https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=PamKirsch2959552 2026-08-04T20:08:31Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pune%E2%80%93Kamakhya_Suvidha_Special_Express&diff=527200 2026-05-07T13:53:15Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: Stub.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Passenger train service}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | name = Pune - Kamakhya Suvidha Special Express<br /> | image = <br /> | image_width = <br /> | caption = <br /> | type = [[Suvidha Express]]<br /> | locale = <br /> | first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2015|07|25}}<br /> | last =<br /> | operator = [[Central Railway zone]]<br /> | ridership =<br /> | start = {{rws|Pune Junction}} ('''PUNE''')<br /> | stops = 19<br /> | end = {{rws|Kamakhya Junction}} ('''KYQ''')<br /> | distance = {{convert|2841|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 52h 55m <br /> | frequency = Twice week<br /> | class = AC 1 Tier, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper 3 Tier, Unreserved<br /> | seating = No<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack =<br /> | catering = Yes<br /> | observation = <br /> | entertainment = No<br /> | baggage = <br /> | otherfacilities=<br /> | stock = 2<br /> | gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}<br /> | el =<br /> | trainnumber = 82505/82506<br /> | speed = {{cvt|54|km/h}}<br /> | map =<br /> | map_state =<br /> }}<br /> '''Pune - Kamakhya Suvidha Special Express''' is a Passenger express train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Pune railway station|Pune]] in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Kamakhya Junction railway station|Kamakhya Junction]] in [[Assam]]. It is currently being operated with 82355/82356 train numbers on a daily basis.<br /> <br /> == Service==<br /> <br /> It averages 54&amp;nbsp;km/h as 82505 Pune - Kamakhya Suvidha Special Express starts on Thursday and covers 2841&amp;nbsp;km in 52 hrs 55 mins and 60&amp;nbsp;km/h as 82356 Kamakhya - Pune CST Suvidha Express and covers 2841&amp;nbsp;km in 51 hrs 45 mins.<br /> <br /> == Route and halts ==<br /> <br /> * {{rws|Pune Junction}}<br /> * {{rws|Panvel}}<br /> * {{rws|Nasik Road}}<br /> * {{rws|Bhusaval Junction}}<br /> * {{rws|Nagpur Junction}}<br /> * {{rws|Gondia Junction}}<br /> * {{rws|Durg Junction}}<br /> * {{rws|Raipur Junction}}<br /> * {{rws|Bilaspur Junction}}<br /> * {{rws|Jharsuguda Junction}}<br /> * {{rws|Rourkela Junction}}<br /> * {{rws|Chakradharpur}}<br /> * {{rws|Asansol Junction}}<br /> * {{rws|Andal Junction}}<br /> * {{rws|Malda Town}}<br /> * {{rws|Kishanganj}}<br /> * {{rws|New Jalpaiguri Junction}}<br /> * {{rws|New Cooch Behar}}<br /> * {{rws|New Bongaigaon Junction}}<br /> * {{rws|Kamakhya Junction}}<br /> <br /> ==Coach composite==<br /> <br /> The train consists of 16 coaches:{{clarify|date=December 2020|reason=These sum to 13 not 16}}<br /> * 1 AC II Tier<br /> * 3 AC III Tier<br /> * 6 Sleeper Coaches<br /> * 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van<br /> * 1 pantry car<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * {{rws|Pune Junction}}<br /> * {{rws|Kamakhya Junction}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> *[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/pune-kamakhya-suvidha-special-82505/22843/76/547 82505/Pune - Kamakhya Suvidha Special]<br /> *[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/kamakhya-pune-suvidha-special-82506/22842/547/76 Kamakhya - Pune Suvidha Special]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pune - Kamakhya Suvidha Special Express}}<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Pune]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]<br /> [[Category:Suvidha Express trains]]<br /> <br /> {{India-express-train-stub}}</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aarani_Assembly_constituency&diff=484052 2026-05-06T19:40:04Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: started a pg - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 67<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Arani.svg<br /> | Existence = <br /> | district = [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Arani Lok Sabha constituency|Arani]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | mla = [[L. Jaya Sudha]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance|NDA}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | name = Arani<br /> | electors = 2,76,092&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055733/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC067.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC067.pdf|access-date= 27 Jan 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Arani''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tiruvannamalai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India, which includes the city of [[Arni, Tiruvannamalai|Arni]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Its State Assembly Constituency number is 67. Until and including the 2006 elections, the constituency was part of [[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]]; thereafter, it has been part of [[Arani Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | [[V. K. Kannan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Commonweal Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | [[P. Doraisamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | [[C. Kothandarama Bhagavathar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[A. C. Narasimhan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[A. C. Narasimhan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[V. Arjunan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[A. C. Shanmugam]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[M. Chinnakulandai]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[A. C. Dayalan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[I. R. Jaison Jacob]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[R. Sivanandam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[K. Ramachandran (Aarani)|K. Ramachandran]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | R. Sivanandam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[R. M. Babu Murugavel]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Sevvoor S. Ramachandran]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | [[L. Jaya Sudha]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.86}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.89}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}|50.06}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.40}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.98}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.29}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.51}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|36.21}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.83}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.65}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.47}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.50}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.26}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.60}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|51.59}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Commonweal Party}}|48.14}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Jayasudha L<br /> |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |votes=76735<br /> |percentage=33.47<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Mahalakshmi Govarthanan<br /> |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |votes=71104<br /> |percentage=30.99<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Venkatesh Kumar D<br /> |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam<br /> |votes=70857<br /> |percentage=30.88<br /> |change=New}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Dhavamani R<br /> |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi<br /> |votes=6888<br /> |percentage=3.00<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=NOTA<br /> |party=None of the above<br /> |votes=707<br /> |percentage=0.31<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> |votes=5631<br /> |percentage=2.45<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes=229459<br /> |percentage=80.12<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors=286350<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |swing=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=arani Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a067|access-date= 15 Oct 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sevvoor S. Ramachandran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=102,961 |percentage=46.86% |change=+1.96 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. S. Anbalagan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=99,833 |percentage=45.43% |change=+4.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Prakalatha |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,491 |percentage=4.77% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Manikandan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,213 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Baskaran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,861 |percentage=0.85% |change=-2.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,690 |percentage=0.77% |change=-0.07 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,128 |percentage=1.42% |change= -2.07% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=219,732 |percentage=79.59% |change= -2.16% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=466|percentage=0.21% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 276,092 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.96% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sevvoor S. Ramachandran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=94,074 |percentage=44.89% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Babu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=86,747 |percentage=41.40% |change=-4.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajasekar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=12,877 |percentage=6.15% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. M. Babu Murugavel]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,025 |percentage=3.35% |change=-46.71 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,749 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Gopi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,304 |percentage=0.62% |change=-0.3 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,327 |percentage=3.50% |change= -0.99% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=209,545 |percentage=81.75% |change= -0.61% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 256,327 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |swing= -5.16% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. M. Babu Murugavel]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=88,967 |percentage=50.06% |change=+45.6 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sivanandham |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,001 |percentage=45.58% |change=-3.82 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Gopi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,639 |percentage=0.92% |change=-0.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ganesan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,459 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murugavel |party=Independent politician |votes=1,327 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,033 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,966 |percentage=4.48% |change= -4.23% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=177,723 |percentage=82.36% |change= 5.79% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 215,794 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.66% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Sivanandam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,722 |percentage=49.40% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Santhanam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,420 |percentage=40.68% |change=-10.29 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Ramesh |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,292 |percentage=4.46% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Gangadharan |party=Puthiya Needhi Katchi |votes=3,877 |percentage=2.75% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Nallathambi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,547 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Narayanan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,427 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Thirugnanam |party=Independent politician |votes=849 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,302 |percentage=8.72% |change= -1.64% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=141,134 |percentage=76.56% |change= 7.49% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,336 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.57% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramachandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,371 |percentage=50.98% |change=+14.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. C. Shanmugam |party=Puthiya Needhi Katchi |votes=52,889 |percentage=40.62% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajendiran |party=Independent politician |votes=4,639 |percentage=3.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Raja |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,540 |percentage=3.49% |change=-0.05 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. C. R. Umapathy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,762 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,482 |percentage=10.35% |change= -4.44% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=130,201 |percentage=69.07% |change= -5.99% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,770 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.31% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Sivanandam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,014 |percentage=51.29% |change=+23.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chinnakulamdai |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,835 |percentage=36.49% |change=-22.02 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Subbiramani |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=8,477 |percentage=6.90% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Dhakshinamoorthy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,344 |percentage=3.54% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Jayaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=699 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,179 |percentage=14.80% |change= -15.46% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=122,867 |percentage=75.06% |change= 1.98% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,847 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.23% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=I. R. Jaison Jacob |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,355 |percentage=58.51% |change=+29.51 }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=E. Selvarasu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,043 |percentage=28.26% |change=-7.95 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gounder Moorthi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=11,902 |percentage=10.50% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kandasamy |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=2,202 |percentage=1.94% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,312 |percentage=30.26% |change= 23.06% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=113,405 |percentage=73.08% |change= -3.72% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,120 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 22.31% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. C. Dayalan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,558 |percentage=36.21% |change=-7.56 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Karunakaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,891 |percentage=29.01% |change=-25.82 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. C. Shanmugam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,827 |percentage=20.50% |change=-34.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Loganathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,793 |percentage=12.01% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,667 |percentage=7.20% |change= -3.87% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=106,498 |percentage=76.80% |change= -4.58% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,709 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.62% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chinnakulandai |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,653 |percentage=54.83% |change=+4.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Sivanandam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,620 |percentage=43.76% |change=-0.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramachandran |party=Independent politician |votes=907 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,033 |percentage=11.07% |change= 5.11% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=99,678 |percentage=81.38% |change= 7.89% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,766 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.18% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. C. Shanmugam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,928 |percentage=50.65% |change=+9.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Selvarasu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,877 |percentage=44.69% |change=+14.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ethiraju |party=Janata Party |votes=3,956 |percentage=4.67% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,051 |percentage=5.96% |change= -5.31% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=84,761 |percentage=73.49% |change= -0.80% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,556 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.17% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Arjunan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,925 |percentage=41.47% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Selyarasu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,703 |percentage=30.20% |change=-30.3 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thellur Dharumarasan |party=Janata Party |votes=19,448 |percentage=23.78% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Shanmugam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,831 |percentage=3.46% |change=-36.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Khader |party=Independent politician |votes=892 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,222 |percentage=11.27% |change= -9.73% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=81,799 |percentage=74.29% |change= -1.42% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,994 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.03% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. C. Narasimhan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,682 |percentage=60.50% |change=+4.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Darumarajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,599 |percentage=39.50% |change=+13.88 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,083 |percentage=21.01% |change= -9.64% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=62,281 |percentage=75.71% |change= -3.26% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,126 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.24% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. C. Narasimhan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,038 |percentage=56.26% |change=+17.6 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. B. J. Chettiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,320 |percentage=25.62% |change=-25.99 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Muniswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=5,880 |percentage=8.70% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. K. Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=1,383 |percentage=2.05% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,718 |percentage=30.64% |change= 17.70% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=67,613 |percentage=78.97% |change= 0.51% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,490 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.65% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Kothandarama Bhagavathar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,773 |percentage=51.60% |change=+3.19 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. C. Narasimhan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,055 |percentage=38.66% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Dharumarasan |party=Tamil National Party |votes=5,805 |percentage=9.73% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,718 |percentage=12.94% |change= 9.76% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=59,633 |percentage=78.46% |change= 26.86% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,330 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 0.01% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Doraisamyu Reddiar |party=Independent politician |votes=20,237 |percentage=51.59% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Kannan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,989 |percentage=48.41% |change=+20.41 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,248 |percentage=3.18% |change= -16.96% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=39,226 |percentage=51.60% |change= -9.78% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,019 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Commonweal Party |swing= 3.45% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Arani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Kannan |party=Commonweal Party |votes=17,761 |percentage=48.14% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=W. S. Sreenivasa Rao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,329 |percentage=28.00% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Meenakshisundara Mudaliaer |party=Independent politician |votes=6,559 |percentage=17.78% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Shanmugam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,246 |percentage=6.09% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,432 |percentage=20.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=36,895 |percentage=61.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,113 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Commonweal Party |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> [[Arani Revenue Division]]<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}<br /> <br /> {{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|12.67|N|79.28|E|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tiruvannamalai district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies_in_India&diff=533785 2026-04-29T18:52:35Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|none}}<br /> {{Page numbers needed|date=October 2021}}<br /> <br /> [[Science and technology studies]] (STS) in [[India]] is a fast growing field of academic inquiry in [[India]] since the 1980s. STS has developed in the country from the science movements of the 1970s and 1980s as well as the scholarly criticism of science and technology policies of the [[Indian state]]. Now the field is established with at least five generations of scholars and several departments and institutes specialising in science, technology and innovation policy studies.<br /> <br /> == Origin and development ==<br /> The field has a long history in India that goes back to the late 1970s, with the works of [[Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi]], [[Irfan Habib]], [[J. P. S. Uberoi|J.P.S. Uberoi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Uberoi |first1=J.P.S. |title=Science and Culture |date=1978 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Uberoi |first1=J.P.S. |url=https://archive.org/details/othermindofeurop0000uber |title=The other mind of Europe : Goethe as a Scientist |date=1984 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ashis Nandy]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Nandy|first1=Ashis|title=Alternative Sciences: Creativity and Authenticity in Two Indian Scientists|date=1980|publisher=Allied Publishers|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Nandy|first1=Ashis|title=Science, Hegemony and Violence: A Requiem for Modernity|date=1988|publisher=United Nations University|location=Tokyo}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vandana Shiva]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shiva|first1=Vandana|title=Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Survival in India|date=1988|publisher=Kali for Women|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Claude Alvares]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Alvares|first1=Claude|title=Homo faber : Technology and Culture in India, China and the West from 1500 to the Present Day|date=1980|publisher=Nijhoff|location=The Hague}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Alvares|first1=Claude|title=Science, Development and Violence: The Revolt against Modernity|url=https://archive.org/details/sciencedevelopme0000alva|url-access=registration|date=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Shiv Visvanathan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Visvanathan|first1=Shiv|title=Organizing for Science: The Making of an Industrial Research Laboratory|date=1985|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Visvanathan|first1=Shiv|title=A Carnival for Science: Essays on Science, Technology and Development|date=1985|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> However, there is a first generation of scholars from the 1970s who looked at science and technology (and not from the purview of [[Thomas Kuhn|post-Kuhnian]] STS) such as [[Dharampal]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Dharampal|title=Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century|date=1971|publisher=Impex India|location=Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abdur Rahman,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Rahman|first1=Abdur|title=Trimurti: Science, Technology and Society: A Collection of Essays|date=1972|publisher=People's Publishing House|location=Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Chattopadhyay|first1=Debiprasad|title=History of Science in India, Vol. 1 &amp; 2|date=1982|publisher=Editorial Enterprises|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt; and SN Sen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Sen|first1=S.N.|title=Changing Perspectives in the History of Sciences|journal=Science and Culture|date=1966|volume=31|issue=5|pages=214–219}}&lt;/ref&gt; Works of [[John Desmond Bernal|J.D. Bernal]] and [[Joseph Needham Professor of Chinese History, Science, and Civilization|Joseph Needham]] had a strong influence on the Indian STS in its formative years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Raina|first1=Dhruv|title=Needham's Indian Network: The Search for a Home for the History of Science in India (1950-1970)|date=2015|publisher=Yoda Press|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The New Social Movements of the 1970s and 1980s in India contributed immensely to the emergence of the discipline, as these movements and activists groups influenced by Marxist, Gandhian and deep ecological perspectives could not avoid engaging with modern science and the modernization project in the post-colony. An important turning point was the creation of two institutions to study the social relations of science: the Center for Interaction of Science and Society, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi (estd. 1970), and the [[National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies]] (NISTADS), New Delhi (estd. 1980). However, the Center for Interaction of Science and Society was closed in the late 1970s by the state, finding it too critical of the nuclear energy/weaponry policies of the [[Indira Gandhi]] regime;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/96ce/7_Sharma.pdf|title=Confronting the nuclear power structure in India|last=Sharma|first=Dhirendra|access-date=2016-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 1996 it reopened as the [[Centre for Studies in Science Policy]] (CSSP)] at Jawaharlal Nehru University.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_080_12_1479_1480_0.pdf|title=News: Revival of the Centre for Studies in Science Policy at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi|last=Sen|first=Nirupa|date=25 June 2001|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=80|number=12|pages=1479–1480|access-date=2019-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 1990s, the field became vibrant with the intervention of a group of social historians of science inspired by postcolonial studies such as [[David Arnold]], Robert S. Anderson, [[Deepak Kumar (historian)|Deepak Kumar]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Deepak|title=Science and the Raj|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dhruv Raina]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Raina|first1=Dhruv|title=Images and Contexts: The Historiography of Science and Modernity in India|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[S. Irfan Habib]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Raina|first1=Dhruv|last2=Habib|first2=S. Irfan|title=Situating the History of Science: Dialogues with Joseph Needham|date=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Raina|first1=Dhruv|last2=Habib|first2=S. Irfan|title=Domesticating Modern Science: A Social History of Science and Culture in Colonial India|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Itty Abraham,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Abraham|first1=Itty|title=The Making of Indian Atomic Bomb: Science, Security and the Postcolonial State'|date=1998|publisher=Zed Books|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gyan Prakash]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Prakash|first1=Gyan|title=Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India|url=https://archive.org/details/anotherreasonsci0000prak|url-access=registration|date=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Zaheer Baber.&lt;ref&gt;Zaheer Baber 1996. ''The Science of Empire''. State University of New York Press, New york.&lt;/ref&gt; Works of sociologists like Harish Naraindas,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Naraindas|first=Harish|title=&quot;Poisons, putrescence and the weather: A genealogy of the advent of Tropical Medicine&quot;, in Contributions to Indian Sociology|date=1996|publisher=Sage|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt; VV Krishna,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Krishna|first1=Venni Venkita|title=S.S.Bhatnagar on Science, Technology and Development, 1938-54|date=1994|publisher=Wiley Eastern Ltd|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Krishna|first1=Venni Venkita|last2=Shinn|first2=Terry|last3=Spaapen|first3=J.|title=Science and Technology in a Developing World (Sociology of Sciences Year Book 1995)|date=1995|publisher=Kluwer Publications|location=The Netherlands}}&lt;/ref&gt; V. Sujatha, E.Haribabu and Binaykumar Patnaik also are significant to the development of the field, along with the philosophical enquiries of Prajit K. Basu and Sunder Sarukkai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Sarukkai|first1=Sunder|title=Translating the World: Science and Language|date=2002|publisher=University Press of America|location=Lanham}}&lt;/ref&gt; Extensive research carried out by [[Rajeswari S raina|Rajeswari S Raina]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://snu.edu.in/humanitiessocialsciences/rajeswari_s_raina_profile.aspx Rajeseswari S. Raina]&lt;/ref&gt; on agricultural knowledge systems and developmental practices, Neelam Kumar's work on women and science and Pranav Desai's work on systems of innovations also must be noted.<br /> [[File:NISTADS team.jpeg|thumb|[[S. Irfan Habib]], [[Deepak Kumar (historian)|Deepak Kumar]], [[Dhruv Raina]], and V.V. Krishna]]<br /> <br /> In the wake of the '[[Sokal affair|Sokal Affair]]' in the western academia, a similar debate was triggered in India, mainly in the pages of ''Economic and Political Weekly'', where [[Alan Sokal]] himself participated. This controversy is popularly known as the 'Indian science wars'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/the-science-wars-in-india|title=The Science Wars in India|website=Dissent Magazine|access-date=2019-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; The debate resumed in the wake of the publication of a renowned philosopher of science, [[Meera Nanda]]'s books on the cultural relativist position on Postcolonial Studies of Science. Her defense of science and [[the Enlightenment]] values played a central role in sustaining the Indian Science War in the 2000s. Following the publication of her book, ''Prophets Facing Backward'' (2004),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Nanda|first1=Meera|title=Prophets Facing Backward: Postmodern Critiques of Science and the Hindu Nationalism in India.|date=2004|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick|isbn=978-81-7824-090-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; the journal ''[[Social Epistemology]]'' published a special issue that discussed the responses of STS scholars like [[Sandra Harding]] to the arguments in Nanda's book and counter-rebuts from Nanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tsep20/19/1|title=Social Epistemology|date=2005|work=Taylor &amp; Francis|access-date=2019-10-07|issue=1|volume=19|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Scholars such as Abha Sur,&lt;ref&gt;Abha Sur. 2011. ''Dispersed Radiance: Caste, Gender, and Modern Science in India''. Navayana, New Delhi&lt;/ref&gt; Amit Prasad,&lt;ref&gt;Amit Prasad. 2014. ''Imperial Technoscience: Transnational Histories of MRI in the United States, Britain, and India''. MIT Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Banu Subramaniam, Sambit Mallick, Esha Shah,&lt;ref&gt;Esha Shah, 2017. ''Who is the Science Subject?: Affective History of the Gene''. Routledge, New York.&lt;/ref&gt; Gita Chadha, Indira Chowdhury&lt;ref&gt;Indira Chowdhury 2015. ''Growing the Tree of Science: Homi Bhabha and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.'' Oxford University press, New Delhi&lt;/ref&gt; Jahnavi Phalkey,&lt;ref&gt;Jahnavi Phalkey 2013. ''Atomic State: Big Science in Twentieth Century India''. Sonepat, Permamnet Black&lt;/ref&gt; Kaushik Sunder Rajan,&lt;ref&gt;Kaushik Sunder Rajan. 2006. ''Biocapital: The Constitution of Post-Genomic Life''. Duke University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Kavitha Philip,&lt;ref&gt;Kavita Philip. 2003. ''Civilizing Natures: Race, Resources and Modernity in Colonial South India'', Rutgers University Press; Orient Longman (Asia/UK edition) 2004&lt;/ref&gt; John Bosco Lourdusamy, Senthil Babu, Rohan D'Souza, Saradindu Bhaduri, Madhav Govind and Pratik Chakrabarti&lt;ref&gt;Pratik Chakrabarti. 2004. ''Western Science in Modern India: Metropolitan Methods, Colonial Practices''. Permanent Black, Sonepat.&lt;/ref&gt; represent the next generation of scholars in the field who became active in the 2000s.<br /> <br /> There is also a new generation of scholars who are actively involved in developing the field in the second decade of the millennium, ensuring that Indian STS has a bright future ahead.&lt;ref&gt;See for example, the works of Aparajit Ramnath, Aalok Khandekar, Biswanath Dash, Mathew John, Naveen K. Thayyil, Nupur Chowdhury, Pankaj Sekhsaria, Renny Thomas, Richa Kumar, [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/contested-knowledge-9780199469123?cc=gb&amp;lang=en Shiju Sam Varughese], Suvobrata Sarkar, Kunal Sinha, Parvathi K Iyer, and Hemant Kumar.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Institutes and departments ==<br /> Several departments of science policy studies were launched in the new millennium with a strong foundation in STS. The Centre for Interaction of Science and Society at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, which closed in the 1970s, reopened under a new name, [[Centre for Studies in Science Policy]] (CSSP), in 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_080_12_1479_1480_0.pdf|title=News: Revival of the Centre for Studies in Science Policy at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi|last=Sen|first=Nirupa|date=25 June 2001|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=80|number=12|pages=1479–1480|access-date=2019-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Center for Knowledge Culture and Innovation Studies (CKCIS) at the [[University of Hyderabad]] opened in 2006,{{Citation needed|reason=We need a source that verifies this date|date=June 2019}} and the Centre for Studies in Science, Technology &amp; Innovation Policy at the [[Central University of Gujarat]] opened in 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Centre for Studies in Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (CSSTIP) |url=http://www.cug.ac.in/academic_prog/sss/csstip/csstip.php |access-date=31 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Humanities of Social Sciences departments of many of the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs), particularly IIT Guwahati, and [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]] (IISERs) have several faculty members trained in the field and offers courses in STS, and the number of scholars specializing on STS is steadily increasing in the country.{{Citation needed|reason=We need a source that verifies all the claims in this sentence|date=June 2019}}<br /> <br /> == Academic programs ==<br /> {{Incomplete list|date=March 2021}}<br /> * PhD Programme in Science Policy Studies, [[Centre for Studies in Science Policy]] (CSSP), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jnu.ac.in/SSS/CSSP/pos.htm MPhil-PhD Programme in Science Policy Studies, Center for Studies in Science Policy, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * PhD Programme in Studies in Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cug.ac.in/academic_programmes/c_sss_stip.php MPhil-PhD Programme in Studies in Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * PhD Programme in Science, Technology and Society Studies, Centre for Knowledge Culture and Innovation Studies, University of Hyderabad&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uohyd.ac.in/# University of Hyderabad]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * PhD Programme in Economics (Economics of Innovation), School of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Indore&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Humanities and Social Sciences {{!}} IIT Indore |url=https://hss.iiti.ac.in/main/research_area |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=hss.iiti.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * PhD Programme in Education (History of science and technical education), Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jnu.ac.in/SSS/ZHCES/Programme.asp MPhil-PhD Programme in Education (History of science and technical education), Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * PhD programme in Policy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi&lt;ref&gt;[http://hss.iitd.ac.in/ PhD programme in Policy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * PhD Programme, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IISER Bhopal [https://hss.iiserb.ac.in/]<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent]]<br /> * [[Science and technology in India]]<br /> * [[Engineering education in India]]<br /> * [[List of Indian inventions]]<br /> * [[Information technology in India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Humanities and Social Sciences {{!}} IIT Indore |url=https://hss.iiti.ac.in/main/research_area |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=hss.iiti.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * [http://cscs.res.in/dataarchive/textfiles/social-epistemology-of--science-and-society-.pdf Dhruv Raina, Purabi Pattanayak, Vungliankim Valte. A Study in the Social-epistemology of &quot;Science and Society&quot; Education at Indian Universities and Technical Institutes. Zakir Husain Center for Educational Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 18.12.2009.]<br /> * [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.280.5360.42 Shiv Visvanathan: A Celebration of Difference: Science and Democracy in India]<br /> * [http://el.doccentre.info/eldoc1/KICS/01jan05fs1.PDF Shiv Visvanathan: The Future of Science Studies]<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://stswiki.org/index.php?title=Main_Page STS Wiki Project]<br /> * [http://www.sagepub.in/journals/Journal200804 ''Science, Technology and Society Journal'']<br /> * [http://www.iscos.org/ijsc.htm ''Indian Journal of Science Communication'']<br /> * [http://insaindia.org/journals/ijhs.php ''Indian Journal of History of Science'']<br /> * [http://www.kicsforum.net/ Knowledge in Civil Society forum]<br /> * [http://www.physics.nyu.edu/sokal/pseudoscience_rev.pdf A critique of postcolonial science studies] by [[Alan Sokal]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Science and technology in India]]<br /> [[Category:Science education in India]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayothi&diff=488537 2026-04-27T18:04:05Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: started new data - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Ayothi Poster.jpeg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = R. Manthira Moorthy<br /> | writer = R. Manthira Moorthy<br /> | producer = R. Ravindran<br /> | starring = [[M. Sasikumar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Preethi Asrani]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]]&lt;br /&gt;Anju Asrani&lt;br /&gt;Master Advaith Vinod<br /> | cinematography = Madhesh Manickam<br /> | editing = San Lokesh<br /> | music = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]<br /> | studio = [[Trident Arts]]<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|03|03}}<br /> | runtime = 121 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil&lt;br&gt;Hindi<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Ayothi''''' ({{translation|[[Ayodhya]])}} is a 2023 Indian [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by newcomer R. Manthira Moorthy, starring [[M. Sasikumar]], [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]], [[Preethi Asrani]], [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]], Anju Asrani and Master Advaith Vinod in the lead roles. The music was composed by [[N. R. Raghunanthan]] with cinematography by Madhesh Manickam and editing by San Lokesh. The film, primarily in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], contains significant [[Hindi]] dialogue. It was released on 3 March 2023.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Balram is an orthodox man living in Uttar Pradesh with his wife Janki, daughter Shivani, and son Sonu. In November 2021, he plans a pilgrimage to [[Rameswaram]], [[Tamil Nadu]] along with his family. Their train arrives at [[Madurai Junction railway station]] (in Tamil Nadu) on the eve of [[Diwali]], and they hire a cab for Rameswaram.<br /> <br /> On their way, Balram picks up a fight with the cab driver Kanagu, leading to a crash. As a result, Janki is heavily injured and admitted to a hospital's [[Intensive care unit|ICU]]. She immediately requires to be shifted to [[Government Rajaji Hospital]] (GRH), [[Madurai]] to ensure survival. Balram and his children are helpless as they can't understand [[Tamil language]]. A friend of Kanagu witnesses their helplessness and decides to help. He drives the ambulance to GRH, but Janki passes away en route. Being orthodox, Balram opposes a [[post-mortem]] on his wife, and insists that the family be dropped off at the [[Madurai Airport]] so that they may [[airlift]] Janki's body back to Ayodhya.<br /> <br /> After reaching the airport, Kanagu's friend is stopped by the airport authorities and the police, while the latter takes them to a police station in Perungudi (in Madurai) for an inquiry into the death of Janki. They are proven innocent and are taken to the mortuary for the post-mortem. Kanagu's friend leaves the family, but immediately returns after being moved by the helpless children. He gathers money for the flight and is able to book a ticket for Shivani. He also manages to get the [[embalming]] done, despite protests from Balram. Balram is rebuked by Shivani for his attitude towards his wife when she was alive, and his hypocrisy for hoping for her to reach heaven by interfering with all the legal procedures required to reach home. Balram has a change of mind, and for the first time mourns his wife's death.<br /> <br /> All the tickets for the flight to Lucknow have been booked and Shivani has no choice but to reach Ayodhya alone along with the remains of her mother. Kanagu's friend explains the situation to the passengers and requests that any two of them withdraw their tickets. An elderly couple yield to the request, allowing Sonu and Balram to board the flight.<br /> <br /> At last, it is revealed that Kanagu's friend was Abdul Malik. Balram lets go of his intolerance and hatred and thanks Abdul Malik for his timely help. He and his children then board the flight and leave.<br /> <br /> A few months later, Abdul Malik helps a stranger back in Rameswaram perform the last rites of her mother.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] as Abdul Malik<br /> * [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Balaram<br /> * [[Preethi Asrani]] as Shivani<br /> * [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]] as Pandi<br /> * Anju Asrani as Janki<br /> * Master Advaith Vinod as Sonu<br /> * [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]] as the terminal manager<br /> * [[Pondy Ravi]] as a cargo manager<br /> * [[Bose Venkat]] as Chithirai Pandian<br /> * [[Kalloori Vinoth]] as Durai<br /> * [[Thaman Kumar]] as Kanagu<br /> * Sai Ramani as a Paramedic<br /> * Mathichiyam Bala as a petty thief <br /> * Uriyadi Suruli as Security guard}}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> Manthira Moorthy made his directorial debut with the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2021-11-22 |title=Director Mandhira Moorthy's film with Sasikumar titled 'Ayodhi' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/tamil_cinema/director-mandhira-moorthys-film-sasikumar-titled-ayodhi-1503026112.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304193655/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/tamil_cinema/director-mandhira-moorthys-film-sasikumar-titled-ayodhi-1503026112.html |archive-date=2023-03-04 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 November 2021 |title=Actor Sasikumar's next film titled Ayodhi |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2021/nov/23/actor-sasikumars-next-film-titled-ayodhi-37242.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304193653/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2021/nov/23/actor-sasikumars-next-film-titled-ayodhi-37242.html |archive-date=2023-03-04 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's title was announced on 22 November 2021, and the shooting started on the same date.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 November 2021 |title=Sasikumar's next titled Ayodhi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/nov/22/sasikumars-next-titled-ayodhi-27985.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304193651/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/nov/22/sasikumars-next-titled-ayodhi-27985.html |archive-date=2023-03-04 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Ayothi <br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 2023<br /> | recorded = <br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 16:35<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | label = [[Saregama|Saregama Tamil]]<br /> | producer = <br /> | chronology = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Om Vellimalai]]<br /> | prev_year = 2023<br /> | next_title = [[Azhagiya Kanne (2023 film)|Azhagiya Kanne]]<br /> | next_year = 2023<br /> | misc = {{external media<br /> | audio1 = {{YouTube|NnhksbTJQSI|Ayothi – Jukebox}}}}<br /> }}<br /> The music of the film is composed by [[N. R. Raghunanthan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ayothi - Playlist - Listen on JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/featured/ayothi/YGBvLGKMg2yTQcXlxedPDQ__ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305184536/https://www.jiosaavn.com/featured/ayothi/YGBvLGKMg2yTQcXlxedPDQ__ |archive-date=2023-03-05 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=JioSaavn |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Thiruttu Payale<br /> | length1 = 3:23<br /> | lyrics1 = La Varadhan<br /> | extra1 = Mathichiyam Bala<br /> | title2 = Kaatrodu Pattam Pola<br /> | length2 = 5:04<br /> | lyrics2 = Sarathi<br /> | extra2 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]<br /> | title3 = Sethupathi Naattukulle<br /> | length3 = 3:51<br /> | lyrics3 = Sarathi<br /> | extra3 = Mathichiyam Bala<br /> | title4 = Araro Ariraaro<br /> | length4 = 2:12<br /> | lyrics4 = Sarathi<br /> | extra4 = [[Sai Vignesh]]<br /> | title5 = Chalthi Hai<br /> | length5 = 2:05<br /> | lyrics5 = Yeshwant Tyagi<br /> | extra5 = Pratap Bhattarai <br /> | total_length = 16:35<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> === Theatrical ===<br /> The film was released in theatres on 3 March 2023. The makers unveiled the trailer of the film on the occasion of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] on 15 January 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 January 2023 |title=Ayothi Trailer: Sasikumar promises a gripping film dealing with pertinent issues |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/15/ayothi-trailer-sasikumar-promises-a-gripping-film-dealing-with-pertinent-issues-38788.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406115115/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/15/ayothi-trailer-sasikumar-promises-a-gripping-film-dealing-with-pertinent-issues-38788.html |archive-date=2023-04-06 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Home media ===<br /> The post-theatrical streaming rights of the film were bought by [[ZEE5]]. The film digitally premiered on ZEE5 on 7 April 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-04-06 |title=ZEE5 to stream new Tamil film 'Ayothi' |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/zee5-to-stream-tamil-film-ayothi-on-7-april-contributing-to-10-25-of-overall-viewership-for-south-indian-movies-on-ott-platforms-11680760061944.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406120309/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/zee5-to-stream-tamil-film-ayothi-on-7-april-contributing-to-10-25-of-overall-viewership-for-south-indian-movies-on-ott-platforms-11680760061944.html |archive-date=2023-04-06 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> The film was released on 3 March 2023 across Tamil Nadu. Logesh Ramachandran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' who gave 3.5 stars out of 5 stars after reviewing the film stated that, &quot;Ayothi is a movie that constantly emphasises love over religion, and it's worth watching&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ayothi Movie Review : Ayothi, a heartfelt film that navigates deep human emotions with powerful writing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ayothi/movie-review/98370764.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304193651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ayothi/movie-review/98370764.cms |archive-date=2023-03-04 |access-date=2023-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' mentioned &quot;He has skillfully worked among the characters. Although there are logical violations in the film, they do not seem to be major.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2023-03-04 |title=Ayothi |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/ayothi-25212 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304193656/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/ayothi-25212 |archive-date=2023-03-04 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chandhini R of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote &quot;This Sasikumar-starrer is full of heart and yet, marred by melodrama&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 March 2023 |title=Ayothi Movie Review: This Sasikumar-starrer is full of heart and yet, marred by melodrama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/mar/03/ayothi-movie-review-this-sasikumar-starrer-has-a-big-heart-but-is-bogged-down-by-melodrama-40607.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304185645/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/mar/03/ayothi-movie-review-this-sasikumar-starrer-has-a-big-heart-but-is-bogged-down-by-melodrama-40607.html |archive-date=2023-03-04 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that &quot;''Ayothi'' points out the cracks in the walls of such constructs that are crumbling under the weight of their own ideologies, and in due course, asks the all-important question.