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Kayamkulam Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T05:03:00Z

Pankajglobal: creating new pg...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kayamkulam
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Alappuzha]]
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 108
| map_image = Coconut tree orchard.JPG
| map_caption = Coconut tree orchard near [[Kayamkulam]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,03,308 (2016)
| mla = [[M. Liju]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
}}
'''Kayamkulam State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://alappuzha.nic.in/legislative-assembly-constituencies
|website = alappuzha.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Alappuzha district, Kerala
|access-date = 11 March 2020
}}</ref> The current MLA is U. Pratibha of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Kayamkulam Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/alappuzha.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Alappuzha District
|access-date = 2021-03-13
|archive-date = 2011-03-13
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110313040130/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/alappuzha.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Kayamkulam]]
|Municipality
|rowspan=5| [[Karthikappally]]
|-
|2
|Devikulangara
|rowspan=6| Grama panchayat
|-
|3
|[[Kandalloor]]
|-
|4
|[[Krishnapuram, Alappuzha district|Krishnapuram]]
|-
|5
|[[Pathiyoor]]
|-
|6
|[[Bharanikkavu]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Mavelikkara]]
|-
|7
|[[Chettikulangara]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Name
! colspan=2|Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
| rowspan="2" |[[K. O. Aysha Bai]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India}}
|1957 – 1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|1960 – 1965
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
|P. K. Kungu
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
| rowspan="2" |Thundathil Kunjukrishna Pillai
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
| rowspan="2" |[[Thachadi Prabhakaran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|{{Full party name with color|Indian national congress (s)Independent symbol}}
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
| M. R. Gopalakrishnan
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|Thachadi Prabhakaran
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|[[G. Sudhakaran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|[[M. M. Hassan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
| rowspan="2" |[[C. K. Sadasivan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|rowspan=2 |2006 – 2016
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
| rowspan="2" |[[U. Prathibha]]
|rowspan=2| 2016 - 2026
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|Adv.M.Liju
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Incumbent]]
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kayamkulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party= Indian National Congress |candidate=M. Liju |votes=76,651 |percentage=49.33 |change=5.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |party=CPI(M)|candidate=[[U. Prathibha]] |votes=61,079 |percentage=39.3|change=8.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena |candidate=Thampi Mettuthara |votes=16,973 |percentage=10.92 |change=3.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India) |candidate=None of the above|votes=696 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 15572
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 155,399 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = CPI(M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,14,839 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kayamkulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[U. Prathibha]]|votes=77,348|percentage=47.97|change={{increase}}1.44|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Aritha Babu|votes=71,050|percentage=44.06|change={{increase}}4.01|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=P. Pradeeplal|votes=11,413|percentage=7.08|change={{decrease}}5.67|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Maniyappan Achari|votes=367|percentage=0.47|change={{decrease}}0.24|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Rajeev R|votes=231|percentage=0.14|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Geevarghese Samuel|votes=205|percentage=0.13|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Myna Gopinath|votes=150|percentage=0.09|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sathyanarayanan S|votes=73|percentage=0.05|change=-|}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=6,298|percentage=3.88|change={{decrease}}2.75}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=16,21,93|percentage=75.47|change={{decrease}}1.66}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{decrease}}3.91}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 2,03,308 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kayamkulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[U. Prathibha]]|votes=72,956|percentage=46.53|change={{decrease}}1.75|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=M. Liju|votes=61,099|percentage=38.96|change={{decrease}}8.38|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Shaji M. Panicker|votes=20,000|percentage=12.75|change={{increase}}10.54|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Muttam Nazar|votes=1,125|percentage=0.72|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Maniyappan Achari|votes=739|percentage=0.47|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=458|percentage=0.29|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=G. Veena|votes=177|percentage=0.11|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Ajith P.|votes=159|percentage=0.10|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Liju M.|votes=93|percentage=0.06|change=|}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=11,857|percentage=7.57|change={{increase}}6.63}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,56,806|percentage=77.13|change={{increase}}0.43}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{decrease}}1.75}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,82,036 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kayamkulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[C. K. Sadasivan]]|votes=67,409|percentage=48.28|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=M. Murali|votes=66,094|percentage=47.34|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=T. O. Noushad|votes=3,083|percentage=2.21|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. Sadasivan|votes=744|percentage=0.53|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Murali|votes=704|percentage=0.50|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ambujan|votes=602|percentage=0.43|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Shal Mohan|votes=585|percentage=0.42|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Kalesh Manimandiram|votes=405|percentage=0.29|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=1,315|percentage=0.94|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,39,626|percentage=76.70|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
There were 1,29,524 registered voters in the constituency for the 2006 election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kayamkulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = [[C. K. Sadasivan]]
|votes = 49,697
|percentage = 49.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Adv. C. R. Jayaprakash
|votes = 43,865
|percentage = 43.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Palamuttathu Vijayakumar
|votes = 4,676
|percentage = 4.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = D. Suresh Kumar
|votes = 448
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = K. Sadasivan
|votes = 358
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = C. N. Jayaprakash
|votes = 234
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = E. N. Shanthiraj
|votes = 203
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dr. K. Kishore Kumar
|votes = 189
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = K. B. Jayaprakash
|votes = 151
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 5,832
|percentage = 5.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 99,833
|percentage = 77.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = CPI(M)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
There were 1,44,418 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kayamkulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[M. M. Hassan]]
|votes = 52,444
|percentage = 48.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = [[G. Sudhakaran]]
|votes = 50,680
|percentage = 47.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Parayil Radhakrishnan
|votes = 2,931
|percentage = 2.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = G. Sudhakaran
|votes = 694
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Syamala
|votes = 502
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,764
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,07,289
|percentage = 74.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = CPI(M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kayamkulam]]
* [[Alappuzha district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Perumbavoor Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T19:38:08Z

Pankajglobal:

{{short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Perumbavoor
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 74
| map_image = Perumbavoor Taluk Office Kunnathunad.jpg
| map_caption = The [[Kunnathunad]] [[Tehsil|taluk]] headquarters office and Mini-Civil Station at [[Perumbavoor]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,80,299 (2026)
| mla = Manoj Moothedan
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
}}

'''Perumbavoor State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency]].
<ref>{{cite web|url= https://ernakulam.nic.in/legislative-assembly
|title=State Assembly Constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is Manoj Moothedan of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/perumbavoor-election-results-2026/amp_articleshow/130719274.cms | title=Perumbavoor election results 2026: INC Manoj Moothedan wins Perumbavoor seat by over 28400 | date=4 May 2026 | access-date=5 May 2026 | work=The Times Of India}}</ref>

==Local self-governed segments==
Perumbavoor Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref name="ekm">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ernakulam.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala.
|access-date = 10 March 2021
|archive-date = 14 March 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110314055251/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ernakulam.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Perumbavoor]]
|Municipality
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|-
|2
|[[Asamannoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|-
|3
|[[Koovappady]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|-
|4
|Mudakkuzha
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|-
|5
|Okkal
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|-
|6
|[[Rayamangalam, Kerala|Rayamangalam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|-
|7
|[[Vengola]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|-
|8
|[[Vengoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
|[[P. Govinda Pillai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|1957 – 1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|K. M. Chacko
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1960 – 1965
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
| P. Govinda Pillai
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|P. I. Poulose
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
| rowspan="2" | P. R. Sivan
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
| rowspan="4" |[[P. P. Thankachan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
| rowspan="3" |[[Saju Paul]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
| rowspan="2"|[[Eldhose Kunnappilly|Eldose Kunnappilly]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
| 2016 - 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|2021 - 2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|Manoj Moothedan
|[[Incumbent]]
|}
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===
There were 1,80,299 registered voters in the constituency for the 2026 Kerala Assembly election.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Perumbavoor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Manoj Moothedan|votes=75088|percentage=50.9|change={{increase}}13.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Basil Paul|votes=46654|percentage=31.62|change={{decrease}}3.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party= Twenty20 Party|candidate=Jibi Pathickal|votes=22497|percentage=15.25|change={{increase}}1.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Adv. Prasanth|votes=657|percentage=1.73|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Eldho George|votes=1562|percentage=1.06|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Mohanan M. A.|votes=226|percentage=0.15|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=845|percentage=0.57|change={{increase}}0.08}}
{{Election box margin of victory ||votes=28434|percentage=10.33|change={{increase}}8.32}}
{{Election box turnout ||votes=147529|percentage=81.82|change={{increase}}3.68}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|swing={{increase}}13.8}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,84,514 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2021|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Perumbavoor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Eldose Kunnapilly|votes=53,484|percentage=37.10|change={{decrease}}7.01|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Babu Joseph Perumbavoor|votes=50,585|percentage=35.09|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate|party=Twenty20 Party|candidate=Chithra Sukumaran|votes=20,536|percentage=14.24|change=''New''|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=T. P. Sindhumol|votes=15,135|percentage=10.50|change={{decrease}}3.04|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Ajmal K. Mujeeb|votes=2,494|percentage=1.73|change={{increase}}0.32|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=K. M. Arshad|votes=1,038|percentage=0.72|change={{increase}}0.05|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=703|percentage=0.49|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Babu Joseph Erumala|votes=196|percentage=0.14|change=-|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,899|percentage=2.01%|change={{decrease}}2.85|}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,44,171|percentage=78.14|change={{decrease}}6.11}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing={{decrease}}7.01|}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,72,965 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Perumbavoor}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Eldose Kunnapilly|votes=64,285|percentage=44.11|change={{decrease}}0.63|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Saju Paul|votes=57,197|percentage=39.25|change={{decrease}}8.17|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=E. S. Biju|votes=19,731|percentage=13.54|change={{increase}}9.19|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=V. V. Shoukkath Ali|votes=2,061|percentage=1.41|change={{decrease}}0.50|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Thomas K. George|votes=971|percentage=0.67|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=831|percentage=0.57|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=John Peruvathanam|votes=385|percentage=0.26|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=M. M. Yoosaf|votes=134|percentage=0.09|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=P. K. Sivan|votes=132|percentage=0.09|change=-|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=7,088|percentage=4.86%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,45,727|percentage=84.25|change={{increase}}2.83}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,54,432 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Perumbavoor}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Saju Paul|votes=59,628|percentage=47.42|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Jaison Joseph|votes=56,246|percentage=44.73|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=O. C. Asokan|votes=5,464|percentage=4.35|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=O Aliyar|votes=2,401|percentage=1.90|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=N. K. Muhammed Haji|votes=1,094|percentage=0.87|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=P. N. Sunilkumar|votes=494|percentage=0.39|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Bindu Jayan|votes=412|percentage=0.33|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=3,382|percentage=2.69|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,25,739|percentage=81.42|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Perumbavoor]]
* [[Ernakulam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Indian regional cuisines

2026-05-04T12:54:06Z

Pankajglobal: creating new data

Cuisine differs widely across [[Administrative divisions of India|India's diverse regions]] as a result of variation in local culture, geographical location (proximity to sea, desert, or mountains), and economics.

===Andaman and Nicobar Islands===
[[Seafood]] plays a major role in the cuisine of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="Andaman and Nicobar Isles cuisine">{{cite web|title=Cuisines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands|url=http://www.indfy.com/andaman-and-nicobar-islands/food.html|work=Andaman and Nicobar Islands|publisher=indfy.com|access-date=4 June 2012}}</ref> Staples of the diet of the Indigenous [[Andamanese peoples|Andamanese]] traditionally include roots, honey, fruits, meat, and fish, obtained by hunting and gathering. Some insects were also eaten as delicacies.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NnBAiQnFLpgC |publisher=Mittal Publications |date=1 January 1932 |first1=Edward Horace |last1=Man |first2=Alexander John |last2=Ellis}}</ref> Immigration from mainland of India, however, has resulted in variations in the cuisine.

===Andhra Pradesh===
{{main|Andhra cuisine}}
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2020}}
[[File:Vegetarian Andhra Meal.jpg|thumb|right|A vegetarian [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] meal served on important occasions]]
The cuisine of [[Andhra Pradesh]] belongs to the two Telugu-speaking regions of [[Rayalaseema]] and Coastal Andhra and is part of [[Telugu cuisine]]. The food of Andhra Pradesh is known for its heavy use of spices, and the use of [[tamarind]].

Seafood is common in the coastal region of the state. Rice is the staple food (as is with all South Indian states) eaten with lentil preparations such as ''pappu'' (lentils) and ''pulusu ''(stew) and spicy vegetables or curries.

In Andhra, leafy greens or vegetables such as bottle-gourd and eggplant are usually added to ''dal''. Pickles are an essential part of the local cuisine; popular among those are mango-based pickles such as ''[[avakaya]]'' and ''maagaya'', ''[[gongura]]'' (a pickle made from [[sorrel]] leaves),<ref name="Andhra food delicacies">{{cite web|title=AP cuisine|url=http://www.indiasite.com/andhrapradesh/cuisine.html|work=Andhra Pradesh|publisher=indiasite.com|access-date=4 June 2012}}</ref> ''usirikaya'' (gooseberry or ''amla''),'' nimmakaya ''(lime), and tomato pickle.

[[Dahi (curd)|''Perugu'']] (yogurt) is a common addition to meals, as a way of tempering spiciness. Breakfast items include ''[[Dosa (food)|dosa]], pesarattu'' (mung bean ''dosa''), [[Vada (food)|''vada'']], and ''[[idli]]''.

===Arunachal Pradesh===
{{Main|Cuisine of Arunachal Pradesh}}
[[File:Pitang Oying - Mising Kitchen Resturant, Guwahati, Assam, 1618420295814. jpg.jpg|thumb|Pitang Oying]]
[[Arunachal Pradesh]] is located in the northeast of India, bordered by Bhutan, Myanmar, and a disputed border with [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]].

The staple food is rice, along with fish, meat, and [[leaf vegetable]]s.<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Food">{{cite web|title=Arunachal Pradesh staple food|url=http://amazingarunachal.com/cuisine.html|work=Cuisine|publisher=amazingarunachal.com|access-date=4 June 2012|archive-date=28 April 2012}}</ref> Native tribes of Arunachal are meat eaters and use fish, eggs, beef, chicken, pork, and mutton to make their dishes.

Many varieties of rice are used. Boiled rice cakes wrapped in leaves are a popular snack. ''[[Thukpa]]'' is a kind of noodle soup common among the [[Monpa people|Monpa]] tribe of the region.<ref name="North east cuisine">{{cite web|title=Cuisine|url=http://www.incredibleindia.org/index.php/experience-india/cuisine|work=India cuisine|publisher=[[Incredible India]]|access-date=4 June 2012}}</ref>

[[Lettuce]] is the most common vegetable, usually prepared by [[boiling]] with ginger, coriander, and green chillies.<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh food">{{cite web|title=Arunachal Pradesh food|url=http://www.ifood.tv/network/arunachal_pradesh|work=Arunachal Pradesh|publisher=ifood.tv|access-date=4 June 2012}}</ref>

''Apong'' or [[rice beer]] made from fermented rice or millet is a popular beverage in Arunachal Pradesh and is consumed as a refreshing drink.<ref name="Thorpe">{{cite book| editor = Edgar Thorpe and Showick Thorpe |title=The Pearson Concise General Knowledge Manual | edition = New | year = 2010 | publisher=Pearson Education India | isbn=978-81-317-2766-9 | page=34 }}</ref>

===Assam===
{{Main|Assamese cuisine}}

[[File:A lunch platter of Assamese cuisine.jpg|thumb|A lunch platter of Assamese cuisine]]
[[Assam]] is located in the northeast of India, bordered by Bhutan. Its cuisine is a mixture of different indigenous styles, with considerable regional variation and some external influences. Although it is known for its limited use of spices,<ref name="Assam General Knowledge">{{cite book|title=Assam General Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C&pg=PA79|access-date=5 June 2012|publisher=Bright Publications|isbn=978-81-7199-451-9|page=79}}</ref> Assamese cuisine has strong flavours from its use of endemic herbs, fruits, and vegetables served fresh, dried, or [[Fermentation (food)|fermented]].

Rice is the staple food item and a huge variety of endemic rice varieties, including several varieties of sticky rice are a part of the cuisine in Assam. Fish, generally freshwater varieties, are widely eaten. Other non-vegetarian items include chicken, duck, squab, snails, silkworms, insects, goat, pork, venison, turtle, monitor lizard, etc.

The region's cuisine involves simple cooking processes, mostly barbecuing, steaming, or boiling. Spices are not fried before use in the cuisine of Assam.

A traditional meal in Assam begins with a ''khar'', a class of dishes named after the main ingredient and ends with a ''tenga'', a sour dish. Homebrewed rice beer or [[rice wine]] is served before a meal. The food is usually served in [[bell metal]] utensils.<ref name="Gupta1982">{{cite book|author=Rajatananda Das Gupta|title=Art of mediaeval Assam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8qfAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Cosmo|page=171}}</ref> ''[[Paan]]'', the practice of chewing [[betel nut]], generally concludes a meal.<ref name="Penzer1980">{{cite book|author=Norman Mosley Penzer|title=Poison-Damsels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWEhbry3WBUC&pg=PA253|year=1980|publisher=Ayer Publishing|isbn=978-0-405-13336-7|page=253}}</ref>

===West Bengal ===
{{Main|Bengali cuisine}}

[[File:Pithe Puli - Home - Kolkata - West Bengal.jpg|thumb|[[Pitha|Pithe Puli]]]]
[[West Bengal]] is located in the eastern portion of India, along the [[Bay of Bengal]].

Mughal cuisine is a universal influencer in the Bengali palate, and has introduced Persian and Islamic foods to the region, as well as a number of more elaborate methods of preparing food, like marination using ghee. Fish, meat (chicken, goat meat), egg, rice, milk, and sugar all play crucial parts in Bengali cuisine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalcuisine.in/history|title=Historical Sketch {{!}} Bengal Cuisine|website=bengalcuisine.in|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref>

Bengali cuisine can be subdivided into four different types of dishes, ''charbya'' (চারব্য), or food that is chewed, such as rice or fish; ''choṣya'', or food that is sucked, such as ''ambal'' and ''tak''; ''lehya'' (লেহ্য), or foods that are meant to be licked, like ''chuttney''; and ''peya'' (পেয়ে), which includes drinks, mainly milk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/our-food-their-food-historical-overview-of-the-bengali-platter|title=Our Food Their Food: A Historical Overview of the Bengali Platter {{!}} Sahapedia|website=sahapedia.org|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Shorshe Pabda (Pabo catfish in Mustard paste)-Home,kolkata-West Bengal-IMG 0001.jpg|thumb|Shorshe Pabda ([[Ompok|Pabo catfish]] in mustard paste)]]
During the 19th century, many [[Odia people|Odia-speaking]] cooks were employed in [[Bengal]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/odia-cooks-to-bring-back-forgotten-bengali-recipes/articleshow/63761843.cms|title=Odia cooks to bring back forgotten Bengali recipes|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 April 2018|access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref> which led to the transfer of several food items between the two regions. Bengali cuisine is the only traditionally developed multi-course tradition from the Indian subcontinent that is analogous in structure to the modern [[service à la russe]] style of French cuisine, with food served course-wise rather than all at once.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-food/bengali-cuisine.html|title=Know All About the Famous Bengali Culinary Style Popular in the Eastern Part of the Indian Subcontinent|access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref>

Bengali cuisine differs according to regional tastes, such as the emphasis on the use of [[Chili pepper|chilli pepper]] in the [[Chittagong]] district of Bangladesh<ref>{{cite book|last1=Majumdar|first1=Boria|title=Cooking on the run|date=2013|publisher=Harper Collins India|location=Delhi|page=192|edition=1st}}</ref> However, across all its varieties, there is predominant use of mustard oil along with large amounts of spices.

The cuisine is known for subtle flavours with an emphasis on [[Fish as food|fish]], meat, vegetables, lentils, and rice.<ref name="Laveesh2009(5)">{{cite book|first=Bhandari|last=Laveesh|title=Indian States at a Glance 2008–09: Performance, Facts and Figures – West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBtNr-huvZ8C&pg=PT30|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2352-4|page=30}}</ref> Bread is also a common dish in Bengali cuisine, particularly a deep-fried version called ''[[luchi]]'' is popular. Fresh aquatic fish is one of its most distinctive features; Bengalis prepare fish in many ways, such as [[steaming]], [[braising]], or [[stew]]ing in vegetables and sauces based on [[coconut milk]] or [[mustard (condiment)|mustard]].

East Bengali food, which has a high presence in [[West Bengal]] and Bangladesh, is much spicier than the West Bengali cuisine, and tends to use high amounts of chilli, and is one of the spiciest cuisines in India and the World.

[[Sandesh (confectionery)|''Shondesh'']] and ''[[rasgulla|Rashogolla]]'' are popular dishes made of sweetened, finely ground fresh cheese. For the latter, West Bengal and neighbouring [[Odisha]] both claim to be the origin of dessert. Each state also has a [[geographical indication]] for their regional variety of ''rasgulla''.<ref name="rasgulla_1">{{cite news |title=Sweet War: This GI tag is for Banglar Rashogolla, it is not about the origin |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/nov/14/sweet-war-this-gi-tag-is-for-banglar-rosogolla-it-is-not-about-the-origin-1700787.html |access-date=20 February 2021 |agency=The New Indian Express |date=14 November 2017 |archive-date=15 August 2021 }}</ref><ref name="rasgulla_2">{{cite news |last1=Patnaik |first1=Sampad |title=Sweet success: Odisha receives GI tag for 'Rasagola' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/odisha-receives-gi-tag-for-rasagola-5860795/ |access-date=20 February 2021 |agency=The Indian Express |date=30 July 2019 |location=Bhubaneswar}}</ref>

The cuisine is also found in the state of [[Tripura]] and the [[Barak Valley]] of Assam.

===Bihar===
{{Main|Bihari cuisine}}

{{See also|Angika cuisine|Bhojpuri cuisine|Maithil cuisine|Magahi cuisine}}
[[File:Litti Chokha.jpg|thumb|Litti Chokha]]
Bihari cuisine may include ''litti chokha'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vegrecipesofindia.com/litti-chokha-recipe/|title=Litti chokha recipe | litti recipe|date=26 September 2016|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=21 February 2023}}</ref> a baked salted wheat-flour cake filled with ''[[sattu]]'' (baked chickpea flour) and some special spices, which is served with ''baigan ke chokha'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Behrani |first=Jyoti |date=2024-08-24 |title=Baingan Chokha Recipe {{!}} Litti Chokha |url=https://www.livingsmartandhealthy.com/baingan-chokha-instant-pot-mealthy-crisplid-air-fryer-oven-stove-top/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Living Smart And Healthy |language=en-US}}</ref> made of roasted eggplant (''brinjal'') and tomatoes.<ref name="HughesMookherjee2001"/><ref name="Laveesh2009">{{cite book|first=Bhandari|last=Laveesh|title=Indian States at a Glance 2008–09: Performance, Facts And Figures – Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YHPlq9YG9QC&pg=PT30|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2333-3|page=30}}</ref>

Among meat dishes, meat ''saalan''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/mirch-ka-saalan-by-pankaj-bhadouria/rs52397796.cms|title=Mirch Ka Saalan recipe by Pankaj Bhadouria on Times Food|access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref> is a popular dish made of mutton or goat curry with cubed potatoes in ''[[garam masala]]''.

''Dalpuri'' is another popular dish in Bihar. It is salted wheat-flour bread, filled with boiled, crushed, and fried gram pulses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/dal-puri/rs55051886.cms|title=Dal Puri Recipe: How to make Dal Puri Recipe at Home | Homemade Dal Puri Recipe – Times Food|access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref>

''[[Malpua]]'' is a popular sweet dish of Bihar, prepared by a mixture of ''[[maida (flour)|maida]]'', milk, bananas, cashew nuts, peanuts, raisins, sugar, water, and green cardamom. Another notable sweet dish of Bihar is ''[[balushahi]]'', which is prepared by a specially treated combination of ''maida'' and sugar along with ''ghee'', and the other worldwide famous sweet, ''[[khaja]]'' is made from flour, vegetable fat, and sugar, which is mainly used in weddings and other occasions. [[Silao, Nalanda|Silao]] near [[Nalanda]] is famous for its production.

During the festival of [[Chhath]], ''[[thekua]]'', a sweet dish made of ''ghee'', [[jaggery]], and whole-meal flour, flavoured with [[aniseed]], is made.<ref name="HughesMookherjee2001">{{cite book|first1=Martin |last1=Hughes|first2=Sheema |last2=Mookherjee|first3=Richard|last3=Delacy|title=World Food India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWXGIQG5fMMC&pg=PA176 |year=2001|publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-86450-328-9 |page=176}}</ref>

Other food items that are quite prominent in Bihar are, Pittha, Aaloo Bhujiya, Reshmi [[Kebab]], Palwal ki mithai, and Puri Sabzi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=26 June 2019 |title=The must eat 10 Bihari dishes |url=https://www.patnadiaries.com/must-eat-10-bihari-dishes/ |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=Patna Diaries}}</ref>

===Chandigarh===
[[File:Aloo Paratha with Butter from India.jpg|thumb|[[Punjabi cuisine|Punjabi]] ''aloo paratha'' served with butter]]

[[Chandigarh]], the capital of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] is a city of 20th-century origin with a cosmopolitan food culture mainly involving North Indian cuisine. People enjoy home-made recipes such as ''[[paratha]]'', especially at breakfast, and other [[Punjabi cuisine|Punjabi]] foods like ''[[roti]]'' which is made from [[wheat]], [[maize|sweetcorn]], or other [[glutenous]] [[flour]] with cooked vegetables or beans. ''[[Sarson da saag]]'' and ''[[dal makhani]]'' are well-known dishes among others.<ref>[http://www.chandigarh.co.uk/culture/cuisines.html Chandigarh Cuisine] </ref> Popular snacks include ''[[Panipuri|gol gappa]]'' (known as ''panipuri'' in other places). It consists of a round, hollow ''[[Puri (food)|puri]]'', fried crisp and filled with a mixture of flavoured water, boiled and cubed potatoes, [[bengal gram]] beans, etc.

===Chhattisgarh===
{{Main|Chhattisgarhi cuisine}}

[[File:Khurmi, Chhattisgarhi Cuisine.jpg|thumb|190px|Chhattisgarhi Sweets Khurmi]]
[[Chhattisgarh]] cuisine is unique in nature and not found in the rest of India, although the staple food is rice, like in much of the country. Many Chhattisgarhi people drink [[liquor]] brewed from the [[Madhuca longifolia|mahuwa flower]] palm wine (''tadi'' in rural areas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Chhattisgarh-Cuisine-58039.htm |title=Chhattisgarh Cuisine in India |publisher=India9.com |date=7 June 2005 |access-date=7 February 2011}}{{cite web | url=http://www.philosophy.dept.shef.ac.uk/culture%26mind/people/froererp/ | title=Mahua flower liquor | work=Fieldsite in Central India | access-date=5 June 2012 }}</ref> Chhattisgarhi cuisines varies as per special occasions and festivals like Thethari and Khurmi, fara, gulgule bhajiya, chausela, chila, aaersa are prepared in regional festivals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh Culture Department {{!}} Welcomes to you|url=https://www.cgculture.in/CultureChhattisgariVyanjan.aspx|access-date=28 June 2021|website=cgculture.in}}</ref> The tribal people of the [[Bastar district|Bastar]] region of Chhattisgarh eat ancestral dishes such as [[Edible mushroom|mushrooms]], bamboo pickle, bamboo vegetables, etc.<ref name="Kapoor2002B">{{cite book|first=Subodh|last=Kapoor|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTdnvQBPWIUC&pg=PA565|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7|page=565}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.journeymart.com/de/india/chhattisgarh-people-society.aspx | title=Chhattisgarh delicacies | work=Chhattisgarh culture | publisher=journeymart.com | access-date=5 June 2012 }}</ref>

===Dadra and Nagar Haveli===
The local cuisine resembles the cuisine of Gujarat. ''[[Umbadiyu|Ubadiyu]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/but-first-food/unearthing-ubadiyu-a-rustic-winter-favourite-in-gujarat-a2033b2b0fdf|title=Unearthing ubadiyu, a rustic winter favourite in Gujarat|date=21 February 2021|access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref> is a local delicacy made of vegetables and beans with herbs. The common foods include rice, ''roti'', vegetables, river fish, and crab. People also enjoy buttermilk and [[chutney]] made of different fruits and herbs.

===Daman and Diu===
[[Daman and Diu]] is a union territory of India which, like [[Goa]], was a former colonial possession of Portugal. Consequently, both native [[Gujarati cuisine|Gujarati food]] and traditional [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese food]] are common. Being a coastal region, the communities are mainly dependent on seafood. Normally, ''rotli'' and tea are taken for breakfast, ''rotla'' and ''saak'' for lunch, and ''chokha'' along with ''saak'' and curry are taken for dinner. Some of the dishes prepared on festive occasions include ''puri'', ''lapsee'', ''potaya'', ''dudh-plag'', and ''dhakanu''.<ref name="Singh1994">{{cite book|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|title=People of India: Daman and Diu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRhkT8SjhD8C&pg=PA8|year=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-761-6|pages=8–9}}</ref> While [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] is prohibited in the neighbouring state of [[Gujarat]], drinking is common in Daman and Diu. Better known as the "pub" of Gujarat. All popular brands of alcohol are readily available.

===Delhi===
{{Main|Mughlai cuisine}}

[[File:Rajma Chawal, from India.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Rajma]]-[[chawal]]'', curried red kidney beans with steamed rice{{why|reason=Connection with Delhi not clear|date=May 2021}}]]
[[Delhi]] was once the capital of the Mughal empire, and it became the birthplace of [[Mughlai cuisine]]. Delhi is noted for its street food. The [[Gali Paranthe Wali|Paranthewali Gali]] in [[Chandni Chowk|Chandani Chowk]] is just one of the culinary landmarks for stuffed [[flatbread]] ([[Paratha#Plain and stuffed varieties|''parathas'']]).

Delhi has people from different parts of India, thus the city has different types of food traditions; its cuisine is influenced by the various cultures. Punjabi cuisine is common, due to the dominance of Punjabi communities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiasite.com/delhi/cuisine.html |title=Cuisines of Delhi, Famous Delhi Cuisine, Famous Delhi Food, Famous Food in Delhi |publisher=Indiasite |access-date=9 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Delhi cuisine is actually an amalgam of different Indian cuisines modified in unique ways. This is apparent in the different types of street food available. ''Kababs'', ''kachauri'', ''chaat'', Indian sweets, Indian ice cream (commonly called ''[[kulfi]]''), and even Western food items like sandwiches and patties, are prepared in a style unique to Delhi and are quite popular.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://foodtourindelhi.com/street-food/ |title=Indian Street Food in Delhi | A tour of authentic Indian street food in Delhi |date=28 December 2012 |publisher=Foodtourindelhi.com |access-date=9 December 2013 }}</ref>

===Goa===
{{Main|Goan cuisine|Goan Catholic cuisine}}

{{See also|Saraswat cuisine|Malvani cuisine}}
[[File:Vindalho.jpg|thumb|right|Pork ''[[vindaloo]]'' (pictured) is a popular curry dish in Goa and around the world.]]
The area has a tropical climate, which means the spices and flavours are intense. Use of ''[[Garcinia indica|kokum]]'' is a distinct feature of the region's cuisine.

Goan cuisine is mostly seafood and meat-based; the staple foods are rice and fish. [[Indo-Pacific king mackerel|Kingfish (''vison'' or ''visvan'')]] is the most common delicacy, and others include [[pomfret]], [[Shark meat|shark]], [[tuna]], and [[Mackerel (food)|mackerel]]; these are often served with [[coconut milk]].<ref name="Chapman2009">{{cite book|first=Pat|last=Chapman|title=India: Food & Cooking: The Ultimate Book on Indian Cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orHWFRMKf4EC&pg=PA38|year=2009|publisher=New Holland Publishers|isbn=978-1-84537-619-2|page=38}}</ref> [[Shellfish]], including [[Crab meat|crabs]], [[Shrimp and prawn as food|prawns]], [[tiger prawn]]s, [[Lobster meat|lobster]], [[Squid (food)|squid]], and [[Mussel#As food|mussel]]s, are commonly eaten.

The cuisine of Goa is influenced by its Hindu origins, 400 years of [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonialism]], and modern techniques.<ref name="Chapman2009"/><ref name="ThomasKarafin2009">{{cite book|first1=Amelia|last1=Thomas|first2=Amy|last2=Karafin|title=Goa and Mumbai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxY69WvM5o0C&pg=PA52|year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-894-0|page=52}}</ref>

[[Bread]], introduced by the Portuguese, is very popular, and is an important part of the Goan breakfast, most frequently in the form of toast.

===Gujarat===
{{Main|Gujarati cuisine}}

[[File:Khaman.jpg|thumb|''[[Khaman]]'' is a popular Gujarati snack]]
Gujarati cuisine is primarily vegetarian. The typical Gujarati ''[[thali]]'' consists of ''roti'' (''rotlii'' in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]), ''daal'' or ''[[kadhi]]'', rice, ''sabzi''/''shaak'', ''[[Papadum|papad]]'' and ''[[chaas]]'' (buttermilk).

''Sabzi'' is a dish of different combinations of vegetables and spices which may be [[Stir frying|stir fried]], spicy or sweet.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianfoodforever.com/food-guide/gujarati-thali.html | title=Gujurati Thali | work=Gujurati cuisine | publisher=indianfoodforever.com | access-date=5 June 2012 }}</ref> Gujarati cuisine can vary widely in flavour and heat based on personal and regional tastes. [[North Gujarat]], [[Kathiawad]], [[Kachchh]], and [[South Gujarat]] are the four major regions of Gujarati cuisine.<ref name="Gujurati cuisine regions">{{cite web|title=Gujurati cuisine|url=http://www.khanapakana.com/315/regional/gujarati-recipes|work=Gujurati recipes|publisher=khanapakana.com|access-date=5 June 2012}}</ref>

Many Gujarati dishes are simultaneously sweet, salty (like ''[[handvo]]''), and spicy. In [[mango]] season, ''keri no ras'' (fresh mango pulp) is often an integral part of the meal. Spices also vary seasonally. For example, ''[[garam masala]]'' is used much less in summer.

Gujarati snacks include ''sev khamani'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pepkitchen.com/recipe/sev-khamani/|title=Sev Khamani – Pepkitchen|date=25 March 2020|access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref> ''[[khakhra]]'', ''dal vada'',<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.indianhealthyrecipes.com/mixed-dal-vada-recipe/|title = Dal vada recipe|date = 29 August 2014|access-date = 27 April 2021}}</ref> ''methi na bhajiya'',<ref>{{cite web|url = https://myvegetarianroots.com/keda-methi-na-bhajiya/|title = Keda Methi Na Bhajiya|date = 13 April 2020|access-date = 27 April 2021}}</ref> ''[[khaman]]'', ''[[Bakarwadi|bhakharwadi]]'' and more.

Regular [[fasting]], with diets limited to milk, [[dried fruit]], and [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]], is a common practice,<ref name="ThakerBarton2012">{{cite book|first1=Aruna|last1=Thaker|first2=Arlene|last2=Barton|title=Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3X3dNbYSOEC&pg=PA5|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-35046-1|page=5}}</ref>

===Haryana===
{{Main|Cuisine of Haryana}}

[[File:Kadhi Chawal from India.jpg|thumb|''Kadhi'' is a [[Haryana]] dish.]]
Cattle being common in [[Haryana]], dairy products are a common component of its cuisine.<ref name="LimitedKitchen2010">{{cite book|author1=Murdoch Books Pty Limited|author2=Murdoch Books Test Kitchen|title=India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_cHBuYD3CQC&pg=PA9|year=2010|publisher=Murdoch Books|isbn=978-1-74196-438-7|page=9}}</ref><ref name="WickramasingheRajah2005">{{cite book|first1=Priya|last1=Wickramasinghe|author2=Carol Selva Rajah|title=Food of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5n5Tc3lb4oC&pg=PA13|year=2005|publisher=Murdoch Books|isbn=978-1-74045-472-8|page=13}}</ref>

Specific regional dishes include ''[[Kadhi#India|kadhi]]'', ''[[pakora]]'', ''[[Gram flour|besan]] [[Spice mix|masala]] roti'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcookingodyssey.com/2018/04/besan-masala-roti.html?m=1|title=Besan Masala Roti|date=27 April 2018|access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref> ''bajra aloo roti'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/bajra-aloo-paratha-recipe|title=Bajra Aloo Paratha Recipe|access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref> ''[[churma]]'', ''[[kheer]]'', ''bathua raita'',<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.temptingtreat.com/2020/04/bathua-raita/|title = Bathua Raita | Delicious Raita Recipe|date = 18 April 2020|access-date = 27 April 2021}}</ref> ''methi [[Carrot|gajar]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/gajar-methi-sabzi-recipe-carrot-fenugreek-leaves-stir-fry|title=Gajar Methi Sabzi Recipe (Carrot Fenugreek Leaves Stir Fry)|access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref> ''singri ki [[Curry|sabzi]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.blissofcooking.com/2020/06/rajasthani-sangri-ki-sabji/|title = Rajasthani Sangri Ki Sabji|date = 21 June 2020|access-date = 27 April 2021}}</ref> and [[tomato chutney]].

In the past, its staple diet included ''bajra khichdi'',<ref>{{cite web|date=9 December 2018|title=Vegetable Pearl Millet Recipe – Bajra Khichdi|url=https://www.enhanceyourpalate.com/vegetable-pearl-millet-recipe-bajra-khichdi/|access-date=27 April 2021|website=Enhance Your Palate}}</ref> ''[[Rabri|rabdi]]'', onion chutney,<ref>{{cite web|title=Traditional Onion Chutney Recipe {{!}} Sukhi's|date=11 February 2020|url=https://sukhis.com/traditional-onion-chutney-recipe/|access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref> and ''bajra ki roti''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bajra ki roti (Millet flour roti)|url=http://www.northindiancooking.com/bajra-ki-roti-millet-flour.html|access-date=27 April 2021|website=North Indian Cooking by..Geeta Seth}}</ref> In non-vegetarian cuisine it includes ''kukad kadhai''<ref>{{cite web|title=Tandoori Kukkad Recipe: How to Make Tandoori Kukkad Recipe {{!}} Homemade Tandoori Kukkad Recipe|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/tandoori-kukkad/rs54014168.cms|access-date=27 April 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and [[chicken tikka masala|chicken ''tikka masala'']].

''[[Lassi]]'', ''[[Sharbat (beverage)|sharbat]]'', ''[[Lemonade|nimbu pani]]'' and ''[[Laapsi|labsi]]'' (a mixture of ''bajra'' flour and ''lassi'') are three popular non-alcoholic beverages in Haryana. However, liquor stores are common there, which cater to a large number of truck drivers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.richindianculture.com/haryana/food-of-haryana.html |title=Food of Haryana, Cuisine of Haryana, Famous Haryana Food, Recipes of Haryana, Haryana Food |publisher=Richindianculture.com |access-date=7 February 2011 }}</ref>

===Himachal Pradesh===
{{Main|Culture of Himachal Pradesh#Cuisine}}

The daily diet of [[Himachal]] people is similar to that of the rest of North India, including lentils, broth, rice, vegetables, and bread, although non-vegetarian cuisine is preferred. Some of the specialities of Himachal include ''sidu'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Himachal Style Pahari Sidu Recipe -Stuffed Bread Recipe|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/himachal-style-pahari-sidu-recipe-stuffed-bread-recipe|access-date=27 April 2021|website=Archana's Kitchen}}</ref> ''patande'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Patande Recipe: How to Make Patande Recipe {{!}} Homemade Patande Recipe|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/patande/rs71626203.cms|access-date=27 April 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[Chamba Chukh|chukh]]'', ''[[rajma]]h'', and ''[[Sesame|til]]'' chutney.<ref name="Himachal cuisine">{{cite web|title=Himachal Pradesh specialities|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/himachal-pradesh/food/|work=Himachal cuisine|publisher=mapsofindia.com|access-date=5 June 2012}}</ref>

===Jammu and Kashmir===
{{Main|Kashmiri cuisine}}

[[File:Kashmiri cuisine waazwan.jpg|thumb|[[Wazwan]]]]
The cuisine of Jammu and Kashmir is from two regions of the state: Jammu division and Kashmir Valley. [[Kashmir]]i cuisine has evolved over hundreds of years. Its first major influence was the food of the [[Kashmiri Pandits|Kashmiri Hindus]] and Buddhists.

The cuisine was later influenced by the cultures which arrived with the invasion of Kashmir by [[Timur]] from the area of modern [[Uzbekistan]]. Subsequent influences have included the cuisines of [[Central Asia]] and the North Indian plains.

The most notable ingredient in Kashmiri cuisine is [[Lamb and mutton#Indian subcontinent|mutton]], of which over 30 varieties are known.<ref name="Kashmiri cuisine">{{cite web|title=Kashmiri food|url=http://www.food-india.com/region/kashmiri.htm|work=Kashmiri cuisine|publisher=food-india.com|access-date=5 June 2012}}</ref> ''[[Wazwan]]'' is a multicourse meal in the Kashmiri tradition, the preparation of which is considered an art.<ref name="Wazwan">{{cite news|title=Kashmiri Wazwan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3304066.ece|series=Metroplus|work=The Hindu|access-date=5 June 2012|date=11 April 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> [[File:Shufta Kashmiri cuisine.jpg|thumb|Shufta]] Kashmiri pandit food is elaborate, and an important part of the Pandits' ethnic identity. Kashmiri pandit cuisine usually uses ''[[dahi (curd)|dahi]]'' (yogurt), oil, and spices such as turmeric, red chilli, cumin, ginger, and [[fennel]], though they do not use onion and garlic.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anand |first=Karen |title=Treats from the Valley |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Treats-from-the-valley/articleshow/10944328.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 April 2012}}</ref> ''[[Biryani|Birayanis]]'' are quite popular, and are the speciality of Kashmir.

The Jammu region is famous for its ''[[Panjiri|sund panjeeri]]'', [[Soan papdi|''patisa'']], ''[[rajma]]'' with rice and [[Kalari cheese]].

[[Dogri language|Dogri]] food includes ''ambal'' (sour pumpkin dish),<ref>{{cite web|date=15 November 2017|title=Kaddu ka Ambal, Kashmiri Sweet and Sour Pumpkin » Maayeka|url=https://maayeka.com/2017/11/kaddu-ka-ambal-kashmiri-ambal.html|access-date=27 April 2021|website=Maayeka}}</ref> ''khatta'' meat,<ref>{{cite web|title=Khatta Meat Recipe by Gopal|url=https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-khatta-meat-351842|access-date=27 April 2021|website=NDTV Food}}</ref> ''[[Macrotyloma uniflorum|kulthein di dal]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Kashmiri Kulith Ki Dal Recipe – Horse Gram Dal Recipe|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/kashmiri-kulith-ki-dal-recipe-horse-gram-dal-recipe|access-date=27 April 2021|website=Archana's Kitchen}}</ref> ''dal chawal'',<ref>{{cite web|date=27 August 2020|title=Dal Chawal: Simple Lentil Curry & Basmati Rice|url=https://thespicemess.com/dal-chawal/|access-date=27 April 2021|website=The Spice Mess}}</ref> ''maa da madra'' (black gram lentils in yogurt)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.betterbutter.in/recipe/9346/ma-ki-dal-ka-madra-black-gram-lentils-in-yoghurt/|title=Ma ki dal ka madra (Black gram lentils in yoghurt) recipe by Kalpana Vinay at BetterButter|access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref> and Uriya.

Many types of pickles are made including [[mango pickle|mango]], ''[[Fiddlehead#Indian cuisine|kasrod]]'', and ''girgle''. Street food is also famous which include various types of ''[[chaat]]s'', specially [[Panipuri|''gol gappas'']], ''[[Gulgula (doughnut)|gulgule]]'', ''[[chole bhature]]'', ''rajma kulcha''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/grilled-rajma-masala-sandwich-recipe|title=Grilled Rajma Masala Sandwich Recipe|access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref> and [[Dahi vada|''dahi bhalla'']].

===Jharkhand===
{{Main|Cuisine of Jharkhand}}

Staple foods in [[Jharkhand]] are rice, ''dal'' and vegetables. Famous dishes include ''chirka roti'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Anantham|first=Nithya|title=Chilka Roti Recipe (Jharkhand Style Rice and Lentil Roti)|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/chilka-roti-recipe-jharkhand-style-rice-and-lentil-roti|access-date=29 April 2021|website=Archana's Kitchen}}</ref> ''[[Pitha|pittha]]'', ''[[malpua]]'', ''[[Dhooska|dhuska]]'', ''arsa roti''<ref>{{cite web|title=Arsa Recipe: How to Make Arsa Recipe {{!}} Homemade Arsa Recipe|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/arsa/rs58975118.cms|access-date=29 April 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and ''[[Litti (cuisine)|litti chokha]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://greatindianfood.in/10-dishes-cuisine-jharkhand-must-try-least-life/|title=10 Dishes of Cuisine of Jharkhand you must try at least once in Life|date=30 September 2016|newspaper=Great Indian Food|access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref>

Local alcoholic drinks include ''[[Handia (drink)|handia]]'', a rice beer, and ''mahua [[Desi daru|daru]]'', made from flowers of the ''mahua'' tree (''[[Madhuca longifolia]])''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jharkhandtourism.in/artculture/cuisines.htm|title=::Jharkhand Tourism::Cuisines|website=jharkhandtourism.in|access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/High-time-to-make-most-of-mahua/articleshow/19687715.cms|title=High time to make most of mahua|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref>

===Karnataka===
{{Main|Cuisine of Karnataka}}

{{See also|Mangalorean Catholic cuisine|Udupi cuisine}}
[[File:Another Vegetarian Meal.jpg|thumb|Staple vegetarian meal of Karnataka is ''[[jolada rotti]], palya'', and ''anna-saaru''.]]

A number of dishes, such as ''[[idli]], [[rava idli]]'', Mysore ''[[masala dosa]]'', etc., were invented here and have become popular beyond the state of [[Karnataka]]{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=February 2017}}. Equally, varieties in the cuisine of Karnataka have similarities with its three neighbouring South Indian states, as well as the states of [[Maharashtra]] and Goa to its north. It is very common for the food to be served on a banana leaf, especially during festivals and functions.

Karnataka cuisine can be very broadly divided into [[Mysore]]/[[Culture of Bangalore#Cuisine|Bangalore]] cuisine, North Karnataka cuisine, [[Udupi cuisine]], [[Kodagu]]/Coorg cuisine, [[Karavali]]/coastal cuisine, and [[Saraswat cuisine]]. [[Catholic Christian|Catholic Christians]] from [[Mangalore]] have their distinct cuisine featuring coconut, spices, and a distinct Portuguese influence.

This cuisine covers a wide spectrum of food from pure vegetarian and vegan to meats like pork, and from savouries to sweets.

Typical dishes include ''[[bisi bele bath]]'', ''[[jolada rotti]]'', ''badanekai yennegai'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/karnataka-style-badnekeyae-yennagai-gojju-recipe-stuffed-brinjal-recipe|title=Karnataka Style Badanekai Yennegai Gojju Recipe (Stuffed Brinjal Recipe)|access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref> ''[[holige]]'', ''kadubu'', ''[[chapati]]'', ''[[idli|idli vada]]'', ''[[ragi rotti]]'', ''[[akki rotti]]'', ''[[rasam (dish)|saaru]]'', ''[[Sambar (dish)|huli]]'', ''[[kootu]]'', ''[[vangibath]]'', ''[[Kiribath|khara bath]]'', ''[[kesari bhath]]'', ''[[sajjige]]'', ''[[neer dosa]],'' ''mysoore''{{clarify|date=April 2021}}, ''haal bai'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/karnataka-style-haalbai-recipe|title=Karnataka Style Haalbai Recipe|access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref> ''[[chiroti]]'', ''[[benne dose]]'', [[majjige huli]], ''[[ragi mudde]],'' and ''[[uppittu]].''

The [[Kodagu district]] is known for spicy pork curries,<ref>{{cite news |title=Kodagu still swears by pork|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Kodagu-still-swears-by-pork/articleshow/4484120.cms|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 May 2009}}</ref> while coastal Karnataka specialises in seafood. Although the ingredients differ regionally, a typical ''Kannadiga oota'' (Kannadiga meal) is served on a [[banana leaf]]. The coastal districts of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi district|Udupi]] have slightly varying cuisines, which make extensive use of coconut in curries and frequently include seafood.<ref>{{cite news|title=Taste of Mangalore |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/17/stories/2002061700920300.htm |access-date=27 June 2012 |date=17 June 2002 |location=Chennai, India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |}}</ref><ref name="Ranade2009">{{cite book|author=Prabha Shastri Ranade|title=Infrastructure Development and Its Environmental Impact: Study of Konkan Railway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGSKjaym3TcC&pg=PA162|year=2009|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-450-9|page=162}}</ref>

===Kerala===
{{Main|Cuisine of Kerala}}

[[File:South Indian food cuisine.jpg|thumb|A traditional Kerala Sadhya]]
<gallery mode=packed widths=200 heights=165>
Sadhya DSW.jpg|A typical ''[[sadhya]]'', where [[banana leaves]] are used as plates
Sadhya Items.jpg|''[[Sadhya]]'' items ready to be served. Clockwise from top: ''[[paayasam]]'' or ''[[Ada pradhaman|pradhaman]]'', bitter gourd ''[[thoran]]'', ''[[aviyal]]'', ''[[kaalan]]'', lime pickle, ''[[Sambar (dish)|sambar]]'', and buttermilk with boiled rice in center
</gallery>
Contemporary Kerala food includes vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. Fish and seafood play a major role in Kerala cuisine, as Kerala is a coastal state. An everyday Kerala meal in most households consists of rice with fish curry made of sardines, mackerel, ''seer'' fish, king fish, pomfret, prawns, shrimp, sole, anchovy, or parrotfish, (mussels, oysters, crabs, squid, scallops are not rare), and vegetable curry and stir-fried vegetables with or without coconut traditionally known as ''[[thoran]]'' or ''mizhukkupiratti''. As Kerala has large number of inland water bodies, freshwater fish are also abundant, and part of regular meals. It is common in Kerala to have a breakfast with non-vegetarian dishes in restaurants, in contrast to other states in India. Chicken or mutton stews, lamb, chicken, beef, pork, egg curry, and fish curry with tapioca for breakfast are also widely enjoyed.

Kerala cuisine reflects its rich trading heritage. Over time, various cuisines have blended with indigenous dishes, while foreign ones have been adapted to local tastes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavacanza.in/tourist-attractions/kerala/cuisine-of-kerala/a47|title=Cuisine of Kerala|access-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Significant Arab, Syrian, Portuguese, Dutch, Jewish, and Middle Eastern influences exist in this region's cuisine.
[[File:Kerala Style Prawns Roast.jpg|thumb|Kerala style prawns roast–Kerala being a coastal state has different varieties of sea food preparations]]

[[Coconut]]s grow in abundance in Kerala, so grated coconut and coconut milk are commonly used for thickening and flavouring.<ref>{{cite book|title=Zero Oil South Indian Cook Book|date=21 February 2008|publisher=Dr. Bimal Chhajer|isbn=978-81-288-0512-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcaFp3g36l8C}}</ref> Kerala's long coastline and numerous rivers have led to a strong fishing industry in the state, making seafood a common part of the meal. Starchy food like Rice and [[tapioca]] forms the major part of Kerala's staple food.<ref>{{cite book |author=Planning Commission, Government of India|title=Kerala development report|year=2008|publisher=Academic Foundation|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7188-594-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC}}</ref> Having been a major region of [[spice]] cultivation and trade for thousands of years, the spices like black pepper, cardamom, clove, ginger, cumin and cinnamon finds extensive use in Kerala cuisine. Kerala ''[[sadhya]]'', an elaborate vegetarian banquet prepared for festivals and ceremonies. A full-course ''sadhya'', which consists of rice with about 20 different accompaniments and desserts is the ceremonial meal, eaten usually on celebrations such as marriages, [[Onam]], [[Vishu]], etc. and is served on a [[Cooking banana|plantain]] leaf.

Most of Kerala's Hindus, except its [[Brahmin]] community, eats fish, chicken, beef, pork, eggs, and mutton.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Meera |editor1=Ashok K. Dutt |editor2=H.N. Misra |title=Explorations in applied geography|year=2008|publisher=Asoke K. Ghosh, Prentice-Hall of India, Private Limited|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-203-3384-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcaFp3g36l8C|edition=Eastern economy}}</ref> The Brahmin are famed for their vegan cuisine, especially varieties of [[Sambar (dish)|''sambar'']] and ''[[Rasam (dish)|rasam]]''. A thick vegetable stew popular in South and Central India called ''[[avial]]'' is believed to have originated in southern Kerala. The avial, eaten widely in the state, is an important vegetarian dish in ''Kerala sadya''. In most Kerala households, a typical meal consists of rice served along with vegetables and fish or meat dishes. Kerala also has a variety of breakfast dishes like ''[[idli]]'', ''[[Dosa (food)|dosa]]'', ''[[appam]]'', ''[[idiyappam]]'', ''[[puttu]]'', [[parotta]] and ''[[pathiri]]'' served with sambar, coconut chutney, mutta curry (egg curry), kadala (chickpea) curry, green peas, chicken curry, beef curry and mutton curry.<ref name="Laveesh2009(2)">{{cite book|first=Bhandari|last=Laveesh|title=Indian States at a Glance 2008–09: Performance, Facts and Figures – Kerala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG1SoemjeXAC&pg=PT36|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2340-1|page=36}}</ref>

The [[Muslim]] community of Kerala blend Arabian, North Indian, and indigenous [[Malabar region|Malabari]] cuisines, using chicken, eggs, beef, and mutton.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malabar: Mecca of Muslim food|work=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140717/lifestyle-food/article/malabar-mecca-muslim-food|access-date=8 March 2015}}</ref> ''Thalassery biryani'' is the only ''biryani'' variant, which is of Kerala origin having originated in [[Talassery]], in [[Malabar region]]. The dish is significantly different from other ''biryani'' variants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mysingaporekitchen.com/2012/11/thalassery-biriyani.html |title=Thalassery Biriyani |publisher=mysingaporekitchen.com |date=16 November 2012 |access-date=4 July 2013 }}</ref> Snacks like ''Pazham nirachathu'', ''Unnakkai'', ''Bread pola''— made of bread, eggs, milk and a simple masala, Iftar preparations like ''Thari kanji'', ''Kozhi pichuporichathu'' (shredded chicken), ''Pidi''— a preparation of rice dumplings dunked in gravy,''Irachi pathiri, Chatti pathiri, Meen pathiri, Neriya pathiri and Kannu vecha pathiri'' – roti varieties usually made of powdered rice, dishes like Kaai curry etc., are also contributions of Muslim community to the broad Kerala cuisine.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Anand|first1=Shilpa Nair|last2=Menon|first2=Anasuya|date=2 July 2015|title=Iftar from God's own country|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/some-delectable-treats-that-grace-tables-during-iftar-in-kerala/article7379426.ece|access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref>
The [[Pathanamthitta]] region is known for ''raalan'' and fish curries. ''[[Appam]]'' along with [[wine]] and curries of duck, pork and cured beef are popular among [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]] in Central Kerala.

Popular desserts are ''[[payasam]]'' (pudding) and ''[[halwa]]''. Payasam, especially ''Ambalappuzha Paalpayasam'' also known as Gopala Kashayam (Krishnan's potion) prepared at the 17th century [[Ambalappuzha|Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna swami temple]], is a delicacy known for its unique and flavourful taste. Interestingly, on each day the paalpayasam is prepared only after (ritualistically) seeking due permission from the presiding deity – [[Krishna|Shri Krishna]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jayaprakash|first1=K.|date=21 November 2019|title=Ambalapuzha Palpayasam: The Food of the God|url=https://kochipost.com/2019/11/21/ambalapuzha-palpayasam-the-food-for-the-god/|access-date=12 August 2021|website=KochiPost}}</ref> Kerala has a number of paayasam varieties including but not limited to ''Paalpayasam, Vermicelli Payasam, Pradhaman, Ada Pradhaman, Chakka (Jackfruit) Pradhaman, Parippu Paayasam'' and more. Paayasam like Vermicelli Payasam (Semiya payasam) also finds a place in [[Iftar]] feast of Muslim communities in Kerala.

''Halva'' is one of the most commonly found or easily recognised sweets in bakeries throughout Kerala, and originated from the Gujarathi community in Calicut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2020/02/15/kozhikode-calicut-halwa-food-history.html|title=How the Kozhikode halwa became a celebrity in Kerala and abroad|access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref> Europeans used to call the dish "sweetmeat" due to its texture, and a street in Kozhikode where became named [[S.M. Street|Sweet Meat Street]] during [[Kerala#Colonial era|colonial rule]]. This is mostly made from [[maida flour|''maida'']] (highly refined wheat), and comes in various flavours, such as banana, ''ghee'' or coconut. However, ''karutha haluva'' (black ''haluva'') made from rice is also very popular.

===Ladakh===
[[File:A bowl of Thukpa.jpg|thumb|''Thukpa'' is popular in [[Ladakh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[North-East India]].]]
Ladakhi cuisine is from the two districts of [[Leh]] and [[Kargil]] in the union territory of [[Ladakh]]. Ladakhi food has much in common with [[Tibetan food]], the most prominent foods being ''[[thukpa]]'' (noodle soup) and ''[[tsampa]]'', known in Ladakhi as ''ngampe'' (roasted barley flour). Edible without cooking, ''tsampa'' makes useful trekking food.

Strictly Ladakhi dishes include ''skyu'' and ''chutagi'', both heavy and rich soup pasta dishes, ''skyu'' being made with root vegetables and meat, and ''chutagi'' with leafy greens and vegetables.<ref>{{cite web|last=Motup|first=Sonam|title=Food & Cuisine: 10 Best Dishes to Eat in Leh-Ladakh 🥄🥣|url=https://www.leh-ladakh-taxi-booking.com/practical-info/food-and-cuisine-10-best-dishes-to-eat-in-ladakh}}</ref> As Ladakh moves toward a cash-based economy, foods from the plains of India are becoming more common.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Namgail |first1=T. |last2=Jensen |first2=A. |last3=Padmanabhan |first3=S. |last4=Desor |first4=S. |last5=Dolma |first5=R. |title=Dhontang: Food in Ladakh |date=2019 |publisher=Central Institute of Buddhist Studies, Local Futures |isbn=978-93-83802-15-9 |pages=1–44}}</ref>

As in other parts of Central Asia, tea in Ladakh is traditionally made with strong green tea, butter, and salt. It is mixed in a large churn and known as ''[[Butter tea|gurgur cha]]'', after the sound it makes when mixed. Sweet tea (''cha ngarmo'') is common now, made in the Indian style with milk and sugar. Most of the surplus barley that is produced is fermented into ''chang'', an alcoholic beverage drunk especially on festive occasions.<ref name="WomensAlliance">{{cite book |last=Norberg-Hodge |first=Helena |year=2000 |title=Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh |publisher=Oxford India Paperbacks }}</ref>

===Lakshadweep===

The cuisine of [[Lakshadweep]] prominently features seafood and coconut. Local food consists of spicy non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes.

The culinary influence of Kerala is quite evident in the cuisines of Lakshadweep, since the island lies in close proximity to Kerala. Coconut and sea fish serve as the foundation of most meals.

The people of Lakshadweep drink large amounts of [[coconut water]], which is the most abundant aerated drink on the island. Coconut milk is the base for most of the curries. All the sweet or savoury dishes have a touch of famous [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] spices. Local people also prefer to have ''dosa'', ''idlis,'' and various rice dishes.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnakumar|first=PK|title=Cut in duty to boost packaged coconut water|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-03-04/news/27704654_1_coconut-water-coconut-production-chief-coconut-development-officer|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=4 March 2008}}</ref>

===Madhya Pradesh===
[[File:Baati.jpg|right|thumb|''Daal bafla'', a popular dish in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Gujarat]]]]

The cuisine in [[Madhya Pradesh]] varies regionally. Wheat and meat are common in the north and west of the state, while the wetter south and east are dominated by rice and fish. Milk is a common ingredient in [[Gwalior]] and [[Indore]].

The [[street food]] of Indore is well known, with shops that have been active for generations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gaur|first=Abhilash|title=Outdoor Indore Abhilash Gaur on the legendary street-food delicacies of this businesslike city.|url=http://traveller.outlookindia.com/issuecontent1.aspx?id=310&flag=issuehome|archive-url= |access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=Outlook traveller}}</ref> [[Bhopal]] is known for meat and fish dishes such as ''[[rogan josh]]'', ''[[korma]]'', ''[[qeema]]'', ''[[biryani]]'', ''[[pilaf]]'', and ''[[kebab]]s''. On a street named Chatori Gali in old Bhopal, one can find traditional Muslim nonvegetarian fare such as ''paya ''soup, ''bun kabab'', and ''nalli-nihari'' as some of the specialties.<ref>{{cite news|last=Esteves|first=Lesley A.|title=FOOD COURT Nawabi Bhopal is a long and large meal, discovers Lesley A. Esteves.|url=http://traveller.outlookindia.com/issuecontent1.aspx?id=1200&flag=issuehome|archive-url=|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=Outlook traveller|date=April 2008}}</ref>

''[[Dal Baati|Dal bafla]]'' is a common meal in the region and can be easily found in Indore and other nearby regions, consisting of a steamed and grilled wheat cake dunked in rich'' ghee'', which is eaten with ''daal'' and ''[[Laddu|ladoos]]''.

The culinary specialty of the [[Malwa]] and Indore regions of central Madhya Pradesh is ''[[Poha (rice)|poha]]'' (flattened rice); usually eaten at breakfast with ''[[jalebi]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's bountiful breakfast options|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Indias-bountiful-breakfast-options/articleshow/5908167.cms|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 May 2010}}</ref>

Beverages in the region include ''[[lassi]]'', [[beer]], [[rum]] and [[sugarcane juice]]. A local liquor is distilled from the flowers of the [[Madhuca longifolia|mahua tree]]. [[Phoenix dactylifera|Date palm]] ''[[Palm wine|toddy]]'' is also popular. In tribal regions, a popular drink is the sap of the ''sulfi'' tree, which may be alcoholic if it has [[Ethanol fermentation|fermented]].

===Maharashtra===
{{Main|Maharashtrian cuisine}}


[[File:Vada Paav-The Mumbai Burger.jpg|thumb|Vada pav]]
[[Maharashtra|Maharashtrian]] cuisine is an extensive balance of many different tastes. It includes a range of dishes from mild to very spicy tastes. ''[[Bajri]]'', wheat, rice, ''[[jowar]]'', vegetables, lentils, and fruit form important components of the Maharashtrian diet.

Popular dishes include ''[[puran poli]]'', ''ukdiche [[modak]]'', ''[[batata wada]]'', ''[[Sabudana Khichadi|sabudana khichdi]]'', ''masala bhat'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hebbarskitchen.com/maharashtrian-masale-bhat-recipe/|title=Masale bhat recipe | masala bhaat | maharashtrian masala bhaath|date=January 2019 |access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref> ''[[pav bhaji]]'', and ''[[Vada pav|wada pav]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Food and the West {{!}} New Emissary|url=https://thediplomat.com/new-emissary/2010/11/29/indian-food-and-the-west/|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=The Diplomat}}</ref> ''Poha'' or [[flattened rice]] is also usually eaten at breakfast. ''Kanda poha''<ref>{{cite web|url = https://hebbarskitchen.com/kanda-poha-recipe-maharashtrian-poha/|title = Poha recipe 2 ways | kanda poha | aloo poha | maharastrian kanda pohe|date = 5 November 2021|access-date = 30 April 2021}}</ref> and ''aloo poha''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/aloo-poha-batata-poha-a-quick-and-delicious-breakfast-recipe|title=Aloo Poha Recipe – Batata Poha|access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref> are some of the dishes cooked for breakfast and snacking in evenings.

Popular spicy meat dishes include those that originated in the Kolhapur region. These are the Kolhapuri ''Sukka'' mutton,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/mutton-sukha/rs53823731.cms|title=Mutton Sukha Recipe: How to make Mutton Sukha Recipe at Home | Homemade Mutton Sukha Recipe – Times Food|access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref> ''pandhra rassa'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://joosfood.com/ct-popular-recipes/pandhra-rassa/|title=Chicken Pandhra Rassa | Kolhapuri Pandhra Rassa|date=10 January 2019|access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref> and ''tabmda rassa''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kalimirchbysmita.com/tambda-rassa-signature-delicacy-from-kolhapur/|title=Tambda Rassa- Signature delicacy from Kolhapur|date=7 May 2017|access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref> ''[[Shrikhand]]'', a sweet dish made from [[strained yogurt]], is a main dessert of Maharashtrian cuisine.<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=51008]</ref> [[File:Vedhmi.jpg|thumb|[[Puran poli]]]]The cuisine of Maharashtra can be divided into two major sections, the coastal and the interior. The [[Konkan]], on the coast of the [[Arabian Sea]], has its own type of cuisine, a homogeneous combination of [[Malvan]]i, [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]], and [[Goan cuisine]]. In the interior of Maharashtra, the [[Paschim Maharashtra]], [[Khandesh]], [[Vidarbha]] and [[Marathwada]] areas have their own distinct cuisines.

The cuisine of Vidarbha uses [[Peanut|groundnuts]], poppy seeds, [[jaggery]], wheat, ''[[Sorghum bicolor|jowar]]'', and ''[[Pearl millet#Culinary use|bajra]]'' extensively. A typical meal consists of rice, ''[[roti]]'', ''[[Puran poli|poli]]'', or ''[[jhunka|bhakar]]'', along with ''[[Varan bhaat|varan]]'' and ''aamtee''<ref>{{cite web|url = https://hebbarskitchen.com/amti-recipe-maharashtrian-amti-dal/|title = Amti recipe | maharashtrian amti dal recipe | toor dal amti|date = 21 February 2019|access-date = 30 April 2021}}</ref>—lentils and spiced vegetables. Cooking is common with different types of oil.

[[Savji]] food from Vidarbha is well known all over Maharashtra. Savji dishes are very spicy and oily. Savji mutton curries are very famous.

Like other coastal states, an enormous variety of vegetables, fish, and coconuts exists, where they are common ingredients. Peanuts and [[cashew]]s are often served with vegetables. Grated coconuts are used to flavour many types of dishes, but coconut oil is not widely used; peanut oil is preferred.<ref name="Corporation2007">{{cite book |title=World and Its People: Eastern and Southern Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1pQkwIXTG0C&pg=PA415|date=September 2007|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7631-3|page=415}}</ref>

''[[Kokum]]'', most commonly served chilled, in an appetiser-digestive called ''[[Solkadhi|sol kadhi]]'', is prevalent. During summer, Maharashtrians consume ''[[Aam panna|panha]]'', a drink made from raw mango.<ref>{{cite news|title=Flavours of Maharashtra at Renaissance|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-festivals/Flavours-of-Maharashtra-at-Renaissance/articleshow/6049294.cms|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Feed your 'Desi Mania' at Nirula's|url=http://www.fnbnews.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=27515&sectionid=1|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=Fnbnews|date=10 May 2010}}</ref>

===Manipur===
{{Main|Manipuri cuisine}}

[[File:Soibum yendem eromba.jpg|thumb|''Eromba'', here vegetarian, is a popular Manipuri dish.]]
[[Manipur]]i cuisine is represented by the cuisine of the [[Meitei people]] who form the majority population in the central plain. Meitei food are simple, tasty, organic and healthy. Rice with local seasonal vegetables and fish form the main diet.

Most of the dishes are cooked like vegetable stew, flavoured with either [[fermented fish]] called ''ngari'', or dried and smoked fish.

The most popular Manipuri dish is ''[[eromba]]'', a preparation of boiled and mashed vegetables, often including carrots, [[potato]]es or [[bean]]s, mixed with [[Chili pepper|chilli]] and roasted fermented [[Fish as food|fish]].

Another popular dish is the savoury cake called ''paknam'', made of a lentil flour stuffed with various ingredients such as banana inflorescence, [[Edible mushroom|mushrooms]], fish, vegetables etc., and baked covered in [[turmeric]] leaves.

Along with spicy dishes, a mild side dish of steamed or boiled sweet vegetables are often served in the daily meals. The Manipuri salad dish called ''[[singju]]'', made of finely julienned [[cabbage]], green [[papaya]], and other vegetables, and garnished with local herbs, toasted [[sesame]] powder and lentil flour is extremely popular locally, and often found sold in small street side vendors.

''Singju'' is often served with ''bora'', which are fritters of various kinds, and also ''kanghou'', or oil-fried spicy veggies.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.mygingergarlickitchen.com/chana-manipuri-chana-kanghou-recipe/|title = Chana Manipuri – Chana Kanghou|date = 2 October 2021|access-date = 1 May 2021}}</ref> Cooked and fermented [[soybean]] is a popular condiment in all Manipuri kitchens.

The staple diet of Manipur consists of rice, fish, large varieties of leafy vegetables (of both aquatic and terrestrial). [[Manipur]]is typically raise vegetables in a [[kitchen]] garden and rear fishes in small ponds around their house. Since the vegetables are either grown at home or obtained from local market, the cuisines are very seasonal, each season having its own special vegetables and preparations.

The taste is very different from mainland Indian cuisines because of the use of various aromatic [[herbs]] and [[root]]s that are peculiar to the region. They are however very similar to the cuisines of [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]], [[East Asia|East]], and [[Central Asia]], [[Siberia]], [[Micronesia]] and [[Polynesia]].

===Meghalaya===
{{Main|Meghalayan cuisine}}

[[File:Jadoh (Meghalaya.JPG|thumb|''Jadoh'' with mutton is characteristic of [[Meghalaya]]n cuisine.]]

[[Meghalaya]]n cuisine is unique and different from other Northeastern Indian states.<ref name="Lonely Planet blue list: the best in travel 2007">{{cite book|title=Lonely Planet blue list: the best in travel 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQASAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn = 9781741047356}}</ref> Spiced meat is common, from goats, pigs, fowl, ducks, chickens, and cows. In the [[Khasi Hills|Khasi]] and [[Jaintia Hills district]]s, common foods include ''jadoh'', ''ki kpu'', ''[[tung-rymbai]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |title=Bio-nutritional aspects of Tungrymbai, an ethnic functional fermented soy food of Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India |journal=Clinical Nutrition Experimental |date=1 August 2019 |volume=26 |pages=8–22 |doi=10.1016/j.yclnex.2019.05.004|issn=2352-9393|doi-access=free |last1=Mishra |first1=Birendra Kumar |last2=Hati |first2=Subrota |last3=Das |first3=Sujit }}</ref> and pickled [[bamboo shoot]]s.

Other common foods in Meghalaya include ''minil songa'' (steamed [[Glutinous rice|sticky rice]]) and ''sakkin gata''.

Like other tribes in the northeast, the Garos ferment [[Rice wine|rice beer]], which they consume in religious rites and secular celebrations.<ref name="Bareh2001">{{cite book|first=Hamlet|last=Bareh|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Meghalaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BTlEgnhHtcC&pg=PA47|year=2001|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-791-7|page=47}}</ref>

===Mizoram===
{{Main|Mizo cuisine}}

The cuisine of [[Mizoram]] differs from that of most of India, though it shares characteristics to other regions of [[Northeast India]] and North India.

Rice is the staple food of Mizoram, while Mizos love to add non-vegetarian ingredients in every dish. Fish, chicken, pork and beef are popular meats among Mizos. Dishes are served on fresh [[Banana leaf#In Indian cuisine|banana leaves]]. Most of the dishes are cooked in [[Mustard oil#Pressed oil|mustard oil]].

