Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Anush Agarwalla

2023-10-01T11:55:58Z

Pankaj Kumar (Film Maker): individual bronze medal in Asian Games 2023

{{short description|Indian equestrian}}
{{Sources exist|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Anush Agarwalla
| full_name =
| image = File:2018-05-18 Anush Agarwalla auf Loro Piano-7853.jpg
| caption = Agarwalla in 2018
| nationality = {{IND}}
| sport = Equestrian
| event =
| club =
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|11|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|[[equestrianism|Equestrian]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Equestrian at the 2022 Asian Games – Team dressage|Team dressage]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Equestrian at the 2022 Asian Games – Individual dressage|Individual dressage]]}}
}}

'''Anush Agarwalla''' (born 23 November 1999 in [[Kolkata]], [[India]]) is an Indian [[equestrianism|equestrian]]. He competed at the [[2022 FEI World Equestrian Games|2022 World Equestrian Games]] and was the first Indian dressage rider, alongside [[Shruti Vora]], competing at the Dressage World Championships.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bios.fei.org/bios/Person/10172327/AGARWALLA_Anush |title=Anush Agarwalla |publisher=fei.org |accessdate=5 September 2023}}</ref> He won a gold medal in the team event and a bronze medal in the individual event in Equesterian Dressage at the [[2022 Asian Games]].<ref name="The Times of India 2023 a889">{{cite web | title=Asian Games 2023 Highlights: India win first equestrian gold medal in 41 years | website=The Times of India | date=26 Sep 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/live-updates-of-asian-games-2023-day-3-shooting-equestrian-hockey-swimming-fencing-tennis-boxing/liveblog/103944447.cms | access-date=26 Sep 2023}}</ref><ref name="Sahni 2023 i660">{{cite web | last=Sahni | first=Jaspreet | title=Historic Asian Games feat: Every medal is inspirational, so is this equestrian gold, but the sport calls for more accessibility — Asian Games 2023 News | website=The Times of India | date=26 Sep 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/historic-asian-games-feat-every-medal-is-inspirational-so-is-this-equestrian-gold-but-the-sport-calls-for-more-accessibility/articleshow/103967199.cms?from=mdr | access-date=26 Sep 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=Anush Agarwalla wins historic bronze in Dressage Individual {{!}} Latest Videos - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/latest-videos/anush-agarwalla-wins-historic-bronze-in-dressage-individual/videoshow/104021460.cms |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

He started riding at the age of three in his hometown Kolkata. At the age of 17 he moved to Germany to follow his dream to become a professional dressage rider and started training with German Olympian [[Hubertus Schmidt]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/a-chat-with-anush-agarwalla-the-first-indian-to-qualify-for-the-fei-world-championship-in-dressage/cid/1880806 |title=Anush Agarwalla on qualifying for FEI World Championship |publisher=Telegraph in India |date=18 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.horseandhound.co.uk/features/world-dressage-championships-anush-agarwalla-shruti-vora-india-797465 |title=Tales from Herning: Indian riders make history – with an Indian-bred horse and another who loves raspberries |first=Polly|last=Bryan|publisher=Horse and Hound |date=6 August 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FEI|10172327}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwalla, Anush}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male equestrians]]
[[Category:Indian dressage riders]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in equestrian]]
[[Category:Equestrians at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]

{{India-equestrian-bio-stub}}
{{Equestrian-bio-stub}}

Anush Agarwalla

2023-10-01T11:55:58Z

Pankaj Kumar (Film Maker): individual bronze medal in Asian Games 2023

Uru (2023 film)

2023-07-19T21:47:15Z

Pankaj Kumar (Film Maker): Shared an engaging guide.

{{Short description|2023 Malayalam film}}
{{For|the 2017 Tamil-language film|Uru (film)}}
{{Notability|1=Films}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uru
| image = Uru 2023 Malayalam film poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[E. M. Ashraf]]
| writer = E. M. Ashraf
| producer = Mansoor Palloor
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Mamukkoya]]
* [[Manju Pathrose]]
}}
| cinematography = Sreekumar Permbadavam
| editing = Hari G. Nair
| music = Kamal Prashanth
| studio = Zams Production House
| distributor = 72 Film Company
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|03|03|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uru (2023) (2023) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/uru-2023/ET00353630 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref> }}
| runtime = 97 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Uru''''' ({{Translation|Dhow}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[E. M. Ashraf]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=കേരളത്തിന്റെ ചരിത്രവും സംസ്കാരവും; ഉരു റിവ്യൂ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2023/03/07/uru-movie-review.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> It features [[Mamukkoya]], [[Manju Pathrose]], and Manoj K.U. in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=UruU |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/uru/movieshow/98282498.cms |access-date=2023-07-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film's music is composed by Kamal Prashanth, and Sreekumar Permbadavam handled the cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uru (2023) {{!}} Uru Malayalam Movie {{!}} Movie Reviews, Showtimes |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/27818/uru/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en}}</ref> It is produced by Mansoor Palloor under the banner of Zams Production House.<ref name=":0" />

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mamukkoya]] as Sreedharan Ashari
* [[Manju Pathrose]] as Ayisha, Rasheed's wife
* Manoj K.U. as Rasheed
* Ajay Kallai as Ajayan
* Albert Alex as Mill Owner
* Arjun S Kulathingal as Fathah
* Ubaid Muhsin as Police Inspector
* Sahir P.K.
* Geethika
* Baiju Bhaskar
* Rajendran Thayatt
}}

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Uru
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Kamal Prashanth
| released = {{Start date|2023}}
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=7|s=53}}
| language = Malayalam
| label = Millennium Audios
}}
=== Track listing ===
Kamal Prashanth composed the film's music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Web |title=Former expatriate journalist's film 'Uru' to release soon |url=https://english.madhyamam.com/entertainment/former-expatriate-journalists-uru-film-to-release-soon-851569 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=english.madhyamam.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Deepankuran Kaithapram]] composed the background score.<ref name=":1" /> Gireesh Ambra wrote, composed, and sang the folk song "Hailesa Hailesa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uru {{!}} Song - Hailesa Hailesa {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/malayalam/uru-song-hailesa-hailesa/videoshow/98119956.cms |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ഗിരീഷ് ആമ്പ്രയുടെ നാടന്‍ ശീലുകള്‍ |url=https://janayugomonline.com/varantham-sangeetham/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Janayugom Online |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hailesa Hailesa
| note1 = Folk song
| length1 = 3:16
| lyrics1 = Gireesh Ambra
| music1 = Gireesh Ambra
| extra1 = Gireesh Ambra
| title2 = Kannerkadalin Thirayil
| length2 = 4:37
| lyrics2 = Prabha Varma
| music2 = Kamal Prashanth
| extra2 = Sai Balan
}}

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on {{Date|Mar 3, 2023|DMY}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uru (2023) Movie: കാസ്റ്റ് & ക്രു, റിലീസ് ഡേറ്റ്, ട്രൈലെർ , സോങ്‌സ് , നിരൂപണം, ഉരു വാർത്തകൾ, ഫോട്ടോസ് , വീഡിയോസ് - Filmibeat Malayalam |url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/movies/uru.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=FilmiBeat |language=ml}}</ref> HR OTT (Highrich OTT) obtained the film's digital rights, and the OTT release date is to be announced.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |title=Uru Malayalam Movie OTT Release Date - HR OTT (Highrich) Bagged The Digital Online Streaming Rights |url=https://www.keralatv.in/uru-malayalam-movie-ott-release-date/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |title=Uru {{!}} ഉരു (2023) - Mallu Release {{!}} Watch Malayalam Full Movies |url=https://www.mallurelease.com/2023/02/uru-movie.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |language=english}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|id=tt26930801|title=Uru}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2020s Malayalam-language films]]

Zamorin of Calicut

2023-02-01T16:40:38Z

Pankaj Kumar (Film Maker): Finished writing a fresh page.

#REDIRECT [[Zamorin]]

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{{R from move}}
}}

Sixty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India

2022-05-07T06:59:14Z

Pankaj Kumar (Film Maker): As per, official website of legislative department. https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-sixty-second-amendment-act-1989

{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox legislation|short_title=The Constitution (Sixty-second Amendment) Act, 1989|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|image=|imagesize=150px|imagealt=|caption=|long_title=An Act further to amend the Constitution of India.|citation=[http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend62.htm 62nd Amendment]|territorial_extent=[[India]]|enacted_by=[[Rajya Sabha]]|date_passed=21 December 1989|enacted_by2=[[Lok Sabha]]|date_passed2=26 December 1989|date_assented=25 January 1990|date_commenced=25 January 1990|date_of_expiry=26 January 2000|administered_by=|bill=The Constitution (Sixty-second Amendment) Bill, 1989|bill_citation=|bill_date=16 December 1989|introduced_by=[[Ram Vilas Paswan]]|1st_reading=|2nd_reading=|3rd_reading=|conf_committee_passed=|bill2=|bill_citation2=|bill_date2=|introduced_by2=|1st_reading2=|2nd_reading2=|3rd_reading2=|conf_committee_passed2=|date_conf_committee=|white_paper=|committee_report=|repeals=|related_legislation=[[Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India|8th]], [[Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|23rd]], [[Forty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India|45th]], [[Seventy-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India|79th]] and [[Ninety-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India|95th]] Amendments|summary=Extended the period of reservation of seats for the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] and [[Anglo-Indians]] in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies till 2000.|keywords=|status=spent|signed_by=[[R. Venkataraman]]}}

The '''Sixty-second Amendment''' of the [[Constitution of India]], officially known as '''The Constitution (Sixty-second Amendment) Act, 1989''', extended the period of reservation of seats for the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] and representation of the [[Anglo-Indians]] in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. up to 26 January 2000.

Article 334 of the Constitution had originally required the reservation of seats to cease in 1960, but this was extended to 1970 by the [[Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India|8th Amendment]]. The period of reservation was extended to 1980 and 1990<ref>{{cite book|title=Equality Justice and Reverse Discrimination|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud6XQOz4bhwC&dq=The+Constitution+%28Eighth+Amendment%29+Act%2C+1959&pg=PA450|author=C.L. Anand|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref> by the [[Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|23rd]] and [[Forty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India|45th]] Amendments respectively. The 62nd Amendment extended the period of reservation to 2000. The period of reservation was further extended to 2010, 2020 and 2030 by the [[Seventy-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India|79th]] and [[Ninety-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India|95th]] and [[One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|104th]] Amendments respectively.

==Text==
{{blockquote|
BE it enacted by Parliament in the Fortieth Year of the Republic of India as follows:---

'''1. ''Short title and commencement''''' (1) This Act may be called the Constitution (Sixty-second Amendment) Act, 1989. 
(2) It shall be deemed to have come into force on the date on which the Bill for this Act is introduced in the Council of States.

'''2. ''Amendment of article 334''''' In article 334 of the Constitution, for the words "forty years", the words "fifty years" shall be substituted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend62.htm |title=Sixty-second Amendment}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
}}

The full text of Article 334 of the Constitution, after the 62nd Amendment, is given below:
{{blockquote|
'''334.''' Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part [Part XVI], the provisions of this Constitution relating to—
:'''(a)''' the reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People and in the Legislative Assemblies of the States; and
:'''(b)''' the representation of the Anglo Indian community in the House of the People and in the Legislative Assemblies of the States by nomination,
:shall cease to have effect on the expiration of a period of <s>forty years</s> ''fifty years'' from the commencement of this Constitution: Provided that nothing in this article shall affect any representation in the House of the People or in the legislative Assembly of a State until the dissolution of the then existing House or Assembly, as the case may be.<ref name="Constitution1949">{{cite web|title=The Constitution of India (1949)|url=http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/E.pdf|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|access-date=30 November 2013|page=1091|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013102/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/E.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
}}

==Proposal and enactment==
The ''Constitution (Sixty-second Amendment) Bill, 1989'' (Bill No. 26 of 1989) was introduced in the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 20 December 1989. It was introduced by [[Ram Vilas Paswan]], then Minister of Labour and Welfare, and sought to amend article 334 of the Constitution relating to reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and special representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People and in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India">{{cite book|title=Constitution Amendment in India|publisher=Northern Book Centre|location=New Delhi|pages=113–114;210–211|isbn=9788172110659|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yp0yhzdKWIC|edition=Sixth|editor=R.C. Bhardwaj|accessdate=28 November 2013}}</ref> The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below:

{{blockquote|Article 334 of the Constitution lays down that the provisions of the Constitution relating to the reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and the representation of the Anglo-Indian community by nomination in the Lok Sabha and in the Legislative Assemblies of the States shall cease to have effect on the expiration of a period of forty years from the commencement of the
Constitution. Although the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes have made some progress in the last forty years, the reasons which
weighed with the Constituent Assembly in making provisions with regard to the aforesaid reservation of seats and nomination of members, have
not ceased to exist. It is, therefore, proposed to continue the reservation for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and the representation of the Anglo-Indians by nomination for a further period of ten years.

2. The Bill seeks to achieve the above object.
|Ram Vilas Paswan|{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend62.htm |title=The Constitution (Sixty-second Amendment) Bill, 1989}} {{PD-notice}}
}}

The Bill was debated by the Rajya Sabha on 21 December, and passed on the same day. It was then considered by the [[Lok Sabha]] on 22 and 26 December, and was passed on 26 December 1989. The bill, after ratification by the States, received assent from then President [[K. R. Narayanan]] on 25 January 1990, and was notified in ''[[The Gazette of India]]'' on the same date. It retroactively came into effect on the date on which the Bill for this amendment Act was introduced in the Rajya Sabha (i.e., 20 December 1989).<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India"/>

==Ratification==
The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and was ratified by more than half of the State Legislatures, as required under Clause (2) of the said article. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below:<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India"/>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
# [[Andhra Pradesh]]
# [[Gujarat]]
# [[Haryana]]
# [[Himachal Pradesh]]
# [[Karnataka]]
# [[Kerala]]
# [[Meghalaya]]
# [[Mizoram]]
# [[Nagaland]]
# [[Odisha|Orissa]]
# [[Rajasthan]]
# [[Sikkim]]
# [[Tamil Nadu]]
# [[Uttar Pradesh]]
# [[West Bengal]]
{{col-break}}
Did not ratify:
# [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
# [[Assam]]
# [[Bihar]]
# [[Goa]]
# [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
# [[Madhya Pradesh]]
# [[Maharashtra]]
# [[Manipur]]
# [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
# [[Tripura]]
{{col-end}}
{{Indian Constitution TOC}}

==See also==
*[[List of amendments of the Constitution of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Amendments of the Constitution of India|62]]
[[Category:1989 in India]]
[[Category:1989 in law]]
[[Category:V. P. Singh administration]]

Electricity sector in India

2022-03-13T17:39:10Z

Pankaj Kumar (Film Maker): Added outline.

{{Short description|Power generation and distribution}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Update}}
{{Cleanup reorganize}}
}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox electricity sector
| country = India
| image = Electricity pylons Chennai IN 2017.jpg
| coverage = 99.94% (31 March 2019)<ref name="hhe"/>
| continuity =
| capacity = 416,059 [[Megawatt|MW]]<ref name="capacity"/>
| production = 1719.442 [[terawatt-hour|TWh]]<ref name=esi/>
| productionyear = [[financial year|FY]]2022
| fossilshare = 
| renewableshare = 
| greenhouse = 2,309.98 [[Megatonne|Mt]] of [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]<ref name=IEA2015>{{cite web|title=IEA India|url=https://www.iea.org/countries/india}}</ref>
| greenhouseyear = 2018
| use = 1,208 [[Kilowatt-hour|kWh]] per capita<ref name=GES/>
| useyear = FY2019
| tdlosses = 20.45%<ref name=esi/>
| tdlossesyear = FY2022
| residential = 25.77%<ref name=esi/>
| residentialyear = FY2022
| industrial = 41.16%<ref name=esi/>
| industrialyear = FY2022
| agriculture = 17.67%<ref name=esi/>
| agricultureyear = FY2022
| commercialpublic =
| commercialpublicyear =
| commercial = 8.29%<ref name=esi/>
| commercialyear = FY2022
| public =
| publicyear =
| traction = 1.53%<ref name=esi/>
| tractionyear = FY2022
| rural =
| ruralyear =
| rtariff = {{INRConvert|5.75}}<ref name="GlobalPetrolPrices">{{cite web |title=India electricity prices, December 2020 |url=https://www.globalpetrolprices.com/India/electricity_prices/ |website=GlobalPetrolPrices.com |access-date=21 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| rtariffyear = Dec. 2020
| itariff =
| itariffyear =
| ctariff = {{INRConvert|8.64}}<ref name="GlobalPetrolPrices"/>
| ctariffyear = Dec. 2020
| investment =
| investmentyear =
| selffinance =
| selffinanceyear =
| governmentfinance =
| governmentfinanceyear =
| privatefinance =
| privatefinanceyear =
| unbundling =
| privategen = 33.46% (FY2020)<ref name=GES/>
| privatetrans =
| privatedist =
| largeusers =
| residentialusers =
| providers =
| transmission =
| regulation =
| policy = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]]
| renewableenergy = [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]]
| environment = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
| law = [[The Electricity Act, 2003|Electricity Act, 2003]]
| renewablelaw =
| cdm =
|imagecaption=Transmission towers at a Chennai lake}}

[[India]] is the third largest producer of electricity in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/bp%20statistical%20review%20of%20world%20energy%202021.pdf |title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021 (page 63)|access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref>
During the [[fiscal year]] (FY) 2021–22, the total electricity generation in the country was 1,719 [[TWh]], of which 1,484 TWh was generated by utilities.<ref name=esi/>

The gross electricity consumption per capita in FY2019 was 1,208 kWh.<ref name=gr20/> In FY2015, [[electric energy consumption]] in agriculture was recorded as being the highest (17.89%) worldwide.<ref name="GES">{{cite web |url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/pdm/2020/12/growth_2020.pdf |title=Growth of Electricity Sector in India from 1947–2020 |publisher=[[Central Electricity Authority (India)|Central Electricity Authority]] |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
The [[List of countries by electricity consumption|per capita electricity consumption]] is low compared to most other countries despite India having a low [[Electricity pricing|electricity tariff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tariff & duty of electricity supply in India |url=http://www.slideshare.net/ashishverma061/tariff-and-duty-of-electricity-supply-in-various-state-of-indiaa-review-by-cea |work=report |publisher=CEA, Govt. of India }}</ref>

The [[National Grid (India)|Indian national electric grid]] has an installed capacity of 416.0 [[gigawatt|GW]] as of 31 March 2023.<ref name="capacity">{{Cite web |title=Power Sector at a Glance ALL INDIA {{!}} Government of India {{!}} Ministry of Power |url=https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/power-sector-glance-all-india |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=powermin.gov.in}}</ref> [[Renewable energy]] plants, which also include large hydroelectric power plants, constitute 40.7% of the total installed capacity.

