Panipat

2026-06-02T11:47:15Z

Paras Madan: Added Industries and Economy section with cited reference to local D2C textile brand from Panipat

{{About|the municipality in India|its namesake district|Panipat district|the film|Panipat (film)}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Panipat
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|other_name = Panduprastha
|settlement_type = City
|translit_lang1 =
|image_skyline = Panipat City.jpg
|image_alt = Panipat City
|image_caption = The Historical City in India
|nickname = Battle City
|pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
|coordinates = {{coord|29|23|15|N|76|58|12|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Panipat district|Panipat]]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|founder = [[Pandava]]
|named_for =
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
|governing_body = [[Panipat Municipal Corporation]]
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Panipat City |url=https://haryanatourism.gov.in/Panipat-at-a-glance/}}</ref>
|area_total_km2 = 1,754
|area_rank =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 219
|population_total = 294,292
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Panipat City Population Census 2011 |url= https://panipat.gov.in/demographics/#:~:text=In%202011%2C%20Panipat%20had%20population,and%20remaining%20438%2C589%20were%20females.|website=panipat.gov.in/}}</ref>
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_rank =
|population_demonym =
|demographics_type1 = Language
|demographics1_title2 = Regional
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 132103
|area_code = 0180
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
|registration_plate = HR-06 (Private Vehicles)
HR-67 (Commercial Vehicles)
|website = https://panipat.gov.in
|footnotes =
|demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
|demographics1_info2 = [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = Avneet Kaur
|leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
}}
'''Panipat''' ({{Audio|Hi-panipat.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a historic city in [[Haryana]], [[India]].{{CN|date=January 2023}} It is 95 km north of [[Delhi]] and 169 km south of [[Chandigarh]] on [[List of National Highways in India|NH]]-1. The three major battles fought in [[First Battle of Panipat|1526]], [[Second Battle of Panipat|1556]] and [[Third Battle of Panipat|1761]] took place near the city. The city is famous in India as the "City of Weavers" and "[[Textile]] City". It is also known as the "cast-off capital" due to being "the global centre for recycling textiles".<ref name="vecono" >{{cite news |title=Panipat, the global centre for recycling textiles, is fading |url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21728661-industrys-decline-missed-opportunity-india-panipat-global-centre-recycling |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=7 September 2017}}</ref> Panipat is also home to a variety of manufacturing industries including wool and cotton milling, saltpetre refining, and the manufacture of glass, electrical appliances, and other products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Industries {{!}} Panipat, Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://panipat.gov.in/industries/ |access-date=13 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> Panipat is included in the list of Critically Polluted Industrial area in India. The Comprehensive Environment Pollution Index (CEPI) of the city is 71.91 as against 88.50 of [[Ankleshwar|Ankaleshwar]] (Gujarat).<ref name="CPCB">{{cite book |last1=CPCB, New Delhi |title=Comprehensive Environmental Assessment of Industrial Clusters |date=December 2009 |publisher=Central Pollution Control Board Ministry of Environment and Forests |location=Delhi |pages=25 |url=https://cpcb.nic.in/displaypdf.php?id=Q1BBL05ld0l0ZW1fMTUyX0ZpbmFsLUJvb2tfMi5wZGY= |access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> The fatal field of Panipat is the site of three battles that changed the course of India's history, resulting in the [[First Battle of Panipat|creation]] and [[Second Battle of Panipat|confirmation]] of the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Battle of Panipat (1526) {{!}} Panipat, Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://panipat.gov.in/first-battle/ |access-date=13 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Battle of Panipat (1556) {{!}} Panipat, Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://panipat.gov.in/second-battle/ |access-date=13 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> The third battle led to the [[Third Battle of Panipat|decisive defeat]] of the Maratha Confederacy in North India, which became a dominating power in [[Delhi]] by then and paved the way for the [[British Empire|British colonial rule]] of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Battle of Panipat (1761) {{!}} Panipat, Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://panipat.gov.in/third-battle/ |access-date=13 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Borrowed from Hindi पानीपत (pānīpat), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀧𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀧𑀢𑁆𑀢 (paṇṇapatta) or 𑀧𑀦𑁆𑀦𑀧𑀢𑁆𑀢 (pannapatta), all from Sanskrit पाण्डुप्रस्थ (pāṇḍuprastha, “City of Pāṇḍu”), from पाण्डु (pāṇḍu, “A character from the Mahabharata”) and प्रस्थ (prastha, “city”).