Meals tend to be less spicy than in most of India. Mizos love eating boiled vegetables along with rice. A popular dish is ''bai'', made from boiling vegetables (spinach, eggplant, beans, and other leafy vegetables) with ''bekang'' (fermented soya beans) or ''sa-um'', fermented pork fat served with rice. ''Sawhchiar'' is another common dish, made of rice and cooked with pork or chicken.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Mizo-Cuisine-51701.htm |title=Mizo Cuisine in India |publisher=India9.com |date=7 June 2005 |access-date=7 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/mizoram/culture/food.html |title=Food in Mizoram |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |date=28 June 2013 |access-date=9 December 2013 }}</ref>

===Nagaland===
{{Main|Naga cuisine}}

[[File:Naga style smoked Pork ribs with bamboo shoots and rice.jpg|thumb|Naga style smoked Pork ribs with bamboo shoots and rice]]
The cuisine of [[Nagaland]] reflects that of the [[Naga people]]. It is known for exotic pork meats cooked with simple and flavourful ingredients,<ref name="Laveesh2009(3)">{{cite book|first=Bhandari|last=Laveesh|title=Indian States at a Glance 2008–09: Performance, Facts And Figures – North-East And Sikkim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rATUgMKE9L0C&pg=PT48|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2348-7|page=48}}</ref> like the extremely hot ''[[bhut jolokia]]'' (ghost chilli) pepper, fermented bamboo shoots, and ''[[akhuni]]'' (fermented [[Soybean|soya beans]]). Another unique and strong ingredient used by the Naga people, is the fermented fish known as ''ngari''.

Fresh herbs and other local greens also feature prominently in the Naga cuisine. The Naga use oil sparingly, preferring to ferment, dry, and smoke their meats and fish.

Traditional homes in Nagaland have external kitchens that serve as [[smokehouse]]s.<ref name="Chopra1992">{{cite book|author=Pran Nath Chopra|title=Encyclopaedia of India: Nagaland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QO9tAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Rima Publishing House|page=63}}</ref>

A typical meal consists of rice, meat, a chutney, a couple of stewed or steamed vegetable dishes, flavoured with ''ngari'' or ''akhuni''. Desserts usually consist of fresh fruits.

===Odisha===
{{Main|Cuisine of Odisha}}

The cuisine of [[Odisha]] relies heavily on local ingredients. Flavours are usually subtle and delicately spiced. Fish and other seafood, such as crab and shrimp, are very popular, and chicken and mutton are also consumed.
[[File:RJ... 1.jpg|thumb|Pakhala Platter]]
''[[Pakhala]]'', a dish made of rice, water, and [[dahi (curd)|''dahi'']] (yogurt), that is fermented overnight, is very popular in summer in rural areas.<ref name="TharuLalita1993">{{cite book|first1=Susie J.|last1=Tharu|first2=Ke|last2=Lalita|title=Women Writing in India: The Twentieth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZYf9Xf9bcC&pg=PA422|year=1993|publisher=Feminist Press|isbn=978-1-55861-029-3|page=422}}</ref> [[Odia people|Odias]] are very fond of sweets, so [[dessert]] follows most meals.

''[[Panch phutana]]'', a mix of cumin, mustard, fennel, fenugreek and ''kalonji'' (''[[Nigella sativa#Culinary uses|nigella]]''), is widely used for flavouring vegetables and ''dals'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Gourmet Tours To India|url=http://storyofindia.com/Cuisine-Tours-Of-India1.html}}</ref> while ''[[garam masala]]'' and turmeric are commonly used for meat-based curries.

Popular Odia dishes include ''[[Cooked rice|arna]]'', ''[[Kanika (food)|kanika]]'', ''[[Cuisine of Odisha#Dal|dalma]]'', ''[[Ouu khatta|khata]]'' (''tamato'' and ''oou''), ''dali'' (different types of lentils, i.e. ''harada'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Pigeon pea|red gram]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>, ''muga'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Mung bean|green gram]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>, ''kolatha'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[horsegram]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>, etc.), spinach and other green leaves, and ''alu-bharta'' (mashed potato)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/odisha-style-aloo-bharta-recipe-aloo-mash-sabzi|title=Odisha Style Aloo Bharta Recipe -Aloo Mash Sabzi|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> along with ''pakhala''.

Odisha and neighbouring [[West Bengal]] both claim to be the origin of ''[[rasgulla]]'', each state having a [[geographical indication]] for their regional variety of the dessert.<ref name="rasgulla_1"/><ref name="rasgulla_2"/> Odisha is also known for its ''[[chhena]]''- based sweets, including ''[[chhena poda]]'', ''[[chhena gaja]]'', ''[[chhena jhili]]'', and ''[[rasabali]]''.

===Puducherry===
The union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] was a [[French India|French colony]] for around 200 years, making [[French cuisine]] a strong influence on the area. [[Tamil cuisine]] is eaten by the territory's [[Tamil people|Tamil]] majority. The influence of the neighbouring areas, such as [[Andhra Pradesh]] and Kerala, is also visible on the territory's cuisine.

Some favourite dishes include coconut curry, ''[[tandoor]]i'' potato, ''[[Dosa (food)|soya dosa]]'', ''podanlangkai'' ([[snake gourd]] [[chutney]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://varadaskitchen.blogspot.com/2014/04/podanlangkai-chutney-snake-gourd-chutney.html?m=1|title=Podanlangkai Chutney (Snake gourd Chutney)|access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref> curried vegetables, [[Cabbage roll|stuffed cabbage]], and [[baked beans]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Cuisine:Puducherry|date=12 May 2011|url=http://indiastylecuisine.blogspot.in/2011/05/puducherry.html|access-date=28 June 2012}}</ref>

===Punjab===
{{Main|Punjabi cuisine}}

[[File:Chickentandoori.jpg|thumb|[[Tandoori chicken|''Tandoori'' chicken]] is a popular grilled dish in Punjab.|293x293px]]

The cuisine of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] is known for its diverse range of dishes. It is closely related to the cuisine of the neighbouring Punjab province of Pakistan.

The state, being an agriculture centre, is abundant with whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. Home-cooked and restaurant Punjabi cuisine can vary significantly.

Restaurant-style Punjabi cooking puts emphasis on creamy textured foods by using ''ghee'', butter and cream, while home-cooked meals centre around whole wheat, rice, and other ingredients flavoured with various kinds of ''[[Masala (spice)|masalas]]''.<ref name="Dalal2007">{{cite book|first=Tarla|last=Dalal|title=Punjabi Khana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caBlQu0YwC4C&pg=PA6|year=2007|publisher=Sanjay & Co|isbn=978-81-89491-54-3|page=6}}</ref>

Common dishes cooked at home are ''[[roti]]'' with ''[[Dal|daal]]'' and ''[[dahi (curd)|dahi]]'' (yogurt) with a side [[chutney]] and [[salad]] that includes raw onion, tomato, cucumber, etc.

The meals are also abundant of local and seasonal vegetables usually sautéed with spices such as cumin, dried coriander, red chilli powder, turmeric, black cloves, etc. [[Masala chai]] is a favourite drink and is consumed in everyday life and at special occasions.

Many regional differences exist in the Punjabi cuisine based on traditional variations in cooking similar dishes, food combinations, preference of spice combination, etc. It is clear that "the food is simple, robust, and closely linked to the land."<ref name="Sen2004">{{cite book|author=Colleen Taylor Sen|title=Food Culture in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIyV_5wrplMC&pg=PA94|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32487-1|page=94}}</ref>

Certain dishes exclusive to Punjab, such as ''[[makki di roti]]'' and ''[[sarson da saag]]'',<ref name="Dalal2007(3)">{{cite book|first=Tarla|last=Dalal|title=Punjabi Khana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caBlQu0YwC4C&pg=PA34|year=2007|publisher=Sanjay & Co|isbn=978-81-89491-54-3|page=34}}</ref> ''[[dal makhani]]'', and others are a favourite of many.

The ''masala'' in a Punjabi dish traditionally consists of onion, garlic, ginger, cumin, ''[[garam masala]]'', salt, turmeric, tomatoes sauteed in mustard oil. ''[[Tandoori]]'' food is a Punjabi specialty. Dishes like [[Bhatti da murgh]] also known as ''tandoori chicken'', [[Chicken hariyali kabab]], [[Achari paneer tikka]], [[fish ajwaini tikka]] and [[Amritsari kulcha]] are some popular tandoori foods from Punjab.
[[File:New Punjab Club food spread.jpg|thumb|Punjabi platter.]]
Common meat dishes in this region are Bhakra curry (goat) and fish dishes.<ref name="Ng1995">{{cite book|first=Franklin|last=Ng|title=The Asian American Encyclopedia: Ho-Kor|url=https://archive.org/details/asianamericanenc05ngfr|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2012|year=1995|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-1-85435-680-2}}</ref> Dairy products are regularly enjoyed and usually accompany main meals in the form of [[dahi (curd)|''dahi'']], milk, and milk-derived products such as ''[[lassi]]'', ''[[paneer]]'', and more.

Punjab has a large number of people following the [[Sikh]] religion who traditionally follow a vegetarian diet (which includes plant-derived foods, milk, and milk by-products. See [[diet in Sikhism]]) in accordance to their beliefs.

No description of Punjabi cuisine is complete without the myriad of famous desserts, such as ''[[kheer]]'', ''[[gajar ka halwa]]'', ''sooji'' (cream of wheat) ''[[halwa]]'', ''[[rasmalai]]'', ''[[gulab jamun]]'' and ''[[jalebi]]''. Most desserts are ''ghee'' or dairy-based, use nuts such as almonds, walnuts, pistachios, cashews, and, raisins.

Many of the most popular elements of [[Anglo-Indian cuisine]], such as ''tandoori'' foods, ''[[naan]]'', ''[[pakora]]s'' and vegetable dishes with ''[[paneer]]'', are derived from Punjabi styles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjabi cuisine.Khana-Indian Recipes and Cuisines|url=http://www.khana.biz/indian-ethnic-foods/punjabi-cuisine/}}</ref>

Punjabi food is well liked in the world for its flavours, spices, and, versatile use of produce, and so it is one of the most popular cuisines from the sub-continent. Last but not least are the [[Chole bhature|''chhole bhature'']] and ''chhole kulche''<ref>{{cite web|date=2 January 2019|title=matar kulcha recipe {{!}} chole kulche recipe {{!}} kulche chole recipe|url=https://hebbarskitchen.com/matar-kulcha-recipe-chole-kulche-recipe/|access-date=4 May 2021|website=Hebbar's Kitchen|archive-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> which are famous all over the North India.

===Rajasthan===
{{Main|Rajasthani cuisine}}

[[File:The delicious Rajasthani food.png|thumb|Rajasthani ''thali'']]

Cooking in [[Rajasthan]], an arid region, has been strongly shaped by the availability of ingredients. Food is generally cooked in milk or ''ghee'', making it quite rich. [[Gram flour]] is a mainstay of [[Marwar]]i food mainly due to the scarcity of vegetables in the area.<ref name="Wright2005">{{cite book|first=Clifford A.|last=Wright|title=Some Like It Hot: Spicy Favorites From The World's Hot Zones|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781558322691|url-access=registration|access-date=29 June 2012|date=13 September 2005|publisher=Harvard Common Press|isbn=978-1-55832-269-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781558322691/page/236 236]–}}</ref>

Historically, food that could last for several days and be eaten without heating was preferred. Major dishes of a Rajasthani meal may include ''[[Baati|daal-baati]]'', ''tarfini'', ''raabdi'', ''[[ghevar]]'', ''bail-gatte'', ''panchkoota'', ''chaavadi'', ''[[laapsi]]'', ''[[kadhi]]'' and ''[[boondi]]''. Typical [[Snack food|snacks]] include ''[[bikaneri bhujia]]'', ''[[mirchi bada]]'', ''[[Pyaaj Kachori|pyaaj kachori]]'', and ''[[Kachori|dal kachori]]''.

''[[Baati|Daal-baati]]'' is the most popular dish prepared in the state. It is usually supplemented with ''[[Churma|choorma]]'', a mixture of finely ground baked ''rotis'', sugar and ''ghee''.<ref name="Laveesh2009(4)">{{cite book|first=Bhandari|last=Laveesh|title=Indian States at a Glance 2008–09: Performance, Facts And Figures – Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eekv8zkWCHAC&pg=PT38|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2346-3|page=38}}</ref>

[[Rajasthan]] is also influenced by the [[Rajput]] community who have liking for meat dishes. Their diet consisted of [[game meat]] and gave birth to dishes like ''[[laal maans]]'', ''safed maas'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/rajasthani-style-safed-maas-recipe|title=Rajasthani Style Safed Maas Recipe |access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> ''khad khargosh''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greatbritishchefs.com/recipes/rabbit-khad-khargosh-recipe|title=Khad Khargosh – Rabbit Curry Recipe – Great British Chefs|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> and ''jungli maas''.<ref>Game cuisine: A Rajput legacy by madhulika dash</ref>

===Sikkim===
{{Main|Sikkimese cuisine}}

[[File:Dal bhat Birethani.jpg|thumb|Nepalese-style ''dal bhat'' is popular in Sikkim.|293x293px]]

In [[Sikkim]], various ethnic groups such as the [[Nepalese people|Nepalese]], [[Bhutias]], and [[Lepcha people|Lepchas]] have their own distinct cuisines. [[Nepalese cuisine]] is very popular in this area.

Rice is the staple food of the area, and meat and dairy products are also widely consumed. For centuries, traditional fermented foods and beverages have constituted about 20 percent of the local diet.

Depending on altitudinal variation, finger millet, wheat, buckwheat, barley, vegetables, potatoes, and soybeans are grown. ''[[Dhindo]]'', ''[[Dal bhat|daal bhat]]'', ''[[gundruk]]'', ''[[Momo (dumpling)|momo]]'', ''gya thuk'', ''[[Fiddlehead#Indian cuisine|ningro]]'', ''phagshapa'', and ''[[sel roti]]'' are some of the local dishes.

Alcoholic drinks are consumed by both men and women. Beef is eaten by [[Bhutias]].<ref name="GallHobby2009">{{cite book|first1=Timothy L.|last1=Gall|first2=Jeneen|last2=Hobby|title=Worldmark encyclopedia of cultures and daily life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbhZAAAAYAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Gale|isbn=978-1-4144-4891-6}}</ref>

===Sindh===
{{Main|Sindhi cuisine}}

{{See also|Sindhis in India}}
[[File:Sindhi Sai Bhaji.JPG|thumb|''Sai bhaji'' is a Sindhi dish.]]

Sindhi cuisine refers to the native cuisine of the [[Sindhi people]] from the [[Sindh]] region, now in [[Pakistan]]. While Sindh is not geographically a part of modern India, its culinary traditions persist,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_care-for-some-sindhi-savouries_1462485 |title=Care for some Sindhi savouries? |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=5 November 2010 |access-date=7 February 2011 }}</ref> due to the sizeable number of Hindu Sindhis who migrated to India following the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, especially in Sindhi enclaves such as [[Ulhasnagar]] and [[Gandhidam]].

A typical meal in many Sindhi households includes wheat-based flatbread (''[[phulka]]'') and rice accompanied by two dishes, one with gravy and one dry. [[Lotus stem]] (known as ''kamal kakri'') is also used in Sindhi dishes. Cooking vegetables by deep frying is common.

Some regular Sindhi dishes are ''sindhi kadhi'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/sindhi-kadhi-recipe|title=Sindhi Kadhi Recipe|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> ''[[sai bhaji]]'', ''koki''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/sindhi-koki-sindhi-style-flaky-flatbread-with-onions|title=Sindhi Koki Recipe-Masala Roti with Onions and Green Chillies|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> and ''besan bhaji''. Ingredients frequently used are mango powder, tamarind, [[Garcinia indica#Culinary uses|''kokum'' flowers]], and dried pomegranate seeds.<ref name="MoorjaniSnortum2005">{{cite book|first1=Lachu|last1=Moorjani|first2=Marty|last2=Snortum|title=Ajanta: Regional Feasts of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sj6SMyPQ7nMC&pg=PA59|year=2005|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-58685-777-6|page=59}}</ref>

===Tamil Nadu===
{{Main|Cuisine of Tamil Nadu}}

[[File:Veg Full Meals in Tamil Nadu.JPG|thumb|Vegetarian meals in Tamil Nadu are traditionally served on a plantain leaf.]]
[[File:A banana leaf with Tamil bites - Murukku.jpg|thumb|[[Murukku]]]]
[[Tamil Nadu]] is noted for its deep belief that serving food to others is a service to humanity, as is common in many regions of India. The region has a rich cuisine involving both traditional non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes.

[[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] food is characterised by its use of rice, legumes, and lentils, along with distinct aromas and flavours achieved by the blending of spices such as [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]], [[Curry tree|curry leaves]], [[tamarind]], [[coriander]], [[ginger]], [[garlic]], [[chili pepper|chilli pepper]], [[cinnamon]], [[clove]], [[cardamom]], [[cumin]], [[nutmeg]], [[coconut]] and [[rose water]].

The traditional way of eating involves being seated on the floor, having the food served on a plantain leaf, and using the right hand to eat. After the meal the plantain leaf is discarded but becomes food for free-ranging cattle and goats.

A meal (called ''saapadu'') consists of rice with other typical Tamil dishes on a plantain leaf. A typical Tamilian would eat on a plantain leaf as it is believed to give a different flavour and taste to food. Also growing in popularity are stainless-steel trays, plates with a selection of different dishes in small bowls.

Tamil food is characterised by ''[[tiffin]]'', which is a light food taken for breakfast or dinner, and meals which are usually taken during lunch. The word "curry" is derived from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''kari'', meaning something similar to "sauce".<ref name="Heldke2003">{{cite book |author=Heldke |first=Lisa Maree |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TeFAW7N93YoC&pg=PA34 |title=Exotic Appetites: Ruminations of a Food Adventurer |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-94385-7 |location=London |page=34}}</ref><ref name="Cummings2000">{{cite book|first=Joe|last=Cummings|title=Thailand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9LXYwu7G50C&pg=PA46|year=2000|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-86450-026-4|page=46}}</ref>

Southern regions such as [[Tirunelveli]], [[Madurai]], [[Paramakudi]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Chettinad]] and [[Kongu Nadu]] are noted for their spicy non-vegetarian dishes.<ref name="Kapoor">{{cite book|author=Sanjeev Dak Kapoor|title=Shin Delights, 1/e 295.00|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06-82npRVR4C&pg=PP8|access-date=29 June 2012|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-400-7|page=8}}</ref><ref name="FodorCurtis1964">{{cite book|first1=Eugene|last1=Fodor|first2=William|last2=Curtis|title=Fodor's guide to India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_AtAAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=D. McKay.}}</ref> ''[[Dosa (food)|Dosa]]'', ''[[idli]]'', ''[[Pongal (dish)|pongal]]'' and ''[[biryani]]'' are some of the popular dishes that are eaten with ''[[chutney]]'' and ''sambar''. Fish and other seafoods are also very popular, because the state is located on the coast. Chicken and goat meat are the predominantly consumed meats in Tamil Nadu.

A typical Tamil vegetarian meal is heavily dependent on rice, vegetables and lentil preparations such as ''rasam'' and ''sambar'', but there are variations. They have influenced Kerala as well in their ''kootu'', ''arachi vitta sambhar''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/arachuvitta-sambar-recipe-traditional-south-indian-sambar-with-fresh-spices|title=Arachuvitta Sambar Recipe – Sambar with Fresh Ground Spices|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> and ''molagootals'' ([[mulligatawny]] soup).

As mentioned above, the Chettinad variety of food uses many strong spices, such as pepper, garlic, fennel seeds and onions. Tamil food tends to be spicy compared to other parts of India so there is a tradition of finishing the meal with [[dahi (curd)|''dahi'']] (yogurt) is considered a soothing end to the meal.

Notably, [[Tamil Brahmin]] cuisine, the food of the [[Iyer]]s and [[Iyengar]] community, is characterised by slightly different meal times and meal structures compared to other communities within the state.

Historically vegetarian, the cuisine is known for its milder flavour and avoidance of onion and garlic (although this practice appears to be disappearing with time).

After a light morning meal of [[filter coffee]] and different varieties of porridges (oatmeal and ''janata kanji'' are immensely popular), the main meal of the day, lunch/brunch is usually at 11 am and typically follows a two-three course meal structure. Steamed rice is the main dish, and is always accompanied by a seasonally steamed/sauteed vegetable (''[[poriyal]]''), and two or three types of tamarind stews, the most popular being [[Sambar (dish)|''sambhar'']] and [[Rasam (dish)|''rasam'']]. The meal typically ends with ''[[Curd rice|thair sadham]]'' (rice with yogurt), usually served with pickled mangoes or lemons.

''Tiffin'' is the second meal of the day and features several breakfast favourites such as ''[[idli]]'', ''[[rava idli]]'', ''[[upma]]'', ''dosa'' varieties, and ''[[Vada (food)|vada]]'', and is usually accompanied by ''chai''.

Dinner is the simplest meal of the day, typically involving leftovers from either lunch or ''tiffin''. Fresh seasonal fruit consumed in the state include bananas, papaya, honeydew and cantaloupe melons, jackfruit, mangos, apples, [[Calamansi|''kasturi'' oranges]], pomegranates, and ''nongu'' ([[hearts of palm]]).

===Telangana===
{{Main|Telangana cuisine}}

{{Further|Telugu cuisine|Hyderabadi cuisine}}
[[File:Chickenbiryani.JPG|thumb|''[[Hyderabadi biryani]]'' from Hyderabad]]

The cuisine of [[Telangana]] consists of the [[Telugu cuisine]], of Telangana's [[Telugu people]] as well as [[Hyderabadi cuisine]] (also known as [[Nizam]]i cuisine), of Telangana's [[Hyderabadi Muslims|Hyderabadi Muslim community]].<ref name="Dubey and Pat">{{cite book|title=The Indian cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xiwkbgJbSQC|publisher=PHI Learning|last=Dubey|first=Krishna gopal|page=233|isbn=978-81-203-4170-8|year=2011}}</ref><ref name="Pat">{{cite book|title=India: food & cooking: The ultimate book on Indian cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orHWFRMKf4EC|publisher=[[New Holland Publishers]]|last=Chapman|first=Pat|pages=38–39|isbn=978-1-84537-619-2|year=2009|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>

[[Hyderabadi cuisine|Hyderabadi food]] is based heavily on non-vegetarian ingredients, while [[Telugu cuisine|Telugu food]] is a mix of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian ingredients. Telugu food is rich in spices and chillies are abundantly used. The food also generally tends to be more on the tangy side with tamarind and lime juice both used liberally as souring agents.

Rice is the staple food of Telugu people. Starch is consumed with a variety of curries and lentil [[soup]]s or [[broth]]s.<ref name="Edelstein2011">{{cite book|title=Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQoWQTVcpVIC&pg=PA276|last=Edelstein|first=Sari|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-1811-7|page=276|access-date=4 June 2012|year=2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh cuisine|url=http://www.indianfoodforever.com/andhra/|access-date=4 June 2012|publisher=Indianfoodforever.com}}</ref> Vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods are both popular.

Hyderabadi cuisine includes popular delicacies such as ''[[Hyderabadi Biryani|biryani]]'', ''[[Hyderabadi Haleem|haleem]]'', ''[[Baghara baingan]]'' and ''kheema,'' while Hyderabadi day-to-day dishes see some similarities to Telanganite Telugu food, with its use of tamarind, rice, and lentils, along with meat.<ref name="Edelstein2011" /> [[Dahi (curd)|''Dahi'']] (yogurt) is a common addition to meals, as a way of tempering [[Piquance|spiciness]].<ref name="Dum Pukht cooking">{{cite web|title=Dum Pukht cooking|url=http://www.theflavoursofhistory.com/appendix9more.htm|work=Compendium of food terms|publisher=theflavoursofhistory.com|access-date=4 June 2012}}</ref>

===Tripura===
{{Main|Tripuri cuisine}}

[[File:Tripuri cusine.jpg|thumb|A Tripuri ''[[thali]]''|259x259px]]

The [[Tripuri people]] are the original inhabitants of the state of [[Tripura]] in northeast India. Today, they comprise the communities of [[Tripuri people|Tipra]], [[Reang]], [[Jamatia]], [[Noatia]], and [[Uchoi]], among others. The Tripuri are non-vegetarian,<ref name="Kumar2000">{{cite book|first=Satinder|last=Kumar|title=Encyclopaedia of South-Asian tribes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9EjAQAAIAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-261-0517-5|page=3375}}</ref> although they have a minority of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] vegetarians.<ref name="BahadurChib1977">{{cite book|author1=Krishna Prakash Bahadur|author2=Sukhdev Singh Chib|title=Caste, Tribes & Culture of India: North-Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aSAAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Ess Ess Publications|page=244}}</ref>

The major ingredients of Tripuri cuisine include vegetables, herbs, pork, chicken, mutton, fishes, turtle, shrimps, crabs, freshwater mussels, periwinkles, edible freshwater snails and frogs.

===Uttar Pradesh===
{{Main|Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Further|Awadhi cuisine|Bhojpuri cuisine}}
[[File:Vegetarian Curry.jpeg|thumb|Uttar Pradeshi ''[[thali]]'' (platter) with ''[[naan]]'', ''[[rice]]'', ''[[Dal|daal]]'', ''[[raita]]'', ''[[shahi paneer]]'', and [[salad]]]]

Traditionally, [[Uttar Pradesh]]i cuisine consists of [[Awadhi cuisine|Awadhi]], [[Bhojpuri cuisine|Bhojpuri]], and [[Mughlai cuisine]],<ref name="Dubey20111">{{cite book|author=Krishna Gopal Dubey|title=The Indian Cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xiwkbgJbSQC&pg=PA86|year=2011|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4170-8|page=86}}</ref> though a vast majority{{Citation needed|reason=No citation for the claim "vast majority"|date=January 2014}} of the state is vegetarian, preferring ''dal'', ''roti'', ''sabzi'', and rice. ''[[Poori]]s'' and ''[[kachori]]s'' are eaten on special occasions.

''[[Chaat]]'', ''[[samosa]]'', and ''[[pakora]]'', among the most popular snacks in India, originate from Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Kapoor2002A">{{cite book|first=Subodh|last=Kapoor|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5ZM0nZXZEkC&pg=PA1748|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7|page=1748}}</ref><ref name="Lamba2002">{{cite book|author=Abha Narain Lamba|title=India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mU6pbkRC_wC|year=2002|publisher=DK Pub.|isbn=978-0-7894-8395-9}}</ref>

Well-known dishes include ''[[kebab]]s'', ''[[Biryani|dum biryani]]'', and various [[mutton]] recipes. ''[[Sheer khurma|Sheer qorma]]'', ''[[ghevar]]'', ''[[gulab jamun]]'', ''[[kheer]]'', and ''[[ras malai]]'' are some of the popular desserts in this region.

[[Awadhi cuisine]] ({{langx|hi|अवधी खाना}}) is from the city of [[Lucknow]], which is the capital of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[Central Asia|Central-South Asia]] and [[North India]], and the cooking patterns of the city are similar to those of Central Asia, the Middle East, and other parts of North India. The cuisine consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes.

[[Awadh]] has been greatly influenced by [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughal cooking techniques]], and the cuisine of Lucknow bears similarities to those of [[Central Asian Cuisine|Central Asia]], [[Kashmir]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. The city is also known for its [[Nawab]]i foods.<ref name="books.google.nl">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&q=central+asian+influence+on+mughal+cuisine&pg=PA10|title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions|isbn=9788121207607|access-date=6 March 2015|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Soma|year=2001|publisher=Gyan Books }}</ref> The ''bawarchis'' and ''rakabdars'' of Awadh gave birth to the [[Dum Pukht|''dum'' style of cooking]] or the art of cooking over a slow fire, which has become synonymous with Lucknow today.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030713/spectrum/main2.htm The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum – Lead Article]. ''The Tribune''. (13 July 2003). Retrieved 6 August 2012.</ref> Their spread consisted of elaborate dishes like ''[[kebab]]s'', ''[[korma]]s'', ''[[biryani]]'', ''kaliya'', [[Kulcha|''nahari-kulchas'']], ''[[zarda (food)|zarda]]'', ''[[sheermal]]'', [[Rumali roti|''roomali rotis'']], and [[Paratha|''warqi parathas'']].

The richness of Awadh cuisine lies not only in the variety of cuisine but also in the ingredients used like [[mutton]], ''[[paneer]]'', and rich spices, including [[cardamom]] and [[saffron]].

[[Mughlai cuisine]] is a style of cooking developed in the Indian subcontinent by the [[Wikt:imperial|imperial]] kitchens of the [[Mughal Empire]]. It represents the cooking styles used in [[North India]] (especially [[Uttar Pradesh]]).

The cuisine is strongly influenced by [[Central Asian cuisine]], the region where the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai-Turkic]] Mughal rulers originally hailed from, and has strongly influenced the regional cuisines of [[Kashmiri cuisine|Kashmir]] and the [[Punjabi cuisine|Punjab]] region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://10keythings.com/desi-dhaba-restaurant-melbourne-cbd |title=Indian Desi Dhaba |access-date=2 September 2016 }}</ref><ref name="books.google.nl"/>

The tastes of Mughlai cuisine vary from extremely mild to spicy, and is often associated with a distinctive [[aroma]] and the taste of ground and whole spices.{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

A Mughlai course is an elaborate [[buffet]] of main course dishes with a variety of [[Side dish|accompaniments]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080705/jsp/jharkhand/story_9507169.jsp |archive-url= |title=Mughlai cuisine tops popularity charts in capital |newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota |date=5 July 2008 |access-date=9 December 2013}}</ref>

===Uttarakhand===
{{Main|Kumauni cuisine}}

[[File:Saag Paneer.jpg|thumb|''[[Saag]]'', a popular Kumauni dish from Uttarakhand, made from green vegetables such as [[spinach]] and [[fenugreek]]]]

Food from [[Uttrakhand]] is known to be healthy and wholesome to suit the high-energy necessities of the cold, mountainous region. It is a high-protein diet that makes heavy use of [[pulses]] and vegetables. Traditionally, it is cooked over wood or charcoal fire mostly using iron utensils.

While making use of condiments such as ''jeera'', ''haldi'' and ''rai'' common in other Indian cuisines, Uttarakhand cuisine also use exotic ingredients such as ''jambu'', ''timmer'', ''ghandhraini'' and ''[[Perilla frutescens#India|bhangira]]''.

Although the people in Uttarakhand also make dishes common in other parts of northern India, several preparations are unique to Uttarakhand such as ''rus'', ''chudkani'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhatt Ki Dal Recipe – Traditional Kumaoni Black Bean Dal|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/bhatt-ki-dal-traditional-kumaoni-black-bean-dal-recipe|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Archana's Kitchen}}</ref> ''dubuk'', ''chadanji'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Chadanji – Kumaoni Black Chick Pea curry|url=http://hoggngulp.blogspot.com/2012/12/chadanji-kumaoni-black-chick-pea-curry.html|access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> ''jholi'', ''kapa'', and more.

Among dressed salads and sauces, ''kheere ka raita'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Paliwal|first=Anupama|date=9 June 2020|title=Cucumber Raita – Kheere Ka Raita|url=https://www.mygingergarlickitchen.com/cucumber-raita/|access-date=6 May 2021|website=My Ginger Garlic Kitchen}}</ref> ''nimbu mooli ka raita'',<ref>{{cite web|date=9 February 2018|title=Mooli Raita Recipe or Radish Raita|url=https://www.whiskaffair.com/mooli-raita-radish-raita/|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Whisk Affair}}</ref> ''daarim ki khatai'' and ''aam ka fajitha''<ref>{{cite web|date=12 April 2021|title=Mango Kadhi or Fajeto|url=https://www.whiskaffair.com/mango-kadhi-indian-yogurt-soup/|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Whisk Affair}}</ref> are also popular.

The cuisine mainly consists of food from two different sub-regions, [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], though their basic ingredients are the same.<ref name="DewanSingh2001">{{cite book|first1=M. L.|last1=Dewan|first2=Karan|last2=Singh|first3=Piyoosh|last3=Rautela|title=People's Movement for Himalayan Rejuvenation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_MjDbcaWV0C&pg=PA93|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-815-8|page=93}}</ref> Both Kumaoni and Garhwali styles make liberal use of ''ghee'', lentils or pulses, vegetables and ''bhaat'' (rice). They also use ''badi'' (sun-dried ''[[Vigna mungo#Cooking|urad dal]]'' balls) and ''mungodi'' (sun-dried ''[[Mung bean#South Asia|moong dal]]'' balls) as substitutes for vegetables at times.

During festivals and other celebrations, the people of Uttarakhand prepare special refreshments which include both salty preparations such as ''bada'' and sweet preparations such as ''pua'' and ''singal''. Uttarakhand also has several sweets (''[[mithai (confectionery)|mithai]]'') such as ''[[Singori|singodi]]'', ''[[Bal Mithai|bal-mithai]]'', and ''malai laddu'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Malai Ladoo Recipe-how to make malai ladoo with Paneer|url=https://www.foodvedam.com/malai-laddu-recipe/|access-date=6 May 2021|website=foodvedam.com}}</ref> native to its traditions.

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine by region]]

Anis Al-Hujjaj

2026-04-30T14:52:30Z

Pankajglobal: New A Stub!

{{Short description|17th-century literary work by Safi ibn Vali}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage mss-1025-2b.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Illustration from the ''Anis Al-Hujjaj'' showing the port of [[Surat]], [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]]]]
The '''''Anis Al-Hujjaj''''' (''Pilgrim's Companion,'' also transcribed ''Anis ul-Hujjaj'') is a seventeenth-century literary work by Safi ibn Vali, an official of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court in what is now [[India]]. Written in [[Persian language|Persian]], it describes the [[Hajj]] (the [[Five Pillars of Islam|pillar of Islam]] which is the pilgrimage to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]) undertaken by him in 1677 [[Anno Domini|AD]] ([[Hijri year|AH]] 1088) and it gives advice to pilgrims. Its illustrations depict pilgrims travelling to the holy sites and taking part in the rituals of the Hajj.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Nassar|first=Nahla|date=2020|title=The Anis al-Hujjaj ('Pilgrims' Companion') of Safi ibn Vali|url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=object;EPM;uk;Mus22;27;en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-25|website=Explore Islamic Art Collections}}</ref> They are also a visual guide to significant places and people.

== Summary ==
Ibn Vali was an official in the court of the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name=":0" /> His Hajj was financially supported by [[Zeb-un-Nissa]], eldest child of Aurangzeb, after ibn Vali wrote for her a commentary on the [[Quran]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7sewQQzOHUC&pg=PA148|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture|date=2004|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-185-3|location=|pages=154|language=en}}</ref><ref name="khalili_first">{{Cite book|title=Holy Makkah: a Celebration of Unity|last=Khalili|first=Nasser|publisher=FIRST|year=2017|isbn=9780995728141|location=London|pages=|chapter=A History of the Hajj in Ten Objects|author-link=Nasser Khalili|url-status=dead|url=http://firstforum.org/DownloadSpecialReportDetail.13677.ashx|access-date=2020-12-16|archive-date=2022-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406190005/http://firstforum.org/DownloadSpecialReportDetail.13677.ashx}}</ref> He had also, in 1665, written a universal history.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Hadi|first=Nabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjJmzdJFOHwC&pg=PA529|title=Dictionary of Indo-Persian Literature|date=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-311-3|location=|pages=529|language=en}}</ref> After his Hajj, he returned to his job in the court and continued his scholarship into old age.<ref name=":4" />
[[File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage MSS 1025 f3b CROP.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Pilgrims travelling in a ship across the [[Gulf of Oman|Sea of Oman]]<ref name="rogers" />]]
Ibn Vali set out from [[Delhi]] in September 1676, reaching the port of [[Mocha, Yemen]] in January 1677 and continuing with a caravan of other pilgrims.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Iftikhar A.|date=1 January 2012|title=A Hajj Pilgrim's Travelogue and Manual: The Sea Traveller 1676-1677|url=|journal=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society|volume=60|issue=1|pages=7–12|via=}}</ref> The sea journey from India to the Arabian Peninsula would have taken about 25 days.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Agius|first=Dionisius A.|title=The Hajj: collected essays|publisher=British Museum|year=2013|isbn=978-0-86159-193-0|editor-last=Porter|editor-first=Venetia|location=London|page=86|chapter=Ships that Sailed the Red Sea in Medieval and Early Modern Islam: Perception and Reception|oclc=857109543|editor-last2=Saif|editor-first2=Liana}}</ref> The book has advice about travelling on ships across the [[Indian Ocean]], starting with advice on choosing a ship.<ref name="MahmalRevisited" /> It recommends that each ship should have a ''tabib'' (physician) and a [[Bloodletting|blood-letter]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Abhay Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwNUblS-jpwC&pg=PA659|title=Modern World System and Indian Proto-industrialization: Bengal 1650-1800|date=2006|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-201-1|location=|pages=659|language=en}}</ref> Pilgrims are advised to carry their own water in earthen pots, as the water available on ship tasted unpleasant.<ref>{{Citation|last=Lambourn|first=Elizabeth A.|title=The "Simple" Bare Necessities: On Water and Rice|date=2018|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abrahams-luggage/simple-bare-necessities-on-water-and-rice/31B6BB096B84BAC9056D9B59834CB565|work=Abraham's Luggage: A Social Life of Things in the Medieval Indian Ocean World|volume=|page=173|editor-last=|editor-first=|series=Asian Connections|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781316795453.006|isbn=978-1-107-17388-0|access-date=2020-11-17|url-access=subscription}}</ref> If they did not have their own water, they could make the ship's water palatable by adding [[Pomegranate juice|pomegranate syrup]] or the juice of soured fruit.<ref>{{Citation|last=Lambourn|first=Elizabeth A.|title=The Balanced Body: On Vinegar and Other Sour Foods|date=2018|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abrahams-luggage/balanced-body-on-vinegar-and-other-sour-foods/A13A99723A8D26CE83EFA45D89445D4C|work=Abraham's Luggage: A Social Life of Things in the Medieval Indian Ocean World|volume=|pages=237|editor-last=|editor-first=|series=Asian Connections|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781316795453.008|isbn=978-1-107-17388-0|access-date=2020-11-17|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The book recommends that travellers should stay close to the main mast and away from the outer side of the deck, in order to avoid [[sea-sickness]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Disease, Morbidity and Mortality in the Indian Ocean World, 1500-1800|last=Singh|first=Abhay Kumar|editor-last=Sharma|editor-first=Yogesh|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTTGWSme30YC&pg=PA131|title=Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India|date=2010|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-00-9|location=|pages=131|language=en}}</ref> It describes in detail the places visited by ibn Vali and the rituals of the Hajj.<ref name="MahmalRevisited" /> These included visits to holy places where the pilgrims shaved their hair, made sacrifices, and performed the [[stoning of the Devil]].<ref name=":0" />

== Surviving exemplars ==
There are manuscripts of the ''Anis'' in the [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]],<ref name="catalogue" /> in the Royal Armoury in [[Lucknow]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naz |first1=Humera |title=History in the Guise of Hajj Safarnamas (the Hajj Narratives): An Appraisal of the Musafire-Hejaz (a mid-twentieth century hajj pilgrim's travelogue and manual, compiled in Sindh-Pakistan) |journal=Pakistan Perspective |date=2016 |volume=21 |issue=1 |url=https://journal.psc.edu.pk/index.php/pp/article/view/92 |accessdate=17 November 2020 |language=en |issn=2707-899X}}</ref> and in the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-11|title=Futuh Al-Haramayn : a pilgrim's guide to Hajj {{!}} National Museum New Delhi|url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/futuh-al-haramayn-pilgrims-guide-to-hajj/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Heritage Lab|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Illustrations ==
While there are other pilgrims' guides that illustrate the pilgrimage and its locations diagrammatically, the ''Anis Al-Hujjaj'' is distinctive for also including colourful depictions of the pilgrims themselves.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="rogers" />

The Khalili exemplar (accession number MSS 1025), thought to originate from [[Gujarat]] between 1677 and 1680, consists of 23 [[Folio#Page numbering|folios]] including nine half-page and eleven full-page illustrations.<ref name=":0" /> The text is in [[nastaliq]] script, with 23 lines per page.<ref name="catalogue" /> The Khalili manuscript includes labelled depictions of places including [[Surat]], [[Mocha, Yemen|Mocha]], [[Jeddah]] and [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]].<ref name=":3" /> The maps of these towns show buildings which are still identifiable today.<ref name=":3" /> The illustrations also depict shrines around Mecca, some of which no longer exist. These include birthplaces of [[Muhammad]], of his daughter [[Fatimah]], and of his companion [[Abu Bakr|Abu Bakr al Siddiq]].<ref name=":3" /> The convention for maps in the ''Anis'' is that the top of the page represents the direction in which pilgrims are travelling.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=King|first=Geoffrey|date=December 2011|title=Mukhâ' (Mocha), Jidda and Makka Al-Mukarrama: Urban Mapping in the Anis Al-Hujjâj Ms. in The Nasser D. Khalili Collection|url=https://staging.nla.ae/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=3efbb5de-e952-d4d0-1387-51c96d218c20&groupId=20121#page=5|journal=Liwa (Journal of the National Center for Documentation and Research)|volume=3|issue=6|pages=3–4|issn=1729-9039}}</ref>

The illustrations show ships carrying pilgrims from the port of Surat on the Indian subcontinent, crossing the [[Gulf of Oman|Sea of Oman]], and arriving at Jeddah on the Arabian Peninsula. At Jeddah, smaller boats are shown which would have conveyed passengers between the large ships and the port.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Agius|first=Dionisius A.|url=|title=The Hajj: collected essays|publisher=British Museum|year=2013|isbn=978-0-86159-193-0|editor-last=Porter|editor-first=Venetia|location=London|page=93|chapter=Ships that Sailed the Red Sea in Medieval and Early Modern Islam: Perception and Reception|oclc=857109543|editor-last2=Saif|editor-first2=Liana}}</ref> Another folio of the Khalili manuscript shows a pilgrim caravan, including its [[amir al-hajj]] ("commander of the pilgrimage"), named as Abdi Pasha, and ahead of him the [[mahmal]], an empty litter carried on a camel with each pilgrim caravan from [[Egypt]]. Sources differ on whether anything was carried within the mahmal, with some sources saying it was kept empty, although in ibn Vali's illustration it contains a Quran on a stand.<ref name="MahmalRevisited">{{Cite book|last=Porter|first=Venetia|title=The Hajj: collected essays|publisher=British Museum|year=2013|isbn=978-0-86159-193-0|editor-last=Porter|editor-first=Venetia|location=London|page=199|chapter=The Mahmal Revisited|oclc=857109543|editor-last2=Saif|editor-first2=Liana}}</ref> The illustrations also show the [[Sharif]] Barakat, ruler of the sanctuaries, meeting an emissary of the Ottoman sultan [[Mehmed IV]].<ref name=":0" /> The pilgrims converging on Mecca included groups from North Africa, Egypt, Syria, Iran, India and the [[Arabian Desert]]; the ''Anis'' shows their camps.<ref name=":0" /> At [[Muzdalifah]], pilgrims are shown collecting pebbles. Then at [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] they throw the pebbles in the ritual of ''ramy al-jamarāt'' ([[stoning of the Devil]]).<ref name=":0" />

<gallery heights="200">
File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage Mss 1025 fol 10b.jpg|Pilgrims in [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]], being shaved, making sacrifices and stoning the Devil<ref name="catalogue">{{Cite web|title=Safi ibn Vali's Anis al-Hujjaj ('Pilgrims' Companion')|url=https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/khalili-collection-hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage-safi-ibn-valis-anis-al-hujjaj-mss1025/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Khalili Collections|language=en-US}}</ref>
File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage Mss 1025 fol 11b.jpg|The birthplaces of the Prophet Muhammad; of Fatimah; of Abu Bak al-Siddiq; as well as the Madrasah of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], and a [[Bektashi order|Bektashi]] lodge <ref name="rogers">{{cite book| first=J. M. |last=Rogers|authorlink=J. M. Rogers| title=The Arts of Islam. Masterpieces from the Khalili Collection| year=2010| pages= 284–7|publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=9780500515549| oclc=1000710554}}</ref>
File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage Mss 1025 fol 15a.jpg|Camp of the North African pilgrim caravan<ref name="rogers" />
File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage Mss 1025 fol 17a.jpg|Camps of the Indian (top) and Iranian pilgrim caravans<ref name="rogers" />
File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage Mss 1025 fol 18b.jpg|The [[Amir al-Hajj]] of the Egyptian caravan riding from Mecca to Medina with the [[mahmal]]<ref name="catalogue" />
File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage Mss 1025 fol 21a.jpg|Pilgrim ships leaving the port of [[Mocha, Yemen]] for India<ref name="rogers" />
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{commons category|Anis al-Hujjaj}}
* [[Mughal painting]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/khalili-collection-hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage-safi-ibn-valis-anis-al-hujjaj-mss1025/ Safi ibn Vali’s Anis al-Hujjaj (‘Pilgrims’ Companion’)], Khalili Collections online catalogue

[[Category:1670s in India]]
[[Category:1670s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1677 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:1680 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:1680s in India]]
[[Category:1680s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:17th century in Delhi]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:17th-century Persian books]]
[[Category:Hajj accounts]]
[[Category:Hajj pilgrimage from India]]
[[Category:History of Jeddah]]
[[Category:History of Mecca]]
[[Category:History of Medina]]
[[Category:History of Surat]]
[[Category:Indian manuscripts]]
[[Category:Indian painting]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]
[[Category:Indian travel books]]
[[Category:Islamic illuminated manuscripts]]
[[Category:Islamic studies books]]
[[Category:Khalili Collections]]
[[Category:Mughal art]]
[[Category:Persian-language literature]]
[[Category:Works set at sea]]

Aparna Sengupta

2026-04-18T22:09:42Z

Pankajglobal: New Info!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aparna Sengupta
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1969
| birth_place = [[Nirsa]], [[Dhanbad district]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Sushanto Sengupta (deceased)
| office = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nirsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nirsa]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 23 November 2024
| predecessor = [[Arup Chatterjee]]
| successor = Arup Chatterjee
| education = Schooling completed in 1987
| alma_mater = Rajya Samposhit High School, Sarwa, [[Deoghar]]
| occupation = Politician
| footnotes =
}}

'''Aparna Sengupta''' (born 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. She is an MLA from [[Nirsa Assembly constituency]] in [[Dhanbad district]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She won the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Nirsa Election Result 2019: BJP's Aparna Sengupta wins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/jharkhand-assembly-election/story/nirsa-jharkhand-assembly-election-result-live-updates-1630640-2019-12-23 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=10 women candidates win voters in State elections |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/10-women-candidates-win-voters-in-state-elections.html |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sengupta is from Nirsa, Dhanbad district. Her late husband is Sushanto Sengupta. She completed her schooling in 1987 at Rajya Samposhit High School, Sarwa, [[Deoghar]]. She discontinued her studies, thereafter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aparna Sengupta(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- NIRSA(DHANBAD ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=12084 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sengupta won the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Nirsa Assembly constituency]] on [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ticket. She polled 89,082 votes and defeated<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirsa (Jharkhand) Assembly Election Results 2022: Candidate List, Winner, Runner-Up, Latest News and Updates, Videos , Photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nirsa-election-results-in-jharkhand/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> her nearest rival, Arup Chatterjee of [[Marxist Co-ordination Committee]], by a margin of 25,458 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Nirsa Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Aparna Sengupta of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nirsa-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-2430965.html |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sengupta, Aparna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:People from Dhanbad district]]

Koraput Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:28:07Z

Pankajglobal: creating new post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Koraput}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Koraput
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 144
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koraput]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Raghuram Machha]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 1,92,486{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Koraput''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Koraput district]], [[Odisha]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=144|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323164550/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=144|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Koraput (144) District: Malkangiri|accessdate= 21 March 2014}}</ref>

[https://ceoodisha.nic.in/acmaps/AC144.pdf Map of Koraput Constituency]

The constituency includes [[Koraput]], [[Sunabeda]] Lamptaput block, 15 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Badasuku, Deoghati, Kendar, Kerenga, Lankaput, Mahadeiput, Manbar, Mastiput, Padmapur and Umuri) of Koraput block and 8 Gram panchayats (Bodaput, Boipariguda, Chandrapada, Chipakur, Dasamanthapur, Doraguda, Kenduguda, Kollar and Mahuli) of Boipariguda block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp85.htm|title= 85 - Koraput Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 23 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|31.82}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|35.19}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.65}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|34.97}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.34}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.80}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.03}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|55.74}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.24}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|47.54}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|66.50}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 15 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Koraput constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=February 20, 2014 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=December 17, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Koraput Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/koraput.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 22 March 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Koraput Assembly Election Results 2024: Koraput Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/koraput-constituency-result-18144 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Raghuram Machha]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Koraput Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Koraput Constituency (Seat) Election Results">{{cite news |last1=News18 |date=2019 |title=Koraput Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Koraput Constituency (Seat) Election Results |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/koraput-election-result-s18a144/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108151621/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/koraput-election-result-s18a144/ |archive-date=8 November 2022 |access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref>
|[[Raghu Ram Padal|Raghuram Padal]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name="election2014" />
|Krishna Chandra Sagaria
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[Raghu Ram Padal|Raghuram Padal]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|rowspan=2|[[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Gupta Prasad Das
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Harish Chandra Buxipatra]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan=2|Nrushinha Nanda Brahma
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=2|[[Harish Chandra Buxipatra]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''1967-1971 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Toyaka Sangana
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Laxmana Pujari
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Ganga Muduli
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13 May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Raghuram Machha]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Raghu Ram Padal|Raghuram Padal]] by a margin of 2,524 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin
|title = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Koraput}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Raghuram Machha
|votes = 46,805
|percentage = 31.82
|change = {{up}}6.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Raghu Ram Padal|Raghuram Padal]]
|votes = 44,281
|percentage = 30.11
|change = {{down}}5.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Krushna Kuldip
|votes = 42,256
|percentage = 28.73
|change = {{down}}1.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,263
|percentage = 2.22
|change = {{down}}0.14
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,524
|percentage = 1.71
|change = {{down}}2.89
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,47,073
|percentage = 76.41
|change = {{up}}4.45
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Raghu Ram Padal|Raghuram Padal]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Krushna Kuldip by a margin of 6,285 votes.<ref name="Koraput Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Koraput Constituency (Seat) Election Results" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Koraput<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) (AC/ PC) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Raghu Ram Padal|Raghuram Padal]]
|votes = 48,171
|percentage = 35.19
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Krushna Kuldip
|votes = 41,886
|percentage = 30.59
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tripurary Gorada
|votes = 33,994
|percentage = 24.83
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,235
|percentage = 2.36
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,285
|percentage = 4.60
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,36,905
|percentage = 71.96
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Krushna Chandra Sagaria defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Raghuram Machha]] by a margin of 4,976 votes.<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3631-orissa-2014/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Koraput<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Koraput|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18144.htm?ac=144|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=1 June 2014}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Krushna Chandra Sagaria
|votes = 50,672
|percentage = 40.65
|change = {{up}}6.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Raghuram Machha]]
|votes = 45,696
|percentage = 36.66
|change = {{up}}1.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jairam Garada
|votes = 13,665
|percentage = 10.96
|change = {{up}}1.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,204
|percentage = 1.77
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,976
|percentage = 3.99
|change = {{up}}2.82
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,24,662
|percentage = 74.92
|change = {{up}}16.15
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,66,404
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In the 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Raghu Ram Padal|Raghuram Padal]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Krishna Chandra Sagaria by a margin of 1,114 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=1114 |accessdate=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Koraput<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Raghu Ram Padal|Raghuram Padal]]
|votes = 33,235
|percentage = 34.97
|change = {{up}}3.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Krishna Chandra Sagaria
|votes = 32,121
|percentage = 33.80
|change = {{up}}13.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jayaram Garda
|votes = 8,917
|percentage = 9.38
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,114
|percentage = 1.17{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 95,083
|percentage = 58.77{{efn|2004 voter turnout was 62.56%}}
|change = {{down}}3.79
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Koraput district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|18.81|82.71|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Koraput district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Seymour Vesey-FitzGerald

2026-04-12T11:16:27Z

Pankajglobal: New...

{{Short description|British politician and colonial administrator (1818–1885)}}
{{For|the Irish statesman|William Vesey-FitzGerald, 2nd Baron FitzGerald and Vesey}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = Sir Seymour Vesey-FitzGerald
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]] [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|PC]]
| image = William Vesey Fitzgerald.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Caricature by [[Leslie Ward|"Spy"]], 1874
| order1 = [[List of Governors of Bombay|Governor of Bombay]]
| term_start1 = 6 March 1867
| term_end1 = 6 May 1872
| monarch1 = [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]
| predecessor1 = [[Henry Bartle Frere|Sir Bartle Frere]]
| successor1 = [[Philip Wodehouse (colonial administrator)|Sir Philip Wodehouse]]
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1818|}}
| birth_place = [[County Clare]]
| death_date = {{death date text|28 June 1885|}}
| death_place = [[Oxford]], [[Oxfordshire]]
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| alma_mater = [[Christ Church, Oxford]] [[Oriel College, Oxford]]
| spouse = Maria Seymour
}}
'''Sir William Robert Seymour Vesey-FitzGerald''', [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]], [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|PC]] (1818 – 28 June 1885), was an [[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irish]] politician and colonial administrator. He served as [[Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]] between 1858 and 1859 and as [[List of Governors of Bombay|Governor of Bombay]] between 1867 and 1872.

==Background and education==
FitzGerald was the illegitimate son of [[William Vesey-FitzGerald, 2nd Baron FitzGerald and Vesey|the 2nd Baron FitzGerald and Vesey]]. He was educated at both [[Christ Church, Oxford]] and [[Oriel College, Oxford]], graduating with a degree in Classics in 1837.

==Political career==
FitzGerald was elected member for [[Horsham (UK Parliament constituency)|Horsham]] in 1848, but was unseated on petition. In 1852 he was once again elected for Horsham and was able to hold the seat until 1865.<ref name="rayment">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090810231410/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Hcommons4.htm leighrayment.com House of Commons: Horncastle to Hythe]}}</ref> He served under the [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|Earl of Derby]] as [[Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]] between 1858 and 1859.

In 1866 he was appointed [[List of Governors of Bombay|Governor of Bombay]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23187 |date=20 November 1866 |page=6157 }}</ref> admitted to the [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23203 |date=28 December 1866 |page=7171 }}</ref> and (17 August 1887) made a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]],<ref>Great Britain. India Office {{google books|b2NPAAAAMAAJ|The India List and India Office List for 1905|page=145}}</ref> and Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]].

On his return to Britain, he again represented Horsham in parliament from 1874 to 1875.<ref name="rayment"/> In 1875, he was appointed [[Chief Charity Commissioner for England and Wales|Chief Charity Commissioner]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=24271 |date=30 November 1875 |page=6048 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1840, Vesey-FitzGerald married Maria Tryphena Seymour (1821–1865), a daughter of Edward Seymour, and their children included William Gerald Seymour (1841–1910), Tryphena Elizabeth Seymour (born 1843), Edward Percy Seymour (1853–1924), who was the father of the naturalist and author [[Brian Vesey-Fitzgerald]], and Carlotta Edith Beatrix Seymour (1859–1939).<ref>Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd, ''Burke's Irish Family Records'' (London: Burkes Peerage Ltd, 1976), p. 413</ref>

==See also==
*[[Baron FitzGerald and Vesey]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''

== External links ==
* {{Hansard-contribs | sir-william-fitzgerald | Sir William Vesey-FitzGerald }}
*{{UK National Archives ID}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box | before=[[John Jervis (MP for Horsham)|John Jervis]] | title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Horsham (UK Parliament constituency)|Horsham]] | years=1848 | after=[[Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Glossop|Lord Edward Fitzalan-Howard]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Glossop|Lord Edward Fitzalan-Howard]] | title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Horsham (UK Parliament constituency)|Horsham]] | years=1852–1865 | after=[[Robert Henry Hurst (junior)|Robert Henry Hurst]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[Robert Henry Hurst (junior)|Robert Henry Hurst]] | title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Horsham (UK Parliament constituency)|Horsham]] | years=1874–1875 | after=[[Robert Henry Hurst (junior)|Robert Henry Hurst]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|title=[[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs|Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]]|before=[[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 4th Marquess of Lansdowne|Earl of Shelburne]]|after=[[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley|The Lord Wodehouse]]|years=1858–1859}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box|title=[[Governor of Bombay]]|before=[[Henry Bartle Frere|Sir Bartle Frere]]|after=[[Philip Wodehouse (colonial administrator)|Sir Philip Wodehouse]]|years=1867–1872}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vesey-Fitzgerald, William}}
[[Category:1818 births]]
[[Category:1885 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Governors of Bombay]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1847–1852]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1852–1857]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1857–1859]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1859–1865]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1874–1880]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Legislative Council]]

{{England-UK-MP-stub}}

Madam Sengupta

2026-04-12T06:38:43Z

Pankajglobal: adding first data needs work - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali thriller film}}
{{Use Indian English|date= July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= July 2025}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Madam Sengupta
| image = File:Mdam Sengupta poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt =
| director = [[Sayantan Ghosal]]
| story = Sougata Basu
| producer = Pradip Kumar Nandy
| screenplay = Sougata Basu
| starring = [[Rituparna Sengupta]] [[Rahul Bose]] [[Kaushik Sen]] [[Subrat Dutta]] [[Paran Bandopadhyay]]
| music = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] (score) Anupam Roy
| cinematography = Tuban
| editing = Subhajit Singha
| studio = [[Nandy Movies]]
| distributor = [[Nandy Movies Production]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|07|04|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| gross =
| budget =
}}

'''''Madam Sengupta''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[Thriller film|action thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=Dinesh |date=2025-05-09 |title=Indian cinema is increasingly striking a chord with global audiences |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/indian-cinema-is-increasingly-striking-a-chord-with-global-audiences/article69557324.ece |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> directed by [[Sayantan Ghosal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Subhadrika |date=2024-01-11 |title=Rituparna Sengupta and Ritwick Chakraborty to star in Madam Sengupta |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Jan/11/rituparna-sengupta-and-ritwick-chakraborty-to-star-in-madam-sengupta-56784.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-30 |title=Trailer of Madam Sengupta unveiled: A riveting tale of loss, truth and resistance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/trailer-of-madam-sengupta-unveiled-a-riveting-tale-of-loss-truth-and-resistance/articleshow/122154175.cms |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was released on 4 July 2025 under the banner of Nandy Movie Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Information |first=Film |date=2025-07-01 |title='MADAM SENGUPTA' (Bengali) |url=https://filminformation.com/videos/madam-sengupta-bengali/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Film Information |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Plot==
The theme of the movie reflects [[Sukumar Ray]]'s classic satirical works ''[[Abol Tabol]]''. Anurekha, a distinguished cartoonist comes to [[Kolkata]] searching the secret behind her daughter Ananya’s murder. The film revolves with the hidden political rivalries, conspiracies, love and betrayals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-29 |title=The official poster of Madam Sengupta is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-official-poster-of-madam-sengupta-is-out/articleshow/120723663.cms |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The thriller Madam Sengupta sees Rituparna Sengupta and Rahul Bose coming together once again after Anuranan |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-thriller-madam-sengupta-sees-rituparna-sengupta-and-rahul-bose-coming-together-once-again-after-anuranan/881032 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]] as Anurekha Sengupta, a renowned cartoonist
* [[Indrani Bhattacharyya]] as Ananya Sengupta, Anurekha's daughter
* [[Rahul Bose]] as Ranjan Banerjee
* [[Kaushik Sen]] as Satyaki Sen, Anurekha's husband
* [[Ananya Chatterjee]] as Yashodhara Banerjee, the main antagonist, would be Cultural Minister
* [[Paran Banerjee|Paran Bandopadhyay]] as Jadu Babu
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Laltu Da
* [[Shantilal Mukherjee|Santilal Mukherjee]] as OC Tapan Bagchi
* [[Subrat Dutta]] as Haren Mondal, corrupt police officer
* Debapriyo Mukherjee as Badshah
* [[Sudip Mukherjee]] as Bilash Chowdhury
* Ratan Sarkhel as opposition leader Amartya Chatterjee, would be Chief Minister

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|36856218}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sayantan Ghosal]]

Sanjay Sharma (politician)

2026-04-12T00:39:57Z

Pankajglobal: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Sharma
| image = MLA Sanjay Sharma.png
| caption =
| office = [[Minister of State (India)|Minister of State]], [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start = 30 December 2023
| governor = [[Kalraj Mishra]] [[Haribhau Bagade]]
| predecessor = [[Hemaram Choudhary]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|
* Forest (Independent Charge)
* Environment & Climate Change (Independent Charge)
* Science & Technology (Independent Charge)}}
| office1 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Banwari Lal Singhal]]
| constituency1 = [[Alwar Urban Assembly constituency|Alwar Urban]]
| office2 = President, BJP Alwar
| term_start2 = 2008
| term_end2 = 2013
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|02|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| parents =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Babita Sharma
| children = 2
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| website = {{URL|https://sanjaysharmabjp.com/}}
}}

'''Sanjay Sharma''' is an Indian politician from Rajasthan. He is serving as the [[Minister of State (India)|Minister of State]] with independent charge of the Forest, Environment & Climate Change, and Science & Technology departments in the [[Government of Rajasthan]] under the leadership of Chief Minister [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]].<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sharma-expands-cabinet-22-mlas-take-oath-as-ministers-in-rajasthan-101703960348344.html|title=Sharma expands cabinet, 22 MLAs take oath as ministers in Rajasthan|date=31 December 2023|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref> He represents the [[Alwar Urban Assembly constituency]] in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]].

==Political career==
Sanjay Sharma began his active political journey with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and served as the President of the party's Alwar unit from 2008 to 2013.

He contested the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Alwar Urban Assembly constituency]] and won, defeating the Indian National Congress candidate. He was re-elected in the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], defeating Congress candidate Ajay Agarwal by a margin of 9,087 votes.<ref name=timesofindia>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/alwar-urban|title=Alwar Urban Constituency Election Results 2023: Alwar Urban Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/rajasthan/alwar-urban-vidhan-sabha-election-result-2023-live-updates-ajay-agarwal-sanjay-sharma-bjp-congress-2260363.html |title=Alwar Urban Election Result 2023: अलवर शहर विधानसभा सीट पर BJP के संजय शर्मा की बड़ी जीत |website=TV9 Hindi |date=3 December 2023 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.patrika.com/alwar-news/alwar-city-mla-sanjay-sharma-lead-on-booths-of-alwar-city-3849247 |title=अलवर शहर के बूथों पर भाजपा प्रत्याशी संजय शर्मा की बढ़त |website=Patrika |date=3 December 2023 |access-date=19 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Ministerial role==
On 30 December 2023, Sharma was inducted into the [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry]] as a [[Minister of State (India)|Minister of State]] with independent charge.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> He was assigned the portfolios of Forest, Environment & Climate Change, and Science & Technology. Upon taking charge, Sharma emphasized the government’s commitment to fulfilling electoral promises and criticized the opposition for spreading misinformation about the Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/politics/sanjay-sharma-said-a-big-thing-after-becoming-minister-with-independent-charge/2036554|title=Rajasthan Cabinet Expansion: भजनलाल शर्मा के मंत्रिमंडल में जगह मिलते ही संजय शर्मा ने कही बड़ी बात !|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/dausa/news/minister-of-state-sanjay-sharma-going-to-alwar-welcomed-in-dausa-132386893.html|title=राज्यमंत्री संजय शर्मा बोले- भाजपा पूरे करेगी वादे: कहा- ERCP पर कांग्रेस ने भ्रम फैलाया, 13 जिलों को मिलेगा पानी|date=3 January 2024|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.patrika.com/alwar-news/sanjay-sharma-became-minister-of-state-from-alwar-city-8659034 |title=अलवर शहर से संजय शर्मा बने राज्य मंत्री |website=Patrika |date=30 December 2023 |access-date=19 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/alwar/rajasthan-minister-sanjay-sharma-who-ended-vip-culture-refused-government-security-car-883293.html |title=VIP कल्चर खत्म करने वाले मंत्री संजय शर्मा: सरकारी सुरक्षा और कार लेने से किया इनकार |website=Oneindia Hindi |date=2 January 2024 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral record==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%; text-align: center;"
|+Election results
!Year
!Office
!Constituency
!colspan=2|Party
!Votes (Sanjay Sharma)
!%
!Opponent
!colspan=2|Opponent Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
!Ref
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|rowspan=2|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|rowspan=2|[[Alwar Urban Assembly constituency|Alwar Urban]]
|rowspan=2|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan=2|[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|21px]]
|90,504
|51.46
|Ajay Agarwal
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]
|81,417
|46.30
|{{Won}}
|<ref name=timesofindia />
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|85,041
|50.91
|Shweta Saini
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]
|63,033
|37.73
|{{Won}}
|<ref name=timesofindia />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.instagram.com/sanjaysharma4india/ Sanjay Sharma on Instagram]
* [https://twitter.com/Sanjay4India1 Sanjay Sharma on X (formerly Twitter)]
* [https://www.facebook.com/sanjaysharmabjpalwar/ Sanjay Sharma on Facebook]

{{Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028|state=collapsed}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Sanjay}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Alwar]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Rajasthan]]

Mahendra Pal Meena

2026-04-10T15:35:38Z

Pankajglobal: adding first entry v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Gopal Meena]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Mahendra Pal Meena''' is an Indian politician. He was elected as a member of [[16th Rajasthan Assembly]] from [[Jamwa Ramgarh Assembly constituency|Jamwa Ramgarh]] constituency. He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahendra Pal Meena, BJP Candidate from Jamwa Ramgarh Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/rajasthan/mahendra-pal-meena-s20aed2008a048e2023c002/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bjp Mahendra Pal Meena Candidate Jamwa Ramgarh (st) Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha Election Result 2023 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/rajasthan/candidates/mahendra-pal-meena-bjp-2023-jamwa-ramgarh-48-rajasthan |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=hindi |title=mahendra pal meena rajasthan mahendra-pal-meena-jamwa-ramgarh candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABP News |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/mahendra-pal-meena-rajasthan-jamwa-ramgarh-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-03 |title=Jamwa Ramgarh constituency election result 2023: BJP's Mahendra Pal Meena seals big-margin victory over Congress's Gopal Lal Meena |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/jamwa-ramgarh-constituency-election-result-2023-bjps-mahendra-pal-meena-seals-big-margin-victory-over-congresss-gopal-lal-meena/articleshow/105700770.cms |access-date=2024-11-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Nawapur Sakri Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:25:05Z

Pankajglobal: adding a post w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nawapur Sakri
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1951 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 1,06,787
| mla = Badse, Shankarrao Chindhuji
| party = {{Party index link|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = ST
}}
Nawapur Sakri Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur]] and [[Sakri Assembly constituency|Sakri]] constituencies.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Badse, Shankarrao Chindhuji || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Valvi, Surji Lashkari
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Navapur Sakri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Badse, Shankarrao Chindhuji |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 29,007 |percentage = 26.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Valvi, Surji Lashkari |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 24,257 |percentage = 22.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Yashvantrao Sakharam Desale]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,098 |percentage = 17.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kokani, Dharma Jairam |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,675 |percentage = 16.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhari, Abramji Dongarsing |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 13,802 |percentage = 12.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasave, Sattarsing Sona |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,561 |percentage = 5.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,909 |percentage = 9.06% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,400 |percentage = 51.22% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,400}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,787 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Clara Dias

2026-04-02T08:09:58Z

Pankajglobal:

{{Short description|Indian actress and singer (1946–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=April 2026|reason=since early 2024 versions, note [[WP:AISIGNS]] esp. undue emphasis on significance, 2024 LLM-typical vocab distro etc}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clara Dias
| image = Clara Dias at Young Achiever's Awards (cropped).jpg
| caption = Dias at Gomant Vidya Niketan, [[Margao]] in 2016
| birth_name = Lidvinda Anastasia Clara Correia
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|4|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (now Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India)
| spouse = John Dias (died 2011)
| children = 1
| other_names = Clara Correia e Dias
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|2|18|1946|4|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Salcete#Salcette territory|Orlim]], Goa, India
| years_active = 1961–2021
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| occupations = [[Crooner]]
| instruments = Vocals
| years_active = 1961–1964
| origin = [[Goa]], India
| past_member_of = Cuckoo
}}
}}

'''Lidvinda Anastasia Clara Correia Dias''' ([[née]] '''Correia'''; 14 April 1946 – 18 February 2021), known professionally as '''Clara Dias''', was an Indian actress and singer known for her work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]], ''[[tiatr]]'' productions, and [[radio plays]].