India's electricity sector is dominated by fossil fuels, in particular coal, which produced about three-quarters of the country's electricity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coaldashboard.cmpdi.co.in/dashboard.php|title=Koyala Darpan / Coal Dashboard|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Global electricity review-India |url=https://ember-climate.org/global-electricity-review-2021/g20-profiles/india/ |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>
The government declared its efforts to increase investment in [[renewable energy]]. The government's draft National Electricity Plan of 2022 states that the country does not need any more [[fossil fuel]] power plants in the utility sector until 2027, aside from those currently under construction.<ref>{{cite news |title=National Electricity Plan, 2022-27 |url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/irp/2022/09/DRAFT_NATIONAL_ELECTRICITY_PLAN_9_SEP_2022_2-1.pdf |access-date=14 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Electricity Plan (Generation) 2018 |url=https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/node/3641 |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> It is expected that non-fossil fuel generation contribution is likely to reach around 44.7% of the total gross electricity generation by 2029–30.<ref>{{cite web |title=Optimal generation capacity mix |url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/irp/2020/12/Optimal_mix_report_2029-30_FINAL.pdf |publisher=CEA, Govt. of India |access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:India electricity production.svg|thumb|India electricity production by source]]
The first demonstration of [[electric light]] in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]) was conducted on 24 July 1879 by P.W. Fleury & Co. On 7 January 1897, Kilburn & Co secured the Calcutta electric lighting license as agents of the Indian Electric Co, which was registered in [[London]] on 15 January 1897. A month later, the company was renamed the [[Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation]]. The control of the company was transferred from London to Calcutta only in 1970. The introduction of electricity in Calcutta was a success, and power was next introduced in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Let there be light |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/let-there-be-light/cid/334620}}</ref> The first electric lighting demonstration in Mumbai was in 1882 at [[Crawford Market]] and the [[Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company]] (BEST) set up a generating station in 1905 to provide electricity for the tramway.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/mumbai.asp |title=Electricity arrives in Mumbai |access-date=1 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202092127/http://www.bestundertaking.com/mumbai.asp |archive-date=2 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The first hydroelectric installation in India was installed near a tea estate at [[Sidrapong Hydroelectric Power Station|Sidrapong]] for the [[Darjeeling Municipality]] in 1897.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/featured/darjeeling.cfm|title=Archives Darjeeling Hydro Power System – IET history – The IET|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> The first electric [[street light]] in [[Asia]] was lit on 5 August 1905 in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyoooz.com/bangalore/118780/bengalurus-first-lamp-post-set-up-in-1905-stands-forgotten|title = NYOOOZ – Simply News Local News, India News, City News, Politics}}</ref> The first electric train in the country ran on the [[Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Harbour Line]] between Bombay's [[Victoria Terminus|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (then Victoria Terminus)]] and [[Kurla railway station|Kurla]] on 3 February 1925.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_relic-of-indias-first-electric-railway-to-be-dismantled_1614956 |title=Relic of India's first electric railway to be dismantled |author=Daily News & Analysis|work=dna |access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> The first high-voltage laboratory of India was established at the [[Government Engineering College, Jabalpur]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/jabalpur-news/jabalpur-engineering-collage-has-first-high-voltage-lab-of-country-1445162/|title = हिंदी खबर, Latest News in Hindi, हिंदी समाचार, ताजा खबर}}</ref> On 18 August 2015, [[Cochin International Airport]] became the world's first fully [[solar power]]ed airport with the inauguration of a dedicated solar plant (see [[CIAL Solar Power Project]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nYRV0SGkot3GIOvQrqhBXL/Worlds-first-solarrun-airport-in-Kochi.html |title=Cochin International Airport set to become worlds's first fully solar powered major airport|work=LiveMint|location=Kochi, India}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news|last=Menon |first=Supriya |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419 |title=How is the world's first solar powered airport faring? – BBC News |work=BBC News |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

India began using grid management on a regional basis in the 1960s. Individual State grids were interconnected to form 5 regional grids covering mainland India, the Northern, Eastern, Western, North Eastern and Southern Grids. These regional links were established to enable transmission of surplus electricity between states in each region. In the 1990s, the Indian government began planning for a national grid. Regional grids were initially interconnected by asynchronous [[high-voltage direct current]] (HVDC) [[Back-to-back hvdc|back-to-back]] links facilitating the limited exchange of regulated power. The links were subsequently upgraded to high capacity synchronous links.<ref name="One Nation-One Grid"/>

The first interconnection of regional grids was established in October 1991 when the North Eastern and Eastern grids were interconnected. The Western Grid was interconnected with these grids in March 2003. The Northern grid was also interconnected in August 2006, forming a Central Grid that was synchronously connected and operating at one frequency.<ref name="One Nation-One Grid"/> The sole remaining regional grid, the Southern Grid, was synchronously interconnected to the Central Grid on 31 December 2013 with the commissioning of the 765 [[kilovolt|kV]] Raichur-Solapur transmission line, establishing the [[National Grid (India)|National Grid]].<ref name="One Nation-One Grid">{{cite web|title=One Nation-One Grid|url=http://www.powergridindia.com/_layouts/PowerGrid/User/ContentPage.aspx?PId=78&LangID=english|website=Power Grid Corporation of India|access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref><ref name = "largest">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/All-India-Power-Engineers-Federation-Indian-power-system/articleshow/28294988.cms|title=Indian power system becomes largest operating synchronous grid in the world|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref>

By the end of the calendar year 2015, despite poor hydroelectricity generation, India had become a power surplus nation with huge power generation capacity idling for want of demand.<ref name=dnep>{{cite web| title=Draft National Electricity Plan, 2016, CEA| url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/committee/nep/nep_dec.pdf |access-date=11 December 2016 }}</ref><ref name=surplus/><ref name=surplus1/> The calendar year 2016 started with steep falls in the international price of energy commodities such as coal, diesel oil, [[naphtha]], [[bunker fuel]], and [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG), which are used in electricity generation in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=International oil market watch | url=http://www.aip.com.au/pricing/marketwatch.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Naphtha spot price | url=http://www.quotenet.com/commodities/naphtha }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Bunker fuel spot price |url=http://www.mabux.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Global LNG prices lose ground on weak demand |url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/global-lng-prices-lose-ground-on-weak-demand/51163611 |access-date=27 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LNG looks poised to follow crude oil's plunge |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/column-russell-lng-asia-idINL3N15219G }}</ref> As a result of the global glut in petroleum products, these fuels became cheap enough to compete with pit head coal-based power generators.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peaking power generated from imported LNG at Rs 4.70 per unit |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/ratnagiri-gmr-gvk-lanco-others-successful-in-natural-gas-auction/articleshow/51487320.cms |access-date=21 March 2016 }}</ref> Coal prices have also fallen.<ref name=coal>{{cite web |url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/global-coal-price-on-the-downslide-115082700011_1.html |title= Global coal price on downslide, no cheer for Indian power producers |access-date=13 December 2015}}</ref> Low demand for coal has led to coal stocks building up at power stations as well as coal mines.<ref name="pit">{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-asks-coal-india-to-liquidate-pithead-stock-116012801064_1.html|title=Govt asks Coal India to liquidate pithead stock|agency=Press Trust of India|website=Business Standard}}</ref> New installations of [[renewable energy]] in India surpassed installations of fossil fuel for the first time in 2016–17.<ref name="IEEFA">{{cite web|author1=Tim Buckley|author2=Kashish Shah|title=India's Electricity Sector Transformation|url=http://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/India-Electricity-Sector-Transformation_Nov-2017-3.pdf|website=Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis|access-date=5 May 2018|page=2}}</ref>

On 29 March 2017, the [[Central Electricity Authority (India)|Central Electricity Authority (CEA)]] stated that for the first time India has become a net exporter of electricity. India exported 5,798 GWh to neighboring countries, against a total import of 5,585 GWh.

The [[Government of India]] launched a program called "Power for All" in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/india-can-achieve-1-65-billion-units-of-electricity-next-year-piyush-goyal/articleshow/53103685.cms |title= India can achieve 1,650 billion units of electricity next year, Piyush Goyal |access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref> The program was accomplished by December 2018 in providing the necessary infrastructure to ensure uninterrupted electricity supply to all households, industries, and commercial establishments.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/mapped-billion-people-without-access-to-electricity/|title= Mapped: The 1.2 Billion People Without Access to Electricity |access-date=29 November 2019}}</ref> Funding was made through a collaboration between the Government of India and its constituent [[States and union territories of India|states]].<ref>{{cite news |title=States resolve to provide 24x7 power to everyone by March 2019 |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/states-resolve-to-provide-24x7-power-to-everyone-by-march-2019/articleshow/52802534.cms |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref><ref name=pfa>{{cite news |title=Government decides to electrify 5.98 crore unelectrified households by December 2018 |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/government-decides-to-electrify-598-crore-un-electrified-households-by-december-2018/articleshow/52825361.cms |access-date=20 June 2016|last1=Singh |first1=Sarita }}</ref>

==Installed capacity==

The total installed power generation capacity is the sum of utility capacity, captive power capacity, and other non-utilities which is 482.232 GW as on 31 March 2022.<ref name=esi/>

===Utility power===

{| class="wikitable sor table" style="text-align:right"
|+ Growth of Installed Capacity in India<ref name="GES" />
! rowspan="2"|Installed Capacity as on
! colspan="4"|Thermal ([[Megawatt|MW]])
! rowspan="2"|Nuclear (MW)
! colspan="3"|Renewable (MW)
! data-sort- type="numeric" rowspan="2" style="background:#dfd;"|Total (MW)
! data-sort-type="numeric" rowspan="2"|% Growth (on yearly basis)
|-
! data-sort-type="numeric"|Coal
! data-sort-type="numeric"|Gas
! data-sort-type="numeric"|Diesel
! data-sort- type="numeric" style="background:#ddf;"|Sub-Total Thermal
! data-sort-type="numeric"|Hydro
! data-sort-type="numeric"|Other Renewable
! data-sort- type="numeric" style="background:#ddf;"|Sub-Total Renewable
|-
| align=left |31 December 1947 || 756 || style="text-align:center;"|- || 98 || style="background:#ddf;"| 854 || style="text-align:center;"|- || 508 || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="background:#ddf;"| 508 || style="background:#dfd;"| 1,362 || style="text-align:center;"|-
|-
| align=left |31 December 1950 || 1,004 || style="text-align:center;"|- || 149 || style="background:#ddf;"| 1,153 || style="text-align:center;"|- || 560 || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="background:#ddf;"| 560 || style="background:#dfd;"| 1,713 || 8.59%
|-
| align=left |31 March 1956 || 1,597 || style="text-align:center;"|- || 228 || style="background:#ddf;"| 1,825 || style="text-align:center;"|- || 1,061 || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="background:#ddf;"| 1,061 || style="background:#dfd;"| 2,886 || 13.04%
|-
| align=left |31 March 1961 || 2,436 || style="text-align:center;"|- || 300 || style="background:#ddf;"| 2,736 || style="text-align:center;"|- || 1,917 || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="background:#ddf;"| 1,917 || style="background:#dfd;"| 4,653 || 12.25%
|-
| align=left |31 March 1966 || 4,417 || 137 || 352 || style="background:#ddf;"| 4,903 || style="text-align:center;"|- || 4,124 || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="background:#ddf;"| 4,124 || style="background:#dfd;"|9,027 || 18.80%
|-
| align=left |31 March 1974 || 8,652 || 165 || 241 || style="background:#ddf;"| 9,058 || 640 || 6,966 || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="background:#ddf;"| 6,966 || style="background:#dfd;"| 16,664 || 10.58%
|-
| align=left |31 March 1979 || 14,875 || 168 || 164 || style="background:#ddf;"| 15,207 || 640 || 10,833 || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="background:#ddf;"| 10,833 || style="background:#dfd;"| 26,680 || 12.02%
|-
| align=left |31 March 1985 || 26,311 || 542 || 177 || style="background:#ddf;"| 27,030 || 1,095 || 14,460 || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="background:#ddf;"| 14,460 || style="background:#dfd;"| 42,585 || 9.94%
|-
| align=left |31 March 1990 || 41,236 || 2,343 || 165 || style="background:#ddf;"| 43,764 || 1,565 || 18,307 || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="background:#ddf;"| 18,307 || style="background:#dfd;"|63,636 || 9.89%
|-
| align=left |31 March 1997 || 54,154 || 6,562 || 294 || style="background:#ddf;"| 61,010 || 2,225 || 21,658 || 902 || style="background:#ddf;"| 22,560 || style="background:#dfd;"| 85,795 || 4.94%
|-
| align=left |31 March 2002 || 62,131 || 11,163 || 1,135 || style="background:#ddf;"| 74,429 || 2,720 || 26,269 || 1,628 || style="background:#ddf;"| 27,897 || style="background:#dfd;"| 105,046 || 4.49%
|-
| align=left |31 March 2007 || 71,121 || 13,692 || 1,202 || style="background:#ddf;"| 86,015 || 3,900 || 34,654 || 7,760 || style="background:#ddf;"| 42,414 || style="background:#dfd;"| 132,329 || 5.19%
|-
| align=left |31 March 2012 || 112,022 || 18,381 || 1,200 || style="background:#ddf;"| 131,603 || 4,780 || 38,990 || 24,503 || style="background:#ddf;"| 63,493 || style="background:#dfd;"| 199,877 || 9.00%
|-
| align=left |31 March 2014 || 145,273 || 21,782 || 1,200 || style="background:#ddf;"| 168,255 || 4,780 || 40,532 || 31,692 || style="background:#ddf;"| 72,224 || style="background:#dfd;"| 245,259 || 10.77%
|-
| align=left |31 March 2017 || 192,163 || 25,329 || 838 || style="background:#ddf;"| 218,330|| 6,780 || 44,478 || 57,260 || style="background:#ddf;"| 101,138 || style="background:#dfd;"| 326,841 || 10.31%
|-
| align=left |31 March 2018 || 197,171 || 24,897 || 838 || style="background:#ddf;"| 222,906|| 6,780 || 45,293 || 69,022 || style="background:#ddf;"| 114,315 || style="background:#dfd;"| 344,002 || 5.25%
|-
| align=left |31 March 2019 || 200,704 || 24,937 || 637 || style="background:#ddf;"| 226,279|| 6,780 || 45,399 || 77,641 || style="background:#ddf;"| 123,040 || style="background:#dfd;"| 356,100 || 3.52%
|-
| align=left |31 March 2020<ref name= tote>{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2020/installed_capacity-03.pdf |title=All India Installed power capacity |publisher=Central Electricity Authority |access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref> || 205,135 || 24,955 || 510 || style="background:#ddf;"| 230,600|| 6,780 || 45,699 || 87,028 || style="background:#ddf;"| 132,427 || style="background:#dfd;"| 370,106 || 3.93%
|-
| align=left |31 March 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/installed/2021/03/installed_capacity.pdf |title=All India Installed power capacity |publisher=Central Electricity Authority |access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref> || 209,294 || 24,924 || 510 || style="background:#ddf;"| 234,728|| 6,780 || 46,209 || 94,433 || style="background:#ddf;"| 140,642 || style="background:#dfd;"| 382,151 || 3.25%
|-
| align=left |31 March 2022 || 210,700 || 24,899 || 510 || style="background:#ddf;"| 236,109|| 6,780 || 46,723 || 109,885 || style="background:#ddf;"| 156,607 || style="background:#dfd;"| 399,497 || 4.53%
|-
| align=left |31 March 2023<ref name="capacity"/> || 211,855 || 24,824 || 589 || style="background:#ddf;"| 237,269|| 6,780 || 46,850 || 125,160 || style="background:#ddf;"| 172,010 || style="background:#dfd;"| 416,059 || 4.15%
|}
Nearly 32,285 MW coal and gas based thermal power projects are under construction as on 1 April 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/thermal_broad/2021/03/Broad%20Status%20Report%20-%20March,2021.pdf|title=Thermal power projects under construction as on 1 April 2021 |publisher=Central Electricity Authority |access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref>

The total installed utility power generation capacity as on 31 March 2023 by type is given below.<ref name="capacity"/>
{{Image frame
|width = 264
|align = right
|pos = top
|content =<div style="background:#f9f9f9; font-size:0.85em; text-align:left; padding:8px 0; margin:0;">
{{#invoke:Chart
|pie chart
|radius = 130
|slices =
( 205,235 : Coal : #050404 : [[Coal in India]] )
( 6,620: Lignite : #808080 )
( 24,824: Gas : #a6b41c)
( 589 : Diesel : #ad1cb4)
( 46,850 : Hydro : #4189f4 : [[Hydroelectric power in India]] )
( 125,692 : Wind, Solar & Other RE : #87CEEB )
( 6,780 : Nuclear : #de2821 : [[Nuclear power in India]] )

|units suffix = _MW
|percent = true
}}</div>
|caption='''Installed capacity by source in the utility sector as on 12 June 2023'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/power-sector-glance-all-india |title=Power Sector at a Glance ALL INDIA}}</ref>}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Breakdown of Installed Generation Capacity as on 31/03/2023
!Source
!Installed Capacity (MW)
!% of Share in Total
|-
!''' Fossil Fuels (Total)'''
!'''237,269'''
!'''57.7%'''
|-
|Coal
|205,235
|49.3%
|-
|Lignite
| 6,620
|1.6%
|-
|Gas
|24,824
|6.0%
|-
|Diesel
|589
|0.1%
|-
!'''Non-Fossil Fuels (Total)'''
!178,790
!43%
|-
|Hydro
|46,850
|11.3%
|-
|Wind
|42,633
|10.2%
|-
|Solar
|66,780
|16.1%
|-
|Bio Mass Power/Cogen
|10,248
|2.5%
|-
|Waste to Energy
|554
|0.1%
|-
|Small Hydro
|4,944
|1.2%
|-
|Nuclear
|6,780
|1.6%
|-
!'''''Total Installed Capacity'''''
!'''''416,059'''''
!'''''100%'''''
|}
Hydroelectric power plants with ≤ 25 MW generation capacity are included in Renewable category (classified as SHP – Small Hydro Project)
===Captive power===
The installed [[captive power plant|captive power]] generation capacity (above 1 MW capacity) associated with industry-owned plants is 82,735 MW as of 31 March 2022.<ref name=esi/> In the fiscal year 2021–22, captive power generation was 235,000 GWh.<ref name=esi/><ref>{{cite web|url= https://powerline.net.in/2017/10/03/captive-power-market/|title= List of major captive power plants |access-date=13 May 2018}}</ref> Diesel power generation sets of 75,000 MW capacity (excluding sets of size above 1 MW and below 100 kVA) are also installed in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/gensets-add-up-to-under-half-of-installed-power-capacity/|title= Gensets add up to under half of installed power capacity; August, 2014 |access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref><ref name= trans/> In addition, there are a large number of diesel generators of capacity less than 100 kVA to cater to emergency power needs during [[power outage]]s in all sectors.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gsma.com/membership/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/true-cost-providing-energy-telecom-towers-india.pdf|title= The True Cost of Providing Energy to Telecom Towers in India |access-date=29 August 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Captive Power Sector
|-
!Number
! Source !! Captive Power Capacity (MW) !! Share !!Electricity generated (GWh) !! Share
|-
|1
| Coal || style="text-align:right;"|51,000 || style="text-align:right;"|61.64%||align="right"|204,000 ||align="right"|86.80%
|-
|2
| Hydroelectricity || style="text-align:right;"|135 || style="text-align:right;"|0.16%||align="right"|250 ||align="right"|0.11%
|-
|3
| Renewable energy source || style="text-align:right;"|6,500 || style="text-align:right;"|7.86%||align="right"|8,500||align="right"|3.61%
|-
|4
| Natural Gas|| style="text-align:right;"|7,400 || style="text-align:right;"|8.94%||align="right"| 20,050 ||align="right"|8.53%
|-
|5
| Oil || style="text-align:right;"|17,700 || style="text-align:right;"|21.39%||align="right"|2,100||align="right"|0.89%
|-
|
| '''Total''' || style="text-align:right;"|'''82,735''' || style="text-align:right;"|100.00%||align="right"|''' 235,000''' ||align="right"|100.00%
|}

==Installed capacity by state or territory==
{{Main |States of India by installed power capacity}}