==History==
[[File:Statue of Hem Chandra Vikramaditya at Panipat.JPG|thumb|right|[[Hemu|Statue of the Hindu Emperor of Delhi in 1556 Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, at Panipat, who died in the Second Battle of Panipat]]]]
{{Main|Battle of Panipat (1526)|Battle of Panipat (1556)|Battle of Panipat (1761)}}
Panipat district was carved out from the erstwhile [[Karnal]] district on 1 November 1989. On 24 July 1991 it was again merged with Karnal district. On 1 January 1992, it again became a separate [[Panipat|district.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographical Status {{!}} Panipat, Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://panipat.gov.in/geographical-status/ |access-date=19 July 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Panipat was the scene of three pivotal battles that changed the history of Indian Subcontinent.

The [[First Battle of Panipat]] was fought on 21 April 1526 between [[Ibrahim Lodhi]], the Afghan [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]], and the [[Turko-Mongol]] warlord [[Babur]], who later established [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]] in Northern Indian subcontinent. Babur's force defeated Ibrahim's much larger force of over one lakh (one hundred thousand) soldiers because of the technological advantage of [[field artillery]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Battle of Panipat (1526) {{!}} Panipat, Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://panipat.gov.in/first-battle/ |access-date=13 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

This first battle of Panipat thus ended the 'Lodi Rule' established by Bahlul Lodhi in Delhi. This battle marked the beginning of Mughal rule in India.

The [[Second Battle of Panipat]] was fought on 5 November 1556 between the forces of [[Akbar]] and [[Hem Chandra Vikramaditya]], the last Hindu emperor of Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA13 |title=The Mughal Empire |series=The New Cambridge History of India |editor-first=John F. |editor-last=Richards |edition=7th |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |orig-year=1993 |isbn=9780521566032 |page=13 |access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&pg=PA163 |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |first=Dirk H. A. |last=Kolff |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |page=163 |isbn=9780521523059 |access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> Hem Chandra, who had captured states like [[Agra]] and [[Delhi]] defeating Akbar's army and declared himself as independent king after a coronation on 7 October 1556 at [[Purana Qila]] in [[Delhi]], had a large army, and initially his forces were winning, but suddenly he was struck by an arrow in the eye and fell unconscious. On not seeing him in his [[howdah]] on the back of an [[elephant]], his army fled. The unconscious Hemu was carried to Akbar's camp where Bairam Khan beheaded him.<ref name="auto">Abdul Quadir Badayuni, Muntkhib-ul-Tawarikh, Volume 1, page 6</ref> According to the historic sources [[Hemu]] could have won the battle if he had stayed back like [[Akbar]] and [[Bairam Khan]], as his army consisted of 1500 [[War elephant|war elephants]] and a vanguard of [[artillery]] park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Battle of Panipat (1556) {{!}} Panipat, Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://panipat.gov.in/second-battle/ |access-date=13 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Panipat is listed in the [[Ain-i-Akbari]] as a [[pargana]] under [[Delhi]] [[sarkar (country subdivision)|sarkar]], producing a revenue of 10,756,647 [[dam (Indian coin)|dam]]s for the imperial treasury and supplying a force of 1000 infantry and 100 cavalry. It had a brick fort at the time which was also mentioned.<ref name="Ain-i-Akbari">{{cite book |last1=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |editor-last=Jarrett |editor-first=Henry Sullivan|title=The Ain-i-Akbari |date=1891 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |page=285 |url=https://archive.org/details/ainiakbarivolum00mubgoog |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