==Early life==
Dias, born on 14 April 1946, in [[Bombay]], [[British India]] (now Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India), originally went by the name Lidvinda Anastasia Clara Correia. Her parents, Samuel Feleciano Braz Nazario Correia and Deleciosa Tecla Correia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2021 |title=Directorate of planning, statistics and evaluation and office of the chief registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> hailed from Orlim, [[Goa]]. Despite her family's lack of involvement in ''[[tiatrs]]'', Dias developed a keen interest in observing these theatrical performances.<ref name=":0" /> She received her primary education in Bombay and later attended the Portuguese [[Lyceum]] in Goa, completing her second year there. Following the region's liberation, Dias pursued her studies at the Multi-Purpose High School in [[Margao]] while simultaneously engaging in various extracurricular activities.<ref name=":1" />

From an early age, Dias displayed a profound passion for singing. She eagerly attended ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatrs]]'' and memorized the lyrics after a single hearing. In 1962, she embarked on her journey as a vocalist for the band Cuckoo, establishing herself as both an actor and singer in the realm of ''tiatr''. Upon her family's return to Goa, Dias seized the opportunity to sing for the band Cuckoo and actively performed as a [[crooner]] at weddings and other social events for nearly three years.<ref name=":0" /> As an avid listener of songs aired on the radio, she frequently requested the chance to sing on stage whenever a music band was performing at a wedding. Her requests were consistently honored. One such occasion proved pivotal when Joaquim Fernandes, the leader of the Cuckoo Band and a trumpeter, heard Dias' captivating voice and promptly invited her to join as a crooner. This marked a significant turning point in her life.<ref name=":1" />

During her school years, Dias attracted the attention of Dominic Vaz, a ''[[tiatrist]]'' from Fatrade, and two of his companions. They approached Dias' mother seeking permission for her to act in a ''tiatr''. Notably, they offered transportation for Dias and her mother to attend the shows and return home-an uncommon gesture in those times.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
In 1964, Dias made her debut on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] in the tiatr ''Sukhti Kedna?'' (When is the low tide?). Her performance was warmly received by Dominic Vaz and S. L. D'Costa, who welcomed her into the theater community. Dias showcased her talent with a solo performance titled "Sakrament," which was executed with style and earned her an enthusiastic [[encore]]. While she initially felt somewhat uneasy about performing romantic scenes, Dias took pride in receiving a cash prize of {{INRConvert|100|year=1964}} for her solo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Entertaining with her melody |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Entertaining-with-her-melody/90900 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |date=11 July 2015 |archive-date=2024-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118111512/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Entertaining-with-her-melody/90900 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her debut paved the way for numerous acting opportunities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web | date=2011-10-21 |title=Winning hearts with her acting prowess | newspaper=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/10/21/magazines/buzz/ilive-winning-hearts-her-acting-prowess/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118113017/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/10/21/magazines/buzz/ilive-winning-hearts-her-acting-prowess/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Antonio Sinforiano]], a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] writer, director, and prompter, played a crucial role in Dias' career. He not only encouraged her but also facilitated her participation in various ''[[tiatrs]]'' directed by other ''tiatr'' figures. This significant support significantly contributed to Dias' growth as an actress. During that era, female representation on stage was scarce, with only a few notable exceptions such as [[Josephine Dias]], Isalita, [[Sabina Fernandes]], and Anita.<ref name=":0" />

Dias' prior experience and confidence as a performer enabled her to excel on the Konkani stage. Over time, she collaborated with [[John Claro]], who introduced her in his ''tiatr Gupit Karann'' (Secret Reason). This opportunity led to her first trip to [[Bombay]], where she portrayed the character of a sister alongside Josephine. Subsequently, Vitorin Pereira extended a warm welcome to Dias in his ''tiatr Upkari'', which was staged at the prestigious Bangwadi Hall in Bombay.<ref name=":0" />

Dias went on to work with Konkani directors such as Mike Mehta, [[C. Alvares]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Patrick Dourado]], Ligorio Fernandes, [[Jacinto Vaz]], [[Nelson Afonso]], [[C. D'Silva]], [[John Claro]], [[Aristides Dias]], Anil Pednekar, Jack Rodson, Salvador Afonso, Tony Dias, Samuel Carvalho, Mini Mario, and many others.<ref name=":0" /> In C. Alvares' ''tiatr Dr. Simon'', she portrayed the role of a mother. Additionally, she showcased her comedic talents alongside esteemed Konkani actors [[M. Boyer]] and Jacinto Vaz. Despite initial reservations from traditional ''tiatr'' enthusiasts, the introduction of non-stop drama proved to be a success, resonating well with audiences. Dias subsequently joined the A. Moraes troupe and later became part of the [[Roseferns]] troupe.<ref name=":1" />

In 1980, ''Thapott'' (The Slap), a theatrical production, garnered considerable acclaim, accumulating over 100 successful performances.<ref name=":1" /> During this period, Dias became an integral member of the troupe, remaining devoted to their endeavors for a span of 22 years. Within the group, Dias cherished the profound sense of camaraderie, reminiscent of a tightly knit family. She found solace in the warm treatment she received from Succorine, the wife of Roseferns, who embraced her as one of their own.<ref name=":0" />

Notably, Dias's personal life intersected with her theatrical pursuits when she married John Dias, an [[electrician]] who briefly dabbled in the Konkani stage as a [[makeup artist]]. Unfortunately, tragedy struck in 2011 when John died in a motor accident. Following a hiatus, Dias resurfaced in the realm of theater, gracing productions by directors such as Samuel Carvalho, Tony Dias, and Anil Pednekar.<ref name=":1" /> After an extensive tenure under a single director, Dias sought to diversify her artistic repertoire and embarked on a new venture, showcasing her theatrical aptitude in two ''tiatrs'' directed by Maxie Pereira.<ref name=":0" />

In 2011, Dias delivered a performance in ''Goodbye'', a comedic production penned by Comedian Michael and Samuel Carvalho. In addition to her accomplishments in the dramatic domain, Dias also left a mark in [[Konkani cinema]], appearing in films like ''Zababdari'' and ''Kanteantlem Ful''. Furthermore, she lent her talents to [[radio plays]] aired on [[All India Radio]] and contributed her voice to various [[audio album]]s. Through her stage career, Dias not only garnered accolades but also embarked on journeys to [[Gulf countries]] and diverse locales within India, expanding her horizons far and wide.<ref name=":1" />

By 2015, Dias found herself increasingly intertwined with Peter/Roshan's dramatic troupe, where she became a known figure. Her association with the troupe commenced three years earlier in the tiatr production titled ''Novro'' (The Boyfriend). Similar to her experience with [[Roseferns]]' troupe, Dias forged another close-knit bond within the ensemble led by Peter/Roshan. Notably, one of their tiatrs featured a [[quintet]] performance known as ''panchko'', which comprised Roshan, Simonica, Felcy, Elvia, and Dias. The audience warmly received this performance, attesting to its resonance and artistic merit. Dias derived immense joy from both singing and acting on the Konkani stage. Although she did not compose her own songs, she reveled in interpreting the compositions of other [[lyricist]]s. Furthermore, she embraced the challenge of embodying [[negative role|negative character]]s, relishing the opportunity to showcase her versatility and artistic prowess.<ref name=":0" />

==Select filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2002
|''Kanteantlem Ful''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-02-09 |title=Konkani film industry needs a boost |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/konkani-film-industry-needs-a-boost/articleshow/491521.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119043256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/konkani-film-industry-needs-a-boost/articleshow/491521.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2004
|''Zababdari''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2004 |title=Konkani Tiatr/Films/Comedy etc on VCDs |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041111051715/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/GOAN-NRI/ |archive-url=https://goanet.goanet.narkive.com/3fqaYndl/konkani-tiatr-films-comedy-etc-on-vcds-update-april-2004 |archive-date=25 May 2004 |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=[[Goanet]]}}</ref>
|}

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1964
|''Sukhti Kedna?''
|Actor/singer
|Professional debut
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1972
|''Gupit Karann ''
|Josephine's sister
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dourado |first=Lino |date= |title=GULAB-acho Pormoll Sompum Nakat |url=http://ww25.goa-world.com/goa/poems?subid1=20231214-0034-508f-bd96-bd9f2ecdd6a0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213133547/http://ww25.goa-world.com/goa/poems?subid1=20231214-0034-508f-bd96-bd9f2ecdd6a0 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=Goa World |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Upkari''
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Dr. Simon''
|Mother
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1980
|''Thapott''
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2011
|''Goodbye''
|
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2015
|''Novro''
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dias, Clara}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Singers from Goa]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]

Anushka Shetty

2026-03-29T14:40:58Z

Pankajglobal:

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1981)}}
{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anushka Shetty
| image = Anushka at the trailer launch of Baahubali (cropped).jpg
| caption = Shetty in 2015
| birth_name = Sweety Shetty<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sweety-is-a-boringperson-thats-why-I-become-Anushka-for-my-fans-Anushka-Shetty/articleshow/50043350.cms"Sweety|title=is a boring person, that's why I become Anushka for my fans: Anushka Shetty|website=indiatimes.com|access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1981|11|7}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-baahubali-actress-anushka-shetty-celebrates-her-34th-birthday-2143042"'Baahubali'|title=actress Anushka Shetty celebrates her 34th birthday!|website=dnaindia.com|access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2005–present
| works = [[Anushka Shetty filmography|Full list]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Anushka Shetty|Full list]]
| honours = [[Kalaimamani]] (2010)
| alma_mater = [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Computer Applications]]
| signature = Anushka Shetty transperenet-Signature.png
| signature_size = 100px
}}

'''Sweety Shetty''' (born 7 November 1981) known professionally as ''' Anushka Shetty''' is an Indian actress known for her works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and
[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] cinema. Having appeared over 50 films in a variety of roles, she is one of the highest-paid South Indian actresses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Varsha |date=2022-01-31 |title=South Indian Actresses With The Highest Pay In 2022 |url=https://womansera.com/south-indian-actresses-with-the-highest-pay-in-2022/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/baahubali-2-prabhas-rana-anushka-ss-rajamouli-salary-details-975545-2017-05-06|title=Baahubali 2: Did you know Prabhas, Rana Daggubati, Anushka are highest paid star cast in India?|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today|access-date=23 October 2019|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023084032/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/baahubali-2-prabhas-rana-anushka-ss-rajamouli-salary-details-975545-2017-05-06|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rajinikanth-ram-charan-laud-anushka-shettys-performance-in-bhaagamathie-5050024/|title=Rajinikanth, Ram Charan laud Anushka Shetty's performance in Bhaagamathie|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=3 February 2018|access-date=23 October 2019|archive-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731204930/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rajinikanth-ram-charan-laud-anushka-shettys-performance-in-bhaagamathie-5050024/|url-status=live}}</ref> She is the recipient of three [[Filmfare Awards South]], two [[Nandi Awards]], two [[SIIMA]] Awards and one [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Film Award]]. Shetty was honoured with [[Kalaimamani]] in 2010 by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 January 2011|title=Kalaimamani awards announced|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kalaimamani-awards-announced/article15536990.ece|access-date=16 May 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516222804/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kalaimamani-awards-announced/article15536990.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Anushka, Tamannah among Kalaimamani winners | website=The New Indian Express | date=29 January 2011 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Jan/29/anushka-tamannah-among-kalaimamani-winners-223105.html | access-date=17 April 2024 | archive-date=22 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122145923/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/jan/29/anushka-tamannah-among-kalaimamani-winners-223105.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

She made her acting debut with the 2005 Telugu film ''[[Super (2005 film)|Super]]'', which garnered her a [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Filmfare Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]] nomination.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anushka The Queen Of South Indian Cinema|url=https://www.magzter.com/article/Entertainment/Cinesprint/Anushka-The-Queen-Of-South-Indian-Cinema|access-date=24 November 2020|website=magzter.com|language=en}}</ref> The following year, she starred in [[S. S. Rajamouli]]'s blockbuster hit ''[[Vikramarkudu]]''. Her further releases ''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]'' (2007), ''[[Souryam]]'' (2008), and ''[[Chintakayala Ravi]]'' (2008) were also box office successes. In 2009, Shetty played dual roles in the Telugu [[dark fantasy]] film ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]'', which led her to her first Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu, and Nandi Award. The following year, Shetty's portrayal of a prostitute in the acclaimed drama ''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]'' won her a second consecutive Best Actress Award from Filmfare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/may/31/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-anushka-shetty.htm |title=Meet super-talented Anushka Shetty! – Rediff.com Movies |publisher=Movies.rediff.com |date=31 May 2010 |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170512101414/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/may/31/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-anushka-shetty.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/dec/29/slide-show-1-south-2009s-top-telugu-actresses.htm |title=Top Telugu actresses of 2009 – Rediff.com Movies |publisher=Movies.rediff.com |date=29 December 2009 |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511151510/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/dec/29/slide-show-1-south-2009s-top-telugu-actresses.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the 2010s, Shetty also starred in Tamil cinema in the action films such as ''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]]'' (2009), ''[[Singam]]'' (2010), ''[[Singam II]]'' (2013), and ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' (2015), all of which were major commercial successes. She continued to draw praise from critics with her leading performances in the dramas ''[[Vaanam]]'' (2011), ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'' (2011) and ''[[Size Zero]]'' (2015). She portrayed the titular queen in the 2015 epic historical fiction ''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]'', which won her the third Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu. Shetty's portrayal of [[List of Baahubali characters#Devasena|Princess Devasena]] in the ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali series]]'' (2015–17) received widespread acclaim.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Happy Birthday Anushka Shetty: 6 Best Performances of the Baahubali actress who is a darling among the masses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-anushka-shetty-6-best-performances-of-the-baahubali-actress-who-is-a-darling-among-the-masses/articleshow/71939223.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110025926/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-anushka-shetty-6-best-performances-of-the-baahubali-actress-who-is-a-darling-among-the-masses/articleshow/71939223.cms |archive-date=10 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Shetty debuted in [[Malayalam Cinema|Malayalam]] with [[Kathanar – The Wild Sorcerer]] which marks her 50th film, is expected to release on 2026 second half.

== Early life and education ==
Shetty was born as Sweety Shetty on 7 November 1981 in [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 November 2017|title=Happy Birthday Anushka Shetty: The Baahubali star's five must watch films|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/happy-birthday-anushka-shetty-five-films-baahubali-vedam-arundhati-billa-4926132/|access-date=4 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> She is an ethnic Tuluva hailing from a [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-speaking [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]] family from Bellipady village in [[Puttur taluk]] of [[Dakshina Kannada|Dakshina Kannada district]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-29 |title=Interesting facts about Anushka Shetty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/interesting-facts-about-anushka-shetty/photostory/63523805.cms |access-date=2024-12-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=TOI>{{cite news|last=Vinobha KT|title=Household Kola draws Tulu belle to Bellipady|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/Household-Kola-draws-Tulu-belle-to-Bellipady/articleshow/11230837.cms|access-date=7 January 2012|date=24 December 2011|archive-date=20 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520203812/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-24/mangalore/30554058_1_anushka-shetty-telugu-film-tuluva|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangalore-born actress Anushka Shetty to charm fans in Dubai |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=211775 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> Her parents are Prafulla and A. N. Vittal Shetty and she has two elder brothers, Gunaranjan Shetty and Sai Ramesh Shetty.<ref name=TOI /> Shetty received her Bachelor of Computer Applications from [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore|Mount Carmel College]] in Bangalore. She was also a yoga instructor, trained under Bharat Thakur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-anushka-shetty/20100531.htm|title=Meet super-talented Anushka Shetty!|website=rediff.com|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=3 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603122305/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-anushka-shetty/20100531.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

While filming her debut film ''[[Super (2005 film)|Super]]'', the director [[Puri Jagannadh]] and producer [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] were keen for Shetty to have a [[Stage name|screen name]] as they felt her real name Sweety may not be appealing to the audience. While mulling over different names, they came across [[Anushka Manchanda]] who was singing one of the songs in the film. They liked her first name and decided to adopt Anushka as the screen name for Shetty's film career.<ref>{{Citation |title=అనుష్క ని సినిమాలోకి తీసుకున్న {{!}} Puri Jagannadh on how He cast Anushka in her 1st movie Super (in Telugu) | date=19 November 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iucXW7CGduY |language=en |access-date=2022-07-30}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Early work (2005–2008) ===
Shetty made her acting debut in 2005 with Puri Jagannadh's ''[[Super (2005 film)|Super]]'', where she featured alongside [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] and [[Ayesha Takia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jul/22super.htm|title=Nagarjuna latest isn't Super|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=22 July 2005|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' stated, "The sexy girls Ayesha and Anushka show off their bodies."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/super-review-telugu-13904525.html|title=Sify Movies – Review listing|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924203712/http://www.sify.com/movies/super-review-telugu-13904525.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> For her performance, she earned her first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]. The same year, she acted in another film ''[[Mahanandi (film)|Mahanandi]]'', opposite [[Srihari]] and [[Sumanth]]. ''IndiaGlitz'' said, "Anushka looks comely ---and that is what she seems to be in for." but added, "The script has been stitched and the seams look frayed."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/7731.html|title=Mahanandi review. Mahanandi Telugu movie review, story, rating – IndiaGlitz.com|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206154822/https://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/7731.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Sify'' stated that it "starts promisingly with a racy first half but goes awry and the tempo slackens post interval." and added, "Anushka looks ravishing thanks to Vasu's camera which is a major plus for the film."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mahanandi-review-telugu-14026821.html|title=Review|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924183701/http://www.sify.com/movies/mahanandi-review-telugu-14026821.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2006, she had four releases, the first being S. S. Rajamouli's ''[[Vikramarkudu]]'', where she was paired with [[Ravi Teja]]. Kishore of ''Nowrunning.com'' said "The high points of the movie are the flawless acting of Ravi Teja and the lusciousness of Anushka. Anushka has all the assets to that a woman ought to have."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3014/telugu/vikramarkudu/763/review.htm|title=Vikramarkudu Review – Telugu Movie Vikramarkudu nowrunning review|website=nowrunning.com|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908031006/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3014/telugu/vikramarkudu/763/review.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''Sify'' said that Anushka "is definitely a highlight."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikramarkudu-review-telugu-14236373.html|title=Review|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924213427/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikramarkudu-review-telugu-14236373.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/25736.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201225816/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/25736.html|archive-date=1 February 2014|title=Vikramarkudu celebrates 100 days in 54 centres|work=indiaglitz.com}}</ref> She next starred in the film ''[[Astram (film)|Astram]]'', a remake of the 1999 Hindi film ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]'', following which she debuted in the Tamil film industry, acting in the [[Sundar C]]-directed action flick ''[[Rendu]]'', sharing screen space with [[R. Madhavan]]. Later that year, she made a special appearance alongside Mega star Chiranjeevi in A. R. Murugadoss' directorial debut in Telugu, ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2006 |title=Maddy vs Maddy in Rendu |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/20sd4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627044217/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/20sd4.htm |archive-date=27 June 2022 |access-date=21 February 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

Her first release in 2007 was ''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshya]]'' which was a success in box office, after which she starred in Raghava Lawrence's ''[[Don (2007 film)|Don]]'' opposite Nagarjuna again. The former, in particular, succeeded at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2007top10films.html |title=top 10 films in 2007 at box office- Telugu cinema news |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=28 December 2007 |access-date=18 June 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110610220244/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2007top10films.html| archive-date= 10 June 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008 she had appeared in six films. ''[[Okka Magaadu]]'' was the first release, in which she played one of three female leads. [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] was the actor opposite her in ''Okka Magaadu''. Her next releases ''[[Swagatam]]'' alongside [[Jagapathi Babu]] and [[Bhumika Chawla]] and ''[[Baladoor]]'' opposite Ravi Teja garnered poor reviews and box office returns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/news/anushka_dc3008.php |title=News : Heroines of the year: Anushka, Trisha |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |access-date=17 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406205154/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/news/anushka_dc3008.php |archive-date=6 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietrade/apbo2008_printer.php |title=A.P Box-office 2008 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=27 December 2008 |access-date=17 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406205159/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietrade/apbo2008_printer.php |archive-date=6 April 2012 }}</ref> She next appeared in the film ''[[Souryam]]'' with [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] which became a box office hit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanaparthy Ranganath |date=31 December 2008 |title=Top 14 movies of Telugu cinema in 2008 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2008top14films.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Her last release that year was ''[[Chintakayala Ravi]]'' opposite [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review: Chintakayala Ravi entertains|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/03ssc.htm|access-date=2020-07-14|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Experimental roles and success (2009–2010) ===
[[File:AnushkaShetty1.jpg|left|thumb|Shetty at an event]]

In 2009, Shetty first starred in the blockbuster hit, the fantasy film ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]''. In this heroine-centric film, she essayed two roles for the first time.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> ''Idlebrain''{{'}}s Jeevi wrote that she was "simply amazing in two roles" and that she did "exceptionally well with subtle yet impact creating performance,"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-arundhati.html |title=Arundhati review — Telugu cinema Review — Anushka, Sonu Sood |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=16 January 2009 |access-date=17 December 2011 |archive-date=11 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211184204/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-arundhati.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while ''[[Rediff.com]]'' claimed that she was "brilliant and breathtaking in parts," labelling ''Arundhati'' as "totally Anushka's film."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/19telugu-film-review-arundhati.htm |title=Review: Arundhati |work=Rediff.com |access-date=17 December 2011 |archive-date=22 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122001130/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/19telugu-film-review-arundhati.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Sify'' noted that she was "at her best with great performance"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arundhati-review-telugu-14838969.html |title=Movie Review:Arundhati |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=17 December 2011 |archive-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028081537/http://www.sify.com/movies/arundhati-review-telugu-14838969.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She went on to win the [[Nandi Special Jury Award]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2009.html|title=Nandi awards 2009 announced – Telugu cinema news|website=idlebrain.com|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=23 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123053750/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2009.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Filmfare-Awards-winners/articleshow/6280143.cms?referral=PM | work=The Times of India | title=Filmfare Awards winners – The Times of India | date=9 August 2010 | access-date=9 April 2014 | archive-date=25 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025192658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Filmfare-Awards-winners/articleshow/6280143.cms?referral=PM | url-status=live }}</ref> Her next film was ''[[Billa (2009 film)|Billa]]'', a remake of the [[Billa (2007 film)|2007 Tamil film of the same name]]. The film received mixed reviews, with ''Rediff'' stating "Anushka has a super-toned body and indulges in quite a bit of skin show" but had "nothing much to do,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/billa-is-all-style-no-substance/20090406.htm|title=Billa is all style, no substance|website=rediff.com|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170323134326/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/billa-is-all-style-no-substance/20090406.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> while ''Sify'' stated "Anushka was there to show her oomph and glamour which she has done full justice."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-review-telugu-14878557.html|title=Review|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153337/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-review-telugu-14878557.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her final release in 2009 was her second Tamil feature film, the action masala film ''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikkaran]]'' with actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and it received generally unfavourable reviews. ''Rediff'' said, "Anushka, fresh from her success with ''Arundhathi'', has been relegated to pretty bimbette again and appears conveniently during the romantic numbers of which ''Oru Chinna Thamarai'' takes the cake."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/18/south-tamil-movie-review-vettaikkaran.htm|title=Review: Vettaikkaran is for Vijay fans|website=rediff.com|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170321075112/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/18/south-tamil-movie-review-vettaikkaran.htm|archive-date=21 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''Sify'' said, "Anushka has nothing much to do and hence goes unnoticed."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vettaikaran-review-review-tamil-14924110.html|title=Sify Movies – Review listing|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121023329/http://www.sify.com/movies/vettaikaran-review-review-tamil-14924110.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She had a string of releases in 2010. She portrayed a prostitute in Krish's [[anthology film]] ''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]'' which stars [[Allu Arjun]].<ref name="rediff1">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-top-telugu-actresses-of-2010/20101220.htm |title=Top Telugu Actresses of 2010 – Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=20 December 2010 |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606112715/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-top-telugu-actresses-of-2010/20101220.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> For her performance, she won her second consecutive Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/others/news-interviews/Filmfare-Awards-winners/articleshow/6280143.cms? | work=The Times of India | title=Filmfare Awards winners – The Times of India | access-date=4 April 2014 | archive-date=18 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818152209/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/others/news-interviews/Filmfare-Awards-winners/articleshow/6280143.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Her next Telugu film, ''[[Panchakshari]]'', was another heroine-centric film where she again performed double roles.<ref name="rediff1" /> This was followed by the action comedy ''[[Khaleja]]'', where she starred opposite [[Mahesh Babu]] for the first time in her career, ''[[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]]'', the Telugu remake of the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]] ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' in which she portrayed the famous role of [[Chandramukhi (character)|Chandramukhi]] and ''[[Ragada]]''. She also made special appearances in the films ''[[Kedi (2010 film)|Kedi]]'' and ''[[Thakita Thakita]]''. However all these 2010 releases failed to make an impact at the box office.<ref name="rediff1" /> Her sole Tamil release of 2010, the police drama ''[[Singam]]'' co-starring [[Suriya]] was a major commercial success. ''Sify'' claimed, "Anushka is there only for adding glamour and songs, but does a decent job".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/singam-review-review-tamil-14943277.html|title=Sify Movies – Review listing|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=22 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122190206/http://www.sify.com/movies/singam-review-review-tamil-14943277.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> while Pavithra Srinivasan of ''Rediff'' stated, "Anushka, thankfully, has more to do than just prance around in skimpy clothes (which she does very well). She romances dutifully, but her part picks up when both she and Suriya are in Chennai, tangling with villains."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/28/south-tamil-review-singam.htm|title=Singam, the mother of all masala films|website=rediff.com|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=18 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018083842/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/28/south-tamil-review-singam.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite its moderate commercial success, ''Nagavalli'' earned Anushka her third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nagavalli.html|title=Nagavalli film review - Telugu cinema — Venkatesh, Anushka & Richa Gangapodhyay|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=10 December 2013}}</ref>

=== Commercial struggles (2011–2013) ===
She reprised the role she played in ''Vedam'' in its Tamil remake, ''[[Vaanam]]'' (2011). Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, "Boldness and daring mark Anushka's role—the actor's eyes effectively convey joy, helplessness, agony and anger."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/05/01/stories/2011050150050200.htm | title=Stars stomp the sky – Vaanam | location=Chennai, India | date=1 May 2011 | access-date=4 April 2014 | archive-date=15 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015004453/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/05/01/stories/2011050150050200.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead }}</ref> A critic from ''Sify'' wrote that "Anushka is outstanding as the commercial sex worker as she is able to bring out a life-like performance."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vaanam-review-review-tamil-14968580.html |title=Movie review: Vaanam |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=30 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130052925/http://www.sify.com/movies/vaanam-review-review-tamil-14968580.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She next starred in [[A. L. Vijay]]'s ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]''. The drama centers on the characters of Krishna ([[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]), an [[intellectual disability|intellectually disabled]] father and his daughter Nila. The film became a critical and commercial success, fetching her laurels for her portrayal as Anuradha, an advocate.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2233163.ece |title=Deiva Thirumagal: a sensitive poem on celluloid |work=The Hindu |date=16 July 2011 |access-date=24 November 2012 |location=Chennai, India |first=Malathi |last=Rangarajan |archive-date=20 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720135157/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2233163.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Oneindia'' stated, "Anushka Shetty's character in the film had good scope for performance without being glamorous."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/reviews/2011/deiva-thirumagal-review-150711-aid0017.html|title=Deiva Thirumagal review|date=15 July 2011|website=Oneindia|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=7 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207084220/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/reviews/2011/deiva-thirumagal-review-150711-aid0017.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For her performance, she won the [[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine]], in addition to her sole nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/6th-annual-vijay-awards-complete-list-of-winners-483185.html |title=6th Annual Vijay Awards: Complete list of winners |date=19 June 2012 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811113839/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/6th-annual-vijay-awards-complete-list-of-winners-483185.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |title=The 59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011(South) |date=8 July 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 April 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811103446/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |archive-date=11 August 2015}}</ref>

In 2012, Anushka collaborated again with A. L. Vijay and Vikram in the action drama ''[[Thaandavam]]''. Malathi Rangarajan stated that "the romance between Vikram and Anushka is a beautiful feature of ''Thaandavam''."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/thaandavam-fiery-dance-of-the-righteous/article3948755.ece |title=Thaandavam: Fiery dance of the righteous |work=The Hindu |date=29 September 2012 |access-date=24 November 2012 |location=Chennai, India |first=Malathi |last=Rangarajan |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111150826/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/thaandavam-fiery-dance-of-the-righteous/article3948755.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She later appeared alongside Nagarjuna in the fantasy film ''[[Damarukam]]'', which was her first Telugu release after two years. Karthik Pasupulate from ''[[The Times of India]]'' said that Anushka "has little to do as far as performance goes and does a good job of upping the glam quotient."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-review/17337951.cms |title=Dhamarukam Movie review |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 November 2012 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=26 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126070759/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-review/17337951.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of ''Rediff'' claimed, "Anushka looks sweet. Nag and Anushka have good onscreen chemistry."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-damarukam/20121123.htm|title=Review: Damarukam is a one-time watch|website=rediff.com|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170323121122/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-damarukam/20121123.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Oneindia]]'' claimed, "Anushka Shetty has less scope for acting, but she impresses you in song sequences."<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2012/damarukam-movie-review-101388.html Oneindia] ".</ref> She received her fourth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu for her performance in the film.

[[File:Anushka Shetty - TeachAIDS at Tech Awards Gala (13565635243).jpg|thumb|Shetty during TeachAids Awards Gala in Santa Clara, [[California]] in 2013]]

Shetty's first release in 2013 was ''[[Alex Pandian]]'', an action-masala film, directed by [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]], co-starring [[Karthi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-anushka-starrer-starts-rolling-news-news-llojHkhdjdf.html |title=Karthi-Anushka starrer starts rolling! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=17 December 2011 |archive-date=17 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217161824/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-anushka-starrer-starts-rolling-news-news-llojHkhdjdf.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was a critical and commercial failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/unlike-bollywood-kollywood-learns-to-make-money-without-stars-924623.html|title=Unlike Bollywood, Kollywood learns to make money without stars|date=3 July 2013|website=firstpost.com|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=22 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922235104/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/unlike-bollywood-kollywood-learns-to-make-money-without-stars-924623.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Her second release was Koratala Siva's ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' opposite [[Prabhas]]. ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' claimed, "Anushka is adorable in a naughty village belle, the dubbing also seems great and the character Vennela is the best role among her recent roles in films"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com |title=Mirchi movie review by Jeevi |work=Idlebrain |access-date=6 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609080543/http://idlebrain.com/ |archive-date=9 June 2013 }} movie archive mirchi.html</ref> ''Rediff'' wrote, "Anushka is bubbly and peps up the film considerably."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com |access-date=15 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115081902/http://www.rediff.com/ |archive-date=15 January 2015|title=Mirchi has an overdoes of violence|work=Rediff}}</ref> ''Sify'' wrote, "Anushka looks beautiful and livens up the moments and praised her chemistry with Prabhas."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mirchi-review-review-telugu-15019932.html|title=Review : Mirchi|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924184702/http://www.sify.com/movies/mirchi-review-review-telugu-15019932.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She earned her fifth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu for her performance in ''Mirchi''. She was next seen in ''[[Singam II]]'', the sequel to ''Singam'' (2010), reprising her role from the first part. ''Sify'' said, "Anushka looks jaded, has nothing to do but sizzle with Suriya in two songs"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/singam-2-review-tamil-15033352.html|title=Sify Movies – Review listing|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=19 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019131855/http://www.sify.com/movies/singam-2-review-tamil-15033352.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> while ''The Times of India'' stated, "Anushka is forced to take a back seat even as she reprises her role of Kavya."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/singam-2/movie-review/20966503.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Singam 2 – The Times of India | access-date=3 April 2014 | archive-date=6 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006154305/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/singam-2/movie-review/20966503.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

Anushka's next release was [[Selvaraghavan]]'s fantasy adventure film ''[[Irandam Ulagam]]'' opposite [[Arya (actor)|Arya]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anushka-says-she-is-part-of-a-selva-film-news-tamil-limqLdjchbc.html |title=Anushka says she is part of a Selva film |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=17 December 2011 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019224647/http://www.sify.com/movies/anushka-says-she-is-part-of-a-selva-film-news-tamil-limqLdjchbc.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> that saw her playing a dual role again, the third time in her career. Anushka played Ramya, a doctor and Varna, a high spirited, warrior-like character, in a parallel world. ''Rediff'' wrote, "Anushka not only shares equal screen space with Arya, but also plays quite a significant role. In fact, the story revolves around her and she has performed admirably."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-irandam-ulagam-is-a-mystical-love-story/20131122.htm|title=Review: Irandam Ulagam is a mystical love story|website=rediff.com|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=17 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617153525/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-irandam-ulagam-is-a-mystical-love-story/20131122.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' wrote, "As the shy doctor Ramya and as the fierce warrior Varna, Anushka is simply at her best showcasing a wide range of emotions and stunts. It is her performance that stands as a pivot for the rest of the story to take shape."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/irandam-ulagam/irandam-ulagam-review.html|title=Irandam Ulagam (aka) Irandam Ulagam review|website=behindwoods.com|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906065047/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/irandam-ulagam/irandam-ulagam-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Established actress (2014–2017) ===
Her next release was the Tamil film ''[[Lingaa]]'' opposite [[Rajinikanth]], released in December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Rajinis-Lingaa-launched/articleshow/34523007.cms|title=Rajini's Lingaa launched|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=21 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021193804/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Rajinis-Lingaa-launched/articleshow/34523007.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She starred opposite Rajnikanth in ''Lingaa'' which opened to mixed reviews.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Lingaa/movie-review/45493724.cms "Lingaa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301043737/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Lingaa/movie-review/45493724.cms |date=1 March 2015 }}. ''The Times of India''. 12 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014. {{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-lingaa-is-buffoonery-at-its-most-old-school/20141212.htm|title=Review: Lingaa is buffoonery at its most old-school|website=rediff.com|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517225049/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-lingaa-is-buffoonery-at-its-most-old-school/20141212.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, she starred opposite [[Ajith Kumar]] in ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' which opened to positive reviews.<ref>[https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/I-am-dying-to-work-with-Ajith-again/articleshow/46277259.cms "'I am dying to work with Ajith again'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219105050/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/I-am-dying-to-work-with-Ajith-again/articleshow/46277259.cms |date=19 February 2015 }}. ''Bangalore Mirror''.</ref> Her second release in 2015, is the first part of ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]'' directed by S. S. Rajamouli. She played a warrior princess [[Devasena (character)|Devasena]], opposite [[Prabhas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/A-busy-summer-for-Anushka/articleshow/19259286.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225205025/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-30/news-interviews/38144682_1_anushka-shetty-singam-2-baahubali |url-status=live |archive-date=25 December 2013 |title=A busy summer for Anushka |date=30 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 December 2013}}</ref> It was a commercial success and became one of the highest grossing Indian film.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=14 May 2017 |title=What does the success of Baahubali mean for Indian cinema? |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/what-does-the-success-of-baahubali-mean-for-indian-cinema-4655133/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211114637/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/what-does-the-success-of-baahubali-mean-for-indian-cinema-4655133/ |archive-date=11 December 2017 |access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref> Shetty was referred to in the media as the "Lady Superstar", post the film release. ''The Hindu'' noted "Anushka is gutsy to take on such a role and emotes through her powerful eyes."<ref>{{cite news|title = Baahubali: A little more, a little less|url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/baahubali-review-a-little-more-a-little-less/article7407650.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 10 July 2015|access-date = 1 August 2015|issn = 0971-751X|archive-date = 22 March 2017|archive-url = https://archive.today/20170322084308/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/baahubali-review-a-little-more-a-little-less/article7407650.ece|url-status = live}}</ref> Her third release that year was Gunashekar's bilingual ''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]'', in which she portrays the title role of the queen of [[Kakatiya dynasty]], [[Rudrama Devi]] opposite Allu Arjun and [[Rana Daggubati]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Anushka-to-do-a-Tamil-Telugu-period-film/etarticleshow/16684262.cms |title=Anushka to do a Tamil-Telugu period film? |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 October 2012 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=9 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709103852/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-06/news-interviews/34280826_1_anushka-period-film-gunashekar |url-status=live }}</ref> ''AP Herald'' wrote, "Anushka is very believable and appreciable as a royal torrid and an honorable woman. Hers is a dual character, that of next to kin 'Rudhradeva' and of powerful 'Rudhramadevi' are superb. She plays her dual role in her characters in style and lends credibility to both the characters."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/58220/Rudhramadevi-(Rudramadevi)-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating/|title=Rudhramadevi (Rudramadevi) Telugu Movie Review, Rating|website=apherald.com|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702071239/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/58220/Rudhramadevi-(Rudramadevi)-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating/|url-status=live}}</ref> She won her third Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu for her performance in the film. Her final release of the year was ''[[Size Zero]]'' where she played a plus-sized women. In 2016, she appeared in two cameo appearances in ''[[Soggade Chinni Nayana]]'' and ''[[Oopiri]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/soggade-chinni-nayana-charms-all-the-way/article8114012.ece | title='Soggade' charms all the way | work=The Hindu | date=16 January 2016 | access-date=22 February 2016 | last=Dundoo | first=Sangeetha Devi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116115122/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/soggade-chinni-nayana-charms-all-the-way/article8114012.ece | archive-date=16 January 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Anushka Shetty first look Baahubali 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shetty at an event for ''[[Baahubali: The Conclusion]]'']]

Shetty's first film release in 2017 was ''[[Si3 (film)|Si3]]'', in which she was paired with Suriya for the third time in her career.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/si3/movie-review/57059210.cms|title=Singam 3 Review {3/5}: Suriya is in full form in Si3 and the Singam franchise is here to stay|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> In ''[[Om Namo Venkatesaya]]'' Shetty portrayed Krishnamma, a Goda Devi or Andal-inspired character. Her next release was ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'', where she reprised Devasena.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-review-uae-critic-gives-5-star-rating-prabhas-rana-daggubati-says-cgi-comparable-to-harry-potter/644914/|title=Baahubali 2 first review: UAE critic Umair Sandhu gives 5 stars, says CGI comparable to Harry Potter; Prabhas performance spectacular|date=27 April 2017|website=financialexpress.com|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=1 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501193635/http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-review-uae-critic-gives-5-star-rating-prabhas-rana-daggubati-says-cgi-comparable-to-harry-potter/644914/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-movie-review-ss-rajamouli-bahubali-2-is-unforgettable-3409542.html|title=Baahubali 2 Movie Review: SS Rajamouli's epic drama will be hard to forget anytime soon|date=28 April 2017|website=firstpost.com|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428093328/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-movie-review-ss-rajamouli-bahubali-2-is-unforgettable-3409542.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The character of Devasena was highly praised by critics and Shetty's portrayal was equally lauded. A ''[[Firstpost]]'' article noted that the female characters in the second part were the actual heroes of the saga. Comparing Devasena to Arjuna, the article described her as "a competitive warrior who can wield the bow and arrow with finesse". It further noted how her character emphasized the need of freedom of choice writing that "in Devasena's case by taking archery lessons, choosing her life partner and being given the right to reject a matrimonial alliance, she can be her own person and develop into a strong personality, who doesn't break down even when chained for 25 years in the palace courtyard."<ref>{{cite web |date=28 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 Movie Review: SS Rajamouli's epic drama will be hard to forget anytime soon |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-movie-review-ss-rajamouli-bahubali-2-is-unforgettable-3409542.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428093328/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-movie-review-ss-rajamouli-bahubali-2-is-unforgettable-3409542.html |archive-date=28 April 2017 |work=Firstpost.com}}</ref> She earned her seventh nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu for her performance in ''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion''. It was a commercial success and grossed more than the prequel, becoming second highest grossing Indian film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-6-film-creates-history-by-amassing-rs-792-crore/articleshow/58512266.cms |title='Baahubali 2: The Conclusion' worldwide box office collection Day 6: Film creates history by amassing Rs 792 crore |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504220821/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-6-film-creates-history-by-amassing-rs-792-crore/articleshow/58512266.cms |date=4 May 2017 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=4 May 2017}}</ref> The [[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali film series]] firmly established Shetty as a leading South Indian actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2020 |title=Baahubali turns 5: How SS Rajamouli's film changed Indian cinema forever |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-ss-rajamouli-changed-indian-cinema-forever-6498173/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017184956/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-ss-rajamouli-changed-indian-cinema-forever-6498173/ |archive-date=17 October 2021 |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Career expansion (2018–present) ===
In the 2018 film ''[[Bhaagamathie]]'', Shetty played the character Chanchala, an IAS officer, who is sent to prison after killing her fiancé.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bhaagamathie-movie-review-anushka-shetty-shines-in-this-horror-thriller-that-owes-a-lot-to-its-technicians-4321151.html|title=Bhaagamathie movie review: Anushka Shetty shines in this horror-thriller that owes a lot to its technicians|work=Firstpost|access-date=7 February 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207152706/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bhaagamathie-movie-review-anushka-shetty-shines-in-this-horror-thriller-that-owes-a-lot-to-its-technicians-4321151.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Anushka's portrayal of Bhaagamathie and Chanchala was notable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/bhaagamathie-movie-review-anushka-shetty-owns-this-edge-of-the-seat-thriller/story-1A3A9T335QH2exiDTQQVgL_amp.html|title=Bhaagamathie movie review: Anushka Shetty owns this edge-of-the-seat thriller|work=Hindustan Times|date=26 January 2018|access-date=31 July 2019|archive-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311172701/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/bhaagamathie-movie-review-anushka-shetty-owns-this-edge-of-the-seat-thriller/story-1A3A9T335QH2exiDTQQVgL_amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "There is no woman actor in the south who has the kind of commanding presence that Anushka does. When she's on screen, there's no one else you want to watch. I suppose if I ever met her in person, I'd hear imaginary elephants trumpeting around me because she gets under the skin of these regal roles so convincingly."<ref name="The News Minute">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bhaagamathie-review-anushka-shettys-terrific-performance-elevates-revenge-thriller-75404%3famp|title='Bhaagamathie' review: Anushka Shetty's terrific performance elevates this revenge thriller|publisher=The News Minute|date=26 January 2018|access-date=31 July 2019|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128134302/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bhaagamathie-review-anushka-shettys-terrific-performance-elevates-revenge-thriller-75404?amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Praising Shetty's performance it further read, "Anushka alternates between playing the gentle Chanchala and the vengeful Bhaagamathie with ease. This is an actor who can pull off stereotypical depictions of femininity without it grating on your nerves – so when she swoons at the sight of blood in one scene, it doesn't put you off because she takes herself seriously and isn't around just as a decorative festoon." The film earnedher eighth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu for her performance.<ref name="The News Minute" />

In 2019, Shetty appeared in ''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]'' as [[Rani of Jhansi|Rani Lakshmi Bai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2 October 2019 |title='Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy' movie review: Freedom struggle epic works best when in battle mode |url=https://scroll.in/reel/939125/sye-raa-narasimha-reddy-movie-review-freedom-struggle-epic-works-best-when-in-battle-mode |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191002050944/https://scroll.in/reel/939125/sye-raa-narasimha-reddy-movie-review-freedom-struggle-epic-works-best-when-in-battle-mode |archive-date=2 October 2019 |access-date=2 October 2019 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> In 2020, she played a painter in the bilingual ''[[Nishabdham]]'' opposite R. Madhavan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2020/oct/02/silence-movie-reviewa-convoluted-screenplay-fails-to-mask-fundamental-flaws-20578.html|title=Silence Movie Review: A convoluted screenplay fails to mask fundamental flaws|first=Sudhir|last=Srinivasan|work=Cinema Express|date=2 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=2 October 2020 |title=Nishabdham Movie Review : All gloss and no depth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/nishabdham/movie-review/78437645.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201002054740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/nishabdham/movie-review/78437645.cms |archive-date=2 October 2020 |access-date=2 October 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Following a three year hiatus, Shetty played a woman opting for artificial insemination in ''[[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]'' opposite [[Naveen Polishetty]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2022 |title=Anushka Shetty unveils first look as MasterChef 'Anvitha Ravali Shetty' from her upcoming film with Naveen Polishetty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anushka-shetty-unveils-first-look-as-masterchef-anvitha-ravali-shetty-from-her-upcoming-film-with-naveen-polishetty/articleshow/95361888.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212032756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anushka-shetty-unveils-first-look-as-masterchef-anvitha-ravali-shetty-from-her-upcoming-film-with-naveen-polishetty/articleshow/95361888.cms |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=6 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=5 June 2021|title=Anushka Shetty turns 'Miss Shetty'|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/anushka-shetty-turns-miss-shetty-689369|access-date=25 June 2021|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> The film was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty crosses Rs. 46 crores at the global box office |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/sep/25/miss-shetty-mr-polishetty-crosses-rs-50-crores-at-the-global-box-office-47993.html |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=25 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004114435/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/sep/25/miss-shetty-mr-polishetty-crosses-rs-50-crores-at-the-global-box-office-47993.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Janaki K of ''[[India Today]]'' noted, "Anushka as Anvitha is quite natural in her role and it makes you fall in love all over again."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty' Review: Anushka, Naveen's film feels like a warm hug |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/miss-shetty-mr-polishetty-review-anushka-naveens-film-feels-like-a-warm-hug-2432406-2023-09-07 |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=India Today |date=7 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922211810/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/miss-shetty-mr-polishetty-review-anushka-naveens-film-feels-like-a-warm-hug-2432406-2023-09-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shetty will next appear in the Telugu film ''[[Ghaati]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Suranjan |date=2024-02-04 |title=Anushka Shetty and Ramya Krishnan in Odisha's Deomali hill for shooting of film |url=https://sambadenglish.com/anushka-shetty-and-ramya-krishnan-in-odishas-deomali-hill-for-shooting-of-film/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=[[Sambad|Sambad English]] |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324104906/https://sambadenglish.com/anushka-shetty-and-ramya-krishnan-in-odishas-deomali-hill-for-shooting-of-film/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-20 |title=Anushka Shetty and Krish Jagarlamudi team up again for 'Ghaati' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anushka-shetty-and-krish-jagarlamudi-team-up-again-for-ghaati/article67972368.ece |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324104909/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anushka-shetty-and-krish-jagarlamudi-team-up-again-for-ghaati/article67972368.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and will make her Malayalam film debut with ''[[Kathanar – The Wild Sorcerer]]'', as [[Kalliyankattu Neeli]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kathanar team completes first schedule |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jun/02/kathanar-team-completes-first-schedule-44168.html |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=2 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831154212/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jun/02/kathanar-team-completes-first-schedule-44168.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{{Main|Anushka Shetty filmography}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Anushka Shetty}}

Shetty is a recipient of three [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] for her performance in ''Arundhati'', ''Vedam'' and ''Rudhramadevi''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Filmfare-Awards-winners/articleshow/6280143.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811095903/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-09/news-interviews/28320515_1_filmfare-awards-winners-prakash-raj-k-j-yesudas |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Filmfare Awards winners |date=9 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/The-glitter-the-gloss-the-razzmatazz-/articleshow/9083584.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105194656/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-03/chennai/29732898_1_lifetime-achievement-award-telugu-film-director-award|url-status=live|archive-date=5 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=The glitter, the gloss, the razzmatazz|date=3 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html|title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|website=filmfare.com|access-date=14 May 2018|archive-date=2 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|2011932}}
* {{Twitter|msanushkashetty}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Film}}{{Nandi Award for Best Actress}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu}}
{{Nandi Special Jury Award}}{{SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu}}{{CineMAA Best Actress}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Anushka}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tulu actresses]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:CineMAA Awards winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Mount Carmel College, Bangalore alumni]]

Renaming of cities in India

2026-03-29T07:33:14Z

Pankajglobal: added info

{{Short description|About old states}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2023}}
{{Original research|date=March 2023}}
{{POV|date=November 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

'''Renaming of cities in India''' has taken place since 1947 following the end of the [[British Raj|British imperial period]]. Several changes have been controversial, and not all proposed changes have been implemented. Each has required approval by the [[Government of India]] in [[Delhi]].

Some renaming of states and territories in India has also taken place, with substantial name changes in both local language and in English such as the old British state name of [[Travancore–Cochin]] to [[Kerala]] (1956). The most notable exceptions are Indian English spelling-changes of ''Orissa'' to [[Odisha]] (2011)<ref>India and the World Bank: The Politics of Aid and Influence - Page 126 Jason A. Kirk - 2011 "Orissa (Note: This state was officially renamed Odisha in March 2011)"</ref> and the [[union territory]] of ''Pondicherry'' (which includes the city of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]) to [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (2006).

==History==
A key aspect of Post-independence India's [[Political integration of India|political integration]] was the harmonization of names and territories of both states and cities. Some changes to nomenclature were introduced in the early years itself. For example, 'Jubbulpore', 'Jajesmow', 'Cawnpore' were renamed to [[Jabalpur]], [[Jajmau]] and [[Kanpur]] in 1947–48. 'United Provinces' was renamed to [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1950.<ref>{{cite web
| title = The renaming game - One India One People Foundation
| url = https://oneindiaonepeople.com/the-renaming-game/
| date = 2025-02-02
| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20250202113948/https://oneindiaonepeople.com/the-renaming-game/
| archivedate = 2025-02-02 }}</ref>

A major development occurred when the [[Government of India]] brought the [[Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India]] and the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = How were the States formed and how has the Indian map changed since 1…
| work = The Hindu
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-at-75-how-were-the-states-formed-and-how-has-the-indian-map-changed-since-1947/article65761062.ece
| date = 2022-10-18
| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20221018120737/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-at-75-how-were-the-states-formed-and-how-has-the-indian-map-changed-since-1947/article65761062.ece
| archivedate = 2022-10-18 | last1 = Munjal
| first1 = Diksha
}}</ref> Together, these Acts dispensed with the erstwhile four-fold classification of States and also made major changes to the various state boundaries. The reorganization enhanced administrative convenience and also quelled movements demanding establishment of 'linguistic states'.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Nehru and linguistic States - Frontline
| url = https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30245706.ece
| date = 2024-08-31
| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20240831065641/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30245706.ece
| archivedate = 2024-08-31 }}</ref>{{Expand section|reason=More information needed for 1960s to 90s.|date=February 2025}}

Later, Madras (the capital of [[Tamil Nadu]]) was officially renamed [[Chennai]] in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Names of all places to return to Tamil roots|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/Jun/14/names-of-all-places-to-return-to-tamil-roots-1827946.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=2018-06-14|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en|first=|last=}}</ref> The name of Calcutta, which was amongst the first cities to be settled by the British, was changed to [[Kolkata]] (reflecting the local Bengali pronunciation) in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~easwaran/papers/india.html |title=The politics of name changes in India |access-date=26 January 2012 |last=Easwaran |first=Kenny |publisher=Open Computing Facility, University of California at Berkeley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719150356/http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~easwaran/papers/india.html |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>

==Causes for renaming==
===Need for standardisation of spelling===
India has various local languages. Even (Romanised) English spellings in long and wide use often vary depending upon which government department or agency uses them. To the point, a few examples are Quilandy versus [[Koyilandy]] (Malayalam: കൊയിലാണ്ടി), Cannanore versus [[Kannur]] (Malayalam: കണ്ണൂർ), and Rangiya versus [[Rangiya|Rangia]] (Assamese: ৰঙিয়া). Different departments of the government may have used official spellings in use at the time, while locations associated with Indian railways mostly maintained British-era spellings. The confusion inherent in such variations has often resulted in serious consequences like people having two "different" addresses (theoretically designating the same place) in their official records leading to legal disputes, or one house having residents of different house addresses due to differing place names. Many people argue that such confusion can lead to indeterminate and/or unintended consequences.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aggarwal|first=Rajesh|date=25 October 2014|title=Merging NPR and UID ???|url=http://www.igovernment.in/opinion/41631/merging-npr-uid?source=igov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025021141/http://www.igovernment.in/opinion/41631/merging-npr-uid?source=igov|archive-date=25 October 2014|website=igovernment.in}}</ref>

===Renaming in local languages===
In the post-colonial era, several Indian states' names were changed. Some of these changes coincided with the [[States Reorganisation Act]] of 1956, a major reform of the boundaries of India's states and territories that organized them along linguistic lines. At this time, for example, [[Travancore–Cochin|Travancore-Cochin]] was renamed [[Kerala]] (Malayalam: കേരളം). Later state name changes include the reorganization of Madhya Bharat into [[Madhya Pradesh]] (Hindi: मध्य प्रदेश) in 1959;<ref>''The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics, 1925 to the 1990s.'' - Page 134 Christophe Jaffrelot 1999 - "The new state included Madhya Bharat, the Bhopal region, the former Vindhya Pradesh, Mahakoshal and Chhattisgarh (the last two regions forming the Hindi-speaking parts in the former Madhya Pradesh; see map, pp. xxii-xxiii)."</ref> and the renaming of the [[Madras State]] to [[Tamil Nadu]] ({{langx|ta|தமிழ்நாடு|link=no}}) in 1969, of the [[Mysore State]] to [[Karnataka]] (Kannada: ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ) in 1973, and of Uttaranchal to [[Uttarakhand]] ({{langx|hi|उत्तराखण्ड|link=no}}) in 2007.

Name changes have varied with respect to the levels of language at which they have been applied, and also accepted. Some of these local name changes were changes made in all languages: the immediate local name, and also all India's other languages. An example of this is the renaming of predominantly Hindi-speaking Uttaranchal ({{langx|hi|उत्तराञ्चल}}) to a new local Hindi name ({{langx|hi|उत्तराखण्ड|link=no}} {{Lang|hi-latn|Uttarakhand}}). Other changes were only changes in some of the indigenous languages. For example, the renaming of the [[Madras Presidency]] to [[Madras State]] in 1947 and then Tamil Nadu in 1969 required non-Tamil speakers to change from an approximation of the British name ({{langx|ta|மதராஸ் மாகாணம்}} ''Madras Presidency'', then ''Madras State'' {{langx|ta|மதராஸ் மாநிலம்|link=no}}) to a native Tamil name ({{langx|ta|தமிழ்நாடு|link=no}} {{Lang|ta-latn|Tamil Nadu}}, 'Tamil country').

In general, changes to the local names of cities in the indigenous languages are less common. However, a change in English may sometimes also be a reflection of changes in other Indian languages other than the specific local one. For example, the change of Madras ({{langx|ta|மதராஸ்|link=no}}) to Chennai ({{langx|ta|சென்னை|link=no}}) was reflected in many of India's languages, and incidentally in English, while the Tamil endonym had always been Chennai and remained unaffected by the change.

===Renaming in English===
====Change in official English spelling====
The renaming of cities is often specifically from English to [[Indian English]] in connection with that dialect's internal reforms. In other words, the city itself is not actually renamed in the local language, and the local name (or endonym) in the indigenous [[languages of India]] does not change, but the official spelling in Indian English is amended. An example is the change from English ''Calcutta'' to English ''[[Kolkata]]'' – the local Bengali name ({{lang|bn|কলকাতা}} {{Lang|bn-latn|Kôlkata}}) did not change. Such changes in English spelling may be in order to better reflect a more accurate [[phonetic]] [[transliteration]] of the local name, or may be for other reasons. In the early years after [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]], many name changes were affected in northern India for English spellings of Hindi place names that had simply been Romanized inconsistently by the British administration – such as the British spelling ''Jubbulpore'', renamed [[Jabalpur]] ({{lang|hi|जबलपुर}}) among the first changes in 1947. These changes did not generate significant controversy. More recent and high-profile changes – including renaming such major cities as Calcutta to Kolkata – have generated greater controversy.<ref>Mira Kamdar ''Planet India: How the Fastest Growing Democracy Is Transforming ... '' 2007 Author's introduction Page xi "India's information-technology capital's new name, should it be adopted, will mean "town of boiled beans." The name changes are not without controversy among Indians. In several instances, the name change represents a struggle between a cosmopolitan elite and a local, regional-language populace over defining the city in ways that go far beyond a simple change of name."</ref> Since independence, such changes have typically been enacted officially by legislation at local or national [[Government of India|Indian government]] level, and may or may not then be adopted by the [[Media of India|Indian media]], particularly the influential [[List of newspapers in India by readership|Indian press]]. In the case of smaller towns and districts which were less notable outside and inside India, and where a well known English name (or exonym) could not be said to exist, older spellings used under [[British India]] may not have had any specific legislation other than changes in practice on the romanization of indigenous Indian language names.

====Realignment of the official Indian English name to an alternative local name====
Aside from changes to the official English spellings of local names there have also been renaming proposals to realign the official name, hence the English name with an alternative local name, typically changing a Muslim name to a Hindu one. Recent examples include the proposals by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1990, 2001) to rename [[Ahmedabad]] (Hindi: अहमदाबाद Gujarati: અમદાવાદ) to Karnavati<ref>Steven I. Wilkinson ''Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India'' 2006 Page 23 "The BJP proposed in 1990 and 2001 that Ahmedabad be renamed "Karnavati." Hindu, June 1 1, 2001. Similar proposals have been made to restore Allahabad to "Prayag", as it had been known as before the Mughal era.</ref> and [[Allahabad]] (Hindi: इलाहाबाद) to [[Prayagraj]] (Hindi: प्रयागराज), the latter ultimately being officially adopted in 2018. Similarly, the cities of [[Aurangabad]] (Marathi: औरंगाबाद) and [[Osmanabad]] (Marathi: उस्मानाबाद) had been renamed [[Aurangabad|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar]] (Marathi: छत्रपती संभाजी नगर) and [[Osmanabad|Dharashiv]] (Marathi: धाराशिव), by then Chief Minister of Maharashtra, [[Eknath Shinde]], in 2022. These proposals are changes from the Islamic name to a Hindu name.

== Adoption ==
Official name changes take place quickly if not immediately in official government sources.<ref>''Reserve Bank of India's instructions for banks & banking operations'' [[Reserve Bank of India]] 2001 Page 713 "The new name "Mumbai" should be reflected in both English and Hindi and the change in name is to be brought about in all official communications, name plates, sign boards, office seals, rubber stamps, etc."</ref> Adoption may be slower among the media in India and abroad, and among Indian authors.<ref>Perveez Mody ''The Intimate State: Love-Marriage and the Law in Delhi'' Page 59 - 2008 "Throughout this book, I refer to India's commercial capital as Bombay rather than Mumbai. ... I am well aware of the name-change effected by an Act of the Indian Parliament in 1997 that made the city officially 'Mumbai'. ... It is the same convention I adopt when referring to Calcutta rather than Kolkata."</ref><ref>Pingali Sailaja ''Indian English'' Page 16 2009 "Bombay is now called Mumbai, Madras is now Chennai and Calcutta is Kolkata, in an attempt to de-anglicise them. In this work, the earlier names are retained since these names were used during the period that we mostly cover."</ref><ref>Calcutta: A Cultural and Literary History - Page 3 Krishna Dutta - 2003 "nationalist stance, like Bombay, which changed its name to Mumbai, or Madras, which has become the unrecognisable Chennai, Calcutta has preferred a comparatively minor name change, which frankly is a bit of a multicultural mishmash."</ref>

==Notable examples==
{{main|List of renamed places in India}}

=== States ===
* [[Travancore-Cochin]] → [[Kerala]] (Malayalam: കേരളം) (1 November 1956).
* Madhya Bharat → [[Madhya Pradesh]] (Hindi: मध्य प्रदेश) (1 November 1959)
* [[Madras State]] → [[Tamil Nadu]] ({{langx|ta|தமிழ்நாடு|link=no}}) (14 January 1969)
* [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA) → [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (20 January 1972)
* [[Mysore State]] → [[Karnataka]] (Kannada: ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ) (1 November 1973)
* Uttaranchal → [[Uttarakhand]] ({{langx|hi|उत्तराखण्ड|link=no}}) (1 January 2007)
* Orissa →Odisha (Odia: ଓଡ଼ିଶା) (4 November 2011)

=== Cities ===
Notable city names that were officially changed by legislation after independence include:
{{Div col}}
* ''Jubbulpore'' → [[Jabalpur]] ({{langx|hi|जबलपुर}}), respelled in 1947
* ''Jajesmow'' → [[Jajmau]] ({{langx|hi|जाजमऊ}}), respelled in 1948<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rumsey.mapranksearch.com/ |title=David Rumsey: Geographical Searching with MapRank Search (beta) |publisher=Rumsey.mapranksearch.com |access-date=2012-08-15}}</ref>
* ''Cawnpore'' → [[Kanpur]] ({{langx|hi|कानपुर}}), respelled in 1948
* ''Kaira'' → [[Kheda]] ({{langx|gu|ખેડા}}), respelled in 1948
* ''Baroda'' → [[Vadodara]] ({{langx|gu|વડોદરા}}), respelled in 1974
* ''Trivandrum'' → [[Thiruvananthapuram]] ({{langx|ml|തിരുവനന്തപുരം}}), renamed in 1991
* ''Bombay'' → [[Mumbai]] ({{langx|mr|मुंबई}}), renamed in 1995<ref>{{cite web|last=Beam |first=Christopher |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2006/07/mumbai_what_about_bombay.html |title=How Bombay became Mumbai. - Slate Magazine |publisher=Slate.com |date=2006-07-12 |access-date=2012-08-15}}</ref>
* ''Cochin'' → [[Kochi]] ({{langx|ml|കൊച്ചി}}), respelled in 1996
* ''Madras'' → [[Chennai]] ({{langx|ta|சென்னை}}), renamed in 1996
* ''Calcutta'' → [[Kolkata]] ({{langx|bn|কলকাতা}}), respelled in 2001
* ''Daltonganj'' → [[Medininagar]] ({{langx|hi|मेदिनीनगर}}), renamed in 2004
* ''Cuddapah'' → [[Kadapa]] ({{Langx|te|కడప}}), respelled in 2005
* ''Pondicherry'' → [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] ({{langx|ta|புதுச்சேரி}}), renamed in 2006
* ''Bangalore'' → [[Bengaluru]] ({{langx|kn|ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು}}), respelled in 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/08/21/bangalore-now-bengaluru.html|title=Bangalore now Bengaluru|last=Staff|date=21 August 2007|website=Oneindia.com|access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref>
* ''Belgaum'' → [[Belagavi]] ({{langx|kn|ಬೆಳಗಾವಿ}}), renamed in 2007<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/436454/names-12-karnataka-cities-changed.html|title=Deccan Herald: Centre clears change in names of Karna cities, Belgaum now Belagavi|newspaper=Deccan Herald|access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Karnataka-cities-get-new-names/articleshow/44863691.cms|title=Karnataka cities get new names|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref>
* ''Tumkur'' → [[Tumakuru]] ({{langx|kn|ತುಮಕುರು}}), renamed in 2007
* ''Hubli'' → [[Hubballi]] ({{langx|kn|ಹುಬ್ಬಳ್ಳಿ}}), renamed in 2007
* ''Shimoga'' → [[Shivamogga]] ({{langx|kn|ಶಿವಮೊಗ್ಗಾ}}), renamed in 2007
* ''Hospet'' → [[Hosapete]] ({{langx|kn|ಹೊಸಪೇಟೆ}}), renamed in 2007
* ''Mysore'' → [[Mysuru]] ({{langx|kn|ಮೈಸೂರು}}), renamed in 2007
* ''Gulbarga'' → [[Kalaburagi]] ({{langx|kn|ಕಲಬುರಗಿ}}), renamed in 2007
* ''Chikmagalur'' → [[Chikkamagaluru]] ({{langx|kn|ಚಿಕ್ಕಮಗಳೂರು}}), renamed in 2007
* ''Bijapur'' → [[Vijayapura, Karnataka|Vijayapura]] ({{langx|kn|ವಿಜಯಪುರ}}), renamed in 2007
* ''Bellary'' → [[Ballari]] ({{langx|kn|ಬಳ್ಳಾರಿ}}), renamed in 2007
* ''Mangalore'' → [[Mangaluru]] ({{langx|kn|ಮಂಗಳೂರು}}), renamed in 2007
* ''Rajahmundry'' → [[Rajahmundry|Rajahmahendravaram]] ({{Langx|te|రాజమహేంద్రవరం}}), renamed in 2015
* ''Gurgaon'' → [[Gurugram]] ({{langx|hi|गुरुग्राम}}) renamed in 2016
* ''Allahabad'' → [[Prayagraj]] ({{langx|hi|प्रयागराज }}), renamed in 2018
* ''New Raipur'' → [[Atal Nagar]] ({{langx|hi|अटल नगर}}), renamed in 2018
* ''Hoshangabad'' → [[Narmadapuram]] ({{langx|hi|नर्मदापुरम}}), renamed in 2021
* Aurangabad → [[Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]] ({{langx|mr|छत्रपती संभाजीनगर}}), renamed in 2023
* Osmanabad → [[Dharashiv]] ({{langx|mr|धाराशिव}}), renamed in 2023
* Ahmednagar → [[Ahilyanagar]] ({{langx|mr|अहिल्यानगर}}), renamed in 2023
* Karimganj → [[Sribhumi]] ({{langx|as|শ্ৰীভূমি}}), renamed in 2024
{{div col end}}

For others, by state order, see [[list of renamed Indian cities and states]].
{{Div col}}
* ''Alleppey'' → [[Alappuzha]] ({{langx|ml|ആലപ്പുഴ}})
* ''Barahanagore'' → [[Baranagar]] ({{langx|bn|বরানগর}})
* ''Gauhati'' → [[Guwahati]] ({{langx|as|গুৱাহাটী}})
* ''Indhur'' → [[Indore]] ({{langx|hi|इंदौर}})
* ''Kāñci-pura And Conjevaram'' → [[Kanchipuram]] ({{langx|ta|காஞ்சிபுரம்}})
* ''Cannanore'' → [[Kannur]] ({{langx|ml|കണ്ണൂർ}})
* ''Quilon'' → [[Kollam]] ({{langx|ml|കൊല്ലം}})
* ''Quilandi'' → [[Koyilandy]] ({{langx|ml|കൊയിലാണ്ടി}})
* ''Calicut'' → [[Kozhikode]] ({{langx|ml|കോഴിക്കോട്}})
* ''Kudanthai'' → [[Kumbakonam]] ({{langx|ta|கும்பகோணம்}})
* ''Mayavaram''/''Mayuram'' → [[Mayiladuthurai]] ({{langx|ta|மயிலாடுதுறை}})
* ''Nerbudda'' → [[Narmada district|Narmada]] ({{langx|gu|નર્મદા}})
* ''Nowgong'' → [[Nagaon]] ({{langx|as|নগাওঁ}})
* ''Palghat'' → [[Palakkad]] ({{langx|ml|പാലക്കാട്}})
* ''Panjim'' → [[Panaji]] ({{langx|kok|पणजी}})
* ''Poona'' → [[Pune]] ({{langx|mr|पुणे}})
* ''Ramnad'' → [[Ramanathapuram]] ({{langx|ta|ராமநாதபுரம்}})
* ''Saugor'' → [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] ({{langx|hi|सागर}})
* ''Simla'' → [[Shimla]] ({{langx|hi|शिमला}})
* ''Tellicherry'' → [[Thalassery]] ({{langx|ml|തലശ്ശേരി}})
* ''Tanjore'' → [[Thanjavur]] ({{langx|ta|தஞ்சாவூர்}})
* ''Tannah'' → [[Thane]] ({{langx|mr|ठाणे}})
* ''Tuticorin'' → [[Thoothukudi]] ({{langx|ta|தூத்துக்குடி}})
* ''Trichur'' → [[Thrissur]] ({{langx|ml|തൃശൂർ}})
* ''Tinthirivanam'' → [[Tindivanam]] ({{langx|ta|திண்டிவனம் }})
* ''Trichinopoly'' → [[Tiruchirapalli]] ({{langx|ta|திருச்சிராப்பள்ளி}})
* ''Tinnevelly'' → [[Tirunelveli]] ({{langx|ta|திருநெல்வேலி}})
* ''Triplicane'' → [[Tiruvallikeni]] ({{langx|ta|திருவல்லிக்கேணி}})
* ''Ootacamund'' → [[Udhagamandalam]] ({{langx|ta|உதகமண்டலம்}})
* Vizhupparaiyar And Vizhimaa Nagaram → [[Viluppuram]] ({{langx|ta|விழுப்புரம்}})
* ''Banaras'' → [[Varanasi]] ({{langx|hi|वाराणसी}})
* ''Badagara'' → [[Vatakara]] ({{langx|ml|വടകര}})
* Vriddhachalam → [[Virudhachalam]] ({{langx|ta|விருத்தாச்சலம்}})
* ''Bejawada'' → [[Vijayawada]] ({{Langx|te|విజయవాడ}}), anciently Vijayavatika in Mahabharata
* ''Vizagapatam'' (short form: ''Vizag'') → [[Visakhapatnam]] ({{Langx|te|విశాఖపట్నం}})
{{Div col end}}

Town names that derive from ancient names:

* [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]] ({{langx|hi|मंडी}}), derived from ''Mandav Nagar''<ref>Temples and legends of Himachal Pradesh - Page 38 Pranab Chandra Roy Choudhury - 1981 "Mandi takes the name from Mandavya. The name of the place was first Mandav Nagar and then corrupted into Mandi."</ref>
* [[Nellore]] ({{Langx|te|నెల్లూరు}}), in ancient times ''Simhapuri''<ref>Gazetteer of the Nellore District: Brought Up to 1938 - Page 151 Government Of Madras Staff, Government of Madras - 1942 "... of the Ramayana (2000 — 1500 BC) was a dense jungle, while the town of Nellore, which came into existence only several centuries later, was known as Simhapuri (Lion's town), from the supposed existence of lions in the adjacent forests."</ref>

==Proposed changes==
Several other changes have been proposed for states and towns.