This is a '''[[list of states and territories of India]]''' by installed power generation capacity.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ State-wise all India installed power generation capacity as of 31 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title= All India installed capacity|url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2022/JUL/capacity1-2022-07.pdf|website=National Power Portal|accessdate=16 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Published Reports|url=https://npp.gov.in/publishedReports|website=National Power Portal|accessdate=16 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Northern region installed capacity|url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2022/JUL/capacity2-Northern-2022-07.pdf|website=National Power Portal|accessdate=16 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Eastern region installed capacity|url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2022/JUL/capacity2-Eastern-2022-07.pdf|website=National Power Portal|accessdate=16 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Western region installed capacity|url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2022/JUL/capacity2-Western-2022-07.pdf|website=National Power Portal|accessdate=16 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Southern region installed capacity|url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2022/JUL/capacity2-Southern-2022-07.pdf|website=National Power Portal|accessdate=16 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= North Eastern region installed capacity|url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2022/JUL/capacity2-North%20Eastern-2022-07.pdf|website=National Power Portal|accessdate=16 August 2022}}</ref>
! rowspan="2"|[[States of India|State]]/[[Union territory|Union Territory]]
!! colspan="5"|Thermal (in [[Watt#Megawatt|MW]])
!! rowspan="2"|Nuclear (in [[Watt#Megawatt|MW]])
!! colspan="3"|Renewable (in [[Watt#Megawatt|MW]])
!! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #dfd;"|Total (in [[Watt#Megawatt|MW]])
!! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #dfd;"|% of National Total
!! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #dfd;"|% Renewable
|-
! Coal !! Lignite !! Gas !! Diesel !! style="background-color: #ddf;"|Sub-Total Thermal
! Hydel !! Other Renewable !! style="background-color: #ddf;"|Sub-Total Renewable
|-
! ''Western Region'' !! ''84186'' !! ''1400'' !! ''10806.49'' !! ''-'' !! style="background-color: #ddf;"|''96392.49'' !! ''1840'' !! ''7392'' !! ''34760.24'' !! style="background-color: #ddf;"|''42150.24'' !! style="background-color: #dfd;"|''140384.73'' !! style="background-color: #dfd;"|''34.74%''!!style="background-color: #dfd;"|''30.02%''
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || align="right"|14692 || align="right"|1400 || align="right"|7551.41 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|23643.41 || align="right"|440 || align="right"|1990 || align="right"|17514.96 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|19504.96 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|43588.37 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|10.79%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|44.75%
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || align="right"|23856 || align="center"|- || align="right"|3207.08 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|27063.08 || align="right"|1400 || align="right"|3047 || align="right"|10799.36 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|13846.36 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|42309.44 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|10.47%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|32.73%
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || align="right"|21950 || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|21950 || align="center"|- || align="right"|2235 || align="right"|5497.20 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|7732.20 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|29682.20 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|7.34%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|26.05%
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]] || align="right"|23688 || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|23688 || align="center"|- || align="right"|120 || align="right"|880.32 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|1000.32 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|24688.32 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|6.11%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|4.05%
|-
| [[Goa]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|48 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|48 || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|21.93 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|21.93 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|69.93 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.017%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|31.36%
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|46.47 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|46.47 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|46.47 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.01%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|100%
|-
! ''Southern Region'' !! ''38957.50'' !! ''3640'' !! ''6491.80'' !! ''433.66'' !! style="background-color: #ddf;"|''49522.97'' !! ''3320'' !! ''11747.15'' !! ''48140.62'' !! style="background-color: #ddf;"|''59887.77'' !! style="background-color: #dfd;"|''112730.73'' !! style="background-color: #dfd;"|''27.89%''!!style="background-color: #dfd;"|''53.12%''

|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || align="right"|10045 || align="right"|3640 || align="right"|1027.18 || align="right"|211.70 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|14923.88 || align="right"|2440 || align="right"|2178.20 || align="right"|16774.92 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|18923.12 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|36317 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|8.99%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|52.11%
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || align="right"|9480 || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|25.20 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|9505.20 || align="right"|880 || align="right"|3689.20 || align="right"|16085.38 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|19774.58 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|30159.78 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|7.46%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|65.57%
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || align="right"|11590 || align="center"|- || align="right"|4898.54 || align="right"|36.80 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|16525.34 || align="center"|- || align="right"|1610 || align="right"|9306.98 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|10916.98 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|27442.32 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|6.79%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|39.78%
|-
| [[Telangana]] || align="right"|7842.50 || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|7842.50 || align="center"|- || align="right"|2405.60 || align="right"|5063.42 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|7469.02 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|15311.52 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right" |3.79%|| style="background-color: #dfd;" |48.78%
|-
| [[Kerala]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|533.58 || align="right"|159.96 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|693.54 || align="center"|- || align="right"|1864.15 || align="right"|871.12 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|2735.27 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|3428.81 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.85%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|79.77%
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|32.50 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|32.50 || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|35.53 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|35.53 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|68.03 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.016%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|52.22%
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|3.27 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|3.27 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|3.27 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.001%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|100%
|-
! ''Northern Region'' !! ''44299'' !! ''1580'' !! ''5780.96'' !! ''-'' !! style="background-color: #ddf;"|''51659.96'' !! ''1620'' !! ''19696.27'' !! ''29230.41'' !! style="background-color: #ddf;"|''48926.68'' !! style="background-color: #dfd;"|''102206.64'' !! style="background-color: #dfd;"|''25.29%''!!style="background-color: #dfd;"|''47.87%''
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || align="right"|8900 || align="right"|1580 || align="right"|1022.83 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|11502.83 || align="right"|1180 || align="right"|411 || align="right"|19140.65 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|19551.65 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|32234.48 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|7.98%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|60.65%
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || align="right"|24389 || align="center"|- || align="right"|1493.14 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|25882.14 || align="right"|440 || align="right"|501.60 || align="right"|4483.65 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|4985.25 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|31307.39 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|7.75%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|15.92%
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|10263.02 || align="right"|1046.47 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|11309.49 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|11309.49|| style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|2.80%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|100%
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || align="right"|5680 || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|5680 || align="center"|- || align="right"|1096.30 || align="right"|1785.74 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|2882.04 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|8562.04 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|2.12%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|33.66%
|-
| [[Haryana]] || align="right"|5330 || align="center"|- || align="right"|431.59 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|5761.59 || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|1275.11 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|1275.11 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|7036.70 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|1.74%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|18.12%
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|450 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|450 || align="center"|- || align="right"|3975.35 || align="right"|931.80 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|4907.15 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|5357.15 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|1.32%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|91.60%
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|175 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|175 || align="center"|- || align="right"|3360 || align="right"|192.58 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|3552.58 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|3727.58 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.92%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|95.31%
|-
| [[Delhi]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|2208.40 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|2208.40 || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|270.12|| style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|270.12|| style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|2478.52 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.61%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|10.90%
|-

| [[Ladakh]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|89 || align="right"|47.44|| style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|136.44 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|136.44 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.034%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|100%
|-
| [[Chandigarh]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|56.85 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|56.85 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|56.85 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.014%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|100%
|-

! ''Eastern Region'' !! ''35887'' !! ''-'' !! ''80'' !! ''40.05'' !! style="background-color: #ddf;"|''36007.05'' !! ''-'' !! ''5987.75'' !! ''1803.44'' !! style="background-color: #ddf;"|''7791.19'' !! style="background-color: #dfd;"|''43798.24'' !! style="background-color: #dfd;"|''10.84%''!!style="background-color: #dfd;"|''17.79%''
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || align="right"|13697 || align="center"|- || align="right"|80 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"| 13777 || align="center"|- || align="right"|1341.20 || align="right"|596.95 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|1938.15 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|15715.15 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|3.89%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|12.33%
|-
| [[Odisha]] || align="right"|9540 || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|9540 || align="center"|- || align="right"|2154.55 || align="right"|626.98 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|2739.29 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|12321.53 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|3.05%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|22.57%
|-
| [[Bihar]] || align="right"|8400|| align="center"|- || align="center" |- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|8400|| align="center" |- || align="center" |- || align="right"|387.41 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|387.41 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|8787.41|| style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right" |2.17%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|4.41%
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || align="right"|4250|| align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|4250 || align="center"|- || align="right"|210 || align="right"|97.14 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|307.14 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|4557.14 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|1.13%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|6.74%
|-
| [[Sikkim]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|2282|| align="right"|59.80 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|2341.80 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|2341.80 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.58%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|100%
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|40.05 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|40.05 || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|35.16 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|35.16 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|75.21|| style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.02%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|46.75%
|-
! ''North-Eastern Region'' !! ''750'' !! ''-'' !! ''1696.95'' !! ''36'' !! style="background-color: #ddf;"|''2482.95'' !! ''-'' !! ''2027'' !! ''502.66'' !! style="background-color: #ddf;"|''2529.66'' !! style="background-color: #dfd;"|''5012.61'' !! style="background-color: #dfd;"|''1.24%''!!style="background-color: #dfd;"|''50.47%''
|-
| [[Assam]] || align="right"|750 || align="center"|- || align="right"|597.35|| align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|1347.36 || align="center"|- || align="right"|350 || align="right"|179.05 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|529.05 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|1876.4 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.46%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|28.19%
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|1115 || align="right"|144.34 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|1259.34 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|1259.34 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.32%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|100%
|-
| [[Tripura]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|1099.60 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|1099.60 || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|31.88 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|31.88 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|1131.48 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.29%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|2.82%
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|322 || align="right"|50.49 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|372.49 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|372.49 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.1%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|100%
|-
| [[Manipur]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|36 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|36 || align="center"|- || align="right"|105 || align="right"|17.71 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|122.71 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|158.71 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.04%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|77.32%
|-
| [[Nagaland]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|75 || align="right"|34.71 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|109.71 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|109.71 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.03%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|100%
|-
| [[Mizoram]] || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="center"|- || align="center"|- || align="right"|60 || align="right"|44.48 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right"|104.48 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|104.48 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right"|0.03%||style="background-color: #dfd;"|100%
|-
! ''Total'' !! ''204079.50'' !! ''6620'' !! ''24856.21'' !! ''509.71'' !! style="background-color: #ddf;"|''236065.42'' !! ''6780'' !! ''46850.17'' !! ''114437.37'' !! style="background-color: #ddf;"|''161017.54'' !! style="background-color: #dfd;"|''404132.95'' !! style="background-color: #dfd;"|''100.00%''!!style="background-color: #dfd;"|''39.84%''
|}
Other Renewable Energy sources include SHP (Small Hydro Power - hydel plants ≤ 25 MW), Biomass Power, Urban & Industrial waste, Solar and Wind Energy

==Demand==
[[File:Electricity India 1985-2012.png|upright=2|thumb|Electricity Generation from 1985 to 2012]]
[[File:Electricity generation chart.jpg|upright=2|thumb|Electricity generation in India from 2009 to 2019 (data source: powermin.nic.in)]]
===Demand trend===
The draft national electricity plan 2022 prepared by CEA says that the peak demand and energy demand would be 272 GW and 1,852 billion kWh (excluding rooftop solar generation) respectively in the fiscal year 2026–27.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/irp/2022/09/DRAFT_NATIONAL_ELECTRICITY_PLAN_9_SEP_2022_2-1.pdf| title= Draft National Electricity Plan 2022| access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref> The peak demand and energy demand would be 363 GW and 2,459 billion kWh (excluding rooftop solar generation) respectively in the fiscal year 2031–32. From the calendar year 2015 onwards, power generation in India has been less of a problem than power distribution.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/average-spot-power-price-to-be-less-than-rs-3-5-per-unit-in-may/69292245 | title=Average spot power price to be less than Rs 3.5 per unit in May| access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref><ref name=surplus>{{cite web | url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/will-try-to-keep-power-prices-lower-says-piyush-goyal/50525720 | title=Will try to keep power prices lower, says Piyush Goyal| access-date=13 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=surplus1>{{cite web | url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/dark-future-ahead-11000-mw-thermal-power-capacity-lying-idle-largest-outage-is-in-the-north/50556138 | title=Dark future ahead? 11,000 mw thermal power capacity lying idle, largest outage is in the north| access-date=13 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/is-a-distress-sale-on-by-private-power-producers/article7444321.ece | title=Is a distress sale on by private power producers? | date=20 July 2015 | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/xBRsCnMXJOeGWTUVQb0ivN/Indian-power-plants-find-19-billion-of-capacity-has-no-take.html | title=Indian power plants find Rs1.2 trillion of capacity has no takers | date=29 June 2015 | access-date=29 June 2015}}</ref>

===Demand drivers===
{{Further|Energy poverty and cooking}}
Nearly 0.07% of Indian households (0.2 million) have no access to electricity.<ref name= hhe/> The [[International Energy Agency]] estimates India will add between 600 GW to 1,200 GW of additional new power generation capacity before 2050.<ref name=iea2011>{{cite web|title=Technology development prospects for the Indian power sector |author=Uwe Remme |publisher=International Energy Agency France; OECD |url=https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/technology_development_india.pdf |display-authors=etal}}</ref> This added new capacity is similar in scale to the 740 GW total power generation capacity of the European Union (EU-27) in 2005. The technologies and fuel sources India adopts as it adds this electricity generation capacity may have a significant impact on global resource usage and environmental issues.<ref>{{cite web|title=Analysis of the energy trends in the European Union & Asia to 2030|publisher=Centre for Energy-Environment Resources Development, Thailand|url=http://www.eeas.europa.eu/energy/events/asem_energy_2009/eu_asia_energy_trends_en.pdf}}</ref> The demand for electricity for cooling ([[HVAC]]) is projected to grow rapidly.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/making-the-world-hotter-indias-expected-air-conditioning-explosion/66933622 |title= Making the world hotter: India's expected air-conditioning explosion |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>

According to the analysis presented in the India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) released by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, only 8 percent of Indian households own air-conditioning units. The cooling demand across India is projected to rise at a rate of 15-20 percent annually and aggregated cooling demand will grow to around eight times by 2037-38, as compared to the 2017-18 baseline. In India, 45 percent of the country's peak electricity demand in 2050 is expected to come from space cooling alone.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/climate%20investment%20opportunities%20in%20India.pdf |title= Climate Investment Opportunities in India's Cooling Sector |access-date=30 November 2022|publisher=World Bank }}</ref>

About 136 million Indians (11%) use traditional fuels – [[firewood]], agricultural waste and [[dry animal dung fuel]] – for cooking and general heating needs.<ref name=cook>{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/lpg-cylinder-now-used-by-89-households/66930301 |title= LPG cylinder now used by 89% households |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> These traditional fuels are burnt in cook stoves, sometimes known as ''chulah'' or ''chulha''.<ref name="sierra">[http://www.pciaonline.org/sierra-club The Partnership for Clean Indoor Air – Sierra Club]. Pciaonline.org. Retrieved on 13 January 2012.</ref> Traditional fuel is an inefficient source of energy, and its burning releases high levels of smoke, PM10 particulate matter, {{NOx}}, {{chem|SO|x}}, PAHs, polyaromatics, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and other [[Air pollution|air pollutants]], affecting outdoor air quality, haze and smog, chronic health problems, damage to forests, ecosystems and global climate.<ref name=icmr1>{{cite web|title=INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA – A MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN|author=Ganguly|year=2001|publisher=Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi|url=http://icmr.nic.in/bumay01.pdf|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and Other Environmental Impacts|publisher=United Nations Environmental Programme|year=2002|url=http://www.rrcap.unep.org/issues/air/impactstudy/Executive%20Summary.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526093020/http://www.rrcap.unep.org/issues/air/impactstudy/Executive%20Summary.pdf|archive-date=26 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="who">{{cite web|title=Indoor air pollution and household energy|publisher=WHO and UNEP|year=2011|url=https://www.who.int/heli/risks/indoorair/indoorair/en/index.html}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] estimates that 300,000 to 400,000 people in India die of [[indoor air quality|indoor air pollution]] and carbon monoxide poisoning every year because of biomass burning and use of chulahs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Green stoves to replace chullahs|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-03/india/28096828_1_biomass-climate-renewable-energy-sources|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517215338/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-03/india/28096828_1_biomass-climate-renewable-energy-sources|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=17 May 2013}}</ref> Burning traditional fuel in conventional cook stoves is estimated to release 5–15x more pollutants than industrial combustion of coal, and is unlikely to be replaced until electricity or clean-burning fuel and combustion technologies become reliably available and widely adopted in rural and urban India. The growth of the electricity sector in India may help find a sustainable alternative to traditional fuel burning.

In addition to air pollution problems, a 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is the single most important cause for pollution of surface and groundwater in India. The majority of government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time in part because of the lack of a reliable electricity supply to operate the plants. Uncollected waste accumulates in urban areas, causing unhygienic conditions, and release heavy metals and pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater.<ref name=cpcb1>{{cite web|title=Status of Sewage Treatment in India|year=2005|publisher=Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt of India|url=http://www.cpcb.nic.in/newitems/12.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Evaluation of Operation And Maintenance Of Sewage Treatment Plants in India-2007 |publisher=Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment & Forests |year=2008 |url=http://www.cpcb.nic.in/upload/NewItems/NewItem_99_NewItem_99_5.pdf}}</ref> A reliable supply of electricity is required to address India's water pollution and associated environmental issues.

Other drivers for India's electricity sector are its rapidly growing economy, rising exports, improving infrastructure and increasing household incomes.

Adding to it, the recent coal crisis has raised an alarm as over 60 per cent of the electricity produced in the country is derived from thermal power plants, and thus, depend on coal.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite web|first=Samrat|last=Sharma |title=As power woes loom, India's nuclear reactors fail to provide solar-like success|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/as-power-woes-loom-india-s-nuclear-reactors-fail-to-provide-solar-like-success-1862113-2021-10-07|access-date=13 October 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ Growth of Electricity Consumption in India<ref name=gr20/><ref name=GES/>
! rowspan="2"| Year*
! rowspan="2"|Mid-year population (millions)<ref name=esi/><ref>{{cite web|title=India Population (Live)|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population/ |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref>
! rowspan="2"|Net consumption (GWh)
! colspan="6"|% of Total
! rowspan="2"|Gross per-capita generation (in [[Kilowatt hour|kWh]])
|-
! Domestic !! Commercial !! Industrial !! Traction !! Agriculture !! Misc
|-
| 1947** || style="text-align:right;"|330|| style="text-align:right;"|4,182 || style="text-align:right;"|10.11% || style="text-align:right;"|4.26% || style="text-align:right;"|70.78% || style="text-align:right;"|6.62% || style="text-align:right;"|2.99% || style="text-align:right;"|5.24% || style="text-align:right;"|16.3
|-
| 1950** || style="text-align:right;"|376|| style="text-align:right;"|5,610 || style="text-align:right;"|9.36% || style="text-align:right;"|5.51% || style="text-align:right;"|72.32% || style="text-align:right;"|5.49% || style="text-align:right;"|2.89% || style="text-align:right;"|4.44% || style="text-align:right;"|18.2
|-
| 1956 || style="text-align:right;"|417|| style="text-align:right;"|10,150 || style="text-align:right;"|9.20% || style="text-align:right;"|5.38% || style="text-align:right;"|74.03% || style="text-align:right;"|3.99% || style="text-align:right;"|3.11% || style="text-align:right;"|4.29% || style="text-align:right;"|30.9
|-
| 1961 || style="text-align:right;"|458|| style="text-align:right;"|16,804 || style="text-align:right;"|8.88% || style="text-align:right;"|5.05% || style="text-align:right;"|74.67% || style="text-align:right;"|2.70% || style="text-align:right;"|4.96% || style="text-align:right;"|3.75% || style="text-align:right;"|45.9
|-
| 1966 || style="text-align:right;"|508|| style="text-align:right;"|30,455 || style="text-align:right;"|7.73% || style="text-align:right;"|5.42% || style="text-align:right;"|74.19% || style="text-align:right;"|3.47% || style="text-align:right;"|6.21% || style="text-align:right;"|2.97% || style="text-align:right;"|73.9
|-
| 1974 || style="text-align:right;"|607|| style="text-align:right;"|55,557 || style="text-align:right;"|8.36% || style="text-align:right;"|5.38% || style="text-align:right;"|68.02% || style="text-align:right;"|2.76% || style="text-align:right;"|11.36% || style="text-align:right;"|4.13% || style="text-align:right;"|126.2
|-
| 1979 || style="text-align:right;"|681|| style="text-align:right;"|84,005 || style="text-align:right;"|9.02% || style="text-align:right;"|5.15% || style="text-align:right;"|64.81% || style="text-align:right;"|2.60% || style="text-align:right;"|14.32% || style="text-align:right;"|4.10% || style="text-align:right;"|171.6
|-
| 1985 || style="text-align:right;"|781|| style="text-align:right;"|124,569 || style="text-align:right;"|12.45% || style="text-align:right;"|5.57% || style="text-align:right;"|59.02% || style="text-align:right;"|2.31% || style="text-align:right;"|16.83% || style="text-align:right;"|3.83% || style="text-align:right;"|228.7
|-
| 1990 || style="text-align:right;"|870|| style="text-align:right;"|195,098 || style="text-align:right;"|15.16% || style="text-align:right;"|4.89% || style="text-align:right;"|51.45% || style="text-align:right;"|2.09% || style="text-align:right;"|22.58% || style="text-align:right;"|3.83% || style="text-align:right;"|329.2
|-
| 1997 || style="text-align:right;"|997|| style="text-align:right;"|315,294 || style="text-align:right;"|17.53% || style="text-align:right;"|5.56% || style="text-align:right;"|44.17% || style="text-align:right;"|2.09% || style="text-align:right;"|26.65% || style="text-align:right;"|4.01% || style="text-align:right;"|464.6
|-
| 2002 || style="text-align:right;"|1089|| style="text-align:right;"|374,670 || style="text-align:right;"|21.27% || style="text-align:right;"|6.44% || style="text-align:right;"|42.57% || style="text-align:right;"|2.16% || style="text-align:right;"|21.80% || style="text-align:right;"|5.75% || style="text-align:right;"|671.9
|-
| 2007 || style="text-align:right;"|1179|| style="text-align:right;"|525,672 || style="text-align:right;"|21.12% || style="text-align:right;"|7.65% || style="text-align:right;"|45.89% || style="text-align:right;"|2.05% || style="text-align:right;"|18.84% || style="text-align:right;"|4.45% || style="text-align:right;"|559.2
|-
| 2012 || style="text-align:right;"|1,220|| style="text-align:right;"|785,194 || style="text-align:right;"|22.00% || style="text-align:right;"|8.00% || style="text-align:right;"|45.00% || style="text-align:right;"|2.00% || style="text-align:right;"|18.00% || style="text-align:right;"|5.00% || style="text-align:right;"|883.6
|-
| 2013 || style="text-align:right;"|1,236 || style="text-align:right;"|824,301 || style="text-align:right;"|22.29% || style="text-align:right;"|8.83% || style="text-align:right;"|44.40% || style="text-align:right;"|1.71% || style="text-align:right;"|17.89% || style="text-align:right;"|4.88% || style="text-align:right;"|914.4
|-
| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"|1,252 || style="text-align:right;"|881,562 || style="text-align:right;"|22.95% || style="text-align:right;"|8.80% || style="text-align:right;"|43.17% || style="text-align:right;"|1.75% || style="text-align:right;"|18.19% || style="text-align:right;"|5.14% || style="text-align:right;"|957
|-
| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"1,268|1,267 || style="text-align:right;"|938,823 || style="text-align:right;"|23.53% || style="text-align:right;"|8.77% || style="text-align:right;"|42.10% || style="text-align:right;"|1.79% || style="text-align:right;"|18.45% || style="text-align:right;"|5.37% || style="text-align:right;"|1010
|-
| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"|1,284 || style="text-align:right;"|1,001,191 || style="text-align:right;"|23.86% || style="text-align:right;"|8.59% || style="text-align:right;"|42.30% || style="text-align:right;"|1.66% || style="text-align:right;"|17.30% || style="text-align:right;"|6.29% || style="text-align:right;"|1075
|-
| 2017|| style="text-align:right;"|1,299 || style="text-align:right;"|1,066,268 || style="text-align:right;"|24.32% || style="text-align:right;"|9.22% || style="text-align:right;"|40.01% || style="text-align:right;"|1.61% || style="text-align:right;"|18.33% || style="text-align:right;"|6.50% || style="text-align:right;"|1122
|-
| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"|1,313 || style="text-align:right;"|1,130,244 || style="text-align:right;"|24.20% || style="text-align:right;"|8.51% || style="text-align:right;"|41.48% || style="text-align:right;"|1.27% || style="text-align:right;"|18.08% || style="text-align:right;"|6.47% || style="text-align:right;"|1149
|-
| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"|1,328 || style="text-align:right;"|1,196,309 || style="text-align:right;"|24.76% || style="text-align:right;"|8.24% || style="text-align:right;"|41.16% || style="text-align:right;"|1.52% || style="text-align:right;"|17.69% || style="text-align:right;"|6.63% || style="text-align:right;"|1181
|-
| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"|1,342 || style="text-align:right;"|1,291,494 || style="text-align:right;"|24.01% || style="text-align:right;"|8.04% || style="text-align:right;"|42.69% || style="text-align:right;"|1.52% || style="text-align:right;"|17.67% || style="text-align:right;"|6.07% || style="text-align:right;"|1208
|-
| 2021<ref name=cso/> || style="text-align:right;"|1,356 || style="text-align:right;"|1,227,000 || style="text-align:right;"|25.67% || style="text-align:right;"|8.31% || style="text-align:right;"|41.09% || style="text-align:right;"|1.51% || style="text-align:right;"|17.52% || style="text-align:right;"|5.89% || style="text-align:right;"|1177
|-
| 2022<ref name=esi/> || style="text-align:right;"|1,370|| style="text-align:right;"|1,296,300 || style="text-align:right;"|25.77% || style="text-align:right;"|8.29% || style="text-align:right;"|41.16% || style="text-align:right;"|1.53% || style="text-align:right;"|17.67% || style="text-align:right;"|5.59% || style="text-align:right;"|1255
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Data from the fiscal year ending on 31 March of each year. ** Refers to the fiscal year ending on 31 December.