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2023-04-19 |title=Sasikumar takes the back seat in 'Ayothi' and lets humanity save the day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sasikumar-takes-the-back-seat-in-ayothi-and-lets-humanity-save-the-day/article66756364.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419155158/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sasikumar-takes-the-back-seat-in-ayothi-and-lets-humanity-save-the-day/article66756364.ece |archive-date=2023-04-19 |access-date=2023-04-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> *{{IMDb title|id=tt16211122}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by N. R. Raghunanthan]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Madurai]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in 2021]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in 2022]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boss:_Born_to_Rule&diff=492249 2026-04-25T19:18:14Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Boss: Born to Rule<br /> | image = Boss (2013 Bengali film) poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Baba Yadav]]<br /> | producer = [[Reliance Entertainment]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Grassroot Entertainment]]<br /> | screenplay = [[N. K. Salil]]<br /> | story = [[Puri Jagannadh]]<br /> | starring = [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Subhashree Ganguly]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rajatava Dutta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Biswanath Basu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Biswajit Chakraborty]]<br /> | music = '''Songs:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Jeet Gannguli]]&lt;br/&gt;'''Background score:'''&lt;br /&gt;Jeet Gannguli&lt;br /&gt;[[S. P. Venkatesh]]<br /> | cinematography = P. Selva Kumar<br /> | editing = MD. Kalam<br /> | studio = [[Reliance Entertainment]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Grassroot Entertainment]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jalsha Movies Production]]<br /> | distributor = Reliance Entertainment&lt;br /&gt;Grassroot Entertainment<br /> | released = {{Film date|2013|08|09|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 140 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Boss: Born to Rule''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Gangster film|gangster]] [[action thriller film|action-thriller]] film directed by [[Baba Yadav]] in his directorial debut.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130723/jsp/t2/story_17144794.jsp#.VS42NNKeDGc|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150415100209/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130723/jsp/t2/story_17144794.jsp%23.VS42NNKeDGc|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2015|title=Baba Yadav is excited &amp; confident about Boss|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|accessdate=23 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Produced by [[Reliance Entertainment]] in association with [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] under the banner of [[Grassroot Entertainment]] and distributed by [[Jalsha Movies Production]], it stars Jeet in the [[Title character|titular role]], alongside [[Subhashree Ganguly]], [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Rajatava Dutta]], [[Supriyo Dutta]] and [[Biswanath Basu]] in lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Jeet-or-Subhashree-Who-is-the-Boss/articleshow/21186167.cms|title=Jeet or Subhashree: Who is the Boss?|last=Ganguly|first=Ruman|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 July 2013|access-date=26 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226051146/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Jeet-or-Subhashree-Who-is-the-Boss/articleshow/21186167.cms|archive-date=26 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeet-likely-to-team-up-with-baba-yadav-for-boss-3/articleshow/100813041.cms|title=Jeet likely to team up with Baba Yadav for 'Boss 3'|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-01-11 |title=Subhashree and Jeet make a hit pair |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/subhashree-and-jeet-make-a-hit-pair/articleshow/20929024.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828153112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/subhashree-and-jeet-make-a-hit-pair/articleshow/20929024.cms |archive-date=2025-08-28 |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Made on a budget of ₹67.5 million (US$810,000), the film was predominantly shot in [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Goa]]; with some foreign locations including [[Bangkok]], [[Italy]] and [[Turkey]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-01-11 |title=Jeet-Subhashree shoot in Italy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeet-subhashree-shoot-in-italy/articleshow/19878327.cms |access-date=2024-10-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The soundtrack of the film is composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]], with lyrics penned by Chandrani Gannguli, Prosen and Meghnad, while [[S. P. Venkatesh]] provides its score. The film had cinematography handled by P. Selva Kumar, editing by MD Kalam, action sequences designed by [[Rocky Rajesh]] and dance choreographed by Yadav himself.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Boss box office report |url=http://www.boxofficekolkata.in/p/blog-page_3670.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323203103/http://www.boxofficekolkata.in/p/blog-page_3670.html |archivedate=23 March 2014 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Boss'' was theatrically released on 9 August 2013, coinciding with [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]]. Upon release, it received positive reviews from both the critics and audiences who praised the performance by Jeet, script and dialogues by Salil, songs by Gannguli and the action sequences. It was declared a blockbuster at the box-office and ran for over more than 250 days in theatres. It was [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2013|one of the highest grossing Bengali films of 2013]].<br /> <br /> The signature dialogue of Jeet in the film, &quot;''Be the King of your own Kingdom''&quot; became very famous amongst the masses and the songs composed by Gannguli were chartbusters upon its release, specifically &quot;''Made in Kolkata''&quot; sung by Gannguli himself and &quot;''Mon Majhi Re''&quot; sung by [[Arijit Singh]]. A sequel titled, ''[[Boss 2 (2017 film)|Boss 2: Back To Rule]]'' was released on 23 June 2017.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> At a time when [[Greater Mumbai Police|Mumbai Police]] headed by [[Police Commissioner]] Binayak Roy announce that the much dreaded [[Mafia Raj]] is completely wiped out in the city and there are no more crime lords in [[Mumbai]], a rookie named Surya lands in the country's commercial capital with an intention to become a [[Mafia]] [[Crime boss|Don]]. His friend Shibu receives him and brings him to [[Dharavi]]. He offers him shelter and tells him that he would soon fetch him a job so that he can settle down in life. But Surya wants to carve an identity for himself, by reorganizing [[Mumbai]]'s Mafia Raj and eventually rule [[Mumbai]]. He then mocks as a cop and gets his first bounty, and then he forms a gang of his own. Surya meets up with a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Gopinath Shivalkar alias &quot;Gopi Sahib&quot;, who is in trouble and offers him help. Surya begins recruiting criminals and gangsters in [[Mumbai]] and starts to extort people for money. Surya further helps the Dharavi locals to clear their debts by making his henchmen rob the original copies of the loan documents in the local branch of Bank of Maharashtra and destroy the bank records. While the locals hail him as their saviour, Surya slowly gains momentum and gets feared for [[extortion]].<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, Surya also knowingly tries to get romantically involved with a [[Model (person)|model]] named Rusha, Police Commissioner Binayak's daughter, in order to safeguard himself from Binayak. In the process, he actually falls for the girl and tries for her acceptance. One day, Surya learns that [[Central government|Central Minister]] Rajshekhar Sinha, who aspires to be the next [[Prime Minister|PM]], has sent some assassins to kill him. Surya tricks the men into believing that he is a guide sent to help them where he plants bombs in their food that explodes, resulting in a shootout. While escaping, Surya sees Rusha, who has now learned of his true nature. When arrested, Surya accepts that he trapped her, but now he truly loves her. In the meantime, Surya gets surrounded by police and Binayak arrests him. However, Binayak is forced to free Surya after his henchmen kidnap Rusha. Surya promises to give up crime in order to live with Rusha, but he decides to set up a business which is untouchable by the police, after his proposal is turned down.<br /> <br /> In the course of the film, Surya's friendship with Gopi gets stronger, and so does his political connections. Surya sets up a company named ''Surya Exports &amp; Imports'', as a front for his [[vigilante]] acts. Surya reveals his plan to grow his network of organized crime all over India. In order to set up branch offices all over the country, Surya recruits local gangsters for staff and begins to forcibly extract a 2% tax on every contract made in the respective areas. Eventually, he becomes a billionaire, and during the inauguration of his ''Business Bank'', reveals his thirst for power, but not money, to Binayak, further citing the decline in crime rate significantly after recruiting the gangsters, and expressing his desire to help the needy. He also claims that he believes in war but not morality stating that he wants to rid India of crime.<br /> <br /> Eventually, Surya also helps Gopi to become the [[Mayor]] of Mumbai by defeating Arun Gokhle, who is backed up by Rajshekhar. Foremostly, Arun Ghokle goes against Rajshekhar and talks to the police about Rajshekhar's illegal activities and scams. Thereafter he gets endorsed and later killed by Rajshekhar, under the police custody. Learning that Rajshekhar is planning to get both Binayak and Rusha killed, Surya rushes to their house but fails to save Binayak, who tells him to kill Rajshekhar in his final moments. Surya then reveals to Rusha that he was an American-born Indian whose philanthropist parents were cheated and killed by Rajshekhar. As a child, Surya tried to enlist the help of the police but finding none, and he ended up stabbing and shooting Jaidev publicly. The violent murder of his parents, who were the victims of [[political corruption]], haunted him and the attitude of people towards an orphan while growing up made him hate the society.<br /> <br /> In his pursuit of power and achieving his goal of getting India rid of the crime, he shifts his attention towards the upcoming Indian parliament elections. Surya meets Ravikanth Sahay, the head of the opposition party through Gopi, and offers him 350 billion (US$5.5 billion) for election campaigning along with the promise to make him the next [[Prime Minister|PM]] of India. Surya spends crores of rupees per constituency in the nation and also reveals Rajshekhar's illegal affairs, making him unable to contest in the elections.<br /> <br /> A disoriented Rajshekhar kidnaps Rusha and Surya arrives to rescue her. In anger towards Surya, Rajshekhar reveals that he has been disqualified from the election in spite of having a lot of power and gaining public sympathy, due to Surya's tactics. However, Surya gets into a fight with Jaidev's henchmen and leaves them all dead, except one who holds Rusha at knifepoint. Rajshekhar agrees to free Rusha instead of Surya's death. Surya shoots himself before shooting both Rajshekhar and the henchman to death. Rusha accepts her love for Surya, and Binayak, who has come round, agrees with them. Besides, Surya also succeeds installing both Gopi as the CM of Mumbai and Ravikant as the PM of India.<br /> <br /> While recovering in the hospital, Surya delivers a message to the public, citing that there is no importance of a life that have no target; and also forbidding to leave a single place of one to anyone. The film ends with Surya's motivational dialogue, &quot;''Be the King of your own Kingdom''.&quot;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] as Surya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/boss-has-the-blessings-of-amitabh-bachchan-bengali-superstar-jeet/412241-8-73.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811164236/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/boss-has-the-blessings-of-amitabh-bachchan-bengali-superstar-jeet/412241-8-73.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2013|title='Boss has the blessings of Amitabh Bachchan': Bengali superstar Jeet said|publisher=IBN Live|accessdate=6 Aug 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Subhashree Ganguly]] as Rusha Roy<br /> * [[Chiranjeet]] as [[Police Commissioner]] Vinayak Roy, who wants to remove the underworld syndicate from Mumbai<br /> * [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Rajsekhar Sinha, who tends to be the Prime Minister of India<br /> * Supriyo Dutta as Chief Minister Gopinath Shivalkar<br /> * [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Mumbai Mayor Arun Gokhle<br /> * [[Biswanath Basu]] as Shibcharan Chowdhury&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/news/bengali-actor-biswanath-promotes-boss-news-entertainment-nhmqLAejeefsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609231037/http://www.sify.com/news/bengali-actor-biswanath-promotes-boss-news-entertainment-nhmqLAejeefsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 June 2017|title=Bengali actor Biswanath promotes 'Boss'|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=12 Jul 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Sanju Mandal as Kaalia<br /> * [[Joy Badlani]] as Shailendra Singh<br /> * Bhashkar Dev as Inspector Bharath Patnaik<br /> * Somnath Kar as Shakib<br /> * Yusuf Chishti as the rich spoilt kid<br /> * Debomoy Mukherjee as Keshav<br /> * Pradip Dhar as Tukaram Apte<br /> * Arindol Bagchi as Local Inspector<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Boss: Born to Rule<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt =<br /> | released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|7|13}}<br /> | recorded = 2013<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | language = Bengali <br /> | label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br /> | producer = Mahesh Ramanathan, Jeet<br /> | prev_title = [[Rocky (2013 film)|Rocky]]<br /> | prev_year = 2013<br /> | next_title = [[Rangbaaz (2013 film)|Rangbaaz]]<br /> | next_year = 2013<br /> | misc = {{Singles<br /> | name = Boss: Born to Rule<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | single1 = Boss (Title Track)<br /> | single1date = 15 Jun 2013<br /> | single2 = Mon Majhi Re<br /> | single2date = 27 Jun 2013<br /> | single3 = Jhinkunakur Na<br /> | single3date = 11 Jul 2013<br /> | single4 = Eeche Joto<br /> | single4date = 19 Jul 2013<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Arijit Singh]] won Best Playback Singer (Male) at the [[Filmfare Awards East]] for the song &quot;Mon Majhi Re&quot;, which had an overwhelming response from all over Bengal. The soundtrack was released on 13 July 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Boss by Jeet Gannguli|date=2013-07-23|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/bengali/Boss-2013/28UvmCPEH3g_|accessdate=2017-06-26|archive-date=26 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126172226/http://www.saavn.com/s/album/bengali/Boss-2013/28UvmCPEH3g_|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song ''Mon Majhi Re'' was later remade in Hindi for the film [[Singham Returns]] by Gannguli as 'Sun Le Zara', sung by Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lawrence |first=Ria |date=2014-08-29 |title=Jeet Gannguli: Music has no barriers of region or language |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/jeet-gannguli-music-has-no-barriers-of-region-or-language/articleshow/41093971.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828141454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/jeet-gannguli-music-has-no-barriers-of-region-or-language/articleshow/41093971.cms |archive-date=2025-08-28 |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=&quot;The brief was that it is a prayer song at a dargah and he wanted something with a Sufi vibe to it. He then took me to Ajay Devgn, who also loved the song, and I decided to record it&quot;, says Jeet Gannguli}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The music of the film has been composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]]. The lyrics have been penned by Meghnad, Prasen and [[Chandrani Gannguli]].<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | all_writing = <br /> | collapsed = <br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Artist(s)<br /> | title1 = Boss (Title Track)<br /> | lyrics1 = Meghnad<br /> | length1 = 3:33<br /> | extra1 = Jeet Gannguli<br /> | title2 = Jhinkunakur Na<br /> | lyrics2 = Meghnad<br /> | length2 = 3:40<br /> | extra2 = Rana Mazumdar and [[Akriti Kakkar]]<br /> | title3 = Mon Majhi Re<br /> | lyrics3 = Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)<br /> | length3 = 5:09<br /> | extra3 = [[Arijit Singh]]<br /> | title4 = Eeche Joto<br /> | lyrics4 = Chandrani Gannguli<br /> | length4 = 3:43<br /> | extra4 = Arijit Singh, [[Monali Thakur]]<br /> | title5 = Boss Mashup<br /> | lyrics5 = <br /> | length5 = 3:50<br /> | extra5 = <br /> | total_length = 19:55<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> <br /> === Critical response ===<br /> The film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics.<br /> Jaya Biswas of ''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewed &quot;Jeet looks slim and fit. He can dance, fight and emote as well. His performance — as a shrewd and confident guy, who couldn't care less about scruples in life — is worthy of mention. Though Subhashree adds to the glamour quotient, she disappoints in the acting department. She looks fabulous in smart off-shoulder tops but her chemistry with Jeet is non-existent. Our hero's one-liner seems quite pertinent here: &quot;Raja thakle tar rani ke toh thakte i hobe&quot;. Veteran actor Chiranjeet is effective as the police commissioner. Rajatava, Supriyo and Biswajit do their bit as crooked politicians — nothing we haven't seen before. But a dull storyline and a weak script ruin the show. Too many characters create confusion. The songs fail to impress and the lyrics are not up to the mark. But cut out the nitpicking and nothing should stop Jeet fans from joining their favourite star in action.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Boss/movie-review/21746174.cms|title=Boss review|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=11 Aug 2013|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221012635/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Boss/movie-review/21746174.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Box office ==<br /> ''Boss: Born to Rule'' was Jeet's first film to get an all-India release. ''Boss'' garnered {{INRConvert|72.6|l|year=2013}} on the opening day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Jeet does an SRK in Tolly |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/jeet-does-an-srk-in-tolly/cid/1287773 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=13 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; It collected {{INRConvert|1.86|l|year=2013}} in its first weekend.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://cinemanewsonline.in/bengali/jeet-boss-box-office-collection-record-69/|title=Boss Box office office report|publisher=Cinema News Online|accessdate=24 Aug 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827063249/http://cinemanewsonline.in/bengali/jeet-boss-box-office-collection-record-69/|archive-date=27 August 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film grossed {{INRConvert|6.75|c|year=2013}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131222/jsp/t2/story_17707107.jsp#.VPLl03yUcl9|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150301172504/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131222/jsp/t2/story_17707107.jsp%23.VPLl03yUcl9|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2015|title=5 films that rocked the box office this year|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=22 Dec 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Ceremony<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Nominee<br /> ! Result<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|Kalakar Awards<br /> | Best Debut Director<br /> | Baba Yadav<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Movie Award<br /> | ''Boss''<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Most Promising Actress<br /> | [[Subhashree Ganguly]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Music Director<br /> | [[Jeet Gannguli]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[1st Filmfare Awards East|Filmfare Awards East]]<br /> | Filmfare Award for Best Actor (male)<br /> | [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Music Director<br /> |[[Jeet Gannguli]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Male Playback<br /> | [[Arijit Singh]] for the song &quot;Mon Majhi Re&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Choreography<br /> | Baba Yadav<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Mirchi Music Awards Bangla<br /> | Male Vocalist of the Year<br /> | [[Arijit Singh]] for the song &quot;Mon Majhi Re&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Music Director of the Year<br /> | ''[[Jeet Gannguli]]'' for the song &quot;Mon Majhi Re&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Album of the Year<br /> | ''Boss''<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Sequel ==<br /> {{main|Boss 2: Back to Rule}}<br /> <br /> Following up on the success of ''Boss'', it was announced in September 2013, that the team of [[Jeet Gannguli|Jeet]] and Baba Yadav have decided to create a &quot;Part II&quot; sequel film with plans for distribution abroad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times of India 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=staff|title=Jeet and Subhashree pair up for Boss sequel|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/news-interviews/Jeet-and-Subhashree-pair-up-for-Boss-sequel/movie-review/22544220.cms|accessdate=30 September 2013|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=13 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The sequel is titled ''[[Boss 2: Back to Rule|Boss 2: Back To Rule]]'' and retains many of the same cast and crew of the original film. Unlike the first film, which was a remake of another film, ''Boss 2'' is an original film. The sequel is also an [[Cinema of West Bengal|Indo]]-[[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] [[Indo-Bangla joint production|joint venture]], being co-produced by Bangladesh's [[Jaaz Multimedia]]. The shooting of the film was started from January 2017, and the film was released on 23 June in Bangladesh and in July in India.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20130721014609/http://www.thebossmovie.in:80/}}<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt3667436}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Boss 2013 Bengali Film}}<br /> [[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 crime action films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 masala films]]<br /> [[Category:2010s political action films]]<br /> [[Category:2010s political drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2010s political thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2010s vigilante films]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language crime action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language crime drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language political action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]<br /> [[Category:Films about criminals]]<br /> [[Category:Films about corruption in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about extortion]]<br /> [[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Baba Yadav]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by S. P. Venkatesh]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Italy]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Turkey]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime action films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br /> [[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian political action films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian political drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian political thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian vigilante films]]<br /> [[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by N. K. Salil]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manindra_Mohan_Shrivastava&diff=516007 2026-04-24T19:06:16Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: Put up new article needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|46th Chief Justice of Madras High Court}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Manindra Mohan Shrivastava<br /> | office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|46th Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]]<br /> | nominator = [[B. R. Gavai]]<br /> | appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br /> | term_start = 21 July 2025<br /> | term_end = 5 March 2026<br /> | predecessor = [[Kalpathi Rajendran Shriram|K. R. Shriram]]<br /> | office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|42nd Chief Justice]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]]<br /> | term_start1 = 6 February 2024<br /> | term_end1 = 20 July 2025&lt;br&gt;{{small|Acting CJ : 9 November 2023 - 5 February 2024}}<br /> | appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br /> | nominator1 = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Augustine George Masih|A. G. Masih]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Kalpathi Rajendran Shriram|K. R. Shriram]]<br /> | office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]]<br /> | term_start2 = 18 October 2021<br /> | term_end2 = 5 February 2024<br /> | nominator2 = [[N. V. Ramana]]<br /> | appointer2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br /> | status3 = Acting Chief Justice<br /> | term_start3 = 6 February 2023<br /> | term_end3 = 29 May 2023<br /> | appointer3 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br /> | predecessor3 = [[Pankaj Mithal]]<br /> | successor3 = [[Augustine George Masih|A. G. Masih]]<br /> | term_start4 = 2 August 2022<br /> | term_end4 = 13 October 2022<br /> | appointer4 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br /> | predecessor4 = [[Sambhaji Shiwaji Shinde|S. S. Shinde]]<br /> | successor4 = [[Pankaj Mithal]]<br /> | term_start5 = 7 March 2022<br /> | term_end5 = 20 June 2022<br /> | appointer5 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br /> | predecessor5 = [[Akil Kureshi]]<br /> | successor5 = [[Sambhaji Shiwaji Shinde|S. S. Shinde]]<br /> | office8 = [[Judge]] of [[Chhattisgarh High Court]]<br /> | term_start8 = 10 December 2009<br /> | term_end8 = 17 October 2021<br /> | appointer8 = [[Pratibha Patil]]<br /> | nominator8 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]<br /> | honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|3|6|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]]<br /> | alma_mater = K R Law College, Bilaspur, CMD College, Bilaspur<br /> | education = [[B.Sc]] and [[LL.B]]<br /> | successor = [[S. A. Dharmadhikari]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Manindra Mohan Shrivastava''' (born 6 March 1964) is a retired Indian judge who served as Chief Justice of [[Madras High Court|Madras]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Court |first=Madras High |title=Madras High Court |url=https://hcmadras.tn.gov.in/present_judges.php |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250428092245/https://hcmadras.tn.gov.in/present_judges.php |archive-date=2025-04-28 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=hcmadras.tn.gov.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Rajasthan High Court]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan High Court |url=https://hcraj.nic.in/hcraj/formercj.php |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=hcraj.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has previously served as judge and as [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of the [[Rajasthan High Court]] four times before being elevated as Chief Justice in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-12-30 |title=Former Chhattisgarh high court judge appointed chief justice of Rajasthan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/former-chhattisgarh-high-court-judge-appointed-chief-justice-of-rajasthan/articleshow/106407354.cms |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also a former [[Judge]] of the [[Chhattisgarh High Court]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=High Court of Chhattisgarh |url=https://highcourt.cg.gov.in/judges/former_judges.php |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=highcourt.cg.gov.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and career ==<br /> Justice Shrivastava was born on 6 March 1964 in [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]]. He completed his graduation in [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]] from CMD college, Bilaspur and [[LL. B.]] from K. R. Law College at Bilaspur. He enrolled with [[Bar Council of Madhya Pradesh]] on 5 October 1987 and started practicing in district courts and High Court. He was designated as [[Senior counsel#India|Senior advocate]] on 31 January 2005.<br /> <br /> He was elevated as additional judge of [[Chhattisgarh High Court]] on 10 December 2009 and became permanent on 8 March 2016. He was transferred to [[Rajasthan High Court]] on 18 October 2021 where he served as acting chief justice four times in 2022&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 March 2022 |title=Justice Manindra Mohan Shrivastava new acting CJ of Rajasthan HC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/justice-manindra-mohan-shrivastava-sworn-in-new-acting-cj-of-rajasthan-hc/articleshow/90023826.cms |access-date=6 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ratna |date=2022-07-29 |title=Central government notifies appointment of Justice Manindra Mohan Shrivastava as Acting Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/central-government-appointment-justice-manindra-mohan-shrivastava-acting-chief-justice-rajasthan-high-court |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 2023&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Central government notifies new Acting Chief Justices for High Courts of Rajasthan, Patna and Manipur |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/central-government-notifies-acting-chief-justices-for-high-courts-of-rajasthan-patna-manipur |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |date= 4 February 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar &amp; |date=2023-11-09 |title=Justice MM Shrivastava appointed Acting Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/justice-mm-shrivastava-appointed-acting-chief-justice-rajasthan-high-court |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; before being elevated as permanent chief justice on 6 February 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritu |date=2024-03-19 |title=Know Thy Judge {{!}} Justice Manindra Mohan Shrivastava, the 42nd Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/03/19/know-thy-judge-justice-manindra-mohan-shrivastava-42nd-chief-justice-of-rajasthan-high-court-legal-research-news/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 26 May 2025, the Supreme Court collegium recommended swap between chief justices of Rajasthan High Court and Madras High Court and subsequently he was transferred to Madras High Court&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-07-15 |title=Major reshuffle in HCs: Raj and Madras CJs swap posts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/major-reshuffle-in-hcs-raj-and-madras-cjs-swap-posts/articleshow/122460331.cms |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Judicial Transfers India: SC Collegium recommends transfer of 4 Chief Justices |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sc-collegium-recommends-transfer-of-4-chief-justices-of-high-courts-3560405 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was sworn in as chief justice of [[Madras High Court]] on 21 July 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sajeev |first=Upasana |date=2025-07-21 |title=Justice Manindra Mohan Shrivastava Sworn In As Chief Justice Of Madras High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/madras-high-court/madras-high-court-justice-manindra-mohan-shrivastava-chief-justice-sworn-in-298293 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-07-21 |title=Justice Manindra Mohan Shrivastava to be sworn-in as Madras High Court Chief Justice on July 21 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/justice-manindra-mohan-shrivastava-swear-in-madras-high-court-chief-justice/article69834162.ece |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; He retired as chief justice of Madras High Court on 5 March 2026 on attaining age of superannuation i.e. 62 years.<br /> <br /> On 12 August 2025 [[Om Birla]], [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] constituted 3 member committee consisting Justice Shrivastava, Supreme Court judge [[Aravind Kumar]] and senior advocate [[B.V. Acharya]] to inquire into the allegations against Justice [[Yashwant Varma]] as part of impeachment proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-08-12 |title=SC judge, Madras HC chief justice, and 93-yr-old advocate who prosecuted Jaya to probe Justice Varma |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/sc-judge-mp-hc-chief-justice-and-93-yr-old-advocate-who-prosecuted-jaya-to-probe-justice-varma-10184672/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shrivastava, Manindra Mohan}}<br /> [[Category:1964 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Chief justices of the Rajasthan High Court]]<br /> <br /> {{India-law-bio-stub}}</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narasaraopet_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=520483 2026-04-24T02:51:52Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: Put up initial biography first draft...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | name = Narasaraopet &lt;Br&gt;{{Small|AP-14}}<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Narasaraopet.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency<br /> | state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | UnionTerritory = <br /> | established = 1952<br /> | assembly_cons = [[Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency|Pedakurapadu]]&lt;br&gt;[[Chilakaluripet Assembly constituency|Chilakaluripet]]&lt;br&gt;[[Narasaraopet Assembly constituency|Narasaraopet]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sattenapalle Assembly constituency|Sattenapalle]]&lt;br&gt;[[Vinukonda Assembly constituency|Vinukonda]]&lt;br&gt;[[Gurazala Assembly constituency|Gurazala]]&lt;br&gt;[[Macherla Assembly constituency|Macherla]]<br /> | electors = 15,14,861<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = <br /> | mp = [[Lavu Sri Krishna Devarayalu]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | preceded_by = [[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It comprises seven assembly segments and belongs to [[Palnadu district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=31 |format=PDF |date=17 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> <br /> Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:&lt;ref name=loksabha&gt;{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 Parliamentary Constituencies |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> ! width=&quot;50px&quot; style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot; |Constituency number<br /> ! width=&quot;200px&quot; |Name<br /> ! width=&quot;150px&quot; |District<br /> ! width=&quot;150px&quot; |Name<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |85<br /> |[[Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency|Pedakurapadu]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|[[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]<br /> |[[Bhashyam Praveen]]<br /> |{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}} <br /> |rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]<br /> |{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}} <br /> |rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]<br /> |-<br /> |96<br /> |[[Chilakaluripet Assembly constituency|Chilakaluripet]]<br /> |[[Prathipati Pulla Rao]]<br /> |-<br /> |97<br /> |[[Narasaraopet Assembly constituency|Narasaraopet]]<br /> |[[Chadalavada Aravinda Babu]]<br /> |-<br /> |98<br /> |[[Sattenapalle Assembly constituency|Sattenapalle]]<br /> |[[Kanna Lakshminarayana]]<br /> |-<br /> |99<br /> |[[Vinukonda Assembly constituency|Vinukonda]]<br /> |[[G. V. Anjaneyulu]]<br /> |-<br /> |100<br /> |[[Gurazala Assembly constituency|Gurazala]]<br /> |[[Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao]]<br /> |-<br /> |101<br /> |[[Macherla Assembly constituency|Macherla]]<br /> |[[Julakanti Brahmananda Reddy]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''''Source''': Assembly segments of Parliamentary constituencies''&lt;ref name=loksabha /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of Parliament==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br /> |C. Ramaiah Chowdary<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}} <br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> |rowspan= 2 |[[Maddi Sudarsanam]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> |rowspan= 2 |[[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> |Katuri Narayana Swamy<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> |rowspan= 2 |[[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |Kota Saidaiah<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |[[Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |[[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |[[Modugula Venugopala Reddy]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> |[[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |rowspan= 2 |[[Lavu Sri Krishna Devarayalu]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===General Election 1989===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: Narasaraopet}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = [[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]]<br /> | votes = 402,289<br /> | percentage = 53.26<br /> | change = +5.80<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | candidate = Pidatala Ranga Reddy<br /> | votes = 336,583<br /> | percentage = 44.56<br /> | change = -5.31<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 65,706<br /> | percentage = 8.70<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 755,362<br /> | percentage = 66.33<br /> | change = -0.55<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Indian National Congress<br /> | loser = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 1991===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Narasaraopet}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = [[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]]<br /> | votes = 349,041<br /> | percentage = 52.14<br /> | change = -1.12<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | candidate = Anisetty Padmavathi<br /> | votes = 286,425<br /> | percentage = 42.79<br /> | change = -1.77<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 62,616<br /> | percentage = 9.35<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 669,409<br /> | percentage = 58.58<br /> | change = -7.75<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Indian National Congress<br /> | loser = <br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 1996===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Narasaraopet}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> | party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | candidate = Saidaiah Kota<br /> | votes = 316,360<br /> | percentage = 44.28<br /> | change = +1.49<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = [[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]]<br /> | votes = 297,402<br /> | percentage = 41.63<br /> | change = -9.51<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)<br /> | candidate = K. Peda Peri Reddy<br /> | votes = 47,100<br /> | percentage = 6.59<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 18,958<br /> | percentage = 2.65<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 714,455<br /> | percentage = 56.06<br /> | change = -2.52<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | loser = Indian National Congress<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 1998===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Narasaraopet}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = [[Konijeti Rosaiah]]<br /> | votes = 375,815<br /> | percentage = 50.22<br /> | change = +8.59<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | candidate = Saidaiah Kota<br /> | votes = 327,966<br /> | percentage = 43.83<br /> | change = -0.45<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = Medikonda Kabbireddy<br /> | votes = 40,452<br /> | percentage = 5.41<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 47,849<br /> | percentage = 6.39<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 748,282<br /> | percentage = 59.58<br /> | change = +3.52<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Indian National Congress<br /> | loser = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 1999===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Narasaraopet}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = [[Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]]<br /> | votes = 432,266<br /> | percentage = 50.27<br /> | change = +0.05<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | candidate = [[S.M. Laljan Basha]]<br /> | votes = 418,384<br /> | percentage = 48.66<br /> | change = +4.83<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 13,882<br /> | percentage = 1.61<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 859,857<br /> | percentage = 68.10<br /> | change = +8.52<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Indian National Congress<br /> | loser = <br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 2004===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Narasaraopet}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]<br /> | votes = 481,310<br /> | percentage = 53.49<br /> | change = +3.22<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | candidate = Maddi Lakshmaiah<br /> | votes = 395,055<br /> | percentage = 43.91<br /> | change = -4.75<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi<br /> | candidate = Pullimamidi Narsimha Reddy<br /> | votes = 9,622<br /> | percentage = 1.07<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Gontu Venkateswara Reddy<br /> | votes = 8,278<br /> | percentage = 0.92<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Pulimi Venkatarami Reddy<br /> | votes = 5,519<br /> | percentage = 0.61<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 86,255<br /> | percentage = 9.58<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 899,784<br /> | percentage = 71.70<br /> | change = +3.60<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Indian National Congress<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 2009===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Narasaraopet}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> | party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | candidate = [[Modugula Venugopala Reddy]]<br /> | votes = 463,358<br /> | percentage = 42.83<br /> | change = -1.08<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = [[Balashowry Vallabhaneni]]<br /> | votes = 461,751<br /> | percentage = 42.69<br /> | change = -10.80<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Praja Rajyam Party<br /> | candidate = Shaik Syed Saheb<br /> | votes = 114,924<br /> | percentage = 10.62<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 1,607<br /> | percentage = 0.14<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 1,081,754<br /> | percentage = 79.52<br /> | change = +7.82<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | loser = Indian National Congress<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Narasaraopet&lt;ref name=election2014&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> | party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | candidate = [[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]<br /> | votes = 632,464<br /> | percentage = 49.33<br /> | change = +6.50<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = YSR Congress Party<br /> | candidate = [[Alla Ayodhya Rami Reddy]]<br /> | votes = 597,184<br /> | percentage = 46.58<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = Kondapalli Venkateswarlu<br /> | votes = 22,943<br /> | percentage = 1.79<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Pyramid Party of India<br /> | candidate = Akki Reddy Bhimanadula <br /> | votes = 7,032<br /> | percentage = 0.55<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> | party = [[Jai Samaikyandhra Party|JSP]]<br /> | candidate = Yeluri Srilatha<br /> | votes = 5,142<br /> | percentage = 0.40<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | candidate = Mekala Hanumantha Rao Yadav<br /> | votes = 4,911<br /> | percentage = 0.38<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = None of the above<br /> | candidate = [[None of the Above]] <br /> | votes = 5,985<br /> | percentage = 0.47<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 35,280<br /> | percentage = 2.75<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 12,820,58<br /> | percentage = 84.63<br /> | change = +5.11<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | loser = <br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Narasaraopet&lt;ref name=election2019&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party=YSR Congress Party<br /> |candidate=[[Lavu Sri Krishna Devarayalu]]<br /> |votes=745,089<br /> |percentage=51.75<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party=Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate=[[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]<br /> |votes=591,111<br /> |percentage=41.06<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party=Janasena Party<br /> |candidate=Nayub Kamal Shaik<br /> |votes= 51,008<br /> |percentage= 3.54<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Kanna Lakshminarayana]]<br /> |votes = 15,468<br /> |percentage = 1.07<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 13,702<br /> |percentage = 0.87<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Pakkala Suribabu<br /> |votes = 11,033<br /> |percentage = 0.77<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes= 153,978<br /> |percentage=10.4<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes= 14,40,732<br /> |percentage=86.25<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = YSR Congress Party<br /> | loser = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2024===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Narasaraopet]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Lavu Sri Krishna Devarayalu]]|votes= 8,07,996|percentage= 53.88|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Anil Kumar Poluboina]]|votes= 6,48,267 |percentage= 43.23<br /> |change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Garnepudi Alexander Sudhakar|votes= 18,046 |percentage=1.20|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes= 1,59,729 |percentage=10.65 |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes= 15,04,877 |percentage=86.68|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | loser = YSR Congress Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/narasaraopet/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Narasaraopet lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{Palnadu district}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|16.23|80.05|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency}}<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Guntur district]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jannapura,_Mudigere&diff=505704 2026-04-21T12:38:53Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: Adding new data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Jannapura<br /> | other_name = Chinniga - Jannapura<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline =<br /> | pushpin_map = India Karnataka<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13.082347|N|75.684699|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Chikmagalur district|Chikkamagaluru]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Mudigere]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = Grama Panchayath<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 3.03<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 968<br /> | population_total = 1280 <br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/601/download/2052/DH_2011_2916_PART_B_DCHB_CHIKMAGALUR.pdf|access-date= 30 July 2023|title= Census Data Handbook 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 577132 &lt;ref&gt;{{citeweb|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/Pages/LoactePostOffices.aspx?Pin=uH84O0sT3/8=|access-date=31 July 2024|title=Jannapura pincode}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = <br /> | registration_plate = KA-18<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = Chinniga-Jannapura<br /> | image_seal = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jannapura''' (also known as '''Chinniga-Jannapura'''), is a village in Mudigere taluk of Chikmagalur district, Karnataka, India. <br /> <br /> As per census survey of India 2011, its location code number is 610023.<br /> <br /> The village is located on [[National Highway 73 (India)]] between the towns of [[Mudigere]] and [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]. It is 12&amp;nbsp;km from Mudigere and 40&amp;nbsp;km from its district headquarter, [[Chikmagalur|Chikkamagaluru]].<br /> <br /> ==Places of interest==<br /> # [[Jenukallu betta, Sakleshpura]]<br /> # [[Ettina Bhuja]]<br /> # Devaramane Betta<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Chikmagalur district]]<br /> {{improve categories|date=July 2024}}<br /> <br /> {{Chikkamagaluru-geo-stub}}</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alwar_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=485740 2026-04-19T07:48:28Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: started new pg - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Rajasthan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | name = Alwar<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Rajasthan/Alwar.