===States and union territories===
* [[Kerala]] to Keralam<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|date=14 Jul 2010|title=Kerala to become 'Keralam'? {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kerala-to-become-keralam/articleshow/6166573.cms|access-date=2021-09-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* [[West Bengal]] to Bangla<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|date=3 Jul 2019|title=West Bengal renaming: Centre says hasn't approved name change; Mamata Banerjee writes to PM Modi {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/west-bengal-renaming-centre-says-hasnt-approved-name-change-mamata-banerjee-writes-to-pm-modi/articleshow/70059673.cms|access-date=2021-09-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

===Cities===
==== Bihar ====
* [[Patna]] to Pataliputra<ref name="tribune1">{{cite web|author1=Vibha Sharma|author2=Shahira Naim|date=17 October 2018|title=Allahabad is now Prayagraj, Yogi's Cabinet renames historic city|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/nation/allahabad-is-now-prayagraj-yogi-s-cabinet-renames-historic-city/669082.html|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==== Gujarat ====
* [[Ahmedabad]] to Karnavati<ref name="sena">{{Cite web|date=2018-11-09|title=As Gujarat sets to rename Ahmedabad to Karnavati, Shiv Sena demands name change of Osmanabad and Aurangabad|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/as-gujarat-sets-to-rename-ahmedabad-to-karnavati-shiv-sena-demands-name-change-of-osmanabad-and-aurangabad/story-tsa2wD3VOcL9wex76Jt0MP.html|access-date=2021-09-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Veraval]] to Somnath<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-31 |title=Veraval-Patan municipality to be rename as Somnath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/veraval-patan-municipality-to-be-rename-as-somnath/articleshow/81765763.cms |access-date=2024-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

====Himachal Pradesh====
* [[Shimla]] to Shyamala<ref>{{cite web|last=Latief|first=Samiya|date=23 October 2018|title=10 Indian cities that changed their names|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10-indian-cities-that-changed-their-names/articleshow/66326721.cms|website=Times of India}}</ref>

==== Uttar Pradesh ====
* [[Aligarh]] to Harigarh<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/civic-body-passes-proposal-to-rename-aligarh-as-harigarh-motion-to-be-sent-to-government/article67509460.ece/ |title=Proposal to rename Aligarh as Harigarh to be sent to Uttar Pradesh government |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 November 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Azamgarh]] to Aryagargh or Ajanmgarh
* [[Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat|Akbarpur]] to Amarnagar or Maharana Pratap Nagar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/cities/kanpur-news/after-allahabad-to-prayagraj-faizabad-to-ayodhya-now-the-name-of-akbarpur-in-up-can-be-changed-article-109981351/amp |title=Akbarpur News: यूपी में नाम बदलने का सिलसिला जारी, इलाहाबाद-फैजाबाद के बाद अब अकबरपुर की बारी |date=9 May 2024 }}</ref>
* [[Agra]] to Agravan or Agastyanagar
* [[Bahraich]] to Dharmveer Shri Maharaja Suheldev Nagar
* [[Bulandshahr]] to Bajrangbalipur
* [[Budaun]] to Vedamau
* [[Farrukhabad]] to Panchal Nagar
* [[Firozabad]] to Chandra Nagar
* [[Ghaziabad]] to Harinandipuram
* [[Ghazipur]] to Vishwamitranagar
* [[Hathras]] to Mahamaya Nagar
* [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] to Jeevanpur or Jamadagnipuram
* [[Kanpur]] to Kanhaiyapur
* [[Kasganj]] to Kalyan Singh Nagar<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/kasganj/news/demand-to-rename-kasganj-to-kalyan-singh-and-kannaujs-village-miyaganj-to-rishinagar-128896033.html |title=कल्याण सिंह के नाम पर हो कासगंज जिले का नाम: जिला पंचायत की बैठक में पास हुआ प्रस्ताव, कन्नौज में गांव मियागंज का नाम बदलने का ज्ञापन भी डीएम को सौंपा गया |newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar |date=6 September 2021 }}</ref>
* [[Lucknow]] to Lakhanpur or Lakshmanpuri
* [[Mirzapur]] to Vindhyachal Dham
* [[Mainpuri]] to Mayapuri
* [[Muzaffarnagar]] to Laxmi Nagar
* [[Moradabad]] to Madhav Nagar
* [[Robertsganj]] to Sonbhadra or Gramputra
* [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] to Kushbhawanpur
* [[Sambhal]] to Prithviraj Nagar or Kalki Nagar
* [[Shamli]] to Shyam Nagari or Prabuddhnagar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shamli.nic.in/about-district/ |title=About District | District Shamli, Government of Uttar Pradesh | India }}</ref>

==== Maharashtra ====
* [[Pune]] to Rajmata Jijau Nagar (Amidst the surge of ''Marathification'' in Maharashtra after the renaming of Aurangabad and Osmanabad, a [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] MLC, Amol Mitkari has demanded this name change,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-13 |title=Rename Pune as Jijau Nagar, says NCP MLC Amol Mitkari; Hindu Mahasabha objects |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-rename-jijau-nagar-ncp-mlc-amol-mitkari-hindu-mahasabha-objects-8380013/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and although it is highly unlikely to materialize, there has been a 'growing' movement to rename Pune's sister city, Pimpri-Chinchwad as Jijau Nagar.)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=P. M. B. |date=2023-06-19 |title=Jijau Nagar demand becomes louder… |url=https://punemirror.com/PCMC/jijau-nagar-demand-becomes-louder/cid1687161053.htm |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Criticism==
2018 developments like the renaming of Allahabad (tracing back to [[Mughal Empire|Mughal regime]]) to [[Prayagraj]] (ancient name in [[Sanskrit]]) and Faizabad district to [[Ayodhya district]] (a holy city of [[Hinduism]]) in [[Uttar Pradesh]] were subject to some controversy. While the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP-led]] [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|State Government]] argued that it was a restoration of its historical name,<ref>{{cite web|last=Abishek|first=Kumar|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/from-now-on-allahabad-to-be-prayagraj-1369530-2018-10-16|title=From now on, Allahabad to be Prayagraj|publisher=India Today|date=2018-10-17}}</ref> it has been seen as an attempt to enforce a "[[Hindutva]] agenda"<ref>{{cite web
| title = In favour of restoring Allahabad's name: Ram Naik - The Hindu
| work = The Hindu
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-favour-of-restoring-allahabads-name/article24547434.ece
| date = 2025-02-02
| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20250202112646/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-favour-of-restoring-allahabads-name/article24547434.ece
| archivedate = 2025-02-02 | last1 = Rashid
| first1 = Omar
}}</ref> and "contradict" India's constitutional status as a [[Secularism|secular]] nation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sundar|first=Puspha|url=https://thewire.in/history/renaming-places-rewrite-past|title=The Renaming Epidemic: Can and Should One Re-Write the Past?|publisher=The Wire|date=2022-08-18}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[List of renamed places in India]]
* [[List of renamed places in Pakistan]]
* [[List of renamed places in Bangladesh]]
* [[List of renamed places in South Africa]]
* [[Sanskritisation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* ''[https://archive.org/details/GeographicalDictionaryOfAncientAndMediaevalIndia Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India]'' by Nundo Lal Dey
* {{Usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080315214825/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/09/21/stories/0421402v.htm Renaming roads: A 'meaningless' exercise]}}—''[[The Hindu]]''
* [http://www.karnataka.com/govt/karnataka-city-name-changes/ 12 Cities in Karnataka get a name change]—Karnataka.com
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6107082.stm India's Bangalore in name change]—[[BBC News]]
* [http://www.business-standard.com/common/storypage.php?leftnm=lmnu4&subLeft=6&autono=301832&tab=r Shashi Tharror: Becoming Bengaloorued]—''[[Business Standard]]''

[[Category:Cities and towns in India]]
[[Category:City name changes|India]]
[[Category:Historical geography of India]]
[[Category:Geographical naming disputes|India]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:Linguistic controversies]]
[[Category:Names of places in India]]

Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering

2026-03-26T19:54:04Z

Pankajglobal: slightly cleaned up structure per sources and updated info for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Nattika#Educational Institutions]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Sati Savitri (C. Pullayya film)

2026-03-20T14:09:13Z

Pankajglobal:

{{about|the 1933 film directed by C. Pullayya|the 1933 film directed by H. M. Reddy|Sati Savitri (H. M. Reddy film)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sati Savitri
| image = Sati Savithri 1933.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[C. Pullayya]]
| producer = [[East India Film Company]]
| writer = Mallajosyula Ramana Murthy
| narrator =
| starring = [[Vemuri Gaggayya]] Ramatilakam Nidumukkala Subba Rao Surabhi Kamalabai
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1933|2|5}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget = {{Estimation}} {{₹|75,000|link=yes}}
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{₹|3 lakh|link=yes}}
}}
'''''Sati Savitri''''' is a 1933 Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] [[Telugu language|language]] mythological film directed by [[C. Pullayya]]. Based on a popular stage play by Mylavaram Bala Bharathi Samajam, the film was a cinematic adaptation of the [[Mahabharata]]'s [[Vana Parva|Aranya Parva]], focusing on the legendary story of [[Savitri and Satyavan]]. It starred stage actors [[Vemuri Gaggayya]] as [[Yama]] and Dasari Ramathilakam as Savitri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=7 November 2010 |title=Sati Savithri (1933) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article871376.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113225918/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article871376.ece |archive-date=13 November 2010 |access-date=8 July 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Produced in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] on a lavish budget of ₹75,000, ''Sati Savitri'' was the first film by [[East India Film Company]].<ref name=":0" /> The film's release coincided with another adaptation of the [[Sati Savitri (H. M. Reddy film)|same name]] directed by [[H. M. Reddy]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], though Pullayya's version emerged as the commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=65 ఏళ్ళ ‘సతీ సావిత్రి’ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/sathi-savitri-compleated-65-years-119583.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathi Savithri (C. Pullaiah) 1933 |url=https://indiancine.ma/BHJ/info |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> Gaggayya’s portrayal of Yama received widespread acclaim and established him as a major star. The film became a hit, earning recognition both locally and internationally, including an honorary diploma at the [[2nd Venice International Film Festival]].<ref name="SoManyCinemas">{{cite book |author=Bhagwan Das Garg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22East+India+Film+Company%22+-inpublisher:icon |title=So many cinemas: the motion picture in India |publisher=Eminence Designs |year=1996 |isbn=81-900602-1-X |page=86}}</ref>

==Plot==
There was a prince in India named Aswapati who ruled over the kingdom of Madra. He married Queen Malavi. They did not have a child for many years. Aswapati invoked Savitri, his favourite deity, and by the grace of God, they had a daughter named Savitri. She grew into a lovely maiden and was always playing in the palace and in the forest with her companion Vasantika. She often used to relate her dreams to her companion, and once she portrayed in words the form and beauty of her beloved.

One day, her pet deer escaped into the forest and both Savitri and Vasantika ran after it. They found that the deer was held and kept in captivity by Prince Satyavanta, son of King Dyumatsena, who was collecting fruits and flowers along with his comrade Saradvata. Savitri then recalled the features of the young man whom she saw in the dream and intimated the fact to her companion. Eventually she got her deer back, but she could not forget Satyavanta. She made a portrait of her beloved and worshipped him.

Her parents are anxiously contemplating her marriage. [[Narada]] visited the kingdom and strongly prevailed upon them to have a matrimonial alliance with Satyavanta. The marriage was celebrated with all religious formalities. Savitri knew through Narada that her husband would not live long. As the destined day was approaching, she was closely watching his movements and accompanying him.

Three days before the fateful moment, she commenced her fast and went into the forest with her Lord, where he would hew wood. When the sun reached the zenith, Satyavanta complained of a headache and fell down. Within minutes, [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]], the God of Death, seated on his Mahisha and relentlessly wrenched the life out of Satyavanta's body.

Seeing Yama deprive her lord's life, she questioned and argued with him about his authority to deal with a lady of spotless chastity and affection. Yama alternately appealed to her, threatened her, and even opened up the scenes of hell with its terrors and dire punishments. But nothing daunted her; she pursued him, crossed the Vaitarani, and compelled him to restore the life of her beloved Satyavanta. Greatly pleased with her wisdom, courage, and chastity, he also gave her many a boon, which conferred, among others, progeny to Aswapati and kingdom to Dyumatsena.

==Cast==
* Savitri – Ramatilakam
* Satyavanta – Nidumukkala Subbarao
* Aswapati – Govindaraju Venkata Ramayya
* Dyumatsena – Dharmapuri Buchiraju
* Saradvata – Chirravuri Dikshitulu
* Narada – Parupalli Satyanarayana
* [[Yama]] – [[Vemuri Gaggayya]]
* Malavi – Parvati Bai
* Saibi – Padmavati Bai
* Vasantika – Lalitha

==Box office==
The film was an Industry Hit at the box office and became the first Telugu film to collect over {{Indian Rupee}}2 lakh in [[Distributor rentals|distributor share]] with a box office gross of ₹3 lakh.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0255577}}

{{Savitri and Satyavan}}
[[Category:1930s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1933 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1933 drama films]]
[[Category:Films about Savitri and Satyavan]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. Pullayya]]

Sakthivel

2026-03-16T11:22:44Z

Pankajglobal: New...

{{about|the 1994 film|other uses|Sakthivel (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|1994 film by K. S. Ravikumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sakthivel
| image = Sakthivel poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| screenplay = K. S. Ravikumar
| story = Murugan Kalai Gnanam
| producer = [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] M. Balasubramanian
| starring = {{ubl|[[Selva (actor)|Selva]]|[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]|[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]}}
| cinematography = Ashok Rajan
| editing = K. Thanikachalam
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|04|14}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sakthivel ''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]]. The film stars [[Selva (actor)|Selva]], [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] and [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]. Produced by [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] and M. Balasubramanian of [[AVM Productions]], it was released on 14 April 1994 coinciding with [[Puthandu|Tamil New Year]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |pages=453 |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |orig-date=2005}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2021}}
Sakthivel is an honest [[head constable]] and has a daughter, Lalli. One day, he beats a politician's son. He is subsequently promoted as a Sub-inspector but he is transferred to a ruthless village. A feud between Pannaiyar and Chairman divides the village in half and every day many villagers die.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Selva (actor)|Selva]] as Vignesh
*[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] as Lallitha
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Sakthivel
*[[Jai Ganesh]] as Pannaiyar
*[[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] as Chairman
*[[Manjula Vijayakumar]] as Lakshmi, Sakthivel's wife
*[[K. S. Ravikumar]] as Sangili Murugan
*Premi as Pannaiyar's wife
*[[Sabitha Anand]] as Chairman's wife
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]]
*[[Charle]]
*[[Vasu Vikram]]
*[[Kumarimuthu]]
*Vimalraj
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]]
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]]
*Ashok Raja
*Chitraguptan as Kandha
*Purushothaman as Poosari
*Dakshayini
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakthivel (1994) |url=https://mio.to/album/Ilaiyaraaja/Sakthivel+%281994%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210424045639/https://mio.to/album/Ilaiyaraaja/Sakthivel+(1994) |archive-date=24 April 2021 |access-date=24 April 2021 |website=Mio}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Chinna Chinna" || Sunanda || [[Mu. Metha]] || 4:33
|-
| "Idi Idikuthu" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 4:54
|-
| "Malliga Mottu" || [[Arunmozhi]], [[Swarnalatha]] || Kamakodiyan || 5:06
|-
| "Paatti Sutta" || Mano, K. S. Chithra || rowspan="3" |Vaali || 5:52
|-
| "Pambu Ena Vembu Ena" || K. S. Chithra || 5:10
|-
| "Poda Pakkoda" || Mano, [[Y. G. Mahendran]], [[Charle]] || 4:49
|}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Ravikumar has woven a tale that may not be all exciting but is nevertheless neatly told."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=15 April 1994 |title=Policing against all the odds |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940415&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=19 December 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times|New Sunday Times]]'' gave a positive review, saying that the film had good elements "a good story, meaningful dialogue, humour, good acting and drama".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=9 May 1994 |title=All the enjoyments of an enjoyable movie |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Dm8WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bxMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3758%2C3365054 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527075253/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Dm8WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bxMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3758%2C3365054 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=15 March 2019 |work=[[New Straits Times|New Sunday Times]] |pages=28 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{K. S. Ravikumar}}
{{AVM Productions}}

[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1994 action drama films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Gopal Nilkanth Dandekar

2026-03-12T14:31:14Z

Pankajglobal: small changes

{{Short description|Indian writer (1916–1988)}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Gopal Nilkanth Dandekar
| image = 
| caption =
| pseudonym = Appa Dandekar
| birth_date = 8 July 1916
| birth_place = Paratwada, Amravati district, Maharashtra, India
| death_date = 1 June 1998 (aged 81)
| death_place = Maharashtra, India
| occupation = {{hlist|writer|novelist|biographer}}
| language = Marathi
| nationality = Indian
| genre = {{hlist|Fiction| Historical novels|Biographies|Travelogues}}
| notableworks = ''Smaran Gatha'' ''Shitu'' ''Pavanakathacha Dhondi'' ''Jait Re Jait''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1976) Honorary D.Litt. from Pune University (1992)
| spouse = Neera Dandekar
| children =
}}
'''Gopal Nilkanth Dandekar''' aka Appa Dandekar (8 July 1916 – 1 June 1998) was a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] writer from [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Documentary on GoNiDa to be released on Gudi Padwa |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/documentary-on-gonida-to-be-released-on-gudi-padwa-1096051.html |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=एबीपी माझा वेब |date=2023-07-08 |title=साहित्यिक गो. नी. दांडेकर, कॉम्रेड ज्योती बसू आणि सौरव गांगुली यांचा जन्म; आज इतिहासात |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/8th-july-in-history-today-in-history-gopal-nilkanth-dandekar-jyoti-basu-birth-anniversary-saurav-ganguly-birthday-maharashtra-1190659 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
In 1976, Dandekar received a [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his autobiographical work ''Smaran Gatha''. He was elected president of [[Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]] held at [[Akola city|Akola]] in 1981. He received an honorary D.Litt. degree from [[Pune University]] on 30 December 1992.

==Personal life==
Dandekar and his wife Neera Dandekar have a daughter, Veena Dev.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dolare |first=Rahul |date=2024-10-29 |title=Pune: Renowned Marathi Writer Dr. Veena Vijay Dev Passes Away at 76 |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-renowned-marathi-writer-dr-veena-vijay-dev-passes-away-at-76/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US}}</ref> Veena has two daughters: Marathi actress [[Mrinal Kulkarni]], and Madhura.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-13 |title=Mrinal Kulkarni is celebrated writer Gopal Nilkanth Dandekar’s grand-daughter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/did-you-know/mrinal-kulkarni-gopal-nilkanth-dandekar-neera-dandekar-veena-dev-prem-mhanje-prem-mhanje-prem-asta-sahitya-akademi-award/articleshow/35056988.cms |access-date=2026-03-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Works ==

===Autobiography===
* ''Smaran Gatha''

===Novels===
{{Div col}}
* ''Shitu''
* ''Pavanakathacha Dhondi'' (1955)
* ''Padaghavli'' (Novel concerning a Brahmin family in coastal Maharashtra. It describes the lifestyle there in the 18th century.) (1956)
* ''Machivarala Budha'' (1958)
* ''Zunjar Machi''
* ''Kuna Ekachi Bhramangatha''
* ''Purnamaychi Lekare''
* ''Ranbhuli''
* ''Chhand Maze Vegle''
* ''Tambadphuti''
* ''Mrunmayi''
* ''Aamhi Bhagirathache Putra'' (Novel based on the construction of [[Bhakra-Nangal dam]] on river Satlaj)
* ''Jait-Re-jait'' (A film based on this novel was later made by [[Jabbar Patel]].)
* ''Baya Dar Ughad'' (Part 1 of 5 novels on Raja Shivaji's Maharashtra)
* ''Har Har Mahaadev'' (Part 2 of 5 novels on Raja Shivaji's Maharashtra)
* ''Daryabhavani'' (Part 3 of 5 novels on Raja Shivaji's Maharashtra)
* ''Zunzarmachi'' (Part 4 of 5 novels on Raja Shivaji's Maharashtra)
* ''He To Shrinchi Ichchha'' (Part 5 of 5 novels on Raja Shivaji's Maharashtra)
* ''Rumaalee Rahasya''
* ''Tya Tithe Rukhatali''
* ''Waagharu''
* ''Karnaayan''
* ''ShriRamayan''
* ''Tudavalele Gharkul''
* " Bhillaveer Kalinga" a historical story/novel on Tribes of Narmada Banks.
* ''Krishnawedh''
* "Aai Chi Denagi" 8 volumes of motivational stories from Indian History for children
{{Div col end}}

=== Travelogues===
* ''Durga Bhramangatha'' (Concerning wanderings among the hill forts of Maharashtra)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Durga Darshan'' (Concerning wanderings among the hill forts of Maharashtra)
* ''Kille'' (Informative book about trekking routes in [[Sahyadri]])
* ''Maharashtra Darshan'' (Informative book about Maharashtra, especially the rural parts).
* ''Narmadechya Tataaki''
* ''Dakshin Waara''

===Biographical works===
*''Mogara Phulala'' (Based on the life and works of Dnyaneshwar)
*''Das Dongari Rahato'' (Based on the life and works of Ramdas Swami)
*''Anandvan Bhuvani''
*''Tuka Akaashaaevdhaa'' (Novel based on the life and works of Tukaram)
*''The Last Kirtan of Gadage Baba''
*''Waadalatil Deepstambh'' (Novel based on story of Keshav Baliram Hedgewar the founder of Rashtriya Swayamsevek Sangh)
*''Devaki Nandan Gopaalaa''
*"Shree gadge maharaj" (the biography of maharashtras saint -majestic prakashan-pablisher book )

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dandekar, G. N.}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Marathi]]
[[Category:People from Amravati district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]]

Kopperundevi

2026-03-09T11:22:25Z

Pankajglobal: creating new bio

{{Infobox character
| name = Kopperundevi
| series = [[Cilappatikaram]]
| image = Silappatikaram_(9).jpg
| caption = [[Kannagi]] asking for justice in the court of [[Neduncheziyan]], with Kopperundevi (top right) by his side
| creator = [[Ilango Adigal]]
| first_date = 2nd to 6th century CE
| affiliation =
| spouse = [[Neduncheziyan]]
| nationality = [[Pandya Empire]]
}}
'''Kopperundevi''' is one of the major characters in the [[Five Great Epics|Tamil epic]] ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'' written by [[Ilango Adigal]] (2nd to 6th century BCE). She is portrayed as the wife of [[Pandya Empire|Pandya]] king [[Neduncheziyan]], and becomes indirectly responsible for the death of [[Kovalan]], the husband of the titular character [[Kannagi]].

==Literature==
''[[Cilappatikāram]]'' ("the Tale of an Anklet"), is the one of the [[Five Great Epics]]s in [[Tamil literature]].{{sfn|Parthasarathy|2004|p=1-3}} It is attributed to a [[Ilango Adigal]], a [[Chera]] prince turned monk, and was probably composed between 2nd to 6th centuries CE.{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=397}}{{sfn|Alain Danielou|1965|p=viii}} The epic consists of 5,730 lines,{{sfn|Parthasarathy|2004|p=5-6}} and narrates the tragic story of [[Kannagi]] and her husband [[Kovalan]].{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=174–175}}{{sfn|Pollock|2003|p=296–298}}

==Story==
The first part of ''Cilappatikāram'' describes the city of [[Poompuhar|Puhar]] in the [[Chola Empire]], where the pair of [[Kovalan]] and [[Kannagi]] reside. After Kovalan loses his wealth through his illicit relationship with the dancer [[Madhavi (Silappatikaram)|Madhavi]], he returns to Kannagi and the couple decide to move to [[Madurai]] in the [[Pandya Empire]]. The Pandyas are led by king [[Neduncheziyan]] and his wife Kopperundevi.{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=73–90}}

Kopperundevi is described as a dignified and chaste woman, and extols the virtues expected of a royal woman in classical Tamil literature. When Kovalan attempts to sell one of the two [[silambu|anklets]] of Kannagi to raise money, the royal goldsmith, who had earlier stolen an anklet belonging to the queen Kopperundevi, finds the that anklets are similar, and falsely accuses Kovalan of stealing the queen’s anklet. Enraged by the act, the king Neduncheziyan orders Kovalan’s arrest and execution without a fair trial.{{sfn|Dikshitar|1939|p=217–221}}

After Kovalan is executed, Kannagi appears in the royal court, trying to prove her husband’s innocence and demanding justice. She breaks open her remaining anklet to reveal that her anklet contained [[rubies]] whereas queen Kopperundevi's missing anklet contained [[pearl]]s. When the king realised the truth and his mistake, he kills himself due to remorse. The queen, Kopperundevi, unable to bear the grief and shame caused by the unjust execution, also dies soon afterward.{{sfn|Dikshitar|1939|p=247–251}}

== Role ==
Although Kopperundevi appears only briefly in the epic, her anklet becomes the main trigger of the central conflict of the story line. She suffers a tragedy not because of her own making, and is one of the tragic characters of the epic, along with Kannagi.{{sfn|Chellappan|1985|p=61, 124}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Myths and Legends from India – Great Women|last=Bhanu|first=Sharada|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |year=1997|location=Chennai|isbn=978-0-333-93076-2}}
* {{cite book|title=Shakespeare and Ilango as Tragedians|first=Kasiviswanathan|last=Chellappan|year=1985|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]}}
* {{cite book|first=Alain |last=Danielou|author-link=Alain Daniélou|title=Shilappadikaram (The Ankle Bracelet) by Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu3QelRpmsgC|year =1965|publisher=[[New Directions Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-8112-0001-1}}
* {{cite book|first=V. R. Ramachandra |last=Dikshitar |author-link=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar |title=The Silappadikaram |year=1939 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201802/page/n5 |isbn=978-9-390-03592-2}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEwFjKKFfIC&pg=PA279 | title=The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal: An Epic of South India| first=R. | last=Parthasarathy |author-link=R. Parthasarathy | publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]| year=1993 |isbn = 978-0-231-07848-1}}
*{{cite book|first=R |last=Parthasarathy |author-link=R. Parthasarathy |title=The Cilappatikāram: The Tale of an Anklet (Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWPg7EvPirgC|year=2004|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-14-303196-3}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC | title=Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia| last=Pollock| first=Sheldon |author-link=Sheldon Pollock | publisher=[[University of California Press]]| year=2003|isbn = 0-520-22821-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Sastri |first=Nilakanta |author-link=Nilakanta Sastri |orig-year=1955 |title=A History of South India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New Delhi |edition=Reprinted |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-195-60686-7}}
* {{cite book|first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil|author-link=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-9-004-03591-1 }}
{{refend}}
{{Silappatikaram}}

[[Category:Characters in Silappatikaram]]
[[Category:Fictional Tamil people]]

Raviraaj

2026-03-08T01:00:49Z

Pankajglobal: starting a article needs work.

{{Short description|Indian actor (1942–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raviraaj रविराज
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1942
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]]
| death_date = 18 March 2020
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Actor,
| spouse =
| children =
| yearsactive = 1971–1994
}}
'''Raviraaj''' ({{langx|hi|रविराज}}) (1942 – 18 March 2020) was an Indian actor in [[Bollywood]] films.<ref>{{cite web|title=Actor Raviraaj passed away|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/veteran-actor-ravi-raj-passes-away-ssv-92-2110075//articleshow/74665669.cms|publisher=Loksatta Online|accessdate= 18 March 2020}}</ref> His real name is Ravindra Anant Krishna Rao.

==Career==
Raviraj worked in [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as well in [[Gujarati cinema]]. He made his debut in the film ''Aahat''. ''Shura Mi Vandile'' was his first Marathi movie and ''Anyaycha Pratikar'' was his last Marathi movie in which he worked.<ref>{{cite web|title=Actor Raviraaj worked in Hindi, Gujarati & Marathi Cinema Interview|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/gujrati-actor-raviraj-chat-with-shekhar-joshi-1424419/|publisher=Loksatta Online|accessdate= 18 March 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/senior-marathi-actor-jayram-kulkarni-passes-away-in-pune-scsg-91-2108880//|title=Actor Raviraaj Filmography |website=[[Loksatta]] |accessdate=17 March 2020}}</ref>
* ''Aahat-Ek Ajib Prem Kahani'' (1971)
* ''Shura Mi Vandile'' (1972)
* ''Jawai Vikat Ghene Aahe'' (1973)
* ''[[Achanak (1973 film)|Achanak]]'' (1973)
* ''Ovalite Bhauraya'' (1975)
* ''Tuch Mazi Raani'' (1977)
* ''Dost Asava Tar Asa'' (1978)
* ''[[Khatta Meetha (1978 film)|Khatta Meetha]]'' (1978)
* ''Jawayachi Jaat'' (1979)
* ''Gajarni Pipudi'' (1979) (Gujarati Movie)
* ''Roop Pahata Lochani'' (1980)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/bollywood/senior-actor-raviraj-passes-away-ram/|title=Actor Raviraj Filmography / Marathi Theater |website=[[Lokmat Online]] |accessdate=18 March 2020}}</ref>
* ''Devapudhe Manus'' (1980)
* ''Nanand Bhavjay'' (1981)
* ''Je Peed Parai Jane Re'' (1981) (Gujarati Movie)
* ''Bhannat Bhanu'' (1982)
* ''[[Ek Chitthi Pyar Bhari]]'' (1985)
* ''Anyayacha Pratikar'' (1993)
* ''[[Chaand Kaa Tukdaa]]'' (1994)
* ''Meghani Raat'' (-) (Gujarati Movie)
* ''Tin Chehare'' (-)
* ''[[Ajatashatru]]'' (-)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm1416708|name=Ravi Raaj}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]

Fighter (soundtrack)

2026-03-07T16:33:17Z

Pankajglobal: info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Fighter
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| cover = Fighter_Album_Art.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = 23 January 2024
| recorded = 2022–23
| venue =
| studio = Future Sound of Bombay, [[Mumbai]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:11
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Abhijit Nalani
| prev_title = [[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Fighter
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Sher Khul Gaye
| single1date = 15 December 2023
| single2 = [[Ishq Jaisa Kuch]]
| single2date = 22 December 2023
| single3 = Heer Aasmani
| single3date = 8 January 2024
}}
}}
'''''Fighter''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Vishal–Shekhar|Vishal-Shekhar]] for the 2024 [[Bollywood|Hindi film]] [[Fighter (2024 film)|of the same name]], directed by [[Siddharth Anand]], starring [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Deepika Padukone]], and [[Anil Kapoor]] in lead roles. The original score for the film was composed by Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara. The film was produced by [[Viacom18 Studios]] and Marflix Pictures.

The soundtrack album features two distinct sounds: one highlighting a group of pilots in the [[air force|Air Force]], while the other explores themes of patriotism, heartbreak, loss, beauty, and the courage of fighter pilots. The tracks "Sher Khul Gaye," "[[Ishq Jaisa Kuch]]," and "Heer Aasmani" served as the lead singles. The majority of the tunes for the original songs were composed within a week's time. The song "Bekaar Dil" was made available for digital download after the film's theatrical release, as it had been removed by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CFBC, India]].

The music received mixed reviews, with critics pointing out the awkward placement of the songs in the film, the unusual lyrics, and the original score's lack of cinematic appeal. However, they praised the tracks for being energetic, fast-paced, and romantic. The track "Sher Khul Gaye," a party number, set a record by reaching 50 million views within 24 hours of its release on [[YouTube poop|YouTube]]. The music album consists of six original songs, with lyrics written by [[Kumaar]]. "Fighter Theme" and "Spirit of Fighter" are theme songs, while "Vande Mataram" is considered the film's anthem. The track "Spirit of Fighter" was featured in the film's teaser, and the song "Mitti" includes a version sung by [[Suresh Wadkar]].

== Background ==
According to [[Vishal Dadlani]], the majority of the tunes were composed within a week of the film's script narration. He explained that the project's "natural energy" contributed to their creative process.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hrithik Roshan, Deepika Padukone starrer Fighter's script left Vishal Dadlani in tears |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukone-starrer-fighters-script-left-vishal-dadlani-in-tears-63892.html |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> In an interview with ''Asian Variety TV Network'', after ''Fighter's'' narration, they began creating music on the spot. Knowing that Hrithik Roshan would be starring in the film, they subconsciously started designing dance tunes. In an interview with [[Daily News and Analysis|''DNA India'']], [[Shekhar Ravjiani]] mentioned that they kept the music of ''Fighter'' quite edgy—a combination of electro and dance—while ensuring the tunes remained as [[desi]] and [[Flat (music)|floaty]] as possible.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} In an interview with [[Asian Magazine|''Asian Sunday'']], Dadlani explained that the soundtrack features two distinct types of sound: one representing the camaraderie of the group of pilots at the Air Force Academy, initially while training in the air; and the other delving into deeper emotions—patriotism, heartbreak, loss, beauty, courage, and the truth of fighter pilots.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

"Sher Khul Gaye" is a party track featured during a celebration among a group of pilots marking a milestone. According to Dadlani and Ravjiani, the track embodies the spirit of pilots as "the kings (metaphorically, tigers) of the world."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-17 |title=Vishal Dadlani praises 'Incredible' script of Hrithik Roshan and Deepika Padukone's 'Fighter,' admits it left him teary-eyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vishal-dadlani-praises-incredible-script-of-hrithik-roshan-and-deepika-padukones-fighter-admits-it-left-him-tearyeyed/articleshow/106926088.cms |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Director [[Siddharth Anand]] acknowledged that the notes, scanning, and progressions of "Sher Khul Gaye" were similar to the 1977 single [[Stayin' Alive]], but emphasized that it was neither inspired by nor plagiarized from the song.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heres what Siddharth Anand has to say about Fighter song Sher Khul Gaye being compared to Stayin' Alive |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/siddharth-anand-about-fighter-song-sher-khul-gaye-being-compared-to-stayin-alive/107100243 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref> When writing two deep [[Soul music|soul]] tracks, "Mitti" and "Dil Banaane Waaleya," singer [[KK (singer)|KK]] was the first choice for the vocals.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Vishal Dadlani {{!}} Sheykhar Ravjiani {{!}} Fighter {{!}} Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xf7Wsdxa9Yk |access-date=2024-03-16 |language=en}}</ref> However, they were unable to record with him due to his untimely demise.<ref name=":0" />

In an interview with ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Anand explained that the theme of "Heer Aasmani" revolves around an Air Force pilot expressing their unconditional love for the skies.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-08 |title=Fighter song Heer Aasmani: Hrithik Roshan, Deepika Padukone and gang all set to take flight. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/fighter-song-heer-aasmani-hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukone-gang-all-set-to-take-flight-watch-101704713277303.html |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He added that the track is modern in its presentation, featuring guitar [[riff]]s and rustic vocals by singer [[B Praak]]. The song was dedicated to the special squad of Air Dragons coming together, showcasing the crew's bonding both during briefing and training sessions, as well as during their downtime.<ref name=":02" /> The track "Mitti" is patriotic and features at a point in the film where the team of fighter pilots suffers a loss.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fighter song Mitti out; Hrithik Roshan, Deepika Padukone along with Vishal-Sheykhar's vocals stir up patriotic fervour |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/fighter-song-mitti-out-hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukone-and-team-with-vishal-sheykhars-vocals-present-an-emotional-rollercoaster/edb70c80a7909 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

The track "Spirit of Fighter" was written for the background score of the film and was featured in the teaser.<ref name=":02" /> The songs "[[Ishq Jaisa Kuch]]" and "Bekaar Dil" were removed from the film's footage as they were deemed 'explicit' for the Indian audience.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-26 |title=Romantic song from 'Fighter' which was cut by CBFC goes VIRAL; fans love Hrithik Roshan-Deepika Padukone's chemistry, DISAPPOINTED to not see it in theatres - WATCH video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/romantic-song-from-fighter-which-was-cut-by-cbfc-goes-viral-fans-love-hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukones-chemistry-disappointed-to-not-see-it-in-theatres-watch-video/articleshow/107165869.cms |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, the former was included in the end credits<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-01-25 |title=Fighter Movie Review: FIGHTER is a paisa vasool patriotic entertainer |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/fighter/critic-review/fighter-movie-review/fighter-is-a-paisa-vasool-patriotic-entertainer/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |language=en}}</ref> of the Indian theatrical prints, while both tracks were present in the international prints.<ref name=":12" />

== Music videos ==
The song "Sher Khul Gaye" was released as the first single from the film on 15 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=Fighter first song 'Sher Khul Gaye': Hrithik Roshan, Deepika Padukone and one very good looking song. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/fighter-first-song-sher-khul-gaye-hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukone-and-one-very-good-looking-song-watch-9069265/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It is a party track that set a record by reaching 50 million views within 24 hours on [[YouTube poop|YouTube]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-19 |title=Is There A Similarity Between Fighter New Song Sher Khul Gaye And BTS' Dynamite? Fans Think So |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/is-there-a-similarity-between-fighter-new-song-sher-khul-gaye-and-bts-dynamite-fans-think-so-8710199.html |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The song drew comparisons to "[[Stayin' Alive]]" by the Bee Gees and "[[Dynamite (BTS song)|Dynamite]]" by BTS.<ref name=":32" /> Padukone wears a polka-dotted black dress and matches the dance steps with Roshan.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-15 |title='Fighter' song 'Sher Khul Gaye' out: Hrithik Roshan, Deepika Padukone display stunning dance moves and chemistry - WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/fighter-song-sher-khul-gaye-out-hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukone-display-stunning-dance-moves-and-chemistry-watch/articleshow/106014435.cms |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Anil Kapoor makes a grand entry, and the song was choreographed by Bosco and Caesar.<ref name="The Times of India"/>

The second single from the soundtrack, "[[Ishq Jaisa Kuch]]," was released on 22 December 2023. The song begins with Roshan walking [[Toplessness|bare-chested]] from the sea, while Padukone dons a black [[monokini]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-22 |title='Ishq Jaisa Kuch' song from 'Fighter' out: Hrithik Roshan and Deepika will win hearts with their chemistry - WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ishq-jaisa-kuch-song-from-fighter-out-hrithik-roshan-and-deepika-will-win-hearts-with-their-chemistry-watch/articleshow/106209873.cms |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later in the song, the leading duo is seen in beach and party-ready outfits, with Padukone wearing a gold and silver embellished mini skirt and bralette-style top by [[Paco Rabanne]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-23 |title=Deepika Padukone's mini skirt and bralette for Fighter song Ishq Jaisa Kuch with Hrithik Roshan costs a whopping... |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/deepika-padukone-mini-skirt-and-bralette-for-fighter-song-ishq-jaisa-kuch-with-hrithik-roshan-costs-a-whopping-101703298543726.html |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The third single, "Heer Aasmani," was released on 15 January 2024. The song was filmed in the snowy regions of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], where the crew faced difficulties in syncing lip movements due to the freezing temperatures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=Quint |date=2024-01-08 |title=Hrithik Roshan & Deepika Padukone Fly High In 'Heer Aasmani' From 'Fighter' |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/music/hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukone-fly-high-in-heer-asmani-from-fighter |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical response ==
Reviewing for ''[[The Guardian]]'', Phuong Lee criticized the tracks and their picturization, stating: "Racy musical interludes – item songs – are haphazardly inserted throughout; at one point, a flight mission awkwardly cuts to an out-of-place daydream in which the two scantily clad stars groove to a sizzling tune in some distant seaside resort."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Le |first=Phuong |date=2024-01-26 |title=Fighter review – India's pizazz-free Top Gun weighed down by patriotic propaganda |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/jan/26/fighter-review-indias-pizazz-free-top-gun-weighed-down-by-patriotic-propaganda |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Simon Abrams of ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'' commented that, "A representatively energetic, but unexceptional musical number features lyrics like 'The lions are on the prowl tonight,' with the music numbers being pretty romantic."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abrams |first=Simon |title=Fighter movie review & film summary (2024) {{!}} Roger Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/fighter-movie-review-2024 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Roger Ebert |language=en}}</ref> Sakshi Thirani of ''[[Common Sense Media]]'' remarked, "The music and dance sequences, such a staple in Bollywood cinema, feel random and irritating instead of entertaining."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Movie & TV reviews for parents |title=Fighter Movie Review {{!}} Common Sense Media |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/fighter |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=www.commonsensemedia.org |language=en}}</ref>

Umesh Punwani of ''Koimoi'' stated, "Songs appearing out of nowhere in between an important mission are as intrusive as you'd expect them to be."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Punwani |first=Umesh |date=25 January 2024 |title=It's Not Top Gun, It's Bottom Gun Ft. Hrithik Roshan & Why Deepika Padukone, Why? |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-movies/movie-reviews/fighter-movie-review-its-not-top-gun-its-bottom-gun-ft-hrithik-roshan-why-deepika-padukone-why/ |website=Koimoi}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reviewed the track "[[Ishq Jaisa Kuch]]," saying, "The song might grow on the audience, but the initial impact left by Deepika and Hrithik is simply unmissable."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title=Fighter song Ishq Jaisa Kuch makes you wonder why no one cast Deepika Padukone and Hrithik Roshan together before this. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/fighter-song-ishq-jaisa-kuch-wonder-why-no-one-cast-deepika-padukone-hrithik-roshan-together-watch-9078908/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''Livemint'' quoted, "Sanchit and Ankit Balhara’s score is as earwormy as their work on ''Pathaan''."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title='Fighter' review: Jingoism grounds Siddharth Anand's air force tribute |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/movies-tv/fighter-review-film-hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukone-siddharth-anand-111706187042284.html |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref> Critics at ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' stated that the music doesn't work as intended and is forgettable.<ref name=":22" /> They described "Sher Khul Gaye" as catchy, while "Heer Aasmani" and "Dil Banaane Waaleya" were noted as being woven into the narrative. The background score was praised for its "big-screen cinematic appeal."<ref name=":22" /> In his review for [[MensXP|''Times Internet'']], Aman Kumar remarked, "Though the music of ''Fighter'' didn’t catch much attention, 'Mitti' and 'Heer Aasmani' will surely stay with you for a while."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Fighter review: A typical cheesy Siddharth Anand skyride that successfully evokes PATRIOTISM |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/153179-fighter-film-spoiler-free-review-hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukone.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=MensXP |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
The music of the film was released on 23 January 2024.<ref>{{Citation |title=Fighter (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Vishal & Shekhar, Kumaar, Mellow D & Vishal Dadlani on Apple Music |date=2024-01-23 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/fighter-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1727072780 |access-date=2024-03-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The original soundtrack consists of six songs, with the first three released as singles in that order. The two theme tracks were released as "Fighter - Single" on 1 December 2023. After the film's release, the track "Mitti" was released as a single with vocals by Suresh Wadkar. Additionally, the film's anthem song, "Vande Mataram," was released on 25 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic Day Special: Fighter {{!}} Song - Vande Mataram (The Fighter Anthem) {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/republic-day-special-fighter-song-vande-mataram-the-fighter-anthem/videoshow/107153323.cms |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Standard Edition ===
{{Track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Kumaar]], except where noted
| headline = Fighter (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sher Khul Gaye
| note1 =
| length1 = 3:00
| extra1 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Neeraj Shridhar]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Shilpa Rao]]
| title2 = [[Ishq Jaisa Kuch]]
| note2 =
| length2 = 2:49
| extra2 = Vishal Dadlani, Jubin Nautiyal, Shilpa Rao, Mellow D
| title3 = Heer Aasmani
| length3 = 3:24
| extra3 = [[B Praak]], Vishal Dadlani, Kamaal Khan
| title4 = Dil Banaane Waaleya
| length4 = 3:44
| extra4 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], Vishal Mishra, Shekhar Ravjiani
| title5 = Mitti
| length5 = 3:34
| extra5 = [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Ash King]]
| title6 = Bekaar Dil
| length6 = 3:29
| extra6 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], Shilpa Rao, Diljit Dosanjh, Aziz Naza
| title7 =
| length7 =
| extra7 =
| title8 =
| note8 =
| length8 =
| extra8 =
| total_length = 20:00
}}

=== Singles ===
{{Track listing
| all_lyrics =
| headline = Fighter - Single
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Fighter Theme
| note1 =
| length1 = 0:23
| extra1 = (Instrumental)
| title2 = Spirit of Fighter
| note2 =
| length2 = 0:57
| extra2 = (Instrumental)
| total_length = 1:00
}}
{{Track listing
| all_lyrics = Kumaar
| headline = Mitti (Suresh Wadkar Version) - Single
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Mitti (Suresh Wadkar Version)
| note1 =
| length1 = 3:33
| extra1 = [[Suresh Wadkar]]
}}{{Track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/film-reviews/razakar-review-a-propaganda-film-on-hyderabads-annexation-ultra-loud-and-agitated-113918?infinitescroll=1|title=Riveting aerial combat drama with 'India shining' moments |newspaper=Federal News|date=25 January 2024|accessdate=16 March 2024}}</ref> and Kumaar
| headline = Vande Mataram (The Fighter Anthem) - Single
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Vande Mataram (The Fighter Anthem)
| note1 =
| length1 = 2:38
| extra1 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Ash King]], [[Rahul Saxena]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Ustad Rashid Khan]], [[Sid Sriram]], [[Mahesh Kale]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
}}

'''Notes'''

* "Dil Chah Raha" Hai is alternately referred as "Bekaar Dil" on [[Digital download (music)|music download]] platform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Chah Raha Hai from Fighter sung by Vishal Mishra and Shilpa Rao is out! Listen now |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/dil-chah-raha-hai-from-fighter-sung-by-vishal-mishra-and-shilpa-rao-is-out-listen-now/107085654 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Album credits ==
All credits are adapted from the liner notes of the album.<ref>{{Citation |title=FIGHTER (Audio Jukebox): Hrithik Roshan,Deepika Padukone,Anil Kapoor {{!}} Vishal-Sheykhar {{!}} Siddharth A |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkjenWLRvIA |access-date=2024-03-23 |language=en}}</ref>

* Kumaar - [[Lyrics]] (All tracks)
* Mellow D - Lyrics (Track 1, 2), vocals (Track 2)
* Abhijit Nalani - [[Record producer|Record Producer]] (All tracks)
* Karan Kanchan - Additional Music Producer (Track 2)
* [[Eric Pillai]] - [[Audio mixing|Audio Mixing]] (All tracks)
* Ganesh Gangadharan - Sound Design (All tracks)
* Pritam Das - [[Sound design|Sound Design]] (All tracks)
* Dipesh Verma - [[Tabla]] (Track 1)
* Iqbal Azad - [[Dhol]] (Track 1)
* Rhythm Shaw - [[Viola]]s (Track 1, 2, 4), [[Mohan Veena]]s (Track 2, 4)
* Warren Mendonsa - [[Piano]] (Track 3)
* Aatur Soni - [[Drum]]s (Track 4)
* Leo Olavio Velho - [[Cello]] (Track 5)
* Sujan Chettri - [[Cello]](Track 5)

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

== External links ==

* {{Discogs artist|artist=1758333|name=Vishal & Shekhar}}
* {{IMDb title|13818368}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:War film soundtracks]]

Patna School of Painting

2026-03-04T23:29:38Z

Pankajglobal: brief adjust formatting for consistency additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Style of Indian painting}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Hot water seller.jpg|thumb|Bhisti (Water seller)]]
The '''Patna School of Painting''' (also '''Patna Qalaam''', or '''Patna Kalam''') is a style of [[Indian painting]] which existed in [[Bihar]], India in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref name="Mithila Painting">{{cite web |title=Call to reinvent Patna Kalam paintings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/call-to-reinvent-patna-kalam-paintings/articleshow/68028044.cms |website=Times Of India |access-date=Feb 17, 2019}}</ref> The Patna School dealt almost exclusively with common people and their lifestyles, which helped the paintings gain in popularity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/patna-kalam-comes-alive-in-30-minute-documentary/cid/1341613|title=Patna Kalam comes alive in 30-minute documentary|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175145/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/patna-kalam-comes-alive-in-30-minute-documentary/cid/1341613|archive-date=25 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The principal centres of this style were in [[Patna]], [[Danapur]] and [[Arrah]].

The [[Art history|art historian]], [[Mildred Archer]] said of the Patna School of painting that: "''It marks the fusion of Eastern and Western taste which occurred in the nineteenth century and mirrors the interests and artistic fashions of the period. The school is, in fact, a summary of the complicated interplay of European and Indian cultures in the nineteenth century.''"<ref name=Archer1948>{{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=Mildred |title=Patna Painting |date=1948 |publisher=Royal India Society |page=vii |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2044}}</ref>

== History ==
The barrister and art collector [[Percival Chater Manuk]] of Patna<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goswamy |first=BN |date=March 27, 2016 |title=An uncommon art collector |work=Tribune India |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/arts/an-uncommon-art-collector-213697}}</ref> wrote the first detailed research article on the history of the Patna School of Painting, its prominent artists, and various notable collections. This was after coming across a collection of work by the painter, [[Shiva]] Lal. This work was entitled the ''Patna School of Painting'' and was published in the Bihar Research Journal in 1943.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Rekha |first=Neel |date=2011 |title=The Patna School of Painting: A Brief History (1760–1880) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44146791 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=Indian History Congress |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=997–1007 |jstor=44146791}}</ref>

Patna Kalam is an off-shoot of both [[Mughal painting]] and of [[Company style]] art.<ref name=Archer1948 /> The Mughal style of painting matured in the regime of [[Jahangir]], and his period was considered the golden era of Mughal paintings,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://inficentre.blogspot.com/2011/09/patna-kalam-paintings-introduction.html|title=Patna Kalam Paintings an Introduction|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515084817/http://inficentre.blogspot.com/2011/09/patna-kalam-paintings-introduction.html|archive-date=15 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> but during the rule of [[Aurangzeb]] in the late 17th and early 18th century, artisans faced mass prosecution and aversion in art and painting. The painters migrated from [[Old Delhi|Delhi]] looking for shelter in different places. One such group moved eastward and landed in [[Murshidabad]] under the patronage of the [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Nawab of Bengal]] and other local aristocrats, though British patrons were also important.<ref name="Mithila Painting" />
[[File:Holi being played in the courtyard, ca 1795 painting.jpg|thumb|Holi being played in the courtyard, ca 1795 painting in Patna style.]]

In the mid-18th century, after the fall of The Nawab of Bengal and the subsequent decline of Murshidabad, the artisans started moving to the next biggest city in the east, Patna. In Patna they came under the patronage of local aristocracy and often [[Indophile]] scions of the early [[East India Company]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Indranil |date=March 6, 2010 |title=Return of the 'Patna Kalam' |work=Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/56522/return-patna-kalam.html}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Anwar |first=Shakeel |date=Jan 29, 2019 |title=Patna Kalam Painting – Origin and Characteristics |work=Jagran Josh |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/patna-kalam-painting-origin-and-characteristics-1548754612-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425113316/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/patna-kalam-painting-origin-and-characteristics-1548754612-1 |archive-date=25 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nigam |first=Richa |date=January 15, 2021 |title=Patna Kalam: Bihar’s adrift artform: Tradition that failed the test of time |work=Media India Group |url=https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patna-kalam-bihars-adrift-artform/}}</ref>

== Style ==
Patna Kalam is regarded as an off-shoot of [[Mughal painting]], with influences from Persian and the [[Company painting]] style developed for British customers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharatonline.com/bihar/art-craft/patna-kalam.html|title=Patna Kalam – Patna School of Painting Bihar India|website=www.bharatonline.com|access-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175434/http://www.bharatonline.com/bihar/art-craft/patna-kalam.html|archive-date=25 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The portraits can be clearly seen having colours and linings from Mughal style, and the shading can be seen to be adopted from the British style.<ref>{{Citation|last=Rajya Sabha TV|title=RSTV Documentary – Patna Kalam|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N15kNy4i6co|access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref> Diverging from the Mughal and Persian style of wide and exquisitely decorated borders, Patna Kalam primarily focused on the subject of the painting.

Unlike Mughal paintings, which focused on royalty and court scenes, flag bearers of Patna Kalam were deeply influenced by the daily life of the common man, also a common subject in Company painting. Their main subjects were local festivals, ceremonies, bazaar scenes, local rulers, and domestic activities. The paintings were done on diverse surfaces such as paper, mica, and even ivory diskettes, that were used as brooches.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Return of the 'Patna Kalam' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/56522/return-patna-kalam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515084815/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/56522/return-patna-kalam.html |archive-date=15 May 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Shiv Lal.jpg|thumb|Tamtam (Horse-drawn carriage) – by Shiv Lal]]
A distinguishing characteristic of Patna Kalam is the minimal treatment of landscape foregrounds and backgrounds, which are given little emphasis. Another characteristic was the development of the shading of solid forms. Patna Kalam paintings are painted straightway with the brush without marking with a pencil to delineate [[The Contours|the contours]] of the picture and the procedure of painting is popularly known as 'Kajli Seahi.'<ref name=":2" />

== Legacy and decline ==
The distinctive style of the Patna School of Painting primarily gained prominence during the British colonial period and flourished until the mid-19th century.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Archer |first=Mildred |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/2044.pdf |title=Patna Painting |publisher=David Marlowe Ltd for The Royal India Society |year=1948 |location=Great Britain |via=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts}}</ref> However, over time, the Patna School experienced a gradual decline, leaving behind a rich but fading legacy. The School was renowned for its unique blend of Mughal, Persian, and Indian artistic traditions. It primarily focused on illustrating mythological narratives, religious themes, and scenes from everyday life. The artists employed vibrant colours, intricate detailing, and delicate brushwork to create visually captivating works. One of the major factors contributing to the decline of the Patna School was the diminishing patronage and changing socio-political landscape.<ref name=":3" /> With the advent of the British Raj, the traditional Indian aristocratic patrons who had supported the art form started to lose their influence, leading to a decline in the demand for such paintings. However, the British too commissioned several works, which have not received enough scholarly attention, that can shed light on the nineteenth century socio-economic and cultural conditions of Patna.<ref name=":3" />

Additionally, the emergence of modern art movements and the growing popularity of European art styles further marginalised the School. As the art world shifted towards new forms of expression and Western influences, the traditional Indian styles faced challenges in maintaining relevance and attracting a new generation of artists. Art historians have noted that the decline of the Patna School of Painting may also be perceived due to the lack of institutional support and documentation. Unlike other renowned art schools in India, the Patna School lacked a systematic approach to preserving its techniques, styles, and historical records. This dearth of institutional backing hindered its continuity and led to a gradual loss of knowledge and skills associated with the art form.<ref name=":5" /> Despite its decline, the legacy of the Patna School of Painting continues to resonate within the art world. Many scholars recognise its contribution to the development of Indian art and its unique synthesis of cultural influences. Efforts are being made to revive and reinvent interest in this fading art form through exhibitions, workshops, and research initiatives.<ref name="Mithila Painting" /><ref name=":4" /> Therefore, it would seem the legacy of Patna School lives on ensuring that future generations can appreciate and learn from its artistic contributions.

== Patna Kalam today ==
Some well-known painters of Patna Kalam were Sewak Ram, Hulas Lall, Shiv Lal, Shiva Dayal, Mahadeo Lal, and Ishwari Prasad Verma.<ref name="Mithila Painting"/> There is currently no one to carry on the tradition. Only three collections of Patna Kalam paintings exist in Bihar, one at the [[Patna Museum]] and others at Khuda Baksh Library, Patna, and [[Patna University]]’s College of Arts and Crafts. The Patna Kalam flourished only as long as its Western patrons existed.<ref>{{cite web |title=A centre of excellence for arts & crafts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/a-centre-of-excellence-for-arts-crafts/articleshow/90385280.cms |website=Times Of India |access-date=Mar 23, 2022}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Painting of the Golghar Granary (Patna style).JPG|[[Gol Ghar]], 19th Century Painting
File:Durga Puja, 1809 watercolour painting in Patna Style.jpg|Durga Puja, 1809 watercolour painting in Patna Style
File:Golghar at Bankipur, near Patna, 1814-15.jpg|GolGhar, 19th Century Painting
File:City of Patna, on the River Ganges, 19th century.jpg|Patna along The Ganges
File:Snake Charmer, India, Patna School, 19th century, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG|Snake charmer, 19th century
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Commons}}
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |author=Kossak, Steven | title= ''Indian court painting, 16th–19th century.'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1997| isbn=0870997831 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74}} (see index: p. 148–152)

[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]
[[Category:Culture of Patna]]

Teesri Manzil

2026-03-04T03:54:44Z

Pankajglobal: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{short description|1966 film by Vijay Anand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Teesri Manzil
| image =Teesri Manzil.jpg

| director =[[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]]
| producer =Nasir Hussain
| writer =[[Nasir Hussain]]
| starring =[[Shammi Kapoor]] [[Asha Parekh]] [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] [[Prem Nath|Premnath]] [[Iftekhar]] [[Prem Chopra]]
| music =[[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography =[[N. Srinivas]]
| editing =Vijay Anand
| distributor = [[Nasir Hussain Films]]
| released = {{film date|1966|10|21|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Teesri Manzil''''' ({{Translation|Third floor}}) is a [[List of Hindi films of 1966|1966]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] Hindi-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[Mystery film|mystery]] film directed by [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]] and produced by [[Nasir Hussain]]. Released on 21 October 1966, the film stars [[Shammi Kapoor]] and [[Asha Parekh]] in titular roles and [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Prem Nath|Premnath]], [[Iftekhar]] and [[Prem Chopra]] in supporting roles.

''Indiatimes Movies'' ranks the film amongst the ''Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films''.<ref>{{Citation| title = India Times Top 25 Must-See Bollywood Films on Lists of Bests)| url = http://www.listsofbests.com/list/47574-india-times-top-25-must-see-bollywood-films| accessdate = 30 July 2012| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120905052152/http://www.listsofbests.com/list/47574-india-times-top-25-must-see-bollywood-films| archivedate = 5 September 2012| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins on a dark night with a young girl, Rupa (Sabina), driving her car at a very high speed around the hills of [[Mussoorie]] and stopping at The Park Hotel. A few moments later, she rushes inside and mysteriously falls to her death from the third [[Storey|floor]] of it, clutching something in her hand. Her death is declared to be [[suicide]] by everyone among the curious onlookers, including Rocky ([[Shammi Kapoor]]), a [[drummer]], and Ruby ([[Helen (actress)|Helen]]), a [[dancer]] at The Park Hotel. One year later, Rupa's ex-fiancée, Ramesh ([[Prem Chopra]]), is shown to be trying to fix his marriage with Rupa's grieving younger sister, Sunita ([[Asha Parekh]]), who is not as enamoured of the proposal though Ramesh tries to ingratiate himself with her. Sunita reveals to her friend, Meena ([[Laxmi Chhaya]]), that Rupa had written a [[Letter (message)|letter]] to her on the night of her death, confessing that she was deeply in love with Rocky, and implying that they had sexual relations, and that she desperately needs to marry him. Sunita believes that Rocky had seduced and then betrayed her sister which led her to commit suicide, and intends to travel to [[Dehradun]] and Mussoorie and track down Rocky to avenge her sister's death.

On her way to Dehradun, Sunita meets Anil Kumar, a charming but mischievous young man, who continuously flirts with her throughout the journey. As she checks into The Park Hotel with Meena, Sunita is surprised to find Anil there too, and he continues to woo her. Unbeknownst to Sunita, Anil himself is Rocky (his [[stage name]]) and this secret is only known to Ruby, who is in love with Anil. Anil manages to discover that Sunita is Rupa's revenge-seeking sister, and misleads her by disguising another [[Coworking|co-worker]] ([[Salim Khan]]) at The Park Hotel as Rocky, while he continues to pursue her as Anil. He even lies about his job that he is the nephew and [[heir]] of a wealthy [[landlord]] residing in a local [[mansion]] in Dehradun. While Sunita initially rebuffs his advances, she eventually falls in love with Anil after realising his kind and gentle nature during an unexpected overnight trip, and even confides in him about her sister's tragic death and her hatred for Rocky. Anil reluctantly keeps up the charade and ends up having to entertain Sunita and her friends at the mansion of his "uncle". His deceit is nearly exposed by the arrival of the real owner of the mansion, Kunwarsahab Mahender Singh ([[Prem Nath|Premnath]]), but he too surprisingly plays along and covers for Anil, and the two soon become good friends.

Sunita invites Anil and his "uncle" to meet with her father ([[Raj Mehra]]) and discuss their marriage. Anil requests Kunwarsahab to reveal the truth about him to Sunita and her father, explaining that Rupa had deeply fallen in love with him during her stay at The Park Hotel. She aggressively pursued him despite his disinterest in her and her engagement with Ramesh, who became extremely furious on seeing her with Anil and threatened to kill Rupa in front of him. On the night before her fall, Rupa had telephoned Anil, informing that she desperately needs to meet him, but Anil had refused to open the door of his room when Rupa banged on it at midnight, pleading him to let her in. A few moments later, Anil was shocked to hear Rupa's deadly fall from the third floor of The Park Hotel. As Kunwarsahab keeps up the pretense instead and agrees on the alliance, Anil, with no other option, writes a letter to Sunita, revealing that he is none other than her enemy, Rocky, but that he never seduced her sister and had absolutely no idea that she would kill herself over him. Sunita is aghast when she reads the letter and severs ties with Rocky. As he unsuccessfully attempts to pursue and convince Sunita, Anil is approached by an investigating [[police officer]], [[Inspector]] Das ([[Iftekhar]]), who reveals to him that Rupa had not jumped off the third floor of The Park Hotel out of desperation, but was cold-bloodedly thrown off to her death in reality.

Shocked at learning this, Anil suspects Ruby to be Rupa's murderer as she had intercepted his [[telephone call]] with Rupa and was always jealous of any other girl coming close to Anil. He confronts Ruby and tries to make her confess her crime, but an unknown [[assailant]] climbs up to the window of The Park Hotel through the drainpipe, and shoots Ruby fatally right in front of Anil's eyes. Ruby dies in Anil's arms and Inspector Das takes him into police custody, warning Anil that the shooter was aiming for him, not Ruby, since he believes that Anil is progressively getting closer to discovering the real killer. Inspector Das shows Anil an expensive [[button]] discovered in Rupa's hand as evidence, which he believes she tore off the killer's [[overcoat]] during the time of her fall. Anil then suspects Ramesh to be Rupa's murderer but the latter denies the accusation from Inspector Das, although he was present at The Park Hotel on the night Rupa died, and is also seen secretly bribing someone dressed as Ruby's killer with a bottle of [[whiskey]]. Meanwhile, as Anil returns to his hotel room, a mysterious woman (Neeta) visits him, instructing him to take her car and visit a restaurant at the bottom of the hill, where he will find the culprits of Rupa and Ruby's murder. Anil does so, but finds out while driving that the car has failed [[brake]]s, and jumps out of the car as it plummets down a [[cliff]].

While Anil is [[Presumption of death|declared dead]] by Inspector Das and others, he secretly visits Sunita, convinced that Ramesh killed both Rupa and Ruby and is now trying to kill him with the mysterious woman's help. Anil enlists the help of Sunita, who now believes his innocence and takes him to meet Ramesh at The Park Hotel. While Sunita is away, Anil sees the same mysterious woman having released him in the car with failed brakes and pursues her. He is surprised to witness her drive into the mansion of Kunwarsahab, who is shocked at seeing Anil there and insists that he must stay with him in the night for not being safe anywhere. He forcefully takes Anil into an old room in his mansion and instructs him to stay there till morning. After Kunwarsahab's departure, Anil begrudgingly goes through a [[closet]] in the room, searching for clothes to change into, when he is shocked to find an overcoat of Kunwarsahab with the exact same buttons that Inspector Das had shown him and the overcoat is also missing a button. Realising that the killer of both Rupa and Ruby is none other than Kunwarsahab, Anil feigns an escape through the window, just as Kunwarsahab enters the room to kill him in his sleep along with the mysterious woman, Sabina, who is his girlfriend and a [[widow]] with two children.

While Kunwarsahab leaves to search for him, Anil threatens Sabina at [[Coercion|knifepoint]] and forces her to confess the truth about Rupa and Ruby's murders. He telephones Inspector Das at the [[police station]], and Sabina confesses to him that Kunwarsahab had an [[Affair|extramarital affair]] with her which his wife discovered and attempted to shoot her, but Kunwarsahab accidentally shot his wife dead while trying to tackle her. While Kunwarsahab and Sabina were burying the [[Cadaver|dead body]] of Kunwarsahab's wife in a secluded place, Rupa happened to witness them while she was on her way to meet Anil. She escaped to The Park Hotel with Kunwarsahab in pursuit and banged on the door of Anil's room, pleading him to let her in. However, Anil was unaware of Rupa's predicament and refused to open the door for her, causing Kunwarsahab to pick Rupa up and mercilessly throw her off the third floor to her death. At that very moment, Kunwarsahab returns to his mansion and overhears Sabina's telephonic conversation with Inspector Das. He shoots Sabina to her death and then attempts to kill Anil, but goes over the ledge of his mansion in the ensuing scuffle between them. Anil holds onto Kunwarsahab, asking him to surrender himself to the police, who have arrived at the scene with Sunita, her father and Meena. However, Kunwarsahab chooses to die instead and lets go of Anil's hand, falling to his death from the third floor of his mansion. The film ends with Anil and Sunita returning to [[Delhi]] from the same [[train]] where they met the first time.

== Cast ==
* [[Shammi Kapoor]] as Anil Kumar / Rocky
* [[Asha Parekh]] as Sunita
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Ruby
* [[Premnath]] as Kunwarsahab Mahender Singh
* [[Iftekhar]] as Inspector Das (investigating police officer)
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Ramesh (Rupa, and later, Sunita's fianceé)
* [[Laxmi Chhaya]] as Meena (Sunita's friend)
* [[Raj Mehra]] as Sunita and Rupa's father
* Sabina as Rupa
* Neeta as Sabina (Kunwarsahab's girlfriend and accomplice)
* [[K. N. Singh]] as Manohar (Kunwarsahab's [[estate manager]])
* [[Ram Avtar]] as Laughing passenger in train ([[Cameo Appearance]])
* Salim Khan as the drummer in the song 'O haseena zulfonwali'

==Background==
[[Nasir Hussain]] produced and wrote ''Teesri Manzil'' under his home banner. He approached [[Dev Anand]] to star in the film and he immediately agreed. However, at the same time, another of Nasir Hussain's productions, ''[[Baharon Ke Sapne]]'', was to be directed by [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]]. Then, on occasion of [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]]'s engagement party, a misunderstanding erupted between Dev Anand and Nasir Hussain, when Hussain allegedly overheard Dev Anand saying. "The film which Nasir is making with me is in colour and he has given Goldie some black-and-white film to make. Goldie is making the movie with some new boy, [[Rajesh Khanna]]". It was the next day that Hussain requested Vijay Anand to direct ''Teesri Manzil'' and offered to helm ''Baharon Ke Sapne'', but specified that ''Teesri Manzil'' would not have Dev Anand in it. It was only then that Shammi Kapoor was approached.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/when-dev-anand-came-to-blows-with-nasir-hussain-116102300206_1.html|title=When Dev Anand came to blows with Nasir Hussain|agency=Press Trust of India|date=23 October 2016|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

Vijay Anand came on board to direct and edit the film. Hussain then cast [[Shammi Kapoor]], who had earlier starred in Hussain's two big hits ''[[Tumsa Nahin Dekha (1957 film)|Tumsa Nahin Dekha]]'' (1957) and ''[[Dil Deke Dekho]]'' (1959), the latter of which introduced [[Asha Parekh]]. Asha had starred in two more hits for Hussain ''[[Jab Pyar Kisise Hota Hai]]'' (1961) and ''[[Phir Wohi Dil Laya Hoon]]'' (1963). Thus, the newcomer for this film would be music composer [[R.D. Burman]] (son of music composer [[S.D. Burman]]), and he would create phenomenal music for this film. He would compose for all of Hussain's films until ''[[Zabardast]]'' (1985). Shammi Kapoor, Hussain and Vijay individually took credit for discovering the supremely talented R. D. Burman, but R. D. Burman gave credit to lyricist [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] for recommending him to Hussain, and both of them would create unforgettable songs for ''Teesri Manzil''. All the hit songs featured Mohammed Rafi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.panchamonline.com/articles/thatsmytune.pdf |title=R D Burman - My God, That's My Tune |access-date=23 October 2006 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421231829/http://www.panchamonline.com/articles/thatsmytune.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The song picturizations were outstanding, with Helen dancing to "Oh Haseena Zulfon Waali". Songs such as "Aaja Aaja" had a rock n' roll base and were extremely popular.

The song "Tumne Mujhe Dekha Hokar Meherbaan", has particular significance to Shammi Kapoor. It is said that some (indeterminate) time before the song was about to be shot, he received news that his wife at the time, [[Geeta Bali]], had just died. Consummate professional that he was, he said he wanted to continue the filming due to the costs to the producer. And so the song was shot while he was in mourning. His tearing up and acting in the song is very real due to this background. There is a particular sequence in the song, where a three pronged [[candle stand]] on Asha Parekh's table falls over and the [[candle]]s are blown off. Shammi Kapoor walks over to the table, picks a lit candle from the neighbouring table, and appears to light all three candles. But when he straightens the candle holder, and the camera turns from a side-on view, to a front-on view, you can see that the middle candle has been left unlit. It seems Shammi Kapoor told the director to leave the shot as-is, and that was his way of showing that the light in his life, his wife, had been taken away.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Teesri Manzil
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[R.D. Burman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|1966|01|01}}<ref name="Spotify">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2023 |title=Teesri Manzil |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/62V4SVnyV18fi2aGhHZQku?si=Teypm1CERJCN0aJUa7claA|publisher=Spotify}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=35|s=10}}
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer = [[R.D. Burman]]
| prev_title = Pati Patni
| prev_year = 1966
| next_title = [[Chandan Ka Palna]]
| next_year = 1967
}}

All the songs were composed by [[Rahul Dev Burman]] and lyrics were penned by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]. [[Mohammed Rafi]] featured in all the songs and [[Asha Bhosle]] sang all the female parts. Choreography was by [[Herman Benjamin]]. The drums were played by Leslie Godinho. {{Track listing
| headline = Teesri Manzil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Title Music - Teesri Manzil
| length1 = 2:42
| extra1 = [[R.D. Burman]]
| title2 = Music - Teesri Manzil
| length2 = 0:59
| extra2 = R.D. Burman
| title3 = O Mere Sona Re Sona
| length3 = 5:00
| extra3 = [[Asha Bhosle]] and [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| title4 = O Haseena Zulfonwali Jane Jahan
| length4 = 6:55
| extra4 = Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi
| title5 = Aaja Aaja Main Hoon Pyar Tera
| length5 = 6:05
| extra5 = Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi
| title6 = Main Inpe Marta Hoon
| length6 = 5:24
| extra6 = Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi
| title7 = Deewana Mujhsa Nahin
| length7 = 3:22
| extra7 = Mohammed Rafi
| title8 = Tumne Mujhe Dekha Hokar Meherban
| length8 = 4:04
| extra8 = Mohammed Rafi
| total_length = 35:10
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0061073|Teesri Manzil}}
{{Vijay Anand}}

[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:1966 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vijay Anand]]
[[Category:Indian mystery films]]

Shaandaar (1974 film)

2026-03-03T23:41:55Z

Pankajglobal: Entry...

{{short description|1974 film by Krishnan–Panju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shaandaar
| image = Shaandaar (1974).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| producer = K. V. V. Arthanari Chettiar
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1= Dialogue by | data1 =[[Rajendra Krishan|Rajinder Krishan]]}}
| story = G. Balasubramaniam
| based_on = {{Based on| ''[[Kasturi Nivasa]]''}}
| starring = [[Sanjeev Kumar]] [[Sharmila Tagore]] [[Vinod Mehra]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = [[S. Maruti Rao]]
| studio = A.V.A. Cine Corporation
| released = {{film date|1974|9|22|df=yes}}
| runtime = 156 minutes<ref name="Indian Films" />
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Shaandaar''''' ({{translation|Resplendent}}) is a 1974 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Krishnan–Panju]]. The film stars [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], and [[Vinod Mehra]]. A remake of the 1971 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Kasturi Nivasa]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Nivedita |date=9 July 2019 |title=On Sanjeev Kumar's 81st birthday, a look at why he remains unparalleled as an actor on the Indian screen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/on-sanjeev-kumar-s-81st-birthday-a-look-at-why-he-remains-unparalleled-as-an-actor-on-the-indian-screen/story-Ly6xRJjL8xmpgfAN0b1yvL.html |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> it focuses on Rajan, who incurs losses as Chander, a man he helped, prospers. The film was released on 22 September 1974.

== Plot ==
Rajan, the owner of a matchbox factory called "Dove", lives in a huge house named Laxmi Bhavan. (Thus, he has a pet Dove) Rajan is a widower. Recognising that his honest employee Chander is in a similar position, he decides to help Chander financially. As Chander attends training in the U.S., Rajan suggests his secretary, Pratima, whom he has a crush on, look after Chander’s daughter Rani. Rani starts to believe Pratima to be her mother which lead to Pratima and Chander marrying, making Rajan disheartened as he wanted to marry her.

Chander suggests changing the company's structure. The traditionalist Rajan becomes infuriated. Protesting this, Chander resigns and starts his own matchbox company, Eagle, becoming the leading matchbox manufacturer. This begins Rajan's downfall, as his charity and donating activities eat up profits, leading him to put his house up for sale. Chander calls for the highest bid and wants to give it back to Rajan, but being the man that he is, Rajan does not accept. Thus, Chander and Pratima move to Laxmi Bhavan. Later, Pratima gives birth to Munna. Munna likes playing with Rajan's dove.

Due to Rajan's loss, Pratima shows her sympathy to him, much to Chander's dismay which leads him to become addicted to drugs. He starts drinking alcohol and thus join lavish parties. Meanwhile, Rani falls off the staircase and dies making Rajan crestfallen. Later, Munna becomes sick, and wants to play with Rajan's dove. Thus, Pratima requests for the dove (But Rajan sold the dove for feeding Pratima when she comes to his house). Rajan fails to confess the former and breathes his last.

== Cast ==
* [[Sanjeev Kumar]] as Rajan<ref name="moviefone">{{Cite web |title=Shandaar |url=https://www.moviefone.com/movie/shandaar/20026083/main/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329165618/https://www.moviefone.com/movie/shandaar/20026083/main/ |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=[[Moviefone]]}}</ref>
* [[Sharmila Tagore]] as Pratima<ref name="moviefone" />
* [[Vinod Mehra]] as Chander<ref name="moviefone" />
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Chandni<ref name="moviefone" />
* Alka as Shanta<ref name="moviefone" />
* [[Jagdeep]] as Tolaram<ref name="moviefone" />

== Production ==
After the success of the 1971 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Kasturi Nivasa]]'', the [[Hindi]] remake rights were sold for {{INRConvert|400000|year=1974}}. The remake, titled ''Shaandaar'', was produced by K. V. V. Arthanari Chettiar of A.V.A. Cine Corporation, with [[Krishnan–Panju]] directing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasa |first=Srikanth |date=7 November 2014 |title=Dr Rajkumar's Kasturi Nivasa returns in colour today |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/dr-rajkumars-kasturi-nivasa-returns-in-colour-today-south/20141107.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108105215/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/dr-rajkumars-kasturi-nivasa-returns-in-colour-today-south/20141107.htm |archive-date=8 November 2018 |access-date=8 November 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQLeCwAAQBAJ&q=%22shaandar%22&pg=PA225 |title=Salaam Bollywood: Representations and interpretations |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-64962-0 |editor-last=Kishore |editor-first=Vikrant |pages=225 |editor-last2=Sarwal |editor-first2=Amit |editor-last3=Patra |editor-first3=Parichay}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by [[S. Maruti Rao]], and the dialogues were written by [[Rajendra Krishan|Rajinder Krishan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaandaar (1974) |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7b39d497 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729111430/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7b39d497 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=29 July 2019 |website=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref>

== Themes ==
The film stresses the principle that "life is to give—not to take".<ref name="Indian Films">{{Cite book |last=Dharap |first=B. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wU_AQAAIAAJ&q=shaandaar |title=Indian Films |publisher=Motion Picture Enterprises |year=1974 |pages=348}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], while the songs are written by [[Rajendra Krishan]].<ref name="JioSaavn">{{Cite web |date=22 September 1974 |title=Shaandaar |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/shaandaar/0Lkfmgletxw_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321073008/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/shaandaar/0Lkfmgletxw_ |archive-date=21 March 2019 |access-date=8 November 2018 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The [[Christmas]]-themed number, "Aata Hai Aata Hai Santaclauz", attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Christmas special: Bollywood films that celebrated the festival |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/christmas-special-bollywood-films-that-celebrated-the-festival/Shandaar-1974/photostory/62206548.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605065712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/christmas-special-bollywood-films-that-celebrated-the-festival/Shandaar-1974/photostory/62206548.cms |archive-date=5 June 2020}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Itni Badi Duniya Mein
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length1 = 6:12
| title2 = Zindagi Ab Tere Naam Se Dar Lagta
| extra2 = [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| length2 = 4:12
| title3 = Jhumka Bola Kajre Se
| extra3 = Asha Bhosle
| length3 = 4:17
| title4 = Aata Hai Aata Hai Santaclauz
| extra4 = Kishore Kumar
| length4 = 4:23
| title5 = Main Aesa Ek Khilona
| extra5 = Mohammed Rafi
| length5 = 4:29
| title6 = Saqi Bhar De Jaam
| extra6 = [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
| length6 = 5:26
| total_length = 28:59
}}

== Release ==
''Shaandaar'' was released on 22 September 1974,<ref name="JioSaavn" /> and failed to match the success of the original.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Shyam Prasad |date=3 April 2014 |title=Kasturi Nivasa in colour |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kasturi-nivasa-rajkumar-anupam-movies-kcn-gowda-dorai-bhagwan/articleshow/33189583.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530144311/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kasturi-nivasa-rajkumar-anupam-movies-kcn-gowda-dorai-bhagwan/articleshow/33189583.cms |archive-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0234701}}
{{Krishnan–Panju}}

[[Category:1974 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:1974 drama films]]
[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishnan–Panju]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Sono, Bihar

2026-03-03T12:54:36Z

Pankajglobal: Info...