Note: Gross per-capita generation=(gross electricity generation by all sources plus net import) / mid-year population. 'Consumption' is 'gross electricity generation by all sources plus net import' after subtracting transmission losses and auxiliary consumption in electricity generation.

The per capita annual domestic electricity consumption in India during the year 2009 was 96 kWh in rural areas and 288 kWh in urban areas for those with access to electricity. Globally the per capita annual average is 2,600 kWh and in the European Union it is 6,200 kWh.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Energy Outlook 2011: Energy for All |publisher=International Energy Agency |url=http://www.iea.org/papers/2011/weo2011_energy_for_all.pdf}}</ref>

=== Rural and Urban electrification ===
{{See also | Saubhagya scheme | Rural Electrification Corporation Limited}}

India's Ministry of Power launched ''Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana'' (DDUGJY) as one of its flagship programs in July 2015 with the objective of providing round-the-clock power to rural areas. The program focused on reforms in the rural power sector by separating feeder lines for rural households from those for agricultural applications and strengthening transmission and distribution infrastructure. A previous scheme for rural electrification, ''Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana'' (RGGVY) was subsumed into the new scheme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=123595 |title=Prime Minister to Launch Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana in Patna |publisher=Pib.nic.in |access-date=2022-03-31}}</ref> As of 28 April 2018, 12 days ahead of the target date, all Indian villages (a total of 597,464 census villages) were electrified.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/india-says-electrified-all-villages-ahead-of-prime-ministers-deadline/63962206|title=India says electrified all villages ahead of prime minister's deadline|access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref>

India has also achieved close to 100% electrification of all rural and urban households. As of 4 January 2019, 211.88 million rural households were provided with electricity, close to 100% of the 212.65 million total rural households.<ref name="hhe">{{cite web|url=http://saubhagya.gov.in/|title=Households electrification in India| access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> As of 4 January 2019, 42.937 million urban households are provided with electricity, close to 100% of the 42.941 million total urban households.

===Per-Capita consumption===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|+ [[Electricity consumption]] per capita in 2020–2021<ref name="perCapitaElectricConsumption">{{cite web| title= Power sector Dashboard at Glance| publisher=Ministry of Power, Govt. of India|url=https://cea.nic.in/dashboard/?lang=en| access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title= State Overview| publisher=NITI Aayog, Govt. of India|url=https://www.niti.gov.in/edm/#stateOverview| access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
! [[States of India|State]]/[[Union territory]]
! Per-capita consumption (kWh)
! Total sales (TWh)
! Domestic sales (TWh)
! Industrial HV sales (TWh)
! Industrial MV & LV sales (TWh)
! Agriculture sales (TWh)
! Commercial sales (TWh)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] ||12,250 ||5.28||0.14 ||4.89 ||0.19 ||0.04 ||0.32
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Daman and Diu]] ||5,914||2.13 || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Goa]] ||3,736||3.70 || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Gujarat]] ||2,239||92.27 ||16.51 ||41.12 ||14.60 ||12.66 ||4.31
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Chhattisgarh]] ||2,211||23.36 ||6.44 ||7.51 ||0.60 ||5.90 ||1.41
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Maharashtra]] ||1,588||126.42 ||30.19 ||34.15 ||9.88 ||33.91 ||9.54
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Madhya Pradesh]] ||1,232||60.95 ||16.79 ||9.24 ||1.29 ||25.64 ||3.37
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | '''Western Region''' ||1,736||314.13 ||71.49 ||100.49 ||26.87 ||78.16 ||19.15
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] ||2,138||2.60 || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Tamil Nadu]] ||1,714||94.59||32.72 ||23.51 ||9.33 ||13.97 ||8.97
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Power sector of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Consumer wise real Time AP Power Supply Position|url=http://www.apvidyutpravah.in/|access-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619080940/http://www.apvidyutpravah.in/|archive-date=19 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||1,567||51.75 ||17.47 ||14.26 ||2.28 ||9.36 ||3.05
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Telangana]] ||2,126||57.89||12.80 ||11.24 ||1.22 ||22.26 ||4.84
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Karnataka]] ||1,376||62.78||15.66 ||9.74 ||1.91 ||22.33 ||6.75
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Kerala]] ||844||22.59||12.76 ||2.92||1.14 ||0.42 ||4.26
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Lakshadweep]] ||819||0.53 || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | '''Southern Region''' ||1,548||292.28 ||92.32 ||62.99 ||16.06 ||68.42 ||28.09
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] ||2,350||50.28 ||15.32 ||12.58 ||3.13||13.09 ||3.46
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Haryana]] ||2,186||41.94 ||11.97 ||10.75 ||2.04 ||10.08 ||4.00
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Delhi]] ||1,684||26.39 ||16.43 ||0.47 ||2.34 ||0.39 ||5.31
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Himachal Pradesh]] ||1,742||8.63 ||2.35 ||4.68 ||0.08 ||0.07 ||0.51
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Uttarakhand]] ||1,520||11.22 ||3.20 ||5.44 ||0.26 ||0.18 ||1.33
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Chandigarh]] ||1,529||1.34 || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ||1,475||9.98 ||4.88||0.92||0.23||0.36 ||1.70
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Rajasthan]] || 1,345||64.88 ||14.25 ||11.53 ||2.11 ||28.52 ||4.09
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Uttar Pradesh]] ||663||93.60 ||43.95 ||10.25 ||3.98 ||18.93 ||6.28
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | '''Northern Region''' ||1,137||308.23 ||113.09 ||56.76 ||14.32 ||71.30 ||27.06
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Odisha]] ||2,264||20.60 ||8.42 ||6.02 ||0.40 ||0.64 ||2.15
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Sikkim]] ||1011||0.41 || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Jharkhand]] ||867||21.37 ||6.47 ||11.83 ||0.30 ||0.20 ||1.03
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[West Bengal]] ||733||48.39 ||17.53 ||15.58 ||2.14 ||1.33 ||5.45
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Andaman and Nicobar]] ||878||0.24 || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bihar]] ||329||24.10 ||15.04 ||2.76 ||0.80 ||1.14 ||2.39
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | '''Eastern Region''' ||807||115.15||47.74 ||36.45 ||3.68||3.33 ||11.12
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ||645||0.40 || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Meghalaya]] ||751||1.32 || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Mizoram]] ||582||0.45 || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Nagaland]] ||433||0.68 || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Tripura]] ||435||0.98 || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Assam]] ||384||7.35 ||3.78 ||1.57 ||0.12 ||0.39 ||1.09
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Manipur]] ||362||0.65 || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | '''North Eastern Region''' ||426||11.86||6.15 ||2.35 ||0.23 ||0.09 ||1.52
|-style="background:#eee"
| style="text-align:left;" | '''National''' ||'''1,255''' || '''1042.66''' ||'''330.81''' ||'''259.06''' ||'''62.16''' ||'''221.30''' ||'''86.95'''
|}

{{Image frame
|width = 264
|align = right
|pos = top
|content =<div style="background:#f9f9f9; font-size:0.85em; text-align:left; padding:8px 0; margin:0;">
{{#invoke:Chart
|pie chart
|radius = 130
|slices =
( 1,078,444 : Coal : #050404 : [[Coal in India]] )
( 151,695 : Large Hydro : #4189f4 : [[Hydroelectric power in India]] )
( 10,463 : Small Hydro : #000090 )
( 68,640 : Wind Power : #66ccff )
( 73,483 : Solar Power : #ffff57 : [[Solar power in India]] )
( 18,324 : Biomass & other RE : #009a39 )
( 47,019 : Nuclear : #de2821 : [[Nuclear power in India]] )
( 36,143 : Gas : #a6b41c)
( 115 : Diesel : #ad1cb4)
|units suffix = _GWh
|percent = true
}}</div>
|caption='''Electricity generation (utility sector) by source in India in FY 2021-2022'''}}
Notes: Per capita consumption = (gross electricity generation + net import) / mid-year population.
Nearly a 24% difference between sales and gross generation due to auxiliary power consumption of thermal power plants and transmission and distribution (T&D) losses, etc.
==Electricity generation==
India has recorded rapid growth in electricity generation since 1985, increasing from 179 TW-hr in 1985 to 1,057 TW-hr in 2012.<ref name="srwe">{{cite web|title=BP Statistical Review of world energy, 2016|url=http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-electricity.pdf}}</ref> The majority of the increase came from coal-fired plants and non-conventional [[renewable energy]] sources (RES), with the contribution from natural gas, oil, and hydro plants decreasing in 2012–2017. The gross utility electricity generation (excluding imports from Bhutan) was 1,484 billion kWh in 2021–22, representing 8.1% annual growth compared to 2020–2021. The contribution from renewable energy sources (including large hydro) was nearly 21.7% of the total. In 2019–20, all the incremental electricity generation is contributed by renewable energy sources as the power generation from fossil fuels decreased.<ref>Refer to Table below</ref> During the year 2020–2021, the utility power generation decreased by 0.8% (11.3 billion kWh) with a reduction in power generation from fossil fuels by 1% and power generation from non-fossil sources is more or less same of the previous year. In 2020–21, India exported more electricity than it imported from neighboring countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://posoco.in/download/monthly_report_march_2021/?wpdmdl=36647 |title= Monthly operational performance report (page 35), March 2021 |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref> Solar power generation in 2020–21, occupied third place after coal and hydropower generations surpassing wind, gas and nuclear power generations. In 2022-23, renewable power generation was 22.47% of total utility power generation when total utility power generation increased by 8.77% to 1614.70 billion kWh.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Yearly gross electricity generation by source (GWh)
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#ddf;"| Year
! colspan="3" style="background:#dfd;"| Fossil Fuel
! rowspan="2" style="background:#ddf;"| Nuclear
! rowspan="2" style="background:#ddf;"| Hydro*
! rowspan="2" style="background:#ddf;"| Sub total
! colspan="6" style="background:#dfd;"| RES<ref name=resm>{{cite web |url=https://www.renewablesindia.in/ |title= Overview of renewable power generation, CEA|access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref>
! colspan="4" style="background:#dfd;"| Utility and Captive Power
|-
! style="background:#dfd;"| Coal
! style="background:#dfd;"| Oil
! style="background:#dfd;"| Gas
! style="background:#dfd;"| Mini hydro
! style="background:#dfd;"| Solar
! style="background:#dfd;"| Wind
! style="background:#dfd;"| Bio mass
! style="background:#dfd;"| Other
! style="background:#dfd;"| Sub total
! style="background:#dfd;"| Utility
! style="background:#dfd;"| Captive (see [[#Captive power|Table above]])
! style="background:#dfd;"| Misc
! style="background:#dfd;"| Total
|-
!2011–12
|612,497 || 2,649 || 93,281 || 32,286 || 130,511 || style="text-align:right;"|871,224||na || na || na || na || na ||51,226 || style="text-align:right;"|922,451|| 134,387|| na ||align="right"|1,056,838
|-
!2012–13
| 691,341 || 2,449 || 66,664|| 32,866 || 113,720 ||align="right"|907,040 ||na || na || na || na ||na ||57,449 || style="text-align:right;"|964,489|| 144,009|| na ||align="right"|1,108,498
|-
!2013–14
| 746,087 || 1,868 || 44,522 || 34,228 || 134,847 ||align="right"|961,552 ||na || 3,350 || na || na || na ||59,615 ||align="right"| 1,021,167|| 156,643|| na ||align="right"|1,177,810
|-
!2014–15
| 835,838 || 1,407 || 41,075 || 36,102 || 129,244 || style="text-align:right;"|1,043,666 || 8,060|| 4,600 || 28,214 || 14,944 || 414||61,780 ||align="right"| 1,105,446|| 166,426 || na ||align="right"|1,271,872
|-
!2015–16<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/planning/pdm/growth_2016.pdf |title=Growth of Electricity Sector in India from 1947–2016 |publisher=CEA |access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref>
| 896,260 || 406 || 47,122 || 37,413 || 121,377 || style="text-align:right;"|1,102,578 || 8,355|| 7,450 || 28,604 || 16,681 || 269||65,781 ||align="right"| 1,168,359|| 183,611 || na ||align="right"|1,351,970
|-
!2016–17<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/planning/pdm/growth_2017.pdf |title=Growth of Electricity Sector in India from 1947–2017 |publisher=CEA |access-date=17 February 2018}}</ref>
| 944,861 || 275 || 49,094 || 37,916 || 122,313 || style="text-align:right;"|1,154,523 || 7,673 || 12,086 || 46,011 || 14,159 || 213||81,869 ||align="right"| 1,236,392|| 197,000 || na ||align="right"|1,433,392
|-
!2017–18<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/planning/pdm/growth_2018.pdf |title=Growth of Electricity Sector in India from 1947–2018 |publisher=CEA |access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref>
| 986,591 || 386 || 50,208 || 38,346 || 126,123 || style="text-align:right;"|1,201,653 || 5,056 || 25,871 || 52,666 || 15,252 || 358||101,839 ||align="right"| 1,303,493 || 183,000 || na ||align="right"|1,486,493
|-
!2018–19<ref name=GES/>
| 1,021,997 || 129 || 49,886 || 37,706 || 135,040 || style="text-align:right;"|1,244,758 || 8,703 || 39,268 ||62,036 || 16,325 || 425||126,757 ||align="right"| 1,371,517 || 175,000 || na ||align="right"|1,546,517
|-
!2019–20<ref name=gr20>{{cite web |url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/pdm/2020/12/growth_2020.pdf |title=Growth of Electricity Sector in India from 1947–2020 |publisher=CEA |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref>
| 994,197 || 199 ||48,443 || 46,472 || 155,769 || style="text-align:right;"|1,245,080 || 9,366|| 50,103 ||64,639 || 13,843|| 366||138,337<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/renewable/2020/renewable-03.pdf |title=Renewable energy generation data, March 2020 |publisher=CEA |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> ||align="right"| 1,383,417 || 239,567 || na ||align="right"|1,622,983
|-
!2020–21<ref name=cso>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Energy%20Statistics%202022.pdf |title=Energy statistics 2022 |publisher=CSO, GoI |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>
| 981,239 ||129 ||51,027 || 42,949 || 150,305|| style="text-align:right;"|1,225,649 ||10,258 ||60,402 ||60,150 || 14,816|| 1621|| 147,247<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/resd/2021/03/Monthly%20RE%20generaton%2021.pdf |title= Monthly renewable energy generation report, March 2021|publisher=CEA |access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref>||align="right"|1,373,187 ||224,827 || na ||align="right"|1,598,014
|-
!2021–22<ref name=esi>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/EnergyStatisticsIndia2023.pdf |title=Energy statistics India 2023 |publisher=CSO, GoI|access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref>
| 1,078,444 ||115 ||36,143 || 47,019 || 151,695|| style="text-align:right;"|1,313,418 ||10,463 ||73,483 ||68,640 ||16,056 || 2,268|| 170,912<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/resd/2022/04/Broad_overview_March_2022.pdf |title=Monthly Renewable Energy Generation Report, March 2022 |publisher=CEA|access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>||align="right"| 1,484,442|| 235,000 || na ||align="right"|1,719,442
|-
!2022–23<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/daily/dgr/31-03-2023/dgr17-2023-03-31.pdf |title= Fuel Wise Generation report on 31-Mar-2023|access-date=3 April 2023}}</ref>
| 1,181,868 ||228 ||23,931 || 45,799 || 162,060|| style="text-align:right;"|1,413,887 || 11,170||102,014 ||71,814 ||16,024 || 2,529|| 203,532||align="right"| 1,617,419|| || na ||align="right"|
|}

Notes: Coal includes lignite; Misc: includes contributions from emergency diesel generator sets, rooftop solar, captive power generation from below 1 MW capacity plants, etc.; *Hydro includes pumped storage generation; na = data not available.

