwa King Naravarman Circa 1094-1133.jpg | Coin of the Paramara king [[Naravarman]], c. 1094-1133. Goddess [[Lakshmi]] seated facing / Devanagari legend.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=88523 |title=CNG Coins |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090215/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=88523 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Paramaras of Vidarbha King Jagaddeva 12th-13th centuries.jpg | Coin of the Paramara prince [[Jagadeva]], 12th-13th centuries CE.
</gallery>

=== Original homeland ===

{{Location map+
|India Gujarat
|float = right
|width = 300
|caption = Places in [[Gujarat]] where the earliest Paramara inscriptions (of [[Siyaka II]]) have been discovered
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|places =
{{location map~ |India Gujarat |lat=23.36|N |long=73.02|E |label=[[Harsol]] |position=right}}
{{location map~ |India Gujarat |lat=22.75|N |long=72.68|E |label=[[Kheda]] |position=left}}
}}

Based on the Agnikula legend, some scholars such as [[C. V. Vaidya]] and [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] speculated that Mount Abu was the original home of the Paramaras. Based on the Harsola copper plates and ''Ain-i-Akbari'', D. C. Ganguly believed they came from the Deccan region.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=30}}

The earliest of the Paramara inscriptions (that of Siyaka II) have all been discovered in Gujarat, and concern land grants in that region. Based on this, D. B. Diskalkar and H. V. Trivedi theorized that the Paramaras were associated with Gujarat during their early days.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=9}} Another possibility is that the early Paramara rulers temporarily left their capital city of Dhara in Malwa for Gujarat because of a Gurjara-Pratihara invasion. This theory is based on the combined analysis of two sources: the ''Nava-sahasanka-charita'', which states that the Paramara king Vairisimha cleared the Dhara city in Malwa of enemies; and the 945-946 CE Pratapgah inscription of the Gurjara-Prathiara king Mahendrapala, which states that he recaptured Malwa.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=16}}

== Early rulers ==

Whether or not the Paramaras were descended from the Rashtrakutas, they were most probably subordinates of the Rashtrakutas in the 9th century.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}} Historical evidence suggests that between 808-812 CE, the Rashtrakutas expelled the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s from the [[Malwa]] region. The Rashtrakuta king [[Govinda III]] placed Malwa under the protection of Karka-raja, the Rashtrakuta chief of [[Lata (region)|Lata]] (a region bordering Malwa, in present-day Gujarat).{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=44-47}} The 871 Sanjan copper-plate inscription of Govinda's son [[Amoghavarsha I]] states that his father had appointed a vassal as the governor of Malwa. Since the Paramaras became the rulers of the Malwa region around this time, epigraphist H. V. Trivedi theorizes that this vassal was the Paramara king Upendra,{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}} although there is no definitive proof of this. The start of the Paramara rule in Malwa cannot be dated with certainty, but they certainly did not rule the Malwa before the 9th century CE.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=44-47}}

[[Siyaka]] is the earliest known Paramara king attested by his own inscriptions. His [[Harsola copper plates|Harsola copper plate inscription]] (949 CE) is the earliest available Paramara inscription: it suggests that he was a vassal of the Rashtrakutas.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=4}} The list of his predecessors varies between accounts:{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=3-4}}{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=4}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of early Paramara rulers according to different sources
! Harsola copper plates (949 CE) !! ''Nava-Sahasanka-Charita'' (early 11th century) !! ''Udaipur Prashasti'' inscription (11th century) !! ''Nagpur Prashasti'' inscription (1104 CE) !! Other land grants
|-
| || Paramara || Paramara || Paramara || Paramara
|-
| || Upendra || Upendra || || rowspan="4" | Krishna
|-
| ||rowspan="2" | "Other kings" || Vairisimha (I) ||
|-
| || Siyaka (I) ||
|-
| Vappairaja || Vakpati (I) || Vakpati (I) ||
|-
| Vairisimha || Vairisimha || Vairisimha (II) || Vairisimha || Vairisimha
|-
| [[Siyaka]] || Siyaka alias Harsha || Harsha || Siyaka || Siyaka
|}

Paramara is the dynasty's mythical progenitor, according to the [[Agnikula]] legend. Whether the other early kings mentioned in the ''Udaipur Prashasti'' are historical or fictional is a topic of debate among historians.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=48-49}}

According to [[C. V. Vaidya]] and [[K. A. Nilakantha Sastri]], the Paramara dynasty was founded only in the 10th century CE. Vaidya believes that the kings such as Vairisimha I and Siyaka I are imaginary, duplicated from the names of later historical kings in order to push back the dynasty's age.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=48-49}} The 1274 CE Mandhata copper-plate inscription of [[Jayavarman II (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman II]] similarly names eight successors of Paramara as Kamandaludhara, Dhumraja, Devasimhapala, Kanakasimha, Shriharsha, [[Jagadeva|Jagaddeva]], Sthirakaya and Voshari: these do not appear to be historical figures.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=212}} HV Trivedi states that there is a possibility that Vairisimha I and Siyaka I of the ''Udaipur Prashasti'' are same as Vairisimha II and Siyaka II; the names might have been repeated by mistake. Alternatively, he theorizes that these names have been omitted in other inscriptions because these rulers were not independent sovereigns.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=4}}

Several other historians believe that the early Paramara rulers mentioned in the ''Udaipur Prashasti'' are not fictional, and the Paramaras started ruling Malwa in the 9th century (as Rashtrakuta vassals). K. N. Seth argues that even some of the later Paramara inscriptions mention only 3-4 predecessors of the king who issued the inscription. Therefore, the absence of certain names from the genealogy provided in the early inscriptions does not mean that these were imaginary rulers. According to him, the mention of Upendra in ''Nava-Sahasanka-Charitra'' (composed by the court poet of the later king Sindhuraja) proves that Upendra is not a fictional king.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=48-51}} Historians such as [[Georg Bühler]] and [[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]] identify Upendra and Krishnaraja as one person, because these are synonyms (Upendra being another [[List of titles and names of Krishna|name of Krishna]]). However, an inscription of Siyaka's successor [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]] names the preceding kings as Krishnaraja, Vairisimha, and Siyaka. Based on this, Seth however identifies Krishnaraja with Vappairaja or Vakpati I mentioned in the Harsola plates (Vappairaja appears to be the Prakrit form of Vakpati-raja). In his support, Seth points out that Vairisimha has been called ''Krishna-padanudhyata'' in the inscription of Munja i.e. Vakpati II. He theorizes that Vakpati II used the name "Krishnaraja" instead of Vakpati I to identify his ancestor, in order to avoid confusion with his own name.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=48-51}}

== The imperial Paramaras ==

[[File:Temple of Bhojpur.jpg|thumb|The [[Bhojeshwar Temple]], Paramara dynasty, [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]]]]
[[File:Dam PP.JPG|thumb|Detail of the masonry of the northern dam at Bhojpur]]
The first independent sovereign of the Paramara dynasty was [[Siyaka]] (sometimes called Siyaka II to distinguish him from the earlier Siyaka mentioned in the ''Udaipur Prashasti''). The Harsola copper plates (949 CE) suggest that Siyaka was a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta ruler [[Krishna III]] in his early days. However, the same inscription also mentions the high-sounding ''[[Maharajadhiraj]]apati'' as one of Siyaka's titles. Based on this, K. N. Seth believes that Siyaka's acceptance of the Rashtrakuta lordship was nominal.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=76-77}}

As a Rashtrakuta feudatory, Siyaka participated in their campaigns against the [[Pratiharas]]. He also defeated some [[Huna people|Huna]] chiefs ruling to the north of Malwa.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=79}} He might have suffered setbacks against the [[Chandela]] king [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=334}} After the death of [[Krishna III]], Siyaka defeated his successor [[Khottiga Amoghavarsha|Khottiga]] in a battle fought on the banks of the [[Narmada River]]. He then pursued Khottiga's retreating army to the Rashtrakuta capital [[Manyakheta]], and sacked that city in 972 CE. His victory ultimately led to the decline of the Rashtrakutas, and the establishment of the Paramaras as an independent sovereign power in Malwa.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=81-84}}

Siyaka's successor Munja achieved military successes against the [[Chahamanas of Shakambari]], the [[Chahamanas of Naddula]], the [[Guhilas of Mewar]], the [[Huna people|Hunas]], the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]], and the ruler of [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara region]] (possibly a [[Chaulukya dynasty|Gujarat Chaulukya]] or [[Pratihara]] ruler).{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=336-338}} He also achieved some early successes against the [[Western Chalukya]] king [[Tailapa II]], but was ultimately defeated and killed by Tailapa some time between 994 CE and 998 CE.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=102-104}}{{sfn|M. Srinivasachariar|1974|p=502}}

As a result of this defeat, the Paramaras lost their southern territories (possibly the ones beyond the [[Narmada river]]) to the Chalukyas.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=339-340}} Munja was reputed as a patron of scholars, and his rule attracted scholars from different parts of India to Malwa.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=340-341}} He was also a poet himself, although only a few stanzas composed by him now survive.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=105}}

Munja's brother [[Sindhuraja]] (ruled c. 990s CE) defeated the Western Chalukya king [[Satyashraya]], and recovered the territories lost to Tailapa II.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=320}} He also achieved military successes against a [[Huna people|Huna]] chief, the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavanshi]] of [[Dakshina Kosala|south Kosala]], the [[Shilahara]]s of [[Konkana]], and the ruler of [[Lata (region)|Lata]] (southern Gujarat).{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=320}} His court poet Padmagupta wrote his biography ''Nava-Sahasanka-Charita'', which credits him with several other victories, although these appear to be poetic exaggerations.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=341}}

Sindhuraja's son [[Bhoja]] is the most celebrated ruler of the Paramara dynasty. He made several attempts to expand the Paramara kingdom varying results. Around 1018 CE, he defeated the [[Chalukyas of Lata]] in present-day Gujarat.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=137}} Between 1018 CE and 1020 CE, he gained control of the northern [[Konkan]], whose Shilahara rulers probably served as his feudatories for a brief period.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=140-141}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|p=46}} Bhoja also formed an alliance against the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani Chalukya]] king [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]], with [[Rajendra Chola]] and [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]] [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]]. The extent of Bhoja's success in this campaign is not certain, as both Chalukya and Paramara [[panegyric]]s claimed victory.{{sfn|Saikat K. Bose|2015|p=27}} During the last years of Bhoja's reign, sometime after 1042 CE, Jayasimha's son and successor [[Someshvara I]] invaded Malwa, and sacked his capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]].{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=320}} Bhoja re-established his control over Malwa soon after the departure of the Chalukya army, but the defeat pushed back the southern boundary of his kingdom from [[Godavari River|Godavari]] to [[Narmada River|Narmada]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=154}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|p=56}}

[[File:Statues At Bhojpur Temple (1).jpg|thumb|left|Statues at [[Bhojeshwar Temple]], Paramara dynasty, [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]].]]
Bhoja's attempt to expand his kingdom eastwards was foiled by the [[Chandela]] king [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadhara]].{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|p=69}} However, Bhoja was able to extend his influence among the Chandela feudatories, the [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghatas]] of Dubkund.{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=172-173}} Bhoja also launched a campaign against the Kachchhapaghatas of [[Gwalior]], possibly with the ultimate goal of capturing [[Kannauj]], but his attacks were repulsed by their ruler Kirtiraja.{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=173}} Bhoja also defeated the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]], killing their ruler [[Viryarama]]. However, he was forced to retreat by the [[Chahamanas of Naddula]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=177}} According to medieval Muslim historians, after sacking [[Somnath Temple|Somnath]], [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] changed his route to avoid confrontation with a Hindu king named Param Dev. Modern historians identify Param Dev as Bhoja: the name may be a corruption of Paramara-Deva or of Bhoja's title ''Parameshvara-Paramabhattaraka''.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=163-165}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=61-62}} Bhoja may have also contributed troops to support the [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] ruler [[Anandapala]]'s fight against the [[Ghaznavids]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=158}} He may have also been a part of the Hindu alliance that expelled Mahmud's governors from [[Hansi]], [[Thanesar]] and other areas around 1043 CE.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=166}}{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=320}} During the last year of Bhoja's reign, or shortly after his death, the Chaulukya king [[Bhima I]] and the Kalachuri king [[Lakshmikarna|Karna]] attacked his kingdom. According to the 14th-century author Merutunga, Bhoja died of a disease at the same time the allied army attacked his kingdom.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=182}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=66-67}}