{{one source|date=July 2015}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sono
| native_name = {{lang|hi| सोनो }}
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|44|15|N|86|18|6|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = Division
| subdivision_name3 = [[Munger division|Munger]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Jamui district|Jamui]]
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 392.27
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 106
| population_total = 210,445
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 811314
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06349
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#BR.E2.80.94Bihar|BR]]-46
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 867/1000(2011) [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamui]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Chakai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chakai]]
| website = [http://eblocks.bih.nic.in/BlockHome.aspx?DistCode=238&BLKCode=1533//Sono Block]
}}

'''Sono''' is a '[[tehsil]]'/block (administrative Block) in the [[Jamui district]] of the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It lies in the southern part of [[Bihar]] very close to the [[Jharkhand]] border. Sono block is divided into 19 [[Gram panchayat]]s.

==Demographics==
According to 2011 census, population of Sono block is 210455.
The Tola Sono village has 1,833 families with population of 9,932 of which 5,321 are males while 4,611 are females as per Population Census 201. In Tola Sono village the population of children with age 0-6 is 1,607 which makes up 16.18% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Tola Sono village is 867 which is lower than Bihar state average of 918. Child Sex Ratio for the Tola Sono as per census is 902, lower than Bihar average of 935. In 2011, the literacy rate of Tola Sono village was 75.81% compared to 61.80% in Bihar. The male literacy stands at 84.67% while the female literacy rate was 65.50%.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sono|first1=Tola |title=Demographics |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/259302-tola-sono-bihar.html |website=Census2011 |accessdate=17 July 2015}}</ref>

==Economy==
Sono is a good level business place. It has become a marketplace with millions of daily transactions. The main contributions to its business are made through the sale of grains, Manihari goods, food products, cloth, and metals.

=== Banks===
* [[Bank of India]]
* [[Uco Bank]]
*[[Dakshin Bihar Gramin Bank]]
*Utkarsh Small Finance Bank

==Nearby towns==
* Khaira (11.6 km)
* [[Jamui]] (17.5 km)
* [[Gidhaur]] (19.8 km)
* [[Jhajha]] (10 km)
* Chakai (21.7 km)

==Schools and colleges==
Sono has a small number of schools, up to the higher secondary level, but it lacks graduate colleges or English-medium schools. At present there is no cbse affiliated school in sono. For this reason, students often move to nearby cities such as [[Jhajha]], [[Jamui]] and [[Deoghar]]. Some students travel to Jhajha every day for school, and others stay in Jhajha in lodges or hostels.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} Some schools in Jhajha provide bus services for students in Sono, such as St. Joseph's School, Sardonyx School, and Sunflower academy.

Schools in Sono include:
* S.S.High School, Sono
* M.S. Keshofarka
* K.M.S. Sono
* Adarash M.S. Sono
* Chandra Shekhar Mahavidyalay, Sono
* Saraswati Shishu Mandir, Sono
* J.S Memorial Public School
* Oxford Public School
* St. Xavier High School
* Vivekananda Public School

==Transportation==
Since there are no railway to Sono, the main means of transportation is roadways. It is connected to nearby cities through the Jamui-Jhajha-Chakai Road (NH 333). The nearest railway station is [[Jhajha Station]], 13 km from Sono. Frequent auto service is available from [[Jhajha]] to Sono. [[Jamui]] is around 32 km from Sono.

There is one govt. Hospital namely swastha kendra with some qualified doctors to give medical aid

===Airports===
The nearest airports to Sono include:
# [[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]], [[Patna]] (220 km)
# [[Gaya Airport]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] (194 km)
# [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]], [[Kolkata]] (406 km)
# [[Birsa Munda Airport]], [[Ranchi]] (367 km)
# [[Deoghar Airport]], [[Deoghar]] (77 km). This airport is under construction.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India}}
{{Jamui district}}
{{Munger Division}}

[[Category:Jamui district]]

Lameta Formation

2026-03-03T04:05:57Z

Pankajglobal:

{{short description|Geologic formation in India}}
{{Infobox Rockunit
| name = Lameta Formation
| image = Lameta Formation.tif
| caption =Exposure of the Lameta Formation at its type locality of Lameta
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| age = [[Maastrichtian]] ~{{fossilrange|70|66}}
| period = Maastrichtian
| prilithology = [[Claystone]], [[sandstone]] [[limestone]]
| otherlithology = [[Conglomerate (geology)|Conglomerate]]
| namedby =
| region = [[Western India]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.2|N|80.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|24.7|S|63.2|E|display=inline}}
| unitof =
| subunits =
| underlies = [[Intertrappean Beds]], [[Deccan Traps]] deposits
| overlies = [[Jabalpur Group]] or [[Precambrian]] [[Basement (geology)|Basement]]
| thickness = Variable, typically {{convert|18|-|45|m|abbr=on}}
| extent = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]]
| area = {{convert|5000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| map = {{Location map+ | India
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 23.2
| lon_deg = 80.0
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 23.05
| lon_deg = 73.3
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 22.4
| lon_deg = 75.2
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 17.4
| lon_deg = 77.7
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 20.3
| lon_deg = 79.05
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 21.4
| lon_deg = 78
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 23.5
| lon_deg = 81.56
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
}}
| map_caption =
| namedfor = Lameta Ghat
}}

The '''Lameta Formation''', also known as the '''Infratrappean Beds''' (not to be confused with the contemporaneous [[Intertrappean Beds]]), is a [[sedimentary]] [[geological formation]] found in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]], associated with the [[Deccan Traps]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson Mantilla |first1=Gregory P. |last2=Renne |first2=Paul R. |last3=Samant |first3=Bandana |last4=Mohabey |first4=Dhananjay M. |last5=Dhobale |first5=Anup |last6=Tholt |first6=Andrew J. |last7=Tobin |first7=Thomas S. |last8=Widdowson |first8=Mike |last9=Anantharaman |first9=S. |last10=Dassarma |first10=Dilip Chandra |last11=Wilson Mantilla |first11=Jeffrey A. |date=2022-04-01 |title=New mammals from the Naskal intertrappean site and the age of India's earliest eutherians |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003101822200027X |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=591 |article-number=110857 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110857 |bibcode=2022PPP...59110857W |issn=0031-0182|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is of the [[Maastrichtian]] age ([[Late Cretaceous]]), and is notable for its [[dinosaur]] [[fossil]]s.

==History==

The first fossils found in the Lameta Formation were discovered between 1917 and 1919.<ref name="Huene & Matley 1933">F. v. Huene and C. A. Matley, (1933), "The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the Central Provinces of India", ''Palaeontologica Indica (New Series), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India'' 21(1): 1-74</ref>

The Lameta Formation was first identified in 1981 by [[geologist]]s working for the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI), G. N. Dwivedi and Dhananjay Mahendrakumar Mohabey, after being given [[limestone]] structures–later recognised as [[dinosaur egg]]s–by workers of the ACC Cement Quarry in the village of Rahioli near the city [[Balasinor]] in the [[Gujarat]] state of [[western India]].<ref name="description">{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=J. A. |author-link1=Jeffrey A. Wilson |last2=Sereno |first2=P. C. |author-link2=Paul Sereno |last3=Srivastava |first3=S. |last4=Bhatt |first4=D. K. |last5=Khosla |first5=A. |last6=Sahni |first6=A. |year=2003 |title=A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48667/2/ID573.pdf |journal=Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology University of Michigan |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–42}}</ref>

== Lithology ==
[[File:Rajasaurus en las traps del decán.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|[[Paleoart]] of the Deccan trap illustrating the paleoenvironment of Lameta formation]]
The formation is underlain by the Lower Cretaceous sedimentary "Upper Gondwana Sequence" also known as the [[Jabalpur Formation]], and is overlain by the [[Deccan Traps]] [[basalt]]. The Lameta Formation is only exposed at the surface as small isolated outcrops associated with the Satpura Fault. The lithology of the formation, depending on the outcrop, consists of alternating [[clay]], [[siltstone]] and [[sandstone]] [[facies]], deposited in [[Fluvial processes|fluvial]] and [[Lacustrine deposits|lacustrine]] conditions. The environment at the time of deposition has alternatively been considered [[semi-arid]], or tropical humid.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Ashok K.|last2=Mankar|first2=Rupesh S.|date=January 2015|title=Lithofacies architecture and depositional environment of Late Cretaceous Lameta Formation, central India|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12517-013-1192-y|journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=207–226|doi=10.1007/s12517-013-1192-y|bibcode=2015ArJG....8..207S |s2cid=67851941 |issn=1866-7511|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kumari|first1=Anjali|last2=Singh|first2=Seema|last3=Khosla|first3=Ashu|date=January 2021|title=Palaeosols and palaeoclimate reconstruction of the Maastrichtian Lameta Formation, Central India|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667120303189|journal=Cretaceous Research|language=en|volume=117|article-number=104632|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104632|bibcode=2021CrRes.11704632K |s2cid=224946979 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Fossil content ==
Many [[nomen dubium|dubious]] names have been created for isolated bones, but several [[genus|genera]] of dinosaurs from these rocks are well-supported, including the [[titanosaur]] [[sauropod]]s ''[[Isisaurus]]'' and [[Jainosaurus]] and the [[Abelisaur]]s ''[[Indosaurus]]'', ''[[Indosuchus]]'', and ''[[Rajasaurus]]''
and the [[Noasaurid]]s ''[[Laevisuchus]]'' and ‘’[[Jubbulpuria]]’’..<ref name="DBWetal04">Weishampel et al., 2004, pp.517-606</ref> [[Synapsida|Synapsids]] are also known form the formation, such as the possibly late surviving ''[[Avashishta]]'',possibly the last known non- mammalian synapsid the possibly youngest known [[stegosauria]]n [[Ichnotaxon|ichnogenus]] ''[[Deltapodus]]'', [[Madtsoiidae|madtsoiid]] snakes and other fossils.

=== Dinosaurs ===

[[File:Morning hunting in India.jpg|[[Dinosaur]]s of Lameta Formation in which a group of ''[[Rajasaurus]]'' (Middle) hunting an ''[[Isisaurus]]'' (Middle) with an ''[[Indosuchus]]'' (bottom left) watching it with her chicks and a ''[[Laevisuchus]]'' (Bottom right) running with two ''[[Jainosaurus]]'' (Top Left) in the background|250px|left|thumb]]
{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}

==== Ornithischians ====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images
|-
| [[Ankylosauria]]?
|Indeterminate
|Rahioli
|
|Isolated vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, humerus, femur, and several armor fragments such as hollow lateral spikes and solid dorsal scutes.<ref>{{Citation |last=Chatterjee |first=Sankar |title=The Age of Dinosaurs in the Land of Gonds |date=2020 |work=Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics: New Perspectives on Post-Gondwana Break-up–A Tribute to Ashok Sahni |series=Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology |pages=181–226 |editor-last=Prasad |editor-first=Guntupalli V.R. |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_8 |isbn=978-3-030-49753-8 |editor2-last=Patnaik |editor2-first=Rajeev}}</ref>
|Described as a [[nodosaurid]], but the limb bones are [[titanosauria]]n.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Rozadilla |first1=Sebastián |last2=Agnolín |first2=Federico |last3=Manabe |first3=Makoto |last4=Tsuihiji |first4=Takanobu |last5=Novas |first5=Fernando E. |date=2021-09-01 |title=Ornithischian remains from the Chorrillo Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Patagonia, Argentina, and their implications on ornithischian paleobiogeography in the Southern Hemisphere |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667121001282 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=125 |article-number=104881 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104881 |bibcode=2021CrRes.12504881R |issn=0195-6671|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
|- style="background:#E6E6E6;
| ''[[Brachypodosaurus]]''
| ''B. gravis''
| Chota Simla Hill
|
| "Humerus."<ref name="table-17-1-367">"Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 367.</ref>
| May not be dinosaurian
|
|- style="background:#fbdddb;"
| [[Ceratopsia]]?
|Indeterminate
|Kheda
|
| Horncore base.
|Originally described as a ceratopsian horncore,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dwivedi |first1=G. N. |last2=Ghevariya |first2=Z. G. |date=1984 |title=Discovery of Dinosaurian Horncore from the Infra-Trappean Rocks of Kheda District, Gujarat |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24092279 |journal=Current Science |volume=53 |issue=21 |pages=1148–1150 |jstor=24092279 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref> but likely represents a theropod limb element or a dorsal rib of a theropod or a [[titanosauriform]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lamanna |first1=Matthew C. |last2=Smith |first2=Joshua B. |last3=Attia |first3=Yousry S. |last4=Dodson |first4=Peter |date=2004 |title=From Dinosaurs to Dyrosaurids (Crocodyliformes): Removal of the Post-Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) Record of Ornithischia from Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524765 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=764–768 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0764:FDTDCR]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=4524765 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>
|
|- style="background:#FEF6E4;
| ''[[Deltapodus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Galton |first1=Peter M. |last2=Ayyasami |first2=Krishnan |date=2017-07-01 |title=Purported latest bone of a plated dinosaur (Ornithischia: Stegosauria), a "dermal plate" from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) of southern India |url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/njgpa/detail/285/87654/Purported_latest_bone_of_a_plated_dinosaur_Ornithi?af=crossref |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |language=en |volume=285 |issue=1 |pages=91–96 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2017/0671 |bibcode=2017NJGPA.285...91G |issn=0077-7749|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|sp.
|Jetholi
|
|Solitary footprint.
|A Possible [[Late Cretaceous]] [[Stegosaur]], Like [[Dravidosaurus]].
|
|-
| [[Hypsilophodontidae]]?<ref name=":0" />
| Indeterminate.
| Vikarabad.
|
| Teeth.
| Hypsilophodontidae is not a natural grouping.
|
|- style="background:#fbdddb
| [[Ornithischia]]?<ref>D. M. Mohabey. 1989. The braincase of a dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Lameta Formation, Kheda District, Gujarat, western India. ''Indian Journal of Earth Sciences'' '''16(2)''':132-135.</ref>
|Indeterminate
|Kheda
|
|GSI/GC/2905
| Originally identified as an indeterminate ornithischian braincase. Later found out to be a [[Titanosauria|Titanosaur]] dorsal vertebra.<ref>Wilson, J.A.; Malkani, M. S.; Gingerich, P. D. 2004. A Sauropod Braincase from the Pab Formation (Upper Cretaceous,
Maastrichtian) of Balochistan, Pakistan. ''Gondwana Geological Magazine, Special Volume'' '''8''':101-109.</ref>
|
|-
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"|''[[Spheroolithus]]''?
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"|sp.
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"|Polgaon,
Tidkepar
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"|
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"|Egg fossils.
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"|Questionably assigned to this genus<ref>{{Citation |last1=Khosla |first1=Ashu |title=Indian Late Cretaceous Dinosaur Nesting Sites and Their Systematic Studies |date=2020 |work=Late Cretaceous Dinosaur Eggs and Eggshells of Peninsular India |volume=51 |pages=117–205 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-56454-4_4 |access-date=2024-02-13 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-56454-4_4 |isbn=978-3-030-56453-7 |last2=Lucas |first2=Spencer G.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"|
|}

==== Sauropods ====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ''[[Isisaurus]]''
| ''I. colberti''
| Dongargaon Hill
|
| Holotype skeleton consists of cervical, dorsal, sacral, caudal vertebrae, ribs, pelvis, scapula, coracoid, left forelimb, and other bones. Other specimens, such as the skull, hindlimb, and foot bones, are unknown.
| A [[lithostrotian]] [[titanosaur]].
| rowspan = "100"|[[File:Isisaurus colberti life restoration.png|center|thumb|200px|''[[Isisaurus]]'']]
[[File:Jainosaurus septentrionalis life restoration.png|thumb|200px|center|''[[Jainosaurus]]'']]
[[File:Fossils in the Indian Museum, Kolkata 13.jpg|center|thumb|''[[Megaloolithus]]'']]
|-
| rowspan="2"|''[[Jainosaurus]]''
| ''J. septentrionalis''
| Bara Simla
|
| "Basicranium and partial postcranial skeleton."<ref name="table-13-1-269">"Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 269.</ref>
| rowspan="2"| A [[titanosaur]]
|-
| ''J.'' cf. ''septentrionalis''
| Chhota Simla
|
|Partial skeleton including a rib fragrement, caudal centrum, humeri, radius and an articulated left limb.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Jeffrey A. |last2=Barrett |first2=Paul M. |last3=Carrano |first3=Matthew T. |date=2011-09 |title=An associated partial skeleton of Jainosaurus cf. septentrionalis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Chhota Simla, Central India |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01087.x |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=981–998 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01087.x |issn=0031-0239}}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6E6;"
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Titanosaurus]]''
| ''T. blanfordi''
|
*Panchgaon
*Pisdura Hill
|
| Caudal vertebrae.<ref name="table-13-1-270">"Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 270.</ref>
| rowspan=2 | A [[Nomen dubium|dubious genus]] of [[Titanosauria|titanosaur]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Jeffrey A. |last2=Upchurch |first2=Paul |date=2003 |title=A revision of''Titanosaurus''Lydekker (dinosauria - sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a 'Gondwanan' distribution |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=125–160 |doi=10.1017/s1477201903001044 |bibcode=2003JSPal...1..125W |issn=1477-2019}}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6E6;"
| ''T. indicus''
| Pisdura Hill
|
| Caudal Vertebrae, two partial rami of haemapophysis, partial left tibia, partial right fibula, and a partial referred femur.<ref name="Huene & Matley 1933"/>
|- style="background:#fbdddb;"
| ''T.? rahioliensis''<ref name="1978:">{{Cite journal |last1=Mathur |first1=U. B. |last2=Srivastava |first2=S. |date=1987-06-01 |title=Dinosaur Teeth from Lameta Group (Upper Cretaceous) of Kheda District, Gujarat |url=https://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/67883 |journal= Journal Geological Society of India|language=en |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=554–566 |doi=10.17491/jgsi/1987/290603 |bibcode=1987JGSI...29..554M |issn=0974-6889|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| Rahioli Village
|
| About 34 teeth in total.
| Might not belong to this genus.
|- style="background:#E3F5FF;"
|rowspan = "8"|''[[Megaloolithus]]''<ref>{{Citation |last1=Khosla |first1=Ashu |title=Discussion: Oospecies Diversity, Biomineralization Aspects, Taphonomical, Biostratigraphical, Palaeoenvironmental, Palaeoecological and Palaeobiogeographical Inferences of the Dinosaur-Bearing Lameta Formation of Peninsular India |date=2020 |work=Late Cretaceous Dinosaur Eggs and Eggshells of Peninsular India |volume=51 |pages=207–271 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-56454-4_5 |access-date=2024-01-21 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-56454-4_5 |isbn=978-3-030-56453-7 |last2=Lucas |first2=Spencer G.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|''M. cylindricus''
|rowspan = "8" |Chui Hill, Bara Simla, Nand region, Pavan, Ghorpend, Bagh Caves, Dhar, Indwan, Kadwal, Dholiya Raipuriya village, Akhada village, Jhaba village, Padlya village, Jhabua, Dohad, Jhalod, Garadi, Kheda, Rahioli, Dholi Dungri.
|rowspan = "8" |
|rowspan = "8" | Multiple specimens consist of fossilized egg shells that are covered in volcanic sediments
|rowspan = "8" | Sauropod egg fossils
|-style="background:#E3F5FF;"
|''M. dhoridungriensis''
|-style="background:#E3F5FF;"
|''M. jabalpurensis''
|-style="background:#E3F5FF;"
|''M. khempurensis''
|-style="background:#E3F5FF;"
|''M. megadermus''
|-style="background:#E3F5FF;"
|''M. problematica''
|-style="background:#E3F5FF;"
|''M. walpurensis''
|-style="background:#E3F5FF;"
|''M. sp.''
|-
| [[Titanosauriform]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263733418|title=Deccan Continental Flood Basalt Eruption Terminated Indian Dinosaurs before the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary|website=ResearchGate}}</ref>
| Indeterminate
| Ukala.
|
| Dorsal vertebrae, parts of the ilia and pelvis, and limb bones.
| A [[titanosauriform]].
|-
|[[Sauropoda]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mathur |first1=U. B. |last2=Pant |first2=S. C. |title=Sauropod dinosaur humeri from Lameta Group (Upper Cretaceous-? Palaeocene) of Kheda district, Gujarat |url=https://www.palaeontologicalsociety.in/vol31/v4.pdf |journal=Journal of the Paleontological Society of India |date=1986 |volume=31 |issue=1 |page=22-25 |doi=10.1177/0971102319860104 }}</ref>
|indeterminate
|Rahioli
|
|Several Humeri
|The humeri ranges from 70 to 85 cm in length, they have gracility index that ranges from 73 to 78.
|-
|[[Titanosauria]]<ref>Wilson, J. A., P. C. Sereno, S. Srivastava, D. K. Bhatt, A. Khosla, and A. Sahni. 2003. [https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/48667 "A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India"], Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology of the University of Michigan, 31:6</ref>
|indeterminate
|Temple Hill, Rahioli
|
|disarticulated remains.
|Discovered alongside the ''[[Rajasaurus]]'' holotype.
|}

==== Theropods ====
===== Abelisaurs =====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images
|-
|[[Abelisauroidea]]
|Indeterminate
|
|
|Multiple specimens.<ref name=":1" />
|Could be referred to [[Abelisauridae]] or [[Noasauridae]].<ref name=":2" />
| rowspan = 100|[[File:Rajasaurus restoration.jpg|center|200px|thumb|''[[Rajasaurus]]'']][[File:Indosuchus.jpg|center|thumb|200px| ''[[Indosuchus]]'']][[File:Rahiolisaurus restoration.png|center|thumb|200px|''[[Rahiolisaurus]]'']]
|-
|[[Abelisauridae]]
|Indeterminate
|
|
|Multiple specimens.
|Include form similar to ''[[Majungasaurus]]'' and forms similar to ''[[Carnotaurus]]''.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | s2cid=89198898 | doi=10.22179/REVMACN.6.74 | title=Cretaceous theropods from India: A review of specimens described by Huene and Matley (1933) | date=2004 | last1=Novas | first1=Fernando | last2=Agnolin | first2=Federico | last3=Bandyopadhyay | first3=Saswati | journal=Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales | pages=67–103 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#fbdddb;"|''[[Compsosuchus]]''
| style="background:#fbdddb;"|''C. solus''
| style="background:#fbdddb;"|Bara Simla
| style="background:#fbdddb;"|
| style="background:#fbdddb;"|"Vertebrae"
| style="background:#fbdddb;"|Previously considered a [[Noasauridae|Noasaurid]] now considered an indeterminate [[Abelisauridae|Abelisaurid]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mohabey |first1=D. M. |last2=Samant |first2=B. |last3=Vélez-Rosado |first3=K. I. |last4=Wilson Mantilla |first4=J. A. |year=2024 |title=A review of small-bodied theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of India, with description of new cranial remains of a noasaurid (Theropoda: Abelisauria) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=43 |issue=3 |at=e2288088 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2023.2288088 }}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6E6;
| ''[[Indosaurus]]''
| ''I. matleyi''
| Bara Simla
|
| Partial skeleton, including a partial skull.<ref name="table-3-1-49" />
| An abelisaurid
|-
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"| ''[[Dryptosauroides]]''
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"| ''D. grandis''
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"| Bara Simla
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"|
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"| "Vertebrae."<ref name="table-3-1-50"/>
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"| An abelisaurd
|-style="background:#E3F5FF;"|-
|''[[Ellipsoolithus]]''<ref>D. M. Mohabey. 1998. Systematics of Indian Upper Cretaceous dinosaur and chelonian eggshells. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18(2):348-362</ref>
|''E. khedaensis''
|Kheda
|
|Eggs
|[[Theropod]] egg fossils.
|- style="background:#E6E6E6;
| ''[[Indosuchus]]''
| ''I. raptorius''
| Bara Simla
|
| Cranial remains, including two braincases, as well as a nearly complete skeleton.<ref name="table-3-1-49" />
| An abelisaurid
|- style="background:#E6E6E6;
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Ornithomimoides]]''
| ''O. barasimlensis''
| Bara Simla
|
| "Vertebrae."<ref name="table-3-1-50"/>
| rowspan=2 |An abelisaurid<ref name="Noasaurs" />
|-style="background:#E6E6E6;
| ''O. mobilis''
| Bara Simla
|
| "Vertebrae"<ref name="table-3-1-50"/>
|-
|-style="background:#E6E6E6;
| ''[[Orthogoniosaurus]]''
| ''O. matleyi''
| Bara Simla
|
| "Tooth"<ref name="table-3-1-50"/>
| An abelisaurid<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230808666|title=The history of dinosaur collecting in Central India, 1828-1947|website=ResearchGate}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rahiolisaurus]]''
| ''R. gujaratensis''
| Rahioli Village
|
| Cervical, dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, portions of pectoral and pelvic girdles, and several hind limb bones of different individuals.
| An [[Abelisauridae|Abelisaurid]]
|-
| ''[[Rajasaurus]]''
| ''R. narmadensis''
| Temple Hill, Rahioli
|
| A partial skeleton consists of maxillae, premaxillae, braincase, and quadrate bone on the skull; and spine, hip bone, legs, and tail in post-cranial remains.
| An [[Abelisauridae|Abelisaurid]]

|-
|}

===== Noasaurids =====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ''[[Laevisuchus]]''
| ''L. indicus''
| Bara Simla
|
| Only vertebrae.<ref name="table-3-1-49">"Table 3.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 49.</ref>
| A [[Noasauridae|noasaurid]].
|
|-
| [[Noasaurinae]]
|Indeterminate
|Pisdura Hill
|
|A partial dentary.<ref name="Noasaurs" />
|A [[Noasauridae|noasaurine noasaurid]].
|
|-
|[[Noasauridae]]
|Indeterminate
|
|
|Multiple specimens.<ref name=":1" />
|May include femora from very large individuals.<ref name=":2">{{cite web | url=https://theropoddatabase.github.io/Ceratosauria.htm | title=Ceratosauria }}</ref>
|
|-
|}

===== Other Theropods =====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ''[[Coeluroides]]''
| ''C. largus''
| Bara Simla
|
| "Isolated vertebrae."<ref name="table-3-1-50">"Table 3.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 50.</ref>
| A Indeterminate theropod also known from [[Dabrazhin Formation]] of [[Kazakhstan]]
|
|-
| style="background:#E6E6E6;"|''[[Jubbulpuria]]''
| style="background:#E6E6E6;"|''J. tenuis''
| style="background:#E6E6E6;"|Bara Simla
| style="background:#E6E6E6;"|
| style="background:#E6E6E6;"|"Vertebrae."<ref name="table-3-1-50"/>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;"|Likely junior synonym of ''[[Laevisuchus]]''<ref name="Noasaurs">{{Cite journal |last1=Mohabey |first1=Dhananjay M. |last2=Samant |first2=Bandana |last3=Vélez-Rosado |first3=Kevin I. |last4=Wilson Mantilla |first4=Jeffrey A. |date=2024-02-07 |title=A review of small-bodied theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of India, with description of new cranial remains of a noasaurid (Theropoda: Abelisauria) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=43 |issue=3 |article-number=e2288088 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2023.2288088 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;"|
|- style="background:#fbdddb;"
|?''[[Megalosaurus]]''
|Type A-E
|Rahioli
|
|Several teeth <ref name="1978:"/>
|The overall length of the teeths ranges from 0.7 to 6 cm, all were originally identified as belonging to ''Megalosaurus'',(beside GSI Type No. 19988 as it was identified as a ''[[Majungasaurus]]'' tooth).<ref name="1978:"/> However a specimen(GSI Type No. 19996) may instead represent a [[Troodontidae|troodontid]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theropoddatabase.github.io/Troodontidae.htm#Troodontidae | title=Troodontidae }}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Ornithomimidae]]?<ref name="dinosaurdistribution">Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.</ref>
| Indeterminate
|Bara Simla
|
|
|Ceratosaurian taxa from the Lameta Formation have been erroneously referred to ornithomimdae.
|
|-
|[[Theropoda]]
|Indeterminate
|
|
|GSI K27/572, fragmentary cervical vertebra.
|Initially described as [[Allosauridae|allosauroid]]. But the researchers didn't classify it as an abelisaurid, possibly representing a member of a clade outside of [[abelisauroid]]ea, the preserved height of the vertebra is 16 cm.<ref name=":1" />
|
|-style="background:#E3F5FF;"|-
|''[[Trachoolithus]]''<ref name=PBDB>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=81708 ''Trachoolithus''] in the [[Paleobiology Database]]</ref>
|''T. faticanus''
| Bara Simla
|
|Eggs.
|[[Theropod]] egg fossils.
|
|}

==== Indeterminate or chimaeric taxa ====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images
|-
|"''[[Dubeynarainsaurus]]''"
|"''D. sahni''"
|Sirolkhal
|
|"Partial dentary with associated teeth."<ref name="Dubey1946">{{Cite journal |last1=Dubey |first1=V. S |date=October 1946 |title=A note on the occurrence of Pterosauria in India |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/15/10/0287.pdf |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=287–288}}</ref>
|May instead be a later cretaceous [[pterosaur]],<ref name="Dubey1946"/> proposed to be either belonging to the Infratrappean or [[Intertrappean beds]], although if it were a pterosaur it would not be [[Maastrichtian]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pentland |first1=Adele H. |last2=Poropat |first2=Stephen F. |date=2023-07-01 |title=A review of the Jurassic and Cretaceous Gondwanan pterosaur record |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1342937X23000795 |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=119 |pages=341–383 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2023.03.005 |bibcode=2023GondR.119..341P |issn=1342-937X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|[[File:Dubeynarainsaurus holotype.png|frameless|200x200px]]
|-
| ''[[Lametasaurus]]''
| ''L. indicus''
| Bara Simla
|
| "Sacrum, ilia, tibia."<ref name="table-3-1-50"/> "Sacrum, ilia, tibia, spines, armor."<ref name="table-17-1-368">"Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 368.</ref>
| Includes [[Crocodylomorpha|crocodylomorph]], [[Titanosauria|titanosaur]] scutes and possibly [[Ankylosauria|ankylosaurian]] osteoderms.<ref name=":3" /> Also includes [[Abelisauridae|abelisaurid]] material now removed from the type and is being assigned to the ''[[Rajasaurus]]''.<ref name="description" />
|}

=== Reptiles ===

==== Snakes ====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ''[[Madtsoia]]''
| ''M. pisdurensis''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mohabey |first=D.M. |author2=Head, J.J. |author3= Wilson, J.A. |year=2011 |title=A new species of the snake ''Madtsoia'' from the Upper Cretaceous of India and its paleobiogeographic implications |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=588–595 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2011.560220 |bibcode=2011JVPal..31..588M |s2cid=129792355 }}</ref>
| Pidura Hill
| Upper
|
| A [[Madtsoiidae|madtsoiid]] snake.
|
|-
| ''[[Sanajeh]]''
| ''S. indicus''
| Dholi Dungri
|
| A [[skull]], precloaca [[vertebrae]] and [[ribs]].
| A [[Madtsoiidae|madtsoiid]] snake.
| [[File:Sanajeh attacking sauropod.png|thumb|center|200px|''[[Sanajeh]] about to attack a [[titanosaur]] hatchling'']]
|}

==== Crocodylomorphs ====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images
|-
| [[Dyrosauridae]]<ref>Rana, R. S. 1987. Dyrosaurid crocodile (Mesosuchia) from the infratrap pean beds of Vikarabad, Hyderabad District, Andhra-Pradesh. Cur rent Science 56:532-534</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291830875|title=Microvertebrates from the infratrappean beds of Rangareddi District, Andhra Pradesh and their biostratigraphic significance}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=Rahul |last2=Patnaik |first2=Rajeev |last3=Shukla |first3=U. K. |last4=Sahni |first4=Ashok |date=2015-12-07 |title=Crocodilian Nest in a Late Cretaceous Sauropod Hatchery from the Type Lameta Ghat Locality, Jabalpur, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=12 |article-number=e0144369 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0144369 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4671694 |pmid=26641665|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1044369S }}</ref>
| Indeterminate.
| Kisalpuri and Vikarabad.
|
| Vertebrae, eggs and teeth.
| Non-Phosphatosaurinae [[Dyrosaurid]] [[Crocodylomorphs]].
|
|}

==== Turtles ====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ''[[Jainemys]]''
| ''J. pisdurensis''
| Pisdura hill
|
|
| A [[Bothremydidae|bothremydid]] side-necked turtle.
|
|-
|[[Pelomedusidae]]<ref>D. M. Mohabey. 1990. Discovery of dinosaur nesting site in Maharashtra. ''Gondwana Geological Magazine'' '''3''':32-34.</ref><ref>S. L. Jain and A. Sahni. 1983. Some Upper Cretaceous vertebrates from central India and their palaeogeographic implications. ''In H. K. Maheshwari (ed.), Proceedings of the Symposium on "Cretaceous of India: Palaeoecology, Palaeogeography and Time Boundaries", Lucknow. Indian Association of Palynostratigraphers'' 66-83.</ref>
|Indeterminate
|
|
|
|A turtle.
|
|}

=== Mammals ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ''[[Avashishta]]''
| ''A. bacharamensis''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anantharaman |first1=S. |last2=Wilson |first2=G. P. |last3=Sarma |first3=D. C. Das |last4=Clemens |first4=W. A. |date=2006 |title=A Possible Late Cretaceous "Haramiyidan" from India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524590 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=488–490 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[488:APLCHF]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=4524590 |issn=0272-4634|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| Bacharam
|
|
| A [[Haramiyida]] Mammal.
|
|-
|}

=== Mollusca ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Notes
|-
| [[Mollusca]]
| Indeterminate
|
|
|-
| [[Gastropoda]]
| Indeterminate
|
|
|-
| ''[[Viviparus]]''
| ''V. normalis''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Physa]]''
| ''P.'' sp.
|
|
|-
| ''[[Paludina]]''
| ''P. deccanensis''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Lymnaea]]''
| ''L. subulata''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Unio (bivalve)|Unio]]''
| ''U.'' sp.
|
|
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]
* [[Geology of India]]
* [[Deccan Traps]]
* [[Maevarano Formation]], contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Madagascar
*[[Intertrappean Beds]] contemporaneous formation in India, also known for its fossils

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{citation |last1=Weishampel |first1=David B. |author2-link=Peter Dodson |last2=Dodson |first2=Peter |author3-link=Halszka Osmólska |last3=Osmólska |first3=Halszka |year=2004 |title=The Dinosauria, 2nd edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C |publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press |pages=1–880 |access-date=2019-02-21 |isbn=0-520-24209-2 |author1-link=David B. Weishampel }}

[[Category:Geologic formations of India]]
[[Category:Upper Cretaceous Series of Asia]]
[[Category:Cretaceous India]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian Stage]]
[[Category:Shale formations]]
[[Category:Sandstone formations]]
[[Category:Limestone formations]]
[[Category:Deltaic deposits]]
[[Category:Fluvial deposits]]
[[Category:Lagoonal deposits]]
[[Category:Shallow marine deposits]]
[[Category:Tidal deposits]]
[[Category:Ooliferous formations]]
[[Category:Paleontology in India]]
[[Category:Geology of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Geography of Gujarat|Formations]]
[[Category:Geography of Madhya Pradesh|Formations]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for India]]

J. Clement Vaz

2026-02-25T18:28:50Z

Pankajglobal: creating pg...

{{short description|Indian author and yogi (1915–2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = J. Clement Vaz
| image = J. Clement Vaz portrait (1959).jpg
| caption = Vaz at [[Teen Murti Bhavan]] in 1959
| birth_place = [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1915}}
| death_date = {{Death year and age|2006|1915}}
| death_place = [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[University of Bombay]] ([[Ph.D]])
| spouse = Maria Vaz
| occupation = Writer
| children = 1
| module = {{Infobox writer
| embed = yes
| subjects = {{hlist|[[Goans]]|[[Yoga]]|[[Christians]]}}
| notablework = {{plainlist|
* ''Yoga Today'' (1971)
* ''Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present'' (1997)}}
| period = 1971–1997
| language = English}}
}}

'''J. Clement Vaz''' ({{circa|1915}} – {{circa|2006}}) was an Indian writer, best known for publications like ''Yoga Today'' (1971) and ''Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present'' (1997). He served as the secretary of the Bombay Chapter of World Conference of Religions and Peace at [[New Delhi]] and [[New York City]]. He was the director in Oriental Methods of Meditation at the Centre for Indian and Inter-Religious Studies (CIIS) in [[Rome]] and was also the secretary of the International Board of Yoga in [[Bombay]].

==Personal life==
J. Clement Vaz was born in {{circa|1915}} in [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]] (now part of India). He earned his [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (Ph.D.) from [[University of Bombay]] for his thesis "Eastern Spirituality and [[Christian Ethics]]". He was also educated in [[classical yoga]]. He married Maria Correia Afonso Vaz,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Limited |first=Piramal Enterprises |date=30 July 2020 |title=Unclaimed Sales Proceeds of Fractional Shares |url=https://www.piramal.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Unclaimed-Sales-Proceeds-of-Fractional-Shares.pdf |journal=}}</ref> the couple had a son, Frederick Vaz.<ref name=":0" /> After moving out of Goa, Vaz settled in [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]], [[Bombay]],<ref name=":1" /> he would however regularly visit his hometown.<ref name=":0" /> He died in {{circa|2006}}, aged 90–91.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |title=Goa positives – The Navhind Times |date=7 February 2016 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/02/07/magazines/panorama/goa-positives/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
===Early years===
[[File:J. Clement Vaz at Teen Murti Bhavan in 1959.jpg|thumb|Vaz (extreme right) and a group of his friends with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] at [[Teen Murti Bhavan]] on 7 June 1959.]]
Vaz moved out of [[Goa]] at the age of 18 in early 1930s to pursue his [[English studies]] at the university level. As a young college student he admired the country's foremost leaders, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]]. He was one of the thousands gathered at the [[Belgaum]] Congress Session of 1924. After [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi's Assassination]] in 1948, Vaz visited [[Sabarmati Ashram]] at [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Sevagram]] near [[Nagpur]]. He also visited Nehru when he was imprisoned by the British rulers at the fort in [[Ahmednagar]] during [[India's freedom struggle]].<ref name=":0" />

===Writing===
Vaz first [[co-authored]] and edited the book titled "''Yoga Today''" with Dr. [[Jayadeva Yogendra]] of [[The Yoga Institute]] that was published in 1971. His next book was an adaption of [[classical yoga]] to [[christian spirituality]] titled ''"Maranatha Oriental Methods of Prayer and Meditation"'' which was first issued in 1990 by St. Pauls, [[Bandra]], [[Bombay]], and later in August 1994 by St. Pauls, [[Homebush]], [[New South Wales]], Australia. Three years later he published "''Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present''" in 1997,<ref name=":0" /> a [[reprint]] version was released [[Posthumous publication|posthumously]] in the year 2016.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaz |first=J. Clement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmuBAQAACAAJ |title=Profiles of Eminent Goans: Past and Present |date=2016 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-93-5125-201-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Vaz was also featured in a number of publications like ''Role of Religions in National Integration'' (1984),<ref name=":2" /> ''Your Health'' (1973),<ref name=":3" /> ''Dilip'' (1977),<ref name=":4" /> ''Religions and Man'' (1981),<ref name=":1" /> and ''Journal of Dharma'' (1982).<ref name=":5" />

===Religious work===
Over the years Vaz conducted various courses in India, Italy, Germany and Portugal to showcase "[[Conscious breathing|conscious controlled breathing]] with a righteous inspiration can lead to a close affinity with God". For a period of ten years, from 1975 to 1985, he was involved in encouraging [[inter-religious]] understanding in Bombay and somewhere else in assistance with [[Reverend|Rev.]] Aelred Pereira S.J. and Rev. Albert Nambiaparambil [[C.M.I.]]<ref name=":0" />

===Other substantial work===
Vaz served as the Secretary of the 'Bombay Chapter of World Conference of Religions and Peace' at its national head office in [[New Delhi]], and the international main office in [[New York City]]. He was also the Director in Oriental Methods of Meditation at the 'Centre for Indian and Inter-Religious Studies' (CIIS) in [[Rome]]. He then served as the President of 'Satsangam', a society loyal to preservation of moral and spiritual values amongst the Indian youth, and lastly as the Secretary of 'International Board of Yoga'<ref name=":0" /> and 'Friends of Yoga Society' at [[Bombay]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rkc1AAAAIAAJ&q=J.+Clement+Vaz |title=Yoga-Mīmāṅsā |date=1971 |publisher=Kaivalyadhama |language=en}}</ref> In 1982, Vaz introduced [[Yoga]] to [[Pope John Paul II]] at Rome during his visit at the International Seminar on Drugs at [[L'Aquila]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbvoAAAAMAAJ&q=J.+Clement+Vaz |title=Goa Today |date=1982 |publisher=Goa Publications |language=en}}</ref>

===Post-retirement ===
Around the late 1990s Vaz was accompanied by Professor Giuseppe De Gennaro [[Jesuits|S.J.]], an Italian [[mysticist]], with his unique concept of "University of Prayer" with his intense faith in God that he had been endeavouring to spread globally and had already had travelled from its place of origin at [[L'Aquila]] in Italy, [[Rome]], [[Naples]], [[Florence]], Spain, U.S.A. and Russia.<ref name=":0" />

==Bibliography==
* ''Yoga Today'' (1971)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yogendra |first1=Jayadeva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5hWAAAAMAAJ |title=Yoga Today |last2=Society |first2=Friends of Yoga |date=1971 |publisher=Macmillan Company of India |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Your Health'' (1973)<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BzlHAQAAIAAJ&q=J.+Clement+Vaz |title=Your Health |date=1973 |publisher=Indian Medical Association |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Dilip'' (1977)<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwMnAQAAIAAJ&q=J.+Clement+Vaz |title=Dilip |date=1977 |publisher=Sudakshina Trust |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Religions and Man'' (1981)<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Nambiaparambil |first=Albert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPYnAAAAYAAJ&q=J.+Clement+Vaz |title=Religions and Man |date=1981 |publisher=Chavara Cultural Centre |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Journal of Dharma'' (1982)<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POUnAAAAYAAJ&q=J.+Clement+Vaz |title=Journal of Dharma |date=1982 |publisher=Dharma Research Association, Centre for the Study of World Religions, Dharmaram College |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Role of Religions in National Integration'' (1984)<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Manickam |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgUfAQAAMAAJ&q=J.+Clement+Vaz |title=Role of Religions in National Integration |date=1984 |publisher=Centre for the Study of World Religions |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Maranatha: Oriental Methods of Prayer and Meditation'' (1990)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maranatha - 757850219 |url=https://www.beweb.chiesacattolica.it/benilibrari/libro/757850219/Maranatha |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=BeWeB - Beni Ecclesiastici in Web |language=it-IT}}</ref>
* ''Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present'' (1997)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vaz |first=J. Clement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC&q=Profiles+of+Eminent+Goans%2C+Past+and+Present+J.+Clement+Vaz |title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present |date=1997 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-619-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaz, J. Clement}}
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Scholars from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]

Holkar Stadium

2026-02-24T13:17:45Z

Pankajglobal: updated page

{{short description|Cricket stadium in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| image = File:Maharani Usha Raje Cricket Stadium Indore - panoramio.jpg
| nickname =
| location = Race course Rd, [[Indore]], [[Indore district]], Madhya Pradesh, [[India]]
| establishment =
| demolished =
| last used =
| seating_capacity = 30,000
| owner = [[Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association]]
| architect =
| contractor =
| operator = [[Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association]]
| tenants = [[India national cricket team]] [[India women's cricket team]] [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]] [[Kings Xi Punjab]]
| end1 =
| end2 =
| year1 = 1990–present
| club1 =
| year2 = 2017–?
| club2 =
| international = true
| firsttestdate = 8–11 October
| firsttestyear = 2016
| firsttesthome = India
| firsttestaway = New Zealand
| lasttestdate = 1–3 March
| lasttestyear = 2023
| lasttesthome = India
| lasttestaway = Australia

| firstodidate = 15 April
| firstodiyear = 2006
| firstodihome = India
| firstodiaway = England
| lastodidate = 18 January
| lastodiyear = 2026
| lastodihome = India
| lastodiaway = New Zealand

| firstt20idate = 22 December
| firstt20iyear = 2017
| firstt20ihome = India
| firstt20iaway = Sri Lanka
| lastt20idate = 14 January
| lastt20iyear = 2024
| lastt20ihome = India
| lastt20iaway = Afghanistan

| firstwodidate = 1 October
| firstwodiyear = 2025
| firstwodihome = Australia
| firstwodiaway = New Zealand
| lastwodidate = 25 October
| lastwodiyear = 2025
| lastwodihome = Australia
| lastwodiaway = South Africa
| date = 18 January
| year = 2026
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58150.html ESPNcricinfo
|coordinates={{coord|22|43|27|N|75|52|46|E}}|club3=|year3=2006- present|club4=|home_club=[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team]] [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team]]|established=1990{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}}}

'''Holkar Cricket Stadium''' is located in [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is owned and operated by [[Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association]] and serves as its headquarter. It is the home ground of [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team]] as well as [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|MP women's team]].<ref name=":0" />

It was formerly known as Maharani Usharaje Trust Cricket Ground. In 2010, [[Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association]] renamed it after the [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] dynasty of the [[Maratha Empire]] that ruled [[Indore State]].<ref name="Bhaskar">{{cite web|url=http://www.bhaskar.com/article/MP-IND-usha-raje-holkar-cricket-stadium-now-1286044.html|work=Dainik Bhaskar Online Edition, dated 2010-08-23|title=Usha Raje is now Holkar cricket stadium|access-date=2010-08-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827000127/http://www.bhaskar.com/article/MP-IND-usha-raje-holkar-cricket-stadium-now-1286044.html|archive-date=27 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Holkar stadium's ground is very small, its square boundaries are only 56 meters long.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Vs Australia 2nd ODI: Holkar Cricket Stadium Indore Pitch Report, Weather Forecast, Stats & Record |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/india-vs-australia-2nd-odi-holkar-cricket-stadium-indore-pitch-report-weather-forecast-stats-records-234683.html  |website=My khel.com |access-date=2023-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India vs South Africa, 3rd T20I: Indore Holkar Stadium Pitch Report, Weather Forecast |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/india-vs-south-africa-3rd-t20i-indore-holkar-stadium-pitch-report-weather-forecast-1556425/ |access-date=2023-09-24}}</ref> in 2006 it hosted its first One Day International, since then it regularly hosts International matches.<ref name=":0" />

Indore city has another cricket stadium, [[Nehru Stadium, Indore|Nehru Stadium]] which was used for International matches until 31 March 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58151.html |title=Nehru Stadium. India. Cricket Grounds |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2016-12-23}}</ref>

It has a seating capacity of around 30,000 spectators. It is equipped with flood lights for night matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itsonlycricket.com/photos/maharani-usha-raje-cricket-stadium-indore |access-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113032556/http://itsonlycricket.com/photos/maharani-usha-raje-cricket-stadium-indore/ |archive-date=13 January 2010 |title=Maharani Usha Raje Cricket Stadium in Indore}}</ref> [[Virender Sehwag]] recorded the third highest ODI score of 219 at this ground.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virender Sehwag scores a double century, breaks Sachin Tendulkar's record|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/cricket-articles/Virender-Sehwag-scores-a-double-hundred-breaks-Sachin-Tendulkar-s-record/8823|publisher=Cricket Country|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-date=9 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109043349/http://www.cricketcountry.com/cricket-articles/Virender-Sehwag-scores-a-double-hundred-breaks-Sachin-Tendulkar-s-record/8823|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Gwalior|Gwalior's]] [[Captain Roop Singh Stadium]], another international stadium in Madhya Pradesh, is a bit smaller in capacity than [[Indore]]'s Holkar Cricket Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/double-century-sachin-tendulkar-vs-virender-sehwag-148392-2011-12-09 |title=Sachin Tendulkar's knock was slightly better, says MPCA curator : Cricket, News - India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2011-12-10 |access-date=2015-08-29}}</ref>

The ground stages the majority of [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team]]'s home matches in the [[Ranji Trophy]]. On 8 October 2016, It hosted its first ever [[Test cricket|Test match]] when [[India national cricket team|India]] played against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]]. It became the twenty-second test venue in India.

==History==
The credit for giving land for the stadium goes to the [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]'s of the [[Maratha Confederacy]].
The ruling [[Maratha]] family of [[Indore State]] encouraged and pioneered cricket in this part of the country. [[Holkar cricket team]] appeared in ten Ranji Trophy season's, reaching the final eight times and winning the title four times.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

It is on the some part of this ground that an older stadium was present where the Holkar's cricket team won its three [[Ranji Trophy]] titles, in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In this sense, some part of this stadium has seen greats like [[C.K. Nayudu]] and [[Mushtaq Ali]] playing for [[Ranji Trophy]].

The stadium has hosted a total of 7 ODIs (2006, 2008, 2011, 2015, 2017, January 2023 and September 2023), 3 Tests (2016, 2019 and 2023) and 4 T20Is (2017, 2020, 2022 and 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=expressblogshub.com |date=2024-01-14 |title=Gulbadin Naib Qucik 57 Runs In 2nd T20I Against India, Who Is Gulbadin Naib? |url=https://expressblogshub.com/gulbadin-naib-qucik-57-runs-in-2nd/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref>). Apart from these the venue has witnessed a total of 9 IPL matches.<ref name="Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association |url=https://www.mpcaonline.com/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.mpcaonline.com |language=en}}</ref> Since the stadium's inauguration, Team India had a 100% winning record until 4 October 2022, losing to South Africa by 49 runs in a T20I match during the [[South African cricket team in India in 2022-23|South Africa Tour of India in 2022]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-india-2022-23-1327499/india-vs-south-africa-3rd-t20i-1327508/full-scorecard |access-date=2022-10-04 |language=en}}</ref>

The first match was staged on 15 April 2006, India successfully chased 289 to complete a 5–0 series win on England in what was a dead rubber. Its second international match came two and a half years later when England next toured, India again winning. The rest three ODIs were against West Indies, South Africa and Australia.

The Stadium hosted its first ever [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] match on 13 May 2011. The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi]] is the home venue for the [[Indian Premier League]] team [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]] and officially hosted 5 home-matches of the franchise. The remaining 2 home matches were played at the Holkar Cricket Stadium. In 2017, Kings XI Punjab selected the Holkar stadium as one of their home grounds for three IPL matches.

[[Virender Sehwag]] made the highest runs in a limited over innings of cricket 219 here on 8 December 2011 against [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], which was later broken by [[Rohit Sharma]].

In November 2015, the stadium was selected to be one of the six new Test venues along with [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[JSCA International Stadium Complex]], [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]] and [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]] in India.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/938911.html BCCI revamps selection committee, announces new Test centres]</ref>

Holkar Stadium hosted its first Test match in October 2016 when [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2016–17|New Zealand cricket team toured India]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1024303.html BCCI ushers in big home season: 13 Tests, six new venues]</ref> India defeated New Zealand by 321 runs on the fourth day to complete a 3–0 series whitewash. The second Test match was played between India and Bangladesh in 2019.<ref name="Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association"/>

The Stadium was selected to host the final of the [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy|2016-17 edition of the Ranji Trophy]] from 10 January 2017.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/84804/ranji-trophy-2016-17-cricket-indore-to-host-ranji-trophy-final | title=Indore to host Ranji Trophy final | work=Cricbuzz | access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref>

Stadium hosted 2 international matches in 2017, One Day International between [[Indian Cricket Team]] & [[Australian Cricket Team]] was played on 24 September 2017 whereas T20 International between [[Indian Cricket Team]] & [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka Cricket Team]] was played in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/kolkata-delhi-nagpur-to-host-sri-lanka-tests-guwahati-gets-australia-t20i/articleshow/59864878.cms|title=Kolkata, Delhi, Nagpur to host Sri Lanka Tests, Guwahati gets Australia T20I |work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-08-13}}</ref> In this T20I match [[Rohit Sharma]] scored his 2nd T20I century. He scored 118 runs from 43 balls<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/rohit-sharma-india-vs-sri-lanka-t20i-cricket-indore-holkar-stadium-1114565-2017-12-22 |title=Rohit Sharma slams joint fastest T20I century off 35 balls |access-date=6 January 2020|work=India Today}}</ref>

==Names of places in stadium ==
In 2011, a committee was formed to decide the naming of Pavilion, Dressing Rooms and Stands/Galleries around the stadium. This committee had [[Surya Prakash Chaturvedi]] as the chairman. As per the recommendations of the committee following landmarks have been named :

* Press Box named after [[Madhavrao Scindia|HH Maharaja Madhav Rao Scindia]] of [[Gwalior State]] (President of [[Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association]] & [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/this-is-the-most-energetic-test-crowd-i-have-ever-seen-anywhere-in-the-world-534616 |title='This is the most energetic Test crowd I have ever seen anywhere in the world' |date=12 October 2016}}</ref>
* Pavilion's named after Col. [[C.K. Nayudu]] (India's First Test Captain) and Capt. [[Mushtaq Ali]] (First Asian batsman to score a century).
* Dressing Room's named after [[Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi]] (Born in [[Bhopal]]) and [[Rahul Dravid]] (Born in Indore).
* Stadium Gates named after former International cricketers from this part of the country, who are [[Narendra Hirwani]], [[Amay Khurasia]] and [[Rajesh Chauhan]].
* One of the two galleries contains Stands named after greats of Indian cricket like [[Vijay Hazare]], [[Ajit Wadekar]], [[Sunil Gavaskar]], [[Kapil Dev]], [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Anil Kumble]]. The other gallery contains stands named after greats of Holkar era like J. N. Bhaya, M. M. Jagdale, [[Khandu Rangnekar]], [[Hiralal Gaekwad]], [[Chandu Sarwate]] and [[C. S. Nayudu]]. This combination of current and former cricketers named opposite to each other is unique in itself and not been seen elsewhere.
* The commentators' Box in the stadium has been named after [[Sushil Doshi]], renowned Hindi commentator.<ref name="The guy who keeps Hindi commentary alive in cricket">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/career-the-guy-who-keeps-hindi-commentary-alive-in-cricket/20150328.htm | title=The guy who keeps Hindi commentary alive in cricket | publisher=ReDiff | date=28 March 2015 | access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Naming 'SUSHIL DOSHI COMMENTATORS BOX'">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45d2LmKURz0 | url-status=dead | title=Naming 'SUSHIL DOSHI COMMENTATORS BOX' | publisher=MPCA Exclusive | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=19 February 2013 | access-date=28 July 2016 | archive-date=9 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709031230/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45d2LmKURz0 }}</ref>

==List of international matches==
===Test Matches===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! No. !! Home team !! Away team !! Winner !! Margin !! Date !! Scorecard !! Notes
|-
| 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|NZL}} || {{cr|IND}} || 321 runs || 8–11 October 2016 ||
[https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1030217.html Scorecard]
|-
| 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|IND}} || Innings & 130 runs || 14–16 November 2019 || [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1187016.html Scorecard] ||
|-
| 3 || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 9 wickets || 1–3 March 2023 || [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1348654.html Scorecard] ||
India's first defeat at this venue.
|}

===One-day Internationals===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! No. !! Home team !! Away team !! Winner !! Margin !! Date !! Scorecard !! Notes
|-
| 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|IND}} || 7 wickets || 15 April 2006 || [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238194.html Scorecard] ||
|-
| 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|IND}} || 54 runs || 17 November 2008 || [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/361044.html Scorecard] ||
|-
| 3 || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{cr|IND}} || 153 runs || 8 December 2011 || [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/536932.html Scorecard] || India's highest total till date in ODI
|-
| 4 || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|SA}} || {{cr|IND}} || 22 runs || 14 October 2015 || [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903595.html Scorecard] ||
|-
| 5 || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|IND}} || 5 wickets || 24 September 2017 || [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1119498.html Scorecard] ||
|-
| 6 || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|NZL}} || {{cr|IND}} || 90 runs || 24 January 2023 || [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1348648.html Scorecard] ||
|-
| 7 || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|IND}} || 99 runs (DLS Method) || 24 September 2023 || [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1389389.html Scorecard] || India's second highest score in this stadium.
India's highest runs against Australia.
|-
| 8 || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|NZL}} || {{cr|NZ}} || 41 runs || 18 January 2026|| [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490233.html Scorecard] || India's first defeat in this format at this venue.
|}

===Twenty20 Internationals===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! No. !! Home team !! Away team !! Winner !! Margin !! Date !! Scorecard !! Notes
|-
| 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|SL}} || {{cr|IND}} || 88 runs || 22 December 2017 || [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122730.html Scorecard] ||
|-
| 2 || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|SL}} || {{cr|IND}} || 7 wickets || 7 January 2020 || [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202243.html Scorecard] ||
|-
| 3 || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|SA}} || {{cr|SA}} || 49 runs || 4 October 2022 || [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327508.html Scorecard] ||
India's first defeat in this format at this venue.
|-
| 4 || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|AFG}} || {{cr|IND}} || 6 wickets || 14 January 2024 || [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1389397.html Scorecard] ||
|}

===Women's One Day Internationals===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! No. !! Home team !! Away team !! Winner !! Margin !! Date !! Scorecard !! Notes
|-
| 1 || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|NZL}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 89 runs || 1 October 2025 || [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490414.html Scorecard] ||
This was the first women's ODI [[List of women's One Day International cricket grounds|to be played at this venue]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/indore-to-host-five-matches-of-icc-womens-world-cup/articleshow/121893256.cms |title=Indore to host five matches of ICC Women's World Cup |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 June 2025 |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-to-host-5-matches-of-icc-womens-odi-world-cup-2025-at-holkar-stadium |title=Indore To Host 5 Matches Of ICC Women's ODI World Cup 2025 At Holkar Stadium |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref>
[[Phoebe Litchfield]] (Aus) scored her 1,000th run in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/75037-phoebe-litchfield-becomes-2nd-youngest-australian-after-meg-lanning-to-1000-odi-runs.html |title=Phoebe Litchfield Becomes 2nd Youngest Australian After Meg Lanning to 1000 ODI Runs |work=Female Cricket |date=October 2025 |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>
[[Amelia Kerr]] (NZ) took her 100th wicket in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/75030-new-zealands-amelia-kerr-becomes-youngest-to-complete-100th-odi-wicket-achieves-historic-double.html |title=New Zealand's Amelia Kerr Becomes Youngest to Complete 100th ODI Wicket, Achieves Historic Double |work=Female Cricket |date=October 2025 |access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref>
[[Sophie Devine]] (NZ) scored her 4,000th run in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/75094-sophie-devine-becomes-only-the-4th-new-zealander-to-surpass-4000-odi-runs-landmark.html |title=Sophie Devine Becomes Only the 4th New Zealander to Surpass 4,000 ODI Runs Landmark |work=Female Cricket |date=October 2025 |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || {{cr|NZL}} || {{cr|SA}} || {{cr|SA}} || 6 wickets || 6 October 2025 || [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490419.html Scorecard] ||
[[Suzie Bates]] (NZ) became the first women's cricketer to make 350 appearances in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/womens-world-cup-2025/75431-suzie-bates-scripts-history-with-350th-international-appearance-for-new-zealand.html |title=Suzie Bates Scripts History with 350th International Appearance for New Zealand |work=Female Cricket |date=6 October 2025 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>
[[Sophie Devine]] (NZ) played in her 300th international match.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/womens-world-cup-2025/75365-suzie-bates-opens-up-on-milestone-350th-match-devines-300th-and-australia-loss.html |title=Suzie Bates Opens Up on Milestone 350th Match, Devine's 300th, and Australia Loss |work=Female Cricket |date=6 October 2025 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>
[[Chloe Tryon]] (SA) took her 100th wicket in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/75397-chloe-tryon-completes-100-international-wickets-for-south-africa.html |title=Chloe Tryon completes 100 International Wickets for South Africa |work=Female Cricket |date=6 October 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref>
[[Laura Wolvaardt]] (SA) scored her 7,000th run in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/75401-laura-wolvaardt-becomes-the-first-south-african-to-surpass-7000-international-runs.html |title=Laura Wolvaardt Becomes the First South African to Surpass 7000 International Runs |work=Female Cricket |date=6 October 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|ENG}} || 4 runs || 19 October 2025 ||[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490432.html Scorecard] ||
[[Heather Knight]] (Eng) played in her 300th international match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/76385-heather-knight-becomes-only-the-3rd-english-player-to-300-internationals.html |title=Heather Knight becomes only the 3rd English player to 300 Internationals |work=Female Cricket |date=19 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>
[[Deepti Sharma]] (IND) became the second bowler and first spinner for India to take 150 wickets in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com/news/150-wickets-and-counting-deepti-sharmas-rise-continues-in-wodis-10192025-1760874951739 |title=150 Wickets And Counting: Deepti Sharma's Rise Continues in WODIs |work=Cricket.com |date=19 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/76419-deepti-sharma-creates-history-as-the-first-indian-spinner-to-claim-150-odi-wickets.html |title=Deepti Sharma Creates History as the First Indian Spinner to Claim 150 ODI Wickets |work=Female Cricket |date=20 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 6 wickets || 22 October 2025 ||[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490435.html Scorecard] ||
|-
| 5 || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|SA}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 7 wickets || 25 October 2025 ||[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490438.html Scorecard] ||
|}

==List of international centuries==

===Key===
* '''*''' denotes that the batsman was [[not out]].
* '''Inns.''' denotes the number of the innings in the match.
* '''Balls''' denotes the number of [[Delivery (cricket)|balls]] faced in an innings.
* '''NR''' denotes that the number of balls was not recorded.
* Parentheses next to the player's score denotes his century number at Holkar Stadium.
* The column title '''Date''' refers to the date the match started.
* The column title '''Result''' refers to the player's team result

===Test Centuries===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 211 || [[Virat Kohli]] || {{cr|IND}} || 366 || 1 || {{cr|NZL}} || 8–11 October 2016 || Won<ref name=test2223>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/10716/scorecard/1030217/india-vs-new-zealand-3rd-test-nz-tour-of-india-2016-17 |title=3rd Test, New Zealand tour of India at Indore, Oct 8-11 2016|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || 188 || [[Ajinkya Rahane]] || {{cr|IND}} || 381 || 1 || {{cr|NZL}} || 8–11 October 2016 || Won<ref name=test2223 />
|-
| 3 || 101* || [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] || {{cr|IND}} || 148 || 3 || {{cr|NZL}} || 8–11 October 2016 || Won<ref name=test2223 />
|-
| 4 || 243 || [[Mayank Agarwal]] || {{cr|IND}} || 330 || 2 || {{cr|BAN}} || 14–16 November 2019 || Won<ref name=test2366>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19430/game/1187016/india-vs-bangladesh-1st-test-icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021 |title=1st Test, ICC World Test Championship at Indore, Nov 14-18 2019|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref>
|}

===One Day Internationals===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 118 || [[Yuvraj Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || 122 || 1 || {{cr|ENG}} || 17 November 2008 || Won<ref name=odi2777>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/13829/scorecard/361044/india-vs-england-2nd-odi-england-tour-of-india-2008-09 |title=2nd ODI, England tour of India at Indore, Nov 17 2008|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || 219 || [[Virender Sehwag]] || {{cr|IND}} || 149 || 1 || {{cr|WIN}} || 8 December 2011 || Won<ref name=odi3223>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/12675/scorecard/536932/india-vs-west-indies-4th-odi-west-indies-tour-of-india-2011-12 |title=4th ODI (D/N), West Indies tour of India at Indore, Dec 8 2011|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || 124 || [[Aaron Finch]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 125 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || 24 September 2017 || Lost<ref name=odi3914>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17974/scorecard/1119498/india-vs-australia-3rd-odi-aus-in-ind-2017-18 |title=3rd ODI (D/N), Australia tour of India at Indore, Sep 24 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || 101 || [[Rohit Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || 85 || 1 || {{cr|NZ}} || 24 January 2023 || Won<ref name="odi4511" />
|-
| 5 || 112 || [[Shubman Gill]] || {{cr|IND}} || 78 || 1 || {{cr|NZ}} || 24 January 2023 || Won<ref name="odi4511" />
|-
| 6 || 138 || [[Devon Conway]] || {{cr|NZ}} || 100 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || 24 January 2023 || Lost<ref name="odi4511" />
|-
| 7 || 105 || [[Shreyas Iyer]] || {{cr|IND}} || 90 || 1 || {{cr|AUS}} || 24 September 2023 || Won<ref name="odi-aus" />
|-
| 8 || 104 || [[Shubman Gill]] || {{cr|IND}} || 97 || 1 || {{cr|AUS}} || 24 September 2023 || Won<ref name="odi-aus" />
|-
| 9 || 137 || [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]] || {{cr|NZ}} || 131 || 1 ||{{cr|IND}} || 18 January 2026 || Won
|-
| 10 || 106 || [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips ]] || {{cr|NZ}} || 88 || 1 ||{{cr|IND}} || 18 January 2026 || Won
|-
| 11 || 124 || [[Virat Kohli]] || {{cr|IND}} || 108 || 2 || {{cr|NZ}} || 18 January 2026 || Lost
|}

===Twenty20 Internationals===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 118 || [[Rohit Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || 43 || 1 || {{cr|SRI}} || 22 December 2017 || Won<ref name=t20i634>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18074/scorecard/1122730/india-vs-sri-lanka-2nd-t20i-sl-in-india-2017-18 |title=2nd T20I, Sri Lanka tour of India at Indore, Dec 22 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2
|100[[Not out|*]]
|[[Rilee Rossouw]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|48
|1
|{{Cr|India}}
|4 October 2022
|Won<ref>{{cite web |title=IND vs SA: Rossouw ने ठोका तूफानी शतक, कूटे 8 छक्के तो रोहित ने जोड़ लिए हाथ, देखें VIDEO |url=https://hindi.news24online.com/sports/ind-vs-sa-3rd-t20-rilee-rossouw-scored-100-runs-in-48-balls-watch-video-brmp/56889/ |access-date=2023-09-24}}</ref>
|}
===Women's One Day Internationals===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing Team !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 115 || [[Ashleigh Gardner]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 83 || 1 || {{cr|NZ}} || 1 October 2025 || Won
|-
| 2 || 112 || [[Sophie Devine]] || {{cr|NZ}} || 112 || 2 || {{cr|AUS}} || 1 October 2025 || Lost
|-
| 3 || 101 || [[Tazmin Brits]] || {{cr|SA}} || 89 || 2 || {{cr|NZ}} || 6 October 2025 || Won
|-
| 4 || 109 || [[Heather Knight]] || {{cr|ENG}} || 91 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || 19 October 2025 || Won
|-
| 5 || 104* || [[Ashleigh Gardner]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 73 || 2 || {{cr|ENG}} || 22 October 2025 || Won
|}

==List of five wicket hauls==

===Tests===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Men's Test matches at Holkar Stadium<ref>{{cite web|title=Bowling records. Test matches |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=1055;orderby=start;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|access-date=2023-02-12|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! No.
! Bowler
! Team
! Opposing Team
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|Inn
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|O
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|R
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|W
! Date
! Result
|-
| 1
| {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}}
| {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|NZL}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|27.2}} || {{nts|81}} || {{nts|6}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|10|08}} ||| Won<ref name=test2223 />
|-
| 2
| {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}}
| {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|NZL}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|13.5}} || {{nts|59}} || {{nts|7}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|10|08}} ||| Won<ref name=test2223 />
|-
| 3
| {{sortname|Matthew|Kuhnemann}}
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|9}} || {{nts|16}} || {{nts|5}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|03|01}} ||| Won<ref name=test2496>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-in-india-2022-23-1348637/india-vs-australia-3rd-test-1348654/full-scorecard |title=3rd Test, Indore, March 1-3, 2023, Australia tour of India|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| {{sortname|Nathan|Lyon}}
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|23.3}} || {{nts|64}} || {{nts|8}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|03|01}} ||| Won<ref name=test2496 />
|}

===One Day Internationals===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Men's ODI matches at Holkar Stadium<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bowling records. ODI matches |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;ground=1055;orderby=start;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets%7Caccess-date%3D2023-02-12%7Cwork%3DESPNcricinfo%7D%7D}}</ref>
|-
! No.
! Bowler
! Team
! Opposing Team
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|Inn
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|O
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|R
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|W
! Date
! Result
|-
| 1
| {{sortname|S.|Sreesanth}}
| {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|10}} || {{nts|55}} || {{nts|6}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2006|04|15}} ||| Won<ref name=odi2362>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14681/scorecard/238194/india-vs-england-7th-odi-england-tour-of-india-2005-06 |title= 7th ODI, England tour of India at Indore, Apr 15 2006| work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref>
|}

===Women's One Day Internationals===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Women's ODI matches at Holkar Stadium<ref>{{cite web|title=Bowling records. Women’s ODIS matches |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;ground=1055;orderby=start;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets%7Caccess-date%3D2023-02-12%7Cwork%3DESPNcricinfo%7D%7D}}</ref>
|-
! No.
! Bowler
! Team
! Opposing Team
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|Inn
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|O
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|R
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|W
! Date
! Result
|-
| 1
| {{sortname|Alana|King}}
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|SA}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|7}} || {{nts|18}} || {{nts|7}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2025|10|25}} ||| Won
|}

==See also==
*[[Daly College Ground]]
*[[Yeshwant Club Ground]]
*[[Gwalior International Cricket Stadium]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="odi4511">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-india-2022-23-1348633/india-vs-new-zealand-3rd-odi-1348648/full-scorecard |title=3rd ODI (D/N), Indore, January 24, 2023, New Zealand tour of India|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="odi-aus">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-in-india-2023-24-1389381/india-vs-australia-2rd-odi-1389389/full-scorecard |title=2rd ODI (D/N), Indore, September 24, 2023, Australia tour of India|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 September 2023}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
* [http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58150.html ESPNcricinfo Website - Ground Page]
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1042.html CricketArchive]

{{Neighbourhoods of Indore}}
{{List of cricket grounds in India}}
{{Sport venues in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Indian Premier League}}
{{coord|22|43|27|N|75|52|48|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Indore]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Test cricket grounds in India]]
[[Category:Kochi Tuskers Kerala]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1990]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Taki Ramakrishna Mission High School

2026-02-21T09:20:06Z

Pankajglobal: Stub...