==Thermal power==
[[File:NTPC (2 x 500) units.jpg|thumb|NTPC thermal power plant in Sipat, [[Chhattisgarh]]]]

[[File:Dahanu-chimney-rel.jpg|thumb|A thermal power plant in [[Maharashtra]]]]

===Pollution from coal-based power plants===
[[File:Demand, production and import of coal (in million tonnes).png|thumbnail|right|(in million tonnes)]]
In India the Commercial Energy makes 74% of total energy, of which coal based energy production is around 72–75%, as per 2020 data. For utility power generation, India consumed 622.22 million tons of coal during 2019–20 which is less by 1% compared to 628.94 million tons during 2018–19. However coal imports for utility power generation increased by 12.3% during year 2019–20 at 69.22 million tons from 61.66 million tons during 2018–19.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/coal/2020/coal_stat-03.pdf| title=Monthly Coal Report, March 2020| access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> A large part of the Indian coal reserve is similar to [[Geology of India|Gondwana coal]]: it is of low calorific value and high ash content, with poor fuel value. On average, Indian coal has a gross calorific value (GCV) of about 4500 Kcal/kg, whereas in Australia, for example, the GCV is about 6500 Kcal/kg .<ref>{{cite web|title=Economics of Coal and Gas Based Energy|publisher=Third Wave Solutions|year=2012|url=http://www.thirdwavesolutions.in/index.php/reports-and-opinions/2-uncategorised/14-coal-gas-indian-perspective}}</ref> The result is that Indian power plants using India's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal per kWh of power generation, whereas in the United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh. In 2017, India imported nearly 130 [[Tonne of oil equivalent|Mtoe]] (nearly 200 million tons) of steam coal and coking coal, 29% of total consumption, to meet the demand in electricity, cement and steel production.<ref name="BP2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2019|access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/indias-coal-import-rises-12-to-79-million-tonnes-in-april-july/65651369 | title=India's coal import rises 12% to 79 million tonnes in April–July| access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref>

The [[Centre for Science and Environment]] has assessed the Indian coal-based power sector as one of the most resource-wasteful and polluting sectors in the world, in part due to the high ash content in India's coal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/thermal-power-53219|title=Thermal power|last=Bhati|first=Priyavrat|website=Down To Earth|access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] has therefore mandated the use of coals whose ash content has been reduced to 34% (or lower) in power plants in urban, ecologically sensitive and other critically polluted areas. The coal ash reduction industry has grown rapidly in India, with current capacity topping 90 megatonnes.{{When}}{{Citation needed}}

Before a thermal power plant is approved for construction and commissioning in India it must undergo an extensive review process that includes environmental impact assessment.<ref>{{cite web| title=India's energy transition: the cost of meeting air pollution standards in the coal-fired electricity sector| url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/465330/indias-energy-transition-the-cost-of-meeting-air-pollution-standards-in-the-coal-fired-electricity-sector/ |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]] has produced a technical guidance manual to help project proposers avoid environmental pollution from thermal power plants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Technical EIA guidance manual for thermal power plants|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India|year=2009|url=http://moef.nic.in/Manuals/Thermal%20Power.pdf|access-date=31 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125065241/http://moef.nic.in/Manuals/Thermal%20Power.pdf|archive-date=25 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2016, the existing coal-fired power stations in the utility and captive power sectors were estimated to require nearly 12.5 million [[Indian rupee|INR]] per MW capacity to install pollution control equipment to comply with the latest emission norms set out by the Ministry of Environment and Forests.<ref>{{cite web| title=Emission norms: How money is the fuel thermal plants lack| url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/emission-norms-how-money-is-the-fuel-thermal-plants-lack/1110704/ |access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=power tariffs may rise 70 paise per unit as to comply with new set of pollution control norms| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/power-tariffs-may-rise-70-paise-per-unit-as-to-comply-with-new-set-of-pollution-control-norms/articleshow/51087293.cms | access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Revised standards for Coal-based Thermal Power Plants| url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/423111/revised-standards-for-coal-based-thermal-power-plants/ |access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=India to set up FGD plants to cut down emissions from 12 gigawatt coal-fired power projects| url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/india-to-set-up-plants-to-cut-down-emissions-from-122-gigawatt-coal-fired-power-projects/58857751 |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> Most of the coal fired stations have not complied installation of flue gas de-sulphurisation units for reducing the pollution.<ref>{{cite web| title=Quarterly Review Report – Renovation & Modernisation of Thermal Power Stations, September 2020| url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/notification/2020/12/TRM_Sep_09_2020.pdf |access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref> In April 2020, [[Central Pollution Control Board|CPCB]] declared that over 42,000 MW thermal power plants have outlived their lives.<ref>{{cite web| title=Over 42,000 MW thermal power plants have outlived their lives| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/over-42000-mw-thermal-power-plants-have-outlived-their-lives/75152875 |access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref> India has also banned imports of [[pet coke]] for use as fuel.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-bans-petroleum-coke-import-for-use-as-fuel/65439431| title=India bans petcoke import for use as fuel| access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> As a signatory to the [[Paris Agreement]], India is also reducing power generation from coal to control the emission of [[greenhouse gas]]es.<ref>{{cite web| title=Boom and Bust 2019: Tracking the Global Coal Plant Pipeline| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/etanalytics/reports/coal/boom-and-bust-2019/637 |access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

The state and central power generation companies are permitted by the Government of India to minimize the cost of coal transportation using flexible coal linkage swaps from inefficient plants to efficient plants, and from plants situated far from coal mines to plants close to the pit head, leading to a reduction in the cost of power.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/cabinet-allows-flexible-use-of-domestic-coal-by-power-plants/articleshow/52114519.cms| title=Cabinet nod for flexible domestic coal use to cut costs| access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> Although coal imports for consumption in the utility sector are declining, the overall imports of steam coal are increasing as the local coal production is unable to meet the requirements of coal-fired captive power plants.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/opinion-indias-surging-coal-imports-driven-by-captive-power-users/65469527| title=India's surging coal imports driven by captive power users| access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/opinion-india-boosts-purchases-of-indonesian-coal-as-prices-drop/65707411| title=India boosts purchases of Indonesian coal as prices drop| access-date=6 September 2018}}</ref> India is introducing single spot auctions/exchanges for all type of coal consumers.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/india-proposes-single-spot-coal-auction-for-all-consumers-cil-to-export/81149155| title=India proposes single spot coal auction for all consumers; CIL to export| access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref>

===Retirement of old thermal power plants===
[[File:STPS.jpg|thumb|A thermal power plant in [[Rajasthan]]]]
India's coal-fired, oil-fired and natural gas-fired thermal power plants are inefficient and replacing them with cheaper renewable technologies offers significant potential for greenhouse gas (CO2) emission reduction. India's thermal power plants emit 50% to 120% more CO2 per kWh produced compared to average emissions from their European Union (EU-27) counterparts.<ref name=iea1>{{cite web|title=CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION HIGHLIGHTS, 2011 Edition|year=2011|publisher=International Energy Agency, France|url=http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf}}</ref> The [[Government of India|central government]] plans to retire coal-based plants that are at least 25 years old and contributing excessive pollution, totalling 11,000 MW of capacity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/thermal/tppd/repl_thermal_units.pdf|title=Details of Retirement of more than 25 years old Coal based Thermal Power Plants (as on 31.03.2018) |access-date= 6 May 2016}}</ref> As of 2018 there is no similar retirement plan for the [[Captive power plant|captive power]] sector. In 2020 [[Carbon Tracker]] estimated that phasing out 20 years or more old coal-fired plants and the coal fired plants under construction with electricity sale price exceeding INR 4/kWh with new renewables is more economical as these coal fired plants are imposing heavy financial burden on Discoms.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 3Rs of Discom Recovery: Retirement, Renewables and Rationalisation |url=https://climateriskhorizons.com/CRH_3Rs-of-discom-recovery_Final.pdf|access-date=4 August 2020|website=Carbon Tracker Initiative|language=en-US}}</ref>

Some diesel generator plants and gas turbine plants were also decommissioned in 2016 though they are best suitable for catering [[Ancillary services (electric power)|ancillary services]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/news/bdpp_kdpp_retirement.pdf|title=Retirement of Brahmapuram and Kozhikode diesel power plants|publisher=The Economic Times|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610011557/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/news/bdpp_kdpp_retirement.pdf|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Integration of renewable power===
India has committed to install 275,000 MW renewable energy capacity by 2027.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://posoco.in/reports/india-renewable-integration-study-report/| title=India Renewable Integration Study Report| access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> The existing base load coal and gas based power plants need to be flexible enough to accommodate the variable renewable energy. Also ramping up, ramping down, warm start up, hot start up capabilities of existing coal based power stations are critical to accommodate the frequent variations in renewable power generation.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://posoco.in/download/analysis-of-ramping-capability-of-coal-fired-generation-in-india/?wpdmdl=23042| title=Analysis of Ramping Capability of Coal-Fired Generation in India| access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://posoco.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Flexibility-Analysis-of-Thermal-Generation-for-RE-Integration-in-India-1.pdf| title=Flexibility Analysis of Thermal Generation for RE Integration in India| access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> It is also examined to use the retired coal based electric generators as [[Synchronous condenser|synchronous condensers]] for improving the grid inertia when it is dominated by static power generation sources like solar and wind power.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://posoco.in/download/nldc-operational-feedback_oct_2020_final/?wpdmdl=32657| title=Pages 11 & 13, Operational Feedback on Transmission Constraints (Jul – Sep 2020)| access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> As the solar power plants remain idle during the night hours, reactive power capability of the inverters installed as part of the solar power plant can also be used during the night time for solving the problem of very high voltage which occurs due to low loads on the transmission lines.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.srldc.in/UploadFiles/NewsAndUpdate/SRLDC%20Report%20on%20Night%20Mode%20Operation%20(Trial)%20of%20PV%20Inverters%20%20at%20Pavagada%20Ultra%20Mega%20Solar%20Park.pdf| title=Night Mode operation (Trial) of PV Inverters| access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref> Wind and solar power plants are also capable to provide [[fast frequency response]] in ramping up falling grid frequency.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/73856.pdf| title=Inertia and the Power Grid: A Guide Without the Spin |publisher= NREL| access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref>

===Natural gas supply constraints===
{{see also|List of power stations in India#Gas or Liquid Fuel Based}}
The installed capacity of natural gas-based power plants (including the plants ready to be commissioned with the commencement of natural gas supply) was nearly 26,765 MW at the end of the financial year 2014–15. These plants were operating at an overall [[plant load factor]] (PLF) of 22% due to a severe shortage of natural gas in the country,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/sbi-chairman-says-no-future-for-gas-based-power-plants-in-the-country/67384877|title= SBI chairman says no future for gas-based power plants in the country|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> and the fact that imported [[LNG|liquid natural gas]] (LNG) was too expensive for power generation. Many power stations were shut down throughout the year for a lack of natural gas supply.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/hc-stays-ongc-tender-e-auction-of-natural-gas-from-kg-basin-till-june-4/82831152 |title=HC stays ONGC tender, e-auction of natural gas from KG-basin till June 4 |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref> The natural gas shortage for power sector alone was nearly 100 million cubic metre per day at [[Standard conditions for temperature and pressure|standard conditions]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://oilprice.com/Energy/Natural-Gas/Growing-India-Becomes-Major-LNG-Player.html| title=Growing India Becomes Major LNG Player|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> The break-even price for switching from imported coal to LNG in electricity generation was estimated to be approximately US{{convert|6|$/MMBtu|$/MWh|lk=on}} (thermal energy).<ref name=WR2015>{{cite web| url=http://igu.org/sites/default/files/node-page-field_file/IGU-World%20LNG%20Report-2015%20Edition.pdf| title=Page 71 of World LNG Report – 2015 Edition|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> The Indian government has taken steps to enhance power generation from gas-based power plants by waiving import duties and taxes.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/stranded-power-units-may-get-imported-gas-at-subsidised-rates/67360804| title=Stranded power units may get imported gas at subsidised rates| access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Imported-LNG-scheme-ineffective-for-gas-based-plants-India-Ratings/articleshow/47603054.cms| title=Imported LNG scheme ineffective for gas-based plants: India Ratings| website=[[The Times of India]]| access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>

[[File:gasification.gif|frame|Gasification of [[Biochar|Char]]/Coal]]
[[Gasification]] of coal or lignite or [[Petroleum coke|pet coke]] or [[biomass]] produces synthesis gas or [[syngas]] (also known as [[coal gas]] or [[wood gas]]) which is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gases.<ref>{{cite news|title= Coal gas can help lower import bill by $10 billion in 5 years: Coal Secy|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/coal-gas-can-help-lower-import-bill-by-10-billion-in-5-years-coal-secy-117030500463_1.html/|access-date=5 March 2017|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> Coal gas can be converted into [[synthetic natural gas]] by using the [[Fischer–Tropsch process]] at low pressure and high temperature. Coal gas can also be produced by underground [[coal gasification]] if the coal deposits are located deep in the ground or it is uneconomical to mine the coal.<ref>{{cite web|title= Chinese firm plans Thar coal mining in Pakistan|url=http://www.steelguru.com/raw_material_news/Chinese_firm_plans_Thar_coal_mining_in_October/273972.html|access-date=25 August 2014}}</ref> Synthetic natural gas production technologies promise to dramatically improve India's supply of natural gas.<ref>{{cite web|title= Reliance Jamnagar coal gasification project|url=http://gasification2016.missionenergy.org/presentation/ril.pdf|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> The [[Dankuni]] coal complex produces syngas that is piped to industrial users in Calcutta.<ref>{{cite web|title= GAIL, Coal India in pact to expand Dankuni gas project|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/02/15/stories/2004021501330200.htm|access-date=25 August 2014}}</ref> Many coal-based fertiliser plants can also be economically retrofitted to produce synthetic natural gas. It is estimated that the production cost for syngas could be below US{{convert|6|$/MMBtu|$/MWh}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.edwardtdodge.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Jackson_Duke_China_SNG_opinion_2013.pdf |title= China's synthetic natural gas revolution |access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hceco.com/HCEI105001.pdf |title= Conversion of Coal to Substitute Natural Gas (SNG) |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref>

Earlier, natural gas use in power generation was thought to be a bridge fuel as it emits far less CO2 (below 50%) when compared to coal use in power generation until renewable power generation without CO2 emissions become economical.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/step%20off%20the%20gas.pdf |title=Step Off the Gas (page 49) |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> Renewable power generation is already cheaper than coal and gas fueled power generation in India. Now the bridge fuel concept is no more valid and existing gas-based generation needs to compete with the coal-based generation when there is no adequate renewable power generation (including storage and peaking type hydropower). The problem of stranded assets/capacity is more deep-rooted for gas-based power plants than that of the coal-based power plants as coal is far cheaper than natural gas in India.

===Nuclear power===
{{main|Nuclear power in India}}
[[File:Kudankulam NPP.jpg|thumb|[[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]] (2 x 1000 MW) under construction in 2009.]]

As of 31 March 2022, India had 6.78 GW of installed nuclear power generation capacity or nearly 1.7% of the total installed utility power generation capacity. Nuclear plants generated 47,063 million kWh at 79.24% PLF in 2021–22.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/generation/18%20col%20ten/2022/MAR//18%20col%20ten-1_2022-MAR.pdf|title= Overview of power generation, March 2022, CEA|access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>

India's nuclear power plant development began in 1964. India signed an agreement with [[General Electric]] (United States) for the construction and commissioning of two boiling water reactors at Tarapur. In 1967, this effort was placed under India's [[Department of Atomic Energy]]. In 1971, India set up its first pressurized heavy water reactors with Canadian collaboration in [[Rajasthan]].

In 1987, India created the [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited]] to commercialize nuclear power. The Nuclear Power Corporation of India is a public sector enterprise, wholly owned by the Government of India, under the administrative control of the Department of Atomic Energy. The state-owned company has ambitious plans to establish plants totalling to 63 GW generation capacity by 2032.<ref>{{cite web |title=NPCIL Annual Report, 2009–2010 |year=2010 |publisher=Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited |url=http://www.npcil.nic.in/main/CompanyProfile.aspx}}</ref>

India's nuclear power generation effort is subject to many safeguards and oversights. Its environmental management system is ISO-14001 certified, and it undergoes peer review by the [[World Association of Nuclear Operators]], including a pre-start-up peer review. The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited commented in its annual report for 2011 that its biggest challenge is to address public and policymaker perceptions about the safety of nuclear power, particularly after the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] in Japan.<ref name="npcil11">{{cite web |title=NPCIL Annual Report, 2010–2011 |year=2011 |publisher=Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited |url=http://www.npcil.nic.in/pdf/Corporate_Profile_English_Hindi.pdf}}</ref>

In 2011, India had 18 pressurized heavy water reactors in operation, with another four projects launched totaling 2.8 GW capacity. India is in the process of launching its first prototype [[fast breeder]] reactor using [[plutonium]]-based fuel obtained by reprocessing the spent fuel of [[India's three-stage nuclear power programme|first-stage reactors]]. The prototype reactor is located in [[Tamil Nadu]] and has a capacity of 500 MW.<ref name=pfbr/>

India has nuclear power plants operating in the following states: [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]]. These reactors have an installed electricity generation capacity of between 100 MW and 1000 MW each. The [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant|Kudankulam nuclear power plant]] (KNPP) is the single largest nuclear power station in India. KNPP Unit 1 with a capacity of 1000 MWe was commissioned in July 2013, while Unit 2, also with a capacity of 1000 MWe, attained criticality in 2016. Two additional units are under construction.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Kudankulam-units-3-4-cost-more-than-doubles-over-liability-issues/article10928559.ece|title=Kudankulam units 3, 4 cost more than doubles over liability issues|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 September 2019|others=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The plant has suffered multiple shutdowns, leading to calls for an expert panel to investigate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/panel-sought-to-look-into-snags-at-kudankulam-plant/article26937239.ece|title=Panel sought to look into snags at Kudankulam plant|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 September 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> First 700 MWe [[PHWR]] unit under phase II of [[Kakrapar Atomic Power Station]] achieved first criticality in July 2020 and expected to begin commercial operation by December 2022.<ref name=pfbr>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldnuclearreport.org/IMG/pdf/wnisr2020_lr.pdf|title=World Nuclear Industry Status Report (page 296)|year=2020|access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=pfbr1>{{cite web|url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Kakrapar-3-to-begin-commercial-operation-this-year|title=Kakrapar 3 to begin commercial operation this year, minister says|access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>

In 2011, uranium was discovered in the [[Tummalapalle uranium mine]], the country's largest uranium mine and possibly one of the world's largest. The reserves were estimated at 64,000 tonnes, and could be as large as 150,000 tonnes.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Steps Up Uranium Exploration After Record Discovery |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903461104576459323026021378}}</ref> The mine began operation in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/answers/india/state-largest-producer-uranium-india/|title=Which state is the largest producer of uranium in India?|website=Answers|language=en-US|access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>

India's share of nuclear power plant generation capacity is 1.2% of worldwide nuclear power production capacity, making it the [[Nuclear power by country|15th largest]] nuclear power producer. India aims to supply 9% of its electricity needs with nuclear power by 2032 and 25% by 2050.<ref name="npcil11" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project]], India's largest nuclear power plant project, is planned to be implemented in partnership with [[Électricité de France]] under an agreement signed on 10 March 2018.<ref name=wnn120318>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Way-forward-agreed-for-Jaitapur-reactors-1203187.html
| work = [[World Nuclear News]]
| date = 12 March 2018
| title = Way forward agreed for Jaitapur reactors
| access-date = 6 February 2019}}
</ref>

India's government is developing up to 62 additional nuclear reactors, mostly using [[thorium]] fuel, which it expects to be operational by 2025. It is the "only country in the world with a detailed, funded, government-approved plan" to focus on [[thorium]]-based nuclear power.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/India/ |title=Nuclear Power in India |access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref>

==Renewable energy==
[[File:India renewable electricity production.svg|thumb|India renewable electricity production by source|300px]]
{{Main|Renewable energy in India}}
[[File:Mean Wind Speed Map India.png|thumb|upright=2|Mean wind speed India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info/|title=Global Wind Atlas|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>]]
On 12 August 2021, India's grid-connected electricity generation capacity reached 100 GW from non-conventional renewable technologies<ref name= tote/><ref name="mnreJan14">{{cite web|url=https://mnre.gov.in/the-ministry/physical-progress|title=Physical Progress (Achievements)|publisher=Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India|access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref> and 46.21 GW from conventional renewable power or major hydroelectric power plants.As of 12 August 2021, there are about 50 GW of projects under development, and 27 GW that are tendered and yet to be auctioned.<ref name= tote/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Installed capacity of non-conventional renewable power as of 31 March 2023<ref name="capacity"/>
! Type !! data-sort-type="numeric"|Capacity (in [[Megawatt|MW]])
|-
| [[Wind power|Wind]] || style="text-align:right;"|42,633
|-
| [[Solar power |Solar including off grid capacity]] || style="text-align:right;"|66,780
|-
| [[Small hydro|Small Hydro Power Projects]] || style="text-align:right;"|4,944
|-
| [[Biomass Fuelled Power Plants|Biomass Power & Gasification]] and [[Bagasse|Bagasse Cogeneration]] || style="text-align:right;"|10,248
|-
| [[Waste-to-energy|Waste to Power]] || style="text-align:right;"|554
|-
! ''Total non-conventional renewable Power '' || ''125,160''
|}

===Hydro power===
{{Main|Hydroelectric power in India|Power sector of Andhra Pradesh#Pumped storage hydroelectricity projects}}
[[File:Indira sagar dam 0003.jpg|thumb|upright=2|[[Indira Sagar Dam]] partially completed in 2008]]
[[File:NagarjunaSagarDam.JPG|thumb|[[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] and the 810 MW pumped storage hydroelectric power plant on the [[Krishna River]]. ]]

The [[Hydroelectric Power|hydro-electric power]] plants at [[Darjeeling]] and [[Shivanasamudra]] were among the first in Asia, and were established in 1898 and 1902 respectively.

India's potential for hydropower has been assessed to be about 125,570 MW at a 60% load factor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/WEResources_Hydropower_2016.pdf |title=World Energy Resources Hydro Power, 2016 |publisher= World Energy Council|access-date=30 November 2017 }}</ref> India is ranked fourth globally by underutilized hydropower potential. The estimated amount of viable hydropower including off-the-stream [[pumped storage hydroelectric]] potential varies with improved technology and the cost of electricity generation from other sources.<ref name=crg/> In addition, there is an estimated 6,740 MW of potential for small, mini, and micro-hydro generators and 56 sites for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of 94,000 MW have been identified.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalmap.gov.au/renewables/#share=s-oDPMo1jDBBtwBNhD |title=Interactive map showing the feasible locations of PSS projects in India |access-date=19 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2019/feature/water-wars-and-hydro-diplomacy-44157 |title=Prime Minister Modi stated that J&K state could alone provide power to the whole of India|access-date=22 June 2019 }}</ref> In 2020, the power tariff from Solar PV clubbed with pumped storage hydro have fallen below the coal-based power plant tariffs in offering base load and peak load power supply.<ref name=stp>{{cite web | url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-storage-tariff-spells-trouble-for-coal/74054463 | title=Solar storage tariff spells trouble for coal | access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref>

The installed hydropower capacity as of 31 March 2023 was approximately 46,850 MW, 11.3% of the total installed utility capacity at the time.<ref name="capacity" /> Small, mini, and micro-hydro generators add another 4,944 MW capacity.<ref name="capacity" /> The share of this sector operated by public companies is 97%.<ref>Hydropower Development in India: A Sector Assessment</ref> Companies engaged in the development of hydroelectric power in India include the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC), Northeast Electric Power Company (NEEPCO), Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVNL), Tehri Hydro Development Corporation, and NTPC-Hydro.