At its zenith, Bhoja's kingdom extended from [[Chittorgarh Fort|Chittor]] in the north to upper [[Konkan]] in the south, and from the [[Sabarmati River]] in the west to [[Vidisha]] in the east.{{sfn|Kirit Mankodi|1987|p=62}} He was recognized as a capable military leader, but his territorial conquests were short-lived. His major claim to fame was his reputation as a scholar-king, who patronized arts, literature and sciences. Noted poets and writers of his time sought his sponsorship.{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|p=179}} Bhoja was himself a polymath, whose writings cover a wide variety of topics include grammar, poetry, architecture, yoga, and chemistry. Bhoja established the [[Bhoj Shala]] which was a centre for [[Sanskrit]] studies and a temple of [[Sarasvati]] in present-day [[Dhar]]. He is said to have founded the city of [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]], a belief supported by historical evidence. Besides the [[Bhojeshwar Temple]] there, the construction of three now-breached dams in that area is attributed to him.{{sfn|Kirit Mankodi|1987|p=71}} Because of his patronage to literary figures, several legends written after his death featured him as a righteous scholar-king.{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|pp=179-180}} In terms of the number of legends centered around him, Bhoja is comparable to the fabled [[Vikramaditya]].{{sfn|Anthony Kennedy Warder|1992|pp=176}}

== Decline ==
[[File:Naravarman PP.jpg|thumb|Pillar in the Bijamaṇḍal, [[Vidisha]] with an inscription of Naravarman]]
Bhoja's successor [[Jayasimha I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayasimha I]], who was probably his son,{{sfn|Anthony Kennedy Warder|1992|pp=177}} faced the joint [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]]-[[Chaulukya]] invasion immediately after Bhoja's death.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=182-184}} [[Bilhana]]'s writings suggest that he sought help from the Chalukyas of Kalyani.{{sfn|Prabhakar Narayan Kawthekar|1995|p=72}} Jayasimha's successor and Bhoja's brother [[Udayaditya]] was defeated by Chamundaraja, his vassal at [[Vagada]]. He repulsed an invasion by the [[Chaulukya]] ruler [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]], with help from his allies. Udayaditya's eldest son [[Lakshmadeva]] has been credited with extensive military conquests in the ''[[Nagpur]] Prashasti'' inscription of 1104-05 CE. However, these appear to be poetic exaggerations. At best, he might have defeated the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]].{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=110}} Udayaditya's younger son [[Naravarman]] faced several defeats, losing to the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] and the Chaulukya king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]. By the end of his reign, one Vijayapala had carved out an independent kingdom to the north-east of Ujjain.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=115-122}}

[[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] lost control of the Paramara capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]] to Jayasimha Siddharaja. His successor [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman I]] regained control of Dhara, but soon lost it to an usurper named Ballala.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=362-363}} The Chaulukya king [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] defeated Ballala around 1150 CE, supported by his feudatories the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] ruler [[Alhanadeva|Alhana]] and the [[Mount Abu|Abu]] Paramara chief Yashodhavala. Malwa then became a province of the Chaulukyas. A minor branch of the Paramaras, who styled themselves as ''Mahakumara''s, ruled the area around [[Bhopal]] during this time.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=363-364}} Nearly two decades later, Jayavarman's son [[Vindhyavarman]] defeated the Chaulukya king Mularaja II, and re-established the Paramara sovereignty in Malwa.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=328}} During his reign, Malwa faced repeated invasions from the [[Hoysala]]s and the [[Yadavas of Devagiri]].{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=162}} He was also defeated by the Chaulukya general Kumara.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=137}} Despite these setbacks, he was able to restore the Paramara power in Malwa before his death.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=322}}

Vindhyavarman's son [[Subhatavarman]] invaded Gujarat, and plundered the Chaulukya territories. But he was ultimately forced to retreat by the Chaulukya feudatory Lavana-Prasada.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=370}} His son [[Arjunavarman I]] also invaded Gujarat, and defeated Jayanta-simha (or Jaya-simha), who had usurped the Chaulukya throne for a brief period.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=148}} He was defeated by [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] general Kholeshvara in [[Lata (region)|Lata]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=371}}

{{South Asia in 1250|right|The Paramaras and neighbouring South Asian polities circa 1250 CE.<ref name="JES">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=21, 147|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=048}}</ref>|{{Annotation|93|100|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|50px]]}}}}
Arjunavarman was succeeded by [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]], who was the son of Harishchandra, a ''Mahakumara'' (chief of a Paramara branch).{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=371}} He continued to face struggles against the Chaulukyas and the Yadavas. The [[Sultanate of Delhi|Sultan of Delhi]] [[Iltutmish]] captured [[Bhilsa]] during 1233-34 CE, but Devapala defeated the Sultanate's governor and regained control of Bhilsa.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|pp=188}}{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1966|pp=187-188}} According to the ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'', he was killed by Vagabhata of [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Ranthambhor]], who suspected him of plotting his murder in connivance with the Delhi Sultan.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=372}}

During the reign of Devapala's son [[Jaitugideva]], the power of the Paramaras greatly declined because of invasions from the Yadava king Krishna, the Delhi Sultan [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]], and the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] prince Visala-deva.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=373}} Devapala's younger son [[Jayavarman II (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman II]] also faced attacks from these three powers. Either Jaitugi or Jayavarman II moved the Paramara capital from Dhara to the hilly Mandapa-Durga (present-day [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]), which offered a better defensive position.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=203}}

[[Arjunavarman II]], the successor of Jayavarman II, proved to be a weak ruler. He faced rebellion from his minister.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1977|p=445}} In the 1270s, the Yadava ruler [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] invaded Malwa,{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=158}} and in the 1280s, the [[Chauhans of Ranthambore|Ranthambhor Chahamana]] ruler [[Hammiradeva|Hammira]] also raided Malwa.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1975|p=124}} Arjuna's successor [[Bhoja II (Paramara dynasty)|Bhoja II]] also faced an invasion from Hammira. Bhoja II was either a titular ruler controlled by his minister, or his minister had usurped a part of the Paramara kingdom.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=160}}

[[Mahalakadeva]], the last known Paramara king, was defeated and killed by the army of [[Alauddin Khalji]] in 1305 CE.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=25}}

== Rulers ==

<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of the inscriptions from the reigns of Paramara monarchs of Malwa{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|pp=v-vi}}" width="350" height="350" zoom="5" longitude="76.15" latitude="22.25">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Atru]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.6701, 24.8768] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Banswara]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.4350, 23.5461] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Betma]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.6143, 22.6854] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.5784, 23.0992] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Depalpur, India|Depalpur]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.5422, 22.8514] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Dewas]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.0508, 22.9623] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "[[Dhar]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.3025, 22.6013] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Dharampuri]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.3500, 22.1562] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Gaowdi", "description": "Also known as Gaonri" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.9666, 23.0975] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Gyaraspur]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.1222, 23.6727] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Harsud]]", "description": "Also known as Harsauda" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.7365, 22.1014] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Harsol]]", "description": "Also known as Harsola" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.0140, 23.3628] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Jhalrapatan]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.1726, 24.5403] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Kheda", "description": "Also known as Kaira" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.9933, 22.9251] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Kalwan]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.0271, 20.4891] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Kamed" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.7924, 23.2273] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Jivapur Mahodia", "description": "Also known as Mahaudi" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.5084, 23.0666] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Mandhata]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.1523, 22.2508] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Modasa]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.2999, 23.4629] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Modi" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.2030, 23.9974] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Pathari]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.2220, 23.9353] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Pipliya Nagar", "description": "Also known as Piplianagar" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.9816, 23.2939] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Rahatgarh]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.3984, 23.7905] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Sehore]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.0851, 23.2050] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Shergarh", "description": "Also known as Shergadh" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.5416, 24.7069] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Tilakvada", "description": "Also known as Tilakwada" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.5903, 21.9526] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Udaipur, Madhya Pradesh|Udaipur]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.0709, 23.8737] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Ujjain]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.7849, 23.1793] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Un" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.4566, 21.8227] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Vidisha]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.8081, 23.5251] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>

According to historial 'Kailash Chand Jain', "Knowledge of the early Paramara rulers from Upendra to Vairisimha is scanty; there are no records, and they are known only from later sources."<ref>{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |year=1972 |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA329 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=329 |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9}}</ref>
The Paramara rulers mentioned in the various inscriptions and literary sources include:

* Paramara (ancient [[Agnikula]] ancestor)
* Upendra Krishnraja (late 8 to early 9th century CE)
* Vairisimha (I) (early 9th century CE)
* Siyaka (I) (mid of 9th century CE)
* Vakpati (I) (late 9th or early 10th century CE)
* Vairisimha (II) (middle 10th century CE)
* [[Siyaka]] (II) (940–972 CE)
* [[Vakpati Munja|Vakpati]] (II) alias Munja (972–990 CE)
* [[Sindhuraja]] (990–1010 CE)
* [[Bhoja]] (1010–1055 CE), greatest ruler of dynasty
* [[Jayasimha I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayasimha I]] (1055–1070 CE)
* [[Udayaditya]] (1070–1086 CE)
* [[Lakshmadeva]] (1086–1094 CE)
* [[Naravarman]] (1094–1130 CE)
* [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (1133–1142 CE)
* [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman I]] (1142–1143 CE)
* ''[[Interregnum]] from (1143 to 1175 CE)'' under an usurper named 'Ballala' and later the [[Solanki dynasty|Solanki king]] [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]
* [[Vindhyavarman]] (1175–1194 CE)
* [[Subhatavarman]] (1194–1209 CE)
* [[Arjunavarman I]] (1210–1215 CE)
* [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]] (1218–1239 CE)
* [[Jaitugideva]] (1239–1255 CE)
* [[Jayavarman II (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman II]] (1255–1274 CE)
* [[Arjunavarman II]] (1274–1285 CE)
* [[Bhoja II (Paramara dynasty)|Bhoja II]] (1285–1301 CE)
* [[Mahalakadeva]] (1301–1305 CE), (after his death dynasty was ended in [[Malwa]] region)

An inscription from [[Udaipur (Madhya Pradesh)|Udaipur]] indicates that the Paramara dynasty survived until 1310, at least in the north-eastern part of Malwa. A later inscription shows that the area had been captured by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] by 1338.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}

== Branches and claimed descendants ==

[[File:Malwa.PDF|thumb|400px|right|Map showing the find-spots of the inscriptions of the imperial Paramaras and some of their branches]]

Besides the Paramara sovereigns of Malwa, several branches of the dynasties ruled as feudatories at various places. These include:

* [[Paramaras of Chandravati]]
** Ruled the Arbuda-mandala ([[Mount Abu]] area){{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=13}}
** Became feudatories of the [[Chaulukya]]s of Gujarat by the 12th century{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=244}}
* Paramaras of [[Bhinmal]]-[[Kiradu]]
** Branched off from the Paramaras of Chandravati {{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=321}}
** Like the Paramaras of Chandravati, they were connected to the Chaulukyas, and were subdued by the Chahamanas in the 12th century{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=13}}
* Paramaras of [[Jalor]]
** Another branch of the Paramaras of Chandravati{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=13}}
** Supplanted by the [[Chahamanas of Jalor]]{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=333}}
* Paramaras of [[Vagada]]
** Ruled at [[Arthuna]] as feudatories of the Paramaras of Malwa {{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=280}}{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=13}}

The rulers of several [[princely state]]s claimed connection with the Paramaras. These include:

* [[Baghal State]]: It is said to have been founded by Ajab Dev Parmar, who came to present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]] from [[Ujjain]] in the 14th century.{{sfn|Poonam Minhas|1998|p=49}}
* [[Danta State]]: Its rulers claimed membership of the Parmar clan and descent from the legendary king [[Vikramaditya]] of Ujjain{{sfn|Tony McClenaghan|1996|p=115}}
* [[Dewas State]] (Senior and Junior): The [[Maratha]] Puar rulers of these states claimed descent from the Paramara dynasty.{{sfn|John Middleton|2015|p=236}}
* [[Dhar State]]: Its founder Anand Rao Puar, who claimed Paramara descent, received a fief from [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I]] in the 18th century.{{sfn|Tony McClenaghan|1996|p=122}}
* [[Muli State]]: Its rulers claimed Paramara descent, and are said to have started out as feudatories of the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghelas]].{{sfn|Virbhadra Singhji|1994|p=44}}
* [[Narsinghgarh State]]{{cn|date=June 2021}}
* [[Jagdispur|Jagdishpur]] and [[Dumraon]]: The Rajputs of [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur district]] in present-day [[Bihar]], who styled themselves as Ujjainiya Panwar Rajputs, started claiming descent from the royal family of Ujjain in the 17th century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dirk H. A. Kolff |author-link=Dirk H. A. Kolff |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&pg=PA59 |date=8 August 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52305-9 |page=59 |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=2 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302200455/https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&pg=PA59 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Rajas of Jagdishpur and Dumraon in Bihar claimed descent from the Ujjainia branch of Paramaras.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Journal of the Bihar Purāvid Parishad, Volumes=7-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iFduAAAAMAAJ |year=1983 |publisher=Bihar Puravid Parishad |page=411 |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131152/https://books.google.com/books?id=iFduAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The [[Gandhawaria Rajput]]s of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] and the [[Ujjainiya]]s of [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] also claim descent from the Paramara dynasty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iFduAAAAMAAJ&q=tirhut+rajput|title=The Journal of the Bihar Purāvid Parishad|publisher=Bihar Puravid Parishad|year=1983|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131152/https://books.google.com/books?id=iFduAAAAMAAJ&q=tirhut+rajput|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ahmad">{{cite book |title=Popular Literature And Pre-Modern Societies In South Asia |editor1-first=Surinder |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=I. D. |editor2-last=Gaur |pages=76–77 |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1358-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC |chapter=State Formation and Consolidation under the Ujjainiya Rajputs in Medieval Bihar: Testimony of Oral Traditions as Recorded in the ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjainiya'' |first=Imtiaz |last=Ahmad |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225135554/https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC |url-status=live }}
</ref>

==Present==

At present, [[Kshatriya]] '''Rajput Parmar/Panwar''' people of this caste/lineage are mainly found in [[Rajasthan]] , [[Gujarat]] , [[Madhya Pradesh]] , [[Punjab]] , [[Haryana]] , [[Uttarakhand]] , [[Himachal Pradesh]] , [[Uttar Pradesh]] , [[Bihar]] , [[Chhattisgarh]] , [[Sindh]] and Northern [[Maharashtra]] .

About '''(52 kul)''' branches of Parmars are settled in [[Malwa]] regions of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan .

About '''(36 kul)''' branches of '''Panwars/Powars''' who migrated from Dhara Nagar to Western Malwa via [[Bundelkhand]] , [[Baghelkhand]] during the year 1700 reside in [[Balaghat]] , [[Seoni]] of south -eastern Madhya Pradesh and [[Gondia]] [[Bhandara]] district area of Maharashtra.

From 15th to 17th century, Panwars migrated to [[Satpura]] and [[Vidarbha]] . In these areas he is called '''Bhoyar Pawar'''. This '''(72 kul)''' branch , which migrated from Dharanagar and East Malwa in the 15th to 17th century , resides in [[Betul]] , [[Chhindwara]] , [[Wardha]] and other districts.

The words Parmar/Pawar/Powar/Panwar/Pawar have become popular after being corrupted from the Sanskrit words Pramar, Prawar and Paur

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==See also==
{{commons category|Paramaras of Malwa}}
* [[List of Rajput dynasties and states]]
* [[List of rulers of Malwa]]
* [[Panwar Dynasty]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Alf Hiltebeitel |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PA444 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780226340555 |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323152137/https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PA444 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |author=Arvind K. Singh |title=Interpreting the History of the Paramāras |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=22 |issue=1 |year=2012 |pages=13–28 |jstor=41490371 }}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201055911/https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Concise History of Ancient India: Political history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VDAAAAYAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |oclc=5311157 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323144457/https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VDAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Anthony Kennedy Warder |author-link=A. K. Warder |title=Indian Kāvya Literature: The art of storytelling |chapter=XLVI: The Vikramaditya Legend |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl0l5ZTkNxIC&pg=PA176 |year=1992 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0615-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781107118560 }}
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Sircar |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=35 |chapter=Bhilsa inscription of the time of Jayasimha, Vikrama 1320 |year=1966 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |author-link=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties: A Study of Chauhān Political History, Chauhān Political Institutions, and Life in the Chauhān Dominions, from 800 to 1316 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-8426-0618-9 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324054808/https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=David P. Henige |author-link=David Henige |title=Princely States of India: A Guide to Chronology and Rulers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqDpAAAAMAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Orchid |isbn=978-974-524-049-0 |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726035008/http://books.google.com/books?id=fqDpAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Ganga Prasad Yadava |title=Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Concept |year=1982 |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228165807/https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Georg Bühler |chapter=The Udepur Prasasti of the Kings of Malva |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndicaVol1/Epigraphia%20Indica_vol%201#page/n255/mode/2up |title=Epigraphia Indica |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=1 |year=1892 }}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Introduction to Inscriptions of the Paramaras, Chandellas, Kachchhapaghatas, etc. (Part 1) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ybQrQEACAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1451761 |ref={{harvid|H. V. Trivedi (Introduction)|1991}} |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324034302/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ybQrQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1451755 |ref={{harvid|H. V. Trivedi|1991}} |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805231604/https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=John Middleton |title=World Monarchies and Dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA236 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45158-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kailash Chand Jain |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA158 |year=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216181925/https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA158 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |author=Kirit Mankodi |url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=140#page/2 |title=Scholar-Emperor and a Funerary Temple: Eleventh Century Bhojpur |journal=[[Marg (magazine)|Marg]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |publisher=[[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]] |year=1987 |pages=61–72 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511034707/http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=140#page/2 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Krishna Narain Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 |oclc=8931757 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324052331/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=M. Srinivasachariar |title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1974 |isbn=9788120802841 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA502 |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131158/https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA502 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Mahesh Singh |title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |oclc=11786897 |access-date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324053617/https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Poonam Minhas |title=Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh: With Trade-routes and Trading Communities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_52-WyPfLG0C&pg=PA49 |year=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-080-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Prabhakar Narayan Kawthekar |title=Bilhana |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1995 |isbn=9788172017798 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq5rT0yXGC0C&pg=PA72 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324053226/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq5rT0yXGC0C&pg=PA72 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA198 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324034306/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA198 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Pratipal Bhatia |title=The Paramāras, c. 800-1305 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gcAAAAMAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |oclc=199886 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819211758/https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gcAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 |access-date=20 July 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323170959/https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |title=Ancient India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120804364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA327 |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226004834/https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA327 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Saikat K. Bose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT281 |title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare |publisher=Vij |year=2015 |isbn=978-9-38446-454-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225065903/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172%20 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Sheldon Pollock |author-link=Sheldon Pollock |title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India |publisher=University of California Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA179 |year=2003 |isbn=0-5202-4500-8 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323210857/https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA179 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Tony McClenaghan |title=Indian Princely Medals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC&pg=PA115 |year=1996 |publisher=Lancer |isbn=978-1-897829-19-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Virbhadra Singhji |title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC&pg=PA44 |year=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-546-9 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=Origin of Rajputs |publisher=Sahitya Sansar Prakashan |year=1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IcM5AQAAIAAJ&q=magnate+ |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131203/https://books.google.com/books?id=IcM5AQAAIAAJ&q=magnate+ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author= Virendra N. Mishra |title=Rajasthan: Prehistoric and Early Historic Foundations |publisher=Aryan books International |year=2007 |isbn=9788173053214 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Rajasthan/jDRuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=parmars }}
* {{cite book |author=Benjamin Walker |title=Hindu World vol.2 |url=https://archive.org/details/hindu-world-vol.-2-an-encyclopedic-survey-of-wisdom-benjamin-walker/page/n7/mode/2up?q=PA186 |year=1995 |publisher=Indus |isbn=81-7223-179-2 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Paramara dynasty}}

[[Category:Paramara dynasty| ]]
[[Category:9th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1305 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:14th-century disestablishments in India]]

Paramara dynasty

2023-10-27T03:53:42Z

Parihar Piyush: /* Branches and claimed descendants */Added content

{{Short description|9th- to 14th-century dynasty of central India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Paramara Kingdom of Malwa
| common_name = Paramara
| image_coat = Royal emblem of Paramara.jpg
| symbol_type = Royal Emblem
| era = [[Middle kingdoms of India|Classical India]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| title_leader = [[Maharajadhiraj]] (Emperor)
| leader1 = [[Siyaka]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 948–972 CE
| leader3 = [[Mahalakadeva]] (last)
| year_leader3 = Late 13th century – 24 November 1305
| title_deputy = Pradhan (prime minister)
| deputy1 = Vishnu (first)
| year_deputy1 = 948–?? CE
| deputy2 = Goga Deva (last)
| year_deputy2 = 1275–1305 CE
| year_start = 9th or 10th century CE
| year_end = 1305 CE
| p1 = Rashtrakuta dynasty
| flag_p1 = Indian_Rashtrakuta_Empire_map.svg
| s1 = Ghurid dynasty
| flag_s1 = Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas,_p.147.png
| p2 = Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty
| flag_p2 = Map_of_the_Gurjara-Pratiharas_(circa_800-950_CE).png
| p3 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
| flag_p3 = Map_of_the_Later_Kalacuris.png
| s2 = Delhi Sultanate
| flag_s2 = Delhi Sultanate Flag (catalan atlas).png
| image_map = Map of the Paramaras.png
| image_map_caption = Greatest extent of Paramaras under Emperor [[Bhoja]] 9th .<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (a)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185}}</ref>
| capital = {{ubl|[[Dhara (city)|Dhar]]
|[[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]}}
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Shaivism]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages,Studies in Indian history |first1=S.R. Bakshi |last1=R.K. Gupta |publisher=Swarup & Sons|year=2008|quote="Parmara rulers were devout shaivas." |location=Rajasthan |pages=43|volume=1|isbn=9788176258418}}</ref> 
| today = [[India]]
}}
The '''Paramara dynasty''' ([[IAST]]: Paramāra){{notetag|Also known as Pramara, Ponwar, Powar, Panwar etc.{{sfn|Benjamin Walker|1995|p=186}}}} was a Indian dynasty that ruled [[Malwa]] and surrounding areas in west-central India between 9th and 14th centuries. They belonged to the [[Parmara]] clan of [[Rajputs]].<ref>
*{{cite book|author=Nandini Chatterjee|title=Land and Law in Mughal India: A Family of Landlords across Three Indian Empires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HzUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|year=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-48603-3|page=51|quote=One such Rajput dynasty was that of the Paramaras of Malwa}}
*{{Cite book|author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21SgAAAAMAAJ|title=Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues|date=2006|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-1-84331-132-4|language=en|page=116|quote=The period between seventh and twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh which came to constitute a social-political category known as Rajputs. Some of the major lineages were Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, The Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan, the Chaulakyas or Solankis Of Gujarat, The Parmaras of Madhya Pradesh}}
*{{cite book|author=David Ludden|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|year=2013|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-108-6|pages=88–|quote=By contrast in Rajasthan a single warrior group evolved called Rajput (Rajaputra-son of kings), they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise from labour as farming was literally beneath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas (Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias) and Caulukyas were spitting off from Gurjara Pratihara clans.}}
*{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=History of Medieval India:800-1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|page=62|quote=The rise of a new section called the Rajputs and the controversy about their origins have already been mentioned. With the break-up of the Pratihara empire, a number of Rajput states camne into existence in north India. The most important of these were the Gahadavalas of Kanauj, the Paramaras of Malwa, and the Chauhans of Ajmer|language=en}}</ref>

The dynasty was established in either the 9th or 10th century, and its early rulers most probably ruled as vassals of the [[Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta]]. The earliest extant Paramara inscriptions, issued by the 10th-century ruler [[Siyaka]], have been found in [[Gujarat]]. Around 972 CE, Siyaka sacked the Rashtrakuta capital [[Manyakheta]], and established the Paramaras as a sovereign power. By the time of his successor [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]], the Malwa region in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]] had become the core Paramara territory, with [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]] (now Dhar) as their capital. The dynasty reached its zenith under Munja's nephew [[Bhoja]], whose kingdom extended from [[Chittorgarh Fort|Chittor]] in the north to [[Konkan]] in the south, and from the [[Sabarmati River]] in the west to [[Vidisha]] in the east.