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Notability|1=Organizations|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Taki Ramakrishna Mission High School
| image = Emblem-Ramakrishna-Mission-Transparent.png
| image_size = 100px
| alt =
| caption = [[Ramakrishna Mission#Emblem|Emblem]]
| motto = ''[[Atmano mokshartham jagat hitaya cha]]'' (''आत्मनो मोक्षार्थं जगद्धिताय च'') (''For one’s own salvation and for the welfare of the world'')
| motto_translation =
| address =
| city = [[Taki (India)|Taki]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postal_code =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.604470|N|88.912846|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| type =
| status = Active
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| established =
| closed =
| founder =
| former_name =
| sister_school =
| school_board =
| campus_type =
| campus_size =
| director =
| headmaster =
| head_teacher =
| grades =
| gender =
| age_range =
| session =
| enrolment =
| language =
| district =
| colours =
| song =
| nickname =
| yearbook =
| schedule =
| houses =
| sports =
| alumni =
| website = [http://rkmhstaki.org rkmhstaki.org]
}}

'''Taki Ramakrishna Mission High School''' is a unit of [[Ramakrishna Mission]] Ashrama along with High School under the Mission. It is situated in [[Taki (India)|Taki]], [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]]. It is affiliated to the [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]] and [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]]. There is also one Primary School besides the High schools and center on a Hostel, where around 100 students can stay and pursue their schooling.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.takirkm.org/about-us/|title=About Us|last=|first=|work=Taki Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama |date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref>

==History==
The Taki Ramkrishna Ashrama and the high school were established in 1931 and made a branch of the Mission in 1938. Presently the school is run under the guidance of Ramakrishna Mission at [[Belur Math]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://belurmath.org/ramakrishna-mission-ashrama-taki/|title=Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Taki|last=|first=|date=|website=belurmath.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Boarding schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools affiliated with the Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1931]]
[[Category:1931 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Schools in North 24 Parganas district]]

Chaurai Khas

2026-02-06T13:31:07Z

Pankajglobal: quick update

{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chourai
| other_name = Chaurai Khas
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|3|32|N|79|14|51|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11399
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 480115
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chourai''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Chhindwara district]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].

==Geography==
Chaurai is situated on '''22°3′32″N 79°14′51″E'''.
The [[National Highway 347 (India)|National Highway 347]] runs through the town. Chaurai is located on 35 km away from chhindwara and 180 km away from [[Jabalpur ]]

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Chaurai Khas had a population of 11,399. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Chaurai Khas has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 74% and female literacy of 63%. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Government==
Chourai Assembly constituency is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

==Administration==
Chaurai Khas Municipality has total administration over 2,742 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Municipality limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

'''Chaurai Khas Work Profile'''

Out of total population, 4,348 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 3,377 were males while 971 were females. In census survey, worker is defined as person who does business, job, service, and cultivator and labour activity. Of total 4348 working population, 84.13 % were engaged in Main Work while 15.87 % of total workers were engaged in Marginal Work.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802379-chaurai-khas-madhya-pradesh.html | title=Chaurai Khas Municipality City Population Census 2011-2024 | Madhya Pradesh }}</ref>

== Attractions ==
*[[Dam|Machagora Dam]], is 15.2 KM from Chourai.
*[[Chourai|Shasthi Mata]] Mandir, Kapurda is 10.4 KM from Chourai.

==Transportation==
Chaurai is connected by private bus services to all nearest major cities.

Chaurai railway Station Connected it from major citys of Madhya Pradesh by railway.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chhindwara district]]

{{Jabalpur-geo-stub}}

Priyanka Ingle

2026-02-02T08:24:24Z

Pankajglobal: starting basic data with sources

{{Short description|Indian kho kho player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Priyanka Hanumant Ingle''' (born 3 October 2000)<ref>https://kheloindia.gov.in/uploads/Khelo%20India%20Athletes.pdf Serial number 157</ref> is an Indian [[kho kho]] player from [[Maharashtra]]. She plays for the [[India women's national kho kho team]] as an allrounder. She captained the Indian women’s team that won the inaugural [[Kho Kho World Cup]] held at Delhi in January 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-24 |title=Priyanka Ingle, India's Kho Kho World Cup winning captain arrives in Pune to a grand welcome |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/priyanka-ingle-india-kho-kho-world-cup-winning-captain-pune-9797765/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Skipper Priyanka Ingle calls winning Kho Kho World Cup "proud moment", says sport has reached "global level" |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/skipper-priyanka-ingle-calls-winning-kho-kho-world-cup-proud-moment-says-sport-has-reached-global-level20250123015913/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Ingle is from [[Pune]], Maharashtra. Her father, Hanumanth Ingle, is a farmer from Kaij taluk, Beed district. She did her schooling at Shri Sayajinath Maharaj Vidyalaya, Wadmukhwadi, in [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]], near Pune. She began playing kho kho in Class 5 at her school and learnt her basics from her first coach Avinash Karvande. She did her MCom and is working with the Income Tax Department in Pune.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Ingle captained the Indian women's team which won the first Kho Kho World Cup at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-01-15 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian women make history with 157-point rout of South Korea |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-women-make-history-with-157-point-rout-of-south-korea-1503386655.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-09 |title=Pratik Waikar, Priyanka Ingle to lead Indian men's and women's teams at Inaugural Kho Kho World Cup |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/kho-kho-world-cup-2025-prateek-waikar-priyanka-ingle-captains-india-squad-schedule-news/article69080630.ece |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> The Indian team defeated South Korea, IR Iran and Malaysia in the group stages, Bangladesh in quarterfinals and South Africa in semifinals, to make it to the final.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2025 |title=Indian Women create history at Kho Kho World Cup 2025 with commanding victory over rivals Nepal to secure coveted trophy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/indian-women-create-history-at-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-with-commanding-victory-over-rivals-nepal-to-secure-coveted-trophy/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> They defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]] 78-40 in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2025 |title=Indian women clinch Kho Kho World Cup 2025 with commanding win over Nepal in final |url=https://ianslive.in/indian-women-clinch-kho-kho-world-2025-with-commanding-win-over-nepal-in-final--20250119194822 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=ianslive.in}}</ref> She was awarded the Best Player of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-01-19 |title=Fulfilling my responsibilities as captain feels amazing: Priyanka Ingle on India's Kho Kho World Cup win |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/incoming/india-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-winner-womens-team-watch-video-captain-priyanka-ingle/article69117367.ece |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> She was part of the Indian team that won the gold in the [[Asian Kho Kho Championship|Asian Kho Kho Championships]] in 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2025 |title=Kho Kho World Cup 2025: Who is Priyanka Ingle? Know all about Indian women's team captain |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/sports/other/kho-kho-world-cup-2025-who-is-priyanka-ingle-know-all-about-indian-women-s-team-captain/ar-BB1relw9 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

=== Awards ===
In 2022, she received the '''Rani Laxmibai Award''' which is given for best performance in the Senior Nationals.<ref name=":1" />

On 22nd June 2025 at '''[[Nagpur]]''' she has received '''Famous Awards 2025''' by '''Shri [[Nitin Gadkari]]''' Union Minister of Road Transport and Highways for her outstanding performance.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ingle, Priyanka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:Kho kho players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Jaswantnagar Assembly constituency

2026-01-30T12:35:28Z

Pankajglobal: creating a post...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jaswantnagar
| map_image = 199-Jaswantnagar.svg
| mla = [[Shivpal Singh Yadav]]<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shivpal-singh-yadav-will-re-contest-from-his-jaswantnagar-assembly-seat-in-up-if-disqualified-2103017|title=Shivpal Singh Yadav Will Re-Contest From His UP Seat If Disqualified|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Etawah district|Etawah]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,92,072
| constituency_no = 199
}}

'''Jaswantnagar Assembly constituency''' is a part of the [[Etawah district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It comes under [[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Jaswantnagar Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/jaswantnagar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Chaudhary Abhay Ram Singh Yadav
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Chaudhary Natthu Singh Yadav<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |title=35वीं पुण्यतिथि पर याद किए चौधरी नत्थू सिंह - Chaudhary Nathu Singh Yadav remembered on 35th death anniversary - Uttar Pradesh Mainpuri Politics News |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/mainpuri-chaudhary-nathu-singh-yadav-remembered-on-35th-death-anniversary-21018437.html |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
|style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Bishambhar Singh Yadav
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Balram Singh Yadav]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lokdal}}" |
|[[Lokdal]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[ Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="7" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="7" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Shivpal Singh Yadav]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaswantnagar<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shivpal Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:159718}}
|percentage = 62.97
|change = +8.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vivek Shakya
|votes = {{formatnum:68739}}
|percentage = 27.1
|change = -4.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Brajendra Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:17515}}
|percentage = 6.91
|change = -3.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Madhu
|votes = {{formatnum:4560}}
|percentage = 1.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1180}}
|percentage = 0.47
|change = -0.1
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:90979}}
|percentage = 35.87
|change = +13.3
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:253630}}
|percentage = 64.69
|change = +1.09
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Assembly Election, 2017]]: [[Jaswantnagar]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Shivpal Singh Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:126834}}
|percentage = 54.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manish Yadav Patre
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:74218}}
|percentage = 31.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Durvesh Kumar Shakya
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:24509}}
|percentage = 10.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1327}}
|percentage = 0.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:52616}}
|percentage = 22.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:233057}}
|percentage = 63.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Assembly Election, 2012]]: [[Jaswantnagar]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shivpal Singh Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,33,563
|percentage = 61.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Manish Yadav Pataray
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 52,479
|percentage = 24.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rakesh Pal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 12,708
|percentage = 5.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Yadav (Guddu)
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 8,260
|percentage = 3.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Sujit Kumar Shakya
|party = [[Mahan Dal|MD]]
|votes = 4,125
|percentage = 1.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 81,084
|percentage = 37.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 2,15,784
|percentage = 64.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Assembly Election, 2007]]: [[Jaswantnagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shivpal Singh Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 73,211
|percentage = 57.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Baba Harnarayan Yadav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 42,404 Votes
|percentage = 33.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dr. Raj Bahadur Singh Yadav
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 4,687
|percentage = 3.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shishu Pal Singh Yadav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,400
|percentage = 1.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Suraj Pal
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 1,872
|percentage = 1.5
}}
{{election box majority
|
|votes = 30,807
|percentage = 24.3
}}
{{election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,26,671
|percentage = 53.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

'''2002'''

[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Shivpal Singh Yadav ( SP ) : 80,544 Votes : 61.41%

● Ramesh Chandra Shakya ( BSP ) : 27,555 Votes : 21.01%

● Shiv Prasad ( BJP ) : 14,146 Votes : 10.79%

● Rakesh Kumar ( RTKP ) : 4,155 Votes : 3.17%

Majority - 52,989 Votes : 40.40%

Turnout - 1,31,158 Votes : 60.28%

Registered Electors : 2,17,582 Voters

'''1996'''

[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Shivpal Singh Yadav ( SP ) : 68,377 Votes : 52.44%

● Darshan Singh Yadav ( INC ) : 57,438 Votes : 44.05%

● Gaya Prasad ( IND ) : 1,771 Votes : 1.36%

● Jayvir Singh Shakya ( BJP ) : 1,508 Votes : 1.16%

Majority - 10,939 Votes : 8.39%

Turnout - 1,30,391 Votes : 61.79%

Registered Electors : 2,11,023 Voters

'''1993'''

[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Mulayam Singh Yadav ( [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] ) : 60,242 Votes : 46.88%

● Darshan Singh Yadav ( INC ) : 59,081 Votes : 45.98%

● Sangh Priya Gautam ( BJP ) : 4,943 Votes : 3.85%

Majority - 1,161 Votes : 0.90%

Turnout - 1,28,495 Votes : 67.76%

Registered Electors : 1,89,633 Voters

'''1991'''

[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Mulayam Singh Yadav [ [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|SJP(R)]] ] : 47,765 Votes : 45.96%

● Darshan Singh ( INC ) : 30,601 Votes : 29.44%

● Daya Shankar Shakya ( BJP ) : 17,199 Votes : 16.55%

● Ram Das Bajpayee ( IND ) : 1,027 Votes : 0.99%

Majority - 17,164 Votes : 16.52%

Turnout - 1,03,937 Votes : 58.84%

Registered Electors : 1,76,644 Voters

'''1989'''

[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Mulayam Singh Yadav ( [[Janata Dal|JD]] ) : 65,597 Votes : 59.26%

● Darshan Singh ( INC ) : 39,160 Votes : 35.38%

● Radheyshyam Shakya ( BJP ) : 1,636 Votes : 1.48%

● Panna Lal ( IND ) : 1,569 Votes : 1.42%

Majority - 26,437 Votes : 23.88%

Turnout - 1,10,690 Votes : 62.99%

Registered Electors : 1,75,727 Voters

'''1985'''

[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Mulayam Singh Yadav ( [[Lokdal|LD]] ) : 49,390 Votes : 57.32%

● Shivraj Singh Yadav ( INC ) : 23,916 Votes : 27.75%

● Kailas Babu ( IND ) : 3,240 Votes : 3.76%

● Gorey Lal Shakya ( IND ) : 3,095 Votes : 3.59%

● Hori Lal ( [[Doordarshi Party|DDP]] ) : 1,300 Votes : 1.51%

● Jaisi Rani ( JP ) : 1,257 Votes : 1.46%

Majority - 25,474 Votes : 29.57%

Turnout - 86,171 Votes : 56.08%

Registered Electors : 1,53,658 Voters

'''1980'''

[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Balram Singh Yadav [ [[Indian National Congress - I|INC(I)]] ] : 44,306 Votes : 51.06%

● Mulayam Singh Yadav [ [[Janata Party (Secular)|JD(S)]] ] : 36,695 Votes : 42.29%

● Babu Ram ( JP ) : 1,518 Votes : 1.75%

● Banshidhar Shakya ( [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ) : 1,184 Votes : 1.36%

Majority - 7,611 Votes : 8.77%

Turnout - 86,775 Votes : 66.24%

Registered Electors : 1,31,001 Voters

'''1977'''

[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Mulayam Singh Yadav ( [[Janata Party|JP]] ) : 41,985 Votes : 64.26%

● Gorey Lal Shakya ( IND ) : 15,523 Votes : 23.76%

● Megh Nath Yadav ( INC ) : 6,294 Votes : 9.63%

● Gyanendra Kumar Dubey ( [[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)|RPK]] ) : 1,536 Votes : 2.35%

Majority - 26,262 Votes : 40.5%

Turnout - 65,338 Votes : 55.71%

Registered Electors : 1,17,283 Voters

'''1974'''

[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Mulayam Singh Yadav ( [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal|BKD]] ) : 31,587 Votes : 42.87%

● Bishambhar Singh Yadav ( INC ) : 17,329 Votes : 23.52%

● Amar Singh [ [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|INC(O)]] ] : 13,316 Votes : 18.07%

● Gaya Prasad ( IND ) : 7,511 Votes : 10.19%

● Bibhuti Prasad ( [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]] ) : 2,888 Votes : 3.92%

● Jas Ram ( SOP ) : 1,056 Votes : 1.43%

Majority - 14,258 Votes : 9.35%

Turnout - 73,687 Votes : 68.97%

Registered Electors : 1,06,839 Voters

'''1969'''

[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Bishambhar Singh Yadav ( [[Indian National Congress|INC]] ) : 24,559 Votes

● Mulayam Singh Yadav ( SSP ) : 19,282 Votes

'''1967'''

[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Mulayam Singh Yadav ( [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] ) : 21,990 Votes

● J.S.Lal ( [[Republican Party of India|RPI]] ) : 10,196 Votes

'''1962'''

[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Chaudhary Natthu Singh Yadav ( [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] ) : 12,045 Votes

● Bishambhar Singh ( INC ) : 11,306 Votes

'''1957'''

[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Abhe Ram ( IND ) : 17,851Votes

● Prabal Pratap Singh ( INC ) : 10,297 Votes

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.88|78.90|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Etawah district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Gandhi and Anarchy

2026-01-29T03:07:47Z

Pankajglobal: entry

{{Short description|Book by Sir C. Sankaran Nair 1922}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Gandhi and Anarchy
| image = Gandhi and Anarchy.png
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption = Title page for ''Gandhi and Anarchy'' (1922)
| author = [[C. Sankaran Nair]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[anarchism in India]]
| genre =
| set_in =
| publisher =
| publisher2 =
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date =
| published = 1922
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}
'''''Gandhi and Anarchy''''' is a book authored by [[C. Sankaran Nair|Sir C. Sankaran Nair]] and published in 1922. In response to its publication, [[Michael O'Dwyer|Sir Michael O'Dwyer]] sued Nair in the [[O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chettur-Sankaran-Nair#ref162832 |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=19 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Sarma1939>{{cite journal |last1=Sarma |first1=R. Naga Raja |title=The Philosophy of Non-Violence—A Scientific Approach |journal=Current Science |date=1939 |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=524–526 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24204959 |issn=0011-3891|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Collett2011>{{cite journal |last1=Collett |first1=Nigel A. |title=The O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case of 1924: New Evidence Concerning Indian Attitudes and British Intelligence During the 1919 Punjab Disturbances |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=2011 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=469–483 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41490046 |issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Anand2021>{{cite book |last1=Anand |first1=Anita |title=The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge, and India's Quest for Independence |date=6 April 2021 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-5011-9571-6 |page=291 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEoiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT291 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]'', 2025 Indian film about the libel case, based on the book ''[[The Case that Shook the Empire]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite book |last1=Sankaran Nair |first1=C. (Chettur) |title=Gandhi and Anarchy |date=1922 |publisher=Tagore and Co. |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhianarchy00sankuoft/page/n5/mode/2up}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Books about India]]
[[Category:Books about Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Works about the Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
[[Category:1922 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Books about British India]]
[[Category:Books about the British Empire]]
[[Category:Books about British politicians]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:Books about anarchism]]

{{India-book-stub}}

Eshwara Temple, Kengeri, Bengaluru

2026-01-22T16:51:55Z

Pankajglobal: new

{{moresources|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Eshwara Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bangalore]]
| location = [[Bangalore]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord [[Shiva]]
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Eshwara Temple''' is a Hindu temple in [[Kengeri, Bangalore]], dedicated to the Lord [[Shiva]]. Dates back to the Chola king [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra Chola]]'s Period (1050 AD).<ref>{{cite news|title=A place of historical significance|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Feb22009/metromon20090201115918.asp|newspaper=DeccanHerald|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213075931/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Feb22009/metromon20090201115918.asp|archivedate=2013-12-13}}</ref>

It is one of Chola Era Temples in Bangalore.

Eshwara Temple is called as Prasanna Someswara Temple and is located near to Kote Anjaneya Swamy Temple in [[Kengeri]].

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:11th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bengaluru]]

Production of Ponniyin Selvan: I and Ponniyin Selvan: II

2026-01-15T22:19:45Z

Pankajglobal: starting a page from scratch.

{{Short description|none}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE: Production of ''Ponniyin Selvan: I'' and ''Ponniyin Selvan: II''}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' and ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' are Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[epic film|epic]] [[Historical drama|historical]] [[action drama film]]s directed by [[Mani Ratnam]], who co-wrote them with [[Elango Kumaravel]] and [[B. Jeyamohan]]. Produced by Ratnam and [[Subaskaran Allirajah]] under [[Madras Talkies]] and [[Lyca Productions]], they are the cinematic adaptations of [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]]'s 1955 novel, ''[[Ponniyin Selvan]]''.

Ever since its publication, a [[film adaptation]] of the novel had been explored by several Tamil filmmakers, including an attempt by [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in the late 1950s; however, it never materialised. Decades later, Ratnam attempted to adapt the novel in the late-1980s and early-2010s but was unsuccessful due to financial constraints. Calling it his "dream project", Ratnam revived the effort in January 2019, after Lyca agreed to fund the film. Following several changes in cast and crew, production of ''Ponniyin Selvan'' began on 11 December 2019 and concluded in 18 September 2021, halting twice due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. It was originally intended to be a single film but was [[List of films split into multiple parts|split into two parts]]. Both parts were shot [[Back-to-back film production|back-to-back]] in various locations across India, with a few sequences in Thailand.

''Ponniyin Selvan: I'' was released in theatres worldwide on 30 September 2022 and ''Ponniyin Selvan: II'' was released in theatres on 28 April 2023.

== Origin ==
In 1958, [[M. G. Ramachandran]] announced ''Ponniyin Selvan'', a film adaptation of [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]]'s historical novel of [[Ponniyin Selvan|the same name]]. Ramachandran bought the film rights to the novel for {{INRConvert|10000|year=1958}}, and would produce, direct and star in the adaptation, which would feature an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[M. N. Rajam]], [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[O. A. K. Thevar]] and [[V. Nagayya]]. Before shooting could begin, Ramachandran met with an accident, and the wound took six months to heal; Ramachandran was unable to continue with the film even after renewing the rights four years later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=வருண்.நா |date=7 January 2020 |title=10 ஆயிரத்துக்கு வாங்கிய எம்.ஜி.ஆர், திரைக்கதை எழுத மகேந்திரன்!-'பொன்னியின் செல்வன்' பின்னணிக் கதைகள் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/from-mgr-to-maniratnam-ponniyin-selvan-on-screen-adaptation-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107152011/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/from-mgr-to-maniratnam-ponniyin-selvan-on-screen-adaptation-history |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Srivathsan |first=A. |date=19 October 2011 |title=Age hardly withers charm of Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/age-hardly-withers-charm-of-ponniyin-selvan/article2550847.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033248/https://www.thehindu.com/books/age-hardly-withers-charm-of-ponniyin-selvan/article2550847.ece |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In the late 1980s, actor [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Mani Ratnam]] worked together on adapting the novel into a film. Composer [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and cinematographer [[P. C. Sreeram]] became attached to the project, while actors including [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] were cast in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=1989 |title=Playing it Safe |url=https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1657284542410137608 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607044855/https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1657284542410137608 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=29 October 1989 |title=பொன்னியின் செல்வன்: கமலின் கனவுகள்... |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1989-10-29/kalki1989-10-29.pdf |access-date=30 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=2–4 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2022 |title=Mani Ratnam first discussed 'Ponniyin Selvan' with Kamal Haasan in 1989. Details inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnam-first-discussed-ponniyin-selvan-with-kamal-haasan-in-1989-details-inside/articleshow/94020403.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007032905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnam-first-discussed-ponniyin-selvan-with-kamal-haasan-in-1989-details-inside/articleshow/94020403.cms |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ratnam revealed that he worked on a first draft of the film alongside Kamal Haasan, who had bought the rights of the novel from Ramachandran, but the pair shelved their plan as the project did not make financial sense at the time.<ref name="Filmfare94">{{Cite magazine |last=Mohammed |first=Khalid |date=January 1994 |title=Mani Matters |url=http://members.tripod.com/s_jagadish/films/mani.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170609074017/http://members.tripod.com/s_jagadish/films/mani.html |archive-date=9 June 2017 |access-date=10 April 2023 |magazine=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> In an interview with ''[[Filmfare]]'' in January 1994, Ratnam stated that it remained one of his "dream projects" and that he had hoped to work on during his career.<ref name="Filmfare94" /> Kamal Haasan then attempted to make the story into a forty-part television series, and worked with writer [[Ra. Ki. Rangarajan]] on the screenplay, but the project was later stalled.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan lures all — from MGR to Kamal Haasan to Mani Ratnam |url=https://thefederal.com/entertainment/ponniyin-selvan-lures-all-from-mgr-to-kamal-haasan-to-mani-ratnam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716125537/https://thefederal.com/entertainment/ponniyin-selvan-lures-all-from-mgr-to-kamal-haasan-to-mani-ratnam/ |archive-date=16 July 2022 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=The Federal}}</ref> After the financial failure of his ''[[Iruvar]]'' (1997), Ratnam was dissuaded by his wife [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] from making a film based on ''Ponniyin Selvan'' due to her belief that Tamil audiences would not accept films based on history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2023 |title=Mani Ratnam's wife Suhasini didn't want him to make Ponniyin Selvan after Iruvar's failure, told him: 'Our people don't want history, give them…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mani-ratnam-wife-suhasini-didnt-want-him-to-make-ponniyin-selvan-after-iruvar-failure-8983788/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015102347/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mani-ratnam-wife-suhasini-didnt-want-him-to-make-ponniyin-selvan-after-iruvar-failure-8983788/ |archive-date=15 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In late 2010, Ratnam renewed his interest in the project and worked alongside writer [[B. Jeyamohan|Jeyamohan]] to finalise the script for the film adaptation of ''Ponniyin Selvan''. Expected to be made in the Tamil at a cost of {{INRConvert|100|c}}, Ratnam planned to produce the film himself initially, with the intention of teaming up with a bigger production house later on in the filmmaking process.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2011 |title={{-'}}Ponniyin Selvan' to come alive on celluloid |url=https://www.thehindu.com/arts/lsquoPonniyin-Selvan-to-come-alive-on-celluloid/article15516717.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033248/https://www.thehindu.com/arts/lsquoPonniyin-Selvan-to-come-alive-on-celluloid/article15516717.ece |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Technicians including composer [[A. R. Rahman]], cinematographer [[Santosh Sivan]], editor [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] and art director [[Sabu Cyril]] were soon after attached to the project.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

Ratnam cast [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in the leading role of [[Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan]]. After signing the film, Vijay called it a "privilege" and a "dream come true" to be working with Ratnam for the second time after ''[[Nerrukku Ner]]'' (1997).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=R S |date=30 March 2011 |title={{-'}}˜I don't get intimidated by anyone{{'-}} |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/I-dont-get-intimidated-by-anyone/articleshow/21642332.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033352/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/I-dont-get-intimidated-by-anyone/articleshow/21642332.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> [[Mahesh Babu]] was cast as Arulmozhi Varman, who later becomes the Chola emperor [[Rajaraja I]] in the project, and also expressed his delight at being selected by Ratnam.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2011 |title=Mani Ratnam signs Mahesh Babu |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mani-ratnam-signs-mahesh-babu-news-tamil-lc2jW3iegebsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215215857/https://www.sify.com/movies/mani-ratnam-signs-mahesh-babu-news-tamil-lc2jW3iegebsi.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] also joined the project to play a third leading male role after the script was narrated to him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2011 |title=Arya signs Mani's Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/arya-signs-mani-s-ponniyin-selvan-news-tamil-ldlkTpdiebdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215215908/https://www.sify.com/movies/arya-signs-mani-s-ponniyin-selvan-news-tamil-ldlkTpdiebdsi.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Sathyaraj]] was signed to play a supporting role in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=28 January 2012 |title=Character Call |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Character-Call/article13384697.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033256/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Character-Call/article13384697.ece |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> During the course of the casting process, Ratnam had also considered other actors including [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Suriya]] and [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] but they eventually did not make the final cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2011 |title=Anushka in Mani's next! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Anushka-in-Manis-next/articleshow/7679576.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Anushka-in-Manis-next/articleshow/7679576.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> For the leading female roles, after considering [[Jyothika]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2019 |title=Mani Ratnam scouting for locations in Thailand for Ponniyin Selvan, see pic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mani-ratnam-scouting-for-locations-in-thailand-for-ponniyin-selvan-see-pic/story-DILy51RsHtTIR3XAHYEJrK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710082854/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mani-ratnam-scouting-for-locations-in-thailand-for-ponniyin-selvan-see-pic/story-DILy51RsHtTIR3XAHYEJrK.html |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2019 |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan' will be shot in Tamil Nadu and Thailand |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-will-be-shot-tamil-nadu-and-thailand-109501 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029204239/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-will-be-shot-tamil-nadu-and-thailand-109501 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> the team finalised [[Anushka Shetty]] for a role and held discussions with [[Priyanka Chopra]] in regard to other characters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2011 |title=Anushka is Ponniyin Selvan heroine |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/anushka-is-ponniyin-selvan-heroine-news-tamil-ldmkacjddbasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215215906/https://www.sify.com/movies/anushka-is-ponniyin-selvan-heroine-news-tamil-ldmkacjddbasi.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2011 |title=Priyanka Chopra in Mani Ratnam's new film? |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/priyanka-chopra-in-mani-ratnam-s-new-film-news-tamil-legsQVihhgesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215215917/https://www.sify.com/movies/priyanka-chopra-in-mani-ratnam-s-new-film-news-tamil-legsQVihhgesi.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Seven days before the scheduled start of the shoot, a photoshoot for the film was held in Chennai featuring Vijay and Mahesh Babu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2017 |title=I was supposed to do Ponniyin Selvan with Vijay:Mahesh Babu |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/i-was-supposed-to-do-ponniyin-selvan-with-vijay-mahesh-babu-news-tamil-rennVKceijdfb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033316/https://www.sify.com/movies/i-was-supposed-to-do-ponniyin-selvan-with-vijay-mahesh-babu-news-tamil-rennVKceijdfb.html |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> For the shoot, the team sought permission from the officials of [[Mysore Palace]] and [[Lalitha Mahal]] to film sequences. However, their requests were denied with palace officials keen to keep film crews away from the historic locations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2014 |title=Mysore Palace kept out of reach of producers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mysore-Palace-kept-out-of-reach-of-producers/articleshow/35012006.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mysore-Palace-kept-out-of-reach-of-producers/articleshow/35012006.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was later shelved before the start of the filming stage, as the expected cost of production escalated. Jeyamohan stated that the film did not materialise as the team struggled to find available locations to shoot the film. He revealed that temple officials in Tamil Nadu refused to allow the team to film scenes on the premises and that the expensive cost of producing replica sets meant that it would not be a viable solution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2016 |title=Writer Jeyamohan reveals why Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan was shelved |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/writer-jeyamohan-reveals-why-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-was-shelved-49536 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033410/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/writer-jeyamohan-reveals-why-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-was-shelved-49536 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== Development ==
In January 2019, Ratnam decided to revive ''Ponniyin Selvan'' after [[Lyca Productions]], who earlier collaborated with him in ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]'' (2018), agreed to fund the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2019 |title=Mani Ratnam to revive his Ponniyin Selvan project? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mani-ratnam-revive-ponniyin-selvan-94719 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033315/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mani-ratnam-revive-ponniyin-selvan-94719 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> While Vikram,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2018 |title=Vikram finalised for Mani Ratnam's adaptation of Ponniyin Selvan? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vikram-finalised-for-mani-ratnam-s-adaptation-of-ponniyin-selvan-1405059-2018-12-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033324/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vikram-finalised-for-mani-ratnam-s-adaptation-of-ponniyin-selvan-1405059-2018-12-08 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Jayam Ravi]] decided to play the lead roles, along with [[Silambarasan]] in a crucial role,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Simbu to team up again for another Mani Ratnam film? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-and-simbu-to-team-up-again-for-another-mani-ratnam-film-1424255-2019-01-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033309/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-and-simbu-to-team-up-again-for-another-mani-ratnam-film-1424255-2019-01-05 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] too assigned the project; the former playing the role of [[Parantaka Chola II|Sundara Chola]] in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2019 |title=Will Amitabh Bachchan and Aishwarya Rai get together on film for Mani Ratnam? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/will-amitabh-bachchan-and-aishwarya-rai-get-together-on-film-for-mani-ratnam-1423364-2019-01-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033333/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/will-amitabh-bachchan-and-aishwarya-rai-get-together-on-film-for-mani-ratnam-1423364-2019-01-04 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Composer A. R. Rahman, screenwriter Jeyamohan and editor Sreekar Prasad, were retained in the new version. In April 2019, a major change in the film's cast took place, with Sethupathi opting out of the project due to schedule conflicts,<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2019 |title=Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan goes on floors; full cast and crew revealed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/dec/13/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-is-officially-launched-cast-and-crew-revealed-16025.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031135419/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/dec/13/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-is-officially-launched-cast-and-crew-revealed-16025.html |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> thus being replaced by [[Karthi]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=7 April 2019 |title=Karthi and Nayanthara in Ponniyin Selvan? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070419/karthi-and-nayanthara-in-ponniyin-selvan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029114731/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070419/karthi-and-nayanthara-in-ponniyin-selvan.html |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> and Anushka Shetty was included in the film's cast,<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2019 |title=Keerthy Suresh joins the star cast of Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/keerthy-suresh-joins-the-star-cast-of-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/68703233.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101134942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/keerthy-suresh-joins-the-star-cast-of-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/68703233.cms |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> working with Ratnam for the first time. Rai later herself confirmed her inclusion in the project, at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan on working with Mani Ratnam: I'll always be excited to work with my guru |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-on-working-with-mani-ratnam-i-ll-always-be-excited-to-work-with-my-guru-1533845-2019-05-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033324/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-on-working-with-mani-ratnam-i-ll-always-be-excited-to-work-with-my-guru-1533845-2019-05-24 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2019 |title=Aishwarya Rai confirms that she is a part of Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan{{'-}} |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aishwarya-rai-confirms-she-part-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-102570 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033417/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aishwarya-rai-confirms-she-part-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-102570 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Anushka Shetty, who was part of the film's old version, officially signed the project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2019 |title=After Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Anushka Shetty roped in for Mani Ratnam's next? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-anushka-shetty-roped-in-for-mani-ratnams-next/articleshow/69535847.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-anushka-shetty-roped-in-for-mani-ratnams-next/articleshow/69535847.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2019 |title=After Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Baahubali star Anushka Shetty roped in for Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-baahubali-star-anushka-shetty-roped-in-for-mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-1536273-2019-05-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029214855/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-baahubali-star-anushka-shetty-roped-in-for-mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-1536273-2019-05-28 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Vikram, who is one of the principal characters in the film, too confirmed his part.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2019 |title=Chiyaan Vikram on Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan: I will shoot for it early next year |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chiyaan-vikram-on-mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-i-will-shoot-for-it-early-next-year-1565219-2019-07-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029185235/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chiyaan-vikram-on-mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-i-will-shoot-for-it-early-next-year-1565219-2019-07-09 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2019 |title=After Aishwarya Rai, Vikram is a part of Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/after-aishwarya-rai-vikram-is-a-part-of-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-5819743/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029224654/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/after-aishwarya-rai-vikram-is-a-part-of-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-5819743/ |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Veteran actors [[R. Parthiban]] and [[Jayaram]] were also reported to join the film's cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2019 |title=Parthiban joins the cast of Mani Ratnam's Ponnyin Selvan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parthiban-joins-the-cast-of-mani-ratnams-ponnyin-selvan/articleshow/70418761.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814122856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parthiban-joins-the-cast-of-mani-ratnams-ponnyin-selvan/articleshow/70418761.cms |archive-date=14 August 2019 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2019 |title=Jayaram joins Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jayaram-joins-mani-ratnam-ponniyin-selvan-5940783/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033344/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jayaram-joins-mani-ratnam-ponniyin-selvan-5940783/ |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Rajinikanth wanted to portray [[Paluvettaraiyar|Periya Pazhuvettaraiyar]], but Ratnam refused since it would upset the actor's fans; the role went to Sarathkumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan: Rajinikanth had imagined Sridevi as Kundavai, asked Mani Ratnam to give him a cameo |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-rajinikanth-had-imagined-sridevi-as-kundavai-101662519695641.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919095025/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-rajinikanth-had-imagined-sridevi-as-kundavai-101662519695641.html |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

In June 2019, [[Elango Kumaravel]] announced that he would co-write the screenplay for this version with Ratnam and Jeyamohan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2019 |title=Elango Kumaravel to co-write Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan' adaptation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jun/21/elango-kumaravel-to-co-write-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-adaptation-1993481.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033349/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jun/21/elango-kumaravel-to-co-write-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-adaptation-1993481.html |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Ratnam decided to retain cinematographer Santhosh Sivan for this project. However, his unavailability made the director to sign on [[Ravi Varman]]. Varman, was working for ''[[Indian 2]]'', directed by [[S. Shankar]], before signing the film's project. But the latter's delay made Varman to quit the film, making him available for ''Ponniyin Selvan''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2019 |title=Cinematographer Ravi Varman opts out of Shankar's 'Indian 2{{'-}} |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cinematographer-ravi-varman-opts-out-shankar-s-indian-2-106485 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033346/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cinematographer-ravi-varman-opts-out-shankar-s-indian-2-106485 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> In September 2019, Ratnam confirmed that he will be working with the composer and lyricist duo Rahman and [[Vairamuthu]], who were a part of Ratnam's frequent collaborations since ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' (1992). However, it received huge displeasure from netizens, as the latter was [[MeToo movement in India#Vairamuthu|accused of sexual misconduct and harassment]] by several women singers and artists from the Tamil film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2022 |title=Mani Ratnam and AR Rahman to work with Vairamuthu, who was named in #MeToo? Internet explodes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mani-ratnam-and-ar-rahman-to-work-with-vairamuthu-who-was-named-in-metoo-internet-explodes-1596652-2019-09-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033351/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mani-ratnam-and-ar-rahman-to-work-with-vairamuthu-who-was-named-in-metoo-internet-explodes-1596652-2019-09-07 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> This also resulted in Anushka Shetty opting out of the project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Suhasini |date=27 September 2019 |title=Anushka Shetty takes a bold decision: Everyone is happy and showering praises |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/anushka-shetty-takes-a-bold-decision-everyone-is-happy-and-showering-praises--567662 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030011330/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/anushka-shetty-takes-a-bold-decision-everyone-is-happy-and-showering-praises--567662 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> Art director [[Thota Tharani]] signed the new version of the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2019 |title=Art director Thota Tharani teams up with Mani Ratnam for Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/art-director-thota-tharani-teams-up-with-mani-ratnam-for-ponniyin-selvan-1597226-2019-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029171019/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/art-director-thota-tharani-teams-up-with-mani-ratnam-for-ponniyin-selvan-1597226-2019-09-09 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Costume designer [[Eka Lakhani]] travelled to [[Thanjavur]] temples to study sculptures, meet weavers, and understand the heritage before starting the process of designing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naidu |first=Siddharth |date=10 May 2020 |title=VoxTalks With Eka Lakhani: The Art Of Costume Designing In The New Age Indian Cinema |url=https://www.voxspace.in/2020/05/10/voxtalks-with-eka-lakhani/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021185707/https://www.voxspace.in/2020/05/10/voxtalks-with-eka-lakhani/ |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=voxspace.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2020 |title=Eka Lakhani OPENS UP about designing costumes for Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/eka-lakhani-opens-about-designing-costumes-mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-522370 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620233742/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/eka-lakhani-opens-about-designing-costumes-mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-522370 |archive-date=20 June 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>

== Pre-production ==
Ratnam announced that the film's shoot would take place across [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Thailand]],<ref name="thenewsminute.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2019 |title=Ponniyin Selvan to go on floors in November |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-mani-ratnam-shooting-november-thailand-6025266/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033405/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-mani-ratnam-shooting-november-thailand-6025266/ |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> and as per his advice, several actors from the film including Vikram, Jayam Ravi, Karthi grew their hair long for their roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=24 September 2019 |title=Mani Ratnam asks PS heroes to grow their manes |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/240919/mani-ratnam-asks-ps-heroes-to-grow-their-manes.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033409/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/240919/mani-ratnam-asks-ps-heroes-to-grow-their-manes.html |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2019 |title=Ponniyin Selvan: Karthi, Jayam Ravi, Ashwin Kakumanu sweat it out in the BTS picture from Mani Ratnam's film |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ponniyin-selvan-karthi-jayam-ravi-ashwin-kakumanu-sweat-it-out-bts-picture-mani-ratnams-film-495144 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033404/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ponniyin-selvan-karthi-jayam-ravi-ashwin-kakumanu-sweat-it-out-bts-picture-mani-ratnams-film-495144 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 September 2019 |title=Ponniyin Selvan to go on floors in November; Star cast to develop attractive manes for their roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ponniyin-selvan-to-go-on-floors-in-november-star-cast-to-develop-attractive-manes-for-their-roles/articleshow/71257629.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ponniyin-selvan-to-go-on-floors-in-november-star-cast-to-develop-attractive-manes-for-their-roles/articleshow/71257629.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In October 2019, [[Ashwin Kakumanu]] announced his inclusion in the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Ashwin Kakumanu to star in Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan adaptation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ashwin-kakumanu-mani-ratnam-ponniyin-selvan-adaptation-6085849/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033430/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ashwin-kakumanu-mani-ratnam-ponniyin-selvan-adaptation-6085849/ |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=23 October 2019 |title=I want to be part of something that has not been done before: Ashwin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-want-to-be-part-of-something-that-has-not-been-done-before-ashwin/articleshow/71706347.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033223/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-want-to-be-part-of-something-that-has-not-been-done-before-ashwin/articleshow/71706347.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Actor [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] shared a picture of him along with Ratnam, raising expectations about the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2019 |title=Actor Lal posts pic with Mani Ratnam, raises speculations |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-lal-posts-pic-mani-ratnam-raises-speculations-111510 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033422/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-lal-posts-pic-mani-ratnam-raises-speculations-111510 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> He further confirmed his inclusion, stating that he will play the role of an aged warrior in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=Malayalam actor Lal joins Ponniyin Selvan: I play an aged warrior in Mani Ratnam's film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/malayalam-actor-lal-joins-ponniyin-selvan-i-play-an-aged-warrior-in-mani-ratnam-s-film-1624937-2019-12-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033247/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/malayalam-actor-lal-joins-ponniyin-selvan-i-play-an-aged-warrior-in-mani-ratnam-s-film-1624937-2019-12-04 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Prior to the film's shoot,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2019 |title=Mani Ratnam to begin shooting Ponniyin Selvan in Thailand next month |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mani-ratnam-to-begin-shooting-ponniyin-selvan-in-thailand-next-month-1617031-2019-11-08 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033425/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mani-ratnam-to-begin-shooting-ponniyin-selvan-in-thailand-next-month-1617031-2019-11-08 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Ratnam went on a location recce across Thailand, and a few reports stated on choosing Thailand as the primary spot, since its rich forests and the temples there resemble the 10th-century feel in which the story is set.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=15 November 2019 |title=Mani Ratnam on location recce for 'Ponniyin Selvan{{'-}} |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnam-on-location-recce-for-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/72066262.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnam-on-location-recce-for-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/72066262.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Although discussions were held with both [[Amala Paul]] and [[Keerthy Suresh]] for the role of Poonguzhali, neither of them signed the film. While the former stated call sheet issues as the reason,<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Is Amala Paul out of Ponniyin Selvan? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/121119/is-amala-paul-out-of-ponniyin-selvan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033428/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/121119/is-amala-paul-out-of-ponniyin-selvan.html |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> the latter cited she was chosen for ''[[Annaatthe]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2019 |title=Keerthy Suresh walked out of Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan' for Rajinikanth's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/keerthy-suresh-walked-out-of-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-for-rajinikanths-film/articleshow/72486164.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/keerthy-suresh-walked-out-of-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-for-rajinikanths-film/articleshow/72486164.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In 2019, [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] was signed to replace Anushka to play the Chola princess [[Kundavai Pirāttiyār]] and thereby marking her second collaboration with Ratnam after ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' (2004). Ratnam modelled Trisha after the former actress and politician [[J. Jayalalithaa]] for his depiction of Kundavai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=5 December 2019 |title=Trisha is the latest addition in Mani's Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-is-the-latest-addition-in-manis-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/72367080.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-is-the-latest-addition-in-manis-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/72367080.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 2023 |title=Mani Ratnam told Trisha Krishnan to take inspiration from this politician to play Kundavai in Ponniyin Selvan 2 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-2-mani-ratnam-told-trisha-krishnan-to-take-inspiration-from-this-politician-to-play-kunda-101682582167404.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218135231/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-2-mani-ratnam-told-trisha-krishnan-to-take-inspiration-from-this-politician-to-play-kunda-101682582167404-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A few addition in the film's cast took place, with [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] and [[Vikram Prabhu]] were reportedly signed in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=13 December 2019 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi and Vikram Prabhu join the cast of Mani's dream film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-lekshmi-and-vikram-prabhu-join-the-cast-of-manis-dream-film/articleshow/72491391.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413072744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-lekshmi-and-vikram-prabhu-join-the-cast-of-manis-dream-film/articleshow/72491391.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=11 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Characters ==
[[File:Ponniyin Selvan Family Tree English.jpg|thumb|Chart of characters involved in ''Ponniyin Selvan'']]
The story thread of ''Ponniyin Selvan'' spans years and more than 50 characters,<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2019 |title={{-'}}Ponniyin Selvan': Can Kalki's epic ever be captured in film with its essence intact? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ponniyin-selvan-can-kalki-s-epic-ever-be-captured-film-its-essence-intact-103292 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033442/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ponniyin-selvan-can-kalki-s-epic-ever-be-captured-film-its-essence-intact-103292 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> with 15 principal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2019 |title=Mani Ratnam 's Ponniyin Selvan (In Pics) : 15 principal characters, 15 adept actors – Who's playing who in the epic adaptation? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/dec/18/mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-in-pics--15-principal-characters-15-adept-actors---whos-playing-810.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033504/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/dec/18/mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-in-pics--15-principal-characters-15-adept-actors---whos-playing-810.html |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The older version of Ratnam's film adaptation had Vijay playing Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan one of the two protagonists<ref name=":1" /> and Mahesh Babu playing the other protagonist role of Arulmozhivarman alias [[Rajaraja I]] alias Ponniyin Selvan, after whom the novel is named.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2020 |title=Vijay and Mahesh Babu were the initial leads for 'Ponniyin Selvan', reveals Mani Ratnam's assistant Dhana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-and-mahesh-babu-were-the-initial-leads-for-ponniyin-selvan-reveals-mani-ratnams-assistant-dhana/articleshow/76170774.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-and-mahesh-babu-were-the-initial-leads-for-ponniyin-selvan-reveals-mani-ratnams-assistant-dhana/articleshow/76170774.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After the project was revived, the roles went to Karthi and Jayam Ravi respectively. It was later reported that Rai will play dual roles in the film, as Nandini, the main antagonist of the novel, and her mute mother, queen Mandakini Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2020 |title=Ponniyin Selvan: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan To Play Antagonist; Sobhita Dhulipala Joins Mani Ratnam's Next |url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/trending/ponniyin-selvan-sobhita-dhulipala-joins-mani-ratnams-next-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-to-play-the-antagonist-article134059.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033530/https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/tv-trending/bigg-boss-14-day-58-highlights-jasmin-kavita-wonder-if-rubinas-secret-is-fake-eijaz-becomes-the-first-finalist-article168452.htm |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=Desimartini}}</ref> For his role as Azhwarkadiyan Nambi, Jayaram sported a bald look in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2020 |title=Jayaram to play Azhwarkadiyan Nambi in Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayaram-to-play-azhwarkadiyan-nambi-in-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/76135651.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033451/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayaram-to-play-azhwarkadiyan-nambi-in-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/76135651.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Trisha would play the role of Kundavai alias Illaiya Piratti.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2020 |title=Trisha to play Jayam Ravi's sister in 'Ponniyin Selvan{{'-}} |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-to-play-jayam-ravis-sister-in-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/73610819.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-to-play-jayam-ravis-sister-in-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/73610819.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> For the role of Poonguzhali, Aishwarya Lekshmi learnt rowing, as the character Poonguzhali is a boat woman in the novel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2019 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi learns to row a boat for Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-lekshmi-learns-to-drive-a-boat-for-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/72532656.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-lekshmi-learns-to-drive-a-boat-for-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/72532656.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Post shooting being suspended due to lockdown, Trisha trained in horse-riding at the Madras School of Equitation during October–November 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2020 |title=Is Trisha training horse riding for Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-trisha-training-horse-riding-for-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/78947858.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127071024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-trisha-training-horse-riding-for-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/78947858.cms |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2020 |title=Trisha completes horse riding course for Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-completes-horse-riding-course-for-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/79237473.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116075142/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-completes-horse-riding-course-for-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/79237473.cms |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Both Jayam Ravi and Karthi, confirmed their characters playing in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=Jayam Ravi wraps up his portions in 'Ponniyin Selvan', Karthi reveals his character! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/jayam-ravi-wraps-up-his-portions-in-ponniyin-selvan-karthi-reveals-his-character-news-tamil-vi0f1Naidfjcf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827170406/https://www.sify.com/movies/jayam-ravi-wraps-up-his-portions-in-ponniyin-selvan-karthi-reveals-his-character-news-tamil-vi0f1Naidfjcf.html |archive-date=27 August 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Filming ==
=== Budget ===
''Ponniyin Selvan'' was originally planned as a single film with a budget of {{INRConvert|500|c}}.<ref name="budget1">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2021 |title=Telangana folk, tribal arts in Mani Ratnam's movie |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-folk-tribal-arts-in-mani-ratnams-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210183924/https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-folk-tribal-arts-in-mani-ratnams-movie |archive-date=10 February 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref><ref name="budget2">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2021 |title=70% of ''Ponniyin Selvan'' shoot was completed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ponniyin-selvan-mani-ratnam-shifts-shoot-plan-due-to-corona-second-wave/articleshow/82048490.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414013101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ponniyin-selvan-mani-ratnam-shifts-shoot-plan-due-to-corona-second-wave/articleshow/82048490.cms |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Later, it was [[List of films split into multiple parts|split into two parts]] that were to be shot [[Back-to-back film production|back-to-back]], with some sources reporting that ₹500 crore budget was spread across two parts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2022 |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan' OTT rights and release date details revealed! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mani-ratnam-ar-rahman-chiyaan-vikram-aishwarya-rai-ponniyin-selvan-ott-right-release-date-details-update-tamil-news-313170 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429124139/https://www.indiaglitz.com/mani-ratnam-ar-rahman-chiyaan-vikram-aishwarya-rai-ponniyin-selvan-ott-right-release-date-details-update-tamil-news-313170 |archive-date=29 April 2022 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan: Rs 125 Cr Pre-release! |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994497935/Mani-Ratnams-Ponniyin-Selvan-Rs-Cr-Prerelease |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708143151/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994497935/Mani-Ratnams-Ponniyin-Selvan-Rs-Cr-Prerelease |archive-date=8 July 2022 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=India Herald}}</ref>

=== Principal photography ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 11 December 2019 at [[Krabi]], [[Kanchanaburi]] and other places in Thailand, where the crew planned its shooting schedule for 40 days.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cr |first=Sharanya |date=12 December 2019 |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan' starts rolling in Thailand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-starts-rolling-in-thailand/articleshow/72474323.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191212063316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-starts-rolling-in-thailand/articleshow/72474323.cms |archive-date=12 December 2019 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After completing the first schedule in January 2020, the team planned to shoot the second schedule in [[Chennai]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2020 |title=Mani Ratnam plans to shoot 'Ponniyin Selvan' in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnam-plans-to-shoot-ponniyin-selvan-in-chennai/articleshow/73798844.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnam-plans-to-shoot-ponniyin-selvan-in-chennai/articleshow/73798844.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> but later moved to [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]. The second schedule of shooting took place on 3 February in Puducherry, and completed within six days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2020 |title=Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan shooting schedule starts in Pondicherry? Find out |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-shooting-schedule-starts-pondicherry-find-out-504838%3famp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730171354/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-shooting-schedule-starts-pondicherry-find-out-504838?amp |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |date=3 February 2020 |title=Ponniyin Selvan team shoots in Pondicherry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ponniyin-selvan-team-shoots-in-pondicherry/articleshow/73900982.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ponniyin-selvan-team-shoots-in-pondicherry/articleshow/73900982.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The team then moved to [[Hyderabad]] for the next schedule, on 10 February,<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2020 |title=Riaz Khan joins 'Ponniyin Selvan' shooting in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/riaz-khan-joins-ponniyin-selvan-shooting-in-hyderabad/articleshow/74062202.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/riaz-khan-joins-ponniyin-selvan-shooting-in-hyderabad/articleshow/74062202.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> where the entire team planned to shoot at [[Ramoji Film City]]. The second schedule was wrapped up on 26 February.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2020 |title={{-'}}Ponniyin Selvan' second schedule wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ponniyin-selvan-second-schedule-wrapped-up/articleshow/74314950.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ponniyin-selvan-second-schedule-wrapped-up/articleshow/74314950.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was reported that, Karthi faced an accident while he was shooting in Hyderabad, where he was thrown up in the air, while riding a horse, however he faced only minor injuries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2020 |title=Karthi gets hurled up into the air by a horse during the shoot of Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan{{'-}} |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-gets-hurled-up-into-the-air-by-a-horse-during-the-shoot-of-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/74389141.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-gets-hurled-up-into-the-air-by-a-horse-during-the-shoot-of-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/74389141.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> {{As of|2020|3}}, the makers shot the major portion of the film for 90 days before shooting being interrupted due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=29 May 2020 |title=Stars will have to reduce their price: Mani Ratnam on films and filmmaking in a post-COVID world |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mani-ratnam-on-post-covid-world/article31702513.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033520/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mani-ratnam-on-post-covid-world/article31702513.ece |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In January 2020, it was reported that the film would be split into two parts,<ref name="Ponniyin Selvan">{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=5 January 2020 |title=Mani's Ponniyin Selvan to release in two parts |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2020/01/05002921/1207634/Manis-Ponniyin-Selvan-to-release-in-two-parts.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630102033/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2020/01/05002921/1207634/Manis-Ponniyin-Selvan-to-release-in-two-parts.vpf |archive-date=30 June 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> which was confirmed by Mani Ratnam in April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2020 |title=Ponniyin Selvan will be made in two parts, confirms Mani Ratnam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponniyin-selvan-will-be-made-in-two-parts-confirms-mani-ratnam-1667109-2020-04-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033433/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponniyin-selvan-will-be-made-in-two-parts-confirms-mani-ratnam-1667109-2020-04-15 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2020 |title=Ponniyin Selvan to be a two-parter, Mani Ratnam confirms |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/apr/14/ponniyan-selvan-to-be-a-duology-mani-ratnam-confirms-18021.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033445/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/apr/14/ponniyan-selvan-to-be-a-duology-mani-ratnam-confirms-18021.html |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

In September 2020, Ratnam eventually planned to resume the shooting at [[Sri Lanka]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2020 |title={{-'}}Ponniyin Selvan' shoot to resume from October in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ponniyin-selvan-shoot-resume-october-sri-lanka-132433 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919235120/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ponniyin-selvan-shoot-resume-october-sri-lanka-132433 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> but due to [[Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic|restrictions on international travel]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2020 |title=Mani Ratnam to restart 'Ponniyin Selvan' shooting in Sri Lanka? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnam-to-restart-ponniyin-selvan-shooting-in-sri-lanka/articleshow/77905735.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903185316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnam-to-restart-ponniyin-selvan-shooting-in-sri-lanka/articleshow/77905735.cms |archive-date=3 September 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> it was difficult for the team to get permission from the officials to resume filming,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2020 |title=Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan to resume shoot in October, next schedule in Sri Lanka: report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-to-resume-shoot-in-october-next-schedule-in-sri-lanka-report/story-ZFqWIt8C7zTmC4dD5hB9vK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131023150/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-to-resume-shoot-in-october-next-schedule-in-sri-lanka-report/story-ZFqWIt8C7zTmC4dD5hB9vK.html |archive-date=31 January 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> and therefore decided to shoot major portions of the film in India. Ratnam wanted to shoot major portions in Hyderabad, [[Jaisalmer]], [[Jaipur]], Madhya Pradesh and many prominent locations across India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2 November 2020 |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan' shooting to resume by mid-November |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shooting-to-resume-by-mid-november/articleshow/78995873.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033520/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shooting-to-resume-by-mid-november/articleshow/78995873.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Although the team eventually planned for filming in mid-November,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2020 |title=Shoot of Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan to resume by mid-November: report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/shoot-of-mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-to-resume-by-mid-november-report/story-hKcu8HKLKKGk5nYzrMe25H.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131023147/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/shoot-of-mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-to-resume-by-mid-november-report/story-hKcu8HKLKKGk5nYzrMe25H.html |archive-date=31 January 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> he decided against doing so,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2020 |title=Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan: Shooting of the multi starrer historical flick to be resumed in mid November? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-shooting-multi-starrer-historical-flick-be-resumed-mid-november-571949?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103081430/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-shooting-multi-starrer-historical-flick-be-resumed-mid-november-571949?amp |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> lamenting that despite government permitting film shootings, it was advised that the film's shooting must have minimal crew members, with not more than 75 people working on the film. Ratnam stated that since 500 people will be featured in the film's shoot, it is difficult for shooting in mid-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2020 |title=Ponniyin Selvan shoot to resume after Deepavali |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2020/11/04002924/1260213/Ponniyin-Selvan-shoot-to-resume-after-Deepavali.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103194739/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2020/11/04002924/1260213/Ponniyin-Selvan-shoot-to-resume-after-Deepavali.vpf |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> On 10 December, a minor schedule of the film took place in [[Pollachi]], featuring the lead actors. The team stated that the major schedule of the film will take place in January 2021, and was touted to be the biggest schedule, which will be wrapped up in a single stretch.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2020 |title=Ponniyin Selvan shoot resumes in Pollachi from Thursday |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2020/12/10011215/1265941/Ponniyin-Selvan-shoot-resumes-in-Pollachi-from-Thursday.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208025210/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2020/12/10011215/1265941/Ponniyin-Selvan-shoot-resumes-in-Pollachi-from-Thursday.vpf |archive-date=8 February 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> Vikram was reported to be present in the schedule, after completing the shoot for ''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2020 |title=Chiyaan Vikram to resume shooting for 'Ponniyin Selvan' from January |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chiyaan-vikram-to-resume-shooting-for-ponniyin-selvan-from-january/articleshow/79735366.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215152327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chiyaan-vikram-to-resume-shooting-for-ponniyin-selvan-from-january/articleshow/79735366.cms |archive-date=15 December 2020 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After a nine-month long hiatus,<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 2021 |title={{-'}}Ponniyin Selvan' shoot to resume in Hyderabad from 6 January |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ponniyin-selvan-shoot-to-resume-in-hyderabad-from-january-6/articleshow/80097906.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106144921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ponniyin-selvan-shoot-to-resume-in-hyderabad-from-january-6/articleshow/80097906.cms |archive-date=6 January 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> the shooting for the film resumed on 6 January 2021 at Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=6 January 2021 |title=Mani Ratnam resumes shooting for Ponniyin Selvan in Hyderabad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mani-ratnam-resumes-shooting-for-ponniyin-selvan-in-hyderabad/story-gvaYICvp9MhX72cErRMeYK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109020403/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mani-ratnam-resumes-shooting-for-ponniyin-selvan-in-hyderabad/story-gvaYICvp9MhX72cErRMeYK.html |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The major schedule featured the attendance of Sarathkumar,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2021 |title=Sarathkumar and Aishwarya Rai begin shooting for Ponniyin Selvan? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sarathkumar-and-aishwarya-rai-begin-shooting-for-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/80167195.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114042624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sarathkumar-and-aishwarya-rai-begin-shooting-for-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/80167195.cms |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Rai,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2021 |title=Aishwarya Rai snapped after Ponniyin Selvan shoot in Hyderabad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-snapped-after-ponniyin-selvan-shoot-in-hyderabad-101611725547307.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203183806/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-snapped-after-ponniyin-selvan-shoot-in-hyderabad-101611725547307.html |archive-date=3 February 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Trisha,<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 January 2021 |title=Trisha heads to hyderabad for Ponniyin Selvan shooting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-heads-to-hyderabad-for-ponniyin-selvan-shooting/articleshow/80333195.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208025214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-heads-to-hyderabad-for-ponniyin-selvan-shooting/articleshow/80333195.cms |archive-date=8 February 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Rahman,<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2021 |title=Actor Rahman joins the cast of Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-rahman-joins-the-cast-of-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/80217538.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208025213/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-rahman-joins-the-cast-of-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/80217538.cms |archive-date=8 February 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Prakash Raj,<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2021 |title=Prakash Raj collaborates with Mani Ratnam again for 'Ponniyin Selvan{{'-}} |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prakash-raj-collaborates-with-mani-ratnam-again-for-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/80264949.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124192953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prakash-raj-collaborates-with-mani-ratnam-again-for-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/80264949.cms |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Parthiban and Mohan Raman.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2021 |title=Parthiepan & Mohan Ram join the sets of Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parthiepan-mohan-ram-join-the-sets-of-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/80246193.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113111247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parthiepan-mohan-ram-join-the-sets-of-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/80246193.cms |archive-date=13 January 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 3 February 2021, the makers shot for a special number featuring Trisha and 250 other artists at a huge set constructed at Ramoji Film City. The art direction team, supervised by Thotta Tharani, had constructed five huge sets in the shooting location.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=3 February 2021 |title=Mani Ratnam shoots with over 200 artists for a grand song in 'Ponniyin Selvan{{'-}} |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnam-shoots-with-over-200-artists-for-a-grand-song-in-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/80666075.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203103749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnam-shoots-with-over-200-artists-for-a-grand-song-in-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/80666075.cms |archive-date=3 February 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> According to the executive producer Siva Ananth, the lead cast members began shooting for the portions in Hyderabad, excluding Vikram, who earlier shot for the portions in January, and was reported to join the sets in between a brief break during the schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2021 |title=Ponniyin Selvan shoot progressing across five different sets |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2021/02/02011412/1274117/Ponniyin-Selvan-shoot-progressing-across-five-different-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208025215/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2021/02/02011412/1274117/Ponniyin-Selvan-shoot-progressing-across-five-different-.vpf |archive-date=8 February 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> After filming for a schedule ended in March, the next schedule was to start in May; by 23 April, it was delayed to June due to a spike in COVID-19 cases. Plans to shoot in North Indian states during that time was changed to instead shoot in Chennai and Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan' next schedule postponed to June |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-next-schedule-postponed-to-june/articleshow/82214536.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423121840/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-next-schedule-postponed-to-june/articleshow/82214536.cms |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In mid-June 2021, it was announced that shooting would only resume once there were fewer COVID-19 cases.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2021 |title=Ponniyin Selvan team to shoot outdoors post lockdown |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/06/16002611/1301179/Ponniyin-Selvan-team-to-shoot-outdoors-post-lockdown.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182349/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/06/16002611/1301179/Ponniyin-Selvan-team-to-shoot-outdoors-post-lockdown.vpf |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>

Filming resumed in July 2021 at [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2021 |title=Mani Ratnam resumes 'Ponniyin Selvan' in Pondicherry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnam-resumes-ponniyin-selvan-in-pondicherry/articleshow/84470125.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720112721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnam-resumes-ponniyin-selvan-in-pondicherry/articleshow/84470125.cms |archive-date=20 July 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In August, the team went to [[Madhya Pradesh]] for location scouting, so that they can shoot the pending portions, and later resumed the shoot in [[Orchha]] and [[Gwalior]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=18 August 2021 |title=Prakash Raj resumes Ponniyin Selvan shoot after surgery, shares pic with Mani Ratnam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prakash-raj-resumes-ponniyin-selvan-shoot-after-surgery-shares-pic-with-mani-ratnam-1842185-2021-08-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818184829/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prakash-raj-resumes-ponniyin-selvan-shoot-after-surgery-shares-pic-with-mani-ratnam-1842185-2021-08-18 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> By late-August, Jayam Ravi and Vikram had completed their portions for both the parts in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayani |date=29 August 2021 |title=Breaking: Another star actor completes his portion of shoot for Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan - Deets! |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/breaking-another-star-actor-completes-his-portion-of-shoot-for-mani-ratnams.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903095432/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/breaking-another-star-actor-completes-his-portion-of-shoot-for-mani-ratnams.html |archive-date=3 September 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The team then moved to [[Maheshwar]] for another schedule which majorly focuses on Karthi and Trisha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2021 |title=Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan team travels by train for shoot in Maheshwar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-team-travels-by-train-for-shoot-in-maheshwar/articleshow/85776217.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903095425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-team-travels-by-train-for-shoot-in-maheshwar/articleshow/85776217.cms |archive-date=3 September 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 4 September, Rahman confirmed that he completed his portions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2021 |title=Rahman wraps up his portions for Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan{{'-}} |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rahman-wraps-up-his-portions-for-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/85942608.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918162556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rahman-wraps-up-his-portions-for-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/85942608.cms |archive-date=18 September 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The team had begun shooting in Pollachi for a song sequence, in the middle of the month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2021 |title=Mani Ratnam moves to Pollachi for the next schedule of 'Ponniyin Selvan{{'-}} |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnam-moves-to-pollachi-for-the-next-schedule-of-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/86195933.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914200659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnam-moves-to-pollachi-for-the-next-schedule-of-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/86195933.cms |archive-date=14 September 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The team moved to [[Pollachi]] and then to [[Mysore]] to shoot some sequences. It was reported that Karthi joined shooting in Pollachi and Ashwin Kakamanu joined shooting in Mysore. Karthi finished shooting for his portions on 16 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=17 September 2021 |title=Karthi announces Ponniyin Selvan wrap up with a funny tweet to Trisha and Jayam Ravi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthi-announces-ponniyin-selvan-wrap-up-with-a-funny-tweet-to-trisha-and-jayam-ravi-1853950-2021-09-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918112351/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthi-announces-ponniyin-selvan-wrap-up-with-a-funny-tweet-to-trisha-and-jayam-ravi-1853950-2021-09-17 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> On 18 September, Ratnam confirmed that the entire shooting of the first part has been wrapped, except for few sequences in the second part.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2021 |title=Mani Ratnam wraps 'Ponniyin Selvan' shoot |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/sep/18/mani-ratnam-wraps-ponniyin-selvan-shoot-2360602.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918181740/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/sep/18/mani-ratnam-wraps-ponniyin-selvan-shoot-2360602.html |archive-date=18 September 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In March 2022, Jayam Ravi and Karthi shot a small patchwork in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2022 |title=Karthi and Jayam Ravi travel to Mumbai for 'Ponniyin Selvan' patch shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-and-jayam-ravi-travel-to-mumbai-for-ponniyin-selvan-patch-shoot/articleshow/90306809.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706101957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-and-jayam-ravi-travel-to-mumbai-for-ponniyin-selvan-patch-shoot/articleshow/90306809.cms |archive-date=6 July 2022 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The remaining patchwork of the second part was shot in January 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2022 |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan 2' patchwork to be shot in January |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-2-patchwork-to-be-shot-in-january/articleshow/96109863.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215025424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-2-patchwork-to-be-shot-in-january/articleshow/96109863.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=12 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Post-production ==
=== Dubbing ===
Dubbing works started on 27 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=CUUjbDPhbNh |user=vidhyasubramanian_art |title=Just came back from dubbing for the first time. On a roll with the out of comfort zone thing 😃 Now for a Varnam to hit the reset button. |date=27 September 2021 |author=Vidhya Subramanian |access-date=10 April 2023 |url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/vidhyasubramanian_art/2671916269472953185_2671916265656057760 }}</ref> Vikram dubbed for himself for five languages, in Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada, but only in the trailer. Both Jayam Ravi and Karthi dubbed for the Tamil and the Telugu versions of the film,<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2022 |title=பொன்னியின் செல்வன் - 5 மொழிகளிலும் டப்பிங் பேசி அசத்திய விக்ரம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/106452/cinema/Kollywood/Ponniyin-Selvan-:-Vikram-speaks-dubbing-in-5-languages.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709202719/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/106452/cinema/Kollywood/Ponniyin-Selvan-:-Vikram-speaks-dubbing-in-5-languages.htm |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan I: Vikram dubs for Aditya Karikalan in 5 languages, watch video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-i-vikram-dubs-for-aditya-karikalan-in-5-languages-watch-8027191/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714085252/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-i-vikram-dubs-for-aditya-karikalan-in-5-languages-watch-8027191/ |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> with the latter also dubbing in Hindi.

===Editing===
Scenes removed from the film during the editing stage included the "Sol" song featuring Trisha and [[Sobhita Dhulipala]], as well as sequences featuring [[Vijay Yesudas]] and [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]], who portrayed Kudandai Josiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Sol: Deleted song from Ponniyin Selvan 1 is finally here. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sol-deleted-song-from-ponniyin-selvan-1-is-finally-here-watch-8312770/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213102443/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sol-deleted-song-from-ponniyin-selvan-1-is-finally-here-watch-8312770/ |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Aarthi |date=21 February 2023 |title=Ponniyin Selvan: இழுத்தடித்த லைகா… முகநூல் பதிவால் நடிகருக்கு தேடி வந்த சம்பளம் |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/lyca-settles-salary-to-ponniyin-selvan-actor-kathadi-ramamurthy-131676952536345.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306225258/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/lyca-settles-salary-to-ponniyin-selvan-actor-kathadi-ramamurthy-131676952536345.html |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-02 |title=Did you know Vijay Yesudas was part of 'Ponniyin Selvan'? the actor reveals his scenes were chopped |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-vijay-yesudas-was-part-of-ponniyin-selvan-the-actor-reveals-his-scenes-were-chopped/articleshow/100705085.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606115528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-vijay-yesudas-was-part-of-ponniyin-selvan-the-actor-reveals-his-scenes-were-chopped/articleshow/100705085.cms |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=2023-09-09 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Ponniyin Selvan: I (soundtrack)|l1 = Ponniyin Selvan: I ''(soundtrack)''|Ponniyin Selvan: II (soundtrack)|l2 = Ponniyin Selvan: II ''(soundtrack)''|Ponniyin Selvan (Original Score)}}

The [[film score]] and [[soundtrack]] for both films were composed by Mani Ratnam's regular collaborator [[A. R. Rahman]]. The audio rights of the film were purchased by [[Tips Industries|Tips]].

== Lawsuits ==
In September 2021, the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] (AWBI) filed a lawsuit against Mani Ratnam in connection with the death of a horse allegedly during the film's shooting in Hyderabad in August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=FIR against Mani Ratnam's firm as a horse dies on the set of Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/fir-against-mani-ratnams-firm-as-a-horse-dies-on-the-set-of-ponniyin-selvan-50533.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903125342/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/fir-against-mani-ratnams-firm-as-a-horse-dies-on-the-set-of-ponniyin-selvan-50533.html |archive-date=3 September 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> An official from the [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA) India, complained to the local officials against Ratnam, his production house Madras Talkies and the owner of the horse under the [[Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act|Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act]] and [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC), saying that several horses were continuously used for hours at the film set due to which the animals were tired and dehydrated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2021 |title=Horse dies during Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan shooting |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/horse-dies-during-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shooting/article36257070.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903145514/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/horse-dies-during-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shooting/article36257070.ece |archive-date=3 September 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Khushboo Gupta, the Indian Chief Advocatory Officer from PETA raised objections against Mani Ratnam saying that "In the age of computer-generated imagery (CGI), production companies have no excuse for forcing exhausted horses to play at war until one of them drops dead" and felt that "Compassionate, forward-thinking filmmakers would never dream of hauling sensitive animals to a chaotic movie set and forcing them to 'act{{' "}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=Horse dies on Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan set, PETA files complaint |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/horse-dies-on-mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-set-peta-files-complaint-101630651447524.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919233039/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/horse-dies-on-mani-ratnam-s-ponniyin-selvan-set-peta-files-complaint-101630651447524.html |archive-date=19 September 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Back-to-back film production]]
*[[Production of Indian 2 and Indian 3|Production of ''Indian 2'' and ''Indian 3'']]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2022 in Indian cinema|Ponniyin Selvan: I and II]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian cinema|Ponniyin Selvan: I and II]]
[[Category:Production of specific films|Ponniyin Selvan: I and II]]
[[Category:2021 controversies]]
[[Category:2020s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Controversies about films in India]]
[[Category:Works subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Animal cruelty incidents in film]]

1984: India's Guilty Secret

2026-01-12T04:28:08Z

Pankajglobal: New New Data

{{Short description|2017 book}}
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| module =
}}
'''''1984: India's Guilty Secret''''' is a book by Pav Singh published by Kashi Books in 2017. In it Singh includes an account by [[Man Mohan Bir Singh Talwar]] and argues that the violence against [[Sikh]]s in 1984 was not spontaneous but planned and led by Congress politicians. He criticises the use of the word "riot", saying it downplays the scale and intent of the attacks, which he views as a deliberate genocide.<ref name="Singh">{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Gary |date=11 February 2018 |title=A Brutal Corrective |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/a-brutal-corrective/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725121338/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/a-brutal-corrective/ |archive-date=25 July 2025 |access-date=25 July 2025 |website=Los Angeles Review of Books}}</ref><ref name="Cheeran2018">{{cite news |last1=Cheeran |first1=John |date=23 January 2018 |title=Is 1984 India's guilty secret? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Arrackistan/is-1984-indias-guilty-secret/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725121832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Arrackistan/is-1984-indias-guilty-secret/ |archive-date=25 July 2025 |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Riot or genocide? |url=https://www.the-tls.com/politics-by-region/asian-politics/riot-or-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725122205/https://www.the-tls.com/politics-by-region/asian-politics/riot-or-genocide |archive-date=25 July 2025 |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=TLS}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2017 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:1984 anti-Sikh riots]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]

{{India-book-stub}}

Hingoli district

2026-01-04T05:21:19Z

Pankajglobal: add structure after review as per guidelines

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Hingoli}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hingoli district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District of Maharashtra]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Aundha nagnath temple, hingoli, maharastra, India.jpg
| image_caption = [[Aundha Nagnath Temple]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Hingoli
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aurangabad Division|Aurangabad]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Hingoli]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[Hingoli]], [[Kalamnuri]], [[Sengaon]], [[Aundha Nagnath]], [[Basmath]]
| area_total_km2 = 4,526
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1177345<ref name="districtcensus"/>
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 15.60
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| governing_body = '''Hingoli Zilla Parishad'''
| leader_title = Guardian Minister
| leader_name = '''[[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister Mha]])}}
| leader_title1 = President Zilla Parishad
| leader_name1 = *President '''Mr. Ganaji Belle'''
*Vice President '''Mr. Manish Akhre'''
| leader_title2 = District Collector
| leader_name2 = *'''Shri. Jitendra Papalkar (IAS)'''
| leader_title3 = CEO Zilla Parishad
| leader_name3 = *'''Mrs. Anjali Ramesh (IAS)'''
| leader_title4 = [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha|MPs]]
| leader_name4 = *'''[[Nagesh Bapurao Patil Ashtikar|Nagesh Patil]]''' {{small|([[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency|Hingoli]])}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://hingoli.nic.in/}}
| official_name =
}}

'''Hingoli district''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ɦiŋɡoliː]]]) is an administrative [[Districts of Maharashtra|district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]]. The district is headquartered at [[Hingoli]]. The district occupies an [[area]] of 4,526 km2 and has a [[population]] of 11,77,345 of which 15.60% were urban ({{as of|2011|lc=y}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |title=Census GIS India |access-date=27 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111052456/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |archive-date=11 January 2010 }}</ref> Hingoli was actually known as the [[Nizam]]s military base as it was bordered with [[Vidharbha]]. In that era military troops, hospitals, veterinary hospital were in operation from Hingoli. Being a military base the city was one of the important and famous places of the Hyderabad state. One of the twelve [[Jyotirlinga]] shrines, the [[Aundha Nagnath]] is located in Hingoli district about 25 km south-west from district headquarter.