[[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity|Pumped storage]] schemes offer the potential for centralized peak power stations for load management in the electricity grid.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/opinion/indias-renewables-revolution-needs-what-other-countries-are-fast-adopting-water-battery/317267/ | title=India's renewables revolution needs what other countries are fast adopting: water battery | access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects | title=DOE Global Energy Storage Database | access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> They also produce secondary /seasonal power at no additional cost when rivers are flooding with excess water. Storing electricity by alternative systems such as [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]], [[compressed air storage]] systems, etc. is more costly than electricity production by [[standby generator]]. India has already established nearly 4,785 MW pumped storage capacity as part of its installed [[List of power stations in India|hydro power plants]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyhepr.html | title=Pump Storage Development in India, CEA | access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://npti.in/Download/Hydro/Pumped%20Storage%20Hydro%20Power%20Plant,%20Electrical%20India,%20Nov,%202013.pdf |title=Pumped storage hydropower plant |access-date=27 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707211619/http://npti.in/Download/Hydro/Pumped%20Storage%20Hydro%20Power%20Plant%2C%20Electrical%20India%2C%20Nov%2C%202013.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2014 }}</ref>

Hydropower is a low-carbon, renewable electricity source. However, its advantages are not limited to power generation. In fact, many of its other services are becoming increasingly important in the context of the energy transition and climate change. Hydropower plants offer a broad range of services to the grid that includes balancing and ancillary services. Additionally, hydropower can provide water services such as flood control, irrigation control, water distribution, recreational facilities, and wastewater control.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/changing%20role%20of%20hydropower.pdf | title=The changing role of hydropower: Challenges and opportunities | access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>

===Solar power===
{{Main|Solar power in India}}
[[File:India GHI Solar-resource-map GlobalSolarAtlas World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png|alt=|thumb|upright=2|Global Horizontal Irradiation in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalsolaratlas.info/|title=Global Solar Atlas|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>]]
[[File:Price history of silicon PV cells since 1977.svg|thumb|Price history of silicon PV cells (not modules) since 1977. The great thing about solar power is that it is a technology and not a fuel. It is unlimited and the more it is deployed the cheaper it would be.<ref>{{cite web|title=Price Quotes (see 'PV spot price') |url=http://pv.energytrend.com/pricequotes.html |access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref> While the more limited fossil fuels are used, the more expensive they become.]]
The [[solar energy]] sector in India offers potentially enormous capacity, though little of this potential has so far been exploited. Solar radiation of about 5,000 trillion kWh per year is incident over India's land mass, with average daily [[solar power]] potential of 0.25 kWh/m2 of used land area with available commercially proven technologies.<ref name="mnreSolar">{{cite web |url=http://www.mnre.gov.in/schemes/grid-connected/solar/ |title=Solar |publisher=Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India |access-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225160014/http://www.mnre.gov.in/schemes/grid-connected/solar/ |archive-date=25 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 31 December 2019, the installed capacity was 33.73 GW, or 2% of utility electricity generation.<ref name=resm/>

Solar power plants require nearly {{convert|2.4|ha|km2}} land per MW capacity, which is similar to coal-fired power plants when life cycle coal mining, consumptive water storage and ash disposal areas are taken into account, and hydropower plants when the submergence area of the water reservoir is included. Solar plants with 1.33 million MW capacity could be installed in India on 1% of its land, which is about 32,000 km2 (3,200,000 hectares). Large tracts of land that are unproductive, barren and devoid of vegetation exist in all parts of India, exceeding 8% of its total area. These are potentially suitable for solar power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/wasteland_atlas.asp |title=Wastelands Atlas of India, 2011 |access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> It has been estimated that if 32,000 square km of these wastelands were used for solar power generation, 2000 billion kWh of electricity could be produced, twice the total power generated in 2013–14. At a price of 4 ₹/kWh, this would result in a land annual productivity/yield of {{INRConvert|1.0|m}} per acre, which compares favorably with many industrial areas and is many times more than the best productive irrigated agriculture lands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/this-gujarat-village-is-harvesting-a-sunny-crop/53473954 |title=This Gujarat village is harvesting a sunny crop |access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref> Building solar power plants on marginally productive lands offers the potential for solar electricity to replace all of India's fossil fuel energy requirements (natural gas, coal, lignite, and crude oil),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/UEJYwZQT5m3wNvGupBShZJ/How-the-worlds-largest-solar-park-is-shaping-up-in-Karnatak.html |title=How the world's largest solar park is shaping up in Karnataka |access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> and could offer per capita [[List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production|energy consumption]] at par with USA/Japan for the peak population expected during its [[demographic transition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://populationpyramid.net/india/|title=Population Pyramid of India|work=PopulationPyramid.net|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref>

The sale price of power generated by solar [[photovoltaics]] fell to {{INRConvert|2.00}} per [[kWh]] in November 2020 which is lower than any other type of power generation in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Why%20Solar%20Power%20Tariffs%20in%20India%20Reached%20an%20Historic%20Low.pdf |title=Why India's Solar Power Tariffs Reached a Historic Low |access-date=1 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=How Low Did It Go: 5 Lowest Solar Tariffs Quoted in 2018 |url=https://mercomindia.com/lowest-solar-tariffs-quoted-2018/ |access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref> In 2023, the levelised tariff in US$ for solar electricity fell to 1.62 cents/kWh, far below the solar PV sale tariff in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACWA Power And Masdar Submit Bids For Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park Phase 6|url=https://solarquarter.com/2023/06/08/acwa-power-and-masdar-submit-bids-for-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-solar-park-phase-6/|access-date= 9 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India Unable to Compete With Record Low Solar Tariffs in Gulf Region|url=https://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/India-Unable-to-Compete-with-Record-Low-Solar-Tariffs_August-2020.pdf |access-date= 28 August 2020 }}</ref> In 2020, the power tariff from Solar PV clubbed with pumped storage hydro or battery storage have fallen below the coal based power plant tariffs in offering base load and peak load power supply.<ref name=stp/>

[[File:Canal Top Solar Power Plant.jpg|thumb|Canal Solar Power Project in Kadi, Gujarat]]
Land acquisition is a challenge for solar farm projects in India. Some state governments are exploring innovative ways to address land availability, for example, by deploying solar capacity above irrigation canals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200803-the-solar-canals-revolutionising-indias-renewable-energy|title=The 'solar canals' making smart use of India's space|publisher=BBC|access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> This allows solar energy to be harvested while simultaneously reducing the loss of irrigation water by solar evaporation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianpowersector.com/home/2014/07/indias-building-a-huge-floating-solar-farm/|title=India's Building A Huge Floating Solar Farm – INDIAN POWER SECTOR|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> The state of Gujarat was first to implement the [[Canal Solar Power Project]], using solar panels on a {{convert|19000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long network of Narmada canals across the state to generate electricity. It was the first such project in India.

'''Synergy with other types of power generation'''

A major disadvantage of solar power is that it produces electricity only in daylight, and not during nighttime or cloudy daytime. This disadvantage can be overcome by adding energy storage capacity such as [[pumped-storage hydroelectricity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/webpages/statistics.html#2|title=Central Water Commission|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> A proposed gigantic-scale multipurpose project to [[Indian Rivers Inter-link|interlink Indian rivers]] envisages [[coastal reservoir]]s for harnessing river waters that would also create adequte pumped-storage hydropower capacity for energy storage on a daily/weekly basis by consuming the surplus solar power available during the day time.<ref name=crg>{{cite web|title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change|url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf|accessdate=23 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Composite water management index (page 187) |url=https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-08/CWMI-2.0-latest.pdf|access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref> Existing and future hydropower stations can also be expanded with additional pumped-storage hydroelectricity units to cater for nighttime electricity consumption. Most of the groundwater pumping power required can be met directly by solar power during the daytime.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Lester R. |title=India's dangerous 'food bubble' |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2013/nov/29/opinion/la-oe-brown-india-food-bubble-famine-20131129 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218120818/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/nov/29/opinion/la-oe-brown-india-food-bubble-famine-20131129 |archive-date=18 December 2013 |access-date=13 July 2014}} [http://www.earth-policy.org/plan_b_updates/2013/update119 Alt URL]</ref>

[[Concentrated solar power]] plants with thermal storage are also emerging as cheaper (US 5¢/kWh) and cleaner [[Load following power plant]]s than fossil fuel power plants. They can respond to demand round the clock, and work as [[base load]] power plants when there is excess solar energy. A mix of solar thermal and solar photovoltaic plants offers the potential to match load fluctuations without requiring costly battery storage.

===Wind power===
{{Main|Wind power in India}}
[[File:Turbines-thar-india.jpg|thumb|Wind farm in [[Rajasthan]].]]
[[File:India fields and wind turbines.jpg|thumb|Wind turbines midst India's agricultural farms.]]
[[File:Paddies and wind turbines in India.jpg|thumb|Wind farms midst paddy fields in India.]]
[[File:Biomass Pellets from India - White coal..jpg|thumb|Biomass [[pellet fuel]] from India]]
India has the [[Wind power by country|fourth largest installed wind power]] capacity in the world. The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s in [[Tamil Nadu]] and significantly increased in the last decade. As of 31 August 2022, the installed capacity of wind power was 41.205 [[gigawatts|GW]], spread across many states of India.<ref name="mnreJan14"/><ref name= wps>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianwindpower.com/news_views.php#tab1|title=Installed capacity of wind power projects in India|access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref> The largest wind power generating state is [[Tamil Nadu]], accounting for nearly 23% of installed capacity, followed in decreasing order by [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref name= wps/><ref name=wpi11>{{cite web|title=State wise wind power installation|publisher=Wind Power India|url=http://www.windpowerindia.com/weg-installations/}}</ref>

In 2015–16, wind power accounted for 8.5% of India's total installed power capacity, and 2.5% of the country's power output. India aims to install a total 60 GW of [[wind power]] capacity by 2022.<ref name="renewableET20160718">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/government-working-to-double-generation-target-from-solar-parks/articleshow/53268569.cms |title=Government working to double generation target from solar parks |access-date=18 July 2016 |newspaper=Economic Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/11/economics-working-against-coal-as-cost-of-wind-solar-power-drops/ |title=Cost of wind keeps dropping, and there's little coal, nuclear can do to stop it |access-date=8 November 2017 }}</ref> The wind power tariff of around 2.5 INR/kWh is the cheapest of all power generation sources in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/wind-power-tariff-firms-at-rs-2-5-per-unit-in-seci-auction/63645317 |title=Wind power tariff firms at Rs 2.5 per unit in SECI auction |access-date=6 April 2018 }}</ref>

The offshore wind power potential of India is nearly 112 GW up to 50 metres water depth and nearly 195 GW up to 1000 metres water depth.<ref name= wb19>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/32801/Going-Global-Expanding-Offshore-Wind-To-Emerging-Markets.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y |title=Going global: Expanding Offshore Wind to Emerging Markets|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> As of August 2022, no offshore wind power installation is under construction or in operation. The levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) has fallen to US$ 50 per MWh for offshore wind power plants.<ref name= wb19/>

===Biomass power===
[[Biomass]] is [[organic matter]] from living organisms. As a [[renewable energy]] source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of [[biofuel]] using a range of methods which are broadly classified into thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods. Biomass, [[bagasse]], forestry, domestic organic wastes, industrial organic wastes, organic residue from biogas plants, and agricultural residue and waste can all be used as fuel to produce electricity.<ref>{{cite web|title=NTPC's Dadri plant generates power from agricultural waste|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/ntpcs-dadri-plant-generates-power-from-agricultural-waste/67608613|access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biomass for power generation and CHP|publisher=International Energy Agency|year=2007|url=http://www.iea.org/techno/essentials3.pdf|access-date=1 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103173849/http://iea.org/techno/essentials3.pdf|archive-date=3 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nearly 750 million tons of biomass that is not edible by cattle is available annually in India.<ref name=ge>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-punjab-top-producers-of-green-energy-from-farm-waste/article1-1385893.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831190140/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-punjab-top-producers-of-green-energy-from-farm-waste/article1-1385893.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2015|title=Maharashtra, Punjab top producers of green energy from farm waste |access-date=31 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://biomasspower.gov.in/biomass-info-asa-fuel-resources.php|title=Biomass potential in India |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>

The total use of biomass to produce heat in India was nearly 177 [[Tonne of oil equivalent|Mtoe]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=IND&src=home-b6 |title=India was the third-largest energy consumer in 2013|access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> 20% of households in India use biomass and charcoal for cooking purposes. This traditional use of biomass is being replaced by [[liquefied petroleum gas]] in rural areas, resulting in increased burning of biomass in fields, This has become a major source of air pollution in nearby towns and cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaspend.com/special-reports/delhis-air-quality-could-improve-90-if-stubble-burn-in-fields-is-stopped-77532 |title=Delhi's Air Quality Could Improve 90% If Stubble-Burn In Fields Is Stopped|access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=ge/>

;Torrefied biomass

Large quantities of imported coal are being used in [[Pulverized coal-fired boiler|pulverised coal-fired power stations]]. Raw biomass cannot be used directly in the pulverised coal mills as it is difficult to [[Hardgrove Grindability Index|grind]] into fine powder due to [[Caking (chemical engineering)|caking]]. However, [[torrefaction]] makes it possible for biomass to replace coal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2016/10/20/torrefied-biomass-available-efficient-co2-neutral-and-economic-likely-the-best-solid-biomass-on-the-market/|title=Torrefied Biomass: Available, Efficient, CO2 Neutral and Economic – likely the best solid biomass on the market|access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref> The hot flue gas of existing coal-fired power stations can be used as a heat source for torrefaction, so that biomass can be [[Cofiring|cofired]] with coal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iea-coal.org.uk/documents/83524/9188/Henderson---Cofiring-of-biomass-in-coal-fired-power-plants-%E2%80%93-European-experience|title=Cofiring of biomass in coal-fired power plants – European experience|access-date=18 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012153412/http://www.iea-coal.org.uk/documents/83524/9188/Henderson---Cofiring-of-biomass-in-coal-fired-power-plants-%E2%80%93-European-experience|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/cea-has-written-to-all-states-to-use-5-10-of-118020801216_1.html| title=CEA has written to all States to use 5–10% of biomass pellets with coal for power generation in thermal power plants| newspaper=Business Standard India| date=8 February 2018|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> Surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass is beginning to be used for this purpose.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/india-sweden-discuss-tech-solutions-to-reduce-industrial-emissions/articleshow/72353272.cms | title=India, Sweden discuss tech solutions to reduce industrial emissions|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/ntpc-invites-bids-for-procurement-of-agro-residue-for-its-dadri-power-plant/62832238 | title=NTPC invites bids for procurement of agro Residue for its Dadri power plant|access-date=8 February 2018}}</ref> Instead of shutting down/ retirement of coal-fired power plants due to concerns over pollution, it has been argued that these units can be retrofitted economically to produce electricity from biomass.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cea-releases-policy-to-promote-power-generation-from-paddy-straw-2562162| title=CEA releases policy to promote power generation from paddy straw| date=24 November 2017|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/pollution-delhi-gets-whiff-of-hope-as-ntpc-steps-in-to-buy-crop-residue-from-farmers/story-nmfwHl5bDCgdi5ImQPtNQM.html| title=Air Pollution: Delhi sees hope as NTPC steps in to buy crop residue from farmers| date=21 September 2017|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> Biomass contains substantial oxygen and lesser ash to make retrofitting of old units less capital intensive. Biomass power plants can also sell Renewable Energy Certificates, increasing their profitability.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biomasspower.gov.in/biomass-domestic-REC-market.php|title=Domestic REC Market|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/renewable-purchase-obligations-enforcement-is-not-our-remit-power-regulator/article4428240.ece|title=Renewable purchase obligations enforcement is not our remit: Power regulator|access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref> Cofiring of biomass up to 10% with coal in existing pulverised coal-fired power stations is successfully implemented in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/ntpc-adopts-sustainable-measures-to-curb-pollution/articleshow/73086545.cms| title=NTPC adopts sustainable measures to curb pollution| newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=6 January 2020| last1=Sengupta| first1=Debjoy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biomasscofiring.ca/images/stories/PDFs/WoodPelletCo-firingOverviewFutureMetrics.pdf| title=Overview of Wood Pellet Co-firing|access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Central Government has made cofiring (minimum 5%) of biomass mandatary from October 2022 in all coal fired plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/energy/can-biomass-co-firing-offer-a-viable-solution-to-coal-shortage-and-stubble-burning--79792 |title=Can biomass co-firing offer a viable solution to coal shortage and stubble burning? |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://powermin.gov.in/sites/default/files/Revised_Biomass_Policy_dtd_08102021.pdf |title=Revised Biomass Policy dtd 8 October 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref>

;Biogas

In 2011, India started a new initiative to demonstrate the utility of medium-size mixed feed [[biogas]]-fertilizer pilot plants. The government approved 21 projects with an aggregate capacity of 37,016 cubic meters per day, of which 2 projects were successfully commissioned by December 2011.<ref name="pib1211" /> India commissioned a further 158 projects under its Biogas-based Distributed/Grid Power Generation program, with a total installed capacity of about 2 MW. In 2018, India has set a target of producing 15 million tons of biogas/bio-CNG by installing 5,000 large-scale commercial-type biogas plants which can produce daily 12.5 tons of bio-CNG by each plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/compressed-biogas-to-beat-petrol-and-diesel-with-30-higher-mileage/66675432 |title=Compressed biogas to beat petrol and diesel with 30% higher mileage |access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref> As of May 2022, nearly 35 such plants are in operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Review%20of%20Implementation%20of%20CBG.pdf |title=Review of Implementation of CBG (SATAT) |access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> Rejected organic solids from biogas plants can be used in coal plants after [[torrefaction]].