The Paramara power rose and declined several times as a result of their struggles with the [[Chaulukya]]s of Gujarat, the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]], the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]], [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] and other neighbouring kingdoms. The later Paramara rulers moved their capital to [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandapa-Durga]] (now Mandu) after Dhara was sacked multiple times by their enemies. [[Mahalakadeva]], the last known Paramara king, was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa|defeated and killed]] by the forces of [[Alauddin Khalji]] of [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]] in 1305 CE, although epigraphic evidence suggests that the Paramara rule continued for a few years after his death.

Malwa enjoyed a great level of political and cultural prestige under the Paramaras. The Paramaras were well known for their patronage to [[Sanskrit]] poets and scholars, and Bhoja was himself a renowned scholar. Most of the Paramara kings were [[Shaivite]]s and commissioned several Shiva temples, although they also patronized [[Jainism|Jain]] scholars.

== Origin ==

=== Ancestry ===

[[File:Siyak harsola1005ga.jpg|thumb|right|[[Harsola copper plates]]]]
The [[Harsola copper plates]] (949 CE) issued by the Paramara king [[Siyaka II]] mentions a king called Akalavarsha, followed by the expression ''tasmin kule'' ("in that family"), and then followed by the name "Vappairaja" (identified with the Paramara king Vakpati I).{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=4}} Based on the identification of "Akalavarsha" (which was a [[Rashtrakuta]] title) with the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]], historian as D.C. Ganguly theorized that the Paramaras were descended from the Rashtrakutas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages,Studies in Indian history |first1=S.R. Bakshi |last1=R.K. Gupta |publisher=Swarup & Sons|year=2008 |location=Rajasthan |pages=24|volume=|isbn=9788176258418}}</ref> Ganguly tried to find support for his theory in ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', whose variation of the [[Agnikula]] myth (see below) states that a predecessor of the Paramaras came to Malwa from [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=327}} According to ''Ain-i-Akbari'', Dhanji - a man born from a fire sacrifice - came from Deccan to establish a kingdom in Malwa; when his descendant Putraj died heirless, the nobles established Aditya Ponwar - the ancestor of the Paramaras - as the new king.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=4}} Ganguly also noted Siyaka's successor [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]] (Vakpati II) assumed titles such as [[Amoghavarsha]], Sri-vallabha and [[Prithvi-vallabha]]: these are distinctively Rashtrakuta titles.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=36}}

However, there is a lacuna before the words ''tasmin kule'' ("in that family") in the Harsola inscription, and therefore, Ganguly's suggestion is a pure guess in absence of any concrete evidence.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi (Introduction)|1991|p=4}} Moreover, even if the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' legend is historically accurate, Aditya Ponwar was not a descendant of Dhanji: he was most probably a local magnate rather than a native of Deccan.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=18}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1975|p=225}} Critics of Ganguly's theory also argue that the Rashtrakuta titles in these inscriptions refer to Paramara rulers, who had assumed these titles to portray themselves as the legitimate successors of the Rashtrakutas in the Malwa region.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}} The Rashtrakutas had similarly adopted the titles such as ''[[Prithvi-vallabha]]'', which had been used by the preceding [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Chalukya]] rulers.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}} Historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]] points out that the Paramaras claimed the mythical [[Agnikula]] origin by the 10th century: had they really been descendants of the Rashtrakutas, they would not have forgotten their prestigious royal origin within a generation.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=36}}

[[File:Stone sculpt NMND -23.JPG|thumb|left|[[Chamunda]], Paramaras, 12th century CE, [[Madhya Pradesh]].]]
The later Paramara kings claimed to be members of the [[Agnikula]] or Agnivansha ("fire clan"). The Agnikula myth of origin, which appears in several of their inscriptions and literary works, goes like this: The sage [[Vishvamitra]] forcibly took a [[Kamadhenu|wish-granting cow]] from another sage [[Vashistha]] on the Arbuda mountain ([[Mount Abu]]). Vashistha then conjured a hero from a sacrificial fire pit (''agni-kunda''), who defeated
Vishvamitra's enemies and brought back the cow. Vashistha then gave the hero the title Paramara ("enemy killer").{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=32}} The earliest known source to mention this story is the ''[[Nava-sahasanka-charita]]'' of Padmagupta Parimala, who was a court-poet of the Paramara king [[Sindhuraja]] (c. 997-1010).{{sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|2009|p=444}} The legend is not mentioned in earlier Paramara-era inscriptions or literary works. By this time, all the neighbouring dynasties claimed divine or heroic origin, which might have motivated the Paramaras to invent a legend of their own.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=10-13}}{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}}

A legend mentioned in a recension of ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' extended their Agnikula legend to describe other dynasties as fire-born Rajputs. The earliest extant copies of ''Prithviraj Raso'' do not contain this legend; this version might have been invented by the 16th-century poets who wanted to foster Rajput unity against the [[Mughal Emperor|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=17-18}} Some [[British India|colonial-era]] historians interpreted this mythical account to suggest a foreign origin for the Paramaras. According to this theory, the ancestors of the Paramaras and other Agnivanshi Rajputs came to India after the decline of the [[Gupta Empire]] around the 5th century CE. They were admitted in the [[Hindu caste system]] after performing a fire ritual.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=35}} However, this theory is weakened by the fact that the legend is not mentioned in the earliest of the Paramara records, and even the earliest Paramara-era account does not mention the other dynasties as Agnivanshi.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=16}}

Some historians, such as Dasharatha Sharma and Pratipal Bhatia, have argued that the Paramaras were originally [[Brahmin]]s from the Vashistha [[gotra]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=327}} This theory is based on the fact that [[Halayudha]], who was patronized by Munja, describes the king as "Brahma-Kshtra" in ''Pingala-Sutra-Vritti''. According to Bhatia this expression means that Munja came from a family of [[Brahmin]]s who became [[Kshatriya]]s.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=37}} In addition, the Patanarayana temple inscription states that the Paramaras were of Vashistha [[gotra]], which is a gotra among Brahmins claiming descent from the sage Vashistha.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=29}} However, historian Arvind K. Singh points out that several other sources point to a [[Kshatriya]] ancestry of the dynasty. For example, the 1211 Piplianagar inscription states that the ancestors of the Paramaras were "crest-jewel of the Kshatriyas", and the ''Prabha-vakara-charita'' mentions that Vakpati was born in the dynasty of a Kshatriya. According to Singh, the expression "Brahma-Kshatriya" refers to a learned Kshatriya.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}}

[[D. C. Sircar]] theorized that the dynasty descended from the [[Malavas]]. However, there is no evidence of the early Paramara rulers being called Malava; the Paramaras began to be called Malavas only after they began ruling the Malwa region.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=327}}

<gallery mode="packed">
Chaulukya-Paramara coin circa AD 950-1050.jpg | A [[Chaulukya]]-Paramara coin, c. 950-1050 CE. Stylized rendition of [[Chavda dynasty]] coins: [[Indo-Sassanian]] style bust right; pellets and ornaments around / Stylised fire altar; pellets around.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261205 | title=CNG: EAuction 329. INDIA, Post-Gupta (Chaulukya-Paramara). Circa AD 950-1050. AR Drachm (16mm, 4.41 g, 6h) | access-date=15 July 2017 | archive-date=4 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904104559/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261205 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Paramaras of Malwa King Naravarman Circa 1094-1133.jpg | Coin of the Paramara king [[Naravarman]], c. 1094-1133. Goddess [[Lakshmi]] seated facing / Devanagari legend.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=88523 |title=CNG Coins |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090215/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=88523 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Paramaras of Vidarbha King Jagaddeva 12th-13th centuries.jpg | Coin of the Paramara prince [[Jagadeva]], 12th-13th centuries CE.
</gallery>

=== Original homeland ===

{{Location map+
|India Gujarat
|float = right
|width = 300
|caption = Places in [[Gujarat]] where the earliest Paramara inscriptions (of [[Siyaka II]]) have been discovered
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|places =
{{location map~ |India Gujarat |lat=23.36|N |long=73.02|E |label=[[Harsol]] |position=right}}
{{location map~ |India Gujarat |lat=22.75|N |long=72.68|E |label=[[Kheda]] |position=left}}
}}

Based on the Agnikula legend, some scholars such as [[C. V. Vaidya]] and [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] speculated that Mount Abu was the original home of the Paramaras. Based on the Harsola copper plates and ''Ain-i-Akbari'', D. C. Ganguly believed they came from the Deccan region.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=30}}

The earliest of the Paramara inscriptions (that of Siyaka II) have all been discovered in Gujarat, and concern land grants in that region. Based on this, D. B. Diskalkar and H. V. Trivedi theorized that the Paramaras were associated with Gujarat during their early days.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=9}} Another possibility is that the early Paramara rulers temporarily left their capital city of Dhara in Malwa for Gujarat because of a Gurjara-Pratihara invasion. This theory is based on the combined analysis of two sources: the ''Nava-sahasanka-charita'', which states that the Paramara king Vairisimha cleared the Dhara city in Malwa of enemies; and the 945-946 CE Pratapgah inscription of the Gurjara-Prathiara king Mahendrapala, which states that he recaptured Malwa.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=16}}

== Early rulers ==

Whether or not the Paramaras were descended from the Rashtrakutas, they were most probably subordinates of the Rashtrakutas in the 9th century.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}} Historical evidence suggests that between 808-812 CE, the Rashtrakutas expelled the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s from the [[Malwa]] region. The Rashtrakuta king [[Govinda III]] placed Malwa under the protection of Karka-raja, the Rashtrakuta chief of [[Lata (region)|Lata]] (a region bordering Malwa, in present-day Gujarat).{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=44-47}} The 871 Sanjan copper-plate inscription of Govinda's son [[Amoghavarsha I]] states that his father had appointed a vassal as the governor of Malwa. Since the Paramaras became the rulers of the Malwa region around this time, epigraphist H. V. Trivedi theorizes that this vassal was the Paramara king Upendra,{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}} although there is no definitive proof of this. The start of the Paramara rule in Malwa cannot be dated with certainty, but they certainly did not rule the Malwa before the 9th century CE.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=44-47}}

[[Siyaka]] is the earliest known Paramara king attested by his own inscriptions. His [[Harsola copper plates|Harsola copper plate inscription]] (949 CE) is the earliest available Paramara inscription: it suggests that he was a vassal of the Rashtrakutas.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=4}} The list of his predecessors varies between accounts:{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=3-4}}{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=4}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of early Paramara rulers according to different sources
! Harsola copper plates (949 CE) !! ''Nava-Sahasanka-Charita'' (early 11th century) !! ''Udaipur Prashasti'' inscription (11th century) !! ''Nagpur Prashasti'' inscription (1104 CE) !! Other land grants
|-
| || Paramara || Paramara || Paramara || Paramara
|-
| || Upendra || Upendra || || rowspan="4" | Krishna
|-
| ||rowspan="2" | "Other kings" || Vairisimha (I) ||
|-
| || Siyaka (I) ||
|-
| Vappairaja || Vakpati (I) || Vakpati (I) ||
|-
| Vairisimha || Vairisimha || Vairisimha (II) || Vairisimha || Vairisimha
|-
| [[Siyaka]] || Siyaka alias Harsha || Harsha || Siyaka || Siyaka
|}

Paramara is the dynasty's mythical progenitor, according to the [[Agnikula]] legend. Whether the other early kings mentioned in the ''Udaipur Prashasti'' are historical or fictional is a topic of debate among historians.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=48-49}}