{{as of|2011}} it is the third least populous district of Maharashtra (out of [[Districts of Maharashtra|36]]), after [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]] and [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]].<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Hingoli |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/794/download/2826/DH_2011_2716_PART_A_DCHB_HINGOLI.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Officer==

===Members of Parliament===

*'''[[Nagesh Bapurao Patil Ashtikar|Nagesh Patil]]''' ([[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SHS(UBT)]]) {{small|([[Hingoli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hingoli]])}}

===Guardian Minister===
{{Infobox Political post
| post = Guardian Minister Hingoli
| native_name = '''पालकमंत्री हिंगोली '''
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India
| image =
| incumbent = [[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]]
| incumbentsince = 27 September 2022
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| imagesize =
| termlength = 5 years / No time limit
| appointer = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| residence =
| formation =
| succession =
| website = {{url|https://hingoli.gov.in/en/}}
}}

====list of Guardian Minister ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Term of office
|-
| '''[[Dilip Kamble]]'''
| 31 October 2014 - 8 November 2019
|-
| '''[[Varsha Gaikwad]]'''
|9 January 2020 - 29 June 2022
|-
|'''[[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]]'''
| 27 September 2022 - Incumbent
|}

===District Magistrate/Collector===

{{Infobox Political post
| post = District Magistrate / Collector Hingoli
| native_name = '''जिल्हाधिकारी तथा जिल्हदंडाधिकरी हिंगोली '''
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India
| image =
| incumbent = Shri. Jitendra Papalkar (IAS)
| incumbentsince = 2018
|
| imagesize =
| termlength = No time limit
| appointer = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| residence = At Hingoli district
| formation =
| succession =
| website =
{{url|https://hingoli.gov.in/en/}}
}}

====list of District Magistrate / Collector ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Term of office
|-
| '''Shri. Abhinav Goel (IAS)'''
|2018 - Incumbent
|}

==History==

[[File:Aundha Nagnath Shiva Temple Jyotirlinga Maharashtra India.jpg|thumb|[[Aundha Nagnath Temple]]|left]]

In 1853, after the administration of the province was assigned to the British East India Company by the Nizam following a treaty, it was divided into two districts, South Berar with its headquarters at Hingoli, and North Berar with its headquarters at Buldana. Both were placed under a deputy commissioner. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Hingoli and its adjoining areas were restored to the Nizam and the province was reconstituted into two districts, East Berar with its headquarters at Amraoti, and West Berar with its headquarters at Akola.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The territory of the present district became part of [[Bombay state]] in 1956 and [[Maharashtra]] state in 1960 as part of [[Parbhani district]]. This district was carved out from Parbhani district on 1 May 1999 with five own tehsils: Hingoli, Kalamanuri, Sengaon, Aundha Naganath, and Basamat.

==Geography==
Hingoli is situated at the northern part of Marathwada in Maharashtra. Borders of Hingoli are surrounded by districts [[Washim district|Washim]] and [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]] in northern side, [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]] in western side, and [[Nanded district|Nanded]] at south-eastern side. There are two medium-sized dams present on both East and West sides of the district namely [[Isapur]] dam and [[Yeldari]] dam, Isapur dam provides water to irrigation purpose whereas Yeldari dam caters to irrigation as well as production of [[hydroelectricity]]. One minor dam named [[Siddheshwar]] also used for irrigation purpose in district.

==Demographics==

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,26,384|13=1911|14=2,72,785|15=1921|16=2,67,991|17=1931|18=2,98,807|19=1941|20=3,19,200|21=1951|22=3,52,856|23=1961|24=4,30,986|25=1971|26=5,33,595|27=1981|28=6,55,199|29=1991|30=8,23,931|31=2001|32=9,87,160|33=2011|34=11,77,345|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Hingoli district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|73.32}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|yellow|15.01}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|10.83}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|0.45}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.39}}
}}

As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Hingoli district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,177,345,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Timor-Leste]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Timor-Leste 1,177,345 July 2011 est. | archive-date = 27 September 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> or the US state of [[Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Rhode Island 1,052,567
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101090833/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=1 January 2011
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 401st in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 244 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 19.43%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Hingoli has a [[sex ratio]] of 942 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 78.17%. 15.18% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 15.51% and 9.51% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus"/>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Hingoli district (2011)<ref name="langs"/>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 83.53 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 6.86 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 4.81 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Lambadi]] |value4 = 3.25 |color4 = khaki
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.55 |color5 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 83.53% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 6.86% [[Urdu]], 4.81% [[Hindi]] and 3.25% [[Lambadi]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Governance==
This district is divided into two sub-divisions, which are further divided into five talukas. Hingoli sub-division is divided into three talukas: [[Hingoli]], [[Kalamnuri]] and [[Sengaon]]. Basmath sub-division is divided into two talukas: [[Aundha]] and [[Basmath]].

There are three [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in this district: Basmath, Kalamnuri and Hingoli. All three are part of [[Hingoli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=Districtwise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=2009-03-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Hingoli one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the twelve districts in Maharashtra currently receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund|Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme]] (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Places of interest==
{{Main|Tourism in Marathwada}}

===Hindu temples and shrines===
Some of the notable [[Hindu]] temples are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hingoli.nic.in/Ntouristplace.html |title=Hingoli District official page |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418122948/http://www.hingoli.nic.in/Ntouristplace.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/docs/default-source/district-draft-toursim-plans/hingoli-district.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821060144/https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/docs/default-source/district-draft-toursim-plans/hingoli-district.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Mallinath Digambar Jain Temple, Shirad Shahpur
*[[Aundha Nagnath]] is one of the twelve [[jyotirlinga]]s from Hindu mythology. It is situated in the town of same name, Aundha, in Hingoli district. It is only jyotirling in India is in sanctum or garbhagruha.{{Clarify|date=May 2024}}
*Tulja Devi Sansthan, Ghota
*[[Sant Namdev Sansthan Narsi]], Narsi
*Tulja Bhavani Devi Temple, or Tulaja Devi Sansthan, Kalamnuri
*Jaleshwar Mahadev Temple (built in the lake), Hingoli {{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
*Shri Datta Mandir, Mangalwara, Hingoli
*Shree Sidhnath Temple Gangalwadi, Hingoli
*{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==Villages==


*[[Jaipur, Hingoli|Jaipur]]

==See also==

*[[Make in Maharashtra]]
*[[Tourism in Marathwada]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://hingoli.nic.in Hingoli district website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Hingoli district
|North = [[Washim district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Yavatmal district]]
|Southeast = [[Nanded district]]
|South =
|Southwest = [[Parbhani district]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Buldana district]]
}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}
{{Godavari basin}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|19.7167|N|77.15|E|type:adm3rd_source:itwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Hingoli district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathwada]]
[[Category:Aurangabad division]]

Silsila Pyaar Ka

2026-01-03T09:07:34Z

Pankajglobal: Creating...

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Silsila pyaar ka titlecard 1.png
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| story = Mahesh Pandey Dialogues Sharad Chandra Tripathi
| director = Ravi Raj
| creative_director = Bhawna Bundela
| starring = Abhay Vakil [[Chhavi Pandey]] [[Shilpa Shirodkar]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 147
| executive_producer =
| producer = Rashmi Sharma Pawan Kumar Marut
| editor =
| location = [[Bhopal]] [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms Limited
| channel = [[Star Plus]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2016|01|04|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2016|06|05|df=y}}
| list_episodes =
}}

'''''Silsila Pyaar Ka''''' is an Indian television series that aired on [[Star Plus]] from 4 January to 5 June 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last=BizAisa|date=20 May 2016|title=Star Plus to replace 'Silsila Pyaar Ka' with new show|url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/star-plus-to-replace-silsila-pyaar-ka-with-new-show-2016|accessdate=30 May 2016|publisher=[[Star Plus]]}}</ref> It was produced by Rashmi Sharma and Pawan Kumar Marut under Rashmi Sharma Telefilms and starred Abhay Vakil and [[Chhavi Pandey]]. It is the remake of the Star Jalsha show ''Tumi Asbe Bole''.

== Plot ==
Raunak Tiwari, a college student falls for and writes love letter to Kajal Saxena. His overly possessive mother Janki forces Akshay Bansal, his friend to sign the letter with his own name. Enchanted, Kajal marries him. Raunak is heartbroken.

===5 years later===
Akshay and Kajal have a daughter Sakshi, who has health problems since birth. Kajal learns how Janki forced Akshay; she tries to mend broken relationship between Raunak and Akshay. He dies in an accident. To fulfill his last wish, Kajal weds Raunak. She intends to find Akshay's killer, who turns out to be Raunak's uncle Pradeep.

Kajal finds out Randhir, Raunak's sick father who was being mistreated by Janki. He recovers. Kajal slowly falls for Raunak. Eventually, Janki realises her mistakes and the family is united.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Abhay Vakil (actor)|Abhay Vakil]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/abhay-vakil-gets-injured-on-silsila-pyaar-ka-set/|title=Abhay Vakil gets injured on 'Silsila Pyaar Ka' set|date=2016-03-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref> as Raunak Tiwari
* [[Chhavi Pandey]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bandhan-actress-Chhavi-Pandey-in-Rashmi-Sharmas-next/articleshow/47920319.cms|title=Bandhan' actress Chhavi Pandey in Rashmi Sharma's next - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=3 July 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref> as Kajal Saxena/Bansal/Tiwari
* [[Sehban Azim]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sehbaan-Azim-and-Abhay-Vakil-opposite-Chhavi-in-Rashmi-Sharmas-show/articleshow/47936006.cms|title=Sehbaan Azim and Abhay Vakil opposite Chhavi in Rashmi Sharma's show - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 July 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref> as Akshay Bansal

===Recurring===
* [[Shilpa Shirodkar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/television/shilpa-shirodkar-returns-to-small-screen-reveals-what-has-changed-1257872|title=Shilpa Shirodkar Returns to Small Screen, Reveals What Has Changed - NDTV Movies|website=NDTVMovies.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref> as Janki Sanyal/Tiwari, Raunak's mother
* [[Vaquar Sheikh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/shilpa-shirodkar-returns-to-the-small-screen-as-an-obsessive-mom/16787176|title=Shilpa Shirodkar returns to the small screen as an obsessive mom|date=2015-12-20|website=mid-day|language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref> as Randhir Tiwari, Raunak's father
*Tvisha Solanki as Sakshi Bansal/Tiwari, Kajal and Akshay's daughter
* [[Sheezan Khan]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Abhay-Vakil-Ahmedabad-is-like-my-second-home/articleshow/50984260.cms|title=Abhay Vakil: Ahmedabad is like my second home - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=15 February 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref> as Vinay Saxena, Kajal's brother and Neeti's husband
* Sheen Dass<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Chhavi-Pandey-TV-actors-do-not-have-the-right-to-be-choosy-about-roles/articleshow/50091047.cms|title=Chhavi Pandey: TV actors do not have the right to be choosy about roles - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=9 December 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref> as Neeti Tiwari/Saxena, Raunak's sister and Vinay's wife
* Vishal Bharadwaj as Kartik Dave, Neeti's childhood friend and Sanjana's love interest
*[[Ravi Gossain]] as Harsh Chandra Sanyal, Raunak's maternal uncle
*Rakesh Kukreti as Pradeep Tiwari, Raunak's paternal uncle and Sanket and Sanjana's father
*Khyati Keswani<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/160109/entertainment-tvmusic/article/i-am-very-much-single-and-happy-says-chhavi-pandey|title=I am very much single and happy: Chhavi Pandey|last=coutinho|first=natasha|date=2016-01-09|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref> as Vidhi Tiwari, Raunak's paternal aunt and Sanket and Sanjana's mother
* [[Abhishek Bajaj]] as Sanket Tiwari, Raunak's cousin
*Mrinal Singh as Sanjana Tiwari, Raunak's cousin
*[[Guddi Maruti]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Guddi-Maruti-and-Shilpa-Shirodkar-reunite-after-20-years-for-Silsila-Pyaar-Ka/articleshow/52360023.cms|title=Guddi Maruti and Shilpa Shirodkar reunite after 20 years for 'Silsila Pyaar Ka' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=21 May 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref> as Sonali Tiwari, Raunak's paternal aunt
* [[Karishma Sharma]] as Munmun Mehra, Raunak's fiancé
* Sanjeev Jogtiyani as Sanjay
* [[Sumit Bhardwaj]] as Prateek
* [[Mohena Singh]] as Aarati

==Production==
===Development===
Initially titled as Saajan, it was later renamed Silsila Pyaar Ka before its premiere.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 November 2015|title=Shilpa Shirodkar's next show about 'mother-son relationship'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shilpa-shirodkars-next-show-about-mother-son-relationship/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

After a month of launch, in February [[Sehban Azim]]'s character was killed abruptly, making his sudden exit, for bringing a twist.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=28 February 2016|title=Why Sehban and Dakssh are out of their shows|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Why-Sehban-and-Dakssh-are-out-of-their-shows/articleshow/51167306.cms#_ga=2.143129009.589480538.1595176539-393538850.1595176539|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref> However, soon in May, he was made to return when makers approached him.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=3 May 2016|title=After being bumped off, Sehban to re-enter 'Silsila Pyaar Ka'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/After-being-bumped-off-Sehban-to-re-enter-Silsila-Pyaar-Ka/articleshow/52076256.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

In early March 2016, [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] while enacting a sequence while walking in staircase lost her balance and fell. With her unable to walk due to her injured back, her role was tweaked for her to take rest for few days.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 March 2016|title=Shilpa Shirodkar slips on set, injures back|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shilpa-shirodkar-slips-on-set-injures-back/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Later, in the same month, [[Abhay Vakil]] got injured when iron nails pierced his toes while running for a sequence.<ref name=":0" /> In April, the shoot was halted for a while when a rod fell on the head of the lead actress [[Chhavi Pandey]] who was hurt while shooting.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=13 April 2016|title=Chhavi Pandey of 'Silsila Pyar Ka' fame suffers head injury|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Chhavi-Pandey-of-Silsila-Pyar-Ka-fame-suffers-head-injury/articleshow/51793200.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/silsila-pyaar-ka/7034 Official website]

{{Star Plus Shows}}

[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]

Azhagiya Tamil Magal

2025-12-30T01:23:54Z

Pankajglobal: New Details!

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = Beautiful Tamil daughter
| native_name =
| image = Azhagiya Tamil Magal.jpg
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| based_on = Mutyala Muggu
| writer = P. Mari Muthu
| screenplay =
| director = Kavitha Bharathy
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Sheela Rajkumar]]
* [[Puvi Arasu]]
* Subalakshmi Rangan
* [[Anju Aravind]]
* Sathya Sai
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 457
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Kanya Bharathi]]
| company =
| related =
| theme_music_composer = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]] (Title Song) Jai Kishan (Background Score)
| opentheme = "Kapadi Kapadi"
| location = [[Kodaikanal]]
| cinematography =
{{plainlist|
* V. Kalyan
* Sumee Baskaran (2nd unit)
}}
| editor = {{plainlist|
* M. Muthu Kanesh
* D. Prakash
}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2017|8|28}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2019|6|14}}
}}

'''Azhagiya Tamil Magal''' is a 2017 [[India]]n [[Tamil-language]] soap opera starring [[Sheela Rajkumar]] (who later replaced by Sathya Sai Krishnan), [[Puvi Arasu]], Subalakshmi and [[Anju Aravind]]. It premiered on [[Zee Tamil]] on 28 August 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/62204/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Azhagiya-tamil-magal-new-serial-in-Zee-Tamil.htm|title=Azhagiya Tamil Magal new serial on Zee Tamil|date=24 August 2017 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref> The show ended on 14 June 2019 after 457 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-serial-azhagiya-tamil-magal-completes-300-episodes/articleshow/66430746.cms|title=TV serial Azhagiya Tamil Magal completes 300 episodes|work=The Times of India |date=30 October 2018 }}</ref>

The story is of a village girl named Poongkodi, who is a [[kabaddi]] player. The game will change her life and take her to [[Chennai]] to fund her education and helps pursue her further studies. The series is a remake of the [[Telugu language]] TV series ''Mutyala Muggu'' which aired on [[Zee Telugu]] in 2016.

==Synopsis==
The show showcases the story of Poongkodi, a kabaddi and [[Bharatnatyam]] enthusiast, who dreams of excelling in the field of sports and pursues further studies. However, the bitter past of Poonkodi's mother prevents Poonkodi from excelling.

Poongkodi's teacher and her grandfather push her to participate in a kabaddi game that will change her life and take her to [[Chennai]] to fund her education and pursue higher studies. She is pulled down by her rival Deepika whom she later discovers is her half-sister. Poongkodi goes through various tiffs. Meanwhile, there is a love triangle between Deepika, Jeeva and Poongkodi. How will her life change after this truth is revealed and how it affects the entire family forms the crux of the story.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Sheela Rajkumar]] (2017–2018) as Poongkodi
** Sathya Sai Krishnan (2019) as Poongkodi (Replacement of Sheela Rajkumar)
* [[Puvi Arasu]] as Jeevanantham (Jeeva)
* Subalakshmi Rangan as Deepika (Poongkodi's half-sister)

===Recurring===
* [[Anju Aravind]] as Saroja (Poongkodi's mother)
** [[Seetha (Malayalam actress)|Seetha Anil]] replaced Aravind in this role.
* [[Saakshi Siva]]
* [[Shari (actress)|Shari (Sadhana)]] as Rajamma (Deepika's grandmother)
* Sivaranjani as Seetha Devi (Deepika's mother)
* Usha Sai as Maarii
* Veena Venkatesh as Parvathy (Sethupathy first wife, Ravi's mother, Deepika's grandmother)
* [[Ashwin (actor, born 1987)|Ashwin Kumar]] as Gowtham
* [[Kanya Bharathi]] as Maya (Jeeva's mother)
* Gopi as Raghavendran
* Divya Banu as Ananya
* Sam as Rasukutty
* Sai Gopi as Sethupathy (Parvathy and Rajamma's husband, Ravi's father, Poongkodi and Deepika's grandfather)

==Production==
===Casting===
This is a village romance love story that aired on [[Zee Tamil]]. Actress [[Sheela Rajkumar]] was selected to portray the lead role and then later Sathya Sai replaced the role of Poongkodi. Puvi Arasu landed in the lead main role. Both Puvi Arasu and Subalakshmi Rangan play the lead role for the first time, and Subulakshmi Rangan, known for her work on ''[[Ganga (2017 TV series)|Ganga]]'', was selected to co-star as Deepika. [[Ashwin (actor, born 1987)|Ashwin Kumar]], [[Saakshi Siva]], Kanya Bharathi, Usha Sai and [[Shari (actress)|Shari (Sadhana)]] were selected to play other important roles.

===Soundtrack===
It was composed by [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]] and the background score was by Jai Kishan.

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kapadi Kapadi (கபடி கபடி) Title Song
| lyrics1 = Kiran
| extra1 = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| music1 = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| length1 = 1:50
}}

==Adaptations==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Mutyala Muggu'' ముత్యాల ముగ్గు
| 7 March 2016
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 22 August 2019
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Azhagiya Tamil Magal'' அழகிய தமிழ் மகள்
| 28 August 2017
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 14 June 2019
| rowspan="4" | Remake
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Kamali (TV series)|Kamali]]'' ಕಮಲಿ
| 28 May 2018
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 7 October 2022
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Kabani (TV series)|Kabani]]'' കബനി
| 11 March 2019
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 27 March 2020
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Saru (2025 TV series)|Saru]]'' सरू
| 12 May 2025
| [[Zee TV]]
| Ongoing
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|10122186}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/azhagiya-tamil-magal/0-6-tvshow_1921140952 ''Azhagiya Tamil Magal''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sports television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Telugu-language television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

History of Mumbai

2025-12-22T19:48:41Z

Pankajglobal: creating new data...

{{Short description|none}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
[[Scheduled Tribes|Indigenous tribals]] have inhabited [[Mumbai (Bombay)]] since the [[South Asian Stone Age|Stone Age]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of Mumbai: Check Brief History, Origin, Colonial Reigns! |url=https://testbook.com/history-of/mumbai |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Testbook |language=en}}</ref> The (a [[Marathi-Konkani]] people)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064 |title=NIRC |access-date=23 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231210/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064 |archive-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref> were the earliest known settlers of the islands. Between the 2nd century BCE and the 10th century CE, the islands came under the control of successive [[History of Mumbai under indigenous empires|indigenous dynasties]]: the [[Satavahana]]s, [[Vakatakas]], [[Mauryas of Puri|Konkan Mauryas]], [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]], [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rashtrakutas]], [[Shilahara dynasty|Shilaharas]], [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna Yadavas]]<ref name=":0" />

[[Bhima of Mahikavati]] established a small kingdom in the area during the late 13th century and brought settlers.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Delhi Sultanate]] captured the islands in 1348, and they were later passed to the [[Sultanate of Guzerat]] in 1391. The [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)]], between the Portuguese viceroy [[Nuno da Cunha]] and [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]], placed the islands into Portuguese possession in 1534.

The islands suffered the [[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)|Anglo-Mughal War (1686)]] and the [[Luso-Maratha War|Maratha Liberation of Vasai (1737-39)]] towards the transition to the 18th century.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} During the [[English East India Company]]'s rule the mid-18th century, it emerged as an important port city, having maritime trade contacts with [[Mecca]], [[Basra]], etc.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} Economic development characterised [[British Bombay]] in the 19th century; the first-ever Indian railway line commenced operations between [[Bombay Harbour]] and [[Taana city]] in 1853. Since the early 1900s, the city has also been the home base of the [[Bollywood]] film industry. The city became a strong base for the [[Indian independence movement]] during the early 20th century, it was the centre of the [[Rowlatt Satyagraha]] of 1919 and the [[Royal Indian Navy Mutiny]] of 1946.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/bombay/history.html |title=Bombay: History of a City |publisher=[[British Library]] |access-date=8 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202161627/http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/bombay/history.html |archive-date=2 December 2008 }}</ref> After [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] in 1947, the territory of the Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into [[Bombay State]]. The area of Bombay State increased after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into Bombay State.

In 1960, following protests from the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra movement]], the city was incorporated into the newly created [[Maharashtra]] State from [[Bombay state]]. The [[Bombay metro]] area faced some unfortunate events like the [[Mumbai Riots|inter-communal riots of 1992–93]], while the [[1993 Mumbai bombings]] caused extensive loss of life and property. Bombay was renamed Mumbai on 6 March 1996.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Mary Ann Scott-Moncrieff - Panoramic View of Bombay taken from Malabar Hill.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|'Panoramic View of Mumbai taken from Malabar Hill' (1862), a watercolour on 5 folding pages, by Mary Ann Scott-Moncrieff]]

==Early history==

===Prehistoric period===
[[File:Seven Islands of Bombay (mul).svg|right|thumb|upright|The seven islands of Mumbai with their anglicised names]]
{{See also|South Asian Stone Age}}
Geologists believe that the coast of western India came into being around 100 to 80 [[Mya (unit)|mya]], after it broke away from [[Madagascar]]. Soon after its detachment, the peninsular region of the Indian plate drifted over the [[Réunion hotspot]], a volcanic hotspot in the Earth's lithosphere near the island of [[Réunion]]. An eruption here some 66 mya is thought to have laid down the [[Deccan Traps]], a vast bed of [[basalt]] [[lava]] that covers parts of central India. This volcanic activity resulted in the formation of basaltic outcrops, such as the [[Gilbert Hill]], that are seen at various locations in the city. Further [[tectonic]] activity in the region led to the formation of hilly islands separated by a shallow sea.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Mumbai District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_mumbai/general.html#2 Geology]|Ref=bom}}</ref> [[Pleistocene]] sediments found near [[Kandivali]] in northern Mumbai by British archaeologist [[Malcolm Todd (archaeologist)|Malcolm Todd]] in 1939 indicate habitation since the [[South Asian Stone Age|Stone Age]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ghosh|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PKw3AAAAIAAJ 25]|Ref=brill}}</ref> The present day city was built on what was originally an archipelago of [[seven islands of Mumbai|seven islands]] of [[Isle of Bombay|Mumbai Island]], [[Parel]], [[Mazagaon]], [[Mahim]], [[Colaba]], [[Worli]], and [[Old Woman's Island]] (also known as ''Little Colaba'').<ref name="geo">{{harvnb|Greater Mumbai District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_mumbai/general.html#1 Geography]|Ref=bom}}</ref> The islands were coalesced into a single landmass by the [[Hornby Vellard]] engineering project in 1784. By 1000 BCE, the region was heavily involved in seaborne commerce with Egypt and [[Persia]].<ref name="hist"/> The [[Kolis|Koli]] fishing community had long inhabited the islands.<ref name="Of age">{{cite news
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1165194
|title=Of age-old beliefs and practices
|author=Shubhangi Khapre
|date=19 May 2008
|access-date=13 August 2008
|work=[[Daily News & Analysis]]}}</ref> They were [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] in origin and included a large number of scattered tribes along the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya Plateau]], Gujarat, and [[Konkan]]. In Mumbai, there were three or four of these tribes. Their religious practices could be summed up as [[animism]].<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC 40]|Ref=ger}}</ref>

===Age of Dynastical Empires===
{{main|History of Mumbai under indigenous empires}}
[[File:Kanheri-stupa1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Kanheri Caves]] served as a centre of Buddhism during ancient times.]]
The islands were incorporated into the [[Maurya Empire]] under Emperor [[Ashoka]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] in the mid third-century BCE. The empire's patronage made the islands a centre of [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] religion and culture.<ref name="hist">{{harvnb|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC 142]|Ref=trudy}}</ref> Buddhist monks, scholars, and artists created the artwork, inscriptions, and sculpture of the [[Kanheri Caves]] in the mid third century BCE<ref>{{cite web |title=Kanheri Caves |url=https://sgnp.maharashtra.gov.in/1231/Kanheri-Caves |website=sgnp.maharashtra.gov.in |access-date=1 November 2024 |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810102053/https://sgnp.maharashtra.gov.in/1231/Kanheri-Caves |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Mahakali Caves]].<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040125/spectrum/travel.htm
|title = Pay dirt: Treasure amidst Mumbai's trash
|author = Abhilash Gaur
|access-date = 17 October 2008
|date = 24 January 2004
|work = The Tribune
|location = India
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090525035800/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040125/spectrum/travel.htm
|archive-date = 25 May 2009}}</ref> After the decline of the Maurya Empire around 185 BCE, these islands fell to the [[Satavahana]]s.<ref name="ancient">{{harvnb|Greater Mumbai District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_mumbai/history.html#1 Ancient Period]|Ref=bom}}</ref> The port of [[Sopara]] (present-day [[Nala Sopara]]) was an important trading centre during the first century BCE,<ref>{{harvnb|Thana — Places of Interest|2000|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-III/places_Sopara.html Sopara]|Ref=tna}}</ref> with trade contacts with Rome.<ref>{{cite journal
|url = http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=4
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210926052716/http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=4
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 26 September 2021
|title = Dock around the clock
|issue = 6
|journal = [[Time Out Mumbai]]
|date = 14 November 2008
|access-date = 18 November 2008
}}</ref> The islands were known as ''[[Seven islands of Mumbai|Heptanesia]]'' ([[Ancient Greek]]: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer [[Ptolemy]] in 150 CE.<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC 23]|Ref=ger}}</ref> After the end of the Satavahana rule in 250 CE, the [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]]s of Western Maharashtra and the [[Vakataka]]s of [[Vidarbha]] held dominion over the islands. The Abhiras ruled for 167 years, till around 417 CE.<ref name="ancient"/> The [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri]]s of Central India ruled the islands during the fifth century,<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=11|Ref=dav}}</ref> which were then acquired by the [[Mauryas of Puri|Mauryas of Konkan]] in the sixth and early part of the seventh century.<ref name="ancient"/> The Mauryas were feudatories of the Kalachuris,<ref name="ancient"/> and the [[Jogeshwari Caves]] were constructed during their regime between 520 and 525.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/eesj/gradpubs/GeneralMags/Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607.pdf
|title = The Slum and the Sacred Cave
|pages = 5
|access-date = 12 October 2008
|publisher = Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory ([[Columbia University]])
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081123104753/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/eesj/gradpubs/GeneralMags/Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607.pdf
|archive-date = 23 November 2008}}</ref> The Greek merchant [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] visited [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]] (near Mumbai) during 530–550 CE.<ref name="cos">{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC 184]|Ref=ger}}</ref> The [[Elephanta Caves]] also dates back to the sixth century.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp
|title = World Heritage Sites — Elephanta Caves
|publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
|access-date = 22 October 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081021063323/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp
|archive-date = 21 October 2008}}</ref> Christianity arrived in the islands during the sixth century, when the [[Assyrian Church of the East|Nestorian Church]] made its presence felt in India.<ref name="ei">{{cite news
|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1189923&pageid=0
|title = Message in a bottle
|author = Lhendup Gyatso Bhutia
|date = 14 September 2008
|work = [[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News & Analysis]]
|access-date = 14 November 2008
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080919153027/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1189923
|archive-date = 19 September 2008}}</ref> The Mauryan presence ended when the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] of [[Badami]] in Karnataka under [[Pulakeshin II]] invaded the islands in 610 CE.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=12 |Ref=dav}}</ref> [[Dantidurga]] of the [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]] of Karnataka conquered the islands during 749–750 CE.<ref name="ancient"/>

[[File:Banganga Tank and Walkeshwar Temple, Bombay, c. 1855.jpg|thumb|right|[[Banganga Tank]] and [[Walkeshwar Temple]]]]
The [[Silhara dynasty]] of [[Konkan]] ruled the region between 810 and 1260.<ref>{{harvnb|Nairne|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nzPCcILP-XwC 15]|Ref=alex}}</ref> The [[Walkeshwar Temple]] was constructed during the 10th century<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=101117
|title=The Legends of Walkeshwar
|last=Dwivedi
|first=Sharada
|date=26 September 2007
|work=Mumbai Newsline
|publisher=[[Express Group]]
|access-date=31 January 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101938/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=101117
|archive-date=16 January 2013
}}</ref> and the [[Banganga Tank]] during the 12th century under the patronage of the Silhara rulers.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=239318
|title=What about Gateway of India, Banganga Tank?
|last=Agarwal
|first=Lekha
|date=2 June 2007
|work=Mumbai Newsline
|publisher=[[Express Group]]
|access-date=31 January 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202153/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=239318
|archive-date=13 January 2009
}}</ref> The Italian traveler [[Marco Polo]]'s fleet of thirteen Chinese ships passed through [[Mumbai Harbour]] during May — September 1292.<ref name="cos"/><ref>{{harvnb|Thana District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-II/histroy_early.html#1 Early History]|Ref=tnad}}</ref> [[Raja Bhimdev|King Bhimdev]] founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century<ref name="yad">{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC 34]|Ref=ger}}</ref> and established his capital in ''Mahikawati'' (present day [[Mahim]]).<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC 36]|Ref=ger}}</ref> He belonged to either the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava dynasty]] of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Devagiri]] in Maharashtra or the Anahilavada dynasty of Gujarat.<ref name="yad"/> He built the first [[Babulnath|Babulnath temple]] in the region and introduced many fruit-bearing trees, including coconut palms to the islands.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Brien|2003|p=3|Ref=derek}}</ref> The [[Pathare prabhu|Pathare Prabhu]]s, one of the earliest settlers of the city, were brought to Mahim from [[Patan district|Patan]] and other parts of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev during his reign.<ref name="prabhu">{{harvnb|Singh|Bhanu|Bhatnagar|Anthropological Survey of India|Bose|Kulkarni|SreenathSingh|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4bfmnmsBfQ4C 1703]|Ref=prabhu}}</ref> He is also supposed to have brought Palshis,<ref name="dc42">{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC 42]|Ref=ger}}</ref> [[Pachkalshi]]s,<ref name="dc42"/> [[Bhandari (caste) | Bhandari]]s, [[Vadval]]s, [[Bhoi]]s, [[Aagri (Maharashtra)|Agri]]s and [[Brahmin]]s to these islands. After his death in 1303, he was succeeded by his son [[Pratapbimba]], who built his capital at [[Marol]] in Salsette, which he named Pratappur. The islands were wrested from Pratapbimba's control by [[Mubarak Khan]], a self-proclaimed regent of the [[Khalji dynasty]], who occupied Mahim and Salsette in 1318. Pratapbimba later reconquered the islands which he ruled till 1331. Later, his brother-in-law [[Nagardev]] for 17 years till 1348. The islands came under the control of the Muslim rulers of Gujarat in 1348, ending the sovereignty of Hindu rulers over the islands.<ref name="ancient"/>

==Islamic period==
{{main|History of Mumbai under Islamic rule}}
[[File:Haji-Ali-1.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Haji Ali Dargah]] at [[Mahalaxmi, Mumbai|Mahalaxmi]], built in 1431, in honour of the Muslim saint [[Haji Ali]]]]
The islands were under Muslim rule from 1348 to 1391. After the establishment of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] in 1391, [[Gujarat Sultanate#Early rulers|Muzaffar Shah I]] was appointed viceroy of north [[Konkan]].<ref>{{harvnb|Prinsep|Thomas|Henry|1858|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2VlCAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA315 315]|Ref=pth}}</ref> For the administration of the islands, he appointed a governor for [[Mahim]]. During the reign of [[Gujarat Sultanate#Ahmad Shah I|Ahmad Shah I]] (1411–1443), [[Malik-us-Sharq]] was appointed governor of Mahim, and in addition to instituting a proper survey of the islands, he improved the existing revenue system of the islands. During the early 15th century, the [[Bhandari]]s seized the island of Mahim from the Sultanate and ruled it for eight years.<ref>{{harvnb|Edwardes|1902|p=54|Ref=ed}}</ref> It was reconquered by [[Rai Qutb]] of the Gujarat Sultanate.<ref name="muh">{{harvnb|Greater Mumbai District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Mumbai/history.html#3 Muhammedan Period]|Ref=bom}}</ref> [[Firishta]], a Persian historian, recorded that by 1429 the seat of government of the Gujarat Sultanate in north Konkan had transferred from [[Thane]] to Mahim.<ref name="med">{{harvnb|Greater Mumbai District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Mumbai/history.html#2 Mediaeval Period]|Ref=bom}}</ref> On Rai Qutb's death in 1429–1430, [[Ahmad Shah I Wali]] of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] captured Salsette and Mahim.<ref>{{harvnb|Misra|1982|p=193|Ref=misra}}</ref><ref name="mis">{{harvnb|Misra|1982|p=222|Ref=misra}}</ref>

Ahmad Shah I retaliated by sending his son [[Jafar Khan (Gujarat Sultanate)|Jafar Khan]] to recapture the lost territory. Jafar emerged victorious in the battle fought with Ahmad Shah I Wali. In 1431, Mahim was recaptured by the Sultanate of Gujarat.<ref name="mis"/> The Sultanate's patronage led to the construction of many mosques, prominent being the [[Haji Ali Dargah]] in [[Mahim]], built in honour the Muslim saint [[Haji Ali]] in 1431.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|p=77|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> After the death of [[Kutb Khan]], the Gujarat commandant of Mahim, Ahmad Shah I Wali again despatched a large army to capture Mahim. Ahmad Shah I responded with a large army and navy under Jafar Khan leading to the defeat of Ahmad Shah I Wali.<ref>{{harvnb|Edwardes|1902|p=55|Ref=ed}}</ref> During 1491–1494, the islands suffered sea piracies from [[Bahadur Khan Gilani]], a nobleman of the [[Bahamani Sultanate]].<ref>{{harvnb|Edwardes|1902|p=57|Ref=ed}}</ref> After the end of the Bahamani Sultanate, Bahadur Khan Gilani and [[Mahmud Gavan]] (1482–1518) broke out in rebellion at the port of [[Dabhol]] and conquered the islands along with the whole of [[Konkan]].<ref name="muh"/><ref>{{harvnb|Subrahmanyam|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8wqMWl6sSwwC&pg=PA111 110]|Ref=sub}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Subrahmanyam|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8wqMWl6sSwwC&pg=PA111 111]|Ref=sub}}</ref> Portuguese explorer [[Francisco de Almeida]]'s ship sailed into the deep natural harbour of the island in 1508, and he called it ''Bom baía'' (Good Bay).<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/Mumbai/history2.shtml
|title = The West turns East
|access-date = 12 August 2008
|work = Hindustan Times
|location = India
}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> However, the Portuguese paid their first visit to the islands on 21 January 1509, when they landed at Mahim after capturing a Gujarat barge in the Mahim creek.<ref name ="geo"/> After a series of attacks by the Gujarat Sultanate, the islands were recaptured by [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Sultan Bahadur Shah]].<ref name="muh"/>

In 1526, the Portuguese established their factory at [[Vasai|Bassein]].<ref>{{harvnb|
Maharashtra State Gazetteer|1977|p=153|Ref=mah4}}</ref> During 1528–29, [[Lopo Vaz de Sampaio]] seized the fort of Mahim from the Gujarat Sultanate, when the King was at war with Nizam-ul-mulk, the emperor of [[Chaul]], a town south of the islands.<ref>{{harvnb|Edwardes|1993|p=65|Ref=ed}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&pg=PA74 74]|Ref=ger}}</ref><ref name="port">{{harvnb|Greater Mumbai District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Mumbai/history.html#4 Portuguese Period]|Ref=bom}}</ref> Bahadur Shah had grown apprehensive of the power of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Humayun]] and he was obliged to sign the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Bassein]] with the Portuguese on 23 December 1534. According to the treaty, the islands of Mumbai and Bassein were offered to the Portuguese.<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC 88]|Ref=ger}}</ref> Bassein and the seven islands were surrendered later by a treaty of peace and commerce between Bahadur Shah and [[Nuno da Cunha]], Viceroy of [[Portuguese India]], on 25 October 1535, ending the Islamic rule in Mumbai.<ref name="port"/>

==Portuguese period==
{{main|History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)}}
[[File:Davies' sketch of Bombay harbour 1626.jpg|thumb|Davies' sketch of Bombay harbour, 1626]]
[[File:Castella de Aguada 7.jpg|thumb|right|[[Castella de Aguada]] (Fort of the Waterpoint) was built by the Portuguese at [[Bandra]] in 1640.]]
The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their religious orders in Bombay. The islands were leased to [[Mestre Diogo]] in 1534.<ref name="lase">{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC 97]|Ref=ger}}</ref> The ''San Miguel'' ([[St. Michael's Church (Bombay)|St. Michael Church]]) in [[Mahim]], one of the oldest churches in Bombay, was built by the Portuguese in 1540.<ref name="church">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Bombay/places.html#8 Churches]|Ref=bom}}</ref> [[Parel]], [[Wadala]], [[Sion, Bombay|Sion]], and [[Worli]] were granted to [[Manuel Serrão]] between 1545 and 1548, during the viceroyalty of [[João de Castro]]. [[Mazagaon]] was granted to [[Antonio Pessoa]] in 1547.<ref name="burn"/> [[Salsette]] was granted for three years to [[João Rodrigues Dantas]], [[Cosme Corres]], and [[Manuel Corres]]. [[Trombay]] and [[Chembur]] were granted to [[Dom Roque Tello de Menezes]], and the Island of Pory ([[Elephanta Island]]) to [[João Pirez]] in 1548.<ref name="lease">{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC 96]|Ref=ger}}</ref> [[Garcia de Orta]], a Portuguese physician and botanist, was granted the possession of Bombay in 1554 by viceroy [[Pedro Mascarenhas]].<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC 100]|Ref=ger}}</ref>

[[File:SEEPZ church 4.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Ruins of the [[St. John the Baptist Church, Bombay|St. John the Baptist Church]] in [[SEEPZ]], one of the earliest churches built by the Portuguese in the city]]
The Portuguese encouraged intermarriage with the local population, and strongly supported the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC 283]|Ref=ger}}</ref> In 1560, they started proselytising the local [[Koli people|Koli]], [[Kunbi]], [[Kumbhar]] population in [[Mahim]], [[Worli]], and Bassein.<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC 183]|Ref=ger}}</ref> These Christians were referred to by the British as ''Portuguese Christians'', though they were Nestorian Christians who had only recently established ties with the Roman Catholic Church.<ref name="bapp">{{harvnb|Baptista|1967|p=25|Ref=bap}}</ref> During this time, Bombay's main trade was coconuts and coir.<ref name="d26">{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|p=26|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> After [[Antonio Pessoa]]'s death in 1571, a patent was issued which granted [[Mazagaon]] in perpetuity to the [[Sousa e Lima family]].<ref name="burn">{{harvnb|Burnell|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1a-Apmn-K-gC 15]|Ref=burn}}</ref> The [[St. Andrew's Church (Mumbai)|St. Andrew Church]] at Bandra was built in 1575.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Bombay/places.html#56 St. Andrews Church]|Ref=bom}}</ref>

The annexation of Portugal by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] in 1580 opened the way for other European powers to follow the spice routes to India. The [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] arrived first, closely followed by the British.<ref>{{harvnb|Leonard|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eq_Wma6nNfgC 359]|Ref=leon}}</ref> The first English merchants arrived in Bombay in November 1583, and travelled through Bassein, [[Thane]], and [[Chaul]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/Bombay/history/travelogue.html
|title=The First Englishmen in Bombay
|date=21 July 1997
|access-date=8 November 2008
|publisher=Department of Theoretical Physics ([[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]])
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019034821/http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/history/travelogue.html
|archive-date=19 October 2008}}</ref> The Portuguese Franciscans had obtained practical control of Salsette and Mahim by 1585, and built ''[[Nossa Senhora de Bom Concelho (Bombay)|Nossa Senhora de Bom Concelho]]'' (Our Lady of Good Counsel) at Sion and ''[[Nossa Senhora de Salvação (Bombay)|Nossa Senhora de Salvação]]'' (Our Lady of Salvation) at [[Dadar]] in 1596. The [[Battle of Swally]] was fought between the British and the Portuguese at [[Surat, Gujarat|Surat]] in 1612 for the possession of Bombay.<ref name="port"/> [[Dorabji Nanabhoy]], a trader, was the first [[Parsi people|Parsi]] to settle in Bombay in 1640. [[Castella de Aguada]] (Fort of the Waterpoint) was built by the Portuguese at Bandra in 1640 as a watchtower overlooking the [[Mahim Bay]], the [[Arabian Sea]] and the southern island of Mahim.<ref name="express">{{cite web|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=46848|title=Local 'army' offers to protect Bombay's 'Castella'|last=Ball|first=Iain|date=19 March 2003|work=Bombay Newsline|publisher=[[Express Group]]|access-date=16 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724015419/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=46848|archive-date=24 July 2006}}</ref> The growing power of the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] by the middle of the seventeenth century forced the Surat Council of the British Empire to acquire Bombay from [[John IV of Portugal|King John IV of Portugal]] in 1659.<ref name="port"/> The marriage treaty of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Catherine de Braganza|Catherine of Portugal]] on 8 May 1661 placed Bombay in British possession as a part of Catherine's dowry to Charles.<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2998461
|title = Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705)
|work = BBC
|date = 12 October 2004
|access-date = 5 November 2008
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080424073919/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2998461
|archive-date = 24 April 2008}}</ref>

==British period==
{{main|History of Bombay under British rule|Bombay Presidency}}
[[File:Plan of Bombay 1760.jpg|250px|thumb|Plan of Bombay, 1760]]
[[File:Map of Port and Island of Bombay with the adjacent islands, 1724.jpg|350px|thumb|Map of Port and Island of Bombay with the adjacent islands, 1724]]

===Struggle with native powers===
[[File:Ships in Bombay Harbour, 1731.jpg|thumb|left|Ships in [[Bombay Harbour]] (c. 1731)]]
On 19 March 1662, [[Abraham Shipman]] was appointed the first Governor and General of the city, and his fleet arrived in Bombay in September and October 1662. On being asked to hand over [[Isle of Bombay|Bombay]] and [[Salsette Island|Salsette]] to the English, the Portuguese Governor contended that the island of Bombay alone had been ceded, and alleging irregularity in the patent, he refused to give up even Bombay. The Portuguese [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|Viceroy]] declined to interfere and Shipman was prevented from landing in Bombay. He was forced to retire to the island of [[Anjadip Island, Karnataka|Anjediva]] in [[North Canara]] and died there in October 1664. In November 1664, Shipman's successor [[Humphrey Cooke]] agreed to accept Bombay without its dependencies.<ref>{{harvnb|Thana District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-II/histroy_portuguese.html#1 Portuguese (1500–1670)]|Ref=tnad}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Malabari|1910|p=98|Ref=mala}}</ref> However, [[Salsette Island|Salsette]], [[Mazagaon]], [[Parel]], [[Worli]], [[Sion, Bombay|Sion]], [[Dharavi]], and [[Wadala Road|Wadala]] still remained under Portuguese possession. Later, Cooke managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala for the English.<ref>{{harvnb|Malabari|1910|p=99|Ref=mala}}</ref> On 21 September 1668, the [[Royal Charter of 27 March 1668]], led to the transfer of Bombay from Charles II to the [[English East India Company]] for an annual rent of [[Pound sterling|£]]10 (equivalent [[retail price index]] of £1,226 in 2007) or Indian Rs 1,48,000 today.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dozenfacts.com/12-amazing-facts-about-mumbai/|title=12-Amazing Facts About Mumbai|date=26 January 2020|website=Dozenfacts|language=en-US|access-date=26 January 2020|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126141628/https://dozenfacts.com/12-amazing-facts-about-mumbai/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=272|Ref=ger}}</ref> The Company immediately set about the task of opening up the islands by constructing a quay and warehouses.<ref name="d200">{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|p=20|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> A customs house was also built.<ref name="brit"/> Fortifications were built around [[Bombay Castle]]. A Judge-Advocate was appointed for the purpose of civil administration.<ref name="d200"/> [[George Oxenden (governor)|George Oxenden]] became the first Governor of Bombay under the English East India Company on 23 September 1668.<ref name="brit"/> [[Gerald Aungier]], who was appointed Governor of Bombay in July 1669, established the first mint in Bombay in 1670.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=135|Ref=dav}}</ref> He offered various business incentives, which attracted [[Parsi people|Parsis]], [[Goans]], Jews, [[Dawoodi Bohras]], [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Vanika|Banias]] from [[Surat]] and [[Diu, India|Diu]], and [[Brahmins]] from [[Salsette]].<ref>{{harvnb|Murray|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YAWRD86pYvwC 79]|Ref=murray}}</ref> He also planned extensive fortifications in the city from [[Dongri]] in the north to [[Mendham's Point]] (near present-day [[Lion Gate (Bombay)|Lion Gate]]) in the south.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|p=17|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> The harbour was also developed during his governorship, with space for the berthing of 20 ships.<ref name="d26"/> In 1670, the Parsi businessman [[Bhimjee Parikh]] imported the first printing press into Bombay.<ref>{{harvnb|Shroff|2001|p=169|Ref=par}}</ref> Between 1661 and 1675 there was a sixfold increase in population from 10,000 to 60,000.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|p=31|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> [[Yakut Khan]], the [[Siddi]] admiral of the [[Mughal Empire]], landed at Bombay in October 1672 and ravaged the local inhabitants there.<ref name="y72">{{harvnb|Yimene|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C 94]|Ref=yakg}}</ref> On 20 February 1673, [[Rickloffe van Goen]], the Governor-General of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch India]] attacked Bombay, but the attack was resisted by Aungier.<ref>{{cite journal
|url=http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/ganley.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726175635/http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/ganley.pdf
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=26 July 2008
|title=Security, the central component of an early modern institutional matrix; 17th century Bombay's Economic Growth
|author=Colin C.Ganley
|year=2007
|pages=13
|publisher=[[New institutional economics|International Society for New Institutional Economics (ISNIE)]]
|access-date=6 November 2008
}}</ref> On 10 October 1673, the [[Siddi]] admiral [[Siddi Sambal|Sambal]] entered Bombay and destroyed the Pen and Nagothana rivers, which were very important for the English and the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] King [[Shivaji]].<ref name="y72"/> The [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]] concluded between England and the Netherlands in 1674, relieved the British settlements in Bombay of further apprehension from the Dutch.<ref name="brit"/> In 1686, the Company shifted its main holdings from [[Surat]] to Bombay, which had become the administrative centre of all the west coast settlements then.<ref>{{cite journal
|url = http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/currsci/66/00000966.pdf
|title = Shipbuilding at Bombay
|author = R. K. Kochhar
|journal = [[Current Science]]
|volume = 66
|series = 12
|date = 25 June 1994
|publisher = [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]
|format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]], 297 [[Kilobyte|KB]]
|access-date = 9 November 2008
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090320014558/http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/currsci/66/00000966.pdf
|archive-date = 20 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Carsten|1961|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FzQ9AAAAIAAJ&dq=Surat+Bombay&pg=PA426 427]|Ref=carl}}</ref> Bombay was placed at the head of all the Company's establishments in India.<ref>{{harvnb|Hughes|1863|p=[https://archive.org/details/geographybritis01hughgoog 227]|Ref=hughes}}</ref>

[[File:Mumbai fort remains 6.jpg|thumb|left|Remains of [[Fort George (India)|Fort George]], an extension built to the fortified walls of Bombay in 1769]]
[[Yakut Khan]] landed at [[Sewri]] on 14 February 1689,<ref>{{harvnb|Anderson|1854|p=[https://archive.org/details/englishinwester02andegoog 115]|Ref=yak}}</ref> and razed the [[Mazagon Fort]] in June 1690.<ref name="iexpress">{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47106 |title=Mazgaon fort was blown to pieces – 313 years ago |last=Nandgaonkar |first=Satish |date=22 March 2003 |work=The Indian Express |location=India |publisher=[[Express Group]] |access-date=20 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030412025617/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47106 |archive-date=12 April 2003 }}</ref> After a payment made by the British to [[Aurangzeb]], the ruler of the Mughal Empire, Yakut evacuated Bombay on 8 June 1690.<ref>{{harvnb|Anderson|1854|p=[https://archive.org/details/englishinwester02andegoog 116]|Ref=yak}}</ref> The arrival of many Indian and British merchants led to the development of Bombay's trade by the end of the seventeenth century. Soon it was trading in salt, rice, ivory, cloth, lead and sword blades with many Indian ports as well as with the Arabian cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Basra]].<ref name="d26"/> By 1710, the construction of [[Bombay Castle]] was finished, which fortified the islands from sea attacks by European pirates and the Marathas.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/history/history_castle.htm
|title = Bombay Castle
|access-date = 7 November 2008
|publisher = [[Governor of Maharashtra]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080923135336/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/history/history_castle.htm
|archive-date = 23 September 2008}}</ref> By 26 December 1715, [[Charles Boone (governor)|Charles Boone]] assumed the Governorship of Bombay. He implemented [[Gerald Aungier|Aungier's]] plans for the fortification of the island, and had walls built from [[Dongri]] in the north to Mendham's point in the south.<ref name="d26"/> He established the Marine force,<ref name="d26"/> and constructed the [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Bombay|St. Thomas Cathedral]] in 1718, which was the first [[Church of England|Anglican]] Church in Bombay.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Bombay/places.html#57 St. Thomas Cathedral]|Ref=bom}}</ref> In 1728, a Mayor's court was established in Bombay and the first reclamation was started which was a temporary work in [[Mahalaxmi, Mumbai|Mahalaxmi]], on the creek separating Bombay from [[Worli]].<ref name="d26"/> The shipbuilding industry started in Bombay in 1735<ref name="mh16">{{harvnb|Mehta|1940|p=16|Ref=mehta}}</ref> and soon the [[Naval Dockyard (Bombay)|Naval Dockyard]] was established in the same year.<ref name="ndock">{{cite web
|url = http://indiannavy.nic.in/dock_Bombay/history.htm
|title = Historical Perspective
|access-date = 7 November 2008
|publisher = [[Indian Navy]]
}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=Yashthepunisher |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 1737, [[Salsette Island|Salsette]] was captured from the Portuguese by [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[Baji Rao I]] and the province of [[Vasai|Bassein]] was ceded in 1739.<ref>{{harvnb|Thana District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-II/histroy_marathas.html#1 The Marathas]|Ref=tnad}}</ref> The Maratha victory forced the British to push settlements within the fort walls of the city. Under new building rules set up in 1748, many houses were demolished and the population was redistributed, partially on newly reclaimed land.<ref name="d27">{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|p=27|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> [[Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia]], a member of the [[Wadia|Wadia family]] of [[shipwright]]s and naval architects from [[Surat]], built the Bombay Dock in 1750,<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.vohuman.org/Article/The%20Wadias%20of%20India.htm
|title = The Wadias of India: Then and Now
|access-date = 10 November 2008
|publisher = Vohuman
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081021142252/http://www.vohuman.org/Article/The%20Wadias%20of%20India.htm
|archive-date = 21 October 2008}}</ref> which was the first dry dock to be commissioned in Asia.<ref name="ndock"/> By the middle of the eighteenth century, Bombay began to grow into a major trading town and soon [[Bhandari]]s from [[Chaul]] in Maharashtra, [[Vanjari (caste)|Vanjaris]] from the [[Western Ghats|Western Ghat]] mountain ranges of Maharashtra, [[Ethnic groups of Africa|Africans]] from Madagascar, [[Bhatia (caste)|Bhatias]] from [[Rajasthan]], [[Vaishya Vani]]s, [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]]s, [[Daivajna]]s from konkan, ironsmiths and weavers from [[Gujarat]] migrated to the islands.<ref name="d32">{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|p=32|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> In 1769, [[Fort George (India)|Fort George]] was built on the site of the [[Dongri Fort]]<ref name="iexp">{{cite news
|url = http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19970715/19650713.html
|title = Fortifying colonial legacy
|access-date = 10 November 2008
|work = [[The Indian Express]]
|date = 15 June 1997
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120919114744/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19970715/19650713.html
|archive-date = 19 September 2012}}</ref> and in 1770, the [[Mazagon Dock Limited|Mazagaon docks]] were built.<ref name="d28">{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|p=28|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> The British occupied Salsette, [[Elephanta Island|Elephanta]], [[Hog Island, Bombay|Hog Island]], and [[Karanja, Raigad|Karanja]] on 28 December 1774.<ref>{{harvnb|Calcutta Magazine and Monthly Register|1832|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kxwYAAAAYAAJ 596]|Ref=calc}}</ref> Salsette, Elephanta, Hog Island, and Karanja were formally ceded to the [[British East India Company]] by the [[Treaty of Salbai]] signed in 1782, while Bassein and its dependencies were restored to [[Raghunathrao]] of the Maratha Empire.<ref>{{harvnb|Thana District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-II/land_acquisition.html#1 Acquisition, Changes, and Staff (Acquisition, 1774–1817]|Ref=tnad}}</ref> Although Salsette was under the British, but the introduction of contraband goods from Salsette to other parts of Bombay was prevented. The goods were subjected to Maratha regulations with respect to taxes and a 30% toll was levied on all goods into the city from Salsette.<ref>{{harvnb|Kippis|Godwin|George Robinson|G. G. Robinson|J. Robinson|1814|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6ScOAAAAYAAJ 148]|Ref=toll}}</ref>

[[File:A View of Bombay from Malabar Point during the Fire of 1803.jpg|thumb|right|A view of Bombay from [[Malabar Hill|Malabar Point]] during the Fire of 1803]]
In 1782, [[William Hornby (governor)|William Hornby]] assumed the office of Governor of Bombay, and initiated the [[Hornby Vellard]] engineering project of uniting the [[Seven islands of Bombay|seven islands]] into a single landmass. The purpose of this project was to block the [[Worli creek]] and prevent the low-lying areas of Bombay from being flooded at high tide.<ref name="d28"/> However, the project was rejected by the British East India Company in 1783.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|p=81|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> In 1784, the Hornby Vellard project was completed and soon reclamations at [[Worli]] and [[Mahalaxmi, Mumbai|Mahalaxmi]] followed.<ref>{{harvnb|Segesta|2006|p=32|Ref=seg}}</ref> The history of journalism in Bombay commenced with publication of the ''Bombay Herald'' in 1789 and the ''[[Bombay Courier]]'' in 1790.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Bombay/publiclife.html#3 Journalism]|Ref=bom}}</ref> In 1795, the Maratha army defeated the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. Following this, many artisans and construction workers from [[Andhra Pradesh]] migrated to Bombay and settled into the flats which were constructed by the Hornby Vellard. These workers were called [[Kamathis]], and their enclave was called [[Kamathipura]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=137543
|title=From Lane 11 with love
|last=Savant
|first=Renu
|date=4 July 2005
|work=Bombay Newsline
|publisher=[[Express Group]]
|access-date=2 February 2009
}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The construction of the [[Sion Causeway]] (Duncan Causeway) commenced in 1798.<ref name="cway">{{harvnb|Thana District Gazetteer|1984|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/trade_roads.html#3 Roads (Causeways)]|Ref=tnad1}}</ref> The construction of the Sion Causeway was completed in 1802 by Governor [[Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)|Jonathan Duncan]]. It connected [[Isle of Bombay|Bombay Island]] to [[Kurla]] in Salsette.<ref>{{harvnb|Thana District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-II/histroy_english.html#1 English]|Ref=tnad}}</ref> On 17 February 1803, a fire raged through the town, razing many localities around the Old Fort, subsequently the British had to plan a new town with wider roads.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|p=54|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> In May 1804, Bombay was hit by a severe famine, which led to a large-scale emigration.<ref name="brit">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Bombay/history.html#5 British Period]|Ref=bom}}</ref> On 5 November 1817, the British East India Company under [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]]<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://cms.unipune.ernet.in/~sukratu/welcomekhadki.html
|title = Battle of Khadki
|publisher = Centre for Modeling and Simulation ([[University of Pune]])
|access-date = 10 November 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090401224252/http://cms.unipune.ernet.in/~sukratu/welcomekhadki.html
|archive-date = 1 April 2009}}
</ref> defeated [[Bajirao II]], the [[Peshwa]] of the Maratha Empire, in the [[Battle of Khadki|Battle of Kirkee]] which took place on the [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000220/spectrum/main3.htm
|title = A mute testimony to a colourful age
|work = The Tribune
|location = India
|author = Shona Adhikari
|date = 20 February 2000
|access-date = 10 November 2008
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160419105715/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000220/spectrum/main3.htm
|archive-date = 19 April 2016}}</ref> The success of the British campaign in the Deccan witnessed the freedom of Bombay from all attacks by native powers.<ref name="brit"/>

===City development===
[[File:Bhor Ghat (1870).jpg|thumb|left|[[Bhor Ghat]] connected Bombay with the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].]]

The educational and economic progress of the city began with the Company's military successes in the Deccan. The [[Wellington Pier (Bombay)|Wellington Pier]] (Apollo Bunder) in the north of [[Colaba]] was opened for passenger traffic in 1819 and the [[Elphinstone High School]] was established in 1822. Bombay was hit by a drought in 1824. The construction of the new mint commenced in 1825.<ref name="brit"/> With the construction of a good carriage road up the [[Bhor Ghat]] during the regimes of [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]] and [[John Malcolm|Sir John Malcolm]] gave better access from Bombay to the Deccan. This road, which was opened on 10 November 1830, facilitated trade in a large measure.<ref name="growth">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Bombay/economic.html#2 Growth of Bombay]|Ref=bom}}</ref> By 1830, regular communication with England started by steamers navigating the [[Red Sea|Red]] and [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref name="brit"/> In July 1832, the Parsi riots took place in consequence of a Government order for the destruction of pariah dogs which infested the city. The [[Asiatic Society of Bombay]] (Town Hall) was completed in 1833,<ref name="brit"/><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://asiaticsociety.org/
|title = About Asiatic Society of Bombay
|publisher = [[Asiatic Society of Bombay]]
|access-date = 26 January 2009
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090201011729/http://asiaticsociety.org/
|archive-date = 1 February 2009}}</ref> and the [[Elphinstone College]] was built in 1835.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.elphinstonecollege.ac.in/aboutus.html#history
|title = History
|access-date = 11 November 2008
|publisher = [[Elphinstone College]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080921142112/http://www.elphinstonecollege.ac.in/aboutus.html#history
|archive-date = 21 September 2008}}</ref> In 1836, the Chamber of Commerce was established.<ref name="brit"/>

[[File:Colaba Causeway construction, view from Colaba island, 1826.jpg|right|thumb|[[Colaba Causeway]] construction using timber, view from [[Colaba]] (c. 1826)]]
[[File:19 century dwelling in Mazagaon, Bombay.jpg|thumb|left|Dwelling in [[Mazagaon]]]]
[[File:IslandsofBombay1893.jpg|thumb|Map of Bombay in 1893]]
[[File:Cotton bales at the port in Bombay in the 1860s.JPG|thumb|left|Cotton bales at the port in [[Bombay]], [[India]], 1860's]]
In 1838, the islands of [[Colaba]] and [[Old Woman's Island|Little Colaba]] were connected to Bombay by the [[Colaba Causeway]].<ref name="growth"/> In the same year, monthly communication was established between Bombay and London.<ref name="brit"/> The [[Bank of Bombay]], the oldest bank in the city, was established in 1840,<ref name="bank">{{cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/br/2007/04/03/stories/2007040300301600.htm
|title = Insight into the progress of banking
|access-date = 10 November 2008
|date = 3 April 2007
|author = Kanakalatha Mukund
|newspaper = The Hindu
|location = India
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090413/http://www.hindu.com/br/2007/04/03/stories/2007040300301600.htm
|archive-date = 1 October 2007}}</ref> and the Bank of Western India in 1842.<ref name="bankr">{{cite web
|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/pm_earlyissues.aspx
|title=Early Issues
|access-date=11 November 2008
|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307161740/http://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/pm_earlyissues.aspx
|archive-date=7 March 2012
}}</ref> The Cotton Exchange was established in [[Cotton Green]] in 1844. [[Avabai Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy]] funded the construction of the [[Mahim Causeway]],<ref name="cway"/> to connect [[Mahim]] to [[Bandra]] and the work was completed in 1845.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Bombay/BMC_allots_Rs_14_cr_to_upgrade_Mahim_Causeway/articleshow/3638311.cms
|title = BMC allots Rs 14 cr to upgrade Mahim Causeway
|access-date = 11 November 2008
|date = 25 October 2008
|work = The Times of India
|location = India
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180320171250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Bombay/BMC_allots_Rs_14_cr_to_upgrade_Mahim_Causeway/articleshow/3638311.cms
|archive-date = 20 March 2018}}</ref> The [[Commercial Bank of India]], established in 1845, issued exotic notes with an interblend of Western and Eastern Motifs.<ref name="bankr"/> On 3 November 1845, the [[Grant Medical College]] and hospital, the third in the country, was founded by Governor [[Robert Grant (MP)|Robert Grant]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.grantmedicalcollege-jjhospital.org/history.htm
|title=History
|access-date=11 November 2008
|publisher=[[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College and Sir J.J. Gr.of Hospitals]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420181057/http://www.grantmedicalcollege-jjhospital.org/history.htm
|archive-date=20 April 2012
}}</ref> The earliest riots occurred at [[Mahim]] in 1850, in consequence of a dispute between two rival factions of Khojas. Riots broke out between Muslims and [[Parsi people|Parsis]] in October 1851, in consequence of an article on [[Muhammad]] which appeared in the ''Chitra Gnyan Darpan'' newspaper.<ref name="parsiriot">{{harvnb|Palsetia|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=R6oNt3M_yLgC 189]|Ref=parsi}}</ref> The first political organization of the [[Bombay Presidency]], the Bombay Association, was started on 26 August 1852, to vent public grievances to the British.<ref>{{harvnb|Kidambi|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=N2O76-0buuUC 163]|Ref=ba}}</ref> The first-ever Indian railway line began operations between Bombay and neighbouring [[Thane]] over a distance of 21 miles on 16 April 1853.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/26/stories/2003022600240300.htm
|title=The South's first station
|access-date=11 November 2008
|date=26 February 2003
|work=The Hindu |location=India
|url-status=usurped
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808063353/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/26/stories/2003022600240300.htm
|archive-date=8 August 2007}}</ref> The [[Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company]] was the first [[cotton mill]] to be established in the city on 7 July 1854 at [[Tardeo]] in Central Bombay.<ref name="htf">{{cite web
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/Bombay/history3.shtml
|title = A City emerges
|access-date = 11 November 2008
|work = [[Hindustan Times]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511144407/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/bombay/history3.shtml
|archive-date = 11 May 2008}}</ref> The [[Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway]] (BB&CI) was incorporated in 1855.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|p=128|Ref=dm2001}}</ref>

The [[University of Bombay]] was the first modern institution of higher education to be established in India in 1857.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.mu.ac.in/About%20University.html
|title = About University
|access-date = 11 November 2008
|publisher = [[University of Bombay]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081023203430/http://mu.ac.in/About%20University.html
|archive-date = 23 October 2008}}</ref> The Commercial Bank, the Chartered Mercantile, the Agra and United Service, the Chartered and the Central Bank of Western India were established in Bombay attracting a considerable industrial population.<ref name="banking">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Bombay/economic.html#9 Banking]|Ref=bom}}</ref> The outbreak of the [[American Civil War]] in 1861 increased the demand for cotton in the West, and led to an enormous increase in cotton-trade.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Bombay/banking.html#13 Stock Exchange]|Ref=bom}}</ref> The [[Jijamata Udyaan|Victoria Gardens]] was opened to the public in 1862.<ref name="garden">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Bombay/places.html#12 Jijamata Udyan]|Ref=bom}}</ref> The [[Bombay Shipping and Iron Shipping Companies]] were started in 1863 to make Bombay merchants independent of the English.<ref name="brit"/> The [[Bombay Coast and River Steam Navigation Company]] was established in 1866 for the maintenance of steam ferries between Bombay and the nearby islands;<ref name="brit"/> while the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 revolutionized the marine trade of Bombay.<ref name="growth"/> The [[Bombay Municipal Corporation]] was established in 1872, providing a modern framework of governance for the rapidly growing city.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|p=64|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> The [[Bombay Port Trust]] was promulgated in 1870 for the development and administration of the port.<ref name="bpt">{{cite web
|url = http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970626/17750073.html
|title = Bombay Port Trust is 125
|access-date = 11 November 2008
|date = 26 June 1997
|work = [[The Indian Express]]
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081029064852/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970626/17750073.html
|archive-date = 29 October 2008}}</ref> Tramway communication was instituted in 1873.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|p=131|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> The [[Bombay Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST), originally set up as a tramway company: ''Bombay Tramway Company Limited'', was established in 1873.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://bestundertaking.com/his_chap02.asp
|title=Tram-Car arrives
|access-date=16 November 2008
|publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022233706/http://bestundertaking.com/his_chap02.asp 
|archive-date=22 October 2008}}</ref> Violent Parsi-Muslim riots again broke out in February 1874, which were caused by an article on Muhammad published by a Parsi resident.<ref name="parsiriot"/> The [[Bombay Gymkhana]] was formed in 1875.<ref name="gym">{{cite web
|url = http://www.Bombaygymkhana.com/history.asp
|title = History
|access-date = 11 November 2008
|publisher = [[Bombay Gymkhana]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080920032748/http://www.bombaygymkhana.com/history.asp
|archive-date = 20 September 2008}}</ref> The [[Bombay Stock Exchange]], the oldest stock exchange in Asia, was established in 1875.<ref name="bse">{{cite web
|url = http://www.bseindia.com/about/introbse.asp
|title = Introduction
|access-date = 16 November 2008
|publisher = [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120919233251/http://www.bseindia.com/about/introbse.asp
|archive-date = 19 September 2012}}</ref> Electricity arrived in Bombay in 1882 and [[Crawford Market]] was the first establishment to be lit up by electricity.<ref name="chp4">{{cite web
|url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/his_chap04.asp
|title=Electricity arrives in Bombay
|access-date=15 November 2008
|publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST)
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917080729/http://www.bestundertaking.com/his_chap04.asp 
|archive-date=17 September 2008}}</ref> The [[Bombay Natural History Society]] was founded in 1883.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bnhs.org/article.php?cid=MTU=&sid=MA%3D%3D&t=Mg==&aid=MQ%3D%3D
|title=The Society
|access-date=11 November 2008
|publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030145913/http://bnhs.org/article.php?cid=MTU%3D&sid=MA%3D%3D&t=Mg%3D%3D&aid=MQ%3D%3D
|archive-date=30 October 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> [[Bombay time (time zone)|Bombay Time]], one of the two official time zones in [[British India]], was established in 1884<ref name="btime">{{cite web
|url = http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.co.uk/time-zone/asia/india/time/indian-time-zones.htm
|title = India Time Zones (IST)
|access-date = 19 November 2008
|publisher = [[Greenwich Mean Time]] (GMT)
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090213215939/http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.co.uk/time-zone/asia/india/time/indian-time-zones.htm
|archive-date = 13 February 2009}}</ref> during the [[International Meridian Conference]] held at Washington, D.C., in the United States.<ref>{{harvnb|Sutherland|Shiffer|1884|p=141|Ref=pro}}</ref> Bombay time was set at 4 hours and 51 minutes ahead of [[Greenwich Mean Time]] (GMT) using the 75th east meridian.<ref name="btime"/> The [[Princess Dock]] was built in 1885 as part of a scheme for improving the whole foreshore of the Bombay harbour. The first institute in Asia to provide Veterinary Education, the Bombay Veterinary College, was established in Parel in Bombay in the year 1886.