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Alwar Lok Sabha Constituency<br /> | party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]<br /> | mp = [[Bhupender Yadav]]&lt;Br&gt;{{Small|[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Union Minister of the Environment, Forest, and Climate Change]]}}<br /> | state = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | assembly_cons = [[Tijara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Tijara]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kishangarh Bas (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kishangarh Bas]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mundawar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mundawar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Behror (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Behror]]&lt;br&gt;[[Alwar Rural (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Alwar Rural]]&lt;br&gt;[[Alwar Urban (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Alwar Urban]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ramgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency) |Ramgarh]]&lt;br&gt;[[Rajgarh Laxmangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Rajgarh Laxmangarh]]<br /> | established = 1952<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = Union Minister Bhupender Yadav.jpg<br /> }}<br /> '''Alwar Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|əlʋəɾ}}) is one of the 25 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lok-sabha-polls-2014-2-ministers-cricketer-among-81-hopefuls-in-2nd-phase-in-rajasthan/articleshow/34115864.cms|title = Lok Sabha polls 2014: 2 ministers, cricketer among 81 hopefuls in 2nd phase in Rajasthan|newspaper = The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> Presently, Alwar Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|title=Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies wise Polling Stations &amp; Electors|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan website|access-date=13 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003649/http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |59<br /> |[[Tijara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Tijara]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Khairthal-Tijara district|Khairthal-Tijara]]<br /> |[[Mahant Balaknath]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |60<br /> |[[Kishangarh Bas (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kishangarh Bas]]<br /> |[[Deepchand Khairiya]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |61<br /> |[[Mundawar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mundawar]]<br /> |[[Lalit Yadav (politician)|Lalit Yadav]]<br /> |-<br /> |62<br /> |[[Behror (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Behror]]<br /> |[[Kotputli-Behror district|Kot-Behror]]<br /> |[[Jaswant Singh Yadav]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |65<br /> |[[Alwar Rural (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Alwar Rural]] (SC)<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Alwar district|Alwar]]<br /> |[[Tika Ram Jully]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |66<br /> |[[Alwar Urban (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Alwar Urban]]<br /> |[[Sanjay Sharma (politician)|Sanjay Sharma]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |67<br /> |[[Ramgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency) |Ramgarh]]<br /> |[[Sukhavant Singh]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |68<br /> |[[Rajgarh Laxmangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Rajgarh Laxmangarh]] (ST)<br /> |[[Mangelal Meena]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Members of Parliament==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Shobha Ram Kumawat]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> |Kashi Ram Gupta<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Independent}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> |Bholanath Master<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |Hari Prasad Sharma<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> |[[Ramji Lal Yadav]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ram Singh Yadav<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> |[[Ramji Lal Yadav]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Janata Dal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> |[[Mahendra Kumari]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |[[Nawal Kishore Sharma]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |[[Ghasi Ram Yadav]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |[[Jaswant Singh Yadav]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |[[Karan Singh Yadav]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |[[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1971)|Jitendra Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> |[[Mahant Chandnath]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 elections in India#Parliamentary By-election|2018^]]<br /> |[[Karan Singh Yadav]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |[[Mahant Balaknath]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |[[Bhupender Yadav]] <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ^By-Poll<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2024===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Alwar]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bhupender Yadav]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=631,992|percentage=50.42|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Lalit Yadav (politician)|Lalit Yadav]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=583,710|percentage=46.57|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Fazal Hussain (Indian politician)|Fazal Hussain]]|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=19,287|percentage=1.54|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=5,822|percentage=0.46|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=48,282|percentage=3.85|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,253,438|percentage=60.07|change={{decrease}}7.10}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = BJP<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Alwar]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Mahant Balaknath]]<br /> |votes = 7,60,201<br /> |percentage = 60.06<br /> |change = {{increase}}19.99<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Bhanwar Jitendra Singh]]<br /> |votes = 4,30,230<br /> |percentage = 33.99<br /> |change = {{decrease}}23.44<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Imran Khan<br /> |votes = 56,649<br /> |percentage = 4.48<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 5,385<br /> |percentage = 0.43<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.92<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 3,29,971<br /> |percentage = 26.07<br /> |change = {{increase}}8.71<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 12,68,477<br /> |percentage = 67.17<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2018 by-election===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=2018 by-election: Alwar &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.153.92/ceoraj2014/parliament/rpt_Result_pcwise_byeele2018.aspx?pc=M2M2ZTVmOTU=OA==NzdhM2ZhNWE=&amp;Type=1|title = Lok Sabha General Elections 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Karan Singh Yadav]]<br /> |votes = 6,42,416<br /> |percentage = 57.43<br /> |change = +23.72<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> |candidate = [[Jaswant Singh Yadav]]<br /> |votes = 4,45,920<br /> |percentage = 40.07<br /> |change = -20.35<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 15,093<br /> |percentage = 1.36<br /> |change = +1.12<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 1,96,496<br /> |percentage = 17.36<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 11,27,854<br /> |percentage = 61.70<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Alwar]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Mahant Chand Nath]]<br /> |votes = 6,42,278<br /> |percentage = 60.42<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Bhanwar Jitendra Singh]]<br /> |votes = 3,58,383<br /> |percentage = 33.71<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Azad Husain<br /> |votes = 19,483<br /> |percentage = 1.83<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |candidate = Dr. Virendra Vidrohi<br /> |votes = 8,517<br /> |percentage = 0.80<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]<br /> |candidate = Hari Singh Sharma<br /> |votes = 3,672<br /> |percentage = 0.35<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 2,512<br /> |percentage = 0.24<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 2,83,895<br /> |percentage = 26.71<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 10,62,305<br /> |percentage = 65.31<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2004===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Alwar (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Alwar]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Dr. Karan Singh Yadav]]<br /> |votes = 2,46,833<br /> |percentage = 45.47<br /> |change = +1.94<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Mahant Chand Nath]]<br /> |votes = 2,38,462<br /> |percentage = 43.93<br /> |change = -9.02<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Bhai Shree Nath Gurjar<br /> |votes = 21,247<br /> |percentage = 3.91<br /> |change = +1.48<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]<br /> |candidate = R D Sharma<br /> |votes = 16,627<br /> |percentage = 3.06<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Lok Dal<br /> |candidate = Chandrabhan<br /> |votes = 5,833<br /> |percentage = 1.07<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]<br /> |candidate = Subhash<br /> |votes = 5,190<br /> |percentage = 0.96<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 8,371<br /> |percentage = 1.54<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = 58.05<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = +1.94<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Alwar Lok Sabha Elections 1998 – Latest News &amp; Results |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/loksabha-elections/1998/rajasthan/alwar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Alwar Lok Sabha Elections 1999 – Latest News &amp; Results |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/loksabha-elections/1999/rajasthan/alwar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Alwar Lok Sabha Elections 2004 – Latest News &amp; Results |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/loksabha-elections/2004/rajasthan/alwar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Alwar Lok Sabha Elections 2009 – Latest News &amp; Results |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/loksabha-elections/2009/rajasthan/alwar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Alwar Parliamentary Constituency Election Results 2014 |url=https://www.elections.in/results/alwar-rj.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Alwar Lok Sabha Bye-Election 2018 Result: Congress’s Karan Singh Yadav Wins Against BJP’s Jaswant Yadav |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/alwar-lok-sabha-bye-election-2018-result-congresss-karan-singh-yadav-wins-against-bjps-jaswant-yadav-2873288/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ALWAR LOK SABHA ELECTION RESULT 2019 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/rajasthan/alwar-election-results-10_1242.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Alwar district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/rajasthan/alwar/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Alwar lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|27.56|76.62|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Alwar (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Alwar district]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._D._Singh_(field_hockey)&diff=506856 2026-04-13T05:18:13Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: Adding a bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (1922–1978)}}<br /> {{For|the politician|K. D. Singh (politician)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox field hockey player<br /> | name = Kunwar Digvijay Singh<br /> | award =<br /> | image = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1922|02|2|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]],&lt;br /&gt;[[British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1978|03|27|1922|02|22}}<br /> | death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | height = <br /> | position = [[Field hockey#Formations|Inside Right]]<br /> | nationalteam1 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]<br /> | nationalyears1 = 1946-mid to late 1950s<br /> | nationalcaps(goals)1 =<br /> | nationalgoals1 = 175+ <br /> | medaltemplates = <br /> {{MedalSport | Men's [[field hockey]] }}<br /> {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition | [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] }} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]<br /> {{MedalGold|[[1948 Summer Olympics|1948 London]]|[[Field hockey at the 1948 Summer Olympics|Team Competition]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Helsinki]]|[[Field hockey at the 1952 Summer Olympics|Team Competition]]}}<br /> | nationalcaps1 = 80+<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kunwar Digvijay Singh''' (2 February 1922 &amp;ndash; 27 March 1978), popularly known as '''&quot;Babu&quot;''', was an Indian [[field hockey]] player. He was born in [[Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh]]. He is widely known for his passing ability and is considered by many to be the greatest dribbler of the game comparable only to [[Dhyan Chand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2004-08-05|title=KD Singh:Next only to Dhyan Chand|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kd-singh-next-only-to-dhyan-chand/story-WCr3Iyz53ropyfuRsGsYML.html|access-date=2021-06-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> Singh received his early education at the [[Government High School, Barabanki]] and Kanyakubj Inter College, Lucknow.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/hockey/players/kd-singh-babu.html |title=K. D. Singh Babu Profile - Indian Hockey Player Kunwar Digvijay Singh Biography - Information on K. D. Singh |publisher=Iloveindia.com |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224180445/http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/hockey/players/kd-singh-babu.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=September 2023}}<br /> <br /> === Early life ===<br /> Singh was born in [[Barabanki]], Uttar Pradesh. Singh made his foray into field hockey with a tournament played at Dewa Mela, and in the year 1937 represented his college hockey team in an Inter-Collegiate tournament. At a young age of 15 years, he played for the LYA Club, Lucknow at the Traders Cup Tournament in Delhi. In the same tournament, the young team of Lucknow met with a reputed Delhi team, for which Olympic player [[Mohammed Hussain]] also played. K.D. Singh was not told that Olympian Hussain was also playing in the rival team so that he could play his natural game. The wizard of the hockey kept Hussain pressing and dodging during the entire match. Hussain was also surprised by the sports skills of this young boy. After the match, Hussain said that this boy would one day become one of the greatest players of the field hockey. He played for the hockey team of Uttar Pradesh in all the national tournaments continuously from 1939 to 1959.<br /> <br /> === As a player ===<br /> Singh was first selected to the All-India Hockey Team in 1946-47 for the tour to [[Afghanistan]]. After that there was no looking back and he rose quickly to be one of the deadliest forward the hockey world has known. In 1947, while playing alongside Dhyan Chand during the East Africa tour he outscored the wizard by netting 70 goals while the wizard got 62.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Even before he was selected as vice- captain of 1948 Olympic team he was being compared to Dhyan Chand. He played in the capacity of vice-captain in the [[Field hockey at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's team squads#India|1948 Olympic Games]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KD Singh Biography |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/kunwar-digvijai-singh |access-date=8 January 2026 |website=Olympics.com: Olympic Games, Medals, Results &amp; Latest News}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The Indian team won a gold medal on this occasion. The 1948 outing was the first Olympic participation of [[India]] as an independent nation, which made the gold medal victory a very important achievement for the nascent nation even though it had won the Olympic gold in 1928, 1932 and 1936. He scored 4 goals in the 1948 Olympics including one in the semi-final against [[Netherlands]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Olympedia – Hockey, Men - Goals Ranking |url=https://www.olympedia.org/results/35579/top_scorers/2?show_zero=false |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.olympedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such was his performance in 1948 Olympics that one of the leading British newspapers wrote:<br /> <br /> &quot;''Babu's performance was as near to perfection as was possible. Scintillating dribbling and adroit through passes characterized his play and he was the chief instigator in completely tying the dogged England defense. On many occasions he dribbled past whole defence with ease throughout the tournament. He was the brain behind the attacks. It is tempting to write that Babu is as elusive as [[Dhyan Chand]].&quot;''<br /> <br /> He was made captain of the Indian team in 1949, this year out of 236 goals scored, he had netted 99 goals, maximum by any member of the team.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Culture &amp; Heritage {{!}} District Barabanki, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://barabanki.nic.in/tourism/culture-heritage/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hockey-lucknow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hockey in Lucknow |url=https://www.lucknowonline.in/guide/hockey-in-lucknow |website=Lucknow Online |access-date=August 26, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was the captain of the Indian team, which won the gold medal at the 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games.He scored 2 goals in 1952 Olympics, including one in the quarterfinal and one in the final against Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Olympedia – Hockey, Men - Goals Ranking |url=https://www.olympedia.org/results/35613/top_scorers/2?show_zero=false |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.olympedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; His performance in 1952 Olympics was described as 'poetic', where he was the mastermind and playmaker of the team. Former New Zealand captain [[Cyril Walter]] wrote:<br /> <br /> &quot;I run out of adjectives in trying to describe his superlative dribbling and the timing and geometrical accuracy of his passing. Babu's dribbling is poetry in motion.&quot;<br /> <br /> He was a legendary field hockey player primarily known for his exceptional dribbling and passing abilities. While it is possible that he scored significantly more goals throughout his career, only 175 goals have been officially documented. These documented goals include those from 1949, a series from 1947 where he outperformed Dhyan Chand, and goals scored in the 1948 and 1952 Olympics. Given that these records only cover specific instances, it’s likely that his actual goal tally is higher. Similarly, while his actual number of appearances may be much higher, around 80 appearances are currently known.<br /> <br /> For more information, see the [[List of men's field hockey players with 100 or more international goals]]<br /> <br /> He received the Helms Trophy in 1953 for being the best hockey player in the world (1952) and the best sportsman of Asia (1953). This was the first time an Indian was awarded the Helms Trophy (America's Nobel Prize in sport given to the best athlete from each continent.)&lt;ref name=&quot;kunwar-digvijay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kunwar Digvijay Singh |url=https://www.indiansportsnews.com/legends-of-indian-sports/34769-kunwar-digvijay-singh |website=Indian Sports News |access-date=August 26, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> === As a coach ===<br /> Singh later served as the coach for Indian hockey team for the [[1972 Summer Olympics|1972 Munich Olympics]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1972 INDIA Men OLYMPICS TEAM |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/indian-hockey-team-munich-1972-olympics-games-bronze-medal |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Stick2Hockey |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;. K.D. Singh Babu was a member of numerous organisations that include All India Council of Sports, Railway Board, Rifle Association of India and Wild Life Protection Committee of Uttar Pradesh.<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> On 27 March 1978, he died of a gunshot wound from his own weapon, while cleaning it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://barabanki.nic.in/person.htm |title=Personalities |publisher=Barabanki.nic.in |access-date=16 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also speculated that he might have shot himself. Singh was reportedly suffering from [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and was under psychiatric care during his final days. A fellow Olympian and friend of Singh, Ashwini Kumar stated that the former was a &quot;sensitive man&quot; and that he might have &quot;become emotionally upset with the poor showing of the Indian team at the [[1978 Men's Hockey World Cup|World Cup matches in Buenos Aires]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Despondent 'Babu' found dead |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19780329-1.1.23 |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |agency=Associated Press |date=29 March 1978 |page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> In the Indian sports-drama film [[Gold (2018 film)|''Gold'']] (2018), set in the [[Field hockey at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948 Summer Olympics]], [[Amit Sadh]] played the role of vice captain of the [[India men's national field hockey team]] - a character loosely based on K.D. Singh.<br /> <br /> == Honours and memorials ==<br /> [[Image:K D Singh Babu Stadium.jpg|thumb|left|270px|[[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow]]]]<br /> [[Image:K D Singh Babu Marg, Barabanki - Aug 2013.jpg|thumb|right|270px|K D Singh Babu Marg, Barabanki]]<br /> <br /> * Singh received the Helms Trophy in 1953 for being the best hockey player in the world and the best sportsman of Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;kunwar-digvijay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=lobo&gt;{{cite web | last=Lobo | first=Carol | title=K D Singh: The ‘Houdini of Hockey’ | website=PeepulTree | date=2 February 2022 | url=https://www.peepultree.world/livehistoryindia/story/people/k-d-singh-the-houdini-of-hockey | access-date=3 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was the first time an Indian was awarded the Helms Trophy.<br /> * In 1958, he was awarded the prestigious [[Padmashri]] award by the Government of India.&lt;ref name=lobo/&gt;<br /> * The stadiums in [[Barabanki city|Barabanki]] and [[Lucknow]] are named after him. The stadiums at [[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow|Lucknow]] and [[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Barabanki|Barabanki]], both, are known as the &quot;K. D. Singh Babu Stadium&quot;{{cn|date=January 2024}}<br /> * A street in [[Barabanki city]] connecting ''Chhaya Chauraha'' and Lucknow-Faizabad Road is named after him.{{cn|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Clear left}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[List of Indian hockey captains in Olympics]]<br /> *[[Field hockey in India]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Sports links}}<br /> * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203100543/http://kdsinghbabu.com/ |title=Official website |date=dmy}}<br /> *[https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-when-the-legendary-dhyan-chand-stood-in-a-queue-to-a-watch-hockey-2588425 When the legendary Dhyan Chand stood in a queue to watch hockey]. [[DNAIndia]].<br /> * [http://barabanki.nic.in/person.htm Biography] at barabanki.nic.in<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071027020756/http://sportal.nic.in/legenddetails.asp?sno=686&amp;moduleid=&amp;maincatid=41&amp;subid=0&amp;comid=55 Biography] at Sportal <br /> *[http://lucknowobserver.com/remembering-babu/ Remembering Babu]. Lucknow Observer.<br /> * [https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/barabanki-10092942.html विश्व में 'बाबू' ने दी बाराबंकी को पहचान!] (in Hindi)<br /> <br /> {{India FH Squad 1948 Summer Olympics}}<br /> {{India FH Squad 1952 Summer Olympics}}<br /> {{India FH Squad 1972 Summer Olympics}}<br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, K. D.}}<br /> [[Category:1922 births]]<br /> [[Category:1978 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]<br /> [[Category:People from Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]<br /> [[Category:Field hockey players at the 1948 Summer Olympics]]<br /> [[Category:Field hockey players at the 1952 Summer Olympics]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]<br /> [[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]<br /> [[Category:Sportspeople from Lucknow]]<br /> [[Category:Indian field hockey coaches]]<br /> [[Category:Field hockey players from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics]]<br /> [[Category:Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics]]<br /> [[Category:Accidental deaths in India]]<br /> [[Category:Firearm accident victims]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._Arumugam_(Chengalpattu)&diff=506829 2026-04-06T04:24:54Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: Adding a post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = K. Arumugam<br /> | image = <br /> | image size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1958|6|6|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Thirukachur<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | office1 =Member of the Legislative Assembly-Tamilnadu<br /> | constituency1 = [[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]<br /> | term_start1 = 2001<br /> | term_end1 = 2006<br /> | predecessor1 = [[V. Tamilmani]]<br /> | successor1 = <br /> | office2 = <br /> | constituency2 = <br /> | term_start2 = 2006<br /> | term_end2 = 2011<br /> | successor2 =[[D. Murugesan]]<br /> | term_start3 = <br /> | term_end3 = <br /> | term_start4 = <br /> | term_end4 = <br /> | party = [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | relations = <br /> | children = <br /> | profession = Farmer, Mill Owner<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | date = <br /> | year = <br /> | website =<br /> }}<br /> '''K. Arumugam''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He hails from the village of Thirukachur in the [[Chengalpattu district]].<br /> <br /> A graduate with a [[Bachelor of Science]] (B.Sc.) degree, he is a member of the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) party. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency]] in the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]] and [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]] state elections.&lt;ref&gt;Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly &quot;WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. April 2002. p. 64-66.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Electoral Performance==<br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Chengalpattu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/chengalpattu-tamil-nadu-assembly-constituency | title=Chengalpattu Assembly Constituency Election Result | accessdate=17 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam. K |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=61,664 |percentage=48.37% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam. S |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,451 |percentage=40.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manjula . S |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=8,852 |percentage=6.94% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jeevarathinam. M |party=Independent politician |votes=1,880 |percentage=1.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Prakashbabu. P |party=Independent politician |votes=871 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sriram. N |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=736 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Amoor Beemrao. A |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=575 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vedapuri. M |party= |votes=315 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durairaj. V |party=Independent politician |votes=261 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Paramasivem. N |party= |votes=179 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thulasiammal . R |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=175 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,213 |percentage=8.01% |change=3.74% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,27,475 |percentage=71.43% |change= 12.30% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,78,466 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 4.87% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Chengalpattu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2001/tamil-nadu/chengalpattu/40/23431/153 | title= Vidhan Sabha / 2001 / Tamil Nadu / Chengalpattu | accessdate=17 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam K |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=52,465 |percentage=43.50% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Viswanathan V |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,316 |percentage=39.23% |change=-18.30% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sathya E |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,617 |percentage=12.95% |change=7.95% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatesan V |party=Independent politician |votes=1,663 |percentage=1.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramesh K |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=990 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramanian E |party=Independent politician |votes=826 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gopalakrishnan N |party= |votes=572 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balaraman . S |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=507 |percentage=0.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramadoss. R |party=Independent politician |votes=343 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Amul Rani R |party=Independent politician |votes=308 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,149 |percentage=4.27% |change=-27.60% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,20,607 |percentage=59.13% |change= -9.57% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,04,010 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.03% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]<br /> [[Category:Pattali Makkal Katchi politicians]]<br /> [[Category:1958 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simharajapuram&diff=535949 2026-03-27T17:48:42Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> <br /> '''Simharajapuram''' (also known locally as '''Kosarapalli''') is a village situated in the [[Palasamudram]] Mandal of Chittoor district in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is part of the [[Rayalaseema]] region and lies near the border with Tamil Nadu.&lt;mapframe latitude=&quot;13.19599&quot; longitude=&quot;79.43063&quot; zoom=&quot;14&quot; width=&quot;504&quot; height=&quot;295&quot; text=&quot;simharajapuram&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography == <br /> The village is located approximately 40 kilometers east of [[Chittoor]], the district headquarters, and about 5 kilometers from Palasamudram, the mandal headquarters. Simharajapuram spans an area of 190 hectares and is surrounded by agricultural lands. A pond (''cheruvu'') is situated to the southeast of the village. Nearby rivers include the Pedda Vanka and [[Arani River]]. The village is accessible via National Highways NH716 and NH69.<br /> <br /> === Demographics ===<br /> As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]], Simharajapuram has a population of 982 individuals residing in 233 households. The gender distribution is fairly balanced, with 497 males and 485 females, resulting in a [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of approximately 975 females per 1000 males. The overall literacy rate stands at 58.86%, with male literacy at 65.39% and female literacy at 52.16%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Simharajupuram Village Population - Palasamudram - Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/597099-simharajupuram-andhra-pradesh.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The village has a significant Scheduled Caste (SC) population, comprising 301 individuals, which is about 30.65% of the total population. There is no recorded Scheduled Tribe (ST) population in the village.<br /> <br /> === Administration ===<br /> Simharajapuram functions as a [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]] within the Palasamudram Mandal. The village falls under the Palasamudram Assembly and Parliament Constituency. The PIN code for Simharajapuram is 517599, and the postal services are managed through the Vengalrajukuppam post office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=english |title=Simharajapuram Pin Code - 517599, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search chittoor Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/andhra-pradesh/chittoor/simharajapuram-pincode-517599.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Simharajapuram BO Pin Code: Find Pin Code of Simharajapuram BO locality of Andhra Pradesh - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/andhra-pradesh/chittoor/simharajapuram-bo |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Education ===<br /> Educational facilities in Simharajapuram include:<br /> <br /> * '''MPUPS Simharajapuram:''' A government primary and upper primary school.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MPUPS SIMHARAJA PURAM - Simharajupuram District Chittoor (Andhra Pradesh) |url=https://schools.org.in/chittoor/28234800502/mpups-simharaja-puram.html#google_vignette |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=schools.org.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For higher education, students typically travel to nearby towns:<br /> <br /> * '''Government Junior College, Palasamudram:''' Located approximately 6 km away.<br /> * Colleges and vocational training institutes in Chittoor and Tirupati, situated more than 40 km from the village.<br /> <br /> === Culture and Landmarks ===<br /> Simharajapuram is home to a historic ''Ellaiamman'' temple which has 200 years history.{{fact|date=August 2025}}<br /> <br /> === Nearby Places ===<br /> Neighboring villages include Krishnajammapuram, Srikaverirajupuram, Vengalrajukuppam, Vanadurgapuram, and Padmapuram. The nearest towns and cities are Sholingur, Nagari, Tiruttani, and Puttur. Simharajapuram is located near the border of Chittoor district and Thiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu.&lt;references group=&quot;https://news.abplive.com/pincode/andhra-pradesh/chittoor/simharajapuram-pincode-517599.html&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Chittoor district]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muzaffarpur&diff=465850 2026-03-27T12:20:16Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: rework details per standard format and fixed typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|City in Bihar, India}}<br /> {{About|the municipality in India|its namesake district|Muzaffarpur district}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> &lt;!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --&gt;<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Muzaffarpur<br /> | other_name = मुज़फ्फ़रपुर<br /> | settlement_type = City<br /> | image_skyline = {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | total_width = 250<br /> | image_style = <br /> | perrow = 1/2/1/2/1<br /> | image1 = Aerial view of Muzaffarpur.jpg<br /> | caption1 = Muzaffarpur City Aerial View<br /> | image2 = NTPC Kantin Muzaffarpur.jpg<br /> | caption2 = [[Kanti Thermal Power Station|NTPC Kanti]]<br /> | image3 = BIO-Fuel Plant Muzaffarpur.jpg<br /> | caption3 = Bio Fuel Unit<br /> | image4 = Sahu Pokhar.jpg<br /> | caption4 = Sahu Pokhar<br /> | image5 = P&amp;M Mall Muzaffarpur.jpg<br /> | caption5 = P&amp;M Mall<br /> | image6 =Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital &amp; Research Center- Muzaffarpur 01.jpg<br /> | caption6 = Cancer Hospital<br /> | image7 = RamaKrishna Mission Seva Sharam Muzaffarpur.jpg<br /> | caption7 = RamaKrishna Mission Seva Sharam<br /> | image8 = Baba GaribNath.jpg<br /> | caption8 = [[Garibnath Temple]]<br /> }}<br /> | nickname = '''Capital of North Bihar'''<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 12<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26|7|21|N|85|23|26|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Tirhut division]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]<br /> | established_title = Established<br /> | established_date = 01 January 1875<br /> | government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | governing_body = [[Muzaffarpur Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | leader_title = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]<br /> | leader_name = Nirmala Sahu<br /> | leader_title1 = [[Municipal Commissioner]]<br /> | leader_name1 = Vikram Virkar ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])<br /> | leader_title2 = SP City<br /> | leader_name2 = Kota Kiran ([[Indian Police Service|IPS]])<br /> | leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament]]<br /> | leader_name3 = [[Raj Bhushan Choudhary]] ([[BJP]])<br /> | leader_title4 = MLA<br /> | leader_name4 = Ranjan Kumar ([[BJP]])<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 91<br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 60<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_total = 3,54,462<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 842001–842005<br /> | area_code = 0621<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | registration_plate = BR-06<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = 1000:890 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br /> | website = {{URL|muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in/}}<br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Additional official<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<br /> | demographics1_title3 = Regional<br /> | demographics1_info3 = [[Bajjika language|Bajjika]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> |title=First Bajjika Festival Celebrated in Muzaffarpur Highlighting Language and Culture<br /> |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/story-first-bajjika-festival-celebrated-in-muzaffarpur-highlighting-language-and-culture-201743003947080.html<br /> |website=LiveHindustan<br /> |date=26 March 2025<br /> |language=hi<br /> |access-date=11 September 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics1_info4 = <br /> | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank4_info_sec1 = [[Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarpur]]<br /> | blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank5_info_sec1 = [[Muzaffarpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarpur]],<br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> '''Muzaffarpur''' {{audio|Muzaffarpur.ogg|pronunciation}} is a city in the [[Muzaffarpur district]], situated on the banks of the [[Burhi Gandak River]] in the [[Tirhut division]] of the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It serves as the administrative headquarters of both the Tirhut division and the Muzaffarpur district. Muzaffarpur is the fourth most populous city in Bihar and is often referred to as the '''Capital of North Bihar'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muzaffarpur City Population 2025 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/165-muzaffarpur.html |website=Census2011.co.in |access-date=11 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The city is renowned for its [[Shahi lychee]], earning it the nickname '''Lychee Kingdom of India'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muzaffarpur City Profile |url=https://www.data.gov.in/catalog/muzaffarpur-city-profile |website=Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India |access-date=11 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bihar: Shahi litchi of Muzaffarpur to remain costly due to heatwave spells |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/bihar-shahi-litchi-of-muzaffarpur-to-remain-costly-due-to-heatwave-spells/ |website=Northeast Live |date=19 May 2024 |access-date=11 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A study conducted by the Government of Bihar identified Muzaffarpur, along with [[Patna]], Vaishali, [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], and [[Begusarai]], as one of the top five districts in the state in terms of rapid economic growth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |last=Singh<br /> |first=Santosh<br /> |title=How Bihar is using night-time light to gauge its economic growth<br /> |work=The Indian Express<br /> |date=22 September 2025<br /> |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/how-bihar-is-using-night-time-light-to-gauge-its-economic-growth-10263538/<br /> |access-date=23 September 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> The current city was established in 1875 during the [[British Raj]] for administrative convenience, by dividing the [[Tirhut]] district and was named after an ''[[Glossary of the British Raj|aumil]]'', Muzaffar Khan; thus the city came to be known as ''Muzaffarpur''.&lt;ref name=book1&gt;{{cite book |last1=Faizi |first1=Amir Afaque Ahmad |title=Self-help Groups and Marginalised Communities |date=2009 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-621-3 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVNg-i-nx_MC&amp;q=muzaffarpur |access-date=20 January 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Muzaffarpur was created in 1875 for administrative convenience by splitting the former Tirhut district. The present district traces its origins to the 18th century and is named after Muzaffar Khan, an Amil (revenue officer) under [[British rule]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Muzaffarpur, Government of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://muzaffarpur.nic.in/about-district/history/ |access-date=2026-03-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The region's history extends back to ancient Indian epics, including the [[Ramayana]]. Historically known as Videha, the area was ruled by [[Janaka|King Janak]], father of [[Sita|Goddess Sita]] (also known as Vaidehi), who is said to have been born in Sitamarhi, a place considered sacred in Hindu tradition.<br /> <br /> The earliest recorded history of the district begins with the Vrijji Republic, a confederation of eight clans dominated by the Licchavis. The powerful kingdom of Magadh formed matrimonial alliances with the Licchavis in 519 BCE. Ajatshatru later invaded Vaishali and established Patliputra (modern Patna).<br /> <br /> Ambarati, located 40 km from Muzaffarpur, is believed to be the home of Amrapali, a famed royal dancer of Vaishali. Vaishali was also a center of religious renaissance and is notable as the birthplace of Mahavir, the 24th Jain Tirthankara, a contemporary of Gautama Buddha.<br /> <br /> Between the 7th and 11th centuries CE, Muzaffarpur was ruled by various dynasties, including those of Emperor Harsha Vardhan, the Palas, the Chedis, and the Senas. The region came under Muslim control in the early 14th century, with rulers like Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq consolidating power.<br /> <br /> The Simraon dynasty in neighboring Champaran once extended its influence over Mithila and Nepal until Tughlaq Shah invaded Tirhut in 1323. Later, the area fell under the control of the Jaunpur Sultanate and then the Delhi Sultanate. The Nawabs of Bengal also exercised control before the region became part of the Mughal Empire.<br /> <br /> Following the British victory at the Battle of Buxar in 1764, Muzaffarpur came under British East India Company rule. The district played a significant role in the Indian independence movement. Notably, Khudiram Bose, a young revolutionary, was executed in Muzaffarpur in 1908 for his involvement in a bombing attempt against British officials. A memorial commemorates Bose in the district.<br /> <br /> Mahatma Gandhi's visits to Muzaffarpur in 1920 and 1927 further inspired nationalist sentiments. The district's unique location at the cultural crossroads of Hindu and Islamic traditions has contributed to its diverse heritage.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> |title=Medininagar City Profile<br /> |url=https://mymmc.org/city<br /> |website=Medininagar Municipal Corporation<br /> |access-date=11 September 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> Muzaffarpur is located at {{Coord|26.12|N|85.4|E|format=dms}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Muzaffarpur.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321225654/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Muzaffarpur.html|url-status=dead|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Muzaffarpur, India|archive-date=21 March 2008|website=fallingrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The city lies in a highly active [[seismic zone]] of India. In the disastrous [[1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake|earthquake on 15 January 1934]], much of the town suffered severe damage and many people died.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.harappa.com/mom/dec98.html Bihar India Earthquake Movie, 15 January 1934] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106111128/http://www.harappa.com/mom/dec98.html |date=6 January 2009 }}. Harappa.com (15 January 1934). Retrieved on 9 January 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; It has an average elevation of 47&amp;nbsp;meters (154&amp;nbsp;feet). This saucer shaped, low-centered town lies on the great [[Indo-Gangetic plains]] of [[Bihar]], over [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] silt and sand brought by the glacier-fed and rain-fed meandering rivers of the Himalayas.<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> As of the 2011 India census,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muzaffarpur had a population of 393,724.&lt;ref name=&quot;census_india&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 3 lakh and above | work = Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | publisher = Government of India | access-date = 16 April 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_3Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date = 13 November 2011 | df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- ''NOT'' the district, which is covered in a separate article! --&gt; Males constituted 52.96% (208,509) of the population and females 47.04% (185,215).&lt;ref name=&quot;census_india&quot;/&gt; Muzaffarpur had a literacy rate of 85.16%. Male literacy was 88.83%, and female literacy was 81.05%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Cities having population 3 lakh and above |website=Census India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |access-date=2024-05-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As per 2011 census data, there are total 275,233 Hindus whereas 74,680 Muslims and 1,352 Christians along with other small minorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-population.html |title = Muzaffarpur District Population, Bihar, List of Taluks in Muzaffarpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |thumb = right<br /> |caption = Religion in Muzaffarpur (2011)<br /> |label1 = [[Hinduism]]<br /> |value1 = 77.65<br /> |color1 = Orange<br /> |label2 = [[Islam]]<br /> |value2 = 21.07<br /> |color2 = Green<br /> |label3 = Other<br /> |value3 = 1.28<br /> |color3 = Grey<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Muzaffarpur Smart City Mission==<br /> The Muzaffarpur Smart City Mission is part of the Government of India's [[Smart Cities Mission]], launched in 2015 to promote sustainable and citizen-friendly urban development. Muzaffarpur, Bihar, was selected in a later round of the programme.<br /> <br /> The city's projects were initially sanctioned at ₹1,580 crore, later revised to ₹982 crore. Implementation has faced delays, with deadlines extended to 2024.<br /> <br /> On 3 October 2025, the [[Government of Bihar]] approved a proposal under which the Smart City companies in Muzaffarpur, [[Patna]], [[Bhagalpur]], and [[Bihar Sharif]] would operate as government agencies under the Urban Development and Housing Department (UDHD) of Bihar Government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |title=Bihar Fast-Tracks Urban Transformation: Land Acquisition Reform to Boost Muzaffarpur's Waste Management and Smart City Projects<br /> |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/muzaffarpur-land-reform-smart-city-waste-management-147541/<br /> |website=Indian Masterminds<br /> |publisher=Indian Masterminds Bureau<br /> |date=25 September 2025<br /> |access-date=5 November 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Project Details===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:left;&quot;<br /> |+ '''List of Major Development Projects in Muzaffarpur'''&lt;br&gt;Source: [https://mymmc.org/projectdts MyMMC Project Details] (official website)<br /> ! S.No.<br /> ! Project Name<br /> ! Description / Remarks<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | Redevelopment of Sikandarpur Stadium<br /> | Redevelopment of Sikandarpur Stadium as a multi-purpose sports stadium.<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | Municipal Shopping Mart at Tilak Maidan<br /> | Construction of a municipal shopping mart at Tilak Maidan, Muzaffarpur.<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | Renovation of Town Hall<br /> | Renovation and modernization of the Town Hall in Muzaffarpur.<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | Construction of ICCC Building<br /> | Construction of the Integrated Command and Control Centre (ICCC) building in MRDA(D) campus, Muzaffarpur.<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | Master System Integrator (MSI)<br /> | Implementation of the Master System Integrator for the ICCC under Muzaffarpur Smart City Limited (MSCL).<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | Development of Sewerage System<br /> | Development and improvement of the city’s sewerage infrastructure.<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | Beautification of Sikandarpur Lake Front<br /> | Beautification and development of the Sikandarpur Lake Front in Muzaffarpur.<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> | Re-Development of City Park<br /> | Redevelopment of City Park, Muzaffarpur, with modern amenities.<br /> |-<br /> | 9<br /> | Development of Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav Park<br /> | Creation of a new commemorative park celebrating &quot;Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav&quot; in Muzaffarpur.<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> | Re-Development of Jubba Sahni Park<br /> | Redevelopment and landscaping of Jubba Sahni Park, Muzaffarpur.<br /> |-<br /> | 11<br /> | Re-Development of Indira Park<br /> | Upgradation and redevelopment of Indira Park in Muzaffarpur.<br /> |-<br /> | 12<br /> | Junction Improvement Works<br /> | Junction improvement works at six major intersections in Muzaffarpur.<br /> |-<br /> | 13<br /> | UG Main Storm Water Drainage<br /> | Construction of an underground main storm water drainage system.<br /> |-<br /> | 14<br /> | Redevelopment of MIT Spinal Road<br /> | Redevelopment of MIT Spinal Road from Railway Station (Dharamshala Chowk) to Bairiya Chowk via Laxmi Chowk.<br /> |-<br /> | 15<br /> | Redevelopment of Road (Adarsh Nagar Thana to Harisabha Chowk)<br /> | Redevelopment of the road from Adarsh Nagar Thana to Harisabha Chowk via Kalyani Chowk, Muzaffarpur.<br /> |-<br /> | 16<br /> | Redevelopment of Peripheral Road<br /> | Redevelopment of the peripheral road from Railway Station (Dharamshala Chowk) to Akhara Ghat Bridge via Tower Chowk.<br /> |-<br /> | 17<br /> | Face Lifting of CBD Area<br /> | Face lifting and beautification of the Central Business District (CBD) area along major roads in the ABD area of Muzaffarpur Smart City.<br /> |-<br /> | 18<br /> | Construction of Smart Mini Bus &amp; E-Rickshaw Stops<br /> | Construction of 25 smart shelters for mini-buses and e-rickshaws across Muzaffarpur.<br /> |-<br /> | 19<br /> | RO Water Points<br /> | Installation of RO water points at different key junctions in Muzaffarpur.<br /> |-<br /> | 20<br /> | Integrated Bus Terminal at Bairiya<br /> | Construction of an integrated bus terminal at Bairiya, Muzaffarpur.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Project Status===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:left;&quot;<br /> |+ '''List of Major Development Projects in Muzaffarpur'''&lt;br&gt;Source: [https://mymmc.org/projectstatus MyMMC Project Status]<br /> ! S.No.<br /> ! Project Name<br /> ! Description / Remarks<br /> ! Status<br /> ! Completion (%)<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | Redevelopment of Sikandarpur Stadium<br /> | Redevelopment of Sikandarpur Stadium as a multi-purpose sports stadium.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#fff9c4;&quot; | Running<br /> | 65%<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | Beautification of Sikandarpur Lake Front<br /> | Beautification and development of the Sikandarpur Lake Front in Muzaffarpur.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#fff9c4;&quot; | Running<br /> | 95%<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | Municipal Shopping Mart at Tilak Maidan<br /> | Construction of a municipal shopping mart at Tilak Maidan, Muzaffarpur.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c8e6c9;&quot; | Completed<br /> | 100%<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | Master System Integrator (MSI) for ICCC<br /> | Implementation of the Master System Integrator for the Integrated Command and Control Centre (ICCC) under Muzaffarpur Smart City Limited (MSCL).<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c8e6c9;&quot; | Completed<br /> | 100%<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | Renovation of Town Hall<br /> | Renovation and modernization of the Town Hall in Muzaffarpur.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c8e6c9;&quot; | Completed<br /> | 100%<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | Construction of ICCC Building<br /> | Construction of the Integrated Command and Control Centre (ICCC) building in MRDA(D) campus, Muzaffarpur.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c8e6c9;&quot; | Completed<br /> | 100%<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | Re-Development of City Park<br /> | Redevelopment of City Park, Muzaffarpur, with modern amenities.