The [[Third Battle of Panipat]] was fought on 14 January 1761. The [[Maratha Empire]] faced a coalition of the King of [[Afghanistan]], [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], the [[Rohilla]] Afghans of the [[Doab]], and [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], the Nawab of [[Oudh State|Oudh]]. The [[Maratha Empire]] forces were led by [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] and the Afghans were led by [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]]. The Afghans had a total strength of 110,000 soldiers, and the Marathas had 75,000 soldiers and 100,000 pilgrims. The Maratha soldiers were unable to get food because of non-cooperation of other empires of India. The Afghans were supported by [[Najib-ud-Daula]] and [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] for the supply of food, and the Maratha had pilgrims along with them, who were unable to fight, including female [[Pilgrim|pilgrims]]. On 14 January, over 100,000 soldiers died resulting in the victory for the Afghans. However, after the victory, the Afghans facing a hostile [[North India]], retreated to Afghanistan to avoid casualties. This battle served as a precursor for the [[East India Company]] to establish [[Company rule in India]] as most of North and Northwest Indian princely states were weakened.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/the-third-battle-of-panipat-954941-2017-01-14 |title=The Third Battle of Panipat changed the power equation in India: Here's how |date=14 January 2017 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

==Geography==
Panipat is located at {{Coord|29.3875|N|76.9700|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/10/Panipat.html |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Panipat, India |website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 219 metres (718 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

==Demographics==

As per 2011 census, the city had a population of 294,292.<ref name="census2011"/> The literacy rate was about 83%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref> The population has grown by 24.33% compared to the 2001 census, and the district has a population density of 949 people per sq. km. The sex ratio in 2011 was 861 females per 1000 males, and the child sex ratio was 833 girls per 1000 boys.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demographics {{!}} Panipat, Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://panipat.gov.in/demographics/ |access-date=13 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Hindus]] constitute the majority with 83.39%, followed by [[Muslims]] at 12.03%, [[Sikhs]] at 4.13%, [[Jainism|Jains]] at 0.25%, and [[Christians]] at 0.05% of the population. Other religions and persuasions constitute the remaining 0.14% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panipat District Religion Data - Hindu/Muslim |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/214-panipat.html |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> No data is available on [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] in the district.

==Landmarks==

=== Hemu's Samadhi Sthal ===
{{main|Hemu's Samadhi Sthal}}

The wounded [[Hemu]] was captured by [[Shah Quli Khan]] in the [[Second Battle of Panipat]] and carried to the Mughal camp at [[Shodapur]] on Jind Road at Panipat.<ref name=chandra>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra |title=Medieval India: From Sultanate To The Mughals: Part I: Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526) |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=9788124110669 |pages=91–93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC}}</ref> According to [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni|Badayuni]],<ref name="auto"/> Bairam Khan asked Akbar to behead Hemu so that he could earn the title of ''[[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]''. Akbar replied, "He is already dead, if he had any strength for a duel, I would have killed him." After Akbar's refusal Hemu's body was denied honour by the Mughal battle tradition and was unceremoniously beheaded by [[Bairam Khan]]. Hemu's head was sent to [[Kabul]] where it was hung outside the Delhi Darwaza while his body was placed in a [[gibbet]] outside [[Purana Quila]] in Delhi to terrorise his supporters, who were mainly his subjects, both the Muslims and Hindus.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwSF6l59x88C&pg=PA71 |title=Akbar and the rise of the Mughal Empire |author=George Bruce Malleson |author-link=George Bruce Malleson |publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt. Ltd. |year=2001 |isbn=9788177551785 |page=71}}</ref>