Biogas is primarily methane, and can also be used to generate protein-rich feed for cattle, poultry and fish by growing ''[[Methylococcus capsulatus]]'', a bacterium that grows directly on methane. This can be done economically in villages with low requirements for land and water.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |title=BioProtein Production |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510151825/http://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="food">{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/|title=Food made from natural gas will soon feed farm animals – and us|last=Le Page|first=Michael|website=New Scientist|access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="food1">{{cite web|url=https://www.cargill.com/2016/new-venture-selects-cargill-tennessee-to-produce-feedkind |title=New venture selects Cargill's Tennessee site to produce Calysta FeedKind® Protein |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> The carbon dioxide gas produced as a by-product from these units can be used in cheaper production of [[algae oil]] or [[Spirulina (dietary supplement)|spirulina]] from [[Algaculture|algae cultivation]], which may eventually substitute for crude oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/01/20150121-algenol.html#more |title=Algenol and Reliance launch algae fuels demonstration project in India |access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/ExxonMobil-Announces-Breakthrough-In-Renewable-Energy.html |title=ExxonMobil Announces Breakthrough In Renewable Energy |access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref> Using biogas for protein-rich feed production is also eligible for carbon credits as this [[carbon sequestration|sequesters carbon]] from the atmosphere.<ref name="food2">{{cite web|url=https://www.carbontrust.com/media/672719/calysta-feedkind.pdf |title=Assessment of environmental impact of FeedKind protein |access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref> There is significant potential to extract useful biomass from breweries, textile mills, fertilizer plants, the paper, and pulp industry, solvent extraction units, rice mills, petrochemical plants and other industries.<ref>{{cite web|title=India, Biofuels Annual 2011|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture: Global Agricultural Information Network|url=http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_New%20Delhi_India_7-1-2011.pdf}}</ref>

The government is exploring several ways to use agro waste or biomass in rural areas to improve the rural economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/indrapratha-gas-mahindra-mahindra-join-hands-to-stop-stubble-burning/62986917|title=Indrapratha Gas, Mahindra & Mahindra join hands to stop stubble burning|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/modi-govt-plans-gobar-dhan-scheme-to-convert-cattle-dung-into-energy/63028408|title=Modi govt plans Gobar-Dhan scheme to convert cattle dung into energy|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> For example, biomass gasifier technologies are being explored to produce power from surplus biomass resources such as rice husk, crop stalks, small wood chips and other agro-residues in rural areas. The largest biomass-based power plant in India at Sirohi, Rajasthan has a capacity of 20 MW. During 2011, India installed 25 rice husk based gasifier systems for distributed power generation in 70 remote villages of [[Bihar]], including a total of 1.20 MW in Gujarat and 0.5 MW in Tamil Nadu. In addition, gasifier systems were installed at 60 rice mills in India.<ref name=pib1211>{{cite web|title=Year End Review – 2011|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=28}}</ref>

===Geothermal energy===
India's [[geothermal energy]] installed capacity is experimental, and commercial use is insignificant. According to some estimates, India has 10,600 MW of geothermal energy available.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131123021902/http://greencleanguide.com/2013/07/20/geothermal-energy-and-its-potential-in-india Geothermal Energy and its Potential in India | For the Changing Planet]. Greencleanguide.com (20 July 2013). Retrieved on 6 December 2013.</ref> The resource map for India has been grouped into six geothermal provinces:<ref name="gsi">{{cite web|title=Geothermal fields of India|year=2001|publisher=Geological Survey of India|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,699645&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL}}</ref>

*[[Himalayan Geothermal Belt|Himalayan Province]] – [[Tertiary]] [[Orogeny|orogenic]] belt with tertiary [[magmatism]]
*Faulted blocks province – the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli range]], Naga-Lushi, the west coast regions, and the [[Narmada River|Narmada]]-[[Son River|Son]] [[lineament]].
*Volcanic arc province – the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar]] arc.
*Deep sedimentary basins of Tertiary age such as the [[Cambay State|Cambay]] basin.
*Radioactive province – [[Surajkund hot spring|Surajkund]], [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]] and [[Jharkhand]].
*[[Dharwar Craton]]ic province – Peninsular India

India has about 340 hot springs spread over the country. Of these, 62 are distributed along the northwest Himalaya, in the states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]]. They are found concentrated in a 30-50-km wide thermal band mostly along the river valleys. The Naga-Lusai and West Coast Provinces also manifest a series of thermal springs. The Andaman and Nicobar arc is the only place in India where volcanic activity continues, potentially a good site for geothermal energy. The Cambay geothermal belt is 200 km long and 50 km wide, with Tertiary sediments. Thermal springs have been reported from the belt although they are not of very high temperature or flow levels. High subsurface temperature and thermal fluid have been reported in deep drill wells in depth ranges of 1.7 to 1.9  km during drilling in this area. Steam blowout has also been reported in drill holes in a depth range of 1.5 to 3.4  km. The thermal springs in India's peninsular region are more related to the faults, which allow water to circulate to considerable depths. The circulating water acquires heat from the normal thermal gradient in the area, and can emerge at a high temperature.<ref name=gsi/>

In a December 2011 report, India identified six promising geothermal sites for the development of geothermal energy. In decreasing order of potential, these are:
*Tattapani (Chhattisgarh)
*Puga (Jammu & Kashmir)
*Cambay Graben (Gujarat)
*Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh)
*Surajkund (Haryana)
*Chhumathang (Jammu & Kashmir)

Puga and Chumathang area in Ladakh are deemed as the most promising geothermal fields in India. These areas were discovered in the 1970s and initial exploratory efforts were made in the 1980s by [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI). On 6 February 2021, the [[ONGC]] Energy Center (OEC) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Ladakh and the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh in the presence of current Lieutenant governor [[Radha Krishna Mathur]].<ref name="Ladakh geothermal project">{{cite web |last1=Rishav |first1=Shubham|title=Ladakh to get India's first Geothermal Project|url=https://renewableenergy2050.com/news/ladakh-to-get-indias-first-geothermal-project/|website=Renewable Energy 2050}}</ref>

===Tidal power===
[[Tidal power]], also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts energy obtained from [[tide]]s into useful forms of power, mainly electricity. Local effects such as shelving, funneling, reflection and [[resonance]] can increase the potential of tidal energy in certain regions.

India's potential to harness tidal energy is significant. Energy can be extracted from tides in several ways. In one method, a reservoir is created behind a barrier, or barrage, and tidal waters are allowed to pass through turbines in the barrier to generate electricity. This method requires mean tidal differences greater than 4 metres and favourable topographical conditions to keep installation costs low. The [[Gulf of Khambhat]] and the [[Gulf of Kutch]] on India's west coast, with maximum tidal ranges of 11 m and 8 m, respectively, and an average tidal range of 6.77 m and 5.23 m, are promising sites for this type of technology. The [[Ganges]] Delta in the [[Sundarbans]], [[West Bengal]] is another possibility, although it offers significantly less recoverable energy; the maximum tidal range in Sunderbans is approximately 5 m with an average tidal range of 2.97 m. It is estimated that barrage technology could harvest about 8 GW from tidal energy in India, primarily in [[Gujarat]].{{Citation needed}} The barrage approach has several disadvantages, however, one being that a badly engineered barrage can have significant negative effects on migratory fishes, marine ecosystems and aquatic life.{{Citation needed}} Integrated barrage technology plants can also be expensive to build. In December 2011, the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Government of India and the Renewable Energy Development Agency of West Bengal jointly approved and agreed to implement India's first 3.75 MW Durgaduani mini tidal power project.<ref name="nhpc12">{{cite web|title=Development of 3.75 MW Durgaduani Mini Tidal Power Project, Sunderbans, West Bengal|publisher=NHPC Limited – A Government of India Enterprise|url=http://www.nhpc.gov.in/english/Scripts/RDgeothermal.aspx|access-date=2 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407095242/http://www.nhpc.gov.in/english/Scripts/RDgeothermal.aspx|archive-date=7 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another tidal wave technology harvests energy from surface waves or from pressure fluctuations below the sea surface. A report from the Ocean Engineering Centre, at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] estimated the annual wave energy potential along the Indian coast is 5 to 15 MW/metre, suggesting a theoretical maximum potential for electricity harvesting along India's 7500-kilometer coastline of about 40 GW.<ref name=":0" /> However, the realistic economical potential is likely to be considerably less than this.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Tidal Energy in India|year=2008|publisher=Energy Alternatives India|url=http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/oce/oce.html}}</ref> A significant barrier to surface energy harvesting is that its equipment may interfere with fishing and other sea-bound vessels, particularly in unsettled weather. India built its first surface energy harvesting technology demonstration plant in [[Vizhinjam]], near Thiruvananthapuram.{{Citation needed}}

The third approach to harvesting tidal energy is ocean thermal energy technology. This approach harvests the solar energy trapped in ocean waters. Oceans have a thermal gradient, the surface being much warmer than the deeper levels of the ocean. This thermal gradient may be harvested using the modified [[Rankine cycle]]. India's [[National Institute of Ocean Technology]] (NIOT) has attempted this approach without success. In 2003, NIOT attempted to build and deploy a 1 MW demonstration plant with Saga University of Japan,<ref>{{cite web|title=Survey of Energy Resources|year=2007|publisher=World Energy Council|pages=575–576|url=http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/otec_country_notes.pdf|access-date=2 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125063241/http://worldenergy.org/documents/otec_country_notes.pdf|archive-date=25 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> but mechanical problems prevented success. After initial tests near Kerala, the unit was scheduled for redeployment and further development in the Lakshadweep Islands in 2005.{{Citation needed}}

==Electricity transmission and distribution==
[[File:Choudwar Cuttack.jpg|thumb|Electricity transmission grid in eastern India.]]
[[File:220kV tower near Ennore.JPG|thumb|A tower supporting a 220 kV transmission line near Ennore, Chennai]]
{{main|National Grid (India)}}
{{See also| Availability based tariff}}
As of 2013, India has a single [[wide area synchronous grid]] that covers the entire country except distant islands.<ref>{{cite web|title= National Electricity Plan – Transmission (page 239)|publisher=Central Electricity Authority|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/ps/pspa2/nep_transmission.pdf |access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Installed transmission lines and distribution capacity (MVA)
as of 31 July 2018<ref>{{cite web|title= Progress of Substations in the Country up to Jan-21|publisher=Central Electricity Authority|url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/transmission/2021/01/Growth_summary_ss.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Progress of Transmission Sector in the Country up to Jan-21|publisher=Central Electricity Authority|url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/transmission/2021/01/Growth_summary_tx.pdf}}</ref>
! Capacity !! Substations ([[Volt-ampere|MVA]]) !! Transmission lines (circuit km) !!c.km / MVA ratio<ref>the ratio to be multiplied with transmission line capacity (MVA) to give average installed length of transmission line per one MVA of installed [[Electrical substation|substation]] capacity at each voltage level.</ref>
|-
| [[HVDC]] ± 220 kV & above ||align="right"| 22,500 || style="text-align:right;"|15,556 || style="text-align:right;"|0.691
|-
| 765 kV ||align="right"| 197,500|| style="text-align:right;"|36,673 || style="text-align:right;"|0.185
|-
| 400 kV ||align="right"| 292,292|| style="text-align:right;"|173,172 || style="text-align:right;"|0.707
|-
| 220 kV ||align="right"| 335,696 || style="text-align:right;"|170,748 || style="text-align:right;"|0.592
|-
| 220 kV & above ||align="right"| 847,988 || style="text-align:right;"|396,149 || style="text-align:right;"|0.467
|}
[[File:Views of the Mideast at Night.ogv|thumb|India lit up at night. This image, courtesy of NASA, was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on 21 October 2011. It starts over Turkmenistan, moving east. India begins past the long wavy solid orange line, marking the lights at the India-Pakistan borderline. New Delhi, India's capital and the Kathiawar Peninsula are lit. So are Mumbai, Hyderabad, Chennai, Bangalore and many smaller cities in central and southern India, as this International Space Station's video shifts south-eastward through southern India, into the Bay of Bengal. Lightning storms are also present, represented by the flashing lights throughout the video. The pass ends over western Indonesia.]]
The total length of high voltage (HV) transmission lines (220kV and above) would be enough to form a square matrix of area 266 km2 (i.e. a square grid 16.3 km on a side, so that on average there is at least one HV line within a distance of 8.15 km) over the entire area of the country. This represents a total of almost 20% more HV transmission lines than that of the United States ({{convert|322000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of 230 kV and above). However the Indian grid transmits far less electricity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/electricity-transmission/ |publisher=Institute for Energy Research |title=Electricity Transmission, USA |access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> The installed length of transmission lines of 66 kV and above is {{convert|649833|km|mi|abbr=on}} (on average, there is at least one ≥66 kV transmission line within 4.95 km across the country).<ref name=GES/> The length of secondary transmission lines (400 V and above) is {{convert|10381226|km|mi|abbr=on}} as of 31 March 2018.<ref name=GES/> The spread of total transmission lines (≥400 V) would be sufficient to form a square matrix of area 0.36 km2 (i.e. on average, at least one transmission line within 0.31 km distance) over the entire area of the country. In a future grid dominated by decentralized power generation like solar and wind power, unscientific expansion of the electrical grid would yield negative results due to [[braess paradox]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-022-00028-1 |title=Understanding electrical traffic jams in the power grid|year=2022 |doi=10.1038/s44172-022-00028-1 |access-date=25 November 2022 |last1=l. Vinay |first1=Miranda |journal=Communications Engineering |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=31 |bibcode=2022CmEng...1...31V |s2cid=253259828 }}</ref>

The all-time maximum peak load met was 182,610 MW on 30 May 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://posoco.in/download/monthly_report_may_2019/?wpdmdl=23659 |title= May 2019 Monthly report (page 17), National load dispatch center, Ministry of Power, Government of India|access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref> The maximum achieved [[demand factor]] of substations is nearly 60% at the 220 kV level. However, the [[SAIDI|operational performance]] of the system is not satisfactory in meeting peak electricity loads.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/enough-transmission-capacity-till-2022-cea/articleshow/56302012.cms |title=Enough transmission capacity till 2022, CEA |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=3 January 2017 |last1=Singh |first1=Sarita }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/powermaps.html|title=Power Transmission Maps of India, CEA, Government of India | access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> This has led to the initiation of detailed [[forensic engineering]] studies, with a plan to make capital investments in a [[smart grid]] that maximizes the utility of the existing transmission infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|title=Govt accepts expert panel report on smart electricity transmission system in India |url= https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/govt-accepts-expert-panel-report-on-smart-electricity-transmission-system-in-india/98476487 |access-date=11 March 2023}}</ref><ref name= trans>{{cite web|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/no-central-help-to-debt-ridden-state-run-power-discoms-piyush-goyal/articleshow/47579813.cms|title= Modification to existing transmission lines to double the capacity |access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref>

The introduction of an [[Availability-based tariff|availability based tariff]] (ABT) originally helped to stabilize the Indian transmission grids.{{Citation needed}} However, as the grid transitions to power surplus the ABT has become less useful. The [[July 2012 India blackout|July 2012 blackout]], affecting the north of the country, was the largest power grid failure in history as measured by the number of people affected.{{Citation needed}}

India's aggregate transmission and commercial (ATC) losses were nearly 21.35% in 2017–18.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uday.gov.in/home.php |title=Financial indicators, UDAY dash board |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref><ref name=GES/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/What_We_Do/activities/Afghan_Capacity_Building_Program_Aug_09/Engnieer's_Training_of_Trainers/Presentations/English/Week_1-23rd_to_27th_Nov/Naveen_Kapoor_-_26th_Nov_1.pdf |title=AT& C Losses in Power Distribution |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528233852/http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/What_We_Do/activities/Afghan_Capacity_Building_Program_Aug_09/Engnieer's_Training_of_Trainers/Presentations/English/Week_1-23rd_to_27th_Nov/Naveen_Kapoor_-_26th_Nov_1.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This compares unfavorably to the total ATC loss in the [[electricity sector of the United States]], which was only 6.6% out of 4,404 billion kWh electricity supplied during the year 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/flow/electricity.pdf |title=U.S. electricity flow, 2018 |access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref> The Indian government set a target of reducing losses to 17.1% by 2017 and to 14.1% by 2022. A high proportion of non-technical losses are caused by illegal tapping of lines, faulty electric meters and fictitious power generation that underestimates actual consumption and also contributes to reduced payment collection. A case study in Kerala estimated that replacing faulty meters could reduce distribution losses from 34% to 29%.<ref name=iea2011/>

==Foreign electricity trade==
India's [[National Grid (India)|National Grid]] is synchronously interconnected to Bhutan, and asynchronously linked with [[Electricity sector in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], [[Energy in Myanmar|Myanmar]] and [[Nepal Electricity Authority|Nepal]].<ref name="CERC">{{cite web|title=Grid Security – Need For Tightening of Frequency Band & Other Measures|url=http://www.cercind.gov.in/2011/Whats-New/AGENDA_NOTE_FOR_15TH_CAC_MEETINGHI.pdf|website= Central Electricity Regulatory Commission|access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref> An [[undersea interconnector]] to [[Electricity sector in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] ([[India–Sri Lanka HVDC Interconnection]]) have been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bhaskar|first1=Utpal|title=India is now one nation, one grid|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/jIOljqqvinQqqngk7BYLZP/Southern-transmission-line-connected-to-National-Grid.html|website=Livemint|access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref>

India has been exporting electricity to [[Energy policy of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], Myanmar and Nepal and importing excess electricity from Bhutan.<ref>{{cite web | title=Page 37, Monthly operation report, July 2022 | url=https://posoco.in/download/monthly_report_jul_2022/?wpdmdl=46989 | publisher=POSOCO, Govt. of India | date=July 2022 | access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=India To Export Another 500 MW Power To Bangladesh In Next 12 Months: NLDC| url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/india-to-export-another-500-mw-power-to-bangladesh-in-next-12-months-nldc-115071400538_1.html | access-date= 15 July 2015}}</ref> since 2016-17, India has been a net exporter of electricity with 9,232 Gwh exports and 7,597 Gwh imports, mainly from Bhutan, in 2021-22.<ref name=esi/> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/id/419902/14083_FULLTEXT.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-date=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202234856/https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/id/419902/14083_FULLTEXT.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://southasiajournal.net/prospect-of-a-saarc-power-grid/ |title=Prospect of a SAARC Power Grid – South Asia Journal |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918202944/http://southasiajournal.net/prospect-of-a-saarc-power-grid/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2018, Bangladesh proposed importing 10,000 MW power from India.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/bangladesh-looks-to-increase-power-import-from-india/65441365 |title= Bangladesh looks to increase power import from India|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref>

To encourage the carbon neutral solar power generation, plans are made to transform the Indian national grid into a [[Green Grids Initiative — One Sun, One World, One Grid|transnational grid]] expanding up to [[Vietnam]] towards east and [[Saudi Arabia]] towards west spanning nearly 7,000 km wide.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explainer: All about the One Sun One World One Grid initiative|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blexplainer/bl-explainer-all-about-the-one-sun-one-world-one-grid-initiative/article37486937.ece|access-date=24 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia, India to lay 1,600 km long underwater cable|url=https://www.oilandgasmiddleeast.com/partnership-0/saudi-arabia-india-to-lay-1600-km-long-underwater-cable|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref> Being at the central location of the widened grid, India will be able to import the excess solar power available outside its territory at cheaper prices to meet the morning and evening peak load power demands without much costly energy storage.<ref>{{cite web|title=US backs India-UK led solar Green Grids Initiative launched by PM at COP26 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/us-backs-india-uk-led-solar-green-grids-initiative-launched-by-pm-at-cop26-121110700470_1.html|access-date=24 December 2022}}</ref>

==Regulation and administration==
The [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]] is India's top union government body regulating the electrical energy sector in India. The ministry was created on 2 July 1992. It is responsible for planning, policy formulation, processing of projects for investment decisions, monitoring project implementation, training and manpower development, and the administration and enactment of legislation in regard to power generation, transmission and distribution.<ref>{{cite web|title=India loses $86 billion annually to power sector distortions: World Bank|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/india-loses-4-1-of-gdp-annually-to-power-sector-distortions-world-bank/67127352|access-date= 17 December 2018}}</ref> It is also responsible for the administration of India's [[The Electricity Act, 2003|Electricity Act (2003)]], the Energy Conservation Act (2001) and has the responsibility of undertaking amendments to these Acts when necessary to meet the union government's policy objectives.

Electricity is a concurrent list subject at Entry 38 in List III of the Seventh Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]]. In India's federal governance structure, this means that both the union government and India's state governments are involved in establishing policies and laws for the electricity sector. This requires the union government and individual state governments to enter into [[Memorandum of understanding|memoranda of understanding]] to help expedite projects in the individual states.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian coal-based power plants fifth most profitable globally|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/coal/indias-coal-based-power-plants-fifth-most-profitable-globally/66882947|access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref> To disseminate information to the public on power purchases by the distribution companies (discoms), the government of India recently started posting data on its website on a daily basis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Merit Order Despatch of Electricity|access-date=17 July 2017|url=http://meritindia.in}}</ref>

===Trading===
Bulk power purchasers can buy electricity on a daily basis for short, medium, and long-term durations from a reverse e-auction facility.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/government-asks-states-to-purchase-short-term-power-through-reverse-e-auction/articleshow/51684372.cms|title= Government asks states to purchase short term power through reverse e-auction|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref> The electricity prices transacted by the reverse e-auction facility are far less than the prices agreed under bilateral agreements.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/reverse-e-auction-lowering-power-prices-ind-ra/articleshow/52433857.cms|title= Reverse e-auction lowering power prices. Ind-Ra|access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref> The commodity derivative exchange [[Multi Commodity Exchange]] has sought permission to offer electricity futures markets in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/mcx-move-to-launch-electricity-future-faces-legal-hurdle/401592/|title=MCX move to launch electricity future faces legal hurdle|website=Financial Express|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref> The union government of India is also planning reverse procurement process in which generators and discoms with surplus power can seek e-bids for power supply for up to a one-year period, to put an end to bilateral contracts and determine the market-based price for electricity.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/generating-companies-may-get-to-invite-bids-from-discoms-to-sell-power/68531619 |title= Generating companies may get to invite bids from discoms to sell power|access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref>

Energy saving certificates (PAT), various renewable purchase obligations (RPO), and renewable energy certificates (REC) are also traded on the power exchanges regularly.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/renewable-energy-the-undoing-of-recs-and-escerts/2563406/ |title= Renewable energy: The undoing of RECs and ESCerts|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/carnon%20pricing.pdf |title=To price or not to price? making a case for a carbon pricing mechanism for India|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>

===Government-owned power companies===
India's Ministry of Power administers central government-owned companies involved in the generation of electricity in India. These include the [[National Thermal Power Corporation]], [[Neyveli Lignite Corporation]],the SJVN, the [[Damodar Valley Corporation]], the [[National Hydroelectric Power Corporation]] and the [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]]. The [[Power Grid Corporation of India]] is also administered by the Ministry; it is responsible for the inter-state transmission of electricity and the development of the national grid.

The Ministry works with state governments on matters related to state government-owned corporations in India's electricity sector. Examples of state corporations include the [[Telangana Power Generation Corporation]], the [[Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited]], the [[Assam State Electricity Board|Assam Power Generation Corporation Limited]], the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]], the [[Maharashtra State Electricity Board]], the [[Kerala State Electricity Board]], the [[West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company]] and [[Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam]] Limited.