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c8e6c9;&quot; | Completed<br /> | 100%<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> | Development of Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav Park<br /> | Creation of a commemorative park celebrating &quot;Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav&quot; in Muzaffarpur.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c8e6c9;&quot; | Completed<br /> | 100%<br /> |-<br /> | 9<br /> | Re-Development of Jubba Sahni Park<br /> | Redevelopment and landscaping of Jubba Sahni Park, Muzaffarpur.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c8e6c9;&quot; | Completed<br /> | 100%<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> | Re-Development of Indira Park<br /> | Upgradation and redevelopment of Indira Park in Muzaffarpur.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c8e6c9;&quot; | Completed<br /> | 100%<br /> |-<br /> | 11<br /> | Junction Improvement Works<br /> | Junction improvement works at six major intersections in Muzaffarpur.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c8e6c9;&quot; | Completed<br /> | 100%<br /> |-<br /> | 12<br /> | Development of Sewerage System<br /> | Development and improvement of the city’s sewerage infrastructure.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#fff9c4;&quot; | Running<br /> | 96%<br /> |-<br /> | 13<br /> | UG Main Storm Water Drainage<br /> | Construction of an underground main storm water drainage system.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#fff9c4;&quot; | Running<br /> | 96%<br /> |-<br /> | 14<br /> | Redevelopment of MIT Spinal Road<br /> | Redevelopment of MIT Spinal Road from Railway Station (Dharamshala Chowk) to Bairiya Chowk via Laxmi Chowk.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c8e6c9;&quot; | Completed<br /> | 100%<br /> |-<br /> | 15<br /> | Redevelopment of Road (Adarsh Nagar Thana to Harisabha Chowk)<br /> | Redevelopment of the road from Adarsh Nagar Thana to Harisabha Chowk via Kalyani Chowk, Muzaffarpur.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c8e6c9;&quot; | Completed<br /> | 100%<br /> |-<br /> | 16<br /> | Redevelopment of Peripheral Road<br /> | Redevelopment of the peripheral road from Railway Station (Dharamshala Chowk) to Akhara Ghat Bridge via Tower Chowk.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c8e6c9;&quot; | Completed<br /> | 100%<br /> |-<br /> | 17<br /> | Face Lifting of CBD Area<br /> | Face lifting and beautification of the Central Business District (CBD) area along major roads in the ABD area of Muzaffarpur Smart City.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c8e6c9;&quot; | Completed<br /> | 100%<br /> |-<br /> | 18<br /> | Construction of Smart Mini Bus &amp; E-Rickshaw Stops<br /> | Construction of 25 smart shelters for mini buses and e-rickshaws across Muzaffarpur.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c8e6c9;&quot; | Completed<br /> | 100%<br /> |-<br /> | 19<br /> | RO Water Points<br /> | Installation of RO water points at different key junctions in Muzaffarpur.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#fff9c4;&quot; | Running<br /> | 0%<br /> |-<br /> | 20<br /> | Integrated Bus Terminal at Bairiya<br /> | Construction of an integrated bus terminal at Bairiya, Muzaffarpur.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#fff9c4;&quot; | Running<br /> | 0%<br /> |-<br /> | 21<br /> | Public Awareness Campaigns and Workshops<br /> | Conducting public awareness campaigns and workshops under Muzaffarpur Smart City initiatives.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c8e6c9;&quot; | Completed<br /> | 100%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Gallery===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | total_width = 250<br /> | image_style = <br /> | perrow = 1/1/1<br /> | image1 = Sikandarpur_Lake_Front_Muzaffarpur_2.jpg<br /> | caption1 = Sikanadarpur Mann<br /> | image2 = Muzaffarpur Smart City Office.jpg<br /> | caption2 = Smart City Office<br /> | image3 = ICC_Muzaffarpur.jpg<br /> | caption3 = ICCC Building Muzaffarpur<br /> | image4 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Muzaffarpur Military Station==<br /> Muzaffarpur Military Station, also known as the Muzaffarpur Cantonment, Muzaffarpur Army Area or Station Headquarter Muzaffarpur, is a defence establishment of the [[Indian Army]] located in Shrirampuri, near Circuit House Road, in the Muzaffarpur district.<br /> <br /> The station provides administrative, logistic, and welfare facilities for serving and retired defence personnel in North Bihar. It is associated with the [[Territorial Army|151 Infantry Battalion (Territorial Army) – Jat Regiment]], which operates under the Territorial Army framework of the Indian Army.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jagran2020MuzaffarpurCanteen&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite news | last = Kumar | first = Murari | title = मुज़फ्फरपुर स्थित 161 साल पुराना आर्मी कैंटीन दूसरे प्रदेश में हो रहा शिफ्ट, पूर्व सैनिकों में आक्रोश | url = https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-the-161-year-old-army-canteen-in-muzaffarpur-is-being-shifted-to-another-state-20519266.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com | work = Jagran | date = 16 July 2020 | access-date = 4 November 2025 | language = hi }} <br /> &lt;/ref&gt;{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}<br /> *Overview<br /> The military station includes an Army Canteen that has served defence personnel and ex-servicemen of the [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Air Force]], and [[Indian Navy]] in the region for over a century. It is among the oldest canteens in eastern India, established around 1859–1860, providing subsidized goods and amenities to military personnel. The station also houses an Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme (ECHS) Polyclinic, which provides medical care and health services to retired defence personnel and their dependents.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveHindustan2021MuzaffarpurCanteen&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite news | title = आज खुला रहेगा सीएसडी कैंटीन | url = https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/story-csd-canteen-will-be-open-today-4979276.html | work = Live Hindustan | date = 1 November 2021 | access-date = 4 November 2025 | language = hi }} <br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Location<br /> Address: Circuit House Road, Shrirampuri, Muzaffarpur, Bihar – 842001<br /> *Nearest railway station: [[Muzaffarpur Junction]]<br /> <br /> == Economy ==<br /> Muzaffarpur is one of Bihar’s most economically important districts, ranking among the top three in GDDP and per-capita income, with high NDDP figures (Bihar Economic Survey 2025–26). The district has a diversified economy, with industries in textiles, bag manufacturing, agro-based products, dairy, and lychee cultivation. Industrial areas like Bela and Bariyarpur host major companies such as Bihar Drugs &amp; Organic Chemicals Ltd and Muzaffarpur Dairy. Sutapatti Bazar and Motijheel Market are key commercial hubs.<br /> <br /> Per capita GDP (2024) is around US$402, contributing ~5% to Bihar’s GDP. The district consumed 1,807 million units of energy, had 97,500+ registered vehicles, and generated ₹440 crore from stamp duty and registration fees. Muzaffarpur has over six malls, 26 car dealerships, 150 two-wheeler dealerships, and 8,584 POS machines.<br /> <br /> == Industrial Areas ==<br /> Industrial development is managed by [[Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority]] (BIADA), with key facilities like Suresh Chips and Semiconductor (Sherpur), Bela Industrial Area (textiles/bags), Bariyarpur Industrial Area, Paroo Industrial Area (700 acres), Mega Food Park, biofuel plants, leather park, and dairy plants. Notable companies include High Spirit, Rakesh Masala, Cosmus Lifestyle, Shree Shyam Industries, and others.{{cn|date=February 2026}}<br /> <br /> == Agriculture ==<br /> Muzaffarpur, known as '''Lychee Kingdom of India''', is an important agricultural district, producing fruits, vegetables, fish, and livestock products. Major horticultural crops include [[Lychee|Litchi]], Mango, Banana, Guava, Onion, Lotato, Brinjal, and cauliflower. Livestock and fisheries are well-developed, with 2.31 lakh animals treated and 43,000 t fish produced (2024-25). Fertiliser use totaled 155.97 (‘000 t), and irrigation covers 286.16 (‘000 ha) gross, with tubewells being the main source.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> Muzaffarpur is well-connected by rail and road, with a major railway junction and several national highways, including NH 27. A metro rail project is proposed, and the city's airport is slated for future development.<br /> <br /> ===Railways===<br /> [[Muzaffarpur Junction]] is the major Railway Station of the Muzaffarpur District lies on the [[East Central Railway zone]]. It is connected directly to all the major cities of India.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |last=Patna Press Staff<br /> |title=Muzaffarpur Railway Station Undergoing Major Redevelopment Under Amrit Bharat Station Scheme<br /> |url=https://patnapress.com/muzaffarpur-railway-station-undergoing-major-redevelopment-under-amrit-bharat-station-scheme/<br /> |website=Patna Press<br /> |date=6 September 2025<br /> |access-date=12 September 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are daily and weekly trains available for [[New Delhi]], [[Patna]], [[Secunderabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Varanasi]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]], [[Howrah]], [[Amritsar]], [[Pune]] and other major cities.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/muzaffarpur-junction-mfp/560<br /> | title = Muzaffarpur Junction (MFP) Railway Station: Timetable and Arrivals<br /> | website = India Rail Info<br /> | access-date = 9 September 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Roadways===<br /> {{jct|NH|27|country=IND}} which is part of India's [[North–South and East–West Corridor|East–West highway corridor]] passes through Muzaffarpur. Muzaffarpur is connected to other parts of India by {{jct|NH|27|country=IND}},{{jct|NH|22|country=IND}}, {{jct|NH|122|country=IND}} and [[List of state highways in Bihar|Bihar State highways]] 48 &amp; 4<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf<br /> | title = Details of National Highways (as on 31.03.)<br /> | publisher = Ministry of Road Transport &amp; Highways, Government of India<br /> | access-date = 9 September 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> '''Asian Highway 42''' ([[AH42]]) passes through Muzaffarpur, India, as part of the National Highway 27 (NH 27) route within the city&lt;ref&gt;<br /> [https://bsrdcl.bihar.gov.in/ List of Highways]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Metro Rail===<br /> [[Muzaffarpur Metro]] is a proposed metro railway service in the Muzaffarpur district of [[Bihar]]. The proposal was proposed by the department of Urban Development and Housing Development of Bihar Government to provide facility of metro railway services in Muzaffarpur<br /> <br /> For this project, [[Rail India Technical and Economic Service|RITES]] has already completed the survey, finalized the station and route for the Muzaffarpur metro, and sent it to the Bihar government for approval.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-metro-rail-project-metro-train-route-see-stoppage-list-here-23848967.html<br /> | title = मुजफ़्फरपुर में मेट्रो का रूट फाइनल, 20 स्टेशनों पर होगा ठहराव<br /> | website = Jagran<br /> | publisher = Jagran Prakashan Limited<br /> | language = hi<br /> | access-date = 9 September 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/route-of-metro-rail-service-in-muzaffarpur-finalized-these-20-stations-in-two-corridors-21-km-length-201734240134339.html<br /> | title = मुजफ्फरपुर में मेट्रो रेल सर्विस का रूट फाइनल; दो कॉरिडोर में ये 20 स्टेशन, 21.25 किमी लंबाई<br /> | website = Live Hindustan<br /> | publisher = HT Digital Streams Limited<br /> | language = hi<br /> | date = 15 December 2024<br /> | access-date = 9 September 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Airport===<br /> [[Muzaffarpur Airport|Patahi Airport]], located in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India, is currently not operational but is slated for development and expansion, with plans for a longer runway and to accommodate 19 Seater aircraft.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/muzaffarpur/aircraft-survey-work-is-complete-from-muzaffarpur-patahi-airport-air-service-will-start-very-soon/articleshow/122557188.cms<br /> | title = मुजफ्फरपुर पताही एयरपोर्ट से विमान सेवा शुरू होने की तैयारी, सर्वे कार्य पूरा<br /> | website = Navbharat Times<br /> | publisher = Bennett, Coleman &amp; Co. Ltd.<br /> | language = hi<br /> | date = 16 July 2025<br /> | access-date = 9 September 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Healthcare in Muzaffarpur==<br /> Muzaffarpur is home to several major medical institutions and hospitals, both government-run and private. These institutions cater to the medical needs of the local population and surrounding regions. Muzffarpur is also Considered as [[North Bihar|Medical Hub of North Bihar]]<br /> <br /> '''Some Notabale healthcare facilities in the city include:'''<br /> * [[Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital|Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital (SKMCH)]]<br /> * [[Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Muzaffarpur]]<br /> * Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), SKMCH<br /> * SKMCH Super Speciality Hospital<br /> * Muzaffarpur Homoeopathic Medical College &amp; Hospital<br /> * [[Radha Devi Jageshwari Memorial Medical College and Hospital|RDJM Medical College and Hospital]]<br /> * Prashant Memorial Charitable Hospital<br /> * Prasad Hospital<br /> * Maa Janki Hospital<br /> * ASG Eye Hospital<br /> * Aasav Hospital, Muzaffarpur<br /> * Phular Superspeciality Hospital<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Amrendra |title=प्रधानमंत्री मोदी बिहार को जल्द देंगे बड़ी सौगात, हजारों लोगों को मिलेगा फायदा |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-bihar-news-prime-minister-narendra-modi-inaugurated-homi-bhabha-cancer-hospital-and-research-center-in-muzaffarpur-24021151.html |website=Dainik Jagran |date=2024-09-09 |language=hi |access-date=2025-09-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Madan |title=Bihar CM inaugurates country's biggest paediatrics care centre at Muzaffarpur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-cm-inaugurates-countrys-biggest-paediatrics-care-centre-at-muzaffarpur/articleshow/76237048.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2020-06-06 |access-date=2025-09-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Muzaffarpur is also known as the educational hub of [[North Bihar]]. According to the Bihar Economic Survey 2024–25, Muzaffarpur is home to a total of 60 Government colleges. It is also the headquarters of [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]. Additionally, Muzaffarpur houses the first government engineering college of Bihar Government, [[Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology]]<br /> , which was established in 1954. The city also has a government medical college [[Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital|Shri Krsihna Medical College]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = https://muzaffarpur.nic.in/public-utility/sk-medical-hospital-muzaffarpur/<br /> | title = SK Medical Hospital, Muzaffarpur<br /> | website = District Muzaffarpur, Government of Bihar<br /> | publisher = Government of Bihar<br /> | access-date = 9 September 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Notable Colleges in Muzaffarpur<br /> ! Name !! Type !! Website<br /> |-<br /> | [[Langat Singh College]] || General Degree College || {{URL|http://www.lscollege.ac.in/}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[S.K.J. Law College]] || Law College || {{URL|https://www.skjlawcollege.ac.in/}}<br /> |-<br /> | RDJM Medical College &amp; Hospital || Private Medical College || {{URL|https://rdjmmch.in/}}<br /> |-<br /> | L.N. Mishra College of Business Management || Business Management College || {{URL|https://lnmcbm.org/}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Notable Schools in Muzaffarpur<br /> ! Name !! Affiliation/Type !! Website<br /> |-<br /> | Sunshine Prep/High School Muzaffarpur || Private School || {{URL|https://www.sphs.com/}}<br /> |-<br /> | D.A.V. Public School, Bakhri || CBSE - Private School || {{URL|https://davpsbakhri.in/}}<br /> |-<br /> | D.A.V. Public School, Khabra || CBSE - Private School || {{URL|https://davpskhabra.in/}}<br /> |-<br /> | G.D. Mother International School || CBSE - Private School || {{URL|https://gdmis.in/}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Muzaffarpur]] || Central Government School || {{URL|https://muzzaffarpur.kvs.ac.in/}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kendriya Vidyalaya, CRPF Camp Jhaphan || Central Government School || {{URL|https://crpfjhaphan.kvs.ac.in/}}<br /> |-<br /> | Prabhat Tara School || ICSE -Private School || {{URL|https://www.prabhattaraschool.in/}}<br /> |-<br /> | Delhi Public School, Muzaffarpur || CBSE || {{URL|https://www.dpsmuzaffarpur.com/}}<br /> |-<br /> | Shemford Futuristic School, Muzaffarpur || Private School || &lt;!-- Website not available --&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |last=Patna Press Staff<br /> |title=Langat Singh College Marks 126 Years with Tribute to India's Knowledge Heritage<br /> |url=https://patnapress.com/langat-singh-college-marks-126-years-with-tribute-to-indias-knowledge-heritage/<br /> |website=Patna Press<br /> |date=4 July 2025<br /> |access-date=12 September 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |last=Patna Press Staff<br /> |title=600 Students Are Studying in RDJM Medical College; Treatment Is Done in OPD: Rajeev Sharma<br /> |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/news/600-students-are-studying-in-rdjm-medical-college-treatment-is-done-in-opd-rajeev-sharma-134717173.html<br /> |website=Dainik Bhaskar<br /> |date=6 March 2025<br /> |access-date=12 September 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notable people ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Name !! Description<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rambriksh Benipuri]] || Indian freedom movement activist, eminent writer of [[Hindi literature]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[George Fernandes]] || Former [[Defence Minister of India]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]] || Freedom fighter and political activist<br /> |-<br /> | Raj Bhushan Choudhary || Indian politician, Member of 18th Lok Sabha, Member of [[Third Modi ministry]]<br /> |-<br /> | Devaki Nandan Khatri || Author of [[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]], first modern [[Hindi]] novel<br /> |-<br /> | Arunabh Kumar || Founder and ex-CEO of [[The Viral Fever]]<br /> |-<br /> | Dinesh Prasad Singh || Indian politician, Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]<br /> |-<br /> | Veena Devi || Indian politician, Member of Lok Sabha, [[Vaishali (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br /> |-<br /> | Rajendra Prasad || India's first president, worked as a professor of English in [[Langat Singh College]]<br /> |-<br /> | Sudhir Kumar Chaudhary || Sports spectator and fan of the [[Indian Cricket Team]]<br /> |-<br /> | Shreya Narayan || Bollywood actress<br /> |-<br /> | Aishwarya Nigam || Bollywood playback singer<br /> |-<br /> | Jai Narain Prasad Nishad || Indian politician and member of parliament from Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha Constituency of Bihar<br /> |-<br /> | Ajay Nishad || Indian politician, Member of 17th Lok Sabha<br /> |-<br /> | Raghunath Pandey || Famous entrepreneur who founded Shri Krishna Medical College &amp; Hospital (SKMCH), Muzaffarpur<br /> |-<br /> | Jubba Sahni || Freedom fighter<br /> |-<br /> | Rajni Ranjan Sahu || Member Rajya Sabha, 1984–1996<br /> |-<br /> | Sunil Sahu || Educator in the US<br /> |-<br /> | Uday Shankar || Media executive and former journalist, president of [[FICCI]], [[The Walt Disney Company Asia Pacific]], and chairman of [[Star India]] and [[The Walt Disney Company India]]<br /> |-<br /> | Janki Ballabh Shastri || Hindi poet, writer and critic<br /> |-<br /> | Baikunth Shukla || Revolutionary hanged by the British in 1934<br /> |-<br /> | Yogendra Shukla || Revolutionary, Indian freedom movement activist, served time at [[Cellular Jail|Kalapani]]<br /> |-<br /> | Basawon Singh || Revolutionary, Indian freedom movement activist<br /> |-<br /> | Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh || Diplomat and freedom fighter<br /> |-<br /> | Kishori Sinha || Indian politician and educationalist<br /> |-<br /> | Mridula Sinha || Former Governor of Goa (2014–2019)<br /> |-<br /> | Bapi Tutul || Music composer<br /> |}<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> |title=People and Personalities of Muzaffarpur District<br /> |url=https://aspirational.vikaspedia.in/viewcontent/aspirational-districts/bihar/muzaffarpur/know-your-district/people-and-personalities-of-muzaffarpur-district?lgn=en<br /> |website=Vikaspedia<br /> |access-date=11 September 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Climate ==<br /> Muzaffarpur has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Cwa) under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. The summer, between April and June, is extremely hot and humid (28–40&amp;nbsp;°C, 90% max). and winter is pleasantly cool, around 6–20&amp;nbsp;°C. Rainfall in Muzaffarpur City is comparatively less compared to other parts of Bihar.<br /> <br /> {{Weather box<br /> | location = Muzaffarpur (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2009)<br /> | metric first = yes<br /> | single line = yes<br /> | Jan record high C = 30.8<br /> | Feb record high C = 34.6<br /> | Mar record high C = 39.4<br /> | Apr record high C = 42.2<br /> | May record high C = 44.5<br /> | Jun record high C = 43.4<br /> | Jul record high C = 43.5<br /> | Aug record high C = 40.6<br /> | Sep record high C = 38.2<br /> | Oct record high C = 35.9<br /> | Nov record high C = 33.2<br /> | Dec record high C = 29.6<br /> | year record high C = 44.5<br /> | Jan high C = 21.7<br /> | Feb high C = 26.1<br /> | Mar high C = 31.4<br /> | Apr high C = 35.8<br /> | May high C = 35.3<br /> | Jun high C = 35.0<br /> | Jul high C = 33.0<br /> | Aug high C = 33.1<br /> | Sep high C = 32.6<br /> | Oct high C = 32.0<br /> | Nov high C = 28.6<br /> | Dec high C = 24.1<br /> | year high C = 30.7<br /> | Jan low C = 10.4<br /> | Feb low C = 13.6<br /> | Mar low C = 17.8<br /> | Apr low C = 22.6<br /> | May low C = 25.1<br /> | Jun low C = 26.7<br /> | Jul low C = 27.0<br /> | Aug low C = 27.0<br /> | Sep low C = 26.0<br /> | Oct low C = 23.0<br /> | Nov low C = 16.8<br /> | Dec low C = 12.0<br /> | year low C = 20.6<br /> | Jan record low C = 2.7<br /> | Feb record low C = 2.2<br /> | Mar record low C = 7.2<br /> | Apr record low C = 12.6<br /> | May record low C = 18.3<br /> | Jun record low C = 19.4<br /> | Jul record low C = 20.9<br /> | Aug record low C = 20.6<br /> | Sep record low C = 19.6<br /> | Oct record low C = 14.4<br /> | Nov record low C = 7.7<br /> | Dec record low C = 4.0<br /> | year record low C = 2.2<br /> | rain colour = green<br /> | Jan rain mm = 10.5<br /> | Feb rain mm = 12.5<br /> | Mar rain mm = 7.1<br /> | Apr rain mm = 20.9<br /> | May rain mm = 74.9<br /> | Jun rain mm = 168.6<br /> | Jul rain mm = 270.7<br /> | Aug rain mm = 276.5<br /> | Sep rain mm = 192.4<br /> | Oct rain mm = 48.5<br /> | Nov rain mm = 3.8<br /> | Dec rain mm = 2.8<br /> | year rain mm = 1089.2<br /> | Jan rain days = 0.9<br /> | Feb rain days = 0.9<br /> | Mar rain days = 0.7<br /> | Apr rain days = 1.5<br /> | May rain days = 4.4<br /> | Jun rain days = 7.0<br /> | Jul rain days = 12.4<br /> | Aug rain days = 11.9<br /> | Sep rain days = 8.2<br /> | Oct rain days = 1.7<br /> | Nov rain days = 0.2<br /> | Dec rain days = 0.3<br /> | year rain days = 50.1<br /> | time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | Jan humidity = 79<br /> | Feb humidity = 70<br /> | Mar humidity = 57<br /> | Apr humidity = 52<br /> | May humidity = 63<br /> | Jun humidity = 74<br /> | Jul humidity = 82<br /> | Aug humidity = 83<br /> | Sep humidity = 83<br /> | Oct humidity = 78<br /> | Nov humidity = 76<br /> | Dec humidity = 80<br /> | year humidity = 73<br /> | source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf<br /> | title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020<br /> | publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]<br /> | access-date = April 8, 2024<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IMDnormals&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br /> | archive-date = 5 February 2020<br /> | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br /> | title = Station: Muzaffarpur Climatological Table 1981–2010<br /> | work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010<br /> | publisher = India Meteorological Department<br /> | date = January 2015<br /> | pages = 513–514<br /> | access-date = 24 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IMDextremes&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br /> | archive-date = 5 February 2020<br /> | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br /> | title = Extremes of Temperature &amp; Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)<br /> | publisher = India Meteorological Department<br /> | date = December 2016<br /> | page = M36<br /> | access-date = 24 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Muzaffarpur has been ranked 32nd best &quot;National Clean Air City&quot; under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024|title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=India - National Clean Air Programme }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Muzaffarpur district]]<br /> * [[Tirhut division]]<br /> * [[Garibnath Temple]]<br /> * [[Muzaffarpur Junction]]<br /> * [[List of cities in Bihar]]<br /> * [[Sujini embroidery work of Bihar]]<br /> * [[Shirsh Bihar United FC|Muzaffarpur Shirsh Bihar United Football Club]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Muzaffarpur}}<br /> * [http://muzaffarpur.nic.in Official website of Muzaffarpur District]<br /> * [http://tirhut-muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in Official website of Tirhut Division]<br /> * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Muzaffarpur|short=x}}<br /> <br /> {{Tirhut Division|Collapsed}}<br /> {{Bihar}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Muzaffarpur| ]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Muzaffarpur district]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shri_Raghunath_Ji_Temple&diff=535381 2026-03-26T14:23:31Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: made</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Hindu Temple in Rajasthan, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> | name = Raghunath Ji Maharaj<br /> | image = Raghunath Ji Hindaun.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | map_type = India Rajasthan<br /> | map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26|43|37|N|77|02|22|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:100|display=inline,title}}<br /> | native_name =<br /> | country = India<br /> | state = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | district = [[Karauli]]<br /> | locale = [[Hindaun City]]<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | deity = [[Rama|Ram]], [[Sita|Seeta]]<br /> | festivals= [[Diwali]], [[Rama Navami]], [[Dussehra]]<br /> | architecture = <br /> | temple_quantity = 2<br /> | monument_quantity= 1<br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | year_completed = 15 century AD<br /> | creator = Tulsidass Ji <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> {{Hinduism}}<br /> '''Shri Raghunath Ji Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]]. It is the ancient temple of [[Hindaun City]]. The temple is approximately 650 year old. The temple is located at Tulsipura near [[Nakkash Ki Devi – Gomti Dham]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Raghunathjibhavan.jpg|thumb]]<br /> <br /> It is situated in the [[Hindaun City]], in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. Raghunath ji is a name of Hindu lord of [[Rama]].<br /> <br /> Nearest cities is [[Hindaun]] (0&amp;nbsp;km), [[Karauli]] (30&amp;nbsp;km), [[Gangapur City]] (43&amp;nbsp;km). The temple is located near of the [[Jalsen Reservoir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Places to Visit in Hindaun|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/amphtml/travel-guide/places-to-visit-in-hindaun-that-will-certainly-leave-you-stunned-004528.html|website=Native Planet}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Karauli district]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Hindaun]]<br /> [[Category:Hindaun]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-hindu-temple-stub}}</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bidyashagar_Singh_Khangembam&diff=491473 2026-03-21T08:33:02Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1998)}}<br /> {{Western name order|Khangembam Bidyashagar Singh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox football biography<br /> | name = Bidyashagar Singh<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | fullname = Bidyashagar Singh Khangembam<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|03|11|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Samaram Mayai Leikai, [[Manipur]], India<br /> | height = 1.73 m<br /> | currentclub = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]<br /> | clubnumber = 37<br /> | position = [[Forward (association football)#Striker|Striker]]<br /> | youthyears1 = 2016–2017<br /> | youthclubs1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br /> | years1 = 2017–2020<br /> | clubs1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br /> | caps1 = 29<br /> | goals1 = 9<br /> | years2 = 2020–2021<br /> | clubs2 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]<br /> | caps2 = 15<br /> | goals2 = 12<br /> | years3 = 2021–2023<br /> | clubs3 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> | caps3 = 12<br /> | goals3 = 3<br /> | years4 = 2022–2023<br /> | clubs4 = → [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] (loan)<br /> | caps4 = 8<br /> | goals4 = 0<br /> | years5 = 2023–2024<br /> | clubs5 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br /> | caps5 = 4<br /> | goals5 = 3<br /> | years6 = 2024<br /> | clubs6 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]<br /> | caps6 = 3<br /> | goals6 = 0<br /> | years7 = 2024–2025<br /> | clubs7 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]<br /> | caps7 = 16<br /> | goals7 = 2<br /> | years8 = 2025–2026<br /> | clubs8 = [[Bhawanipore Club|Bhawanipore]]<br /> | caps8 = 12<br /> | goals8 = 9<br /> | years9 = 2026–<br /> | clubs9 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]<br /> | caps9 = 1<br /> | goals9 = 0<br /> | club-update = 15:52, 19 March 2026 (UTC)<br /> }}<br /> {{Meitei name|Khangembam|Bidyashagar|Singh}}<br /> <br /> '''Bidyashagar Singh Khangembam''' ({{langx|mni|Khangembam Bidyashagar Singh}}, born 11 March 1998) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)#Striker|forward]] for [[Indian Football League]] club [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]].<br /> <br /> ==Club career==<br /> Bidyashagar is a product of [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]' youth system. He was part of East Bengal U18 squad that had narrowly lost in the final of the [[2016–17 I-League U18]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=report 2016–17 I-League U18 final|url=https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/1285_Match_Summary_V1_1494159655.pdf|work=Aiff.com|accessdate=9 January 2019|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723080345/https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/1285_Match_Summary_V1_1494159655.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He scored a total of 6 goals in the competition, which includes a goal each against [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Match report eastbebgal vs Salgaocar|url=https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/1284_Match_Summary_V1_1493986086.pdf|work=Aiff.com|accessdate=15 July 2019|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723082846/https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/1284_Match_Summary_V1_1493986086.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the semi-final and [[AIFF Elite Academy|AIFF Academy]] in the final. He represented [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]] in the [[2017–18 Santosh Trophy]]. He scored 4 goals in the tournament.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Santosh Trophy: Bengal Make Winning Start; Kerala Wallop Chandigarh|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/santosh-trophy-bengal-make-winning-start-kerala-wallop-chandigarh-1694155.html|work=news18.com|accessdate=15 July 2019|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723134625/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/santosh-trophy-bengal-make-winning-start-kerala-wallop-chandigarh-1694155.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Santosh Trophy 2018: West Bengal name 20-member squad for East Zone qualifiers|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/santosh-trophy-2018-west-bengal-name-20-member-squad-for-east-zone-qualifiers|work=sportskeeda.com|date=26 January 2018 |accessdate=15 July 2019|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723134629/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/santosh-trophy-2018-west-bengal-name-20-member-squad-for-east-zone-qualifiers|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2017, he was promoted into the senior squad for [[2017 CFL Premier Division|2017–18 Calcutta Premier Division]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=East Bengal announces their squad for the CFL|url=https://xtratime.in/mohun-bagan-makes-new-signings-east-bengal-announces-their-squad-for-the-cfl/|work=xtratime.in|accessdate=15 July 2019|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723084818/https://xtratime.in/mohun-bagan-makes-new-signings-east-bengal-announces-their-squad-for-the-cfl/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bidyasagar made his professional debut for East Bengal on 27 October 2018, in an [[I-League]] match against [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]], replacing goalscorer [[Enrique Esqueda]] for the final 2 minutes of a 0–2 victory at the [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NEROCA VS. EAST BENGAL 0 - 2|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/10/27/india/i-league/neroca/east-bengal-club-fc/2928128/|work=soccerway.com|accessdate=15 July 2019|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801011905/https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/10/27/india/i-league/neroca/east-bengal-club-fc/2928128/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===TRAU===<br /> On 9 July 2020, Bidyashagar signed for [[I-League]] club [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] for the [[2020–21 I-League]] season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=10 July 2021|url=<br /> https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2020-21-trau-fc-sign-bidyashagar-singh|title=TRAU FC sign former East Bengal starlet Bidyashagar Singh|work=Khelnow|access-date=12 March 2021|archive-date=13 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313070629/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2020-21-trau-fc-sign-bidyashagar-singh|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bidayashagar made his debut appearance for the club in I-League on 10 January 2020 against [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]] which ended in 1–1 draw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 January 2021|title=Real Kashmir vs. TRAU FC Football Match Summary|url=https://www.espn.in/football/match?gameId=590487|website=ESPN|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=28 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828071922/https://www.espn.in/football/match?gameId=590487|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 January 2021, Bidyashagar scored his first goal against [[Chennai City FC|Chennai City]] which ended 2–0 in favour of the Trau FC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 January 2021|title=TRAU FC register maiden win of season, beats Chennai City FC|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2020-21-trau-fc-chennai-city-fc-match-report-highlights|work=Khelnow|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305140658/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2020-21-trau-fc-chennai-city-fc-match-report-highlights|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He scored his next goal against [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] on 29 January 2021 which ended in a 1–1 draw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=30 January 2021|title=I-League Round-Up: Churchill Brothers hold TRAU, Chennai City beat Indian Arrows|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-round-up-churchill-brothers-trau-chennai-city/1g1g9yqy2idr411rzpijcjd7w9|work=Goal.com|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=28 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828071922/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-round-up-churchill-brothers-trau-chennai-city/1g1g9yqy2idr411rzpijcjd7w9|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 February, Bidyashagar scored a brace against [[Indian Arrows]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 February 2021|title=I-League 2021: TRAU put five past Indian Arrows to move into fifth spot|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/i-league-2021-trau-put-five-past-indian-arrows-to-move-into-fifth-spot-9342811.html|work=Firstpost|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225155752/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/i-league-2021-trau-put-five-past-indian-arrows-to-move-into-fifth-spot-9342811.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He is the second only Indian player to score double hat tricks in a single season, by doing so in a match against [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] and [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]] during the [[2020–21 I-League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 March 2021|title=Bidyashagar first Indian to score double hat-trick in a season|url=http://www.khelupdates.com/2021/03/11/bidyashagar-first-indian-to-score-double-hat-trick-in-a-season/|work=Khelupdates|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=12 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312002604/https://www.khelupdates.com/2021/03/11/bidyashagar-first-indian-to-score-double-hat-trick-in-a-season/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He ended the season scoring 12 goals,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Indian I-League Scoring Stats 2020–21|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/stats/_/league/IND.2/season/2020|publisher=ESPN|access-date=7 September 2021|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907090703/https://www.espn.com/soccer/stats/_/league/IND.2/season/2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 1 assist from 15 matches. He was also the top goalscorer in the [[2020–21 I-League]] season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=I-League 20-21 Top scorer Bidyashagar Singh set to join Bengaluru FC|url=https://footballexpress.in/i-league-top-scorer-bidyashagar-singh-is-set-to-join-bengaluru-fc/|website=Football Express|date=June 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615033821/https://footballexpress.in/i-league-top-scorer-bidyashagar-singh-is-set-to-join-bengaluru-fc/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus also becoming the fourth Indian player to finish as top scorer in a National League of the country after [[Bhaichung Bhutia]], [[Raman Vijayan]] and [[Sunil Chhetri]].<br /> <br /> He left the club the season later, and joined the [[Indian Super League]] side [[Bengaluru FC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Siddharth|date=2021-07-28|title=ISL: Bengaluru FC sign I-League golden boot winner Bidyashagar Singh|url=https://thebridge.in/isl/bfc-sign-bidyashagar-singh-23647|access-date=2021-07-28|website=thebridge.in|language=en|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728140944/https://thebridge.in/isl/bfc-sign-bidyashagar-singh-23647|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bengaluru ===<br /> On 28 July 2021, it was announced that Bidyashagar was signed by the Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC on a three-year deal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bengaluru FC bolster attacking options by signing Bidyashagar Singh on three-year deal|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/jul/28/bengaluru-fc-bolster-attacking-options-by-signing-bidyashagar-singh-on-three-year-deal-2336755.html|access-date=2021-07-28|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 July 2021 |archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728141225/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/jul/28/bengaluru-fc-bolster-attacking-options-by-signing-bidyashagar-singh-on-three-year-deal-2336755.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 August 2021, he debuted for the club in a 1{{endash}}0 win against Maldivian side [[Club Eagles]] in [[2021 AFC Cup]] qualifying play-offs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/afc-cup-jayesh-ranes-solitary-goal-powers-bengaluru-fc-to-win-over-club-eagles-in-playoff-match-9889111.html|title=AFC Cup: Jayesh Rane's solitary goal powers Bengaluru FC to win over Club Eagles in playoff match|website=First Post|date=16 August 2021 |access-date=16 August 2021|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816050939/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/afc-cup-jayesh-ranes-solitary-goal-powers-bengaluru-fc-to-win-over-club-eagles-in-playoff-match-9889111.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Kerala Blasters FC ===<br /> On 17 August 2022, [[Kerala Blasters FC]] announced the signing of Bidyashagar Singh on loan from [[Bengaluru FC]] until the end of season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Rajdeep |date=2022-08-17 |title=ISL: Kerala Blasters FC bolster attack with striker Bidyashagar Singh |url=https://thebridge.in/kerala-blasters-fc/isl-kerala-bolster-attack-bidyashagar-singh-34605 |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=The Bridge - Home of Indian Sports |language=en |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817111726/https://thebridge.in/kerala-blasters-fc/isl-kerala-bolster-attack-bidyashagar-singh-34605 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his Kerala Blasters debut on 7 October against [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] in a 3–1 win by coming as a substitute for [[Lalthathanga Khawlhring|Puitea]] in the 77th minute. He also provided an assist in that game for [[Ivan Kalyuzhnyi]] in 81st minute.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Soumyadwip |title=ISL 2022-23: Kerala Blasters FC 3-1 East Bengal FC {{!}} Ivan Kaliuzhnyi shines on debut as Yellow Tuskers oust Red and Gold Brigade |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/isl-2022-23-kerala-blasters-fc-3-1-east-bengal-fc-ivan-kaliuzhnyi-shines-on-debut-as-yellow-tuskers-oust-red-and-gold-brigade |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |date=7 October 2022 |language=en-us |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007181327/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/isl-2022-23-kerala-blasters-fc-3-1-east-bengal-fc-ivan-kaliuzhnyi-shines-on-debut-as-yellow-tuskers-oust-red-and-gold-brigade |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bidyashagar played his first match of the [[2023–24 Kerala Blasters FC season|2023–24 season]] against [[Gokulam Kerala FC]] in the [[2023 Durand Cup]] on 13 August 2023 as a substitute for the goal-scorer Justine Emmanuel, but they lost the match 3–4 at full-time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-13 |title=Kerala Blasters 3-4 Gokulam Kerala Highlights: GKFC beats KBFC to win Kerala Derby in Durand Cup 2023 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/kerala-blasters-vs-gokulam-kerala-live-score-kbfc-v-gkfc-updates-kerala-derby-streaming-goals-durand-cup-2023-highlights/article67190233.ece |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Sportstar |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815141740/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/kerala-blasters-vs-gokulam-kerala-live-score-kbfc-v-gkfc-updates-kerala-derby-streaming-goals-durand-cup-2023-highlights/article67190233.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 21 August, Bidyashagar scored his first goal for the Blasters and completed his hat-trick against [[Indian Air Force]], helping in a 5–0 victory. He became the first Indian player to score a hat-trick for the Blasters in a major competition and the first hat-trick scorer for the Blasters in the [[Durand Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-21 |title=Durand Cup 2023: Bidyashagar hat-trick powers Kerala Blasters to 5-0 win over Indian Air Force FT |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/kerala-blasters-vs-indian-air-force-durand-cup-report-score-result-goals-highlights/article67219492.ece |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Sportstar |language=en |archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825113839/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/kerala-blasters-vs-indian-air-force-durand-cup-report-score-result-goals-highlights/article67219492.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Punjab FC ===<br /> On January 31, 2024 Bidyashagar joined [[Punjab FC]] from [[Kerala Blasters FC]] on a permanent deal.<br /> <br /> ==Career statistics==<br /> ===Club===<br /> {{updated|matched played till 10 April 2024}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|vidyasagar-singh/578820|access-date=5 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Club<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Season<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot;|League<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Super Cup<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Continental<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Other<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total<br /> |-<br /> !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |[[2018–19 East Bengal F.C. season|2018–19]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[I-League]]<br /> |6||1||0||0||–||–||6&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;CFL1&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[2018 CFL Premier Division|2018–19 Calcutta Premier Division]]&lt;/ref&gt;||0||12||1<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019–20 East Bengal F.C. season|2019–20]]<br /> |5||0||0||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–||12&lt;ref name=&quot;DC&quot; group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Four appearances in the [[2019 Durand Cup]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;CFL2&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[2019 CFL Premier Division|2019–20 Calcutta Premier Division]]&lt;/ref&gt;||8{{efn|Five goals in [[2019 Durand Cup]]|name=dc}}||17||8<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Total<br /> !11!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!18!!8!!29!!9<br /> |-<br /> |[[TRAU F.C.|TRAU]]<br /> |[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]<br /> |[[I-League]]<br /> |15||12||0||0||–||–||–||–||15||12<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> |[[2021–22 Bengaluru FC season|2021–22]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Indian Super League]]<br /> |3||0||0||0||4&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;AFC&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[2021 AFC Cup]]&lt;/ref&gt;||2||5&lt;ref name=&quot;DC21&quot; group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[2021 Durand Cup]]&lt;/ref&gt;||1||12||3<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] (loan)<br /> |[[2022–23 Kerala Blasters FC season|2022–23]]<br /> |6<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |–<br /> |–<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |8<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> |Kerala Blasters<br /> |[[2023–24 Kerala Blasters FC season|2023–24]]<br /> |–<br /> |–<br /> |–<br /> |–<br /> |–<br /> |–<br /> |4<br /> |3<br /> |4<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]<br /> |[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|Indian Super League<br /> |3||0||0||0||–||–||0||0||3||0<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Career total<br /> !38!!13!!2!!0!!4!!2!!27!!12!!71!!27<br /> |}<br /> ;Notes<br /> {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> '''Individual'''<br /> *[[I-League]] Golden Boot: [[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]] (''12 Goals'' with [[TRAU FC]])&lt;ref&gt;[https://i-league.org/statistics-league/i-league/ I-League 2020–21 season statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103131445/https://i-league.org/statistics-league/i-league/ |date=3 November 2018 }} ''i-league.org''. Retrieved 27 March 2021&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2021/12/last-years-experience-will-be-helpful-says-trau-head-coach-nandakumar/ |title=Last year's experience will be helpful, says TRAU head coach Nandakumar |website=thenewsmill.com |publisher=TNM NewsDesk |date=18 December 2021 |access-date=26 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002191638/https://thenewsmill.com/2021/12/last-years-experience-will-be-helpful-says-trau-head-coach-nandakumar/ |archive-date=2 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[I-League]] — Hero of the League: [[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/56013?type=club AIFF profile]<br /> <br /> {{I-League Golden Boot}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bidyashagar}}<br /> [[Category:1998 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men's footballers]]<br /> [[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Men's association football forwards]]<br /> [[Category:East Bengal Club players]]<br /> [[Category:TRAU FC players]]<br /> [[Category:I-League players]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Bengaluru FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Super League players]]<br /> [[Category:Punjab FC players]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbu_language&diff=469174 2026-03-13T09:08:00Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: expand page to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Yakthung language of eastern Nepal and India}}<br /> {{For|the Bantoid language of Cameroon|Limbum language}}<br /> {{Infobox language<br /> | name = Limbu<br /> | altname = <br /> | nativename = {{Script|Limbu|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ}} {{lang|lif-Latn|Yakthuṅ pan}}<br /> | region = [[Nepal]]; significant communities in [[Bhutan]]; [[Sikkim]] and [[Darjeeling district]] of [[India]]<br /> | states = [[Sikkim]] and [[Eastern Nepal]]<br /> | ethnicity = [[Limbu people|Limbu]]<br /> | speakers = {{sigfig|413,200|2}}<br /> | date = 2011–2021 censuses<br /> | ref = e27<br /> | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan<br /> | fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]<br /> | fam3 = [[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti]] (?)<br /> | fam4 = [[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]]<br /> | dia1 = Phedape<br /> | dia2 = Chhathare<br /> | dia3 = Panthare<br /> | dia4 = Tambarkhole<br /> | iso3 = lif<br /> | glotto = limb1266<br /> | glottorefname = Limbu<br /> | script = [[Limbu script]]&lt;br&gt;[[Roman script]]<br /> | notice = <br /> | image = limbu.png<br /> | imagecaption = yakthuṅ pan written in Limbu Script<br /> | nation = *[[Languages of Nepal|Nepal]]<br /> ** [[Koshi Province]]<br /> *[[Official languages of India|India]]<br /> ** [[Sikkim]]&lt;ref name=&quot;sikkimofficial&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Sikkim Official Languages Act |url=https://www.sikkim.gov.in/uploads/Gazette/1977_THE_SIKKIM_OFFICIAL_LANGUAGES_ACT_20221029.pdf |website=sikkim.gov.in |publisher=Government of Sikkim |access-date=27 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | map = Limbu script.png<br /> | mapcaption = [[Limbu script]]. Grey letters are obsolete.<br /> <br /> }}<br /> {{Contains special characters|Uncommon Unicode}}<br /> '''Limbu''' (Limbu: {{Lang|lif|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ}}, ''yakthuṅ pan'') is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language]] spoken by the [[Limbu people]] of [[Nepal]] and Northeastern [[India]] (particularly [[West Bengal]], [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]]) as well as expatriate communities in [[Bhutan]]. The Limbu refer to themselves as ''Yakthung'' and their language as ''Yakthungpan.'' Yakthungpan has four main dialects: Phedape, Chhathare, Tambarkhole and Panthare dialects.