===Ibrahim Lodhi's Tomb===
{{main|Ibrahim Lodhi's Tomb}}
It was one of [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s dying regrets that he could never fulfill his intention of erecting a tomb to the fallen monarch Ibrahim Lodhi. Much later, in 1866, the British relocated the tomb which was just a simple grave during construction of the [[Grand Trunk Road]] and added a platform to it with an inscription highlighting Ibrahim Lodhi's death in the Battle of Panipat.<ref name=IL1>{{cite web |url=http://www.haryana-online.com/tomb_of_ibrahim_lodhi.htm |title=Tomb of Ibrahim Lodi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514085608/http://haryana-online.com/tomb_of_ibrahim_lodhi.htm |archive-date=14 May 2008}}</ref><ref name=IL2>{{cite web |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Ibrahim-Lodhi's-Tomb-14121.htm |title=Ibrahim Lodhi's Tomb in Panipat India |website=www.india9.com}}</ref><ref name=IL3>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100314040211/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/07/04/stories/2005070400980200.htm The tale of the missing Lodi tomb] [[The Hindu]], 4 July 2005.</ref>

===Babur's Kabuli Bagh Mosque===
{{main|Kabuli Bagh Mosque}}
The garden of Kabuli Bagh along with the [[Kabuli Bagh Mosque]] and a tank were built by [[Babur]] after the [[Battle of Panipat (1526)|First Battle of Panipat]] to commemorate his victory over [[Ibrahim Lodhi]]. Some years later when Humayun defeated [[Sher Shah Suri]] near Panipat, he added a masonry Platform to it and called it 'Chabutra" Fateh Mubarak, bearing the inscription 934 Hijri (1557 CE). These buildings and the garden still exist under the name of Kabuli Bagh called so after Babur's wife – Mussammat Kabuli begum.

[[File:Kala Amb Memorial 2.jpg|thumb|Kala Amb Memorial]]

===Kala Amb===
{{main|Kala Amb}}
According to tradition, the site 8 km from Panipat and 42 km from Karnal, where [[Sadashiv Rao Bhau]] commanded his [[Maratha]] forces during the third battle of Panipat was marked by a black Mango Tree (Kala Amb) which has since disappeared. The dark colour of its foliage was probably the origin of the name. The site has a brick Pillar with an iron rod and the structure is surrounded by an iron fence. The site is being developed and beautified by a society presided over by the Governor of Haryana.

==Panipat Syndrome==
The term "Panipat Syndrome" has entered the lexicon as the lack of strategic thinking, preparedness and decisive action by Indian leaders thus allowing an invading army to enter well inside their territory. This is based on the fact that in the three battles fought here, the defending armies were decisively defeated each time. It was coined by Air Commodore [[Jasjit Singh (IAF officer)|Jasjit Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/books-and-more-the-indian-army-and-the-panipat-syndrome-1157996 |title=The Indian Army and the 'Panipat Syndrome' |date=30 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-afghanistan-peace-narendra-modi-ashraf-ghani-saarc-3063903/ |title=Raja Mandala: Breaking the Panipat syndrome |date=4 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/why-india-suffers-from-the-panipat-syndrome/20160212.htm |title=Why India suffers from the Panipat Syndrome}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/indian-defence-philosophy-a-no-win-concept/ |title=Indian Defence Philosophy: A 'no-win' Concept}}</ref>

== Industries and Economy ==
Amohadecor is a D2C home textiles brand based in Panipat, selling handcrafted cotton bedsheets, kids bedsheets, diwan sets, and quilted tote bags across India through [https://www.amohadecor.com amohadecor.com].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.openpr.com/news/4528397/amohadecor-launches-handcrafted-kids-bedsheets-and-quilted|title=Amohadecor Launches Handcrafted Kids Bedsheets and Quilted Tote Bags|publisher=OpenPR|date=2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{notelist}}

==External links==
*
*{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Panipat |short=x}}

{{Haryana}}
{{Hindu temples in Haryana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Panipat| ]]
[[Category:Textile industry of India]]

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