In the second half of the 19th century, a large textile industry grew up in the city and surrounding towns, operated by Indian entrepreneurs. Simultaneously a labour movement was organized. Starting with the Factory Act of 1881, state government played an increasingly important role in regulating the industry. The Bombay presidency set up a factory inspection commission in 1884. There were restrictions on the hours of children and women. An important reformer was [[Mary Carpenter#India|Mary Carpenter]], who wrote factory laws that exemplified Victorian modernization theory of the modern, regulated factory as vehicle of pedagogy and civilizational uplift. Laws provided for compensation for workplace accidents.<ref>Aditya Sarkar, ''Trouble at the Mill: Factory Law and the Emergence of Labour Question in Late Nineteenth-Century Bombay'' (2017).</ref>

===Indian freedom movement===
[[File:1st INC1885.jpg|thumb|First session of the [[Indian National Congress]] in Bombay (28–31 December 1885)]]
The growth of political consciousness started after the establishment of the Bombay Presidency Association on 31 January 1885.<ref>{{harvnb|Banerjee|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=y01bQcwKPVAC 82]|Ref=ban}}</ref> The Bombay Millowners' Association was formed in February 1875 by [[Dinshaw Maneckji Petit]] in order to [[lourdes central school]] protect interests of workers threatened by possible factory and tariff legislation by the British.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.vohuman.org/Article/Sir%20Dinshaw%20Manockjee%20Petit.htm
|title = Sir Dinshaw Manockjee Petit, first Baronet, 1823–1901
|access-date = 12 November 2008
|publisher = Vohuman
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081028105245/http://www.vohuman.org/Article/Sir%20Dinshaw%20Manockjee%20Petit.htm
|archive-date = 28 October 2008}}</ref> The first session of the [[Indian National Congress]] was held in Bombay from 28–31 December 1885.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/29/stories/2006122906471500.htm
|title = Congress foundation day celebrated
|date = 29 December 2006
|access-date = 12 November 2008
|location = India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080308055955/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/29/stories/2006122906471500.htm
|work = [[The Hindu]]
|archive-date = 8 March 2008}}</ref> The Bombay Municipal Act was enacted in 1888 which gave the British Government wide powers of interference in civic matters.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://stateelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/THE%20Bombay%20MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION%20ACT_1888.pdf
|title = Bombay Municipal Corporation Act, 1888
|publisher = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
|format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]], 215 KB
|access-date = 12 November 2008
}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=Yashthepunisher |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Victoria Terminus]] of the [[Great Indian Peninsular Railway]], one of the finest stations in the world, was completed in May 1888.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|p=109|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> The concept of ''[[Dabbawala]]s'' (lunch box delivery man) originated in the 1890s when British people who came to Bombay did not like the local food. So the ''Dabbawala'' service was set up to bring lunch to these people in their workplace straight from their home.<ref>{{harvnb|Dalal|Shah|2002|p=30|Ref=dal}}</ref> On 11 August 1893, a serious communal riot took place between the Hindus and Muslims, when a [[Shiva]] temple was attacked by Muslims in Bombay. 75 people were killed and 350 were injured.<ref>{{cite journal
|url = http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20139/Ganapati%2019-25.pdf
|author = Dinesh Thite
|title = From Distrust to Reconciliation (The Making of the Ganesh Utsav in Maharashtra)
|volume = 139
|publisher = [[Manushi]]
|page = 20
|format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]], 124 KB
|access-date = 12 November 2008
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081122012031/http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20139/Ganapati%2019-25.pdf
|archive-date = 22 November 2008}}</ref> In September 1896, Bombay was hit by a [[Bombay plague epidemic|bubonic plague epidemic]] where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|p=74|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> Around 850,000, amounting to half of the population, fled Bombay during this time.<ref>{{cite journal
|url = http://www.timeoutBombay.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45
|title = Rat Trap
|issue = 6
|journal = Time Out Bombay
|publisher = [[Time Out (company)|Time Out]]
|date = 14 November 2008
|access-date = 19 November 2008
}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=Yashthepunisher |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 9 March 1898, there was a serious riot which started with a sudden outbreak of hostility against the measures adopted by Government for suppression of plague. The riot led to a strike of dock and railway workers which paralysed the city for a few days.<ref>{{harvnb|Kidambi|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=N2O76-0buuUC 118]|Ref=ba}}</ref> The significant results of the plague was the creation of the Bombay City Improvement Trust on 9 December 1898<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Bombay/local.html#1 Municipal Corporation]|Ref=bom}}</ref> and the [[Haffkine Institute]] on 10 January 1899 by [[Waldemar Haffkine]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/history.htm
|title = History
|access-date = 12 November 2008
|publisher = [[Haffkine Institute]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081017120758/http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/history.htm
|archive-date = 17 October 2008}}</ref> The Dadar-Matunga-Wadala-Sion scheme, the first planned suburban scheme in Bombay, was formulated in 1899–1900 by the Bombay City Improvement Trust to relieve congestion in the centre of the town, following the plague epidemics.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|pp=175–7|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> The cotton mill industry was adversely affected during 1900 and 1901 due to the flight of workers because of the plague.<ref>{{harvnb|Bagchi |2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UZZcTYzHBtgC 233]|Ref=kum}}</ref>

[[File:Victoria station Mumbai.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Victoria Terminus]] in Bombay, one of the finest stations in the world, was completed in 1888.]]
The [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1905 initiated the [[Swadeshi movement]], which led to the boycotting of British goods in India.<ref>{{cite journal
|url = http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/aug2005/engpdf/the%20swadeshi%20movement.pdf
|author = D.D. Pattanaik
|title = The Swadeshi Movement : Culmination of Cultural Nationalism
|issue = August 2005
|journal = Orissa Review
|publisher = [[Government of Orissa]]
|format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]], 163 KB
|access-date = 12 November 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410024629/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/aug2005/engpdf/the%20swadeshi%20movement.pdf
|archive-date = 10 April 2009}}</ref> On 22 July 1908, [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Lokmanya Tilak]], the principal advocate of the Swadeshi movement in Bombay, was sentenced to six years rigorous imprisonment, on the charge of writing inflammatory articles against the Government in his newspaper ''[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]]''. The arrest led to huge scale protests across the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Agrawal|Bhatnagar|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MpP0a_9hTr0C 124]|Ref=kum}}</ref> ''[[The Bombay Chronicle]]'' started by [[Pherozeshah Mehta]], the leader of the [[Indian National Congress]], in 1910, played an important role in the national movement until India's Independence.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|1995|p=160|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Lord Willingdon]] convened the Provincial War Conference at Bombay on 10 June 1918, whose objective was to seek the co-operation of the people in the World War I measures which the British Government thought it necessary to take in the Bombay Presidency. The conference was followed by huge rallies across the city. The worldwide influenza epidemic raged through Bombay from September to December 1918, causing hundreds of deaths per day. The Lord Willingdon Memorial incident of December 1918 saw the handicap of Home Rulers in Bombay. The first important strike in the textile industry in Bombay began in January 1919.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Bombay/history.html#20 Home Rule Movement]|Ref=bom}}</ref> Bombay was the main centre of the [[Rowlatt Satyagraha]] movement started by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] from February — April 1919. The movement was started as a result of the [[Rowlatt Act]], which indefinitely extended emergency measures during World War I in order to control public unrest.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Bombay/history.html#22 Dawn of Gandhian Era]|Ref=bom}}</ref>

[[File:View of Bombay from Rajabai Tower 1919.jpg|thumb|South-east view of Bombay from the [[Rajabai Clock Tower]], 1919]]
Following World War I, which saw large movement of India troops, supplies, arms and industrial goods to and from Bombay, the city life was shut down many times during the [[Non-Cooperation Movement|Non-cooperation movement]] from 1920 to 1922.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Bombay/history.html#23 Non Co-operation Movement]|Ref=bom}}</ref> In 1926, the Back Bay scandal occurred, when the Bombay Development Department under the British reclaimed the [[Back Bay (Bombay)|Back Bay]] area in Bombay after the financial crisis incidental to the post-war slump in the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_Bombay/history.html#24 Back Bay Scandal]|Ref=bom}}</ref> The first electric locomotives in India were put into service from [[Victoria Terminus]] to [[Kurla]] in 1925.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/04/21/stories/13211104.htm
|title = On the right track
|author = Lalitha Sridhar
|date = 21 April 2001
|access-date = 12 November 2008
|work = The Hindu
|location = India
|url-status = usurped
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050121055953/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/04/21/stories/13211104.htm
|archive-date = 21 January 2005
}}</ref> In the late 1920s, many Persians migrated to Bombay from [[Yazd]] to escape the drought in Iran.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1167800
|title = A slice of Persia in Dongri
|author = Taran N Khan
|date = 31 May 2008
|access-date = 9 October 2008
|work = [[Daily News & Analysis]]
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080705072840/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1167800
|archive-date = 5 July 2008}}</ref> In the early 1930s, the nationwide [[Civil disobedience movement]] against the British Salt tax spread to Bombay. [[Vile Parle]] was the headquarters of the movement<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#30 Congress Session (of 1934)]|Ref=bom}}</ref> in Bombay under [[Jamnalal Bajaj]].<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#26 Businessmen and Civil Disobedience]|Ref=bom}}</ref> On 15 October 1932 industrialist and aviator [[J.R.D. Tata]] pioneered [[civil aviation]] in Bombay by flying a plane from [[Karachi]] to Bombay.<ref>{{harvnb|Lala|1992|p=98|Ref=lala}}</ref> Bombay was affected by the [[Great Depression]] of 1929, which saw a stagnation of mill industry and economy from 1933 to 1939.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#31 Economic Conditions (1933–1939)]|Ref=bom}}</ref> With World War II, the movements of thousands of troops, military and industrial goods and the fleet of the [[Royal Indian Navy]] made Bombay an important military base for the battles being fought in West Asia and [[South East Asia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#35 Outbreak of the War]|Ref=bom}}</ref> The climatic [[Quit India]] rebellion was promulgated on 7 August 1942 by the Congress in a public meeting at [[Gowalia Tank]].<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#36 Quit India Movement]|Ref=bom}}</ref> The [[Royal Indian Navy Mutiny]] of 18 February 1946 in Bombay marked the first and most serious revolt by the Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy against British rule.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#37 Naval Mutiny]|Ref=bom}}</ref> On 15 August 1947, finally India was declared independent. The last British troops to leave India, the First Battalion of the [[Somerset Light Infantry]], passed through the arcade of the [[Gateway of India]] in Bombay on 28 February 1948,<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/bombay/history4.shtml
|title = A New Bombay, A new India
|access-date = 13 November 2008
|work = Hindustan Times
|location = India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080326232831/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/bombay/history4.shtml
|archive-date = 26 March 2008}}</ref> ending the 282-year-long period of the British in Bombay .<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#38 Dawn of Independence]|Ref=bom}}</ref>

==Independent India==
{{main|History of Mumbai after independence|Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Bombay riots|1993 Bombay bombings|Terrorism in Mumbai}}

===20th century===
[[File:Hutatma Chowk.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Hutatma Chowk]] memorial with the [[Flora Fountain]], on its left in the background]]
[[File:Departure of British Troops from India - 28 February 1948 - Gateway of India.jpg|thumb|The Sikh parade at the [[Gateway to India]] on the occasion of the departure of [[British Indian Army|British Troops]] from India on 28 February 1948]]
After the [[Partition of India]] on 15 August 1947, over 100,000 [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] refugees from the newly created Pakistan were relocated in the military camps five kilometres from [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]] in the Maharashta Region. It was converted into a township in 1949, and named [[Ulhasnagar]] by the then Governor-General of India, [[C. Rajagopalachari]].<ref>{{harvnb|Alexander|1951|p=65|Ref=sindhi}}</ref> In April 1950, Greater Bombay District came into existence with the merger of Bombay Suburbs and Bombay City. It spanned an area of {{convert|235.1|km2|sqmi|2|abbr=on}} and inhabited 2,339,000 of people in 1951. The [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|Municipal Corporation]] limits were extended up to [[Jogeshwari]] along the [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway]] and [[Bhandup]] along the [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]]. This limit was further extended in February 1957 up to [[Dahisar]] along the Western Railway and [[Mulund]] on the Central Railway.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm
|title = Administration
|access-date = 6 November 2008
|publisher = [[Mumbai Suburban District]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081121000427/http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm
|archive-date = 21 November 2008}}</ref> In the 1955 ''[[Lok Sabha]]'' discussions, when [[Bombay State]] was being re-organised along linguistic lines into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm
|title=The battle for Bombay
|date=13 April 2003
|access-date=12 November 2008
|work=The Hindu |location=India
|url-status=usurped
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514003803/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm
|archive-date=14 May 2005}}</ref> But the [[States Reorganisation Act|States Reorganisation Committee]] recommended a bi-lingual state for Maharashtra-[[Gujarat]], with Bombay as its capital. However, the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] opposed this, and insisted that Bombay native of Marathi be declared the capital of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/community/community_samyuktaShow.php
|title=Samyukta Maharashtra
|access-date=12 November 2008
|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006221033/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/community/community_samyuktaShow.php 
|archive-date=6 October 2008}}</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] was established in 1958 at [[Powai]], a northern suburb of Bombay.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.iitb.ac.in/about/aboutiitb.html
|title = About IIT Bombay
|access-date = 13 November 2008
|publisher = [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]]
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081227210512/http://www.iitb.ac.in/about/aboutiitb.html
|archive-date = 27 December 2008}}</ref> Following protests by the Samyukta Maharashtra movement in which 105 people were killed by police firing, Maharashtra State was formed with Bombay as its capital on 1 May 1960.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/
|title = Sons of soil: born, reborn
|access-date = 12 November 2008
|date = 6 February 2008
|work = [[The Indian Express]]
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101513/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/
|archive-date = 16 January 2013}}</ref> [[Flora Fountain]] was renamed [[Hutatma Chowk]] ("Martyr's Square") as a memorial to the [[Samyukta Maharashtra]] movement.<ref>{{harvnb|Gangadharan|1970|p=123|Ref=gang}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom
|title = BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs
|author = Geeta Desai
|access-date = 16 November 2008
|date = 13 May 2008
|work = [[Mumbai Mirror]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110816124148/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom
|archive-date = 16 August 2011}}</ref>

In the early 1960s, the [[Parsi]] and [[Marwaris]] Migrant communities owned majority of the industry and trade enterprises in the city, while the white-collar jobs were mainly sought by the [[South India]]n migrants to the city. The [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] party was established on 19 June 1966 by Bombay cartoonist [[Bal Thackeray]], out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalization of the native [[Marathi people]] in their native state Maharashtra. In the 1960s and 1970s, Shiv Sena fought for rights of native Marathis.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1311115,prtpage-1.cms
|title = Sena fate: From roar to meow
|access-date = 12 November 2008
|date = 29 November 2005
|work = The Times of India
|location = India
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090112193316/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1311115,prtpage-1.cms
|archive-date = 12 January 2009}}</ref> In the late 1960s, [[Nariman Point]] and [[Cuffe Parade]] were reclaimed and developed.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/bombay/history5.shtml
|title = To the Present
|access-date = 13 November 2008
|work = Hindustan Times
|location = India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080326233932/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/bombay/history5.shtml
|archive-date = 26 March 2008}}</ref> During the 1970 there were Bombay-[[Bhiwandi]] riots.<ref>{{harvnb|Banerjee|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=F165bWv7goQC 101]|Ref=bhi}}</ref> During the 1970s, coastal communication increased between Bombay and south western coast of India, after introduction of ships by the London-based trade firm Shepherd. These ships facilitated the entry of [[Goan Catholics|Goan]] and [[Mangalorean Catholics]] to Bombay.<ref>{{harvnb|Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture|1983|p=113|Ref=xav}}</ref>

[[File:Nehru Center.jpg|thumb|right|Nehru Centre was established in 1972 in Bombay.]]
[[Nehru Centre]] was established in 1972 at [[Worli]] in Bombay.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.nehru-centre.org/
|title = Nehru Centre, Mumbai
|access-date = 16 November 2008
|publisher = [[Nehru Science Centre]]
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081103131658/http://www.nehru-centre.org/
|archive-date = 3 November 2008}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) was set up on 26 January 1975 by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the [[Mumbai metropolitan area|Mumbai metropolitan region]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm
|title=About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)
|access-date=13 November 2008
|publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919094208/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm 
|archive-date=19 September 2008}}</ref> [[Nehru Science Centre]], India's largest interactive science centre, was established in 1972 at Worli in Bombay.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.nehrusciencecentre.org/gen_info.htm
|title = General Information
|access-date = 16 November 2008
|publisher = [[Nehru Science Centre]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081026135327/http://www.nehrusciencecentre.org/gen_info.htm
|archive-date = 26 October 2008}}</ref> In August 1979, a sister township of [[Navi Mumbai]] was founded by [[City and Industrial Development Corporation]] (CIDCO) across [[Thane]] and [[Raigad district|Raigad]] districts of Maharashtra to help the dispersal and control of Mumbai's population.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nmmconline.com/english/aboutUs/about_history_Show.php
|title=About Navi Mumbai (History)
|access-date=13 November 2008
|publisher=[[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation]] (NMMC)
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918095134/http://www.nmmconline.com/english/aboutUs/about_history_Show.php 
|archive-date=18 September 2008}}</ref> The [[Great Bombay Textile Strike]] was called on 18 January 1982 by trade union leader [[Dutta Samant]], where nearly 250,000 workers and more than 50 [[Girangaon|textile mills in Bombay]] went on strike.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld2.htm
|title = The Great Mumbai Textile Strike... 25 Years On
|access-date = 17 November 2008
|date = 18 January 2007
|publisher = [[Rediff.com|Rediff.com India Limited]]
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100531192635/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld2.htm
|archive-date = 31 May 2010}}</ref> On 17 May 1984, riots broke out in Bombay, [[Thane]], and [[1984 Bhiwandi riot|Bhiwandi]] after a saffron flag was placed at the top of a mosque. 278 were killed and 1,118 were wounded.<ref>{{harvnb|Hansen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC 77]|Ref=bhi84}}</ref> The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] was commissioned on 26 May 1989 at [[Nhava Sheva]] with a view to de-congest [[Mumbai Harbour|Bombay Harbour]] and to serve as a hub port for the city.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.jawaharcustoms.gov.in/jnch/others/profile.htm
|title=Profile of Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House (Nhava Sheva)
|access-date=13 November 2008
|publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226073604/http://www.jawaharcustoms.gov.in/jnch/others/profile.htm
|archive-date=26 February 2008
}}</ref> In December 1992 – January 93, over 1,000 people were killed and the city paralyzed by [[Bombay riots|communal riots]] between the Hindus and the Muslims caused by the destruction of the [[Babri Mosque]] in [[Ayodhya]].<ref>{{cite journal
|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2014/stories/20030718002704100.htm
|title = Mumbai: A decade after riots
|journal = Frontline; the Hindu
|author = Naunidhi Kaur
|access-date = 13 November 2008
|volume = 20
|issue = 14
|date = 5–18 July 2003
|location = India
|url-status = usurped
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081222015843/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2014/stories/20030718002704100.htm
|archive-date = 22 December 2008}}</ref> A series of 13 co-ordinated [[1993 Bombay bombings|bomb explosions]] took place in Bombay on 12 March 1993, which resulted in 257 deaths and 700 injuries.<ref>{{cite news
|url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm
|title = 1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs
|access-date = 12 November 2008
|date = 12 March 1993
|work = BBC
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211202614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm
|archive-date = 11 December 2008}}</ref> The attacks were believed to be orchestrated by mafia don [[Dawood Ibrahim]] in retaliation for the Babri Mosque demolition.<ref>{{cite news
|url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4777323.stm
|title = Victims await Mumbai 1993 blasts justice
|author = Monica Chadha
|access-date = 12 November 2008
|date = 12 September 2006
|work = BBC
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081210005630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4777323.stm
|archive-date = 10 December 2008}}</ref> In 1996, the newly elected [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]-led government renamed the city of '''Bombay''' to the native name '''Mumbai''', after the Koli native Marathi people Goddess [[Mumbadevi]].<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmumbaitravelguide
|title = Mumbai Travel Guide
|access-date = 15 November 2008
|publisher = Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081204051907/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmumbaitravelguide
|archive-date = 4 December 2008
}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sheppard|1917|pp=38, 104–105|Ref=shp}}</ref> Soon colonial British names were shed to assert or reassert local names,<ref>{{cite news
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/magazine/06wwln_safire.html
|title = Mumbai Not Bombay
|author = William Safire
|access-date = 13 November 2008
|date = 6 July 2006
|work = The New York Times
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120324162639/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/magazine/06wwln_safire.html
|archive-date = 24 March 2012}}</ref> such as Victoria Terminus being renamed to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] on 4 March 1996, after the 17th century Marathi King [[Shivaji]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=155514
|title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus chugs towards a new heritage look
|last=Verma
|first=Kalpana
|date=4 November 2005
|work=Mumbai Newsline
|publisher=[[Express Group]]
|access-date=6 February 2009
}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===21st century===
{{main|History of Mumbai during the 21st century}}
[[File:Mahim train blast.jpg|thumb|left|200px|One of the bomb-damaged coaches at the [[Mahim]] station in Mumbai during the [[11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings|11 July 2006 train bombings]]]]
During the 21st century, the city suffered several bombings. On 6 December 2002, a bomb placed under a seat of an empty BEST ([[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]]) bus exploded near [[Ghatkopar]] station in Mumbai. Around 2 people were killed and 28 were injured.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/dec/02mum.htm
|publisher = [[rediff.com]] India Limited
|title = Blast outside Ghatkopar station in Mumbai, 2 killed
|date = 6 December 2002
|access-date = 19 August 2008
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080811153416/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/dec/02mum.htm
|archive-date = 11 August 2008}}</ref> The bombing occurred on the tenth anniversary of the [[Babri Mosque#Demolition|demolition of the Babri Mosque]] in [[Ayodhya]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/6/newsid_3712000/3712777.stm
|work = BBC
|title = 1992: Mob rips apart mosque in Ayodhya
|access-date = 11 November 2008
|date = 6 December 1992
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081207084212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/6/newsid_3712000/3712777.stm
|archive-date = 7 December 2008}}</ref> On 27 January 2003, a bomb placed on a bicycle exploded near the [[Vile Parle]] station in Mumbai. The bomb killed 1 and injured 25. The blast occurred a day ahead of the visit of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], the then [[Prime Minister of India]] to the city.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/35711165.cms
|work = The Times of India
|location = India
|title = 1 killed, 25 hurt in Vile Parle blast
|date = 28 January 2003
|access-date = 19 August 2008
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090114012444/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/35711165.cms
|archive-date = 14 January 2009}}</ref> On 13 March 2003, a bomb exploded in a train compartment, as the train was entering the [[Mulund]] station in Mumbai. 10 people were killed and 70 were injured. The blast occurred a day after the tenth anniversary of the [[1993 Bombay bombings]].<ref>{{cite news
|url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2848123.stm
|work = BBC
|title = Fear after Bombay train blast
|date = 14 March 2003
|access-date = 19 August 2008
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081204104541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2848123.stm
|archive-date = 4 December 2008}}</ref> On 28 July 2003, a bomb placed under a seat of a BEST bus exploded in Ghatkopar. The bomb killed 4 people and injured 32.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/28blast.htm
|publisher = [[rediff.com]] India Limited
|title = Blast in Ghatkopar in Mumbai, 4 killed and 32 injured
|date = 29 July 2003
|author1 = Vijay Singh
|author2 = Syed Firdaus Ashra
|access-date = 19 August 2008
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080908095938/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/28blast.htm
|archive-date = 8 September 2008}}</ref> On 25 August 2003, two blasts in [[South Mumbai]] – one near the [[Gateway of India]] and the other at Zaveri Bazaar in [[Kalbadevi]] occurred. At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured. No group claimed responsibility for the attack, but it had been hinted that the Pakistan-based [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] was behind the attacks.<ref>{{cite news
|url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/25/newsid_3921000/3921475.stm
|work = BBC
|title = 2003: Bombay rocked by twin car bombs
|access-date = 19 August 2008
|date = 25 August 2003
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120410202413/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/25/newsid_3921000/3921475.stm
|archive-date = 10 April 2012}}</ref>

[[File:2008 Mumbai terror attacks Oberoi Restaurant.jpg|thumb|right|The damaged [[Oberoi Trident]] hotel during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|November 2008 attacks]]]]
Mumbai was lashed by torrential rains on [[Maharashtra floods of 2005|26–27 July 2005]], during which the city was brought to a complete standstill. The city received 37 inches (940 millimeters) of rain in 24 hours — the most any Indian city has ever received in a single day. Around 83 people were killed.<ref>{{cite news
|url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4720343.stm
|work = BBC
|title = Maharashtra monsoon 'kills 200'
|date = 25 July 2005
|access-date = 17 August 2008
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081002144850/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4720343.stm
|archive-date = 2 October 2008}}</ref> On 11 July 2006, a series of seven bomb blasts took place over a period of 11 minutes on the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Suburban Railway]] in Mumbai at [[Khar, Mumbai|Khar]], [[Mahim]], [[Matunga]], [[Jogeshwari]], [[Borivali]], and one between Khar and [[Santa Cruz (Mumbai)|Santa Cruz]].<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/07/11/mumbai.blasts/
|publisher = CNN
|title = At least 174 killed in Indian train blasts
|date = 11 July 2006
|access-date = 11 November 2008
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080921031629/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/07/11/mumbai.blasts/
|archive-date = 21 September 2008}}</ref> 209 people were killed<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India_A_major_terror_target_/articleshow/3654886.cms
|work=The Times of India |location=India
|title=India: A major terror target
|date=30 October 2008
|access-date=11 November 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102142444/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India_A_major_terror_target_/articleshow/3654886.cms
|archive-date=2 November 2008}}</ref> and over 700 were injured.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=71404
|work = [[The Indian Express]]
|title = Rs 50, 000 not enough for injured
|date = 21 July 2006
|access-date = 11 November 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090114034406/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=71404
|archive-date = 14 January 2009}}</ref> According to [[Mumbai Police]], the bombings were carried out by [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] and [[Students Islamic Movement of India]] (SIMI).<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/30/india.bombs/index.html?section=cnn_world#
|publisher = CNN
|title = India police: Pakistan spy agency behind Mumbai bombings
|date = 1 October 2006
|access-date = 11 November 2008
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090423062022/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/30/india.bombs/index.html?section=cnn_world
|archive-date = 23 April 2009}}</ref> In 2008, the city experienced [[2008 attacks on Uttar Pradeshi and Bihari migrants in Maharashtra|xenophobic attacks by the activists]] of the [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS) under [[Raj Thackeray]] on the North Indian migrants in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1151247
|access-date = 19 August 2008
|date = 16 February 2008
|title = Thackeray continues tirade against North Indians
|work = [[Daily News & Analysis]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080603221102/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1151247
|archive-date = 3 June 2008}}</ref> Attacks included assault on North Indian taxi drivers and damage of their vehicles.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080045337
|access-date = 19 August 2008
|title = North Indian taxi drivers attacked in Mumbai
|date = 29 March 2008
|publisher = [[NDTV]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080602030546/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080045337
|archive-date = 2 June 2008}}</ref> There were a series of [[2008 Mumbai attacks|ten coordinated terrorist attacks]] by 10 armed Pakistani men using automatic weapons and grenades which began on 26 November 2008 and ended on 29 November 2008. The attacks resulted in 164 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several important buildings.<ref name="Casualties">{{cite press release
|url = http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=45446
|publisher = Press Information Bureau ([[Government of India]])
|date = 11 December 2008
|title = HM announces measures to enhance security
|access-date = 14 December 2008
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150705071324/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=45446
|archive-date = 5 July 2015}}</ref> The city again saw a series of [[2011 Mumbai bombings|three coordinated bomb explosions]] at different locations on 13 July 2011 between 18:54 and 19:06 IST. The blasts occurred at the [[Royal Opera House (Mumbai)|Opera House]], [[Zaveri Bazaar]], and [[Dadar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/twin-blasts-in-mumbai-15-injured/167291-3.html|title=3 bomb blasts in Mumbai; 8 killed, 70 injured|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=20 February 2012|date=13 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714134846/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/twin-blasts-in-mumbai-15-injured/167291-3.html|archive-date=14 July 2011}}</ref> which left 26 killed, and 130 injured.<ref name=twentysix>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26/H1-Article1-727292.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905103034/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26/H1-Article1-727292.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2012|title=Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26|access-date=20 February 2012|date=13 July 2011|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name=Victims>{{cite news|title=Death toll in Mumbai terror blasts rises to 19|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/death-toll-in-mumbai-terror-blasts-rises-to-19-119692|date=15 July 2011|access-date=20 February 2012|publisher=[[NDTV]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717012938/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/death-toll-in-mumbai-terror-blasts-rises-to-19-119692|archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref> The city's [[Wankhede Stadium]] was the venue for [[2011 Cricket World Cup]] [[2011 Cricket World Cup Final|final]], where [[India national cricket team|India]] emerged as a champion for the second time after the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]].

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Bombay Before the British]]
*[[Growth of Mumbai]]
*[[Mumbai bombings]]
*[[List of forts in Mumbai]]
*[[List of governors of Bombay Presidency]]
*[[Timeline of Mumbai events]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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|publisher=Modern Period Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra
|year=1987
}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Contractor
|first=Behram
|author-link=Behram Contractor
|title=From Bombay to Mumbai
|publisher=Oriana Books
|year=1998
}}
*{{Cite journal
|last=Cox
|first=Edmund Charles
|title=Short History of Bombay Presidency
|publisher=Thacker & Company
|year=1887
|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofbo00coxerich/page/n6/mode/2up
}}
* {{cite book |title=Glimpses of old Bombay and western India, with other papers|first= James|last= Douglas|publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & Co., London |year=1900|url=https://archive.org/stream/glimpsesofoldbom00dougrich#page/n7/mode/2up }}
*{{Cite book
|last1=Katiyar
|first1=Arun
|author-link=Arun Katiyar
|author2=Namas Bhojani
|title=Bombay, A Contemporary Account
|publisher=Harper Collins
|isbn=81-7223-216-0
|year=1996
}}
* Kooiman, Dick. "Jobbers and the emergence of trade unions in Bombay city." ''International Review of Social History'' 22.3 (1977): 313–328. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44581784 online]
*{{Cite journal
|last=MacLean
|first=James Mackenzie
|title=A Guide to Bombay
|publisher=Bombay Gazette Steam Press
|year=1876
}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Mehta
|first=Suketu
|author-link=Suketu Mehta
|title=Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found
|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf
|year=2004
|isbn=978-0-375-40372-9
|url=https://archive.org/details/maximumcitybomba00meht
}}
* Morris, Morris David. ''The emergence of an industrial labor force in India: A study of the Bombay cotton mills, 1854-1947'' (U of California Press, 1965).
*{{Cite book
|last1=Patel
|first1=Sujata
|author2=Alice Thorner
|title=Bombay, Metaphor for Modern India
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|isbn=0-19-563688-0
|year=1995
}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Pinki
|first=Virani
|author-link=Pinki Virani
|title=Once was Bombay
|publisher=Viking
|isbn=0-670-88869-9
|year=1999
}}
* Sarkar, Aditya. ''Trouble at the Mill: Factory Law and the Emergence of Labour Question in Late Nineteenth-Century Bombay'' (Oxford UP, 2017) [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=53632 online review]
* {{cite book |title= Bombay Place-names and Street-names: An excursion into the by-ways of the history of Bombay City
|first=Samuel T. |last=Sheppard|publisher=Times Press, Bombay |year=1917|url=https://archive.org/stream/bombayplacenames00sheprich#page/n3/mode/2up }}
*{{Cite book
|last=Tindall
|first=Gillian
|title=City of Gold
|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] Limited
|year=1992
|isbn=0-14-009500-4
}}
* Upadhaya, Sashibushan. ''Existence, Identity, and Mobilization: The Cotton Millworkers of Bombay, 1890-1919'' (New Delhi: Manohar, 2004).
* {{cite book |title=Handbook of the Bombay Presidency: With an account of Bombay city|publisher=John Murray, London|year=1881 |url=https://archive.org/stream/handbookbombayp00eastgoog#page/n5/mode/2up }}
* {{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (Volume XXI)|publisher=Government Central Press|year=1884|url=https://archive.org/stream/gazetteerbombay23enthgoog#page/n6/mode/2up }}

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Mumbai}}
{{commons category|History of Mumbai}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090425185759/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/bacaim.html Portuguese India History: The Northern Province: Bassein, Bombay-Mumbai, Damao, Chaul] from ''Dutch Portuguese Colonial History''
*[http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/century-city/century-city-bombay-mumbai-1992-2001 Century City Time Line – Bombay] from [[Tate]]
*[http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_search.asp?strfirstsearchcrietia=&strsecondsearchcrietia=british A collection of pages on Mumbai's History] from [[Time Out (company)|Time Out]] (Mumbai)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071121140545/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/bombay/history_index.shtml The Mumbai Project] from ''[[Hindustan Times]]''



{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
{{good article}}

[[Category:History of Mumbai| ]]

[[gl:Mumbai - मुम़बई#Historia]]

Vasudev Katyuri

2025-12-11T17:05:31Z

Pankajglobal: Done...

{{Disputed|date=October 2025}}
'''Vasudev Katyuri''' ([[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]: वासुदेव कत्यूरी)'''<ref name="vasudeva">{{cite book |last1=Miśra |first1=Nityānanda |title=Source Materials of Kumauni History |date=1994 |publisher=Shree Almora Book Depot |isbn=978-81-85865-24-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdxHAAAAMAAJ&q=vasudeva+katyuri |language=en}}</ref>''' was the founder and the emperor of the [[Katyuri dynasty]],<ref name="founder">{{cite book |last1=Hāṇḍā |first1=Omacanda |title=History of Uttaranchal |date=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-134-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC&q=vasu+ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Book">{{cite book |last1=Pāṇḍe |first1=Badarī Datta |title=History of Kumaun: English Version of "Kumaun Ka Itihas" |date=1993 |publisher=Shyam Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85865-01-0 |pages=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXZwQgAACAAJ |ref=The Katyuri dynasty, part of the Solar lineage, ruled a vast region from Nepal to Kabul about 2,500 years ago. Originating in Uttarkoshal, they later formed a distinct kingdom in Kumaon. Known for their influence, they possibly ruled before or after the Khasa kings, with Kanakdeva being a notable ruler. |language=en}}</ref> based [[Himachal Pradesh|east Himachal Pradesh]], [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]], [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]], [[Doti]]<ref name="area">{{cite book |last1=Negi |first1=Sharad Singh |title=Discovering the Himalaya |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-079-8 |pages=532 |language=en}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The Katyuri dynasty, part of the Khasa lineage, ruled a vast region from Nepal to Kabul about 2,500 years ago. Originating in Uttarkoshal, they later formed a distinct kingdom in Kumaon. Known for their influence, they possibly ruled before or after the Khasa kings, with Kanakdeva being a notable ruler.
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pāṇḍe |first1=Badarī Datta |title=History of Kumaun: English Version of "Kumaun Ka Itihas" |date=1993 |publisher=Shyam Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85865-01-0 |pages=150–152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXZwQgAACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>}} in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="vasudeva" /><ref name="founder" />

==Origin==
Vasudev Katyuri, founder of the [[Katyuri dynasty]],<ref name="founder"/> established his rule at [[Jyotirmath]] in the [[Alaknanda]] valley. he unified smaller Himalayan principalities into a single kingdom during the early medieval period.

==Ancient==
[[File:The Dancing Shiva....rare depictions of Ancient India.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|7th-century Nataraja relief on Temple 1 of [[Jageshwar|Jageshwar Temples]]; Ganesha in upper right corner, Skanda-Kartikeya on his peacock in upper left, Parvati in lower left and a musician playing ''[[vadya]]'' in lower right.{{sfn|Nachiket Chanchani|2013|pp=139-141}}]]
The Katyuri dynasty was founded by Vashudev Katyuri (sometimes spelled Vasu Dev or Basu Dev);<ref name=":1">{{Harvnb|Handa|2002|p=25}}</ref> the ancient Basdeo temple in the city - the oldest stone temple in [[Uttarakhand]] - is attributed to him.<ref name=":4">{{Harvnb|Handa|2002|p=26}}</ref> His reign is most commonly believed to be from 850 to 870 CE.<ref name=":4"/> The Kingdom was then named ''Jyotiryana'', and had its capital at [[Joshimath]] in the [[Alaknanda River|Alaknanda]] Valley.

==Regin and death==
His reign is most commonly believed to be from 850 to 870 CE.<ref name=":4"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hāṇḍā |first1=Omacanda |title=History of Uttaranchal |date=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-134-4 |pages=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC |language=en}}</ref> The Kingdom was then named ''Jyotiryana'', and had its capital at [[Joshimath]] in the [[Alaknanda River|Alaknanda]] Valley.<ref name="Handa 2002 24"/<ref name="Handa 2002 24">{{cite book |last1=Hāṇḍā |first1=Omacanda |title=History of Uttaranchal |date=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-134-4 |pages=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC |language=en}}</ref> Vasu Dev was of Buddhist origin, but later started following Hindu practices. The Hindu practices of Katyuri kings in general is sometimes attributed to a vigorous campaign of [[Adi Shankara]] (788-820 CE).<ref name=":4"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal |title=The Jageshwar Valley, Where Death Is Conquered |author=Nachiket Chanchani |journal=Archives of Asian Art |volume=63 |number=2 |year=2013 |pages=133–154 |publisher=Duke University Press |doi=10.1353/aaa.2014.0004 |s2cid=191618006}}

[[Category:History of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Aman Ali Khan

2025-11-30T00:49:52Z

Pankajglobal: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian singer (1888–1953)}}
{{Distinguish|Amaan Ali Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix = [[Ustad]]
| name = Aman Ali Khan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1888
| birth_place = [[Bhendi Bazaar|Bhendi Bazaar]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date|1953|02|11}}
| death_place = Delhi, India
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| occupation = [[Vocalist]], [[Composer]]
| years_active = 1900s–1953
}}
'''Ustad Aman Ali Khan''' ‘Amar’ (1888–1953) was an [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]] vocalist and composer from the [[Bhendibazaar gharana|Bhendibazaar Gharana]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Pinto |editor-first1=Jerry |editor-last2=Fernandes |editor-first2=Naresh |year=2003 |title=Bombay, Meri Jaan: Writings on Mumbai |publisher=Penguin Books India |page=286 |isbn=9780143029663}}</ref> He brought many Carnatic [[raga]]s into [[Hindustani classical music]].<ref name="GharanasofIndianMusic">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Sadakat Aman |title=Gharanas of Indian Music |publisher=Notion Press |date=2022 |isbn=9798885694117 |page=44}}</ref>

Aman Ali was the son of Chhajju Khan, one of the founders of the [[Bhendibazaar gharana]], who came from [[Uttar Pradesh]] and settled in the Bhendibazaar area of [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/bhendi-bazaar-gharana/article22366824.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122154745/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/bhendi-bazaar-gharana/article22366824.ece|archive-date=22 January 2021|url-status=dead|title=A style as intriguing as the name (Aman Ali Khan profile - Lata Mangeshkar and many Bombay qawwals were his disciples)|newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|author=Jyoti Nair|access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="GharanasofIndianMusic"/>

Aman Ali learned [[Carnatic music]] under the guidance of Kalanidhi Bidaram Krishnappa, court musician of [[Mysore state]]. He introduced rhythmic play (layakari) and style of solfa singing ([[Sargam (music)|sargam]]) to the Bhendibazaar gharana. Aman Ali's music was especially noted for its rhythmic sargam patterns, for which he derived inspiration from Carnatic music. The great vocalist [[Amir Khan (singer)|Amir Khan]] considered Aman Ali to be a major musical influence in his life.

Aman Ali left Bombay in 1947 and settled in [[Pune]]. He contracted pneumonia while visiting [[Delhi]] for concerts and died on February 11, 1953.

His style influenced Amir Khan and [[Vasantrao Deshpande]]. His disciples include Shivkumar Shukla, T. D. Janorikar, Muhammed Hussain Khan, playback singers [[Manna Dey]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]], music director [[Nisar Bazmi]], Wali Ahmed Khan, B. Chaitanya Dev and harmonium player Shantilal.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.swaramandakini.com/Biographies_maestros.html |title=Profiles of the Maestros |publisher=swaramandakini.com |access-date=7 January 2012 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512173157/https://swaramandakini.com/Biographies_maestros.html |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.parrikar.org/vpl/profiles/amanalikhan_profile.pdf |title=Profile of Aman Ali Khan |publisher=parrikar.org |access-date=7 January 2012 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102114233/https://www.parrikar.org/vpl/profiles/amanalikhan_profile.pdf |url-status=dead }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Aman Ali}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]

{{india-singer-stub}}

Jaggayyapeta

2025-11-02T00:21:14Z

Pankajglobal: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jaggayyapeta
| other_name =
| nickname = Dongala bethavolu
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = View of Jaggayyapeta town from the Buddhist stupa site.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Jaggayyapeta town from the Buddhist stupa site
| pushpin_map = India#India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.8920|N|80.0976|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coastal Andhra]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[NTR District|NTR]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Jaggayyapet Municipality
| leader_title1 = Member of Legislative Assembly
| leader_name1 = Sriram Rajagopal(Tatayya)
| leader_title2 = Member of Parliament
| leader_name2 = Kesineni Chinni
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Krishna|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=29 January 2016|page=16,48}}</ref>
| area_rank = 2nd in district
| area_total_km2 = 60
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Elevation for Jaggayyapet |url=http://veloroutes.org/elevation/?location=Jaggayyapet&units=m|publisher=Veloroutes|access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 55
| population_total = 53530
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=626757|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Officials
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 521 175
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91–8654
| registration_plate = AP–16, AP-39, AP-40
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Vijayawada
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Jaggayyapet
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| map_caption = Interactive map
}}

'''Jaggayyapeta,''' also spelled “Jaggaiahpet”, is a [[census town]] in [[NTR district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], located just southwest of the border with [[Telangana]]. It is also the [[mandal]] headquarters of [[Jaggayyapeta mandal]] of [[Nandigama revenue division]].<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Krishna District Mandals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part31.pdf |publisher=Census of India|access-date=21 January 2015|pages=474, 523}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Administrative Setup|url=http://krishna.nic.in/admin-setup.aspx|website=Krishna District Official Website|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=9 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223104/http://krishna.nic.in/admin-setup.aspx|archive-date=20 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jaggayyapet is the second biggest town in the district followed by Vijayawada.The town is located on the banks of the [[Paleru|Paleru River]] which is a tributary of the [[Krishna River]].

== Etymology ==
Jaggaiahpeta was governed by a ruler, by name Sri Rajah [[Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu]]. It is said that he founded two towns, namely, Jaggayyapeta, named after his father Jaggayya, and [[Atchampet, Andhra Pradesh|Achampeta]], named after his mother Atchamma.

== History ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2015}}

Government records suggest the founder of the town was Venkatadri Nayudu, who developed and renamed the village of Betavolu to Jaggayyapeta. The region was then infested with robbers and hence the old village was called Dongala Betavolu (Robbers' Betavolu). For some time, Jaggayyapeta was mentioned in Government records with Betavolu written in brackets. This region has an ancient history, the innocent-looking mound 'Dhanam Bodu', lying east of Jaggayyapeta, has in it the remains of an ancient [[stupa]], which has been lying there for 2,000 years. Jaggayyapeta became a municipality in 1987 and Sreeram Badari Narayanarao was elected as 1st municipal chairman.

===Artifacts===
The [[Archaeological excavation|archaeological excavations]] around the town of Jaggayyapeta have found [[Buddhist stupa|Buddhist stupas]] dating back to 200 BC.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mackenzie|first1=Gordon|title=Sablt Ob Hindu Period|journal=A_Manual_of_the_Kistna_District_in_the_Presidency_of_Madras_1000731755/9|volume=2013|pages=9–10|url=http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/A_Manual_of_the_Kistna_District_in_the_Presidency_of_Madras_1000731755/9|access-date=7 February 2016|publisher=Forgotten Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Departmental Explorations 1970 - 2002|url=http://aparchmuseums.nic.in/explorationsexcavations.html|website=Department of Archaeology & Museums|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> Sculptures and scriptures of [[Neolithic]], [[Megalithic]] and [[medieval period]]s are also found around the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Archaeology 1984-85, A Review|url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201984-85%20A%20Review.pdf|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=7 February 2016|pages=4–5}}</ref>

<gallery>
A View of Jaggayyapeta Buddhist stupa.jpg|A View of Jaggayyapeta Buddhist stupa, with remains of reliefs.
Chakravartin from Jaggayyapeta Stupa.jpg|[[Chakravartin]] from Jaggayyapeta Stupa
Sculpted Frieze ruins on Jaggayyapeta Buddhist stupa 01.jpg|Sculpted frieze ruins on Jaggayyapeta Buddhist stupa
Sculpted relief on Jaggayyapeta Buddhist stupa.jpg|Sculpted relief on Jaggayyapeta Buddhist stupa.
</gallery>

== Governance ==
'''Civic administration'''

The [[municipality]] of Jaggayyapeta was formed in the year 1988. It is a ''II–Grade Municipality'' with 32 wards spread over an area of {{convert|23.50|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=census />

==Economy==

The town’s [[mango]] [[orchards]] are abundant with [[Banginapalli]] and [[Totapuri (mango)|Totapuri]] varieties, which are even exported to foreign countries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srinivas|first1=Rajulapudi|title=Bumper harvest of mangoes likely|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/bumper-harvest-of-mangoes-likely/article4669782.ece|access-date=17 July 2015|work=The Hindu|date=30 April 2013 |location=Nuzvid (Krishna District)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=B. MADHU GOPAL |title=Mangoes up for grabs |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/26/stories/2003052601130100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030611022952/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/26/stories/2003052601130100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2003|access-date=17 July 2015|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 May 2003}}</ref> It is one of the major industrial corridors in the Krishna district. The region’s cement plants are located in and around Jaggayyapeta. It has more than 10 cements plants around and there are more than 100 gold merchants in the town.

== Transport ==

Jaggayyapeta is located near to [[National Highway 65 (India, old numbering)|NH 65]], which connects [[Pune]] and [[Machilipatnam]]. The [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] operates buses from Jaggayyapeta bus station which also has a [[Bus garage|bus depot]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bus Stations in Districts |url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |website=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |access-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sujatha Varma|first1=P|title=RTC offers a 'sweet' journey|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/rtc-offers-a-sweet-journey/article8204492.ece|access-date=8 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=7 February 2016|location=Vijayawada}}</ref> The town has a total road length of {{Convert|109.00|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of Roads in Each ULB of Andhra Pradesh |url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp |website=Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration |publisher=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department - Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=28 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp |archive-date= 1 August 2016 }}</ref>

==Education==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education - Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archive-date= 7 November 2016 }}</ref> The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English and Telugu.

== See also ==
*[[List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{NTR district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in NTR district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in NTR district]]
[[Category:Towns in Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]]
[[Category:Buddhist sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist sculpture]]

Raj Karan Khatri

2025-10-04T04:06:20Z

Pankajglobal: starting first article more to come.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raj Karan Khatri
| term_start = 8 February 2025
| constituency = [[Narela, Delhi Assembly constituency|Narela]]
| office = Member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Sharad Kumar Chauhan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Raj Karan Khatri''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Delhi]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in the [[8th Delhi Assembly]] from [[Narela, Delhi Assembly constituency|Narela Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narela Election Results 2025: How Raj Karan Khatri, Sharad Kumar performed in Narela constituency |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/delhi/delhi-assembly-elections-2025-results-how-raj-karan-khatri-sharad-kumar-performed-in-narela-constituency-3396415 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Narela Election Results 2025 Highlights: BJP’s Raj Karan Khatri wins Narela, defeats AAP’s Sharad Kumar by over 8,500 votes">{{cite news |title=Narela Election Results 2025 Highlights: BJP's Raj Karan Khatri wins Narela, defeats AAP's Sharad Kumar by over 8,500 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/narela-election-results-2025-highlights-sharad-kumar-raj-karan-khatri-aruna/articleshow/118048862.cms |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208162113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/narela-election-results-2025-highlights-sharad-kumar-raj-karan-khatri-aruna/articleshow/118048862.cms |archive-date=8 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025: Full list of winners constituency wise">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025: Full list of winners constituency wise |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-elections-results-full-list-of-leading-candidates-and-parties-in-delhi-assembly-polls-2025-9822822/ |access-date=8 February 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208162724/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-elections-results-full-list-of-winner-candidates-and-parties-in-delhi-assembly-polls-2025-9822822/ |archive-date=8 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatri, Raj Karan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}

Jwala Prasad Srivastava

2025-09-13T22:25:41Z

Pankajglobal: creating details...

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
'''Sir Jwala Prasad Srivastava''', [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]], [[Order of the British Empire|KBE]] (16 August 1889 – 15 December 1954) was an Indian industrialist, government minister and member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]].

Born in [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]] in the [[North-Western Provinces]] (present [[Uttar Pradesh]]), he was the son of Janki Prasad Srivastava and Sohni Kaur.<ref>pg 2773, "Who's Who, 1954"</ref> In 1907, he married Kailash Sinha, with whom he had two sons and five daughters. He was educated at [[Christ Church College, Kanpur|Christ Church College]] in [[Kanpur]], [[Muir Central College]] in Allahabad and at the Municipal College of Technology, Manchester. After taking a chemistry degree, he served as an industrial chemist in the government of the United Provinces from 1912 to 1919 before entering the private sector. He rose to become the managing director of several dyeing plants and textile mills in Kanpur and in the princely states of Rampur, Bhopal and Gwalior. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the United Provinces in 1926, 1930 and 1937. He served on the provincial Simon Committee in 1928-1929, and served as the UP Minister of Education and Industries from 1931-1937, also briefly serving as the temporary Finance Minister from April–July 1937.<ref>pg 2773, "Who's Who, 1954"</ref>

During the Second World War, Srivastava served as a member of the National Defence Council, as the civil defence member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]]from 1942-1943 and as the Member in Charge of Food from 1943-1946. He was appointed a member of the Constituent Assembly of India in 1947, serving through 1949, and transitioned to a Member of Parliament in 1950. He subsequently served as the chairman of the Sir J.P. Srivastava Group, controlling several industrial units. He died in [[Lucknow]] on 15 December 1954.

Srivastava was knighted in the 1934 King's Birthday Honours,<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34056/pages/3556 London Gazette, 4 June 1934]</ref> appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1942 Birthday Honours<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/35586/pages/2497 London Gazette, 11 June 1942]</ref> and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI) in the 1946 King's Birthday Honours List.<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37598/supplements/2759 London Gazette, 13 June 1946]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srivastava, Jwala Prasad}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:People from Basti]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]

Guinness World Records (Indian TV series)

2025-09-09T09:32:19Z

Pankajglobal:

{{short description|Indian reality TV show}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Guinness World Records – Ab India Todega logo.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Reality television|Reality]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter = [[Preity Zinta]],<ref name="recordsn">{{cite web|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author=Hegde, Rajul|title=Why Preity signed up for Guinness World Records|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-preity-zinta/20110309.htm|date=2011-03-09|accessdate=2011-08-25}}</ref> [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
| judges =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = English
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Niret Alva]]
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 60 minutes
| company =
| channel = [[Viacom 18|Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2011|3|19}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2011|5|17}}
| related =
}}

'''''Guinness World Records''''' is an Indian [[English language|English]]-language reality TV show based on the ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]''. The show, which was hosted by [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]], premiered on 18 March 2011 to an audience measurement of 3.3 rating points.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Preity-scores-against-World-Cup-matches/Article1-677091.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428231235/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Preity-scores-against-World-Cup-matches/Article1-677091.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2011|title=Preity scores against World Cup matches|date=2011-03-26|accessdate=2011-08-25|author=Dubey, Rechana}}</ref> Each episode presents different individuals trying to break official world records.<ref name="express">{{cite news|author=Aikara, Anita|title=Girl, interrupted|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/girl-interrupted/763879/0|date=2011-03-18|accessdate=2011-08-25|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Format==
The format of the show is similar to that of previous TV shows based on the book of world records. The show's initial goal was to break over 70 Guinness World Records.<ref name="recordsn"/> [[Kristian Teufel]], an official Guinness World Records adjudicator, is present on stage while every participant attempts to break a record and constitutes the final authority on the record, being the one who analyses the performance and announces the results.<ref name="express"/>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.colorstv.in/gwr/index.php Official site]{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.colorstv.in/shows/show-details/guinness-world-records-ab-india-todega-36/ Entry on Colors Channel] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130217212237/http://www.colorstv.in/shows/show-details/guinness-world-records-ab-india-todega-36/ |date=17 February 2013 }}

{{Colors Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guinness World Records - Ab India Todega}}
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Guinness World Records]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on British television series]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series endings]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Mannadi, Chennai

2025-08-17T04:51:53Z

Pankajglobal: adding some data w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{short description|Neighbourhood in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Mannadi, Chennai
|native_name = Mannadi
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Mannadi (Chennai)
|coordinates = {{coord|13|05|37.7|N|80|17|20.8|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai district]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 33
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 600001
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code = +9144xxxxxxxx
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = Neighbourhoods
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]], [[Royapuram]], [[Kasimedu]], [[Vannarapettai]], [[Tondiarpet]], [[Sowcarpet]]
|blank2_name_sec1 =
|blank2_info_sec1 =
|blank3_name_sec1 =
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Harbour Assembly constituency]]
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 = [[Dayanidhi Maran]]
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 = [[P. K. Sekar Babu]]
|website = https://chennaicorporation.gov.in
|footnotes =
}}

'''Mannadi''' is a Neighbourhood in [[Chennai district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in the peninsular [[India]]. It is flooded with almost all kind of businesses. Industrial, factory needed, domestic utility products are widely available. Tradings of various components / rods / sheets / tubes / pipes / screws / bolts / nuts, etc., made of Stainless Steel, Brass, Copper, Aluminium, Bronze, Mild steel, Iron, Cast Iron, Nylon, Plastic, etc. in wholesale and retail are carried out here.

In connection with the Coimbatore car blast which was performed by unknown persons on 23 October 2022, the residents of the suspects and supporters of ISIS at various places in Chennai including Mannadi area, are raided by the police and NIA (National Investigation Agency).<ref>{{Cite news |title=NIA raids underway at 40 locations across Tamil Nadu in Coimbatore car blast case |language=en |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nia-raids-locations-across-tamil-nadu-coimbatore-car-blast-case-chennai-2295491-2022-11-10 |access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref> Mannadi is a crowded place and is encroached by various shops.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 2022 |first=Omjasvin |last=M. D. |title=Shops Encroach On Narrow Mannadi Road In N Chennai |language=en |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/shops-encroach-on-narrow-mannadi-road-in-n-chennai/articleshow/94408675.cms |access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref> Mannadi street, Jaffar Sarang street, Naranappa street are some of the important roads in Mannadi. Mannadi is bounded by Rajaji Salai, Errabalu street, Jones street and Mannadi street. Apart from these, some of the important streets in Mannadi are Jaffar Sarang street, Post office street, Naranappa street, Moore street, Linghi Cherry street, Angappa Naicken street, Thambu Chetty street, Sembudoss street and Armenian street.

== Location ==
Located at an altitude of 33 m above the mean sea level, the geographical coordinates of Mannadi are 13°05'37.7"N 80°17'20.8"E (i.e., 13.093800°N 80.289100°E).
== Neighbourhoods ==
[[George Town, Chennai|George Town]], [[Royapuram]], [[Kasimedu]], [[Vallalar Nagar]], [[Vannarapettai]], [[Tondiarpet]], [[Sowcarpet]] are few important neighbourhoods of Mannadi.

== Transport ==
=== Road transport ===
Metropolitan Transport Corporation in Chennai operates numerous bus services via., Rajaji Salai, Prakasam Salai (Broadway) and N. S. C. (Nethaji Subash Chandra) Bose road that helps the public visit Mannadi.
=== Rail transport ===
Mannadi is served by [[Chennai Beach railway station]] through which hundreds of suburban trains and express trains halt and pass by.
==== Metro train services ====
Chennai Metro's underground stretch of the Blue line passes through Mannadi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Metro: Last leg of Blue Line metro services opens for passengers; all you need to know |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/chennai-metro-last-leg-of-blue-line-metro-services-opens-for-passengers-all-you-need-to-know/1485120/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> There is also a metro station viz., [[Mannadi metro station]] on Prakasam Salai that goes through Mannadi.
== Education ==
=== School ===
Mannadi has a school namely, St. Mary's Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School, on Armenian street.
== Medical facility ==
There is a medical facility viz., Chennai National Hospital on Jaffar Sarang street, Mannadi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai National Hospitals |url=https://www.chennainationalhospital.com/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=www.chennainationalhospital.com |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124153122/https://www.chennainationalhospital.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Worshipping ==
=== Temples ===
[[Kalikambal temple]] where the Maratta King Chatrapati Shivaji once offered worship,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Lalithaa |date=2021-01-28 |title=An ancient temple in a commercial hub |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/an-ancient-temple-in-a-commercial-hub/article33685640.ece |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and [[Kachchaleswarar temple]] which is listed (S.No. 40) in Heritage Buildings announced by CMDA,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heritage Buildings - Draft List |url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/HeritageBuildings-DraftList.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=www.cmdachennai.gov.in |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124101234/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/HeritageBuildings-DraftList.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> are situated in Mannadi.
=== Church ===
St. Mary's Co-cathedral church is located on Armenian street.
=== Mosque ===
Masjid-e-Mamoor ([[Mamoor mosque]]), which was first built in the eighteenth century, is situated on Angappa street in Mannadi.
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Chennai]]

Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir

2025-08-01T02:40:11Z

Pankajglobal: updated details

{{Short description|7th-century Arab tribal leader}}
'''Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir''' ({{langx|ar|أبو لبابة بن عبد المنذر|Abū Lubāba ibn ʿAbd al-Mundhir}}) was a leading member of the [[Banu Aws]], an Arabic tribe in [[Medina|Yathrib, today known as Medina]].

== Biography ==
At some point after [[Muhammad]]'s [[Hijra (Islam)|arrival at Medina]] in 622, Abu Lubaba converted to [[Islam]].

He appears in 627 during the [[Banu Qurayza#Siege and surrender|siege of the Banu Qurayza]], a Jewish tribe in conflict with Muhammad. The Qurayza had a long-standing alliance with the Aws and during the siege asked to confer with Abu Lubaba. According to [[Ibn Ishaq]], Abu Lubaba felt pity for the women and children of the tribe who were crying and when asked whether the Qurayza should surrender to Muhammad, advised them to do so.

Ibn Ishaq's account, going back to Abu Lubaba's own statements, related that he regretted his actions, stating: "My feet had not moved away from the spot before I knew I had been false to [[God]] and His Apostle". He then went to the [[mosque]] in [[Medina]], tied himself to a pillar and declared: "I will not leave this place until God forgives me for what I have done". He also added that he would never enter the locality of Banu Qurayza in recompense for the deadly mistake he made.<ref name="Al-Mubarakpuri, Safiur-Rahman 2002">Al-Mubarakpuri, Safiur-Rahman, ''The Sealed Nectar''. Riyadh: Darussalam, 2002.</ref> When Muhammad was informed of this incident, he said: "''I would have begged God to forgive him if he had asked me but since he tied himself out of his own free will, then it is God Who would turn to him in forgiveness''".<ref name="Al-Mubarakpuri, Safiur-Rahman 2002"/>

Abu Lubaba stayed tied for six nights.<ref name="Al-Mubarakpuri, Safiur-Rahman 2002"/> One early morning, Muhammad declared that God had forgiven him after reportedly receiving a [[revelation]].<ref name="GPS">Guillaume, p. 461-463; Peters, p. 222-223; Stillman, p. 137-140.</ref>

Theologist [[Ibn al-Jawzi]] (died 1201)<ref>''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'' Brill, Leiden. Bd. 3, S.751</ref> stated ten more people tied themselves to pillars.<ref>[[Moshe Gil]] (1987). S. 68; Rudi Paret: Der Koran. ''Kommentar und Konkordanz''. [[Kohlhammer Verlag]]. Stuttgart 1980. S. 212.</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Literature==
*Guillaume, Alfred, ''The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah''. Oxford University Press, 1955. {{ISBN|0-19-636033-1}}
*Peters, Francis E., ''Muhammad and the Origins of Islam''. State University of New York Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-7914-1875-8}}.
*Al-Mubarakpuri, Safiur-Rahman, ''The Sealed Nectar''. Riyadh: Darussalam, 2002.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sahabah hadith narrators]]

Mrs. Chinnathirai

2025-07-20T22:03:23Z

Pankajglobal: adding initial page basic info

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language reality show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mrs. Chinnathirai.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Reality television|Reality]] [[Talk show]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| director =
| presenter = [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
| judges = [[Shakthi Vasudevan]] [[Gayathri Raguram]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 17
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Brand Avatar
| producer = Brand Avatar Hemachandran
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 40-45 minutes per episode
| company = Brand Avatar
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2017|9|24}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|01|21}}
| music =
| channel = [[Vijay TV]]
}}

'''''Mrs. Chinnathirai''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[reality television]] series that aired on [[Vijay TV|Star Vijay]] every Sunday at 19:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) starting from 24 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.screen4screen.com/tamilcinemanews/vijay-tv-mrs-chinnathirai-news/|title=விஜய் டிவியில் புதிய நிகழ்ச்சி 'மிஸஸ் சின்னத்திரை'|publisher=www.screen4screen.com|access-date=2017-09-19|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/62878/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Mrs.Chinnathirai-:-New-program-in-Vijay-TV.htm|title=''மிஸஸ் சின்னத்திரை'' புதிய நிகழ்ச்சி|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=2017-09-19|language=ta}}</ref> This show features married female celebrities of the Tamil television industry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tholaikatchi.in/mrs-chinnathirai-show-vijay-tv/|title=Mrs Chinnathirai Show on Vijay TV Launching on 24th September 2017 at 7.00 P.M|publisher=www.tholaikatchi.in|access-date=2017-09-19|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tvnews4u.com/vijay-tv-announces-mrs-chinnathirai-beauty-pageant-for-female-tv-celebrities/|title=Vijay TV announces Mrs. Chinnathirai; beauty pageant for female TV celebrities|publisher=tvnews4u.com|access-date=2017-09-19|language=en}}</ref> Through this show, they will display their talents and skills.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/a-beauty-pageant-for-television-stars/articleshow/60749037.cms|title=A beauty pageant for television stars|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2017-09-19|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.risingstarlive.in/2017/09/mrs-chinnathirai-aka-mrs-vijay-tv-show.html|title=Mrs Chinnathirai aka Mrs சின்னத்திரை Vijay Tv's New Show Promo Video Out |publisher=www.risingstarlive.in|access-date=2017-09-19|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/these-television-stars-are-ready-to-battle-it-out/articleshow/60795065.cms|title=These television stars are ready to battle it out |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2017-09-23|language=en}}</ref> The show is hosted by [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], Kollywood actor [[Shakthi Vasudevan]] and Tamil choreographer and actress [[Gayathri Raguram]] are the judges of the show.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/news/103277-mrschinnathirai-actresses-share-their-experiences-on-show.html|title="ஷக்தியும், காயத்ரியும் எங்களைப் பிரிச்சிட்டாங்க!" - அனுபவம் பகிரும் 'மிஸஸ் சின்னத்திரை' நாயகிகள்|publisher=cinema.vikatan.com|access-date=2017-09-26|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/who-will-be-mrs-chinnathirai/articleshow/61562107.cms|title=Who will be Mrs. Chinnathirai?|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2017-11-08|language=en}}</ref> The show winner is [[Sujitha]].

==Winners==
The first season grand finale episode of ''Mrs. Chinnathirai'' aired on 21 January 2018, Sunday at 4:00PM ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]). The Tamil film actress [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] will be the chief guest with Kings of Comedy Juniors are expected to be a laugh riot.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mrs-chinnathirai-grand-finale-at-4-pm/articleshow/62589498.cms|title=Mrs. Chinnathirai grand finale at 4 pm|newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 January 2018 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2018-01-21}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:200pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Winners
!style="width:200pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Notes
|-
| [[Sujitha]]
| Winners
|-
| RJ Sindhu Vandhana
| Runner-up
|}

==Overview==
The show about will have 9 different rounds including the grand Finale. Each round will have a different theme and a different venue. That one celebrity who is super talented with multi-tasking capabilities will win the Title Mrs. Chinnathirai.

==Host==
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]: has appeared on [[Vijay TV]] in Tamil reality shows as a television host such as ''[[Airtel Super Singer]]'', ''Athu Ithu Ethu'' and ''Kings of Dance''. He is also an actor in Tamil movies

==Judge==
* [[Shakthi Vasudevan]]: a Tamil actor best known for playing leading roles in ''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (2009 film)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]'' and a [[Bigg Boss Tamil (season 1)|''Bigg Boss Tamil'' season 1]] contestant.
* [[Gayathri Raguram]]: an Indian Tamil actress and choreographer who has worked in the South Indian film industry in works such as ''[[Parasuram (2003 film)|Parasuram]]'', ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' and ''[[Vikadan]]'' and a [[Bigg Boss Tamil (season 1)|''Bigg Boss Tamil'' season 1]] contestant.

==Celebrities==
* [[Sujitha]]: who has appeared an actress best known for playing the lead role in Tamil serials such as ''[[Maharani (2009 TV series)|Maharani]]'' (2009–2011), ''[[Vilakku Vacha Nerathula]]'' (2009–2012) and ''[[Oru Kai Osai (TV series)|Oru Kai Osai]]'' (2014–2015).
* [[Nisha Krishnan]]: an anchor and actress best known for playing supporting roles in Tamil serials such as ''Kana Kanum Kalangal Kallooriyin Kadhai'', ''[[Valli (TV series)|Valli]]'' (2013), ''[[Deivamagal]]'' (2013–2014) and ''[[Office (2013 series)|Office]]'' and lead roles such as ''[[Mahabharatham (TV series)|Mahabharatham]]'' (2013–2016) and ''[[Thalayanai Pookal]]'' (2016–2017).
* Sindhu Shyam, an actress, did supporting roles in Malayalam movies such as ''[[Jeevan Masai]]'' and many Tamil television serials including ''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]'' and ''[[Deivamagal]]''.
* Monica, an actress, appeared in ''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]''. She gained popularity when she was weather forecast anchor on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].
* Vandhana, an actress, played supporting roles in ''[[Anandham]]'', ''[[Ponnunjal (TV series)|Ponnunjal]]'', ''[[Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai]]'' serials.
* RJ Sindhu, radio jockey for [[Fever 104 FM|Fever FM]] and also judge on ''[[Kings of Comedy Juniors]]''.
* Anu Vignesh, an actress who appeared in ''[[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu (TV series)|Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]]''.
* Sri Vithiya, an actress who played supporting roles in ''[[Kallikattu Pallikoodam]]'' and ''[[Kalyana Parisu (TV series)|Kalyana Parisu]]''.
* Vanitha, an actress, who played supporting roles in ''[[Deivamagal]]'', ''[[Thalayanai Pookal]]'' and ''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]''. She has also acted in ''[[Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai]]'' and ''[[Ponnunjal (TV series)|Ponnunjal]]''.
* Sri Durga, an actress, appeared in supporting roles in ''[[Alaigal (TV series)|Alaigal]]'' and ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu (2010 TV series)|Mundhanai Mudichu]]''.

==Team==
; Blue Team
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#0000A0; color:white; width:35%;" | Celebrities
! style="background:#0000A0; color:white; width:30%;" | Captain
|-
|-
| [[Sujitha]]
| align=center rowspan=5 | [[Shakthi Vasudevan]]
|-
| [[Nisha Krishnan]]
|-
| Vanitha
|-
| Anu Viknesh
|-
| Sri Durga
|}

; Red Team
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:salmon; color:; width:35%;" | Celebrities
! style="background:salmon; color:; width:30%;" | Captain
|-
|-
| Vandhana
| align=center rowspan=5 | [[Gayathri Raguram]]
|-
| RJ Sindhu
|-
| Sri Vithiya
|-
| Sindhu Shyam
|-
| Monica
|}

==List of episodes==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="width:20pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Episodes
!style="width:160pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Telecast date
!style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Task
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Blue Team Point
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Red Team Point
!style="width:200pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Leading Point Celebrities
!style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Guest(s)
|-
| 01
| 24 September 2017
| Intro Round
|
|
|
|
|-
| 02
| 1 October 2017
| Cooking Round
| 525
| 475
| [[Sujitha]]
| [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima]]
|-
| 03
| 8 October 2017
| Dancing, Singing and Acting Round
|
|
| Sindhu Shyam [[Sujitha]]
| [[Kala (choreographer)|Kala]]
|-
| 04
| 15 October 2017
| Shopping Round
|
|
| Shakthi Team
| Athesh & Mridulasree from ''[[Kings of Comedy Juniors]]''
|-
| 05
| 22 October 2017
| Proposal Round
|
|
| Sindhu Shyam
| [[Remya Nambeesan|Ramya Nambeesan]] Husband of all contestants
|-
| 06
| 29 October 2017
| Make up Round
|
|
| Sindhu Shyam & [[Sujitha]]
| [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
|-
| 07
| 5 November 2017
| Village Round 1
| 600
| 600
| Vanitha
|
|-
| 08
| 12 November 2017
| Village Round 2
|
|
|
|
|-
| 09
| 19 November 2017
| Family Round 1
|
|
| First place: RJ Sindhu, Second place: Anu Vignesh, Sri Durga, Monica
| [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
|-
| 10
| 26 November 2017
| Family Round 2
|
|
| First Place: RJ Sindhu, Second Place: Anu Vignesh, Monica
| Shakthi's wife
|-
| 11
| 10 December 2017
| Multitalent Round
|
|
| First Place: Monika
|Shanthanu, Nanditha, Baba Bhaskar
|-
|}

==Note==

During Village Round. Each contestant were given a village based name for the round.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!style="width:20pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Contestant
!style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Village Name Given
|-
| [[Sujitha]]
|Solaiyamma
|-
| Vanitha
|Karuppampatti
|-
| Anu Vignesh
|Raakaayee
|-
| Sri Durga
|Muthamma
|-
|Vandhana
|Kaaliyamma
|-
|RJ Sindhu
|Maariaattha
|-
|Sri Vithiya
|Poovaattha
|-
|Sindhu Shyam
|Mayilamma
|-
|Monica
|Mookaayee
|}

==Filming==
The first schedule of filming was held in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]. The Second schedule of filming was held in [[Goa]] (Episode: 13-14) and The Third schedule of filming was held in [[Thailand]] at [[Pattaya]] and [[Bangkok]] (Episode: 15-16). This is the first time in the history of Tamil television show was shot in [[Thailand]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt12587402}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language talk shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language quiz shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Lalit Chandra Rajkhowa

2025-06-30T09:08:49Z

Pankajglobal:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Teok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Teok]]
| predecessor = [[Tilok Gogoi]]
| successor = [[Renupoma Rajkhowa]]
| spouse = [[Renupoma Rajkhowa]]
| term = 1985 - 1991
}}

'''Lalit Chandra Rajkhowa''' was an Indian politician from [[Assam]]. He was a member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] for [[Teok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Teok]], elected in [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]. He was married to the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] for [[Teok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Teok]], [[Renupoma Rajkhowa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renupoma Rajkhowa(Asom Gana Parishad):Constituency- TEOK(JORHAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/assam2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=423 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Teok Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/teok-assam-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajkhowa, Lalit Chandra}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1985–1991]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Jorhat district]]
{{Assam-politician-stub}}