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;A Grammar of Limbu By George van Driem 1987&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Among four dialects, the Phedape dialect is widely spoken and well understood by most Yakthungpan speakers. However, as there are some dominant Panthare scholars who have role to create knowledge and control knowledge in the Limbu communities, Panthare dialect is being popularised as a &quot;standard&quot; Limbu language. As Panthare Yakthungs are much more engaged in central political position and administrative positions, they are trying to introduce Panthare dialect as a Standard Yakthungpan.<br /> <br /> Yakthungpan (Limbu language) is one of the major languages spoken and written in Nepal, Darjeeling, [[Kalimpong]], Sikkim, and Bhutan. Linguists have reached the conclusion that Yakthungpan resembles [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]] and [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]].<br /> <br /> Before the introduction of the Sirijanga script among Limbu, the [[Róng script]] was popular in east Nepal, especially in the early Maurong state. The Sirijanga script had almost disappeared for 800 years and it was brought back into use by [[Limbu people|Limbu]] scholar [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]] of Tellok Sinam [[Limbuwan]] present day [[Nepal]]. The Limbu script is called 'Sirijanga' after the Limbu culture- hero [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]], who is credited with its invention.&lt;ref&gt;The Unicode Standard 5.0, Front Cover By Unicode Consortium, Addison-Wesley, 2007- Computers 1417 pages, Page 360&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geographical distribution==<br /> Limbu is spoken east of the [[Arun River, China-Nepal|Arun River]] in the following [[districts of Nepal]] (''[[Ethnologue]]'').<br /> <br /> *[[Koshi Province]]<br /> **[[Dhankuta District]]<br /> **[[Ilam District]]<br /> **[[Jhapa District]]<br /> **[[Morang District]]<br /> **[[Panchthar District]]<br /> **[[Sankhuwasabha District]]<br /> **[[Sunsari District]]<br /> **[[Taplejung District]]<br /> **[[Terhathum District]]<br /> <br /> ==Official status==<br /> ===Nepal===<br /> The [[Language Commission (Nepal)|Language Commission of Nepal]] has recommended the Limbu language as official language in [[Koshi Province.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langcomreport&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८ |url=https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |website=Language Commission |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906171816/https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chulachuli Rural Municipality]],&lt;ref name=&quot;chulachuli&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Limbu official language in Chulachuli rural municipality |url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/28/212050/ |access-date=29 October 2021 |agency=Khabarhub |date=28 Sep 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mangsebung Rural Municipality]]&lt;ref name=&quot;mangsebung&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chapagain |first1=Bhim |title=Limbu language declared official language |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/limbu-language-declared-official-language/ |access-date=29 October 2021 |agency=My Republica |publisher=My Republica |date=1 Dec 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Phalgunanda Rural Municipality]]&lt;ref name=&quot;phalgunanda&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=फाल्गुनन्द गाउँपालिकाको सरकारी कामकाजको भाषा याक्थुङ लिम्बु हुने |url=https://silautitimes.com/2021/06/25/8794/ |access-date=30 October 2021 |agency=Silauti Times |publisher=Silauti Times |date=25 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; have recognized the Limbu language as an official working language.<br /> <br /> ===India===<br /> In India, the state of [[Sikkim]] has recognized the Limbu language as an additional official language for the purpose of preservation of culture and tradition in the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;sikkimgov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=About Sikkim |url=https://www.sikkimtourism.gov.in/Public/ExperienceSikkim/history |website=Sikkim Tourism |access-date=1 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The official weekly publication ''Sikkim Herald'' has a Limbu Edition.&lt;ref name=&quot;sikkimherald&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ᤜᤣᤖᤠᤸᤍ |url=https://sikkim.gov.in/uploads/SikkimHerald/Limboo_29Oct_0_20211029.pdf |website=Government of Sikkim |access-date=4 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Dialects==<br /> The Limbu languages are divided into four dialects :&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Phedappe<br /> *Panthare<br /> *Chathare<br /> *Taplejunge or Tamarkhole<br /> <br /> ''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists the following dialects of Limbu.<br /> <br /> *Dialect cluster 1<br /> **Panthare<br /> **Chaubise <br /> **Charkhole<br /> **Yanggrokke (Yanggruppe)<br /> *Dialect cluster 2<br /> **Phedappe<br /> **Tamorkhole (Taplejunge)<br /> *Dialect cluster 3<br /> **Chhatthare (Chatthare, Chhathar)<br /> <br /> Yanggrokke, Chaubise, and Charkhole are minor variants of the Panthare dialect. Phedappe and Tamorkhole are similar. Chattare is less well understood by other dialect speakers. The Limbu dialect spoken in [[Sikkim]], India is the same as Panthare.<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> ===Vowels and consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |+ Vowel phonemes&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Driem, George van, 1957-|title=A grammar of Limbu|date=1987|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|isbn=0-89925-345-8|location=Berlin|oclc=16352958}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Front vowel|Front]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Central vowel|Central]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Back vowel|Back]]<br /> |-<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;short&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;long&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;short&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;long&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;short&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;long&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Close vowel|Close]]<br /> | {{IPA link|i}}<br /> | {{IPA link|iː}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> | {{IPA link|u}}<br /> | {{IPA link|uː}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA link|eˑ}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA link|oˑ}}<br /> |-<br /> ![[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA link|ə}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]<br /> | {{IPA link|ɛ}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ɛː}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> | {{IPA link|ʌ}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ʌː}}<br /> |-<br /> ![[Open vowel|Open]]<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> |{{IPA link|a}}<br /> |{{IPA link|aː}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> /{{IPA link|ʌ}}, {{IPA link|ʌː}}/ can be heard as rounded [{{IPA link|ɔ}}, {{IPA link|ɔː}}] after labial consonants.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |+ Consonant phonemes&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> ! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br /> ! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]<br /> ! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br /> ! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]<br /> ! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/&lt;br&gt;[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br /> ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br /> ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br /> | {{IPA link|m}}<br /> | {{IPA link|n}}<br /> |<br /> | ({{IPA link|ɳ}})<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|ŋ}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Plosive]]/&lt;br/&gt;[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;[[voicelessness|voiceless]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|p}}<br /> | {{IPA link|t̪|t}}<br /> |<br /> | ({{IPA link|ʈ}})<br /> | {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}<br /> | {{IPA link|k}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ʔ}}<br /> |-<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;[[voicelessness|voiceless]] [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|pʰ}}<br /> | {{IPA link|tʰ}}<br /> |<br /> | ({{IPA link|ʈʰ}})<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|kʰ}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|b}}<br /> | ({{IPA link|d|d̪}})<br /> |<br /> | ({{IPA link|ɖ}})<br /> | ({{IPA link|d͡ʑ}})<br /> | ({{IPA link|ɡ}})<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | ({{IPA link|bʱ}})<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | ({{IPA link|ɖʱ}})<br /> | ({{IPA link|d͡ʑʱ}})<br /> | ({{IPA link|ɡʱ}})<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|r}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fricative]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|s}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|ɦ}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Approximant]]<br /> | {{IPA link|w}}<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|l}}<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|j}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Phonemes in parentheses occur in loan words from Nepali.<br /> <br /> ==Grammar==<br /> Limbu is a postpositional language. Noun arguments take case markers as well as postpositions. Double case markings happen frequently. The following word endings mark for cases in Limbu.<br /> <br /> * [[absolutive case|absolutive]] ''-ʔin''<br /> * [[Ergative case|ergative]] ''-le/-re/-lle/-ʔille''<br /> * [[instrumental case|instrumental]] ''-le/-ʔille''<br /> * [[genitive case|genitive]] ''-re/-le/-ille''<br /> * absolutivized genitive ''-re-n/-le-n''<br /> * [[vocative case|vocative]] ''-e''<br /> ** non-singular vocative ''-se''<br /> ** rare vocative ''-re''<br /> * [[locative case|locative]] ''-ʔo''<br /> * [[comitative case|comitative]] ''-nu''<br /> * [[Prolative case|mediative]] ''-lam''<br /> * [[elative case|elative]] ''-ʔo-lam/-ʔo-nu''<br /> * [[allative case|allative]] ''-thak''<br /> * [[intrative case|intrative]] ''-lum-ʔo''<br /> * [[comparative case|comparative]] ''-nulle'' (combined form of comitative -nu and genitive -lle)<br /> <br /> Limbu is an [[ergative-absolutive language]], with the agentive argument of a [[transitive verb]] will take ergative ''-le/-re/-lle/-ʔille'', and the subject of a intransitive verb and the patient of a transitive verb will be marked by ''-ʔin''.<br /> <br /> Limbu verbs, which are [[polysynthetic]] in nature, exhibit double negators and agreements with objects, but lack third person subject agreements and noun [[Incorporation (linguistics)|incorporation]]. A typical Limbu verbal morphology can be described in following table:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Limbu verb template<br /> ! +3 || +2 || +1 || core || -1 || -2 || -3 || -4 || -5 || -6 || -7 || -8 || -9 || -10 <br /> |-<br /> | (''kɛ-'') 2/(''mɛ-'') 3/(''a-'') INCL || A/SBJ || (''n-'' &amp; ''mɛ-'') NEG/''Ø'' AFF || verb stem || RR/1&gt;2 || TNS || A/P (DU, PL, 3PL, ''Ø'' SG) ## || A ## || NEG || SBJ ## || P ## || A ## || 1EXCL/1INCL || (''-n/-nɛn'') NEG <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Sirijanga script==<br /> [[File:Limbu script.png|thumb|right|275px|The [[Limbu script]]. Grey letters are obsolete.]] <br /> Limbu language is one of the few [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] of the central [[Himalayas]] with their own scripts.&lt;ref&gt;(Sprigg 1959: 590)&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Limbu script]] or Sirijanga script was devised during the period of Buddhist expansion in [[Sikkim]] in the early 18th century when [[Limbuwan]] still constituted part of Sikkimese territory.&lt;ref&gt;(Sprigg 1959: 591-592 &amp; MS: 1-4)&lt;/ref&gt; The Limbu script was probably designed roughly at the same time as the [[Lepcha script]] (during the reign of the third King of Sikkim, Phyag-dor Nam-gyal (c. 1700–1717)). However, it is widely believed that the Limbu script (Sirijanga) had been designed by the Limbu King Sirijanga Hang in the 9th century. The Sirijanga script was later redesigned and re-introduced by [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]] . As Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe spent most of his time in the development of Yakthungpan, Yatkhung culture, and Limbu script; he is considered as the reincarnation of the 9th century King Sirijanga.<br /> <br /> As Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe was astoundingly influential in spreading the Limbu script, culture, and language, Tasang monks came to fear that he might transform the social, cultural, and linguistic structure of Sikkim. Therefore, Tasang monks captured Sirijunga, bound him to a tree, and shot him to death with poisonous arrows.<br /> <br /> Both Limbu and [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] scripts were ostensibly devised with the intent of furthering the spread of [[Buddhism]]. However, Sirijanga was a Limbu Buddhist who had studied under Sikkimese high Lamas. Sirijanga was given the title 'the [[Dorje]] [[Lama]] of Yangrup'.<br /> <br /> The script has been influenced by [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]] and [[Devanagari]]. Unlike most other Brahmic scripts, it does not have separate independent [[vowel]] characters, instead using [[abugida|a vowel carrier letter with the appropriate dependent vowel attached]].<br /> <br /> The Limbu language and literature have been less practiced in Nepal since the last eighteenth century. The cultural identity of any community was taken as a threat to the national unification by ruling elites until the recent years. The use of the [[Limbu alphabet]] was banned and the possession of Limbu writings outlawed. There were no specific laws about it, but the Security Act was enforced for such cases under the strong directives of Kathmandu.<br /> <br /> ==Writing==<br /> {{main|Limbu script}}<br /> <br /> Limbu has its own unique writing system, which is similar to Tibetan and Sikkimese scripts. The [[Limbu script]] or Sirijunga script is unique and scientifically designed by King Sirijanga in the 9th century; it was later re-designed and popularized by [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]] and his followers in the 18th century. Since teaching of Limbu/Yakthung language and writing was banned by the Khas-Hindus in Nepal after the &quot;Noon Pani Sandhi&quot; between the [[Limbuwan]] and [[Gorkha Kingdom]] (Prithvi Narayan Shah), far more Limbus are [[literacy|literate]] in [[Nepali language|Nepali]] than in Limbu in Nepal. Although many Limbu books were written in Devanagari and Roman (English), now Limbus/Yakthungs have well-developed computerized writing system and many books are published in Limbu script or Sirijunga script.<br /> <br /> The historical development of Kirat-Yakthung writing can be organized into the following periods:<br /> <br /> # Classical Kirat-Yakthung period: King Sirijanga (9th century AD)<br /> # The 18th-century Kirat-Yakthunghang period: [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]] and his cronies movement<br /> # The 19th-century Kirat-Yakthung writers and rhetors: Period of Jobhansing Limbu, Chyangresing Phedangba, Ranadwaj, and Jit Mohan (Brian Hudgson procured books and requested them to write histories, stories, narratives, culture, and so on)<br /> # The 20th-century Kirat-Yakthung writers and rhetors: <br /> ## After the establishment of &quot;Yakthunghang Chumlung&quot; (1925); thereafter, several books were published. <br /> ## Limbu script was much more influenced by Devnagari script at this period. <br /> ## At the same time, both national and international linguists, researchers, and writers addressed the issued in this period. This period is period of inquiry, communication, discovery, and re/construction.<br /> # Late 20th- and 21st-century Kirat-Yakthung writers and rhetors: This period denotes after the restoration of democracy in Nepal in 1990. Introduction of &quot;Anipan&quot; at school; many research and writing such as MA/MPhil theses and research reports; establishment of Limbu organization at the local and global level; period of delinking, relinking, and linking epistemologies.<br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> The Limbu language has many papers and publications in circulation.<br /> For instance, ''Tanchoppa'' (Morning Star) is a monthly newspaper/magazine which has been published since 1995. There are many other literary publications.<br /> The oldest known Limbu writings were collected from the Darjeeling district in the 1850s. They are the ancestors of the modern Limbu script. The writings are now a part of a collection in the India Library in London.<br /> <br /> ==Teaching==<br /> In [[Nepal]], the Limbu language is taught on private initiative. The Government of Nepal has published &quot;Ani Paan&quot; text books in Limbu for primary education from grades 1 to 12. Kirant Yakthung Chumlung teaches Limbu language and script on its own initiative.<br /> <br /> In [[Sikkim]], since the late 1970s, Limbu in the Limbu script has been offered in English-medium schools as a vernacular language subject in areas populated by Limbus. Over 4000 students study Limbu for one hour daily taught by some 300 teachers. Course books are available in Limbu from grades 1 to 12. Additionally, the significance of Limbu in Sikkim is that the name of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] itself is a combination of two Limbu words: ''su'', which means &quot;new&quot;, and ''khyim'', which means &quot;palace&quot; or &quot;house&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia By James Minahan, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Sample text==<br /> The following text is Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].<br /> <br /> === English ===<br /> {{Block indent|'''Article 1:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/english&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> === Limbu (Limbu Script) ===<br /> {{Block indent|{{Lang|lif|{{Script|Limb|'''ᤁᤢᤎᤠ ᥇''': ᤁᤧᤖᤧᤰ ᤕᤠᤵᤔᤡᤜᤠ᤹ ᤀᤡᤱᤎᤠᤱ ᤏᤢ ᤕᤢᤰᤖᤧ ᤏᤠ᤺ᤶᤓᤣᤀᤠᤣ ᤛᤠᤘᤠ᤺ᤴᤏᤠᤣᤏᤢᤀᤣ ᤆᤠᤣ᤺ᤰᤕᤢᤶᤓᤠᤣᤒᤠ ᤏᤢ ᤐᤧᤶᤒᤧᤶᤒᤠ ᤔᤧᤘᤠ᤹ ॥ ᤂᤢᤏᤡ᤹ ᤏᤡᤛᤡ᤺ᤰᤐᤠ ᤏᤢ ᤂᤧᤛᤡᤱ ᤔᤧᤍᤠᤖᤢᤀᤠᤱ ᤔᤧᤍᤩᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤔᤧᤘᤠ᤹ ᤜᤧᤰᤁᤩᤠᤱ ᤌᤡᤰᤘᤣ᤹ᤀᤠᤣ ᤑᤢ᤹ᤏᤢᤛᤠ᤹ ᤀᤡᤛᤡᤰ ᤀᤠᤣᤃᤠᤵ ᤆᤠᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠᤛᤡ ᤐᤠᤣ᤺ᤱ ॥}}}}&lt;ref name=&quot;UDHR_Limbu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/lif.pdf |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Limbu translation |trans-title=ᤔᤧᤴᤇᤠᤶ ᤕᤢᤰᤖᤧᤴ ᤁᤒᤢ ᤀᤡᤰᤛᤠ ᤀᤡᤱᤓᤥ᤺ᤴᤛᤰ |website=OHCHR.org |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |format=PDF |language=lif |page=1|access-date=15 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[History of Limbuwan]]<br /> *[[Languages of Nepal]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * Driem, George van (1987). ''A grammar of Limbu''. (Mouton grammar library; 4). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. {{ISBN|3-11-011282-5}}<br /> * Limbu, Marohang (2017). {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170728075959/http://joglep.com/files/3914/9082/6377/0.3_Marohang_Limbu_Final.pdf Politics in Rhetoric and Writing in Paracolonial Context: A Glimpse of Limbu Language, Writing, and Literacy in Yakthung Laje.]}} ''Journal of Global Literacies, Technologies, and Emerging Pedagogies'', 4(1), 550-591.<br /> * Limbu, Marohang (2016). Politics of Rhetoric and Writing in the Non-Western World: Delinking, Relinking, and Linking Yakthung Epistemologies. ''Mikphulla Laje Inghang'',10(10) 36-41.<br /> * Perumalsamy, P. (2009) &quot;Limbu Language&quot; in Linguistic Survey of India: Sikkim volume I, New Delhi: Office of Registrar General India, pp: 204–279. https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/34829<br /> * {{cite book |author=Tumbahang, Govinda Bahadur |date=2007 |title=A Descriptive Grammar Of Chhatthare Limbu |publisher=Central Department of English Kirtipur |location=Kathmandu |hdl=123456789/3017 |url=https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/handle/123456789/3017}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Incubator|code= lif}}<br /> *[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/limbu.htm Omniglot modern Limbu writing system]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160531014159/http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/pangloss/dico/ Limbu-English Dictionary of the Mewa Khola dialect] ([http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/documents/publi/L22Ib.pdf PDF introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827024415/http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/documents/publi/L22Ib.pdf |date=2018-08-27 }})<br /> *[[Kaipuleohone]]'s [[Language Documentation Training Center|LDTC]] collection [[hdl:10125/36148|includes open access recordings in Limbu]]<br /> <br /> {{Kiranti languages}}<br /> {{Languages of Northeast India}}<br /> {{Languages of Bhutan}}<br /> {{Languages of Nepal}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Languages of Nepal]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Bhutan]]<br /> [[Category:Kiranti languages]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:Official languages of Nepal]]<br /> [[Category:Limbu culture]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Koshi Province]]<br /> [[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuchaman_City&diff=470803 2026-03-11T20:53:31Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: basic fix layout per sources and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{multiple issues|<br /> {{more citations needed|date=December 2014}}<br /> {{Overly detailed|date=December 2025}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Kuchaman City<br /> | native_name = {{small|Śikśa Nagrī ({{lang|hi|शिक्षा नगरी}})}}<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | official_name = Municipal Council of Kuchaman City<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nicknames = Education City, Shiksha Nagari, Kuncha Ki Dhani<br /> | settlement_type = City<br /> | image_skyline = Kuchaman fort skyline.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = The Fort of Kuchaman in 2023<br /> | image_map = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27.151727|N|74.863243|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = [[Country]]<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Didwana-Kuchaman district|Didwana]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = 8th Century<br /> | founder = *[[Nagabhata I]] (Founder of the Kuchaman fort)&lt;br /&gt; <br /> * Thakur Zalim Singh (First Thakur and founder of Kuchaman [[Feudatory]])<br /> | government_type = [[Constitution of India]]<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | leader_title = [[Member of legislative assembly|MLA]]<br /> | leader_name = [[Vijay Singh Chaudhary]] [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = 98<br /> | area_total_km2 = 30<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 111012<br /> | population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India|2011]]<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = <br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official Languages<br /> | demographics1_info1 = Hindi, Marwadi (Rajasthani)<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 341508<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = +91-1586<br /> | registration_plate = RJ37, RJ21<br /> | website = {{URL|kuchaman.in}}<br /> | leader_party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Kuchaman City''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|uː|tʃ|ə|ˈ|m|ɑː|n}}) is a [[tehsil]] located in west-central [[Rajasthan]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/rajasthan/jaipur-rajasthan-new-districts-rajasthan-will-get-19-new-districts-and-3-divisions-on-august-7-gehlot-cabinet-approved-23491663.html |script-title=hi:Rajasthan New Districts: सात अगस्त को राजस्थान को मिलेंगे 19 नए जिले और 3 संभाग, गहलोत मंत्रिमंडल ने लगाई मुहर }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/jaipur/rajasthan-news-today-06-october-2023-live-updates-politics-weather-crime-red-diary-ashok-gehlot-vidhansabha-chunav-dates/liveblog/104198973.cms |script-title=hi:भीलवाड़ा नगर परिषद बोर्ड मीटिंग में एक दूसरे को मारने दौड़े पार्षद }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is located approximately {{Convert|42|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the south-east of the city of [[Didwana]], the district headquarters of [[Didwana-Kuchaman district]]. <br /> <br /> The historic Kuchaman Fort, dating from the 9th century AD, overlooks the city from a 300 m cliff. It houses a temple adorned with paintings of local deities such as [[Veer Teja|Tejaji]], [[Gogaji]], and Jambu Maharaj.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Rajendra |title=Folk Deities of Rajasthan |publisher=Rajasthan Studies Press |year=2012 |page=145}}&lt;/ref&gt; The fort also contains the Maa Kali Temple and Krishna Mandir, both of which enshrine idols that are over 1,000 years old. These idols were brought back by the Kuchaman rulers from their military campaigns.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}<br /> <br /> Kuchaman is an educational hub of the state, home to numerous pre-engineering and pre-medical coaching institutes. The city is popularly referred to as &quot;Shiksha Nagari&quot; or City of [[Education|Education.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kuchaman City Municipality City Population Census 2011-2024 {{!}} Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800541-kuchaman-city-rajasthan.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Census 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Kuchaman fort 8.jpg|thumb|View of Kuchaman Fort from entrance]]<br /> [[File:Kuchaman fort drone.jpg|thumb|Drone view of the fort]]<br /> [[File:Marwar within Rajputana.jpg|thumb|Kuchaman in Marwar within Rajputana]]<br /> Kuchaman was founded as the seat of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara dynasty]] rulers during the 5th to 8th centuries CE. In the 16th century, it was conquered by the [[Chauhan Dynasty|Chauhans]] and later by the [[Gaur (clan)|Gaurs]]. The [[Rathore dynasty|Rathores]] finally took over and ruled it as a feudal [[jagir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjVNAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=kuchaman+fort+gurjar+pratihar | title=Kuchamaṇi Khyal: An Endangered Folk Theatre Style of Rajasthan | last1=Mathur | first1=Madan Mohan | year=2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically, Kuchaman was a stop on the highly profitable Central Asian [[Trade route|caravan route]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNsvAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=kuchaman+fort+built+founded | title=Footprint India | year=2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to legend, the mountain range where Kuchaman is located was once inhabited by the Kuchbandhis, and the town likely derives its name from them. The region, including Kuchbandia and its surrounding areas, was dominated for a long time by the Gaur [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]]. This is supported by inscriptions of the Gaur rulers found at Hirani, Mithadi, Lichana, and other nearby locations. Their capital was [[Maroth, Rajasthan|Maroth]], an ancient city of historical significance.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}<br /> <br /> In [[1715]] AD, Raja Raghunath Singh Maroth assumed suzerainty over the Kuchaman Fort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6jTDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Rao+Bahadur+Thakur+KESARI+SINGH+kuchaman&amp;pg=PA171 | title=RAJASTHAN BSTC PRAVESH POORV PARIKSHA-2021: Virender Shekhawat | isbn=978-93-89982-20-6 | last1=Shekhawat | first1=Virender | date=19 January 2021 | publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandore was also one of the seven cantonments built by Nagabhata. In the 13th century, the [[Kingdom of Marwar]] (Jodhpur State) was established by the rulers of Mandore and Mandore gained control of the Kuchaman fort in the 15th century Jodhpur took control of the entire Marwar region including the Kuchaman Fort. Gaudawati was also part of Marwar.<br /> <br /> In 1727 AD, [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] Zalim Singh Mertiya of Gaudawati Maroth, Rajasthan, a descendant of Raghunath Singh Mertiya, established the [[Indian feudalism|feudal state]] of Kuchaman Jagir (manor) under the [[princely state]] of Jodhpur. During the same period the city of Kuchaman was also established by Zalim Singh.<br /> <br /> Thakur Zalim Singh was awarded the feudatory of Kuchaman by [[Maharaja]] [[Abhai Singh of Marwar]] in 1725 AD. During the princely period, the Kuchaman feudatory comprised 193 villages. Thakur Zalim Singh was martyred while fighting on behalf of the princely state of Jodhpur. It is said that the rulers of this place were always loyal to the princely state of [[Jodhpur]]. Poet Raja Bankidas wrote in his fame praise of the feudal rulers of Kuchaman. <br /> <br /> Before the independence of India, the last ruler of the Kuchaman Jagir was Raja Hari Singh, and the last feudatory after independence was Raja Pratap Singh, who died in 1993.<br /> <br /> The feudatory of Kuchaman was given the honorary title of [[Raja]] (word for king in [[Hindi]]) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://kuchaman-city.rajasthanonline.in/guide/history-of-kuchaman-city |title=History of Kuchaman City |website=Kuchaman City Online |publisher=Rajasthan Online |access-date=2025-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; by the [[Maharaja of Jodhpur]] and was entitled to the style of Highness. This title was first given to Hari Singh. Kuchaman Jagir was also a salute feudal diocese of Jodhpur state. A salute status was a princely or feudatory status under the British Raj that had been granted a gun salute by the British Crown (as paramount ruler). Kuchaman Jagir received a four-gun salute, with additional five-gun salutes granted on a local or personal basis during the regime of Rao Bahadur Thakur Kesari Singh. The salute was hereditary or local only.<br /> <br /> The fort has now been converted into a heritage [[hotel]] managed by Amritanandamayi Trust, named after [[Mata Amritanandamayi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of Kuchaman City |url=https://kuchaman-city.rajasthanonline.in/guide/history-of-kuchaman-city}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Feudal Manor of Kuchaman===<br /> [[File:CoA Jodhpur 1893.png|thumb|Kuchaman's Ranbanka Rathore Dynasty Coat of Arms under Kingdom of Marwar(Jodhpur)]]<br /> <br /> Raja Thakur Raghunath Singh of Maroth, born in 1610 AD as the second son of Thakur Sanwal Das, was awarded 112 villages of Maroth and 19 villages of Sambhar by Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]] of Delhi. In 1715 AD, Raja Raghunath Singh Maroth's [[suzerainty]] took place on the Kuchaman fort. He married five wives and had two sons, Thakur Kishor Singh and Kunwar Roop Singh. Thakur Kishor Singh of Maroth married Thakurani Hadiji and had a son, Thakur Zalim Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6jTDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Rao+Bahadur+Thakur+KESARI+SINGH+kuchaman&amp;pg=PA171 | title=RAJASTHAN BSTC PRAVESH POORV PARIKSHA-2021: Virender Shekhawat | isbn=978-93-89982-20-6 | last1=Shekhawat | first1=Virender | date=19 January 2021 | publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:65%;&quot;<br /> |+Feudatory/Thakurs/Raja of Kuchaman Jagir&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=9 May 1753 |title=Kuchaman (Thikana) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/kuchaman}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !width=19%|Name<br /> !width=19%|Title<br /> !width=25%|Regime<br /> |-<br /> |sortname|Zalim Singh<br /> |sort|Maharaj Shri Thakur<br /> | 1725 AD - 1753 AD<br /> |-<br /> |sortname|Sabha Singh<br /> |sort|Maharaj Shri Thakur<br /> | 1753 AD - 1764 AD<br /> |-<br /> |sortname|Suraj Mal<br /> |sort|Maharaj Shri Thakur<br /> | 1764 AD - 1793 AD<br /> |-<br /> |sortname|Shivnath Singh<br /> |sort|Maharaj Shri Raoraja Thakur<br /> | 1793 AD - 1826 AD<br /> |-<br /> |sortname|Ranjit Singh<br /> |sort|Maharaj Shri Raoraja Thakur<br /> | 1826 AD - 1860 AD<br /> |-<br /> |sortname|Kesari Singh<br /> |sort|Maharaj Shri Rao Bahadur Thakur<br /> | 1860 AD - 1877 AD<br /> |-<br /> |sortname|Sher Singh<br /> |sort|Maharaj Shri Rao Bahadur Thakur<br /> | 1877 AD - 1916 AD<br /> |-<br /> |sortname|Nahar Singh<br /> |sort|Maharaj Shri Rao Bahadur Thakur<br /> | 1916 AD - 1919 AD<br /> |-<br /> |sortname|Hari Singh<br /> |sort|Maharaj Shri Rao Bahadur Raja<br /> | 1919 AD - 1956 AD<br /> |-<br /> |sortname|Pratap Singh ([[Titular ruler|Titular]]) <br /> |sort|Maharaj Shri Rao Bahadur Raja<br /> | 1956 AD - 1993 AD<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[File:Maharaj Shri Zalim Singh of Kuchaman.jpg|thumb|Maharaj Shri Zalim Singh of Kuchaman, First Thakur and founder of Kuchaman Feudatory]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Feudatory of feudal manor of Kuchaman.jpg|thumb|Feudatory of feudal manor of Kuchaman]]<br /> <br /> Colonel [[James Tod]] did not record the chief of Kuchaman City as among the eight great chiefs of [[Marwar]] in his book &quot;Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan; Travels in Western India.&quot; He does include him among the second-class chiefs, noting after his name, &quot;a chief of considerable power.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwLtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=kuchaman+city | title=Land Reform and Agrarian Change: Study of a Marwar Village from Raj to Swaraj | isbn=978-81-7033-033-2 | last1=Thomas Rosin | first1=R. | year=1987 | publisher=Rawat Publications }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Thakurs of Kuchaman belong to Udawat clan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLYbAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=kuchaman | title=Rajasthan &amp;#91;district Gazetteers&amp;#93;.: Nagaur | last1=(India) | first1=Rajasthan | year=1975 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Raoraja Thakur Shivnath Singh was granted a patta worth fifty thousand rupees and the title of Raoraja. In addition, he was also permitted to mint currency of Iktisanda 5 rupees in Kuchaman in recognition of his services.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQpTfoGGBx0C&amp;q=jodhpur+kuchaman+mint | title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Jodphur | last1=(India) | first1=Rajasthan | last2=Sehgal | first2=K. K. | year=1962 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thakur Kesari Singh of Kuchaman was one of the most prominent Thakurs of Marwar. He and his son, Kunwar Sher Singh were full of respect and devotion for [[Swami Dayanand Saraswati]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Siv6V1VDX-AC&amp;dq=thakurs+of+kuchaman&amp;pg=PA95 | title=World Perspectives on Swami Dayananda Saraswati | last1=Garg | first1=Gaṅgā Rām | year=1984 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kesari Singh was awarded the title of Rao Bahadur by the then [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6jTDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Rao+Bahadur+Thakur+KESARI+SINGH+kuchaman&amp;pg=PA171 | title=RAJASTHAN BSTC PRAVESH POORV PARIKSHA-2021: Virender Shekhawat | isbn=978-93-89982-20-6 | last1=Shekhawat | first1=Virender | date=19 January 2021 | publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuchaman City has had a long history as a base for local power. Kuchaman Thakur also had good relations with other princely states outside Jodhpur state. When Bakhtawar Singh Prabhakar became the ruler of [[Kingdom of Alwar|Alwar]], he strengthened his position through strategic marriages with the Thakur of Kuchaman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAhuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=entering+into+matrimonial+relations+with+the%C2%A0thakur+of+Kuchaman | title=A Comprehensive History of India: The consolidation of British rule in India, edited by K. K. Datta and V. A. Narain | year=1988 | publisher=People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-003-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Jodhpur feudatory Kuchaman mint===<br /> <br /> Kuchaman was the only feudatory state of [[Jodhpur]] permitted to strike its own coinage. All the early coins were dated 1789 AD (1203 AH), which likely corresponds to the 31st year of Thakur Suraj Mal's reign as the third Thakur of Kuchaman.<br /> <br /> Silver rupee coins were minted by the Kuchaman feudatory under the license of the Princely State of Jodhpur. These coins were issued in the name of Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. Additionally, Thakur Suraj Mal's successor, Raoraja Thakur Shivnath Singh, was also granted permission to mint the Iktisanda 5-rupee coins in Kuchaman, in recognition of his services.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Kuchaman feudatory mint was one of the six licensed mints of Jodhpur state including Sojat, Pali, Merta, Nagaur and Jodhpur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shodhak&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64NDAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=jodhpur+kuchaman+mint | title=Shodhak | year=1991 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The only Thakur of Jodhpur State to have been allowed to mint was the Thakur of Kuchaman. Only silver coins were minted for the first time in 1788, the pieces being rupee, half rupee and quarter rupee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHYbAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=jodhpur+kuchaman+mint | title=Rajasthan &amp;#91;district Gazetteers&amp;#93;.: Jodhpur | last1=(India) | first1=Rajasthan | year=1979 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the years 1893-94 and 1894–95, 306,518 and 15,316 coins respectively Silver and Gold were struck by the Kuchaman mint.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLYbAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=jodhpur+kuchaman+mint | title=Rajasthan &amp;#91;district Gazetteers&amp;#93;.: Nagaur | last1=(India) | first1=Rajasthan | year=1975 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The mint mark of Khanda and the initials of the mint master in Nagari are also found on the coins minted at Kuchaman.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shodhak&quot; /&gt; Coins of Kuchaman were called Iktisanda coins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pp05AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=jodhpur+kuchaman+mint | title=The Administration of Jodhpur State, 1800-1947 A.D. | last1=Upadhyaya | first1=Nirmala M. | year=1973 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sometimes the Thakur of Budsu also had a similar privilege of minting his own coins in his thikana like Kuchaman during the period of Maharaja [[Man Singh of Marwar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Mjkhv-qBAwC&amp;q=budsu+mint | title=Role of Nobility in Marwar, 1800-1873 A.D. | last1=Vyāsa | first1=Rāma Prasāda | year=1969 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Coins of Jodhpur feudatory Kuchaman mint.jpg|thumb|Coins of Jodhpur feudatory Kuchaman mint]]<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> <br /> ===Topography===<br /> <br /> Kuchaman is located in the central-western part of [[Rajasthan]] and eastern part of the [[Marwar|Marwar region]]. The city covers a total area of {{convert|30|km2}}. The city is surrounded by fertile plains to the east and south, and hill chains and [[Thar desert|Thar]] areas to the north and west. Kuchaman generally slopes downwards from North to the South, and then to the southeast. The city is also surrounded by the hills to the east, which are part of the [[Aravalli range]].<br /> <br /> ===Climate===<br /> <br /> Kuchaman has a dry climate with a hot summer. Sandstorms are common in summer. The district's climate is marked by extreme dryness, large variations of temperature &amp; highly irregular rainfall patterns. The maximum temperature recorded in the district is {{convert|117|F}} with {{convert|32|F}} as the lowest recorded temperature. The average temperature of the district is {{convert|74|F}}. The winter season extends from mid-November until the beginning of March. The rainy season is relatively short, extending from July through mid-September. There are six climatological stations within the district, being within the cities of Didwana, Kuchaman, Parbatsar, Makarana, Nawa &amp; Ladnun. The average rainfall in the district is {{convert|36.16|cm|abbr=on}} &amp; 59% relative humidity.<br /> <br /> === Strategic importance ===<br /> <br /> Kuchaman is an important town in western Rajasthan and is located about {{convert|400|km|abbr=on}} from the Pakistan border. This location makes it an important route for the [[Indian Army]], the [[Indian Air Force]], and [[Border Security Force]] to reach the border from the capital Jaipur.<br /> <br /> ===Flora and fauna===<br /> [[File:Khejari (Prosopis cineraria).JPG|thumb|Khejari (Prosopis cineraria)]]<br /> [[File:Tecomella undulata-Désert du Thar (Rajasthan) 07.jpg|thumb|Rohida Flower]]<br /> [[File:Desert Lark AMSM5639.jpg|thumb|Chidi (चिड़ी)]]<br /> <br /> Tropical thorn forests are located in arid and semi-arid regions of western Rajasthan. Kuchaman is a part of western Rajasthan and Marwar region and the whole region comes under a tropical zone. Such thorn forests extend from the western Indo-Pak border to the Aravalli hills and the south-eastern plateau. The main species found in forests in this area include [[Babul (tree)|babul]], [[Vachellia leucophloea|reonja]], [[Prosopis cineraria|jand]], and [[Capparis decidua|karira]]. The region is a haven for migratory and resident birds of the desert, including many [[eagle]]s, [[Harrier (bird)|harriers]], [[falcons]], [[buzzards]], [[kestrels]], [[Desert Lark|chidi]], [[Great Indian bustard|godavan]] and [[vulture]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.drishtiias.com/blog/biodiversity-of-rajasthan | title=Biodiversity of Rajasthan }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Kuchaman City had a population of 81,969. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. The average literacy rate was 76.53%, higher than the state average of 66.11% and national average of 74.04%; male literacy was 86.82%, and female literacy was 65.65%. 14.46% of the population was under 6 years of age.<br /> <br /> ===Languages===<br /> The official language of Kuchaman is [[Hindi]] and the additional official language is [[English language|English]]. The native and primary dialect of the city is [[Marwari language|Marwari]], with the Rajasthani and Standard Hindi dialects also commonplace.<br /> <br /> ===Religion===<br /> According to the 2011 census, [[Hindu]]s form the majority religious group accounting for 75.02% of the city's population, followed by [[Muslim]]s (22.78%), [[Jain]]s (1.96%) and others (0.24%).<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in Kuchaman city<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=right<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|75.02}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|22.78}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|1.96}}<br /> {{bar percent|Others†|black|0.24}}<br /> |caption=Distribution of religions&lt;br /&gt;<br /> †&lt;small&gt;Includes [[Sikh]]s (0.01%) &amp; [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (&lt;0.01%).&lt;/small&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Economy==<br /> In addition to Kuchaman's role as the educational and administrative center of the region, Kuchaman's economy is driven by tourism, salt processing, cattle feed manufacturing and trade in handloom, handicrafts and paddy procurement. Major trading centers of the city are Krishi Upaj Mandi, Dhaan Mandi, Balaji Bazar, SikarRoad Bazar, PS Plaza, and the Sarda Complex.<br /> <br /> Kuchaman has established local trade promotion organizations such as the Kuchaman Vyapar Mandal and Vyapar Manch.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} The [[Food Corporation of India]] (FCI), [[Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation]] (RIICO) has its regional offices here.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}<br /> <br /> The main businesses in the town are salt-processing, vegetable-oil production and local trade. Within the last few decades, Kuchaman has emerged as a hub of education in Rajasthan, along with [[Sikar]], [[Ajmer]] and [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]. Offices of all the major government and private banks and financial institutions of the country are located in the city; along with this, the services of chartered accountants are easily available in the context of financial consultancy. Kuchaman has also produced one of the highest numbers of Chartered Accountants in the country. Kuchaman is a major center of arts and crafts. It has many traditional shops selling antiques, jewelry, handicrafts, gems, bangles, pottery, carpets, textiles, leather and metal products.<br /> Kuchaman is one of the largest manufacturers of handwoven cotton beds, chairs in India. Skilled artisans of marble are prepared here, which is famous for marble art work and flooring installation in the country and abroad.<br /> [[File:Locak grocery traders of Kuchaman.jpg|thumb|Local grocery trader of Kuchaman]]<br /> Kuchaman is famous for the production of onions and melons. Kuchaman is also a hub of Emery dyeing mills, leather shoes making and khayal singing center.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96pIEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kuchaman&amp;pg=PA58 | title=Rajasthan Jila Darshan : Question Answer Series: One Liner GK: 33 District of Rajasthan }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Super Market in Kuchaman.jpg|thumb|Super Market in Kuchaman]]<br /> <br /> A major part of Kuchaman's economy depends on its student population. Every year, more than 100,000 students visit and study in Kuchaman to study and prepare for competitive exams, defence services, JEE and NEET.<br /> <br /> ==Governance and civic administration==<br /> [[File:Kuchaman map 2.jpg|thumb|Map of Kuchaman]]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot; style=&quot;float:right; text-align:centre; margin:0 0 0 1em;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=2|Kuchaman City officials<br /> |-<br /> |[[District Collector]]<br /> |Pukhraj Sen [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Officiating) <br /> |-<br /> |[[Superintendent (police)|SP]]<br /> |Hanuman Prasad Meena [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Officiating) <br /> |-<br /> |[[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]<br /> |[[Vijay Singh Chaudhary]] [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Municipal Council]] [[Chairman]]<br /> |Suresh Sikhwal [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rajasthan Administrative Service|Additional District Collector (ADM)]] <br /> |Rakesh Gupta [[Rajasthan Administrative Service|RAS]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rajasthan Administrative Service|Sub-Divisional Officer/Executive Magistrate / Assistant District Collector (SDO/ACM)]]<br /> |Sunil Kumar II [[Rajasthan Administrative Service|RAS]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Additional Superintendent of Police]]<br /> |Sanjay Kumar Gupta, [[Rajasthan Police Service|RPS]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[District courts of India|Additional District Judge (ADJ)]]<br /> |Hon'ble Judge Mr. Sunder Lal Kharol, RJS<br /> |-<br /> |[[District courts of India|Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate (ACJM)]]<br /> |Hon'ble Judge Mr. Gyanendra Singh, RJS<br /> |-<br /> |Executive Commissioner of Municipal Council<br /> |Pintulal Jat<br /> |}<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> === Administration ===<br /> Kuchaman City is a part of [[Didwana-Kuchaman district]] which is an administrative division of Rajasthan state. Kuchaman is further subdivided into sub-division and tehsil. Administrative responsibilities are carried out by Rajasthan state-appointed officials. The officials in Kuchaman City are an Additional District Magistrate (from the [[Rajasthan Administrative Service]]), an Additional Superintendent of Police (from the [[Rajasthan Police Service]]) and a Deputy Conservator of Forests (from the [[Rajasthan Forest Service]]). Each of which is assisted by officers and employees of various Rajasthan state services. The state-appointed officials are responsible for matters such as health, education, and other primary facilities.<br /> <br /> === Municipal council ===<br /> Until 2021, the city was administered with a single municipality. In 2021, the Rajasthan government decided to form the third Municipal Council after [[Nagaur|Naguar city]] and [[Makrana]] in [[Nagaur district]] for better governance. For administrative purposes, the city is further divided into wards from which members of the city council are elected for five-year terms. The Municipal Corporation has elected members called Councilors (or Parshads in Hindi), who represent their respective wards (geographical units of the city). Ward members are elected by direct voting by voters for a term of 5 years. The Kuchaman Municipal Council is divided into a total of forty-five wards. The council oversees and executes plans and government schemes for the development of the urban area.<br /> <br /> ====Civic utilities====<br /> <br /> '''Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage'''<br /> <br /> Kuchaman City Municipal council is the nodal government agency responsible for the planning and development of Kuchaman City. Kuchaman Municipal Council is responsible for maintaining the city's civic infrastructure and carrying out associated administrative duties.<br /> Electricity in Kuchaman City is supplied through Ajmer Vidyut Vitaran Nigam LTD (AVVNL) by the Government of Rajasthan. Kuchamn MC has a fire department wing and a fire station. However, with the city is expanding and the population increasing, the existing infrastructure is not sufficient to cater to the city's requirements. <br /> Water supply, sewerage and drainage the Rajasthan government has formed the Rajasthan's Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) for the management of water supply and sewerage services in urban areas of the city. It ensures water supply as per the standards stipulated by the Bureau of Indian Standards, the State Pollution Control Board. PHED is responsible for financing, designing, constructing, altering, repairing, operating, and maintaining various water supply and sewerage schemes. It also provides meters and carry out commercial services such as meter reading, billing, and revenue collection. Water Supply and Sewerage project is also funded by the [[Asian Development Bank]] in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/42267/42267-031-iee-en_35.pdf India: Rajasthan Secondary Towns Development Sector Project – Sewerage Subproject in Pratapgarh Town, Pratapgarh District, Rajasthan]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Judiciary===<br /> The first civil court under the Rajasthan High Court with a bench of Civil Judge and Judicial Magistrate was established at Kuchaman on 1 February 1992, which was dissolved in 2022 and the new senior court of Additional Civil Judge and Judicial Magistrate (ACJM) was established on 23 May 2022. On 11 October 2021, Additional bench of District Judge (ADJ) was constituted in Kuchaman. Presently there are two sanctioned courts in Kuchaman.<br /> <br /> ===Elected representative===<br /> Kuchaman comes under Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency and Nawan assembly constituency. Presently Kuchaman region is represented by [[Hanuman Beniwal]] ([[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|RLP]]) in the Lok Sabha and Vijay Singh Chaudhary ([[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]) in the Rajasthan's Legislative Assembly.<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> === Festivals and events ===<br /> ====Gangaur Festival====<br /> [[File:Gangaur_Festival_Kuchaman.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|Procession of Ishar and Gangaur]]<br /> Gauri or Gaur stands for the Hindu goddess Parvati, the wife of Shiva. Gangaur celebrates marriage and is a symbol of marital happiness. <br /> It is celebrated in the month of Chaitra (March–April), the first month of the Hindu calendar. This month marks the end of winter and the arrival of spring. The festival is celebrated by women, who worship clay idols of &quot;Gana&quot; and &quot;Gauri&quot; in their homes. These idols are worshiped by girls seeking blessings from Gana and Gauri for a good husband, while married women pray for the good health and long life of their husbands. On the eve of the Gangaur festival, women decorate their palms and fingers with henna.