According to [[C. V. Vaidya]] and [[K. A. Nilakantha Sastri]], the Paramara dynasty was founded only in the 10th century CE. Vaidya believes that the kings such as Vairisimha I and Siyaka I are imaginary, duplicated from the names of later historical kings in order to push back the dynasty's age.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=48-49}} The 1274 CE Mandhata copper-plate inscription of [[Jayavarman II (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman II]] similarly names eight successors of Paramara as Kamandaludhara, Dhumraja, Devasimhapala, Kanakasimha, Shriharsha, [[Jagadeva|Jagaddeva]], Sthirakaya and Voshari: these do not appear to be historical figures.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=212}} HV Trivedi states that there is a possibility that Vairisimha I and Siyaka I of the ''Udaipur Prashasti'' are same as Vairisimha II and Siyaka II; the names might have been repeated by mistake. Alternatively, he theorizes that these names have been omitted in other inscriptions because these rulers were not independent sovereigns.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=4}}

Several other historians believe that the early Paramara rulers mentioned in the ''Udaipur Prashasti'' are not fictional, and the Paramaras started ruling Malwa in the 9th century (as Rashtrakuta vassals). K. N. Seth argues that even some of the later Paramara inscriptions mention only 3-4 predecessors of the king who issued the inscription. Therefore, the absence of certain names from the genealogy provided in the early inscriptions does not mean that these were imaginary rulers. According to him, the mention of Upendra in ''Nava-Sahasanka-Charitra'' (composed by the court poet of the later king Sindhuraja) proves that Upendra is not a fictional king.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=48-51}} Historians such as [[Georg Bühler]] and [[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]] identify Upendra and Krishnaraja as one person, because these are synonyms (Upendra being another [[List of titles and names of Krishna|name of Krishna]]). However, an inscription of Siyaka's successor [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]] names the preceding kings as Krishnaraja, Vairisimha, and Siyaka. Based on this, Seth however identifies Krishnaraja with Vappairaja or Vakpati I mentioned in the Harsola plates (Vappairaja appears to be the Prakrit form of Vakpati-raja). In his support, Seth points out that Vairisimha has been called ''Krishna-padanudhyata'' in the inscription of Munja i.e. Vakpati II. He theorizes that Vakpati II used the name "Krishnaraja" instead of Vakpati I to identify his ancestor, in order to avoid confusion with his own name.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=48-51}}

== The imperial Paramaras ==

[[File:Temple of Bhojpur.jpg|thumb|The [[Bhojeshwar Temple]], Paramara dynasty, [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]]]]
[[File:Dam PP.JPG|thumb|Detail of the masonry of the northern dam at Bhojpur]]
The first independent sovereign of the Paramara dynasty was [[Siyaka]] (sometimes called Siyaka II to distinguish him from the earlier Siyaka mentioned in the ''Udaipur Prashasti''). The Harsola copper plates (949 CE) suggest that Siyaka was a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta ruler [[Krishna III]] in his early days. However, the same inscription also mentions the high-sounding ''[[Maharajadhiraj]]apati'' as one of Siyaka's titles. Based on this, K. N. Seth believes that Siyaka's acceptance of the Rashtrakuta lordship was nominal.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=76-77}}

As a Rashtrakuta feudatory, Siyaka participated in their campaigns against the [[Pratiharas]]. He also defeated some [[Huna people|Huna]] chiefs ruling to the north of Malwa.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=79}} He might have suffered setbacks against the [[Chandela]] king [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=334}} After the death of [[Krishna III]], Siyaka defeated his successor [[Khottiga Amoghavarsha|Khottiga]] in a battle fought on the banks of the [[Narmada River]]. He then pursued Khottiga's retreating army to the Rashtrakuta capital [[Manyakheta]], and sacked that city in 972 CE. His victory ultimately led to the decline of the Rashtrakutas, and the establishment of the Paramaras as an independent sovereign power in Malwa.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=81-84}}

Siyaka's successor Munja achieved military successes against the [[Chahamanas of Shakambari]], the [[Chahamanas of Naddula]], the [[Guhilas of Mewar]], the [[Huna people|Hunas]], the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]], and the ruler of [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara region]] (possibly a [[Chaulukya dynasty|Gujarat Chaulukya]] or [[Pratihara]] ruler).{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=336-338}} He also achieved some early successes against the [[Western Chalukya]] king [[Tailapa II]], but was ultimately defeated and killed by Tailapa some time between 994 CE and 998 CE.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=102-104}}{{sfn|M. Srinivasachariar|1974|p=502}}

As a result of this defeat, the Paramaras lost their southern territories (possibly the ones beyond the [[Narmada river]]) to the Chalukyas.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=339-340}} Munja was reputed as a patron of scholars, and his rule attracted scholars from different parts of India to Malwa.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=340-341}} He was also a poet himself, although only a few stanzas composed by him now survive.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=105}}

Munja's brother [[Sindhuraja]] (ruled c. 990s CE) defeated the Western Chalukya king [[Satyashraya]], and recovered the territories lost to Tailapa II.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=320}} He also achieved military successes against a [[Huna people|Huna]] chief, the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavanshi]] of [[Dakshina Kosala|south Kosala]], the [[Shilahara]]s of [[Konkana]], and the ruler of [[Lata (region)|Lata]] (southern Gujarat).{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=320}} His court poet Padmagupta wrote his biography ''Nava-Sahasanka-Charita'', which credits him with several other victories, although these appear to be poetic exaggerations.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=341}}

Sindhuraja's son [[Bhoja]] is the most celebrated ruler of the Paramara dynasty. He made several attempts to expand the Paramara kingdom varying results. Around 1018 CE, he defeated the [[Chalukyas of Lata]] in present-day Gujarat.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=137}} Between 1018 CE and 1020 CE, he gained control of the northern [[Konkan]], whose Shilahara rulers probably served as his feudatories for a brief period.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=140-141}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|p=46}} Bhoja also formed an alliance against the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani Chalukya]] king [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]], with [[Rajendra Chola]] and [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]] [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]]. The extent of Bhoja's success in this campaign is not certain, as both Chalukya and Paramara [[panegyric]]s claimed victory.{{sfn|Saikat K. Bose|2015|p=27}} During the last years of Bhoja's reign, sometime after 1042 CE, Jayasimha's son and successor [[Someshvara I]] invaded Malwa, and sacked his capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]].{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=320}} Bhoja re-established his control over Malwa soon after the departure of the Chalukya army, but the defeat pushed back the southern boundary of his kingdom from [[Godavari River|Godavari]] to [[Narmada River|Narmada]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=154}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|p=56}}

[[File:Statues At Bhojpur Temple (1).jpg|thumb|left|Statues at [[Bhojeshwar Temple]], Paramara dynasty, [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]].]]
Bhoja's attempt to expand his kingdom eastwards was foiled by the [[Chandela]] king [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadhara]].{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|p=69}} However, Bhoja was able to extend his influence among the Chandela feudatories, the [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghatas]] of Dubkund.{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=172-173}} Bhoja also launched a campaign against the Kachchhapaghatas of [[Gwalior]], possibly with the ultimate goal of capturing [[Kannauj]], but his attacks were repulsed by their ruler Kirtiraja.{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=173}} Bhoja also defeated the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]], killing their ruler [[Viryarama]]. However, he was forced to retreat by the [[Chahamanas of Naddula]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=177}} According to medieval Muslim historians, after sacking [[Somnath Temple|Somnath]], [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] changed his route to avoid confrontation with a Hindu king named Param Dev. Modern historians identify Param Dev as Bhoja: the name may be a corruption of Paramara-Deva or of Bhoja's title ''Parameshvara-Paramabhattaraka''.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=163-165}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=61-62}} Bhoja may have also contributed troops to support the [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] ruler [[Anandapala]]'s fight against the [[Ghaznavids]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=158}} He may have also been a part of the Hindu alliance that expelled Mahmud's governors from [[Hansi]], [[Thanesar]] and other areas around 1043 CE.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=166}}{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=320}} During the last year of Bhoja's reign, or shortly after his death, the Chaulukya king [[Bhima I]] and the Kalachuri king [[Lakshmikarna|Karna]] attacked his kingdom. According to the 14th-century author Merutunga, Bhoja died of a disease at the same time the allied army attacked his kingdom.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=182}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=66-67}}

At its zenith, Bhoja's kingdom extended from [[Chittorgarh Fort|Chittor]] in the north to upper [[Konkan]] in the south, and from the [[Sabarmati River]] in the west to [[Vidisha]] in the east.{{sfn|Kirit Mankodi|1987|p=62}} He was recognized as a capable military leader, but his territorial conquests were short-lived. His major claim to fame was his reputation as a scholar-king, who patronized arts, literature and sciences. Noted poets and writers of his time sought his sponsorship.{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|p=179}} Bhoja was himself a polymath, whose writings cover a wide variety of topics include grammar, poetry, architecture, yoga, and chemistry. Bhoja established the [[Bhoj Shala]] which was a centre for [[Sanskrit]] studies and a temple of [[Sarasvati]] in present-day [[Dhar]]. He is said to have founded the city of [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]], a belief supported by historical evidence. Besides the [[Bhojeshwar Temple]] there, the construction of three now-breached dams in that area is attributed to him.{{sfn|Kirit Mankodi|1987|p=71}} Because of his patronage to literary figures, several legends written after his death featured him as a righteous scholar-king.{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|pp=179-180}} In terms of the number of legends centered around him, Bhoja is comparable to the fabled [[Vikramaditya]].{{sfn|Anthony Kennedy Warder|1992|pp=176}}

== Decline ==
[[File:Naravarman PP.jpg|thumb|Pillar in the Bijamaṇḍal, [[Vidisha]] with an inscription of Naravarman]]
Bhoja's successor [[Jayasimha I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayasimha I]], who was probably his son,{{sfn|Anthony Kennedy Warder|1992|pp=177}} faced the joint [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]]-[[Chaulukya]] invasion immediately after Bhoja's death.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=182-184}} [[Bilhana]]'s writings suggest that he sought help from the Chalukyas of Kalyani.{{sfn|Prabhakar Narayan Kawthekar|1995|p=72}} Jayasimha's successor and Bhoja's brother [[Udayaditya]] was defeated by Chamundaraja, his vassal at [[Vagada]]. He repulsed an invasion by the [[Chaulukya]] ruler [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]], with help from his allies. Udayaditya's eldest son [[Lakshmadeva]] has been credited with extensive military conquests in the ''[[Nagpur]] Prashasti'' inscription of 1104-05 CE. However, these appear to be poetic exaggerations. At best, he might have defeated the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]].{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=110}} Udayaditya's younger son [[Naravarman]] faced several defeats, losing to the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] and the Chaulukya king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]. By the end of his reign, one Vijayapala had carved out an independent kingdom to the north-east of Ujjain.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=115-122}}

[[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] lost control of the Paramara capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]] to Jayasimha Siddharaja. His successor [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman I]] regained control of Dhara, but soon lost it to an usurper named Ballala.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=362-363}} The Chaulukya king [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] defeated Ballala around 1150 CE, supported by his feudatories the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] ruler [[Alhanadeva|Alhana]] and the [[Mount Abu|Abu]] Paramara chief Yashodhavala. Malwa then became a province of the Chaulukyas. A minor branch of the Paramaras, who styled themselves as ''Mahakumara''s, ruled the area around [[Bhopal]] during this time.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=363-364}} Nearly two decades later, Jayavarman's son [[Vindhyavarman]] defeated the Chaulukya king Mularaja II, and re-established the Paramara sovereignty in Malwa.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=328}} During his reign, Malwa faced repeated invasions from the [[Hoysala]]s and the [[Yadavas of Devagiri]].{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=162}} He was also defeated by the Chaulukya general Kumara.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=137}} Despite these setbacks, he was able to restore the Paramara power in Malwa before his death.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=322}}

Vindhyavarman's son [[Subhatavarman]] invaded Gujarat, and plundered the Chaulukya territories. But he was ultimately forced to retreat by the Chaulukya feudatory Lavana-Prasada.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=370}} His son [[Arjunavarman I]] also invaded Gujarat, and defeated Jayanta-simha (or Jaya-simha), who had usurped the Chaulukya throne for a brief period.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=148}} He was defeated by [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] general Kholeshvara in [[Lata (region)|Lata]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=371}}