===Funding of power infrastructure===
[[File:Borrowings by state owned discoms.png|thumbnail|right|Borrowings by state owned discoms & commercial losses of discoms]]
India's Ministry of Power administers the [[Rural Electrification Corporation Limited]] and the [[Power Finance Corporation]] Limited. These central-government-owned public sector enterprises provide loans and guarantees for public and private electricity sector infrastructure projects in India. Excessive plant construction loans at 75% of overestimated costs on overrated plant capacities have led to [[stranded asset]]s of US$40 to 60 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seriously Stressed and Stranded |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Seriously%20Stressed%20and%20Stranded.pdf |access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Financial distress in India's thermal power sector from $40–60 bn stranded assets |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/financial-distress-in-indias-thermal-power-sector-from-40-60-bn-stranded-assets/65450032 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> The central and state-owned power generators escaped this crisis as they had entered [[power purchase agreement|PPAs]] with state-owned [[Monopoly|monopolistic]] discoms on a cost-plus basis at higher than prevailing market power tariffs, without undergoing competitive bidding process. Many direct and indirect subsidies are given to various sectors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Subsidies for Fossil Fuels and Renewable Energy, 2018 Update |url=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://img.etb2bimg.com/files/retail_files/reports/data_file-indi-1545636483.pdf |access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref>

===Budgetary support===
After the enactment of Electricity Act 2003 budgetary support to the power sector is negligible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/no-proposal-to-bring-down-power-price/article6205519.ece|title='No proposal to bring down power price'|author=Ignatius Pereira|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> Many State Electricity Boards were separated into their component parts after the act came into force, creating separate entities for generating, transmitting and distributing power.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/achilles-heel-of-the-power-sector/article7766479.ece|title=Achilles heel of the power sector|last=Mehta|first=Pradeep S.|website=@businessline|language=en|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref>

===Human resource development===
[[File:Jabalpur Engineering College (JEC)'s High Voltage Lab.jpg|thumb|1.6 million volt impulse generator at the High Voltage Lab of [[Jabalpur Engineering College]]]]
The rapid growth of the electricity sector in India has generated high demand for trained personnel. India is making efforts to expand energy education and to enable existing educational institutions to introduce courses related to energy capacity addition, production, operations and maintenance. This initiative includes conventional and [[renewable energy]].

The [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]] announced that State Renewable Energy Agencies are being supported to organize short-term training programs for installation, operation and maintenance, and repair of [[renewable energy]] systems in locations where intensive renewable energy programs are being implemented. Renewable Energy Chairs have been established at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]] and the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]].<ref name=pib1211/> The [[Central Training Institute Jabalpur]] is a training institute for power distribution engineering and management.{{Citation needed}} The NTPC School of Business Noida has initiated an energy-centered two-year post-graduate diploma in the management program and a one-year post-graduate diploma in management (executive) program, to cater to the growing need for management professionals in this area.{{Citation needed}} Education and availability of skilled workers are expected to be a key challenge in India's effort to expand its electricity sector.

==Problems with India's power sector==
India's electricity sector faces many issues, including:

#'''Inadequate last mile connectivity'''. The country already has adequate generation and transmission capacity to meet the full consumer demand, both temporally and spatially.<ref name="GES" /> However, due to the lack of last-mile link-up between all electricity consumers and a reliable power supply (to exceed 99%), many consumers depend on [[diesel generator]]s.<ref name="trans" /> Nearly 80 billion kWh of electricity is generated annually in India by diesel generator sets that consume nearly 15 million tons of diesel oil. Over 10 million households use battery storage [[Uninterruptible power supply|UPS]] as back-ups in case of [[load shedding]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.solarquarter.com/index.php/technology/504-global-solar-storage-market-a-review-of-2015|title=Global Solar Storage Market: A Review Of 2015 }}</ref> India imports nearly US$2 billion worth of battery storage UPS every year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zauba.com/importanalysis-battery-report.html|title=Analysis of Imports of battery |access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> As overhead lines cause distribution problems during rain and wind storms, there is a plan to lay buried cables from low voltage substations to supply cheaper emergency power in cities and towns and thus reduce diesel oil consumption by diesel generator sets and the installation of UPS systems.{{Citation needed}}
#'''Demand build up measures'''. Electricity-intensive industries consume the cheaper electricity (average price Rs 2.5 per [[kWhr]]) available from the grid instead of running their own coal/gas/oil fired captive power plants.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.iexindia.com/marketdata/areaprice.aspx|title=Day ahead market (DAM) area prices|access-date=14 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cercind.gov.in/2015/market_monitoring/MMC_Report_May.pdf |title=Monthly report on Short-term Transactions of Electricity in India, May 2015 (Refer Table-5) |access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref> The captive power generation capacity by such plants is nearly 53,000 MW, and they are mainly established in steel, fertilizer, aluminium, cement, etc. industries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=34052# |title=India's steel industry, like America's, is dominated by electric-based processes |access-date=4 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="GES" /> These plants can draw cheaper electricity from the grid on short term open access (STOA) basis, avoiding their own higher cost of electricity generation and diverting power from other consumers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iexindia.com/landedcostcalculator.aspx?id=26&mid=2 |title=IEX, Landed Cost Calculator in open access |access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianpowersector.com/home/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Report-OPEN-ACCESS-IN-INDIA.pdf |title=Open Access in Indian power sector |access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> Some of these idling captive power plants can be used for [[Ancillary services (electric power)|ancillary services]] or [[National Grid Reserve Service|grid reserve service]] and earn extra revenue.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.cea.nic.in/resd_com_reports.html|title= Report on Indian electricity grid management requirements |access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Draft CERC (Ancillary Services Operations) Regulations, 2015 |year=2015 |publisher=Central Electricity Regulatory Commission, Govt. of India |url=http://www.cercind.gov.in/2015/draft_reg/draft_notice.pdf|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref>
#'''Unequal electricity distribution'''. Almost all households have access to electricity.<ref name="hhe" /> However, most households find the electricity supply intermittent and unreliable.<ref name="access">{{cite web |title= Access to Clean Cooking Energy and Electricity – Survey of States |year=2015 |publisher=Council on Energy, Environment and Water report |url=http://shaktifoundation.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Access-to-Clean-Cooking-Energy-and-Electricity-Survey-of-States-Final-Report.pdf |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> At the same time, many power stations are idling for lack of electricity demand and the idling generation capacity is sufficient to supply the needs of households lacking electricity three times over.
#'''Erratic power pricing'''. In general, industrial and commercial consumers subsidize domestic and agricultural consumers.<ref>Samir K Srivastava, Consumers need quality power, The Economic Times, 10 May 2007, pp. 12 (Available at: http://m.economictimes.com/PDAET/articleshow/msid-2024426,curpg-1.cms).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/electrification/2015/pumpset_energization-09.pdf |title= Progress report of Pumpset Energisation as on 30-09-2015 |access-date=14 October 2015}}</ref> Government giveaways such as free electricity for farmers, created partly to curry political favor, have depleted the cash reserves of state-run electricity-distribution system and led to debts of {{INRConvert|2.5|t}}.<ref name="debtDiscomET">{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/top-fossil-fuel-players-back-pm-narendra-modis-goal-to-shore-up-indias-clean-energy-sector/articleshow/53336021.cms |title=Top fossil fuel players back PM Narendra Modi's goal to shore up India's clean energy sector |access-date=22 July 2016 |work=news |publisher=Economic Times |author=Anindya Upadhyay |author2=Debjit Chakraborty }}</ref> This has financially crippled the distribution network, and its ability to pay to purchase power in the absence of subsidies from state governments.<ref>{{cite web |title=Outstanding dues of power utilities to CPSUs up to July 2014 |year=2014 |publisher=Central Electricity Authority, Govt. of India |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/articles/eandc/outstandingdues_cpsu.pdf |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718144437/http://cea.nic.in/reports/articles/eandc/outstandingdues_cpsu.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This situation has been worsened by state government departments that do not pay their electricity bills.
#'''Over-rated capacity'''. Many coal-fired plants are overrated above the actual [[Power rating|maximum continuous rating]] (MCR) capacity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.powertoday.in/beststories/News/The-Power-Paradox/98113 |title=The power paradox }}</ref> to allow the plant cost to be inflated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Power Tariff Scam Gets Bigger at Rs. 50,000 Crore as Allegations of Equipment Over-Invoicing Emerge |url=http://thewire.in/2016/05/18/power-tariff-scam-gets-bigger-at-rs-50000-crore-36912/ |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519111541/http://thewire.in/2016/05/18/power-tariff-scam-gets-bigger-at-rs-50000-crore-36912/ |archive-date=19 May 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These plants operate 15 to 10% below their [[Nameplate capacity|declared capacity]] on a daily basis and rarely operate at declared capacity, undermining grid stability.
#'''Lack of timely information on load and demand'''. Intraday graphs at 15-minute or more frequent intervals are required to understand the shortcomings of the power grid with respect to grid frequency, including comprehensive data collected from [[SCADA]] for all grid-connected generating stations (≥ 100 KW) and load data from all substations.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.K. National Grid Status |url=http://www.gridwatch.templar.co.uk/ |access-date=14 October 2015}}</ref>
#'''Lack of adequate coal supply''': Despite abundant reserves of coal, power plants are frequently under-supplied. India's monopoly coal producer, state-controlled [[Coal India]], is constrained by primitive mining techniques and is rife with theft and corruption.{{Citation needed}} Poor coal transport infrastructure has worsened these problems. Most of India's coal lies under protected forests or designated tribal lands and efforts to mine additional deposits have been resisted.
#'''Poor gas pipeline connectivity and infrastructure'''. India has abundant coal bed methane and natural gas potential. However a [[Krishna Godavari Basin|giant new offshore natural gas field]] has delivered far less gas than claimed, causing a shortage of natural gas.
#'''Transmission, distribution and consumer-level losses'''. Losses exceed 30%, including the auxiliary power consumption of thermal power stations and fictitious electricity generation by wind generators, solar power plants & independent power producers (IPPs), etc.
#'''Resistance to energy efficiency in the residential building sector'''. Continuous urbanization and the growth of population result in increased power consumption in buildings. The belief still predominates among stakeholders that energy-efficient buildings are more expensive than conventional buildings, adversely affecting the "greening" of the building sector.<ref>{{cite web |title=Energy-efficient buildings – a business case for India? An analysis of incremental costs for four building projects of the Energy-Efficient Homes Programme |url=http://www.adelphi.de/en/publications/dok/43509.php?pid=1971}}</ref>
#'''Resistance to hydroelectric power projects'''. Hydroelectric power projects in India's mountainous north and northeast regions have been slowed down by ecological, environmental and rehabilitation controversies, coupled with public interest litigation.
#'''Resistance to nuclear power generation'''. Political activism since the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster|Fukushima disaster]] has reduced progress in this sector. The track record of executing nuclear power plants is also very poor in India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Business/2016-03-20/Cheaper-renewable-energy-outpaces-nuclear-power/214919 |title=Cheaper renewable energy outpaces nuclear power |access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=pfbr1/>
#'''Theft of power.''' The financial loss due to [[theft of electricity]] is estimated at $16 billion yearly.{{Citation needed}}

Key implementation challenges for India's electricity sector include efficient performance of new project management and execution, ensuring availability and appropriate quality of fuel, developing the large coal and natural gas resources available in India, land acquisition, obtaining environmental clearances at state and central government level, and training skilled manpower.<ref>{{cite web |title=Power Sector in India: White paper on Implementation Challenges and Opportunities |publisher=KPMG |url=http://www.kpmg.de/docs/PowerSector_2010.pdf}}</ref>

== Electricity as a substitute for imported LPG and PNG ==
{{See also|Energy in India}}
India's net import of [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG) is 16.607 million tons and the domestic consumption is 25.502 million tons which is 90% of total consumption in 2021–22.<ref name=png2013a>{{cite web|url=https://mopng.gov.in/en/petroleum-statistics/indian-png-statistics |title= Indian Petroleum & Natural Gas statistics|access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref> The LPG import content is nearly 57% of total consumption in 2021-22.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-challenges-china-as-worlds-biggest-lpg-importer/62263809|title= India challenges China as world's biggest LPG importer|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> The affordable electricity retail tariff (860 Kcal/kWh at 74% heating efficiency) to replace LPG (net calorific value 11,000 Kcal/Kg at 40% heating efficiency) in domestic cooking is up to 10.2 ₹/kWh when the retail price of LPG cylinder is ₹1000 (without subsidy) with 14.2 kg LPG content.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leafscore.com/eco-friendly-kitchen-products/which-is-more-energy-efficient-gas-electric-or-induction/|title=Which is the More Energy Efficient Stovetop – Gas, Electric, or Induction?|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref> Replacing LPG consumption with electricity would reduce imports substantially.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/eesl-to-deploy-20000-induction-cook-stoves-in-india-with-mecs/94504452|title=EESL to deploy 20,000 induction cookstoves in India with MECS|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>

India's [[piped natural gas]] (PNG) for domestic cooking needs was 12,175 million standard cubic meters (mmscm) which is nearly 19% of total natural gas consumption in 2021–22.<ref name=png2013a/> Natural gas/ LNG import content is nearly 56% of total consumption in 2021-22.<ref name=png2013a/> The affordable electricity retail tariff (860 Kcal/kWh at 74% heating efficiency) to replace PNG (net calorific value 8,500 Kcal/scm at 40% heating efficiency) in domestic cooking is up to 9 ₹/kWh when the retail price of PNG is ₹47.59 per scm.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-revises-gas-pricing-formula-cng-piped-cooking-gas-to-cost-10-less-8543113/|title=Govt revises pricing formula, CNG, PNG to cost 10% less from tomorrow|access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/new-gas-pricing-norms-can-reduce-cng-png-prices-by-9-11-per-cent/99317425|title=New gas pricing norms can reduce CNG, PNG prices by 9-11 percent |access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref> Replacing PNG consumption with electricity would reduce costly LNG imports substantially.

The domestic consumption of [[kerosene]] is 1.291 million tons out of 1.493 million tons total consumption in 2021–22. The subsidized retail price of kerosene is 15 ₹/liter whereas the export/import price is 79 ₹/liter. The affordable electricity retail tariff (860 Kcal/kWh at 74% heating efficiency) to replace kerosene (net calorific value 8240 Kcal/liter at 40% heating efficiency) in domestic cooking is up to 15.22 ₹/kWh when the kerosene retail price is 79 ₹/liter.

In 2022–23, the [[Capacity factor|plant load factor]] (PLF) of coal-fired thermal power stations (nearly 212 GW) was only 56.63%.<ref name="capacity"/> These stations can run above 85% PLF if there is adequate electricity demand. The possible additional net electricity generation at 85% PLF is nearly 450 billion kWh which is enough to replace all the LPG, PNG, and kerosene consumption in the domestic sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/arvind-panagariya-pitches-for-electricity-as-clean-cooking-option-to-lpg/articleshow/51786931.cms|title= Niti Aayog pitches for electricity as a clean cooking option to LPG|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref> The incremental cost of generating additional electricity is only the coal fuel cost, less than 3 ₹/kWh. Enhancing the PLF of coal-fired stations and encouraging domestic electricity consumers to substitute electricity in place of LPG, PNG, and kerosene in household cooking would reduce government subsidies. It has been proposed that domestic consumers who are willing to surrender subsidized LPG/kerosene permits should be given a free electricity connection and a subsidized electricity tariff.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/how-to-make-rural-india-switch-to-cleaner-cookstoves-119052100422_1.html|title=How rural India can be made to switch to eco-friendly electric stoves|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/power-ministry-to-bring-aggregation-model-to-make-e-cooking-affordable/100779396|title=Power ministry to bring aggregation model to make e-cooking affordable |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> To avoid the possibility of fatal electric shocks, power is supplied to the electric cook stove through a [[residual-current circuit breaker]].

Substantial scope is also present in micro, small, and medium enterprises ([[MSME]]) to switch over to electricity from fossil fuels to reduce the cost of production provided uninterrupted power supply is ensured.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/opinion-exploring-new-options-to-electrify-process-heating-in-msmes/91075201|title=Exploring new options to electrify process heating in MSMEs|access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref> Since 2017, [[Independent Power Producer|IPPs]] have been offering to sell solar and wind power below 3.00 ₹/kWh to feed into the high voltage grid. After considering distribution costs and losses, solar power appears to be a viable economic option for replacing the LPG, PNG, kerosene, etc used in the domestic and MSME sectors.

== Electric vehicles ==
{{See also|Electric vehicle industry in India}}
The retail prices of [[Gasoline|petrol]] and [[Diesel fuel|diesel]] are high enough in India to make [[Electric vehicle|electricity driven vehicles]] relatively economical.<ref>{{cite web|title=WELLS, WIRES AND WHEELS… |publisher=BNP PARIBAS ASSET MANAGEMENT |url=https://docfinder.bnpparibas-am.com/api/files/1094E5B9-2FAA-47A3-805D-EF65EAD09A7F|access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref> The retail price of diesel was 101.00 ₹/liter in 2021–22, and the retail price of petrol was 110.00 ₹/liter. The affordable retail electricity price to replace diesel would be up to 19 ₹/kWh (860 Kcal/kWh at 75% input electricity to shaft power efficiency versus diesel's net calorific value of 8572 Kcal/liter at 40% [[Brake specific fuel consumption|fuel energy to crankshaft power efficiency]]), and the comparable number to replace petrol would be up to 28 ₹/kWh (860 Kcal/kWh at 75% input electricity to shaft power efficiency versus petrol's net calorific value at 7693 Kcal/liter at 33% fuel energy to crankshaft power efficiency). In 2021–22, India consumed 30.849 million tons of petrol and 76.687 million tons of diesel, both mainly produced from imported crude oil.<ref name=png2013a/> To spread the use of electric vehicles rapidly and reduce the consumption of imported fossil fuels, electricity sale prices at fast charging centers could be subsidized to below 5 ₹/kWh. Thus owners of commercial passenger and goods vehicles can be attracted to switch to costly electric vehicles which do not contribute to surface air pollution.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/no-automakers-take-part-in-rs-5000-crore-tender-for-e-bus/99661436 |title=No automakers take part in Rs 5,000 crore tender for e-Bus|access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>

Electricity-driven vehicles are expected to become popular in India when energy storage/[[Battery electric vehicle|battery]] technology offers improved range, longer life, and lower maintenance.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/a-million-mile-battery-from-china-could-power-your-electric-car/76276323 |title= A million-mile battery from China could power your electric car|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.visualcapitalist.com/explaining-surging-demand-lithium-ion-batteries/ |title= Explaining the Surging Demand for Lithium-Ion Batteries|access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> [[Vehicle-to-grid|Vehicle to grid]] options are also attractive, potentially allowing electric vehicles to help to mitigate peak loads in the electricity grid.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2023/02/what-is-bidirectional-ev-charging/|title=What is bidirectional EV charging? |access-date=15 May 2023}}</ref> Discarded batteries of electric vehicles are also used as energy storage systems economically.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2023/02/large-scale-solar-project-reuses-ev-batteries-as-energy-storage/|title=Large-scale solar project reuses EV batteries as energy storage |access-date=15 May 2023}}</ref> The potential for continuous charging of electric vehicles through [[Wireless power transfer|wireless electricity transmission]] technology is being explored by Indian companies and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/sweden-is-building-an-electric-road-that-will-charge-car-as-you-drive/69289527 |title= Sweden is building an electric road that will charge car as you drive|access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://ias.ieee.org/images/files/Webinars/IAS-webinar---Zeljko-Pantic---June-2016.pdf|title=Review of Recent Advances in Dynamic and Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer |access-date=7 July 2016}}</ref>

==Energy reserves==
India has abundant solar, wind, hydro (including pumped storage) and biomass power potential. In addition, as of January 2011 India had approximately 38 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves, the world's 26th largest reserve.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2179rank.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309174844/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2179rank.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2013|title=CIA – The World Factbook|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref> The United States [[Energy Information Administration]] estimates that India produced approximately 1.8 Tcf of natural gas in 2010 while consuming roughly 2.3 Tcf of natural gas. India already produces [[coalbed methane]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Energy}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Energy in India]]
* [[Energy policy of India]]
* [[Oil and gas industry in India]]
* [[Climate change in India]]
* [[East West Gas Pipeline (India)]]
* [[List of electricity organisations in India]]
* [[Central Electricity Authority (India)]]
* [[List of power stations in India]]
* [[Indian Rivers Inter-link]]
* [[List of countries by electricity production]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140719233458/http://cea.nic.in/reports/powersystems/nep2012/nep13.pdf National electricity Plan – 2012, CEA, Government of India]
* [http://www.srpc.kar.nic.in/html/grid_map.html Electricity grid maps of the southern region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731055227/http://www.srpc.kar.nic.in/html/grid_map.html }}
*[http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=181 India's Energy Policy and Electricity Production]
*[https://powermin.nic.in/en/content/power-sector-glance-all-india] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406205627/https://powermin.nic.in/en/content/power-sector-glance-all-india }}

{{Asia topic|Electricity sector in}}
{{Nuclear power in India}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Economy of India}}
{{Electricity delivery |state=collapsed}}
{{World topic|Electricity sector in|noredlinks=yes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Electricity Sector in India}}
[[Category:Electric power in India| ]]
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