<br /> <br /> The Gangaur festival of Kuchaman City is special in many ways. The historical fair of Gangaur held here is known in the entire district. A unique feature of Kuchaman City's festival is the procession of the over 100-year-old wooden Gangaur statue with its royal offerings. No change has been made in its original form, nor has any kind of color been covered. <br /> It is believed that by keeping the idol in a green cloth, its colors remain intact. The Gangaur fair is organized by the Shree Seva Samiti Society. <br /> In the past, the fair was organized by the royal family only. The Gangaur fair has been organized in Kuchaman for about 125 years. However, a legend is often heard in Kuchaman that the idol of Gangaur of Kuchaman, belongs to the Jaipur royal family and was looted. The traditional procession of Gangaur starts from Kuchaman Fort which passes through the city. The procession is led by old palanquins, chariots, bullock carts and folk artists.<br /> <br /> ===Performing arts===<br /> '''Kuchamani Khyal (कुचमणी ख्याल)'''<br /> <br /> Kuchaman has its own performing art. Khayal is an all-night recital of the historic and Pauranic love-stories sung and enacted in the villages and small towns. '''Late Lachhi Ram Ji'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjVNAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=kuchaman+fort | title=Kuchamaṇi Khyal: An Endangered Folk Theatre Style of Rajasthan | last1=Mathur | first1=Madan Mohan | year=2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; of Kuchaman was the father of this art form and had a strong and effective voice. Around 100 years ago he started the tradition in Kuchaman and thus it came to be known popularly as Kuchamani Khyal. The Thakur of Kuchaman had heard of his poetic talent and asked Lachhi Ram to write a poem in praise of his dynasty and his fort at the same time in the midst of a Khayal performance in the Durbar Chowk.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjVNAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=raja+hari+singh+of+kuchaman | title=Kuchamaṇi Khyal: An Endangered Folk Theatre Style of Rajasthan | last1=Mathur | first1=Madan Mohan | year=2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ===Cuisine===<br /> Kuchaman's cooking is influenced by the availability of ingredients in this arid region. Food that can last for several days and can be eaten without heating is preferred. Thus, pickles of the region are quite famous for their tangy and spicy flavour. The ''panchkuta'' (literally: five vegetables) delicacy is a famous dish. Panchkuta is made out of certain wild plants like [[Capparis decidua|ker]], saangri, [[Cordia dichotoma|gunda]], and [[chili pepper]] that only grow in the desert. The scarcity of water and fresh green vegetables have all had their effect on cooking. [[Dal baati churma]] is also very popular in Kuchaman. The traditional way to serve it is to first coarsely mash the baati and then pour pure ghee on top of it. It is served with daal (lentils) and spicy garlic chutney; it is also served with besan (gram flour) ki kadi. It is commonly served at all festivities, including religious occasions, wedding ceremonies, and birthday parties in region.<br /> [[File:Rajasthani food.jpg|thumb|Typical Panchkuta Thali]]<br /> [[File:Dal Bati Choorma.jpg|thumb|Dal Bati Choorma usually serves on festivals]]<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Kuchaman has been nicknamed 'Shiksha Nagri' (education hub) of western Rajasthan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=कुचामन सिटी. शिक्षा नगरी की पहचान रखने वाले इस शहर |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-OTH-MAT-latest-kuchaman-news-062005-302507-NOR.html#:~:text=7%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87-,%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80.,%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%20%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A5%A4 |access-date=27 January 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}&lt;/ref&gt; The city has a large number of colleges and schools: almost 150 private schools and colleges and 100 coaching institutions.<br /> <br /> Kuchaman Education Block was on the top rank in March 2023. The Ranking list is declared by the Education Ministry of Rajasthan on a yearly basis. <br /> [[File:Jawahar Navodaya Vidhyalaya Kuchaman.jpg|thumb|Jawahar Navodaya Vidhyalaya Kuchaman]]<br /> <br /> ===Kuchaman Vikas Samiti===<br /> Kuchaman Vikas Samiti (KVS), established in 1978, runs a number of public service institutions in Kuchaman City.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kuchaman City: Kuchaman Vikas Samiti (KVS), Kuchaman City |url=http://kuchaman01586.blogspot.com/2013/06/kuchaman-vikas-samiti-kvs-kuchaman-city.html |publisher=Kuchaman City blog |access-date=19 February 2019 |date=3 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Vikas Bhawan Kuchaman.jpg|thumb|Vikas Bhawan Kuchaman City, HO of Kuchaman Vikas Samiti]]<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> Kuchaman City is a well-developed city. There are 45 [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Wards]] in Kuchaman City. It is situated on the Jaipur Nagaur route. It is {{convert|120|km|mi|0}} from [[Jaipur]] and {{convert|101|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from [[Ajmer]]. Kuchaman City has its railway station situated at Narayanpura Village outside in the city which is about {{convert|13|km|mi|0}} from the city.<br /> <br /> [[File:Kuchaman City Railway Station.jpg|thumb|[[Kuchaman City railway station]]]]<br /> {{rws|Kuchaman City}} is well connected by rail [[Kuchaman City railway station]] and road to other parts of country. Kuchaman enjoys a central location in Rajasthan. All major cities in Rajasthan lie within a radius of {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Kuchaman can be conveniently reached from any part of India by road. The town is situated between the Jaipur, Ajmer &amp; Nagaur, both the towns are situated within {{convert|100|and|140|km|mi|abbr=on}} radius with Kuchaman being centrally located. The bypass highway from Jaipur to Nagaur, Kuchaman to Kotputli and Kishangarh to Hanumangarh is going from the Kuchaman city. All of three highways connect the city to the states Haryana and Punjab. Another State highway starts from {{rws|Kuchaman City}} and proceeds to [[Sri Madhopur]] city of [[Sikar district]] via [[Khatu]] and [[Ringus]] towns.<br /> Kuchaman has an international standard central bus terminal that connects to major cities in India along with this, the railway station located here provides Kuchaman residents access to all the major railway routes of India.<br /> <br /> ===Rail===<br /> During the reign of [[Jaswant Singh II]], the first railway line of Marwar was laid from [[Sambhar Lake]] to Kuchaman via [[Nawan]]. It was opened for traffic from 1875 AD. Its length was {{convert|24|km}}. This rail line was laid by the Rajputana-Malwa Railway.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CEluAAAAMAAJ | title=Nāgaura kā rājanītika evaṃ sāṃskr̥tika itihāsa | last1=Guptā | first1=Mohanalāla | year=2000 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Kuchaman City railway station]] is a major railway station in Didwana-Kuchaman and Nagaur district, Rajasthan. Its code is KMNC. It serves City of Kuchaman. The station consists of 2 platforms. The station lies on Jodhpur – Delhi main line which connects Kuchaman to [[Jodhpur]], [[Jaipur]] and [[Delhi]] as well as Merta Road – [[Rewari]] line and [[Phulera]] - [[Ajmer]] line. Kuchaman city railway station is located in the middle of the Jaipur - Jodhpur rail route. All the major trains operating on this route stop here. 16 trains pass through the station.<br /> <br /> ===Road===<br /> Kuchaman is located on State Highway number 2 connecting Dausa, State Highway number 7 links Ajmer, Kishangarh with Hanumangarh and State Highway number 19 links Kuchaman with Jaipur and Jodhpur. [[Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation|RSRTC]] operates bus service to major cities in Rajasthan, New Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Gujarat. City buses are operated by [[RSRTC]] and private operators which provides services for connectivity to nearby towns and villages.<br /> <br /> Kuchaman Ring Road is a project of Kuchaman Municipal Council and Rajasthan PWD to reduce increasing traffic of Kuchaman city.<br /> <br /> ===Air===<br /> There is no airport or airstrip located in Kuchaman. There are 2 helipads out of which one permanent helipad is located in Kuchaman Valley, and one temporary helipad is located in the premises of Kuchaman College.<br /> <br /> == Sports ==<br /> The only stadium in the city, Kuchaman Nagar Parishad Kharda Multipurpose Stadium, has a seating capacity of 5,000 and has hosted District level cricket matches and other sporting events. Kalyan Chand Mantri Indoor Stadium, and the Kuchaman College athlete track are some of the other sporting arenas in the city. The Kharda Stadium is the multipurpose sports venue for sports. The Kuchaman Cricket Club (KCC) is one of several cricket clubs of the district. KCC organises the Kuchaman Premier League, a district level cricket league. Kuchaman has also a basketball courts at the college ground of Kuchaman College.<br /> <br /> In 2022, an announcement was made for another multi-sports stadium called the Major Dhyan Chand Sports Complex in Kuchaman. This is the second sports ground being built in Kuchaman which is still under construction (as of February 2023). State-of-the-art facilities are being developed for many indoor and outdoor games in this new ground.<br /> <br /> == Tourism and sightseeing ==<br /> {{Travel guide|date=August 2018}}<br /> The city of Kuchaman spread out at the foot of the hill home to Kuchaman Fort. Kuchaman City is adorned with a plethora of havelis built in the [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]] was developed during [[Pratihara dynasty]]. Perched atop a rock at an altitude of about 1,000 feet, Kuchaman Fort is known not only for its historical significance but also for its architectural finesse and aesthetic appeal.{{original research inline|date=September 2024}} The city's major attractions include Jal Mahal, Sheesh Mahal and Sabha Prakash.&lt;ref&gt;https://kuchaman-city.rajasthanonline.in/guide/an-overview-of-kuchaman-city&lt;/ref&gt; Shahi Bazaar and Meena Bazaar sell traditional clothes.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> === Kuchaman Fort ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Kuchaman Fort 2.jpg|thumb|View of fort from Raghunath temple]]<br /> [[File:Kuchaman.JPG|thumb|Kuchaman City and Fort, 2006]]<br /> [[File:Acridotheres (mynah) in Kuchaman Fort.jpg|thumb|A mynah bird perched on the walls of Kuchaman Fort]]<br /> <br /> Perched atop a {{convert|1000|ft|m|adj=mid|-high|-1}} cliff, the Kuchaman Fort is the most important attraction in Kuchaman. It was built by a [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Sikh Empire]] ruler during 1809–1832.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=2hCFDsTbmhoC&amp;q=kuchaman+fort+gurjara kuchaman fort]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kuchaman City Tourism, Kuchaman City Travel Guide - Cleartrip |url=https://www.cleartrip.com/india/kuchaman-city/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Cleartrip Tourism |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Currently a heritage hotel, the fort displays a rich collection of original inlay work in [[semi-precious stone]]s, glass, and gold paint. <br /> <br /> Kuchaman was a major seat of the Medatiya Rathores in the former Jodhpur princely state, which is not only well known for the bravery of its rulers and incidents of self-devotion and sacrifice, but also for its grand and strong fort.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The fort of Kuchaman competes with the forts of the princely states, so it would not be wrong if the fort of Kuchaman is called Sirmour of the Jagiri forts (जागीरी किलों का सिरमौर).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6jTDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Rao+Bahadur+Thakur+KESARI+SINGH+kuchaman&amp;pg=PA171 | title=RAJASTHAN BSTC PRAVESH POORV PARIKSHA-2021: Virender Shekhawat | isbn=978-93-89982-20-6 | last1=Shekhawat | first1=Virender | date=19 January 2021 | publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to the Kuchaman fort, a saying has been said that &quot;ऐसा किला राणी जाये के पास भले ही हो, ठुकराणी जाये के पास नहीं&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6jTDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Rao+Bahadur+Thakur+KESARI+SINGH+kuchaman&amp;pg=PA171 | title=RAJASTHAN BSTC PRAVESH POORV PARIKSHA-2021: Virender Shekhawat | isbn=978-93-89982-20-6 | last1=Shekhawat | first1=Virender | date=19 January 2021 | publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clarify inline|date=December 2025}}<br /> <br /> According to the express possibilities of local legends and historians, [[Nagabhata I]] the ruler of [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] dynasty, had built this fort as a cantonment in the 8th century AD to repel attacks from Arab invaders. After being under many rulers and dynasties for about 1000 years, in the 18th century Thakur Zalim Singh renovated and expanded this fort with the blessings of Baba Vankhandi (Maujidas Baba) under the Marwar State (Jodhpur) and made it an impregnable fort. Thakur Zalim Singh developed it in later years as the administrative center of the Kuchaman Jagir and as his residential palace. Later, new constructions were made in the fort by the coming [[Jagirdar]]s.<br /> <br /> The fort is now converted into a heritage hotel managed by Amritanandamayi Trust named after [[Mata Amritanandamayi]].<br /> <br /> ==== Meera Mahal ====<br /> <br /> The Meera Mahal is a palace inside the premises of fort which plays host to the miniature paintings illustrating the life story of Rathore poet-saint [[Meerabai]], the passionate devotee of [[Lord Krishna]]. The passion and dedication with which Meera (a married [[Rajput]] woman) worshiped Lord Krishna has been a part of the folklore for ages and is still considered to be one of the finest efforts by any devotee to evince the allegiance to the Lord. Thakur Ranjit Singh constructed the Mahal (Palace) and its temple in 1832, which contains lok devta and gurus.&lt;ref name=&quot;RBS Visitors Guide India - Rajastha&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8TDCgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kuchaman&amp;pg=PT399 | title=RBS Visitors Guide India - Rajasthan: Rajasthan Travel guide | isbn=978-93-80844-78-7 | last1=Goyal | first1=Ashutosh | date=19 October 2015 | publisher=Data and Expo India Pvt. }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Jal Mahal ====<br /> Jal Mahal (Water Palace) is a unique concept visualized and implemented with an aim to provide the queens and princesses with a hidden swimming pool. The fort has two swimming pools. Jal Mahal, an underground pool, is royal in every aspect with its supercilious [[cloister]]s and arcades. The fort is now a heritage hotel.<br /> <br /> ==== Sabha Prakash ====<br /> <br /> The Sabha Prakash (Illumination Meeting) used to be the formal chambers for meetings and for holding court to interact with citizens. Many critical decisions for welfare and dispute settlement were delivered from the main hall. The hall itself is decorated exquisitely and is adorned with polished walls strewn with semi-precious pebbles and shingles that are intricately inlaid. The decoration of the Sabha Prakash was deliberately done, keeping in mind the exhaustive exposure it would have to the public eye. The decoration shifts towards the [[Shekhavati]] style. However, most of the decoration is unique to the Kuchaman Fort.<br /> <br /> ==== Lok Dev and Devi Temples ====<br /> <br /> Built by Ranjit Singh, this temple showcases paintings of Lok Devtas (folk-deity) such as [[Gogaji|Sant Gogaji]], [[Ramdev Pir|Baba Ram Dev]], [[Ravidas|Sant Ravi Das]], and [[Kabir|Sant Kabir]].&lt;ref name=&quot;RBS Visitors Guide India - Rajastha&quot;/&gt;<br /> There are many lok devi temples like Shakambhari Mata, karni Mata, Sheetala Mata.<br /> <br /> === Shakambhri Hill ===<br /> <br /> '''Shakti Peeth Shakumbhri''', meaning the abode of Shakti Goddess Shakambhari or Shakumbhri, is situated outside the urban area, at a distance of {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the South of Kuchaman. Perched in the midst of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravali Mountain Range]], this temple is believed to have been built during the rule of the Raja Pratap Singh. Twice a year, in the Ashwin and Chaitra months of the Hindu calendar (during the days of Navratra), the famous Shakumbhri Mela is organised.<br /> <br /> === Bhairav (Bhairu) Talab Mandir ===<br /> <br /> The famous Bhairu (Bhairav) Talab temple is situated in the center of Kuchaman town and Kuchaman city railway station just {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} away from the railway station. It is believed to be more than 200 years old. This pond and the temple built here are dedicated to Kaal Bhairav. The ancient idol of Bhagwan Bhairav was called Bhisan Bhairav. <br /> === Kavyarishi Kund (Kabrishi Kunda) ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Kavyarishi Kund.jpg|thumb|Kavyarishi Kund]]<br /> <br /> The Kavyarishi Kund is a small reservoir situated at an altitude of {{convert|2100|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} on the outskirts of Kuchaman. This reservoir is cocooned in the Arawali mountain range of Rajasthan state.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> Sage [[Kakabhushundi]] is called Kavyarishi or Kaavrishi or Kabrishi by the locals of Kuchaman in [[Apabhramsa]] form.Kaag and Kaav means the bird crow. <br /> Sage Kakabhushundi is depicted as a devotee of [[Rama]], who narrates the story of the [[Ramayana]] to Garuda in the form of a crow. He is described to be one of the Chiranjivis, an immortal being in Hinduism who is to remain alive on earth until the end of the current Kali yuga. Kakabhushundi was originally a member of the Shudra class of Ayodhya. A zealous devotee of the deity [[Shiva]], he held the deity [[Vishnu]] and Vaishnavas in contempt, despite his guru's efforts to discourage him from this mindset. Once, Sage Kakabhushundi refused to offer his respects to his guru while he was engaged in prayer to Shiva in a temple. Angered, Shiva cursed his ungrateful devotee to take the form of a snake and live a thousand lives as a lesser creature. After his guru prayed to the deity to moderate the curse, Shiva stated that after his thousand cursed births, Kakabhushundi would become a devotee of Rama. The deity also warned him never to displease a preceptor ever again. Accordingly, following the cursed births, Kakabhushundi was born as a Brahmana, and grew to become a great follower of Rama and a sage. While listening to the discourse to a sage named [[Lomasha]] on the merits of [[nirguna]] (non-qualified Absolute) worship over that of [[Saguna brahman|saguna]] (qualified Absolute) worship of Brahman, he refused to accept these views. In his fury, Lomasha cursed him to become a crow.<br /> <br /> === Gates of Old City ===<br /> # Paltan Dwar (Paltan Gate) <br /> # Kashmiri Daruja (Kashmiri Gate) <br /> # Aathuno Darujo (West Gate) <br /> # Hauj ko Darujo (Cistern/Pool/हौद Gate) <br /> # Suraj Pole gate<br /> <br /> === Gates of New City ===<br /> # Shri Maharaja Agrasen Dwar (श्री महाराजा अग्रसेन द्वार) - Southern Entrance of the City<br /> # Shiksha Dwar (शिक्षा द्वार) - Western Entrance of the City<br /> # Nyay Dwar (न्याय द्वार) - Entrance Gate for the Court complex and administrative offices complex<br /> # Valley Gate - Gate of Kuchaman Valley<br /> <br /> [[File:Shiksha dwar.jpg|thumb|Shiksha Dwar, Kuchaman City]]<br /> <br /> == Kuchaman in popular culture ==<br /> * Reference of Kuchaman City in [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]]'s [[Salon Book Award]] winning best-selling [[Sacred Games (novel) ]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=om7xWUteDeEC&amp;dq=kuchaman+city&amp;pg=PT957 | title=Sacred Games | isbn=978-0-571-26714-9 | last1=Chandra | first1=Vikram | date=3 March 2011 | publisher=Faber &amp; Faber }}&lt;/ref&gt; by one of the characters Gaitonde.<br /> * Parts of the Bollywood films [[Drona (2008 film)]] and [[Jodhaa Akbar]] were shot at Kuchaman Fort.<br /> * Music video of the Punjabi song Aaya Jado Da of Asees Kaur featuring [[Aparshakti Khurana]] was shot at Kuchaman Fort.<br /> <br /> == Notable people ==<br /> * Raja Hari Singh - 9th [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] and first [[Raja]] of Kuchaman Jagir&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |date=1753-05-09 |title=Kuchaman (Thikana) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/kuchaman |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Rao Bahadur Thakur Kesari Singh - Freedom Fighter, Sixth Thakur of Kuchaman Jagir &amp; Great-Grandfather of Raja Hari Singh. He was granted the title of [[Rao Bahadur]] in January 1877&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] Suraj Mal - Third Thakur of Kuchaman and Founder of Jodhpur-Kuchaman feudatory mint under the license of the Princely State of Jodhpur&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Mahendra Chaudhary]] - [[Politician]] and Deputy Chief Whip of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/GovtDeputyChiefWhip.aspx | title=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Sarla Birla]] - Philanthropist and wife of Indian Businessman [[Basant Kumar Birla]] and Grand Mother of [[Kumar Mangalam Birla]]<br /> * [[Brijlal Biyani]] - Indian activist &amp; writer and father of [[Sarla Birla]]<br /> * [[Tarachand Barjatya]] - Indian filmmaker and founder of [[Rajshri Productions]]<br /> * [[Rajkumar Barjatya]] - Indian film producer (died 2019)<br /> * [[Sooraj R. Barjatya]] - Indian filmmaker<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Fresco1.jpg|none|thumb|upright=2.2| [[Fresco]] paintings at Kuchaman Fort]]<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Sikh Empire]]<br /> * [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]<br /> * [[Forts in India]]<br /> * [[Kuchaman City railway station]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}{{Didwana Kuchaman district}}{{Forts in Rajasthan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Nagaur district]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Didwana Kuchaman district]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonali_Gupta&diff=536617 2026-03-11T20:35:43Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: made</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian anthropological archaeologist}}<br /> {{infobox person<br /> | name = Sonali Gupta<br /> | image = Sonali_Gupta.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | other_names = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|5|5|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | education = PhD from University of California, Los Angeles&lt;br&gt;M.A. in Archaeology from University of California, Los Angeles&lt;br&gt;LL.B. from Faculty of Law, Delhi University&lt;br&gt;M.A. History from Department of History, Delhi University&lt;br&gt;B.A. (Hons) History from Hansarj College, Delhi University<br /> | occupation = Anthropological archaeologist, Egyptologist, lawyer, cultural conservationist<br /> | known_for = Founder-director of the Himalayan Institute of Cultural and Heritage Studies (India) and the Himalayan Conservation and Preservation Society (United States)<br /> | website = https://hichs.org/&lt;br&gt;https://hcpsusa.org/<br /> }}<br /> '''Sonali Gupta''' (born 5 May 1975), also known as '''Sonali Gupta-Agarwal''', is an Indian [[Ethnoarchaeology|anthropological archaeologist]], [[Egyptology|Egyptologist]], and lawyer. She is noted for her efforts in creating knowledge and dialogue around the cultural, historical, and natural heritage of the [[Himalayas]]. She is the founder-director of the Himalayan Institute of Cultural and Heritage Studies.<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Gupta's mother belonged to [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]] ([[Himachal Pradesh]]) and father to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Her father was a diplomat in the [[Indian Foreign Service]]. She is married and is a cancer survivor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Tribune News Service |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Preserving Himalayan culture, heritage from a small Shimla village |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/preserving-himalayan-culture-heritage-from-a-small-shimla-village/ |work=The Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vijayan |first=Yamini |date=2024-08-14 |title=The Interplay Between the Past, Present, and Future of the Himalayas: An Interview with Dr. Sonali Gupta |url=https://darknlight.com/projects/interview/the-interplay-between-the-past-present-and-future-of-the-himalayas-an-interview-with-dr-sonali-gupta/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=Dark 'n' Light |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> Gupta obtained a BA (Hons) in History from [[Hansraj College|Hansraj College, Delhi University]]; an MA in History from the Department of History, Delhi University, and an LL.B. from the [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi|Faculty of Law, Delhi University]]. Later, she earned an MA in Archaeology from the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA), and then a PhD (2015) from the Cotsen Institute of Archeology at UCLA, specialising in [[Egyptian archaeology]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sonali Gupta-Agarwal {{!}} UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology |url=https://www.ioa.ucla.edu/people/sonali-gupta-agarwal |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.ioa.ucla.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Six Egyptology Graduates Hooded {{!}} UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology |url=https://www.ioa.ucla.edu/content/six-egyptology-graduates-hooded |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.ioa.ucla.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legal and academic career ==<br /> Gupta practiced as a criminal lawyer in India for four years and then worked at the [[Los Angeles District Attorney]]’s office.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> She taught at [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] for eight years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2011-12, she was awarded the Lewis and Clark Fund for Exploration and Field Research by the [[American Philosophical Society]] for her research in Upper Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lewis and Clark Fund for Exploration and Field Research |url=https://www.amphilsoc.org/grants/lewis-and-clark-fund-exploration-and-field-research |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.amphilsoc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At UCLA, after her PhD, she was awarded the Dean's Lecturership in Social Research, following which she was appointed as Director of Public Research at the Cotsen Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moy |first=Rachel |date=December 2016 |title=Interview with our new Director of Public Programs: Sonali Gupta-Agarwal |url=https://issuu.com/cioapress/docs/final_backdirt2016_web_opt |journal=Blackdirt: Annual Review of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Additionally, Gupta was a visiting professor at the [[National Museum Institute of the History of Art, Conservation and Museology|National Museum Institute]], New Delhi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Himalayan Institute for Cultural and Heritage Studies ==<br /> Gupta founded the '''Himalayan Institute for Cultural and Heritage Studies''' (HICHS) in Kullu in 2020, which she shifted to [[Dhami State|Dhami]] near [[Shimla]] in 2022. The goal of this non-profit organisation is to develop a knowledge hub dedicated to Himalayan studies, in research, scholarship, and art. HICHS conducts field schools in archaeological and anthropological methods in the [[Kullu Valley|Kullu valley]] and other parts of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The organisation also offers online courses on themes such as 'Tantra in the Western Himalayas', 'Building memory through landscape and architecture', and 'Understanding crisis, conservation, and Anthropocene in the Western Himalayas'. In addition, HICHS periodically also hosts online talks on Zoom by Himalaya-focused scholars and artists from many fields. By January 2025, HICHS had conducted seven field schools and over 225 online talks, the recordings of which are available for free on Youtube.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crandell |first=Otis |date=2020-10-14 |title=ArchaeoCafé Podcast – Episode 24 – Himalayan heritage: An interview with Sonali Gupta – ArchaeoCafé |url=https://archaeocafe.kvasirpublishing.com/archaeocafe-podcast-ep-24-gupta/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among others, the talks include ones by [[Raaja Bhasin]], [[:de:William S. Sax|William Sax]], [[Ed Douglas]], Ian Baker, [[Kevin Bubriski]], [[Manju Kak]], Anjali Kapila, and [[Siddharth Pandey]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HICHS Dr Sonali Gupta |url=https://www.youtube.com/@TheHichs/videos |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=YouTube |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From time to time, HICHS has also organised events on Himalayan cultural heritage and conservation in collaboration with local colleges in Himachal Pradesh, as well as for sale of gift items made from environmentally-friendly techniques and recycled products.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Tribune News Service |date=February 15, 2024 |title=This Valentine's, gifts that gladden hearts also bring healing touch to Mother Earth |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/this-valentines-gifts-that-gladden-hearts-also-bring-healing-touch-to-mother-earth-590960/ |archive-url= |work=The Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2024-10-20 |title=सिराज कॉलेज में 2-दिवसीय अंतर्राष्ट्रीय अनुसंधान सम्मेलन |url=https://amarjawala.com/?p=7297 |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=अमर ज्वाला |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Other works ==<br /> <br /> * In the United States, Gupta is also the founder-director of the Himalayan Conservation and Preservation Society (HCPS), which seeks to fund and collaborate with HICHS in its Himalayan projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> * In 2012, Gupta was the [[ethnoarchaeology]] consultant for an ethnoarchaeological survey conducted by the Kerala Historical Research Council in collaboration with the [[British Museum]]. The theme was the pottery traditions of the [[Pattanam]] region in [[Kerala]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHmBbOBfaV8 |title=Pottery traditions of the Pattanam region - KCHR-BM production 2012 ( A documentary) |date=2012-10-03 |last=Cherian P.J |access-date=2025-04-17 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In 2017, Gupta and Sonam Spalzin from the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] organized a day-long seminar in [[Leh]], Ladakh, in honour of the German author and photographer Peter van Ham, for his three decades of research and contributions on the [[Western Himalayas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=State Times News |date=July 24, 2017 |title=Western Himalayan archaeological researchers' conference honours Peter Van Ham |work=State Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * In the early 2020s, Gupta was the cultural resource specialist for the [[Santa Monica, California|City of Santa Monica]]'s Airport Conversion Project. Her work included research and landmark nominations of several sites, including 1925 Broadway, [[Palisades Park (Santa Monica)|Palisades Park]], [[Topanga State Park]], and Zephyr Dogtown Boys Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.santamonica.gov/media/Document%20Library/Detail/Future%20of%20Santa%20Monica%20Airport%20Project/RFQ%20and%20RFP%20Process/RedactedRFQ_Sasaki.pdf |title=City of Santa Monica Airport Conversion |date=2023 |publisher=Sasaki with City of Santa Monica |pages=125}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * She serves as a consultant to Communitology, a US-based women-owned consulting firm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sonali Gupta – Communitology |url=https://communitology.co/consultant/sonali-gupta-agarwal/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=communitology.co}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * Gupta has also provided expert opinion on women, architecture, and water utilisation in the Western Himalayas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohnot |first=Tarang |date=2022-08-26 |title=The Himalayas' ancient earthquake-defying design |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220825-kath-kuni-the-himalayas-ancient-earthquake-defying-design |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Swati Singh |date=2022-09-29 |title=Futuristic luxury in a water-scarce Himachal village |url=https://www.villagesquare.in/futuristic-luxury-in-a-water-scarce-himachal-village/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=Village Square |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Himachal Pradesh Police with {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89yewzxKgLw |title=Daughters of Mountain {{!}} Women in Police {{!}} Himachal Pradesh Police {{!}} Himalayas {{!}} Women Empowered {{!}} |date=2022-08-22 |last=Mahadev Studios |access-date=2025-04-17 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Gupta has written several feature articles for [[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] on Himalayan religions and cultural histories.<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> <br /> * Gupta, Sonali. “Pottery from Kamrej Excavations”: ''Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology'' 1 (2004): 34-66. <br /> * Gupta, Sonali, Rohini Pandey. &quot;Iron working in and around Kamrej”. ''Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology'' 1 (2004): 88-92 <br /> * Garge, Tejas, Anuja Geetali, S.P. Gupta, Sonali Gupta. “Antiquities from Kamrej Excavations-2003&quot;. ''Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology'' 1 (2004): 67-77. <br /> * Gupta, Swaraj P., Sunil Gupta, Tejas Garge, Rohini Pandey, Anuja Geetali, and Sonali Gupta. &quot;On the fast track of the Periplus: Excavations at Kamrej, 2003.&quot; ''Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology'' 1 (2004): 9-33.<br /> * Gupta-Agarwal, Sonali. &quot;The final curtain call: the abandonment of Karanis in light of Late Roman amphorae.&quot; ''Coptica'' 11 (2011): 61-76.<br /> * Gupta-agarwal, Sonali. &quot;Cultural Transmission and consumer demand: a case study using ceramics from Karanis, Egypt&quot;. In Natalia Poulou-Papadimitriou, Eleni Nodarou and Vassilis Kilikoglou (eds.) ''Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean. Archaeology and archaeometry. The Mediterranean: a market without frontiers''. British Archaeological Reports (BAR) S2616, 2014. ISBN 9781407312514.<br /> * Gupta-Agarwal, Sonali. ''Understanding transmission of skill as influencing continuity or change through locally manufactured utilitarian ware at Greco Roman Karanis''. University of California, Los Angeles, 2015.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Scholars from Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of California, Los Angeles faculty]]<br /> [[Category:Hansraj College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Himalayan studies]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian archaeologists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women archaeologists]]<br /> [[Category:1975 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Egyptologists]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yugam_(film)&diff=546348 2026-03-06T21:44:56Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2012 Tamil film by Sri Pavan Shekhar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Yugam<br /> | image = Yugam (film).jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = DVD cover<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = Sri Pavan Shekhar<br /> | writer = Sri Pavan Shekhar<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | producer = G. Ravikumar&lt;br /&gt;P. Poongodi<br /> | starring = [[Rahul Madhav]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Deepthi Nambiar]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = Sri Pavan Sekar<br /> | editing = G. B. Venkatesh<br /> | music = Ponraj <br /> | studio = ACE Entertainment<br /> | distributor = &lt;!-- or: | distributors = --&gt;<br /> | released = {{Film date|2012|8|3|df=yes|ref1=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 August 2012 |title=Friday Fury-August 3 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-3-news-tamil-midleKagheb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804230443/http://www.sify.com/movies/Friday-Fury-August-3-news-tamil-midleKagheb.html |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |website=Sify.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Yugam ''''' ({{Translation|Eon}}) is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language [[thriller film]] written and directed by Sri Pavan Shekhar and starring [[Rahul Madhav]] and [[Deepthi Nambiar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=18 September 2010 |title=Itsy-bitsy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-bitsy/article15973603.ece |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Rahul Madhav]] as Shiva<br /> *[[Deepthi Nambiar]] as Pooja<br /> *[[Ravi Mariya]] as Police Inspector<br /> *[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]]<br /> *[[Siva Narayana Murthy]]<br /> *[[Bava Lakshmanan]] as &quot;Master&quot; Mani<br /> *[[Muthukaalai]]<br /> *[[Halwa Vasu]] as Restaurant waiter<br /> *Pawan Kumar<br /> *Senthil<br /> *Jaymani<br /> *Ramesh<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> Sri Pavan Shekhar, the cinematographer of ''[[Aasai Aasaiyai]]'' (2003), ''[[Sindhanai Sei]]'' and ''[[Adhe Neram Adhe Idam]]'' (both 2009), made his directorial debut through this film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Deepthis-busy-with-Yugam/articleshow/6451827.cms?referral=PM|title=Deepthi's busy with Yugam|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826223823/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Deepthis-busy-with-Yugam/articleshow/6451827.cms|archive-date=26 August 2014|access-date=6 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Music by Ponraj and lyrics written by Lalithanand.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of one out of five stars and opined that &quot;The film is full of badly-staged scenes that are further made insufferable by the overpowering background score, poor cinematography (that gives it the feel of a dated TV serial) and a climax that is perhaps the film’s one and only — and unintended — joke&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yugam Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Yugam by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yugam/movie-review/15362051.cms |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that &quot;'Yugam' has an unusual plot, intriguing at times. But a taut screenplay and a more focused narration could have made it an engaging thriller&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Yugam' (Tamil) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/aug/04/yugam-tamil-393752.html |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}} <br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}} <br /> <br /> [[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2012 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2012 thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhupa_Rustam&diff=461454 2026-03-03T23:33:07Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{for|the 2001 film|Chhupa Rustam: A Musical Thriller}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Chhupa Rustam<br /> | image = Chhupa Rustam.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]<br /> | producer = [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]<br /> | writer = [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Suraj Sanim]]&lt;br /&gt;Kaushal Bharati <br /> | narrator =<br /> | starring = [[Dev Anand]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Hema Malini]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]]<br /> | music = [[S. D. Burman]]<br /> | cinematography = V. Ratra<br /> | editing = [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]<br /> | studio =<br /> | distributor = [[Navketan Films]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|1973}}<br /> | runtime =<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Hindi]]<br /> | budget =<br /> }}<br /> '''''Chhupa Rustam''''' ({{Translation|[[Dark horse]]}}) is a 1973 [[Hindi]] [[Romance film|romantic film]] produced and directed by [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=When The Hit Pair Dev Anand-Hema Malini Couldn’t Save This 1973 Film - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-the-hit-pair-dev-anand-hema-malini-couldnt-save-this-1973-film-8671854.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20231222060709/https://www.news18.com/movies/when-the-hit-pair-dev-anand-hema-malini-couldnt-save-this-1973-film-8671854.html |archive-date=2023-12-22 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Dev Anand]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Prem Nath|Premnath]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] in pivotal roles. The music is by [[S. D. Burman]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1973-01-01 |title=Chhupa Rustam Cast List {{!}} Chhupa Rustam Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chhupa-rustam-2/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The Government of India granted Rs.50,000/- to Professor Harbanslal to conduct a study in the mountains bordering Tibet with India, called the Nangla Project. Harbanslal is sure that within these ice-capped mountains lies an entire temple made of pure gold. When Vikram Singh and his son, Bahadur, find out about the Nangla Project, they abduct Harbanslal in order to force him to reveal the exact location of this temple, in vain though and end up killing him. Having failed in this venture, they kidnap the wife and son of multi-millionaire Rajendra Jain and demand that he get Bahadur married to his daughter, Ritu. Rajendra discusses this matter with Ritu, and Ritu is ready and willing to do anything for her mother and brother. Rajendra hesitates, and soon he receives his wife's thumb in the mail. Losing no time, Rajendra and Ritu make arrangements for the marriage and communicate accordingly with the kidnappers. Soon a wedding date is fixed, however, things do not go as planned as Ritu is abducted by a man called Natwarlal and taken to his hideout. While driving there, their car breaks down and they are forced to take a lift from Jimmy Fernandes, albeit at gunpoint. Jimmy drops them off at an isolated spot, leaving Natwarlal to work out the details of getting the ransom money from Rajendra. Before that could happen, Jimmy shows up and abducts Ritu. With his wife and son still held captive with Vikram and his son, Rajendra is at his wits' end as to whose life he should give priority to. Watch as events unfold to show what exactly was the motive in Ritu's multiple abductions, who is benefit by these incidents, and its connection with the Nangla Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Chhupa Rustam (1973) |url=https://filmiclub.com/movie/chhupa-rustam-1973-hindi-movie |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Dev Anand]] as Ashwini Kumar / Natwarlal / Chhupa Rustam<br /> * [[Hema Malini]] as Ritu Jain<br /> * [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]] as Jimmy Fernandes<br /> * [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Bambi<br /> * [[Prem Nath|Premnath]] as Williams<br /> * [[Prem Chopra]] as Bahadur Singh<br /> * [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] as Vikram Singh<br /> * [[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]] as Rajendra Jain<br /> * [[Veena (actress)|Veena]] as Mrs. Rajendra Jain<br /> * [[A. K. Hangal]] as Professor Harbanslal<br /> * [[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Lawrence<br /> <br /> ==Crew==<br /> * ''Director'' - [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]]<br /> * ''Writer'' - [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]], Kaushal Bharati, Suraj Sanim<br /> * ''Editor'' - [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]], Babu Sheikh (associate), Ashok Bandekar (assistant), Achyut Gupte (color)<br /> * ''Producer'' - [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]]<br /> * ''Cinematographer'' - V. Ratra<br /> * ''Art Director'' - T. K. Desai<br /> * ''Assistant Director'' - Premnath Junior, Prem Prakash, Somnath Rangroo<br /> * ''Assistant Art Director'' - Shankar Chougle, Bhaskar Deokar<br /> * ''Makeup'' - Vasant Desai, Hariram Sharma<br /> * ''Music Director'' - [[S. D. Burman]]<br /> * ''Associate Composer'' - [[Meera Dev Burman]]<br /> * ''Lyricists'' - [[Gopaldas Neeraj]], [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]]<br /> * ''Playback Singers'' - [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Manna Dey]]<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> [[S. D. Burman]] held the role of music director, collaborating with associate composer [[Meera Dev Burman]] and working alongside lyricists [[Gopaldas Neeraj|Neeraj]] for four songs and [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]] for three songs. The song &quot;Dheere Se Jana Khatiyan Mein&quot; was listed at #9 on [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1973]].<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Chhupa Rustam<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[S. D. Burman]]<br /> | released = 1973<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = {{Duration|m=31|s=12}}<br /> | language = [[Hindi]]<br /> | label = [[Saregama]]<br /> | producer = [[S. D. Burman]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Jugnu (1973 film)|Jugnu]]<br /> | prev_year = 1973<br /> | next_title = [[Phagun (1973 film)|Phagun]]<br /> | next_year = 1973<br /> | chronology = [[S. D. Burman]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Songs<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Hum Chhupe Rustam Hain<br /> | length1 = 6:11<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Gopaldas Neeraj|Neeraj]]<br /> | extra1 = [[Manna Dey]]<br /> | title2 = Dheere Se Jana Bagiyan Mein<br /> | length2 = 4:16<br /> | lyrics2 = Neeraj<br /> | extra2 = [[Kishore Kumar]]<br /> | title3 = Jo Main Hota<br /> | length3 = 5:11<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]<br /> | extra3 = Kishore Kumar and [[Asha Bhosle]] <br /> | title4 = Main Hoon Chhui Mui<br /> | length4 = 3:24<br /> | lyrics4 = Vijay Anand<br /> | extra4 = Asha Bhosle<br /> | title5 = Suno Suno Meri Dukhbhari Dastan<br /> | length5 = 3:55<br /> | lyrics5 = Neeraj<br /> | extra5 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> | title6 = Bolo Kya Hum Ko Doge<br /> | length6 = 4:27<br /> | lyrics6 = Vijay Anand<br /> | extra6 = Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle <br /> | title7 = Jaloon Main Jale Mera Dil<br /> | length7 = 3:45<br /> | lyrics7 = Neeraj<br /> | extra7 = Asha Bhosle<br /> | total_length = {{Duration|m=31|s=12}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0069871}}<br /> * [https://www.raaga.com/channels/hindi/moviedetail.asp?mid=H003455 Chhupa Rustam songs on Raaga.com]<br /> {{Vijay Anand}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1973 films]]<br /> [[Category:1973 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1973 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Vijay Anand]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}<br /> [[Category:Films set in Shimla]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snehithulu&diff=536440 2026-03-03T18:28:08Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Snehithulu<br /> | image = Snehithulu poster.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = [[Muthyala Subbaiah]]<br /> | writer = [[Posani Krishna Murali]] (dialogues)<br /> | screenplay = Muthyala Subbaiah<br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | producer = Badvelu Srinivasulu Reddy<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|*[[Vadde Naveen]] <br /> *[[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] <br /> *[[Sakshi Shivanand]]<br /> *[[Anand (actor)|Anand]] <br /> }}<br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = K. S. Selvaraj<br /> | editing = Gautham Raju<br /> | music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]<br /> | studio = &lt;!-- or: | production_companies = --&gt;<br /> | distributor = &lt;!-- or: | distributors = --&gt;<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998|9|11}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Snehithulu''''' ({{Translation|'Friends'}}) is a 1998 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Muthyala Subbaiah]] and starring [[Vadde Naveen]], [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]], [[Sakshi Shivanand]] and [[Anand (actor)|Anand]]. The film was remade in Kannada as ''[[Sneha (film)|Sneha]]'' (1999) and in Tamil as ''[[Aasaiyil Oru Kaditham]]'' (1999).<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Colbegin}}<br /> *[[Vadde Naveen]] as Murali <br /> *[[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] as Mahalaxmi<br /> *[[Sakshi Shivanand]] as Sirisha <br /> *[[Anand (actor)|Anand]] as Vijay<br /> *[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]<br /> *[[Ahuti Prasad]] as Anjanappa <br /> *[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]]<br /> *[[Chalapathi Rao]]<br /> *[[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satyaprakash]]<br /> *[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]]<br /> *[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]<br /> *[[Tirupathi Prakash]]<br /> * [[Bandla Ganesh]] <br /> * [[Kallu Chidambaram]]<br /> * Baby Upasana as Mahalaxmi's little sister<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The music was composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]. The songs were released under the [[Aditya Music]] label.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/snehithulu/eoSJ9j9yaOE_|title=Snehithulu|date=2000|work=[[JioSaavn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Mallikavo…Menakavo<br /> | extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> | length1 = 4:09<br /> | title2 = Oh Gajjala Gumma<br /> | extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra<br /> | length2 = 5:21<br /> | title3 = Pooche Puvvuki Enno Gumagumalu<br /> | extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra<br /> | length3 = 4:09<br /> | title4 = Premisthanu Ninne Nannu<br /> | extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra<br /> | length4 = 4:55<br /> | title5 = Vanaa Vanaa Vanaa<br /> | extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]<br /> | length5 = 4:07<br /> | title6 = Yennenni Kalalu Kannayi<br /> | extra6 = [[Yesudas]]<br /> | length6 = 4:26<br /> | total_length = 27:07<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' opined that &quot;But unlike other streotyped. mushy romances and action flicks, ''Snehitulu'', which has its anchor in human relationships, emerges a winner, for it is shot imaginatively&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;D&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=P |first=Rakesh |date=14 February 1999 |title=Snehitulu (Telugu) |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/6DAFFE93F21EFCB765256941003DC8B0 |url-status=dead |access-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213235753/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/6DAFFE93F21EFCB765256941003DC8B0 |archive-date=13 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''Andhra Today'' wrote that &quot;Although a routine story, Posani Krishna Murali lends it variety in its final twist. Good performances by the star cast combined with the director's prowess quite appeal to the audience&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/SNEHIT.htm|title=SNEHITHULU|work=Andhra Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981202200652/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/SNEHIT.htm|archive-date=2 December 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Box office ==<br /> The film ran for a hundred days in [[Andhra Pradesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;D&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/star38.htm|title=The year gone by `Twas good for some and bad for most|work=Andhra Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990428055419/http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/star38.htm|archive-date=28 April 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> ;[[Nandi Awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information &amp; Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Male Comedian]] - [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|13475870}}<br /> <br /> {{Muthyala Subbaiah}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1998 films]]<br /> [[Category:1998 romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1998 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1998 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about friendship]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Muthyala Subbaiah]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Empire&diff=457205 2026-03-02T21:44:57Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: general expand intro to improve readability further and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Power in East Asia from 618 to 842/848}}<br /> {{lead too long|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox former country<br /> | native_name = {{Bo-textonly|བོད་ཆེན་པོ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{transliteration|bo|bod chen po}}<br /> | conventional_long_name = Great Tibet<br /> | common_name = Tibet<br /> | image_map = Tibetan empire greatest extent 780s-790s CE.png<br /> | image_map_caption = Map of the Tibetan Empire's influence at its greatest extent, in the late 8th to mid-9th century&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kapstein |first=Matthew T. |author-link=Matthew Kapstein |year=2006 |chapter-url=https://www.reed.edu/anthro/364/maps/Kapstein.2006.xx.Tibetan.Empire-small.jpg |chapter=The Tibetan Empire, late eighth-early ninth centuries |title=The Tibetans |location=[[Chichester, West Sussex]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |page=XX |isbn=978-0-631-22574-4 |access-date=8 August 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308203908/https://www.reed.edu/anthro/364/maps/Kapstein.2006.xx.Tibetan.Empire-small.jpg |archive-date=8 March 2017 |via=[[Reed College|Reed.edu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | era = [[Late Antiquity]]<br /> | status = <br /> | event_start = <br /> | year_start = 618<br /> | date_start = <br /> | event_end = <br /> | year_end = 842/848<br /> | date_end = <br /> | event1 = <br /> | date_event1 = <br /> | event2 = <br /> | date_event2 = <br /> | stat_year5 = 8th century<br /> | stat_pop1 = <br /> | stat_pop5 = 10 million<br /> | ref_pop5 = &lt;ref&gt;Chen, Zhitong; Liu, Jianbao; Rühland, Kathleen M.; Zhang, Jifeng; Zhang, Ke; Kang, Wengang; Chen, Shengqian; Wang, Rong; Zhang, Haidong; Smol, John P. (2023-10-01). &quot;Collapse of the Tibetan Empire attributed to climatic shifts: Paleolimnological evidence from the western Tibetan Plateau&quot;. Quaternary Science Reviews. 