{{South Asia in 1250|right|The Paramaras and neighbouring South Asian polities circa 1250 CE.<ref name="JES">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=21, 147|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=048}}</ref>|{{Annotation|93|100|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|50px]]}}}}
Arjunavarman was succeeded by [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]], who was the son of Harishchandra, a ''Mahakumara'' (chief of a Paramara branch).{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=371}} He continued to face struggles against the Chaulukyas and the Yadavas. The [[Sultanate of Delhi|Sultan of Delhi]] [[Iltutmish]] captured [[Bhilsa]] during 1233-34 CE, but Devapala defeated the Sultanate's governor and regained control of Bhilsa.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|pp=188}}{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1966|pp=187-188}} According to the ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'', he was killed by Vagabhata of [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Ranthambhor]], who suspected him of plotting his murder in connivance with the Delhi Sultan.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=372}}

During the reign of Devapala's son [[Jaitugideva]], the power of the Paramaras greatly declined because of invasions from the Yadava king Krishna, the Delhi Sultan [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]], and the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] prince Visala-deva.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=373}} Devapala's younger son [[Jayavarman II (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman II]] also faced attacks from these three powers. Either Jaitugi or Jayavarman II moved the Paramara capital from Dhara to the hilly Mandapa-Durga (present-day [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]), which offered a better defensive position.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=203}}

[[Arjunavarman II]], the successor of Jayavarman II, proved to be a weak ruler. He faced rebellion from his minister.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1977|p=445}} In the 1270s, the Yadava ruler [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] invaded Malwa,{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=158}} and in the 1280s, the [[Chauhans of Ranthambore|Ranthambhor Chahamana]] ruler [[Hammiradeva|Hammira]] also raided Malwa.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1975|p=124}} Arjuna's successor [[Bhoja II (Paramara dynasty)|Bhoja II]] also faced an invasion from Hammira. Bhoja II was either a titular ruler controlled by his minister, or his minister had usurped a part of the Paramara kingdom.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=160}}

[[Mahalakadeva]], the last known Paramara king, was defeated and killed by the army of [[Alauddin Khalji]] in 1305 CE.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=25}}

== Rulers ==

<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of the inscriptions from the reigns of Paramara monarchs of Malwa{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|pp=v-vi}}" width="350" height="350" zoom="5" longitude="76.15" latitude="22.25">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Atru]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.6701, 24.8768] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Banswara]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.4350, 23.5461] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Betma]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.6143, 22.6854] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.5784, 23.0992] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Depalpur, India|Depalpur]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.5422, 22.8514] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Dewas]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.0508, 22.9623] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "[[Dhar]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.3025, 22.6013] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Dharampuri]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.3500, 22.1562] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Gaowdi", "description": "Also known as Gaonri" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.9666, 23.0975] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Gyaraspur]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.1222, 23.6727] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Harsud]]", "description": "Also known as Harsauda" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.7365, 22.1014] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Harsol]]", "description": "Also known as Harsola" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.0140, 23.3628] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Jhalrapatan]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.1726, 24.5403] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Kheda", "description": "Also known as Kaira" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.9933, 22.9251] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Kalwan]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.0271, 20.4891] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Kamed" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.7924, 23.2273] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Jivapur Mahodia", "description": "Also known as Mahaudi" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.5084, 23.0666] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Mandhata]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.1523, 22.2508] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Modasa]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.2999, 23.4629] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Modi" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.2030, 23.9974] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Pathari]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.2220, 23.9353] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Pipliya Nagar", "description": "Also known as Piplianagar" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.9816, 23.2939] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Rahatgarh]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.3984, 23.7905] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Sehore]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.0851, 23.2050] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Shergarh", "description": "Also known as Shergadh" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.5416, 24.7069] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Tilakvada", "description": "Also known as Tilakwada" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.5903, 21.9526] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Udaipur, Madhya Pradesh|Udaipur]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.0709, 23.8737] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Ujjain]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.7849, 23.1793] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Un" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.4566, 21.8227] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Vidisha]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.8081, 23.5251] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>

According to historial 'Kailash Chand Jain', "Knowledge of the early Paramara rulers from Upendra to Vairisimha is scanty; there are no records, and they are known only from later sources."<ref>{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |year=1972 |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA329 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=329 |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9}}</ref>
The Paramara rulers mentioned in the various inscriptions and literary sources include:

* Paramara (ancient [[Agnikula]] ancestor)
* Upendra Krishnraja (late 8 to early 9th century CE)
* Vairisimha (I) (early 9th century CE)
* Siyaka (I) (mid of 9th century CE)
* Vakpati (I) (late 9th or early 10th century CE)
* Vairisimha (II) (middle 10th century CE)
* [[Siyaka]] (II) (940–972 CE)
* [[Vakpati Munja|Vakpati]] (II) alias Munja (972–990 CE)
* [[Sindhuraja]] (990–1010 CE)
* [[Bhoja]] (1010–1055 CE), greatest ruler of dynasty
* [[Jayasimha I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayasimha I]] (1055–1070 CE)
* [[Udayaditya]] (1070–1086 CE)
* [[Lakshmadeva]] (1086–1094 CE)
* [[Naravarman]] (1094–1130 CE)
* [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (1133–1142 CE)
* [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman I]] (1142–1143 CE)
* ''[[Interregnum]] from (1143 to 1175 CE)'' under an usurper named 'Ballala' and later the [[Solanki dynasty|Solanki king]] [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]
* [[Vindhyavarman]] (1175–1194 CE)
* [[Subhatavarman]] (1194–1209 CE)
* [[Arjunavarman I]] (1210–1215 CE)
* [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]] (1218–1239 CE)
* [[Jaitugideva]] (1239–1255 CE)
* [[Jayavarman II (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman II]] (1255–1274 CE)
* [[Arjunavarman II]] (1274–1285 CE)
* [[Bhoja II (Paramara dynasty)|Bhoja II]] (1285–1301 CE)
* [[Mahalakadeva]] (1301–1305 CE), (after his death dynasty was ended in [[Malwa]] region)

An inscription from [[Udaipur (Madhya Pradesh)|Udaipur]] indicates that the Paramara dynasty survived until 1310, at least in the north-eastern part of Malwa. A later inscription shows that the area had been captured by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] by 1338.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}

== Branches and claimed descendants ==

[[File:Malwa.PDF|thumb|400px|right|Map showing the find-spots of the inscriptions of the imperial Paramaras and some of their branches]]

Besides the Paramara sovereigns of Malwa, several branches of the dynasties ruled as feudatories at various places. These include:

* [[Paramaras of Chandravati]]
** Ruled the Arbuda-mandala ([[Mount Abu]] area){{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=13}}
** Became feudatories of the [[Chaulukya]]s of Gujarat by the 12th century{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=244}}
* Paramaras of [[Bhinmal]]-[[Kiradu]]
** Branched off from the Paramaras of Chandravati {{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=321}}
** Like the Paramaras of Chandravati, they were connected to the Chaulukyas, and were subdued by the Chahamanas in the 12th century{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=13}}
* Paramaras of [[Jalor]]
** Another branch of the Paramaras of Chandravati{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=13}}
** Supplanted by the [[Chahamanas of Jalor]]{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=333}}
* Paramaras of [[Vagada]]
** Ruled at [[Arthuna]] as feudatories of the Paramaras of Malwa {{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=280}}{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=13}}

The rulers of several [[princely state]]s claimed connection with the Paramaras. These include:

* [[Baghal State]]: It is said to have been founded by Ajab Dev Parmar, who came to present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]] from [[Ujjain]] in the 14th century.{{sfn|Poonam Minhas|1998|p=49}}
* [[Danta State]]: Its rulers claimed membership of the Parmar clan and descent from the legendary king [[Vikramaditya]] of Ujjain{{sfn|Tony McClenaghan|1996|p=115}}
* [[Dewas State]] (Senior and Junior): The [[Maratha]] Puar rulers of these states claimed descent from the Paramara dynasty.{{sfn|John Middleton|2015|p=236}}
* [[Dhar State]]: Its founder Anand Rao Puar, who claimed Paramara descent, received a fief from [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I]] in the 18th century.{{sfn|Tony McClenaghan|1996|p=122}}
* [[Muli State]]: Its rulers claimed Paramara descent, and are said to have started out as feudatories of the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghelas]].{{sfn|Virbhadra Singhji|1994|p=44}}
* [[Narsinghgarh State]]{{cn|date=June 2021}}
* [[Jagdispur|Jagdishpur]] and [[Dumraon]]: The Rajputs of [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur district]] in present-day [[Bihar]], who styled themselves as Ujjainiya Panwar Rajputs, started claiming descent from the royal family of Ujjain in the 17th century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dirk H. A. Kolff |author-link=Dirk H. A. Kolff |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&pg=PA59 |date=8 August 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52305-9 |page=59 |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=2 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302200455/https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&pg=PA59 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Rajas of Jagdishpur and Dumraon in Bihar claimed descent from the Ujjainia branch of Paramaras.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Journal of the Bihar Purāvid Parishad, Volumes=7-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iFduAAAAMAAJ |year=1983 |publisher=Bihar Puravid Parishad |page=411 |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131152/https://books.google.com/books?id=iFduAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The [[Gandhawaria Rajput]]s of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] and the [[Ujjainiya]]s of [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] also claim descent from the Paramara dynasty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iFduAAAAMAAJ&q=tirhut+rajput|title=The Journal of the Bihar Purāvid Parishad|publisher=Bihar Puravid Parishad|year=1983|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131152/https://books.google.com/books?id=iFduAAAAMAAJ&q=tirhut+rajput|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ahmad">{{cite book |title=Popular Literature And Pre-Modern Societies In South Asia |editor1-first=Surinder |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=I. D. |editor2-last=Gaur |pages=76–77 |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1358-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC |chapter=State Formation and Consolidation under the Ujjainiya Rajputs in Medieval Bihar: Testimony of Oral Traditions as Recorded in the ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjainiya'' |first=Imtiaz |last=Ahmad |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225135554/https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC |url-status=live }}
</ref>

==Present==

At present, [[Kshatriya]] [[Rajput]] Parmar/Panwar people of this caste/lineage are mainly found in [[Rajasthan]] , [[Gujarat]] , [[Madhya Pradesh]] , [[Punjab]] , [[Haryana]] , [[Uttarakhand]] , [[Himachal Pradesh]] , [[Uttar Pradesh]] , [[Bihar]] , [[Chhattisgarh]] , [[Sindh]] and Northern [[Maharashtra]] .

About (52 kul) branches of Parmars are settled in [[Malwa]] regions of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan .

About (36 kul) branches of Panwars/Powars who migrated from Dhara Nagar to Western Malwa via [[Bundelkhand]] , [[Baghelkhand]] during the year 1700 reside in [[Balaghat]] , [[Seoni]] of south -eastern Madhya Pradesh and [[Gondia]] [[Bhandara]] district area of Maharashtra.

From 15th to 17th century, Panwars migrated to [[Satpura]] and [[Vidarbha]] . In these areas he is called Bhoyar Pawar. This (72 kul) branch , which migrated from Dharanagar and East Malwa in the 15th to 17th century , resides in [[Betul]] , [[Chhindwara]] , [[Wardha]] and other districts.