317: 108280. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108280. ISSN 0277-3791.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | p1 = Sumpa<br /> | p2 = Zhangzhung<br /> | p3 = Tuyuhun<br /> | p4 = Tang dynasty<br /> | s1 = Era of Fragmentation<br /> | s2 = <br /> | s3 = <br /> | s4 = <br /> | image_flag = <br /> | flag_type = <br /> | flag_alt = <br /> | capital = [[Lhasa]]<br /> | common_languages = [[Tibetic languages]]<br /> | religion = [[Tibetan Buddhism]]&lt;br&gt;[[Bon]]<br /> | government_type = [[Monarchy]]<br /> | leader1 = [[Songtsen Gampo]] (first)<br /> | year_leader1 = 618–650<br /> | leader6 = [[Trisong Detsen]]<br /> | year_leader6 = 753–797<br /> | leader9 = [[Ralpachen|Tritsuk Detsen]]<br /> | year_leader9 = 815–838<br /> | leader10 = [[Langdarma|U Dum Tsen]] (last)<br /> | year_leader10 = 841–842&lt;ref&gt;Arthur Mandelbaum, &quot;Lhalung Pelgyi Dorje&quot;, Treasury of Lives&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | title_leader = [[List of emperors of Tibet|''Tsenpo'']] (King)<br /> | representative1 = [[Gar Tongtsen Yülsung]]<br /> | year_representative1 = 652–667<br /> | representative2 = [[Gar Trinring Tsendro]]<br /> | year_representative2 = 685–699<br /> | representative3 = [[Nganlam Takdra Lukhong]]<br /> | year_representative3 = 782?–783<br /> | representative4 = [[Nanam Shang Gyaltsen Lhanang]]<br /> | year_representative4 = 783–796<br /> | title_representative = ''[[List of Lönchen of Tibetan Empire|Lönchen]]'' (Prime Minister)<br /> | deputy1 = [[Nyang Tingngezin Sangpo]] (first)<br /> | year_deputy1 = 798–?<br /> | deputy2 = [[Dranga Palkye Yongten]] (last)<br /> | year_deputy2 = ?–838<br /> | title_deputy = ''Banchenpo'' (Chief Monk)<br /> | stat_year1 = 800 {{estimation}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|journal=Journal of World-Systems Research|date=December 2006|volume=12|issue=2|page=222|url=http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381|access-date=14 September 2016|issn=1076-156X|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520161830/http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|date=September 1997|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]]|volume=41|issue=3|page=500|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053|author=Rein Taagepera|author-link=Rein Taagepera|jstor=2600793|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807|access-date=3 July 2019|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119114740/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OxfordArea&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Bang|first1=Peter Fibiger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA92|title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience|last2=Bayly|first2=C. A.|last3=Scheidel|first3=Walter|year=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977311-4|pages=92–94|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | stat_area1 = 4600000<br /> | membership_type = <br /> | membership = <br /> }}<br /> {{History of Tibet}}<br /> <br /> The '''Tibetan Empire''' ({{Bo|t=བོད་ཆེན་པོ|w=bod chen po}}, {{literal translation|Great Tibet}}) was centered on the [[Tibetan Plateau]] and formed as a result of expansions under the [[Yarlung dynasty]]'s 33rd king, [[Songtsen Gampo]], in the 7th century. It expanded further under [[Trisong Detsen]] and reached its greatest extent under [[Ralpachen|Tritsuk Detsen]], stretching east to [[Chang'an]], west beyond modern [[Afghanistan]], south into modern [[India]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]].&lt;ref&gt;Claude Arpi, &quot;Glimpse on the History of Tibet&quot;. Dharamsala: The Tibet Museum, p.5.&lt;/ref&gt; It is referred to as ''Tufan'' or ''Tubo'' ({{lang|zh|吐蕃}}) in Chinese sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CMEX中文數位化技術推廣基金會 |title=&lt;吐蕃&gt; 辭典檢視 - 教育部《國語辭典簡編本》2021 |url=https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=11553&amp;la=0&amp;powerMode=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513112743/https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=11553&amp;la=0&amp;powerMode=0 |archive-date=2025-05-13 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=dict.concised.moe.edu.tw |language=zh-Hant-TW}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Yarlung dynasty was founded in 127 BC in the [[Yarlung Valley]] along the Yarlung River, south of [[Lhasa]]. The capital was moved in the 7th century from the [[Yungbulakang Palace]] to Lhasa by the 33rd ruler Songtsen Gampo, and into the Red Fort during the imperial period which continued to the 9th century. The beginning of the imperial period is marked in the reign of the 33rd king of the Yarlung dynasty, Songtsen Gampo. Tibet's military power gradually increased over a diverse terrain. During the reign of Trisong Detsen, the empire became more powerful and increased in size. At this time, a 783 treaty between the Tibetan Empire and the [[Tang dynasty]] defined the borders, as commemorated by the [[Zhol Village|Shol Potala Pillar]] in Lhasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arpi&quot;&gt;Claude Arpi.&quot;Glimpses on The History of Tibet&quot;. The Tibet Museum, 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Borders were again confirmed during the later reign of Tritsuk Detsen through his [[Tang–Tibet Treaty Inscription|821–823 treaty]], which was inscribed on a pillar at [[Jokhang]].&lt;ref&gt;H.E.Richardson, &quot;The Sino-Tibetan Treaty Inscription of AD 821–823 at Lhasa&quot;, JRAS, 2, 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; In the opening years of the 9th century, the Tibetan Empire controlled territories extending from the [[Tarim Basin]] to the [[Himalayas]] and [[Bengal]], and from the [[Pamirs]] into what are now the Chinese provinces of [[Sichuan]], [[Gansu]] and [[Yunnan]]. The murder of Tritsuk Detsen in 838 by his brother Langdarma, and Langdarma's subsequent enthronement&lt;ref name= Arpi/&gt; followed by his assassination in 842 marks the simultaneous beginning of the dissolution of the empire period.<br /> <br /> Before the empire period, sacred Buddhist relics were discovered by the Yarlung dynasty's 28th king, Thothori Nyantsen (lha-tho-tho-ri), and then safeguarded.&lt;ref name=renamed_from_8_on_20210620214735&gt;Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche, &quot;The Eight Manifestations of Guru Padmasambhava&quot;. Translated by Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche, edited by Padma Shugchang. Turtle Hill: 1992.&lt;/ref&gt; Later, Tibet marked the advent of its empire period under King Songtsen Gampo, while Buddhism initially spread into Tibet after the king's conversion to Buddhism, and during his pursuits in translating Buddhist texts while also developing the Tibetan language.&lt;ref name=renamed_from_8_on_20210620214735/&gt; Under King Trisong Detsen, the empire again expanded as the founding of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and the establishment of the [[Vajrayana]] in Tibet by [[Guru Padmasambhava]] was occurring.&lt;ref name=renamed_from_8_on_20210620214735/&gt;{{unreliable source?|date=December 2025}}<br /> <br /> The empire period then corresponded to the reigns of Tibet's three 'Religious Kings',&lt;ref name= Arpi/&gt; which includes King Ralpachen's reign. After Ralpachen's murder, King Langdarma nearly destroyed Tibetan Buddhism&lt;ref name= Arpi/&gt; through his widespread targeting of Nyingma monasteries and monastic practitioners. His undertakings correspond to the subsequent dissolution of the unified empire period, after which semi-autonomous polities of chieftains, minor kings and queens, and those surviving Tibetan Buddhist polities evolved once again into autonomous independent polities, similar to those polities also documented in the Tibetan Empire's nearer frontier region of Do Kham ([[Amdo]] and [[Kham]]).&lt;ref&gt;Jann Ronis, &quot;An overview of Kham (Eastern Tibet) historical polities&quot;, University of Virginia, SHANTI Places, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gray Tuttle, &quot;An overview of Amdo (Eastern Tibet) historical polities&quot;, University of Virginia, SHANTI Places, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Other unreferenced ideas about the dissolution of the empire period include: The varied terrain of the empire and the difficulty of transportation, coupled with the new ideas that came into the empire as a result of its expansion, helped to create stresses and power blocs that were often in competition with the ruler at the center of the empire.{{according to whom|date=June 2021}}{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} Thus, for example, adherents of the [[Bön]] religion and the supporters of the ancient noble families gradually came to find themselves in competition with the &quot;recently&quot; introduced [[Tibetan Buddhism]].{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> ===Namri Songtsen and founding of the dynasty===<br /> {{see also|Timeline of the Tibetan Empire}}<br /> <br /> [[Image:TibetAD800.png|thumb|270px|The Tibetan Empire at its greatest extent, c. 800.]]<br /> <br /> The power that became the Tibetan state originated at the [[Taktsé Castle]] ({{bo|w=Stag-rtse}}) in the Chingba (''Phying-ba'') district of Chonggyä (''Phyongs-rgyas''). There, according to the [[Old Tibetan Chronicle]], a group convinced Tagbu Nyazig (''Stag-bu snya-gzigs'') to rebel against Gudri Zingpoje (''Dgu-gri Zing-po-rje''), who was, in turn, a vassal of the [[Zhangzhung]] empire under the Lig myi dynasty. The group prevailed against Zingpoje. At this point [[Namri Songtsen]] (also known as Namri Löntsän) was the leader of a clan which one by one prevailed over all his neighbouring clans. He besieged the [[Sumpa|Kingdom of Sumpa]] in the early 7th century and eventually conquered it. He gained control of all the area around what is now Lhasa, before his assassination around 618. This new-born regional state would later become known as the &quot;Tibetan Empire&quot;. The government of Namri Songtsen sent two embassies to the Chinese [[Sui dynasty]] in 608 and 609, marking the appearance of Tibet on the international scene.{{sfn|Beckwith|1987|p=17}}<br /> <br /> :&quot;This first mention of the name Bod, the usual name for [[Tibet]] in the later Tibetan historical sources, is significant in that it is used to refer to a conquered region. In other words, the ancient name Bod originally referred only to a part of the Tibetan Plateau, a part which, together with Rtsaṅ (Tsang, in Tibetan now spelled Gtsaṅ) has come to be called U-Tsang (Central Tibet).&quot;{{sfn|Beckwith|1987|p=16}}<br /> <br /> ===Reign of Songtsen Gampo (618–650)===<br /> [[Songtsen Gampo]] ({{Lang|bo|Srong-brtsan Sgam-po}}) ({{Circa|604|650}}) was the first great emperor who expanded Tibet's power beyond Lhasa and the [[Yarlung Valley]], and is traditionally credited with introducing [[Buddhism]] to Tibet. The [[Tibetan script]] was also created during his reign.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |publisher=UNESCO |year=2006 |isbn=978-9231032110 |pages=356}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> [[File:King Songsten Gampo's statue in his meditation cave at Yerpa.jpg|thumb|A statue of Emperor Songtsen Gampo in a cave at [[Yerpa]]]] <br /> When his father Namri Songtsen died by poisoning ({{Circa|618}}{{sfn|Beckwith|1987|pp=19–20}}), Songtsen Gampo took control after putting down a brief rebellion. Songtsen Gampo proved adept at diplomacy as well as combat. The emperor's minister, [[Myang Mangpoje]] (''Myang Mang-po-rje Zhang-shang''), defeated the [[Sumpa]] people ({{Circa|627}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;OTA&quot;&gt;''[[Old Tibetan Annals]]'', hereafter OTA l. 2&lt;/ref&gt; Six years later ({{Circa|632|633}}), Myang Mangpoje was accused of treason and executed.&lt;ref&gt;OTA l. 4–5&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Richardson1965&quot;&gt;Richardson, Hugh E. (1965). &quot;How Old was Srong Brtsan Sgampo&quot;, ''Bulletin of Tibetology'' 2.1. pp. 5–8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;OTA l. 8–10&lt;/ref&gt; He was succeeded by minister [[Gar Tongtsen Yulsung|Gar Tongtsen]] ({{Lang|bo|mgar-stong-btsan}}).<br /> <br /> The Chinese records mention an envoy to Tibet in 634. On that occasion, the Tibetan Emperor requested (demanded according to Tibetan sources) marriage to a Chinese princess but was refused. In 635–36, the Emperor attacked and defeated the [[Tuyuhun Kingdom|Tuyuhun]] ({{Lang|bo|‘Azha}}), who lived around Lake [[Koko Nur]] and controlled important trade routes into China. After a series of military campaigns between Tibet and the [[Tang dynasty]] in 635–8,&lt;ref&gt;OTA l. 607&lt;/ref&gt; (see also [[Tibetan attack on Songzhou]]）the Chinese emperor agreed (only because of the threat of force, according to Tibetan sources{{sfn|Powers|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0AVaq8EMXZcC&amp;pg=PA169 168–69]}}) to provide a Chinese princess to Songtsen Gampo.<br /> <br /> After [[Songtsen Gampo]] ({{Circa|639}}), had a dispute with his younger brother Tsänsong ({{Lang|bo|Brtsan-srong}}), the younger brother was burned to death by his own minister Khäsreg ({{Lang|bo|Mkha's sregs}}) (presumably at the behest of his older brother the emperor).&lt;ref name=&quot;Richardson1965&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=autogenerated1 /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Chinese [[Princess Wencheng]] ({{Lang|bo|Mung-chang Kung-co}}) departed China in 640 to marry Songtsen Gampo. She arrived a year later. This is traditionally credited with being the first time that Buddhism came to Tibet, but it is very unlikely Buddhism extended beyond foreigners at the court.<br /> <br /> Songtsen Gampo’s sister Sämakar ({{Lang|bo|Sad-mar-kar}}) was sent to marry Lig-myi-rhya, the king of [[Zhangzhung]] in what is now Western Tibet. However, when the king refused to consummate the marriage, she then helped her brother to defeat Lig myi-rhya and incorporate Zhangzhung into the Tibetan Empire. In 645, Songtsen Gampo overran the kingdom of Zhangzhung.<br /> <br /> Songtsen Gampo died in 650. He was succeeded by his infant grandson [[Mangsong Mangtsen|Trimang Lön]] ({{Lang|bo|Khri-mang-slon}}). Real power was left in the hands of the minister Gar Tongtsen. There is some confusion as to whether Central Tibet conquered Zhangzhung during the reign of Songtsen Gampo or in the reign of [[Trisong Detsen]], ({{Reign|755|{{Circa|797|804}}}}).&lt;ref&gt;Karmey, Samten G. (1975). &quot;'A General Introduction to the History and Doctrines of Bon&quot;, p. 180. ''Memoirs of Research Department of The Toyo Bunko'', No, 33. Tokyo.&lt;/ref&gt; The records of the ''[[Old Book of Tang|Tang Annals]]'' do, however, seem to clearly place these events in the reign of Songtsen Gampo for they say that in 634, Zhangzhung and various [[Qiang people|Qiang]] tribes &quot;altogether submitted to him.&quot; Following this, he united with the nation of Zhangzhung to defeat the Tuyuhun, then conquered two more Qiang tribes before threatening the Chinese region of [[Songzhou (historical prefecture in Sichuan)|Songzhou]] with a very large army (according to Tibetan sources 100,000; according to the Chinese more than 200,000 men).{{sfn|Powers|2004|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=0AVaq8EMXZcC&amp;pg=PA168 168]}} He then sent an envoy with gifts of gold and silk to the Chinese emperor to ask for a Chinese princess in marriage and, when refused, [[Tibetan attack on Songzhou|attacked Songzhou]]. According to the ''Tang Annals'', he finally retreated and apologised, after which the emperor granted his request.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lee7 9&quot;&gt;Lee 1981, pp. 7–9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pelliot3 4&quot;&gt;Pelliot 1961, pp. 3–4&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the death of Songtsen Gampo in 650 AD, the Chinese [[Tang dynasty]] attacked and took control of the Tibetan capital [[Lhasa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7C0I2KRyEUC&amp;q=chinese+captured+lhasa+650&amp;pg=PA28|title=Tibet Past and Present|author=Charles Bell|year=1992|publisher=CUP Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1048-8|page=28|access-date=17 July 2010|archive-date=3 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103054322/http://books.google.com/books?id=U7C0I2KRyEUC&amp;pg=PA28&amp;dq=chinese+captured+lhasa+650|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faoSAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=chinese+captured+lhasa+650|title=The China quarterly, Issue 1|author=University of London. Contemporary China Institute, Congress for Cultural Freedom|year=1960|page=88|access-date=17 July 2010|archive-date=3 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103054334/http://books.google.com/books?id=faoSAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=chinese+captured+lhasa+650&amp;dq=chinese+captured+lhasa+650|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Soldiers of the [[Tang dynasty]] could not sustain their presence in the hostile environment of the Tibetan Plateau and soon returned to China proper.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ecaeybfrl1IC&amp;q=chinese+captured+lhasa+650&amp;pg=PA12|title=Tears of the lotus: accounts of Tibetan resistance to the Chinese invasion, 1950–1962|author=Roger E. McCarthy|year=1997|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-0331-8|page=12|access-date=17 July 2010|archive-date=3 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103054340/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ecaeybfrl1IC&amp;pg=PA12&amp;dq=chinese+captured+lhasa+650|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Reign of Mangsong Mangtsen (650–676)===<br /> [[File:Map of the Four Horns of the Tibetan Empire (7th century)-EN.svg|thumb|400px|Map of the Four Horns (administrative divisions) of the Tibetan Empire in the 7th century.]]<br /> In 663, the Azha or [[Tuyuhun]] kingdom, which had served as a buffer between Tibet and China in the area that later became known as [[Amdo]], was defeated by the Tibetan army and gradually assimilated into Tibetan culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=4 Tibetans of the Borderlands |date=2011-11-30 |work=Manuscripts and Travellers: The Sino-Tibetan Documents of a Tenth-Century Buddhist Pilgrim |pages=61–74 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110225655.61/html |access-date=2025-02-20 |publisher=De Gruyter |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110225655.61/html |isbn=978-3-11-022565-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After having incorporated Tuyuhun into Tibetan territory, the powerful minister Gar Tongtsen died in 667. Between 665 and 670, [[Kingdom of Khotan|Khotan]] was defeated by the Tibetans, and a long string of conflicts ensued with the Chinese Tang dynasty. In the spring of 670, Tibet attacked the remaining Chinese territories in the western [[Tarim Basin]] after winning the [[Battle of Dafeichuan]] against the [[Tang dynasty]]. With troops from Khotan they conquered [[Aksu, Xinjiang|Aksu]], upon which the Chinese abandoned the region, ending two decades of Chinese control.{{sfn|Beckwith|1987|pp=34–-36}} They thus gained control over all of the Chinese [[Four Garrisons of Anxi]] in the Tarim Basin in 670 and held them until 692, when the Chinese finally managed to regain these territories.{{sfn|Beckwith|1987|pp=36, 146}}<br /> <br /> Emperor [[Mangsong Mangtsen]] (''Trimang Löntsen''' or ''Khri-mang-slon-rtsan'') married [[Thrimalö]] (''Khri-ma-lod''), a woman who would be of great importance in Tibetan history. The emperor died in the winter of 676–677, and Zhangzhung revolts occurred thereafter. In the same year the emperor's son [[Tridu Songtsen]] (''Khri 'dus-srong btsan'') was born.{{sfn|Beckwith|1987|pp=14, 48, 50}}<br /> <br /> ===Reign of Tridu Songtsen (677–704)===<br /> [[File:East-Hem 700ad.jpg|thumb|left|280px|The Tibetan Empire in 700 AD]]<br /> The power of Emperor [[Tridu Songtsen]] was offset, to an extent, by that of his mother, Thrimalö and the influence of the Gar clan. ([[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]]: ''mgar''). There is evidence that the Gar were descended from members of the [[Lesser Yuezhi]], a people who had originally spoken an [[Indo-European language]] and migrated, sometime after the 3rd century BC, from [[Gansu]] or the [[Tarim Basin|Tarim]] into [[Kokonur]].<br /> <br /> In 685, minister [[Gar Tsenye Dompu]] (''mgar btsan-snya-ldom-bu'') died and his brother, [[Gar Trinring Tsendro]] (''mgar Khri-‘bring-btsan brod'') was appointed to replace him.{{sfn|Beckwith|1987|p=50}} In 692, the Tibetans lost the Tarim Basin to the Chinese. Gar Trinring Tsendrö defeated the Chinese in battle in 696 and ensued for peace. Two years later in 698 emperor Tridu Songtsen invited the Gar clan (who numbered more than 2000 people) to a hunting party and had them massacred. Gar Trinring Tsendrö then committed suicide, and his troops joined the Chinese. This brought to an end the influence of the Gar.{{sfn|Beckwith|1987|pp=14, 48, 50}}<br /> <br /> From 700 until his death the emperor remained on campaign in the northeast, absent from Central Tibet, while his mother Thrimalö administrated in his name.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petech&quot;&gt;Petech, Luciano (1988). &quot;The Succession to the Tibetan Throne in 704-5.&quot; ''Orientalia Iosephi Tucci Memoriae Dicata'', Serie Orientale Roma 41.3. pp. 1080–87.&lt;/ref&gt; In 702, [[Zhou dynasty (690–705)|Zhou China]] under Empress [[Wu Zetien]] and the Tibetan Empire concluded peace. At the end of that year, the Tibetan imperial government turned to consolidating the administrative organisation khö chenpo (''mkhos chen-po'') of the northeastern Sumru area, which had been the Sumpa country conquered 75 years earlier. Sumru was organised as a new &quot;horn&quot; of the empire.<br /> <br /> During the summer of 703, Tridu Songtsen resided at Öljak (''‘Ol-byag'') in Ling (''Gling''), which was on the upper reaches of the [[Yangtze]], before proceeding with an invasion of Jang (''‘Jang''), which may have been either the [[Mosuo]] or the kingdom of [[Nanzhao]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Backus |first= Charles |title= The Nan-chao Kingdom and T'ang China's Southwestern Frontier |year= 1981 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-22733-9 |page= 43}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 704, he stayed briefly at Yoti Chuzang (''Yo-ti Chu-bzangs'') in Madrom (''Rma-sgrom'') on the [[Yellow River]]. He then invaded Mywa, which was at least in part Nanzhao (the Tibetan term ''mywa'' likely referring to the same people or peoples referred to by the Chinese as Man or [[Miao people|Miao]])&lt;ref&gt;Backus (1981) pp. 43–44&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beckwith, C. I. &quot;The Revolt of 755 in Tibet&quot;, p. 5 note 10. In: ''Weiner Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde''. Nos. 10–11. [Ernst Steinkellner and Helmut Tauscher, eds. ''Proceedings of the Csoma de Kőrös Symposium Held at Velm-Vienna, Austria, 13–19 September 1981''. Vols. 1–2.] Vienna, 1983.&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Beckwith|1987|pp=64–65}} but died during the prosecution of that campaign.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petech&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Reign of Tride Tsuktsen (704–754)===<br /> [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha.jpg|260px|thumb|right|Copper-plated Sakyamuni Buddha statue during [[History of Tibetan Buddhism|First dissemination]]]]<br /> Gyeltsugru (Rgyal-gtsug-ru), later to become Tride Tsuktsen (''Khri-lde-gtsug-brtsan''), generally known now by his nickname [[Me Agtsom]] (&quot;Old Hairy&quot;), was born in 704. Upon the death of Tridu Songtsen, his mother Thrimalö ruled as regent for the infant Gyältsugru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petech&quot; /&gt; The following year the elder son of Tridu Songtsen, [[Lha of Tibet|Lha Balpo]] (''Lha Bal-pho'') apparently contested the succession of his one-year-old brother, but was &quot;deposed from the throne&quot; at Pong Lag-rang.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petech&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Beckwith, C. I. &quot;The Revolt of 755 in Tibet&quot;, pp. 1–14. In: ''Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde''. Nos. 10–11. [Ernst Steinkellner and Helmut Tauscher, eds. ''Proceedings of the Csoma de Kőrös Symposium Held at Velm-Vienna, Austria, 13–19 September 1981''. Vols. 1–2.] Vienna, 1983.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thrimalö had arranged for a royal marriage to a Chinese princess. [[Princess Jincheng]] (Tibetan: Kyimshang Kongjo) arrived in 710, but it is somewhat unclear whether she married the seven-year-old Gyeltsugru&lt;ref&gt;Yamaguchi 1996: 232&lt;/ref&gt; or the deposed Lha Balpo.&lt;ref&gt;Beckwith 1983: 276.&lt;/ref&gt; Gyeltsugru also married a lady from Jang (Nanzhao) and another born in Nanam.&lt;ref&gt;Stein 1972, pp. 62–63&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gyältsugru was officially enthroned with the royal name Tride Tsuktsen in 712,&lt;ref name=&quot;Petech&quot; /&gt; the year that dowager empress Thrimalö died.<br /> <br /> The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] and [[Turgesh]] became increasingly prominent in the 710s. The Tibetans were allied with the Türgesh. Tibet and China fought on and off in the late 720s. At first Tibet (with Türgesh allies) had the upper hand, but then they started losing battles. After a rebellion in southern China and a major Tibetan victory in 730, the Tibetans and Türgesh ensued for peace.<br /> <br /> The Tibetans aided the Turgesh in fighting against the Muslim Arabs during the [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Beckwith1993&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Beckwith|first=Christopher I.|author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith|title=The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7G61UifCEZMC&amp;pg=PA108|year=1993|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-02469-1|pages=108–121|access-date=7 April 2016|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818185213/https://books.google.com/books?id=7G61UifCEZMC&amp;pg=PA108|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 734, the Tibetans married their princess Dronmalön (''‘Dron ma lon'') to the Türgesh Qaghan. The Chinese allied with the Caliphate to attack the Türgesh. After victory and peace with the Türgesh, the Chinese attacked the Tibetan army. The Tibetans suffered several defeats in the east, despite strength in the west. The Türgesh empire collapsed from internal strife. In 737, the Tibetans launched an attack against the king of Bru-za ([[Gilgit]]), who asked for Chinese help, but was ultimately forced to pay homage to Tibet. In 747, the hold of Tibet was loosened by the campaign of general [[Gao Xianzhi]], who tried to re-open the direct communications between Central Asia and Kashmir.<br /> <br /> By 750, the Tibetans had lost almost all of their Central Asian possessions to the Chinese. In 753, even the kingdom of &quot;Little Balur&quot; (modern [[Gilgit]]) was captured by the Chinese. However, after Gao Xianzhi's defeat by the Caliphate and [[Karluks]] at the [[Battle of Talas]] (751), Chinese influence decreased rapidly and Tibetan influence began to increase again. Tibet conquered large sections of northern India during this time.<br /> <br /> In 755, Tride Tsuktsen was killed by the ministers Lang and ‘Bal. Then Takdra Lukong (''Stag-sgra Klu-khong'') presented evidence to prince Song Detsen (''Srong-lde-brtsan'') that they were disloyal and causing dissension in the country, and were about to attack him also. Lang and ‘Bal subsequently did revolt; they were killed by the army and their property was confiscated.&lt;ref&gt;Beckwith 1983: 273&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Reign of Trisong Detsen (756–797)===<br /> [[File:Plaque tibétaine (Collection Al Thani, Paris).jpg|thumb|Tibetan plaque, [[Yarlung dynasty]], 600–800 (Collection Al Thani, Paris).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hong Kong Palace Museum Radiance: Ancient Gold from the Hong Kong Palace Museum Collection and the Mengdiexuan Collection |url=https://www.hkpm.org.hk/en/exhibition/radiance-ancient-gold-from-the-hong-kong-palace-museum-collection-and-the-mengdiexuan-collection |website=Hong Kong Palace Museum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> In 756, prince Song Detsen was crowned king with the name [[Trisong Detsen]] (''Khri srong lde brtsan'') and took control of the government when he attained his majority&lt;ref&gt;Stein 1972, p. 66&lt;/ref&gt; at 13 years of age (12 by Western reckoning) after a one-year [[interregnum]] during which there was no king.<br /> <br /> In 755, China had already begun to be weakened because of the [[An Shi Rebellion]] started by [[An Lushan]] in 751, which would last until 763. In contrast, Trisong Detsen's reign was characterised by the reassertion of Tibetan influence in Central Asia. Early in his reign regions to the West of Tibet paid homage to the Tibetan court. From that time onward the Tibetans pressed into the Tang territory, reaching the Tang capital [[Chang'an]] (modern [[Xi'an]]) in late 763.{{sfn|Beckwith|1987|p=146}} Tibetan troops under the command of [[Nganlam Takdra Lukhong]] occupied Chang'an for fifteen days and installed a [[Li Chenghong|puppet emperor]] while [[Emperor Daizong of Tang|Emperor Daizong]] was in [[Luoyang]]. [[Kingdom of Nanzhao|Nanzhao]] (in [[Yunnan]] and neighbouring regions) remained under Tibetan control from 750 to 794, when they launched the [[Battle of Shenchuan]] to turn on their Tibetan overlords and helped the Chinese inflict a serious defeat on the Tibetans.&lt;ref&gt;Marks, Thomas A. (1978). &quot;Nanchao and Tibet in South-western China and Central Asia.&quot; ''The Tibet Journal''. Vol. 3, No. 4. Winter 1978, pp. 13–16.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 785, Wei Kao, a Chinese serving as an official in Shuh, repulsed Tibetan invasions of the area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1guAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA249|title=The Chinese reader's manual: A handbook of biographical, historical, mythological, and general literary reference|author=William Frederick Mayers|year=1874|publisher=American Presbyterian mission press|page=249|access-date=28 October 2010|author-link=William Frederick Mayers|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819140832/https://books.google.com/books?id=L1guAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA249|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the meantime, [[Yenisei Kyrgyz|Kyrgyz]] negotiated an agreement of friendship with Tibet and other powers to allow free trade in the region. An attempt at a peace treaty between Tibet and China was made in 787, but hostilities were to last until the Sino-Tibetan treaty of 821 was inscribed in Lhasa in 823 (see below). At the same time, the [[Yugur|Uyghurs]], nominal allies of the Tang emperors, continued to make difficulties along Tibet's Northern border. Toward the end of this king's reign Uyghur victories in the North caused the Tibetans to lose a number of their allies in the Southeast.{{sfn|Beckwith|1987|pp=144–157}}<br /> <br /> Recent historical research indicates the presence of [[Christianity]] in as early as the sixth and seventh centuries, a period when the [[Hephthalites]] had extensive links with the Tibetans.&lt;ref&gt;Palmer, Martin, ''The Jesus Sutras,'' Mackays Limited, Chatham, Kent, Great Britain, 2001)&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|date=January 2020}} A strong presence existed by the eighth century when [[Timothy I (Nestorian patriarch)|Patriarch Timothy I]] (727–823) in 782 calls the Tibetans one of the more significant communities of the eastern church and wrote of the need to appoint another bishop in ca. 794.&lt;ref&gt;Hunter, Erica, &quot;The Church of the East in Central Asia,&quot; ''Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester'', 78, no.3 (1996)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There is a stone pillar (now blocked off from the public), the Lhasa Shöl ''rdo-rings'', Doring Chima or [[Lhasa Zhol Pillar]], in the ancient village of Shöl in front of the [[Potala]] in Lhasa, dating to c. 764 CE during Trisong Detsen's reign. It also contains an account of the conquest of large swathes of northwestern China including the capture of Chang'an, the Chinese capital, for a short period in 763 CE, during the reign of Emperor Daizong.&lt;ref&gt;Stein 1972, p. 65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions''. H. E. Richardson. Royal Asiatic Society (1985), pp. 1–25. {{ISBN|0-947593-00-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Reign of Muné Tsenpo (c. 797–799?)===<br /> Trisong Detsen is said to have had four sons. The eldest, Mutri Tsenpo, apparently died young. When Trisong Detsen retired he handed power to the eldest surviving son, [[Muné Tsenpo]] (''Mu-ne btsan-po'').&lt;ref&gt;Stein, R. A. (1972) ''Tibetan Civilization'', p. 101. Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|0-8047-0806-1}} (cloth); {{ISBN|0-8047-0901-7}} (pbk)&lt;/ref&gt; Most sources say that Muné's reign lasted only about a year and a half. After a short reign, Muné Tsenpo was supposedly poisoned on the orders of his mother.<br /> <br /> After his death, [[Mutik Tsenpo]] was next in line to the throne. However, he had been apparently banished to Lhodak Kharchu (lHo-brag or Lhodrag) near the [[Bhutan]]ese border for murdering a senior minister.&lt;ref&gt;Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. ''Tibet: A Political History'' (1967), p. 47. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.&lt;/ref&gt; The youngest brother, Tride Songtsen, was officially enthroned by AD 804.&lt;ref&gt;Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. ''Tibet: A Political History'' (1967), p. 48. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richardson, Hugh. ''A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions'' (1981), p. 44. Royal Asiatic Society, London. {{ISBN|0-947593-00-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Reign of Tride Songtsen (799–815)===<br /> Under Tride Songtsen (''Khri lde srong brtsan'' – generally known as [[Sadnalegs]]), there was a protracted war with the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. It appears that Tibetans captured a number of Caliphate troops and pressed them into service on the eastern frontier in 801. Tibetans were active as far west as [[Samarkand]] and [[Kabul]]. Abbasid forces began to gain the upper hand, and the [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] governor of [[Kabul]] submitted to the [[Caliphate]] and became a [[Islam|Muslim]] about 812 or 815. The Caliphate then struck east from [[Kashmir]] but were held off by the [[Tibetans]]. In the meantime, the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] attacked [[Tibet]] from the northeast. Strife between the [[Uyghurs]] and [[Tibetans]] continued for some time.{{sfn|Beckwith|1987|pp=157–165}}<br /> <br /> ===Reign of Tritsu Detsen (815–838)===<br /> [[File:Tang-Tibetan alliance stele.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The bilingual text of peace treaty inscribed on the Tang-Tibetan alliance stele, Jokhang temple.]]<br /> Tritsu Detsen (''Khri gtsug lde brtsan''), best known as [[Ralpachen]], is important to [[Tibetan Buddhists]] as one of the three '''Dharma Kings''' who brought Buddhism to Tibet. He was a generous supporter of Buddhism and invited many craftsmen, scholars and translators from neighbouring nations. He also promoted the development of written [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] and translations, which were greatly aided by the development of a detailed Sanskrit-Tibetan lexicon called the ''[[Mahāvyutpatti|Mahavyutpatti]]'' which included standard Tibetan equivalents for thousands of [[Sanskrit]] terms.&lt;ref name=autogenerated6&gt;Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. (1967). ''Tibet: A Political History'', pp. 49–50. Yale University Press, New Haven &amp; London.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Ancient Tibet: Research Materials from the Yeshe De Project'' (1986), pp. 296–97. Dharma Publishing, California. {{ISBN|0-89800-146-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tibetans attacked Uyghur territory in 816 and were in turn attacked in 821. After successful Tibetan raids into Chinese territory, Buddhists in both countries sought mediation.&lt;ref name=autogenerated6 /&gt;<br /> <br /> Ralpachen was apparently murdered by two pro-[[Bön]] ministers who then placed his anti-Buddhist brother, [[Langdarma]], on the throne.&lt;ref&gt;Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. (1967). ''Tibet: A Political History'', p. 51. Yale University Press, New Haven &amp; London.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tibet continued to be a major Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century. It was under the reign of Ralpachen that the political power of Tibet was at its greatest extent, stretching as far as Mongolia and Bengal, and entering into treaties with China on a mutual basis.<br /> <br /> A Sino-Tibetan treaty was agreed on in 821/822 under Ralpachen, which established peace for more than two decades.{{sfn|Beckwith|1987|pp=165–67}} A bilingual account of this treaty is inscribed on a [[Sino-Tibetan Treaty Inscription|stone pillar]] which stands outside the [[Jokhang]] temple in Lhasa.<br /> <br /> ===Reign of Langdarma (838–842)===<br /> [[File:East-Hem 800ad.jpg|thumb|left|Tibetan Empire in 820 AD]]<br /> The reign of [[Langdarma]] (''Glang dar ma''), regal title Tri Udumtsen (''Khri 'U'i dum brtsan''), was plagued by external troubles. The Uyghur state to the north collapsed under pressure from the Kyrgyz in 840, and many displaced people fled to Tibet. Langdarma himself was assassinated, apparently by a Buddhist hermit, in 842.&lt;ref&gt;Beckwith 1987, pp. 168–69&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Shakabpa, p. 54.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Decline===<br /> [[File:Era of Fragmentation.png|thumb|[[Era of Fragmentation]] in the post-empire period]]<br /> [[File:Dunhuang Zhang Yichao army.jpg|thumb|Mural commemorating victory of [[Zhang Yichao]] over the Tibetan Empire in 848. [[Mogao Caves|Mogao cave]] 156]]<br /> {{main|Era of Fragmentation}}<br /> <br /> {{ill|The Battle of U-Yor|zh|伍约之战}} that arose over Langdarma's successor led to the collapse of the Tibetan Empire. The period that followed, known traditionally as the Era of Fragmentation, was dominated by rebellions against the remnants of imperial Tibet and the rise of regional warlords.{{sfn|Schaik|Galambos|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XEvbP6eUSVgC&amp;pg=PA4 4]}}<br /> <br /> ==Military==<br /> ===Armor===<br /> The soldiers of the Tibetan Empire wore armour such as lamellar and chainmail, and were proficient in the use of swords and lances. According to the Tibetan author Tashi Namgyal, writing in 1524, the history of lamellar armour in Tibet was divided into three distinct periods. The oldest armour dated from the time of the &quot;Righteous Kings, Uncle, and Nephew&quot; which would place it sometime during the Yarlung dynasty, early seventh to mid ninth century.{{sfn|LaRocca|2006|p=52}}<br /> <br /> According to [[Du You]] (735–812) in his encyclopaedic text, the ''[[Tongdian]]'', the Tibetans were less proficient in archery and fought in the following manner:<br /> <br /> {{quotation|&quot;The men and horses all wear chain mail armor. Its workmanship is extremely fine. It envelops them completely, leaving openings only for the two eyes. Thus, strong bows and sharp swords cannot injure them. When they do battle, they must dismount and array themselves in ranks. When one dies, another takes his place. To the end, they are not willing to retreat. Their lances are longer and thinner than those in China. Their archery is weak but their armor is strong. The men always use swords; when they are not at war they still go about carrying swords.&quot;{{sfn|Beckwith|1987|p=110}}|Du You}}<br /> <br /> The Tibetans might have exported their armour to the neighbouring steppe nomads. When the [[Turgesh]] attacked the [[Arabs]], their khagan [[Suluk (Turgesh khagan)|Suluk]] was reported to have worn Tibetan armour, which saved him from two arrows before a third penetrated his breast. He survived the ordeal with some discomfort in one arm.{{sfn|Beckwith|1987|p=109}}<br /> <br /> ===Organization===<br /> The Tibetan Empire's officers were not employed full-time and were only called upon on an ad hoc basis. These warriors were designated by a golden arrow seven inches long which signified their office. The officers gathered once a year to swear an oath of fealty. They assembled every three years to partake in a sacrificial feast.{{sfn|Bushell|1880|p=410-411}}<br /> <br /> While on campaign, Tibetan armies carried no provision of grain and lived on plunder.{{sfn|Bushell|1880|p=442}}<br /> <br /> ==Society==<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | perrow = 2/2/2<br /> | total_width = 300<br /> | caption_align = center<br /> | title = Unearthed artifacts of the Tibetan Empire<br /> | image1 = 金胡瓶03596.jpg<br /> | caption1 = 1500-year-old pottery, Gold bottle found in the tomb of [[Amdo]]<br /> | image2 = 玛瑙长杯03602.jpg<br /> | caption2 = [[Sasanian art|Sasan]]-style long cup made of yellow agate<br /> | image3 = 人物纹贴金锡盘03589.jpg<br /> | caption3 = Tin plate with figures painted in gold<br /> | image4 = 带把金杯03598.jpg<br /> | caption4 = Gold cup with handle<br /> }}<br /> The early Tibetans worshipped a god of war known as &quot;Yuandi&quot; (Chinese transcription) according to a Chinese transliteration from the ''[[Old Book of Tang]]''.{{sfn|Walter|2009|p=26}}<br /> <br /> The ''Old Book of Tang'' states:<br /> <br /> {{quotation|&quot;They grow no rice but have black oats, red pulse, barley, and buckwheat. The principal domestic animals are the yak, pig, dog, sheep, and horse. There are flying squirrels, sembling in shape those of our own country, but as large as cats, the fur of which is used for clothes. They have abundance of gold, silver, copper, and tin. The natives generally follow their flocks to pasture and have no fixed dwelling-place. They have, however, some walled cities. The capital of the state is called the city of Lohsieh. The houses are all flat-roofed and often reach to the height of several tens of feet. The men of rank live in large felt tents, which are called ''fulu''. The rooms in which they live are filthily dirty, and they never comb their hair nor wash. They join their hands to hold wine, and make plates of felt, and knead dough into cups, which they fill with broth and cream and eat the whole together.&quot;{{sfn|Bushell|1880|p=442}}}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Valley of the Kings (Tibet)]] <br /> * [[Guge]]<br /> * [[Shule Kingdom]]<br /> * [[Nanzhao]]<br /> * [[Sumpa]]<br /> * [[Purang-Guge Kingdom]]<br /> * [[Tang–Tibet relations]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> === Citations ===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |title=The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages |date=1987 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-02469-3}}<br /> * {{citation|last=Bushell|first=S. W.|year=1880|title=The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}<br /> * {{citation |last=LaRocca |first=Donald J. |title=Warriors of the Himalayas: Rediscovering the Arms and Armor of Tibet |date=2006 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=0-300-11153-3}}<br /> * Lee, Don Y. ''The History of Early Relations between China and Tibet: From Chiu t'ang-shu, a documentary survey'' (1981) Eastern Press, Bloomington, Indiana. {{ISBN|0-939758-00-8}}<br /> * Pelliot, Paul. ''Histoire ancienne du Tibet'' (1961) Librairie d'Amérique et d'orient, Paris<br /> * {{citation | last = Powers | first = John <br /> | title = History as Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles versus the People's Republic of China | year = 2004<br /> | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn =978-0-19-517426-7}}<br /> * {{citation | author-link=Sam van Schaik| last1=Schaik | first1 = Sam van<br /> | author-link2= Imre Galambos| last2=Galambos | first2 = Imre<br /> | title = Manuscripts and Travellers: The Sino-Tibetan Documents of a Tenth-Century Buddhist Pilgrim<br /> | year = 2011 | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | isbn = 978-3-11-022565-5}}<br /> * Stein, Rolf Alfred. ''Tibetan Civilization'' (1972) Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|0-8047-0901-7}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Walter|first=Michael L.|year=2009|title=Buddhism and Empire The Political and Religious Culture of Early Tibet|publisher=Brill }}<br /> * Yamaguchi, Zuiho. (1996). “The Fiction of King Dar-ma’s persecution of Buddhism” ''De Dunhuang au Japon: Etudes chinoises et bouddhiques offertes à Michel Soymié''. Genève : Librarie Droz S.A.<br /> * Nie, Hongyin. [http://iea.cass.cn/xs/xsdt/html/20090227xixiawenxian.pdf 西夏文献中的吐蕃]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25196861 &quot;The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources&quot;] S. W. Bushell, ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'', New Series, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Oct. 1880), pp.&amp;nbsp;435–541, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline|Tibetan Empire}}<br /> <br /> {{-}}<br /> {{Tibet topics}}<br /> {{Inner Asia}}<br /> {{Empires}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tibetan Empire}}<br /> [[Category:Tibetan Empire| ]]<br /> [[Category:Former kingdoms in Tibet]]<br /> [[Category:History of Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]<br /> [[Category:Former monarchies of East Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Former monarchies of Central Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Former monarchies of South Asia]]<br /> [[Category:7th-century establishments in Tibet]]<br /> [[Category:9th-century disestablishments in Tibet]]<br /> [[Category:840s disestablishments]]<br /> [[Category:618 establishments]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories established in the 610s]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 840s]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lingaa_(soundtrack)&diff=473314 2026-03-02T16:00:40Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: enhanced references for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox album <br /> | name = Lingaa<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> | cover = Lingaa album cover.jpg<br /> | caption = Soundtrack album cover<br /> | border = yes<br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 5 November 2014<br /> | recorded = 2014&lt;br&gt;[[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios]], [[Chennai]]&lt;br&gt;NYSA Studios, [[Mumbai]]&lt;br&gt;Premier Digital Mastering Studios, Mumbai<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = <br /> | length = <br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | label = [[Eros Music]]<br /> | producer = [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> | prev_title = [[I (2014 soundtrack)|I]]<br /> | prev_year = 2014<br /> | next_title = [[O Kadhal Kanmani (soundtrack)|O Kadhal Kanmani]]<br /> | next_year = 2015<br /> | misc = {{External media<br /> | audio1 = {{YouTube|c27BSddMccs|Audio Jukebox}}}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Lingaa''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], to the 2014 Indian [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film of the [[Lingaa|same name]] written and directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]]. The soundtrack album consists of five tracks, out of which, four had lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]] while the fifth was written by his son [[Madhan Karky]]. According to Rahman, as the film is set in different time zones, the music composed works around these time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Salman-has-approached-me-with-three-four-scripts/articleshow/34695868.cms|title = Salman has approached me with three-four scripts|date = 5 May 2014|access-date = 14 November 2014|newspaper = Bangalore Mirror|last = Dubey|first = Rachana}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> According to Rahman, Rajinikanth did not want to include the first version of the song &quot;Oh Nanba&quot; in the film as he felt that it was more of a song suited for a younger generation actor. Rahman, as a result, reworked the entire song to suit Rajinikanth. The song, which was the introduction song in the film and was the last song to be recorded, was a combination of tunes similar to those composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], and of [[Electronic dance music|EDM]] genre of music.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Hk4xCnHgnY|title=Lingaa - AR Rahman Speaks about Oh Nanba Song|work=[[YouTube]]|publisher=[[Eros International|Eros Tamil]]|date=22 November 2014|access-date=8 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the song, &quot;En Mannava&quot;, Rahman tried to compose it in the [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] genre using different [[raga]]s like [[Bilaskhani Todi]] and [[Darbari Kanada|Durbari]], but the film's director, [[K. S. Ravikumar]], insisted that the song, which is a period song in the pre-independence portions of the film, should have a contemporary feel so as to make the audience like it. Hence Rahman made it as a folk song.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzcqLqXwoaA|title=Lingaa - AR Rahman Speaks about En Mannavva Song|work=YouTube|publisher=Eros Tamil|date=22 November 2014|access-date=8 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The track &quot;Indiane Vaa&quot; was originally sung by [[Haricharan]] and Rahman liked Haricharan's rendition of the song and said the same about it to Ravikumar, who said that Rahman himself should sing the song as he felt that it suited Rahman's style of singing. Rahman agreed to Ravikumar's suggestion and sang the final version of the song himself.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e1tNWc3QuKM|title=Lingaa - AR Rahman Speaks about Indiane Vaa Song|work=YouTube|publisher=Eros Tamil|date=22 November 2014|access-date=8 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song &quot;Mona Gasolina&quot; was in the genre of [[Latin American music]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkVwNV7ecWM|title=Lingaa - AR Rahman Speaks about Mona Gasolina Song|work=YouTube|publisher=Eros Tamil|date=22 November 2014|access-date=8 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the track &quot;Unmai Oru Naal&quot;, Rahman composed seven tunes for Ravikumar to choose.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvWqd_ieb_I|title=Lingaa - AR Rahman Speaks about Unmai Oru Naal Song|work=YouTube|publisher=Eros Tamil|date=22 November 2014|access-date=8 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the scene where Raja Lingeshwaran hosts a party inviting the governor, and speaks to him, the piano cover is the composition of [[Piano Sonata No. 11 (Mozart)|Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Piano Sonata 11 in A Major K.33]].