The words Parmar/Pawar/Powar/Panwar/Pawar have become popular after being corrupted from the Sanskrit words Pramar, Prawar and Paur

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==See also==
{{commons category|Paramaras of Malwa}}
* [[List of Rajput dynasties and states]]
* [[List of rulers of Malwa]]
* [[Panwar Dynasty]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Alf Hiltebeitel |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PA444 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780226340555 |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323152137/https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PA444 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |author=Arvind K. Singh |title=Interpreting the History of the Paramāras |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=22 |issue=1 |year=2012 |pages=13–28 |jstor=41490371 }}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201055911/https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Concise History of Ancient India: Political history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VDAAAAYAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |oclc=5311157 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323144457/https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VDAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Anthony Kennedy Warder |author-link=A. K. Warder |title=Indian Kāvya Literature: The art of storytelling |chapter=XLVI: The Vikramaditya Legend |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl0l5ZTkNxIC&pg=PA176 |year=1992 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0615-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781107118560 }}
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Sircar |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=35 |chapter=Bhilsa inscription of the time of Jayasimha, Vikrama 1320 |year=1966 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |author-link=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties: A Study of Chauhān Political History, Chauhān Political Institutions, and Life in the Chauhān Dominions, from 800 to 1316 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-8426-0618-9 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324054808/https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=David P. Henige |author-link=David Henige |title=Princely States of India: A Guide to Chronology and Rulers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqDpAAAAMAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Orchid |isbn=978-974-524-049-0 |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726035008/http://books.google.com/books?id=fqDpAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Ganga Prasad Yadava |title=Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Concept |year=1982 |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228165807/https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Georg Bühler |chapter=The Udepur Prasasti of the Kings of Malva |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndicaVol1/Epigraphia%20Indica_vol%201#page/n255/mode/2up |title=Epigraphia Indica |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=1 |year=1892 }}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Introduction to Inscriptions of the Paramaras, Chandellas, Kachchhapaghatas, etc. (Part 1) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ybQrQEACAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1451761 |ref={{harvid|H. V. Trivedi (Introduction)|1991}} |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324034302/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ybQrQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1451755 |ref={{harvid|H. V. Trivedi|1991}} |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805231604/https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=John Middleton |title=World Monarchies and Dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA236 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45158-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kailash Chand Jain |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA158 |year=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216181925/https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA158 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |author=Kirit Mankodi |url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=140#page/2 |title=Scholar-Emperor and a Funerary Temple: Eleventh Century Bhojpur |journal=[[Marg (magazine)|Marg]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |publisher=[[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]] |year=1987 |pages=61–72 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511034707/http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=140#page/2 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Krishna Narain Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 |oclc=8931757 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324052331/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=M. Srinivasachariar |title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1974 |isbn=9788120802841 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA502 |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131158/https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA502 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Mahesh Singh |title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |oclc=11786897 |access-date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324053617/https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Poonam Minhas |title=Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh: With Trade-routes and Trading Communities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_52-WyPfLG0C&pg=PA49 |year=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-080-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Prabhakar Narayan Kawthekar |title=Bilhana |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1995 |isbn=9788172017798 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq5rT0yXGC0C&pg=PA72 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324053226/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq5rT0yXGC0C&pg=PA72 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA198 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324034306/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA198 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Pratipal Bhatia |title=The Paramāras, c. 800-1305 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gcAAAAMAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |oclc=199886 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819211758/https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gcAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 |access-date=20 July 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323170959/https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |title=Ancient India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120804364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA327 |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226004834/https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA327 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Saikat K. Bose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT281 |title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare |publisher=Vij |year=2015 |isbn=978-9-38446-454-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225065903/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172%20 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Sheldon Pollock |author-link=Sheldon Pollock |title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India |publisher=University of California Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA179 |year=2003 |isbn=0-5202-4500-8 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323210857/https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA179 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Tony McClenaghan |title=Indian Princely Medals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC&pg=PA115 |year=1996 |publisher=Lancer |isbn=978-1-897829-19-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Virbhadra Singhji |title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC&pg=PA44 |year=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-546-9 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=Origin of Rajputs |publisher=Sahitya Sansar Prakashan |year=1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IcM5AQAAIAAJ&q=magnate+ |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131203/https://books.google.com/books?id=IcM5AQAAIAAJ&q=magnate+ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author= Virendra N. Mishra |title=Rajasthan: Prehistoric and Early Historic Foundations |publisher=Aryan books International |year=2007 |isbn=9788173053214 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Rajasthan/jDRuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=parmars }}
* {{cite book |author=Benjamin Walker |title=Hindu World vol.2 |url=https://archive.org/details/hindu-world-vol.-2-an-encyclopedic-survey-of-wisdom-benjamin-walker/page/n7/mode/2up?q=PA186 |year=1995 |publisher=Indus |isbn=81-7223-179-2 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Paramara dynasty}}

[[Category:Paramara dynasty| ]]
[[Category:9th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1305 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:14th-century disestablishments in India]]

Bhoyari

2023-10-27T03:46:26Z

Parihar Piyush: Did correction.

{{more citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Bhoyari
|nativename=भोयरी
|states=[[India]]
|speakers=
|date=
|ref=
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|fam4=[[Hindi languages|Central (Hindi)]]
|fam5=[[Malvi language|Malvi]]
|iso3=
|isoexception = dialect
|glotto=bhoy1241
|glottorefname=
}}
'''Bhoyari''' or '''Pawari''', is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan dialect]] of Central India. It is a dialect of Rajasthani Malvi language. It is spoken by the [[Pawar/Bhoyar]] social group in [[Betul district|Betul]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]], and [[Wardha district|Wardha]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Chhindwara/7uErAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=bhoyari&dq=bhoyari&printsec=frontcover |title=central provinces district gazetteers chhindwara 1907 ,पृष्ठ क्रमांक 43, 63 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvi_language |title=Malvi_language }}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2021}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rajeshbarange.blogspot.com/2017/11/powari-primary-tabs-language-of-india.html |title="भोयरी पवारी" राजेश बारंगे पंवार, वैभव पाठे द्वारा }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Rajasthani Language]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bhoy1241 |title=Dialect: Bhoyari }}
*{{cite web |url=http://multitree.org/codes/mup-bho |title=Bhoyari of Malvi (mup) |author= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=Bhoyari of Malvi (mup)}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]

{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}}

Pawar/Bhoyar

2023-10-27T03:44:11Z

Parihar Piyush:

'''Kshatriya Pawar''', also spelled as '''Panwar''', '''Pawar''' or '''Bhoyar-Pawar''', is a [[Hindu]] caste primarily found in Central India. According to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and Vedic varna system, they belong to the [[Kshatriya]] varna.<ref>{{cite book |last= Singh |first= K.S. |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh |date=1998|title= India's Communities Volume 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhoyar|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|page=460,461|language=English|quote=According to the Hindu and Vedic varna system, Bhoyars belong to the [[Kshatriya]] varna.|isbn=0195633547}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh|first=K.S.|author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh|title=Maharashtra|date=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBjoAFMfjoC&dq=bhoyar+pawar&pg=PA355|page=355,356,358|publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788179911006 |language=English|quote=According to the Hindu and Vedic varna system, Bhoyars belong to the [[Kshatriya]] varna}}</ref> The Bhoyar-Pawars claim descent from the '''Panwar Rajputs''' of [[Malwa]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Singh |first= K.S. |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh|date=1998|language=English|title=India's Communities Volume 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|page=460,461|quote= Bhoyars claim to be descendants of the '''Panwar Rajputs''' of [[Malwa]].|isbn=0195633547}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=K.S.|author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh|language=English|title=Maharashtra|date=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBjoAFMfjoC&dq=bhoyar+pawar&pg=PA355|page=355,356,358|publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788179911006 |quote=Bhoyars claim to be descendants of the '''Panwar Rajputs''' of [[Malwa]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MH9nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT481&dq=Bhoyar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhgaD2oYqCAxUzxTgGHQbsDS44FBDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=Bhoyar&f=false|date=2018|author=Robert Vane Russell|quote=Bhoyars claim to be decedents of a band of '''Panwar Rajputs'''.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India (Volumes I and II)|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6h2Gm1gPZZQC&pg=PT944&dq=bhoyar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi93_PCsIqCAxVUbfUHHbSiB004HhDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q=bhoyar&f=false|date=2020|author=Robert Vane Russell|publisher=Library of Alexandria|quote=Bhoyars claim to be decedents of a band of '''Panwar Rajputs''', who were defending the town of [[Dhar]] when it was besieged by Aurangzeb. Thier post was on the western part of the wall, but they gave way and fled into the central province of india .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Central Provinces District Gazetteers|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=7uErAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA61&dq=bhoyar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSmsDgs4qCAxWJfd4KHYW8CYQ4UBDoAXoECAQQAw#v=onepage&q=bhoyar&f=false|author=Central Provinces (India)|date=2010|quote=Bhoyars claim to be decedents of '''Ponwar Rajputs''' who were defending the town of [[Dhar]] when it was besieged by Aurangzeb.}}</ref>

Between the 15th and 17th centuries, '''72 clan''' branches of the Panwars migrated from [[Malwa]] to the [[Satpura]] and [[Vidarbha]] regions. They are currently concentrated mainly in the [[Betul district|Betul]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]] and [[Wardha district|Wardha]] regions of central India.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MH9nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT481&dq=Bhoyar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhgaD2oYqCAxUzxTgGHQbsDS44FBDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=Bhoyar&f=false|date=2018|author=Robert Vane Russell|quote=Bhoyars are principally residing in [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]], [[Chhindwara]] and [[Wardha]] districts. They are not found outside central province.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CENTRAL PROVINCES DISTRICT GAZETTEES |language=English|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Wardha%20District/population_caste.html|quote=Bhoyars primarily resides in [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]], [[Chhindwara]] and [[Wardha]] districts of Central India.}}</ref>

The areas of [[Betul district|Betul]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]] and [[Wardha district|Wardha]] are locally called '''Bhoyar-Patti''', hence the Pawars living here are called '''Bhoyar-Pawar'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=CENTRAL PROVINCES DISTRICT GAZETTEES |language=English|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Wardha%20District/population_caste.html|quote=Bhoyars are mainly concentrated in the [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]], [[Chhindwara]] and [[Wardha]] regions of central India, which is locally called as Bhoyar-Patti. Therefore, the Pawars living here have come to be known as Bhoyar-Pawar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India (Volumes I and II)|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6h2Gm1gPZZQC&pg=PT944&dq=bhoyar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi93_PCsIqCAxVUbfUHHbSiB004HhDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q=bhoyar&f=false|date=2020|author=Robert Vane Russell|publisher=Library of Alexandria|quote=Bhoyars primarily resides in betul and chhindwara districts.}}</ref>

These Panwars even today speak a corrupted form of [[Malvi]] dialect of Rajputana, which is called [[Bhoyari]]/[[Bhoyari|Pawari]] after their name.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MPw_AAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80|language=English|title=Mālavī aura usakā sāhitya|page=25 |publisher=Sarasvatī Sahakāra kī Ora se prakāśaka Rājakamala Prakāśana }}</ref>

Due to the geographical conditions and economic constraints of that time, all these Panwars forgot their original customs and values in order to support their families. Over the years they have gradually abandoned most of their [[Rajput]] customs and traditions. At present, their customs and rituals are somewhat similar to those of the [[Marathas]], [[Kunbi]] and [[Brahmins]] of [[Maharashtra]]. According to Maharashtra Gazette and Census, Pawars/Bhoyars are mostly [[agriculturists]].

They have a national level organization named '''Rashtriya Panwar Kshatriya Mahasabha'''. In this union [[Parmar]], [[Pawar]], [[Powar]], '''Bhoyar Pawar''' branches work together. This organization works on the all-round development of Parmar/Pawar/Powar/Bhoyar Pawar community.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=K.S. |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh |date=1998|title= India's Communities Volume 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhoyar|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |pages=460, 461, 462, 463|language=English|quote=They have a national level association named '''Rashtriya Panwar Kshatriya Mahasabha .|isbn=0195633547}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh|first=K.S.|author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh|title=Maharashtra |date=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBjoAFMfjoC&dq=bhoyar+pawar&pg=PA355|page=355,356,358,359|publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788179911006 |language=English|quote=They have a national level association named '''Rastriya Panwar Kshatriya Mahasabha'''.}}</ref>

==Surnames of Panwars==

*'''Bhoyar Pawar (72 clans)''' :

''Barange, Bisen, Buwade, Bobde, Bagwan, Bhobhat, Barkhede, Bhade, Birgade, Badnagare/Nagre, Baingane, Barbuhare, Chopde, Chauhan, Chaudhary, Chikne, Digarse, Dongardiye/Dongre, Deshmukh, Dahare, Dhoble/Dhobre, Dukhi/Durve, Dhole, Dewase, Dharpure, Dhote, Dala, Dandare, Gohite, Girhare, Ghaghare, Gore, Gadkiya, Gakariya, Gadre, Gadde, Gondia, Hazare, Hingwe, Kaushik, Kardate, Kalbhor/Kalbhut, Kodale, Khausi, Kiranjkar, Kinkar, Kasare, Kadve, Kharpuse, Khapariya, Kaslikar, Ladke, Mahajan, Munne, Mate, Manmode, Naditod, Omkar, Parihar/Pratihar, Pathade, Paradkar, Pinjare, Pathekar/Pathe, Farkadya/Farkade, Rawat, Rodle, Ramdham, Raut, Rabde, Sarode, Sawai, Sherke, Tople, Ukdale, Udhde''.

* Some people also replace their surname with '''Panwar''' or '''Pawar'''.
*'''(''' These 72 clans of Panwar/Pawar/Bhoyar are the Designation/Titles/Indicated names of the Rajput military chieftains. These are the 72 clans that have migrated from [[Malwa]].''')'''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Malwa]]
[[Category:Rajput clans]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category: Rajput clans]]
[[Category: Agnivansha]]

Pawar/Bhoyar

2023-10-27T03:43:50Z

Parihar Piyush: Added content.

{{Short description|Kshatriya Tribe of India}}

'''Kshatriya Pawar''', also spelled as '''Panwar''', '''Pawar''' or '''Bhoyar-Pawar''', is a [[Hindu]] caste primarily found in Central India. According to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and Vedic varna system, they belong to the [[Kshatriya]] varna.<ref>{{cite book |last= Singh |first= K.S. |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh |date=1998|title= India's Communities Volume 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhoyar|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|page=460,461|language=English|quote=According to the Hindu and Vedic varna system, Bhoyars belong to the [[Kshatriya]] varna.|isbn=0195633547}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh|first=K.S.|author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh|title=Maharashtra|date=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBjoAFMfjoC&dq=bhoyar+pawar&pg=PA355|page=355,356,358|publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788179911006 |language=English|quote=According to the Hindu and Vedic varna system, Bhoyars belong to the [[Kshatriya]] varna}}</ref> The Bhoyar-Pawars claim descent from the '''Panwar Rajputs''' of [[Malwa]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Singh |first= K.S. |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh|date=1998|language=English|title=India's Communities Volume 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|page=460,461|quote= Bhoyars claim to be descendants of the '''Panwar Rajputs''' of [[Malwa]].|isbn=0195633547}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=K.S.|author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh|language=English|title=Maharashtra|date=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBjoAFMfjoC&dq=bhoyar+pawar&pg=PA355|page=355,356,358|publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788179911006 |quote=Bhoyars claim to be descendants of the '''Panwar Rajputs''' of [[Malwa]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MH9nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT481&dq=Bhoyar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhgaD2oYqCAxUzxTgGHQbsDS44FBDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=Bhoyar&f=false|date=2018|author=Robert Vane Russell|quote=Bhoyars claim to be decedents of a band of '''Panwar Rajputs'''.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India (Volumes I and II)|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6h2Gm1gPZZQC&pg=PT944&dq=bhoyar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi93_PCsIqCAxVUbfUHHbSiB004HhDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q=bhoyar&f=false|date=2020|author=Robert Vane Russell|publisher=Library of Alexandria|quote=Bhoyars claim to be decedents of a band of '''Panwar Rajputs''', who were defending the town of [[Dhar]] when it was besieged by Aurangzeb. Thier post was on the western part of the wall, but they gave way and fled into the central province of india .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Central Provinces District Gazetteers|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=7uErAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA61&dq=bhoyar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSmsDgs4qCAxWJfd4KHYW8CYQ4UBDoAXoECAQQAw#v=onepage&q=bhoyar&f=false|author=Central Provinces (India)|date=2010|quote=Bhoyars claim to be decedents of '''Ponwar Rajputs''' who were defending the town of [[Dhar]] when it was besieged by Aurangzeb.}}</ref>

Between the 15th and 17th centuries, '''72 clan''' branches of the Panwars migrated from [[Malwa]] to the [[Satpura]] and [[Vidarbha]] regions. They are currently concentrated mainly in the [[Betul district|Betul]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]] and [[Wardha district|Wardha]] regions of central India.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MH9nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT481&dq=Bhoyar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhgaD2oYqCAxUzxTgGHQbsDS44FBDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=Bhoyar&f=false|date=2018|author=Robert Vane Russell|quote=Bhoyars are principally residing in [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]], [[Chhindwara]] and [[Wardha]] districts. They are not found outside central province.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CENTRAL PROVINCES DISTRICT GAZETTEES |language=English|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Wardha%20District/population_caste.html|quote=Bhoyars primarily resides in [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]], [[Chhindwara]] and [[Wardha]] districts of Central India.}}</ref>

The areas of [[Betul district|Betul]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]] and [[Wardha district|Wardha]] are locally called '''Bhoyar-Patti''', hence the Pawars living here are called '''Bhoyar-Pawar'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=CENTRAL PROVINCES DISTRICT GAZETTEES |language=English|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Wardha%20District/population_caste.html|quote=Bhoyars are mainly concentrated in the [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]], [[Chhindwara]] and [[Wardha]] regions of central India, which is locally called as Bhoyar-Patti. Therefore, the Pawars living here have come to be known as Bhoyar-Pawar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India (Volumes I and II)|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6h2Gm1gPZZQC&pg=PT944&dq=bhoyar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi93_PCsIqCAxVUbfUHHbSiB004HhDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q=bhoyar&f=false|date=2020|author=Robert Vane Russell|publisher=Library of Alexandria|quote=Bhoyars primarily resides in betul and chhindwara districts.}}</ref>

These Panwars even today speak a corrupted form of [[Malvi]] dialect of Rajputana, which is called [[Bhoyari]]/[[Bhoyari|Pawari]] after their name.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MPw_AAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80|language=English|title=Mālavī aura usakā sāhitya|page=25 |publisher=Sarasvatī Sahakāra kī Ora se prakāśaka Rājakamala Prakāśana }}</ref>

Due to the geographical conditions and economic constraints of that time, all these Panwars forgot their original customs and values in order to support their families. Over the years they have gradually abandoned most of their [[Rajput]] customs and traditions. At present, their customs and rituals are somewhat similar to those of the [[Marathas]], [[Kunbi]] and [[Brahmins]] of [[Maharashtra]]. According to Maharashtra Gazette and Census, Pawars/Bhoyars are mostly [[agriculturists]].

They have a national level organization named '''Rashtriya Panwar Kshatriya Mahasabha'''. In this union [[Parmar]], [[Pawar]], [[Powar]], '''Bhoyar Pawar''' branches work together. This organization works on the all-round development of Parmar/Pawar/Powar/Bhoyar Pawar community.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=K.S. |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh |date=1998|title= India's Communities Volume 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhoyar|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |pages=460, 461, 462, 463|language=English|quote=They have a national level association named '''Rashtriya Panwar Kshatriya Mahasabha .|isbn=0195633547}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh|first=K.S.|author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh|title=Maharashtra |date=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBjoAFMfjoC&dq=bhoyar+pawar&pg=PA355|page=355,356,358,359|publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788179911006 |language=English|quote=They have a national level association named '''Rastriya Panwar Kshatriya Mahasabha'''.}}</ref>

==Surnames of Panwars==

*'''Bhoyar Pawar (72 clans)''' :

''Barange, Bisen, Buwade, Bobde, Bagwan, Bhobhat, Barkhede, Bhade, Birgade, Badnagare/Nagre, Baingane, Barbuhare, Chopde, Chauhan, Chaudhary, Chikne, Digarse, Dongardiye/Dongre, Deshmukh, Dahare, Dhoble/Dhobre, Dukhi/Durve, Dhole, Dewase, Dharpure, Dhote, Dala, Dandare, Gohite, Girhare, Ghaghare, Gore, Gadkiya, Gakariya, Gadre, Gadde, Gondia, Hazare, Hingwe, Kaushik, Kardate, Kalbhor/Kalbhut, Kodale, Khausi, Kiranjkar, Kinkar, Kasare, Kadve, Kharpuse, Khapariya, Kaslikar, Ladke, Mahajan, Munne, Mate, Manmode, Naditod, Omkar, Parihar/Pratihar, Pathade, Paradkar, Pinjare, Pathekar/Pathe, Farkadya/Farkade, Rawat, Rodle, Ramdham, Raut, Rabde, Sarode, Sawai, Sherke, Tople, Ukdale, Udhde''.

* Some people also replace their surname with '''Panwar''' or '''Pawar'''.
*'''(''' These 72 clans of Panwar/Pawar/Bhoyar are the Designation/Titles/Indicated names of the Rajput military chieftains. These are the 72 clans that have migrated from [[Malwa]].''')'''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Malwa]]
[[Category:Rajput clans]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category: Rajput clans]]
[[Category: Agnivansha]]

Karanja, Wardha

2023-10-27T03:41:31Z

Parihar Piyush: Added link.

{{About||the tehsil in Washim district|Karanja Lad|other places|Karanja (disambiguation){{!}}Karanja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Unreferenced|date=August 2009}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=March 2015}}
}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karanja (Ghadge)
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Tehesil town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wardha district|Wardha]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Subdivision (country subdivision)|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Arvi, Wardha|Arvi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar panchayat]]
| governing_body = Karanja Nagar panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 17000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [Marathi, Parsi language|Marathi,Parsi]
| demographics1_title2 = Other Languages
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi marathi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
442203
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-7156
| registration_plate = MH- 32 ([[Wardha District]])
| website = under construction
| footnotes =
}}

'''Karanja Ghadge''' is a [[town]] and a [[tehsil]] in Arvi subdivision of [[Wardha district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

Karanja was famous for Gonghadi in past time. Its situated on national Highway 06. Its 76 km away from [[Nagpur]] and 75 km away from [[Amravati]].
And [[Wardha]] district away from 70 km.
Near about 60 grampanchayat and 102 villages come under the taluka. Waghoda is the smallest village while Karanja is the biggest village and Second Biggest village is Pardi.
Most of the people in taluka are Hindu. Other than Hindu , Buddhist, Muslim are also living in taluka. In Hindu most of the people belongs to the caste [[Bhoyar Pawar|Kshatriya Bhoyar Pawar]]. Tribal people like Gond are also in large number. All the festival like Holi, Diwali, Dasara, Pola, Ganesh Utsav, Chhatrapati Shivaji maharaj Jayanti are celebrated in the taluka. In year 2015 Karanja becomes a [[Nagar Panchayat]].
It Connected to NH53.

== Computer Education institute ==
* Drishti Computer (Tally), C/O Charde Complex, Main Road Karanja (Ghadge)
* Kshitij Computer,Near PHC Quarter, Karanja Ghadge, Wardha.
* Sai Ambrosia Computer Education, c/o Bhokre Complex main Road. Karanja(Ghadge)
* Softline Computer Education, Near Of Bank Of India ATM, Model High School Road Karanja (Ghadge)
* Raj Internet Cafe, Deshmukh Complex, sbi road, karanja ghadge

== Education institute / Colleges / Schools / Convents ==
* Kasturba Vidyalaya Karanja (Ghadge).
* Model High School Karanja (Ghadge).
Indira Kanya vidyalaya,Karanja(Ghadge) MODEL ARTS, COMMERCE & SCIENCE COLLEGE, KARANJA (GHADGE).
* Late Rajiv Gandhi Memorial Convent, English Highschool & Junior College Karanja Ghadge.
* Sunshine School Karanja Ghadge.
* Matoshree Convent Karanja Ghadge.
* Gurukul Public School Karanja Ghadge.
*Entrepreneur Mindset Center(TEMS INSTITUTE).
* Colours convent

== Politics in Karanja Taluka:- ==
* INC , BJP are the major political parties in this area.
* Karanja Taluka comes under Arvi assembly constituency ,current sitting MLA is Dadarao Keche contested and won from BJP party Karanja Taluka comes under Wardha parliament constituency ,
* current sitting MP is Ramdas Chandrabhanji Tadas

=== Weather and Climate of Karanja Taluka:- ===

It is too Hot in summer. Karanja summer highest day temperature is in between 34 °C to 46 °C .

Average temperatures of January is 24 °C , February is 27 °C , March is 31 °C , April is 35 °C , May is 40 °C.

== Places to Visit:- ==
* Vithhal-Rukhmai Mandir
* Jagdamba Mandir
* Durga Mata Temple-Dhawasa
* Durga Mata Mandir; Khardipura
*''Khairi Dam (kar Nadi prakalp)madani Road'''''
* Bhakre Maharaj Temple
* Latare Maharaj Temple
* Radha-Krishana Temple
* Gajanan maharaj mandir
[[Category:Cities and towns in Wardha district]]
[[Category:Wardha district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]