{{Citation needed|date = March 2015}}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> The soundtrack received mixed reviews upon released mainly praising &quot;Indiane Vaa&quot; but criticizing other songs. Uma Sudhir of ''[[NDTV India|NDTV]]'' stated, &quot;Music by AR Rahman is not really soul-stirring except the song &quot;Indiane Vaa&quot;. Some frames in the song sequences remind you of scenes from earlier films. The Mona song with Anushka has a nice lilt.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/lingaa-movie-review-1067|title = Lingaa Movie Review|access-date = 18 December 2014|publisher = NDTV Movies|last = Sudhir|first = Uma|archive-date = 16 December 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141216163034/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/lingaa-movie-review-1067|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reviewing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Gautham Bhaskaran felt, &quot;AR Rahman's music does not help...to stop ''Lingaa'' from stumbling on its plot track.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/lingaa-review-rajinikanth-s-new-film-is-political-to-the-core/article1-1295871.aspx|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141212130925/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/lingaa-review-rajinikanth-s-new-film-is-political-to-the-core/article1-1295871.aspx|url-status = dead|archive-date = 12 December 2014|title = Lingaa review: How much of 'Rajinikanth mannerisms' can one take?|access-date = 18 December 2014|publisher = Hindustan Times|last = Bhaskaran|first = Gautham}}&lt;/ref&gt; T.S. Sudhir of ''[[India Today]]'' noted, &quot;For the Rajini-Rahman team that gave hit music in ''Sivaji'', ''Enthiran'', this film doesn't match up. Music by A R Rahman is a letdown. Except for the &quot;Indiane Vaa&quot; score sung by AR himself, rest of the music is disappointing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/lingaa-review-movie-review-rajinikanth-snakshi-sinha-anushka-shetty-230940-2014-12-12|title = Movie review: Lingaa is total paisa vasool for Rajinikanth fans|date = 12 December 2014|access-date = 18 December 2014|publisher = India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; Critics from ''[[Indo Asian News Service]]'' raised the similar concern writing, &quot;A.R Rahman's music, doesn't touch the bar that he had set with his previous collaborations with the superstar (Rajinikanth).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/lingaa-review-the-hero-with-a-thousand-faces_1513644.html|title = 'Lingaa' review: The hero with a thousand faces|date = 14 December 2014|access-date = 18 December 2014|publisher = Zee News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bodrul Chaudhury of ''Bollyspice'' who reviewed the Hindi version of the soundtrack stated, &quot;The music wasn't as strong as what we normally hear from Rahman. Overall, this is an album which had the potential to be so much better.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://bollyspice.com/94950/lingaa-music-review|title = Lingaa Music Review|date = 17 December 2014|access-date = 18 December 2014|publisher = Bollyspice|last = Choudhary|first = Bodrul}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siddharth K of ''[[Sify]]'' felt that the album was &quot;highly underwhelming&quot;. He noted that every song’s genre was almost similar to a [[computer music|template]] and called the album &quot;nowhere near Rahman's best&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 November 2014|title='Lingaa' audio rated and reviewed|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lingaa-audio-rated-and-reviewed-news-tamil-olqkEzcfeccgf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116115828/http://www.sify.com/movies/lingaa-audio-rated-and-reviewed-news-tamil-olqkEzcfeccgf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 November 2014|access-date=17 December 2014|website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Behindwoods'' ystated, &quot;With Rahman experimenting to give period specific music, ''Lingaa'' isn't the usual easily accessible Rajinikanth album. Time and visuals might give a different perspective.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 November 2014|title=LINGAA SONGS REVIEW|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/lingaa/lingaa-songs-review.html|access-date=18 December 2014|website=Behindwoods}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saisuresh Sivaswami of ''[[Rediff]]'' claimed, &quot;It is sacrilege to criticise A. R. Rahman’s music, but of the five songs in the film, only one, ''Indianey Vaa,'' had the anthem potential, the others being just about fine. The songs don’t jump out and grab you by the throat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/lingaa-review-two-much-of-a-good-thing/20141212.htm|title = Lingaa Review: Two much of a good thing|date = 12 December 2014|access-date = 18 December 2014|publisher = Rediff|last = Sivaswami|first = Saisuresh}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised the song &quot;Mona Gasolina&quot;, calling it &quot;edgy and good&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/lingaa-drama-minus-the-punch/article6686154.ece|title = Lingaa: Drama minus the punch|date = 12 December 2014|access-date = 18 December 2014|work = The Hindu|last = Dundoo|first = Sangeetha Devi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also writing for ''The Hindu'', S. Shiva Kumar called Rahman's songs and background score &quot;unbelievably prosaic&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/lingaa-nobody-can-save-a-film-with-weak-content/article6704271.ece|title=Executed in a hurry|date=19 December 2014|access-date = 19 December 2014|work=The Hindu|last=Shiva Kumar|first=S.}}&lt;/ref&gt; R. S. Prakash in ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' summarized, &quot;Rahman's music is a far cry from his usual compositions, and it's one of the biggest let-downs in the film. Even the introductory song of Rajinikanth creates no impact.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-Lingaa/articleshow/45497356.cms|title = Movie review: Lingaa|date = 12 December 2014|access-date = 18 December 2014|newspaper = Bangalore Mirror}}&lt;/ref&gt; J. Hurtado of ''[[Twitch Film]]'' said &quot;The music by AR Rahman in the film seems to fall flat, with the exceptions of perhaps Rajini's intro song, &quot;Oh Nanba&quot;, Anushka's lovelorn dream suite &quot;Mona Gasolina&quot;, and Sonakshi's paean to Rajini, &quot;En Mannavva&quot;.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://twitchfilm.com/2014/12/review-superstar-rajinis-lingaa-for-super-fans-only.html|title = Review: Superstar Rajini's LINGAA, For Super Fans Only|date = 12 December 2014|access-date = 18 December 2014|publisher = The Twitch Film}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On the contrary, Anupama Subramanian for ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, &quot;One usually finds Rahman's background score to be pretty good, and you may find it to be the case here as well and his tunes (a)re catchy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141212/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-lingaa-exciting-return-superstar-rajinikanth|title = Movie review 'Lingaa': An exciting return for the superstar Rajinikanth on the big screen in live action|date = 12 December 2014|access-date = 18 December 2014|publisher = Deccan Chronicle|last = Subramanian|first = Anupama}}&lt;/ref&gt; Critic based at ''[[The Times of India]]'' who reviewed the Telugu version of the soundtrack claimed, &quot;On the whole, the album features a blend of melodious and peppy tunes.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Music-review-Lingaa/articleshow/45228976.cms|title = Music review: Lingaa|date = 21 November 2014|access-date = 18 December 2014|work = The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bollywoodlife reviewed the album thus &quot;Lingaa music review: AR Rahman dishes out a musical treat for all Rajinikanth fans.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/lingaa-music-review-ar-rahman-dishes-out-a-musical-treat-for-all-rajinikanth-fans/ Bollywoodlife.com Lingaa Music Review] Retrieved 25 December 2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The soundtrack of the original version was unveiled on 5 November 2014 by hosting a promotional event at [[Sathyam cinemas|Sathyam Cinemas]] in [[Chennai]] with [[Rajinikanth]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]] and [[K. S. Ravikumar]] in attendance. Rahman could not attend the launch; a video where he spoke about the film was screened.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Naig|first=Udhav|date=5 November 2014|title=Lingaa audio launch: A touch of the Superstar magic|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lingaa-audio-launch-a-touch-of-the-superstar-rajinikanth-magic/article6605571.ece|access-date=23 November 2014|work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Telugu version was unveiled officially on 8 November 2014 by hosting a promotional event at [[Park Hyatt Hyderabad|Park Hyatt]], [[Novotel]] in Hyderabad which was followed by the film's curtain-raiser. [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[K. Viswanath]] were invited as the chief guests. [[MAA TV]] televised the curtain raiser live from 5:00 PM.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Seshagiri|first=Sangeetha|date=8 November 2014|title=Rajinikanth's 'Lingaa' Curtain Raiser/Audio Launch Event: Watch Live Online|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanths-lingaa-curtain-raiser-audio-launch-event-watch-live-online-616471|access-date=23 November 2014|publisher=International Business Times India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=8 November 2014|title=T-wood personalities grace Lingaa Telugu audio|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/T-wood-personalities-grace-Lingaa-Telugu-audio/articleshow/45415732.cms|access-date=23 November 2014|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; The album for the Hindi version was unveiled on 26 November 2014; prior to its release, five days before, a single track &quot;India Re&quot; (Indiane Vaa) was released on 21 November 2014.&lt;ref&gt;[http://itun.es/in/UmuB4 India Re (single)]. Retrieved. 18 December 2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Marketing ==<br /> A 40-second song teaser of &quot;Mona Gasolina&quot; featuring Rajinikanth and Anushka Shetty was released on 7 November 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=7 November 2014|title='Lingaa': 'Mona Gasolina' Song Teaser Releases; Features Rajinikanth and Anushka Shetty [Video]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/lingaa-mona-gasolina-song-teaser-releases-features-rajinikanth-anushka-shetty-video-614257.cms|access-date=22 November 2014|website=[[International Business Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another 40-second song teaser was released on 8 November 2014 of the song &quot;En Mannavva&quot; featuring Rajinikanth and Sonakshi Sinha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=8 November 2014|title='Lingaa': 'En Mannavaa' Song Teaser Featuring Rajinikanth, Sonakshi Sinha Releases [Video]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/lingaa-mannava-song-teaser-featuring-rajinikanth-sonakshi-sinha-be-released-today-614343.cms|access-date=22 November 2014|website=[[International Business Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Track listing ==<br /> <br /> ===Original Version===<br /> Track listing was released by [[A. R. Rahman]]'s official website on 2 November 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;trcklist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2 November 2014|title=Lingaa tracklist|url=http://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=282|access-date=2 November 2014|publisher=arrahman.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 26:35<br /> | title1 = Oh Nanba<br /> | lyrics1 = <br /> | extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Aaryan Dinesh Kanagaratnam]]<br /> | length1 = 04:24<br /> | title2 = En Mannava<br /> | lyrics2 = <br /> | extra2 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Aditi Paul]]<br /> | length2 = 04:44<br /> | title3 = Indiane Vaa<br /> | lyrics3 = <br /> | extra3 = [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> | length3 = 06:00<br /> | title4 = Mona Gasolina<br /> | lyrics4 = <br /> | extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Neeti Mohan]], [[Tanvi Shah]]<br /> | length4 = 05:53<br /> | title5 = Unmai Orunaal Vellum<br /> | lyrics5 = <br /> | extra5 = [[Haricharan]]<br /> | length5 = 05:21<br /> | title9 = <br /> | note4 = Lyricist:[[Madhan Karky]]<br /> | all_lyrics = [[Vairamuthu]], except where noted<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Hindi Version===<br /> {{track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 26:46<br /> | all_lyrics = [[Gulzar]]<br /> | title1 = Ranga Ranga<br /> | extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Jaspreet Jasz]]<br /> | length1 = 04:26<br /> | title2 = Chalke Re<br /> | extra2 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Aditi Paul]]<br /> | length2 = 04:47<br /> | title3 = India Re<br /> | extra3 = [[Javed Ali]]<br /> | length3 = 06:05<br /> | title4 = Mona Gasolina<br /> | extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Neeti Mohan]]<br /> | length4 = 05:54<br /> | title5 = Din Dooba Hai<br /> | extra5 = [[Haricharan]]<br /> | length5 = 05:24<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Telugu Version===<br /> {{track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 26:39<br /> | title1 = Vo Rabba Rabba<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Vanamali]]<br /> | extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br /> | length1 = 04:26<br /> | title2 = Vo Manmadhaa<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Anantha Sriram]]<br /> | extra2 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Aditi Paul]]<br /> | length2 = 04:48<br /> | title3 = Indian Ni Raa<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandra Bose]]<br /> | extra3 = [[Haricharan]]<br /> | length3 = 06:03<br /> | title4 = Monaa Monaa<br /> | lyrics4 = Kandhikonda<br /> | extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Neeti Mohan]]<br /> | length4 = 05:54<br /> | title5 = Sathyam Shivamu<br /> | lyrics5 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]<br /> | extra5 = [[Haricharan]]<br /> | length5 = 05:22<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Charts==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Charts<br /> ! Song title<br /> ! Peak position<br /> ! Reference<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Radio Mirchi|Radio Mirchi South]]<br /> | Mona Gasolina<br /> | {{center|1}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|{{center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/more/tamil-top-20/ |title=TAMIL TOP 20 |access-date=7 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213144942/http://www.radiomirchi.com/more/tamil-top-20/ |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> | En Mannava<br /> | {{center|5}}<br /> |-<br /> | Indiane Vaa<br /> | {{center|6}}<br /> |-<br /> | Oh Nanba<br /> | {{center|4}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Album credits==<br /> Credits adapted from A. R. Rahman's official website.&lt;ref name=&quot;trcklist&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Backing Vocals<br /> Dr. Narayan, Nivas, Santhosh, Deepak, [[Arjun Chandy]], Yazin, Pooja, Maalavika, [[Sowmya Raoh]], Soundarya, Nirjari, Veena, Arpita, [[Maria Roe Vincent]], Varsha, Surbhi, [[Shashaa Tirupati]], Debolina Bose, Swagatha Sundar &amp; [[KM Music Conservatory|K.M.M.C. Choir]]<br /> <br /> {{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> ;Personnel<br /> * [[Guitars]]: [[Keba Jeremiah]]<br /> * [[Sarangi]]: Dilshad Khan<br /> * [[Shehnai]]: Balesh<br /> * [[Sitar]]: Asad Khan<br /> * [[Dilruba]]: Saroja<br /> * [[Woodwinds]]: Kamlakhar<br /> * [[Rhythm|Indian Rhythm]]: T. Raja, Kumar, Neelakandan, Raju, [[A. S. Laxmi Narayanan|Laxminarayan]], Vedachalam Venkat, Kaviraj, Sai Shravanam, Satyanarayana<br /> <br /> ;On the track &quot;En Mannavaa&quot;<br /> <br /> *Additionally arrangements: Ranjit Barot<br /> *Additional arrangements and programming: Aditya Paudwal <br /> *[[Percussion]]: Arun Solanki, Aditya Paudwal<br /> *[[Choir|Chorus]]: Varsha Tripathi, Surbhi Dahsputra, Sashaa Thirupati, Debolina Bose<br /> *Recording Engineer: Puneet Samtani<br /> *Assistant Engineer: Vimal Pancholi <br /> *Musician Coordinator: Vimal Pancholi, Sanjay Utekar<br /> <br /> ;On the track &quot;Oh Nanba&quot; <br /> *[[Brass instrument|Brass Section]]: Blasco Monsorat. Kishore Sodha, Raghav Sachar<br /> *[[Brass instrument|Brass conductor]]: [[Raghav Sachar]]<br /> *Recording Engineers - Muralidhar Praveen, Aditya Modi ({{small|Recorded at NYSA &amp; PDMS studios, [[Mumbai]]}})<br /> <br /> ;Production<br /> * Producer: A. R. Rahman<br /> * Mastering: Donal Whelan and Gethin John ({{small|at Hafod Mastering studios}})<br /> * Chennai Strings Orchestra &amp; The Sunshine Orchestra: V. J. Srinivasamurthy ({{small|at AM Studios, Chennai}})<br /> * Engineers: {{unbulleted list|Suresh Permal, Vinay Sridhar, Srinidhi Venkatesh &amp; Nitish Kumar ({{small|at Panchathan Record Inn, Chennai}}) | Sivakumar, Pradeep, Kannan, Karthik, Ananthakrishnan ({{small|at AM Studios, Chennai}})}}<br /> * Mixing: [[P. A. Deepak]]<br /> * Additional Programming: [[Ranjit Barot]], [[P. A. Deepak]], T. R. Krishna Chetan, Hentry Kuruvilla, Ishaan Chhabra, Santhosh Kumar Dayanidhi, Marc<br /> * Music co-ordinators: Noell James, Vijay Iyer<br /> * Musicians' fixer: R. Samidurai<br /> <br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{A. R. Rahman}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> [[Category:2014 soundtrack albums]]<br /> [[Category:A. R. Rahman soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_compositions_by_Muthuswami_Dikshitar&diff=446859 2026-02-26T15:58:33Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: small fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|None}}<br /> <br /> {{Main|Muthuswami Dikshitar}}<br /> {{Carnatic}}<br /> {{Hinduism small}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> '''Muthuswami Dikshita''' ({{IAST3|Muttusvāmi Dīkṣita}}, 24 March 1775 – 21 October 1835) or '''Dikshitar''' was a [[South India]]n poet and composer and is one of the musical [[trinity of Carnatic music]]. His compositions, of which around 500 are commonly known, are noted for their elaborate and poetic descriptions of Hindu gods and temples and for capturing the essence of the raga forms through the vainika (veena) style that emphasises gamakas. They are typically in a slower speed (chowka kala). He is also known by his signature name of '''Guruguha''' which is also his mudra (and can be found in each of his songs).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.guruguha.org/ |title=Home |website=guruguha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; His compositions are widely sung and played in classical concerts of Carnatic music.<br /> <br /> Muthuswami Dikshitar composed many kritis in groups. The following lists describe those groups and compositions that belong to each group.<br /> <br /> == ''Maha [[Ganesha|Ganapati]] Krithis'' ==<br /> <br /> There are 27 Dikshitar kritis on Ganapathi in and around Thiruvarur, out of which 16 kritis are the shodasha kritis, as the name suggests. The shodasha (16) forms of Ganapathi are Bala, Taruna, Bhakti, Veera, Shakti, Dwija, Siddhi, Uchishta, Vighna, Kshipra, Heramba, Lakshmi, Maha, Vijaya, Nritta and Urdhava. Other forms of Ganapathi, Dikshitar mentions are Rakta, Sweta, Ekadanta, Lambodara and Dhundi.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.carnaticcorner.com/articles/shodasha_kritis.htm&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''Ucchishta Ganapathau''||''Kashiramakriya(Kamavardhini/Panthuvarali)''||''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |Ekadantam||Bilahari||Misra Chapu<br /> |-<br /> |Gajananayutam||Vegavahini(Chakravagam)||Chathushra Eka<br /> |-<br /> |Gananayakam||Rudrapriya||Adi<br /> |-<br /> |Ganarajena||Arabhi||Misra Chapu<br /> |-<br /> |Ganesha kumara||Jenjuti (Chenjuruti)||Chathushra Eka<br /> |-<br /> |Karikalabha||Saveri||Rupakam<br /> |-<br /> |Panchamatanga||Malahari||Rupakam<br /> |-<br /> |Maha Ganapatim Manasa||Nata||M.Chapu<br /> |-<br /> |Maha Ganapatim||Todi||Rupakam<br /> |-<br /> |Maha Ganapathe||Natanarayani||Adi<br /> |-<br /> |Rakta Ganapathim||Mohana||Adi<br /> |-<br /> |Lambodaraya||Varali||Khanda Chapu<br /> |-<br /> |Vallabha nayakasya||Begada||Rupakam<br /> |-<br /> |[[Vatapi Ganapatim]]||Hamsadhwani||Adi<br /> |-<br /> |Vamanga Stita||Athana||Khanda Eka<br /> |-<br /> |Vinayaka||Vegavahini(Chakravagam)||Rupakam<br /> |-<br /> |Shakti Sahita||Sankarabharanam||Tisra Eka<br /> |-<br /> |Sweta Ganapatim||Choodamani||Triputa<br /> |-<br /> |Siddhi vinayakam||Chamaram (Shanmughapriya)||Rupakam<br /> |-<br /> |Hastivadanaya||Navaroj||M.Chapu<br /> |-<br /> |Sri Gananatham||Eshamanohari||Rupakam<br /> |-<br /> |Sri Ganeshatparam||Ardhadesi||Jampa<br /> |-<br /> |Sri Mahaganapatira vatu mam||Gowla||Triputa<br /> |-<br /> |Sri Muladhara||Sri||Adi<br /> |-<br /> |Vighneshwaram||Malahari||Adi<br /> |-<br /> |Herambhaya||Athana||Rupakam<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == ''Guruguha ([[Subramanya]]) Krithis'' ==<br /> <br /> === ''Guruguha Vibhakti Krithis'' ===<br /> <br /> These are the ''Guruguha Vibhakti Kritis'' composed in Tiruttani Kshetra.{{sfn|Iyer|1989|loc=part II, p. 42}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''Vibhakti''!!''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''1-prathama''||''Shri Nathadi Guruguho Jayati Jayati''||''Maya Malava Gowla''||''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |''2-dwitiya''||''Manasa Guruguha Rupam Bhajare''||''Ananda Bhairavi''||''Rupaka''<br /> |-<br /> |''3-trtiya''||''Sri Guruna Palitosmi''||''Padi''||''Rupaka''<br /> |-<br /> |''4-chaturthi''||''Guruguhaya Bhaktanugrahaya''||''Sama''||''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |''5-panchami''||''Guruguhadanyam Najaneham''||''Bala Hamsa''||''Jhampe''<br /> |-<br /> |''6-shashti''||''Sri Guruguhasya Dasoham''||''Purvi''||''Misra Chapu''<br /> |-<br /> |''7-saptami''||''Sri Guruguha Swamini Bhaktim Karomi''||''Bhanumati''||''Khanda Triputa''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sambodhana''||''Sri Guruguha Murtte Chit shakti Sphurtte''||''Udaya Ravi Chandrika''||''Rupaka''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sambodhana''||''Shri Guruguha Tarayashu Mam''||''Deva Kriya (Suddha Saveri)''||''Rupaka''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Other Krithis on Guruguha{{sfn|Iyer|1989|loc=part II, p. 54}} ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''[[Kshetra]] / Deity''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Bala-Subrahmanyam Bhajeham''||''Surati''||''Adi''||''[[Tiruchendur|tiruccendUr]]'' || <br /> |-<br /> |''Dandayudha-Panim Dandita Daitya Shrenim''||''Ananda Bhairavi''||''Rupaka''||''[[Palani]]''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Gajamba-nayako Rakshatu !''||''Janjhuti''||''Triputa''||''[[Thiruparankundram|tirupparankunram]]''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Gajaadheesaadanyam''||''Nata Kuranji''||''miSra cApu''||''tirupparankunram''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Ganapati-sodaram Guruguham Bhajeham''||''Arabhi''||''Adi''|| ||''This kriti may have been created by [[Ambi Dikshitar]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''Kumara Swaminam Guruguham Namami''||''Asaveri''||''Adi''||''pullirukkuvelur (Vaitheeswaran Kovil)''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Para Shivatmajam Namami Satatam''||''Yamuna Kalyani''||''Adi''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Parvati Kumaram Bhavaye''||''Nata Kuranji''||''Rupaka''||''virincipuram'' ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Purahara Nandana Ripu Kula Bhanjana''||''Hamir Kalyani''||''Adi''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Purahara Nandana Ripu Kula Bhanjana''||''Hamir Kalyani''||''Adi''|| || There are two kritis which start with same pallavi<br /> |-<br /> |''Sadhujana Vinutam Guruguham''|| ''Gita-priya'' ||''Triputa''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Saurasenesham Vallisham Subrahmanyam Bhajeham''||''Saura Sena''||''Adi''|| || <br /> |-<br /> |''Sharavanabhava Guruguham Shanmukham Bhajeham''||''Revagupti''||''Rupakam''||''tiruvAvinankudi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Senapate Palaya Mam''||''Kasi Rama Kriya''||''Adi''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Shadanane Sakalam Arpayami''||''Khamas''||''Adi''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Shri Bala Subrahmanyagaccha''||''Bilahari''||''Misra Eka''||''Swami Sailam ([[Swamimalai|Swami Malai]])''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Shri Subrahmanyaya Namaste''||''Kambhoji''||''Rupaka''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Shri Subrahmanyo Mam Rakshatu''||''Todi''||''Adi''||''tiruccendUr''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Shri Swaminathaya Namaste''||''Kamas'' or ''khamaj''||''Jhampe''||''Swami Sailam (Swami Malai)''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Shri Vallipate Pahimam''||''Naga Swaravali''||''Eka''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Shrngara Shaktyayudha Dhara Sharavanasya Dasoham''||''Rama Manohari''||''Jhampe''||''Sikkil''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Subrahmanyena Rakshitoham''||''Suddha Dhanyasi''||''Adi''||''Kanka Sailam (Kaligu Malai)''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Swaminatha Paripalayasumam[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUe%20NXY4b14 Swaminatha Paripalayasumam]''||''Nata''||''Adi''||''swAmi sailam (Swamimalai)''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Swaminathena Samrakshitoham''||''Brndavani Saranga''||''Adi''||''swAmimalai''|| <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == [[Devi]] Kritis ==<br /> === ''Kamalamba Navavarna Kritis'' ===<br /> Here are the 11 songs in praise of Goddess ''Kamalamba'' in [[Thiruvarur|Tiruvarur]].{{sfn|Iyer|1989|loc=part II, p. 41}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''Avarana''!!''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Vibhakthi''<br /> |-<br /> |''Dhyana Kriti''||''Kamalambike Ashrita Kalpa Latike''||''[[Hanumatodi|Todi]]''||''[[Rupaka]]''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''1''||''Kamalamba Samrakshatu Mam''||''[[Anandabhairavi]]''||''[[Misra Chapu]]''||''Prathama''<br /> |-<br /> |''2''||''Kamalambam Bhaja Re''||''[[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]]''||''[[Adi tala|Adi]]''||''Dwitiya''<br /> |-<br /> |''3''||''Sri Kamalambikaya Katakshitoham''||''[[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]]''||''[[Chaturasra Rupakam]]''||''Tritiya''<br /> |-<br /> |''4''||''Kamalambikayai Kanakamsukayai''||''[[Kambhoji]]''||''Khanda Ata''||''Chaturdhi''<br /> |-<br /> |''5''||''Sri Kamalambikayah Param Nahi Re''||''[[Bhairavi (Carnatic)|Bhairavi]]''||''Misra Jampa''||''Panchami''<br /> |-<br /> |''6''||''Kamalambikayastava Bhaktoham''||''Punnagavarali''||''Rupakam''||''Shasti''<br /> |-<br /> |''7''||''Sri Kamalambikayam Bhaktim Karomi''||''Sahana''||''Tisra Triputa''||''Saptami''<br /> |-<br /> |''8''||''Sri Kamalambike Avava''||''Ghanta''||''Adi''||''Sambodhana - Prathama''<br /> |-<br /> |''9''||''Sri Kamalamba Jayati''||''Ahiri''||''Rupakam''||''Prathama-Multiple Vibhaktis''<br /> |-<br /> |''Mangalasasanam''||''Sri Kamalambike Sive Pahi''||''[[Shree (Carnatic raga)|Sri]]''||''[[Khanda Eka]]''||''Sambodhana - Prathama''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === ''Neelayadakshi Kritis'' ===<br /> The Following kriti is on Goddess Neelayadakshi Ambal of [[Nagapattinam]] (Nagai Karonam).<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! ''Vibhakti'' !! ''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]'' !! ''[[Raga]]'' !! ''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]'' !!''Other Info''<br /> |-<br /> | ''1.'' || ''Amba Neelayadakshi'' || ''Neelambari'' || ''Adi'' ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === ''Nilotpalamba Vibhakti Krithis'' ===<br /> The Following kritis are in the ''Nilotpalamba Vibhakti Krithis'' set.{{sfn|Iyer|1989|loc=part II, p. 44}} These songs are dedicated to Goddess Nilotpalamba in [[Thiruvarur]].<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! ''Vibhakti'' !! ''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]'' !! ''[[Raga]]'' !! ''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]'' <br /> |-<br /> | ''1-Prathama'' || ''Nilotpalamba Jayati'' || ''Narayana Goula'' || ''Misra Chapu'' <br /> |-<br /> | ''2-Dwitiya'' || ''Nilotpalambam Bhajare'' || ''Nari Riti Goula'' || ''Triputa'' <br /> |-<br /> | ''3-Trtiya'' || ''Nilotpalambikaya Nirvana Sukhapradaya'' || ''Kannada Goula'' || ''Adi'' <br /> |-<br /> | ''4-Chaturdhi'' || ''Nilotpalambikayai Namaste'' || ''Kedara Goula'' || ''Adi'' <br /> |-<br /> | ''5-Panchami'' || ''Nilotpalambikayah Param Nahi Re'' || ''Goula'' || ''Rupaka'' <br /> |-<br /> | ''6-Shashti'' || ''Nilotpalambikayah Tava Dasoham'' || ''Maya Malava Goula'' || ''Triputa'' <br /> |-<br /> | ''7-Saptami'' || ''Nilotpalambikayam Bhaktim Karomi'' || ''Purva Goula'' || ''Rupaka'' <br /> |-<br /> | ''Sambodhana'' || ''Nilotpalambike Nitya Suddhatmike'' || ''Chaya Goula'' || ''Rupaka'' <br /> |-<br /> | ''Sambodhana'' || ''Sri Nilotpala Nayike'' || ''Nari Riti Goula'' || ''Rupaka'' <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === ''Mayuram ([[Mayiladuthurai]]) - Abhayamba Navavarana Krithis'' ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''Vibhakti''!!''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''1-prathama''||''Abhayamba Jagadamba''||''Kalyani''||''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |''2-dwitiya''||''Aryam Abhayambam Bhajare''||''Bhairavi''||''Khanda Jati Ata''<br /> |-<br /> |''3-tritiya''||''Girijaya Ajaya Abhayambikaya''||''Sankarabharanam''||''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |''4-chaturdhi''||''Abhayambikayai Aswarudhayai''||''Kambhoji''||''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |''5-panchami''||''Abhayambikaya Anyam Najane''||''Kedara Gowla''||''Khanda Chapu''<br /> |-<br /> |''6-shashti''||''Ambikayah Abhayambikayah Tava Dasoham''||''Kedaram''||''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |''7-saptami''||''Abhayambam Bhaktim Karomi''||''Sahana''||''Misra Chapu''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sambodhana''||''Dakshayani Abhayambike''||''Todi''||''Adi - Trisra Gati''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sambodhana''||''Sadasraye Abhayambike''||''Chamaram (Shanmukha Priya)''||''Rupaka''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === ''[[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] - [[Tripura Sundari|Kamakshi]] Devi Krithis'' ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Avyajya Karuna Katakshi Anisham Mamava Kamakshi''||''Salanga Nata''||''Triputa''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Ekamresha Nayike Shive Shri Kamakshi Pahimam''||''Karnataka Shuddha Saveri''||''Rupakam''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Ekamreswara Nayakim Iswarim''||''Chamaram''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Kamakoti Pitha Vasini Saugandhini''||''Sugandhini''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Kamakshi Kamakoti Pitha Vasini Mamava''||''Suma Dyuti''||''Rupaka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Kamakshi Mam Pahi Karunakari Shankari''||''Gamaka Kriya''||''Rupaka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Kamakshi Mam Pahi Karunanidhe Shive''||''Suddha Desi''||''Rupaka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Kamakshi Vara Lakshmi Kamalakshi Jaya Lakshmi''||''Bilahari''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Kamakshim Kalyanim Bhajeham''||''Kalyani''||''Trisra Eka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Kanakambari Karunyamrta Lahari Kamakshi Mamava Kameshwari''||''Kanakambari (Kanakangi)''||''Trisra Eka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Kanja Dalayatakshi Kamakshi''||''Kamala Manohari''||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Namaste Para Devate Siva Yuvate Kamakshi''||''Deva Ranji''||''Trisra Eka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Nirajakshi Kamakshi Nirada Chikure''||''Hindola''||''Rupaka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Saraswati Manohari Sankari''||''Saraswati Manohari''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Srngara Rasamanjarim Sri Kamakshim Gourim''||''Rasa Manjari''||''Trisra Eka''|| <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Madurai]] Maduramba (Meenakshi) Vibhakti ''Krithis'' ===<br /> <br /> Muthuswamy Dikshitar visited [[Madurai]] for some time and composed two groups of krithis on Meenakshi Amman, (also called Madhuramba): Maduramba (Meenakshi) Vibhakti kritis and Minakshi Devi krithis.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''Vibhakti''!!''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sambodhana''||''Sri Madhurambike Sri Sive Avava''||''Kalyani''||''Jhampe''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sambodhana''||''Sri Madhurapura Viharini''||''Bilahari''||''Rupaka''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sambodhana''||''Madhuramba Samrakshatu Mam''||''Deva Kriya''||''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |''1-prathama''||''Madhuramba Jayati Marakatangi Jayati''||''Pharaju''||''Misra Chapu''<br /> |-<br /> |''2-dwitiya''||''Madhurambambam Bhajare Re Manasa''||''Stavaraja (46)''||''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |''3-tritiya''||''Sri Madhurambikaya Samrakshitoham''||''Athana''||''Triputa''<br /> |-<br /> |''6-shashti''||''Madhurambayah Tava Dasoham''||''Begada''||''Triputa''<br /> |-<br /> |''7-saptami''||''Madhurambikayam Sada Bhaktim Karomi''||''Desi Simharavam''||''Rupaka''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Madurai]] [[Meenakshi]] Devi Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Mamava Minakshi Raja Matangi''||''Dhali Varali (39)''||''Misra Eka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Minakshi Me Mudam Dehi''||''Gamaka Kriya''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Mamava Minakshi Raja Matangi''||''Dhali Varali (39)''||''Misra Eka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Minakshi Gouri Raja Syamale''||''Gouri''||''Rupaka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Minambikayah Param Nahire Re Chitta''||''Deva Gandharam''||''Rupaka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Syamalangi Matangi Namaste''||''Syamala''||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Thanjavur]] - [[Brihadisvara Temple|Brihadeeswari]] Devi Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Bhogacchhaya Nataka Priye''||''Bhogacchhaya Nata''||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Bhushavatim Manju Bhashavatim Bjajeham''||''Bhushavati''||''Trisra Eka''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Brhadamba Madamba Jayati''||''Bhanumati''||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Brhadambikayai Namaste Namaste''||''Vasanta''||''Misra Chapu''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Brhadiswarim Bhajare Re Chitta''||''Lalita Panchamam''||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Brhannayaki Varadayaki''||''Andhali''||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Palaya Mam Brhadiswari Bhakta Janavani Sankari''||''Todi''||''Rupaka''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Himagiri Kumari Iswari''||''Ravi Kriya''||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Pamara Jana Palini Pahi Brhannayaki''||''Suma Dyuti (57)''||''Trisra Eka''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Saindhavi Raga Priye''||''Saindhavi''||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Santana Manjari Sankari Satatam Pat Umam''||''Santana Manjari''||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Satchidanandamaya Vijrmbhinim Smaramyaham''||''Kumbhini''||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Srngaradi Nava Rasangi Brhadamba''||''Dhavalangi''||''Trisra Eka''|| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Thiruvanaikaval]] - [[Akilandeswari|Akhilandeshwari]] Kritis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Akhilandeshwari Rakshamam'' ||''Dwijavanti''||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Ahilandeshwaryai Namaste''||''Arabi''||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Matah Shiva Vamanke''||''Begada''||''Adi''|| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vaidya ([[Vaitheeswaran Koil]]) Balambika Kritis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Balambikayah Katakshitoham''||''Sriranjani''||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Balambikayah Param Nahire''||''Kanada/Karnataka Kapi''||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Balambikayah Tava Bhaktoham''||''Kedaragowla''||''Rupakam''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Balambikayai Namaste''||''Nattakuranji''||''Rupakam''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Bhajarere Chitta Balambikam''||''Kalyani''||''miSra cApu''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Balambike Pahi''||''Manoranjani''||''Matya''|| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Kashi ([[Varanasi]]) - [[Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi]] / [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]] Devi Kritis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Annapurne Visalakshi''||''Sama''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Annapurne|url=http://www.shivkumar.org/music/annapurne.htm|access-date=2019-04-15|website=www.shivkumar.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Carnatic Songs - annapUrNE vishAlAkSi|url=https://karnatik.com/c1728.shtml|access-date=2019-04-15|website=karnatik.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Scientist|first=Musical|date=2008-06-10|title=Nadha Sudha Rasa: annapUrNE- sAmA|url=http://nadhasudharasa.blogspot.com/2008/06/annapurne-sama.html|access-date=2019-04-15|website=Nadha Sudha Rasa}}&lt;/ref&gt;||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Ehi Annapurne Sannidhehi''||''Punnaga Varali''||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Kasi Visalakshim Bhajeham''||''Gamaka Kriya''||''Adi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Visalaksim Viswesim Bhajare''||''Kasi Rama Kriya''||''Misra Chapu''|| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Kumbakonam]] - Mangalamba Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Mangalambikam Chidgagana Chandrikam''<br /> |''Ghanta''<br /> |''Misra Jhampe''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Thirukkadaiyur|Tirukadaiyur]] - Abirami Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Abhiraameem Akhila''<br /> |''Bhooshaavati''<br /> |''rUpakam''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Tirunelveli]] - [[Nellaiappar Temple|kAntimati]] Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Kantimatim''<br /> |''Desi Simharavam''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Tiruverkadu|Tiruvenkadu]] - Brahmavidyambika Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Brahma Vidyambike''<br /> |''Kalyani''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Vedaranyam]] - [[Parvati]] Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Parvathi Paramesvarau''<br /> |''bauLi''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Rameswaram]] - [[Ramanathaswamy Temple|Parvatavardhini]] Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Parvatha Vardhani''<br /> |''Sama''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Tiruchirappalli|Tirucirapalli]] - Sri Sugandhi Kuntalambike Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Sugandhi Kuntalambike''<br /> |''Kuntalam''<br /> |''rUpakam''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Tiruvottiyur]] - Sri [[Tripura Sundari]] Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Tripura Sundari Namostutae''<br /> |''Deva Manohari''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |''Tripura Sundari Shankari''<br /> |''Syama''<br /> |''Rupakam''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Srikalahasti]] - [[Srikalahasteeswara temple|Jnanaprasunambika]] Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Jnaanaprasoonaambikae''<br /> |''Kalyani''<br /> |''rUpakam''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Non-Kshetra kritis on Devi ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Dandanathaya Rakshitoham''<br /> |''Khamas''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Gitichakra ratha stithayai'' <br /> |''Kannada''<br /> |''Misra Chapu''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Guni Janadi Nuta Guruguhodaye''<br /> |''Gurjari''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Ishanadi Shivakara Shivakameshwara Vamankasthe Namaste''<br /> |''Sahana''<br /> |''Rupakam''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Kusumakara Vimanarudham''<br /> |''Ahiri''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Lalita Parameshwari Jayati''<br /> |''Surati''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Lalitambikam Chintayamyaham''<br /> |''Devakriya''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Lalitambikayai Lakshakotandya Nayikayai''<br /> |''Bhairavi''<br /> |''Misra Chapu''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Mahatripurasundari Mamava''<br /> |''Madhyamavati''<br /> |''Rupakam''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Matangi Sri Rajarajeshwari''<br /> |''Ramamanohari''<br /> |''Rupakam''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Parashaktim Bhajare Pamara''<br /> |''Rudrapriya''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Pratyangira Bhagavatim Sadanamamyaham''<br /> |''Nadanamakriya''<br /> |''Misra Chapu''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Sarasijanabha sodari''<br /> |''Nagagandhari''<br /> |''Rupakam''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Rajarajeshwari''<br /> |''Pooranachandrika''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Rajarajeshwarim Mahatripurasundarim''<br /> |''Madhyamavati''<br /> |''Rupakam''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Rama Saraswati Sevitam Sri Lalitambam Bhavaye''<br /> |''Nasamani''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Sulinim Srita Palinim'' <br /> |''Saila Desakshi''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Trilochana Mohinim Tripuranim''<br /> |''Bhairavi''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Varahim Vaishnavim Vana Vasinim Sada Vandeham''<br /> |''Vegavahini''<br /> |''Misra Chapu''<br /> |-<br /> |''Panchashat peeta roopini''<br /> |''karnataka devagandhari''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==''[[Navagraha Kritis]]''==<br /> The kritis on the nine grahas of Jyotisha Shastra composed by Muthuswami Dikshitar are:{{sfn|Iyer|1989|loc=part II, p. 46}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''#''!!''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Planet''!!''Other Info''<br /> |-<br /> |''1''||''Surya Murte Sundara Chayadhipate''||''Sourastra''||''Chaturasra Jati Dhruva''||''Sun''||<br /> |-<br /> |''2''||''Candram Bhaja Manasa''||''Asaveri''||''Chaturasra Jati Mathya''||''Moon''||<br /> |-<br /> |''3''||''Angarakamasryamyaham''||''Surati''||''Rupaka''||''Mars''||<br /> |-<br /> |''4''||''Budhamasryami Satatam''||''Nata Kuranji''|| 'misra Jati Jhampe' ||''Mercury''||<br /> |-<br /> |''5''||''Brhaspate Tarapate''||''[[Atana]]''||''Trisra Jati Triputa''||''Jupiter''||<br /> |-<br /> |''6''||''Sri Sukra Bhagavantam''||''Pharazu''||''Chaturasra Jati Ata''||''Venus''||<br /> |-<br /> |''7''||''Divakara Tanujam''||''Yadukula Kambhoji''||''Chaturasara Jati Eka''||''Saturn''||<br /> |-<br /> |''8''||''Smaramyaham Sada Rahum''||''Rama Manohari ([[Ramapriya]])''||''Rupaka''||''Rahu''||<br /> |-<br /> |''9''||''Mahasuram Ketumakam''||''Camaram ([[Shanmukhapriya]])''||''Rupaka''||''Ketu''||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == [[Shiva]] kritis ==<br /> === ''Pancha Bhoota Sthala Linga Kritis'' ===<br /> These 5 compositions are based on the 5 elements in Hinduism; namely, sky, water, earth, fire, and air. As such, the manifestations of Lord Shiva in each of these 5 elements is portrayed in these pieces.{{sfn|Iyer|1989|loc=part II, p. 45}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! ''#'' !! ''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]'' !! ''[[Raga]]'' !! ''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]'' !! ''[[Kshetra]]'' <br /> |-<br /> | ''1'' || ''Ananda Natana Prakasham'' || ''Kedaram'' || ''Misra Capu'' || ''[[Chidambaram]] - [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Akasa Linga]]'' <br /> |-<br /> | ''2'' || ''Sri Kalahastisha'' || ''Huseni'' || ''Jhumpa'' || ''[[Srikalahasti|Sri Kalahasti]] - [[Srikalahasteeswara temple|Vayu Linga]]'' <br /> |-<br /> | ''3'' || ''Arunacala Natham'' || ''Saranga'' || ''Rupaka'' || ''[[Arunachalesvara Temple|Arunacalam]] ([[Tiruvannamalai]]) - Agni Linga'' <br /> |-<br /> | ''4'' || ''Cintaya Makanda Mulakandam'' || ''[[Bhairavi (Carnatic)|Bhairavi]]'' || ''Rupaka'' || ''[[Kanchipuram|Kancipuram]] - [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Prthvi Linga]]'' <br /> |-<br /> | ''5'' || ''Jambu Pate'' || ''Yamuna Kalyani'' || ''Tisra Ekam'' || ''[[Thiruvanaikaval]] - [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval|Appu/jala Linga]]'' <br /> |}<br /> <br /> === ''[[Thiruvarur|Tiruvarur]] - Panchalinga Kritis''{{sfn|Iyer|1989|loc=part II, p. 44}} ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''#''!!''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''1''||''Sadachaleshwaram Bhavayeham''||''Bhupalam''||''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |''2''||''Hatakeshwara Samraksha Mam''||''Bilahari''||''Misra Eka''<br /> |-<br /> |''3''||''Shri Valmika Lingam Chintaye Shivardhangam''||''Kambhoji''||''Ata''<br /> |-<br /> |''4''||''Anandeshwarena Samrakshitoham''||''Ananda Bhairavi''||''Misra Eka''<br /> |-<br /> |''5''||''Siddishwaraya Namaste''||''Nilambari''||''Misra Eka''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === ''Tiruvarur - [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagaraja]] Vibhakti Krithis'' ===<br /> <br /> Muthuswami Dikshitar composed 13 compositions in 8 Vibhaktis in praise of Sri Thyagarajeswara at Tiruvayur.{{sfn|Iyer|1989|loc=part II, p. 43}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''Vibhakti''!!''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Info''<br /> |-<br /> |''1-Pratama''||''Tyagarajo Virajite''||''Athana''||''Trisra Eka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''2-Dwitiya''||''Tyagarajam Bhajare''||''Yadukula Kambhoji''||''Misra Eka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''2-Dwitiya''||''Tyagarajam Bhajeham Satatam''||''Nilambari''||''Rupaka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''2-Dwitiya''||''Tyagaraja Mahadhwajaroha''||''Sri' ''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''3-Trtiya''||''Tyagarajena Samrakshitoham''||''Salaga Bhairavi''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''4-Chaturdhi''||''Tyagarajaya Namaste''||''Begada''||''Rupaka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''5-Panchami''||''Tyagaradanyam Najane''||''Darbar''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''6-Shasti''||''Sri Tyagarasya Bhaktou Bhavami''||''Rudra Priya''||''Misra Chapu''||<br /> |-<br /> |''6-Shasti''||''Tyagaraja Yoga Vaibhavam''||''Ananda Bhairavi''||''Rupaka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''7-Saptami''||''Tyagaraje Krtyakrtyamarpayami''||''Saranga''||''Jhampe''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sambodhana''||''Vira Vasanta Tyagara''||''Vira Vasanta''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sambodhana''||''Tyagaraja Palayasu Mam''||''Goula''||''Adi''||''in Praise of Valmika Linga Murti''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Mayiladuthurai|Mayuram]] - [[Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai|Mayuranatha Swami]] Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''Abhayamba Nayaka Hari Sayaka''||''Ananda Bhairavi''||''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |''Abhayamba Nayaka Vara Dayaka''||''Kedara Gowla''||''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |''Gourisaya Namaste''||''Arabhi''||''Trisra Triputa''<br /> |-<br /> |''Mayuranadham Anisam Bhajami''||''Dhanyasi''||''Misra Chapu''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === ''[[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] - [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Ekambareswara]] Krithis'' ===<br /> <br /> Deekshitar lived in Kanchi for a few years. During that time, he composed three krithis on Ekambareswara, several krithis on Kamakshi and a couple on [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadaraja Swami]] of Vishnu Kanchi.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''Ekamranatham Bhajeham''||''Purva Kalyani''||''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |''Ekamranathaya Namaste''||''Vira Vasanta''||''Rupaka''<br /> |-<br /> |''Ekaamra Naathaaya Namaste''||''Mukhaari''||''rUpakam''<br /> |-<br /> |''Ekaamresa Naayakeem''||''cAmaram''||''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |''Ekamrananatheswarena Samrakshitoham''||''Chaturangini''||''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Kanchi - [[Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram|Kailasanatha]] Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''Kailaasa Natham''||''Vega Vaahini''||''Adi''<br /> |-<br /> |''Kailasa Nathena''||''Kambhoji''||''miSra cApu''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === ''[[Madurai]] - Somasundareshwara Kritis'' ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''Halsyanatham Smarami''<br /> |''Darbaru''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Palayamam Parvatisha''<br /> |''Kannada''<br /> |''Rupakam''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Sundareshwaraya Namaste''<br /> |''Shankarabharanam''<br /> |''Rupakam''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Somasundareshwaram Bhajeham''<br /> |''Shuddha Vasanta''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Thanjavur]] - [[Brihadisvara Temple|Brihadeeswara]] Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Brhadisa Katakshena Pranino Jivanti''||''Jivantika''||''Trisra Eka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Brhadiswaram Bhajre Re Chitta''||''Naga Dhwani''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Brhadiswaraya Namaste''||''Sankarabharanam''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Brhadiswaro Rakshtu Mam''||''Gana Sama Varali''||''Rupaka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Nabhomani Chandragni Nayanam''||''Nabhomani''||''Triputa''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Nagabharanam Nagajabharanam Namami''||''Nagabharanam''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Palaya Mam Brhadiswara Palita Bhuvaneswara''||''Nayaki''||''Rupaka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Stava Rajadi Nuta Brhadisa Tarayasu Mam''||''Stava Raja''||''Triputa''||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Chidambaram]] - [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Nataraja]] Kritis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Chidambara Nataraja Murtim''||''Tanu Kirti''||''Trisra Eka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Chidambara Natarajam Asrayami''||''Kedaram''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Chidambareswaram Chintayami''||''Bhinna Shadjam''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Kanaka Sabhapatim Bhajare Manasa''||''Malava Sri''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sivakama Patim Chintayamyaham''||''Nata Kuranji''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sivakameswaram Chintayamyaham''||''Arabhi''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Chidambaram - Siva Kameswari Kritis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sivakameswarim Chintayeham''||''Kalyani''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Chidambaram - [[Govindaraja Perumal Temple|Govinda Raja]] Kritis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Govinda Rajam Upasmahe Nityam''||''Mukhari''||''Triputa''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Govinda Rajaya Namaste''||''Surati''||''Rupaka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Govinda Rajena Rakshitoham''||''Mecha Bouli''||''Rupaka''||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Thiruvaiyaru|Tiruvaiyaru]] - Pranatartiharana Panchandishwara Kritis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Parameshwara Jagadishwara''||''Natta''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Pranatartiharam Namami''<br /> |''Nayaki''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Pranatariharaya Namaste''<br /> |''Samantam''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Vatukanatha''<br /> |''Devakriya''<br /> |''Misra Chapu''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Tiruchengode|Tiruchengodu]] - [[Ardhanarishvara|Ardhanariswara]] Kritis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Ardha Naareesvaram''||''Kumuda Kriya''||''rUpakaM''||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Rameswaram]] - [[Ramanathaswamy Temple|Ramanatha]] Kritis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Ramanatham Bhajeham''||''Kasi Ramakriya''||''rUpakaM''||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Kumbakonam]] - [[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Kumbeswara]] Kritis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Kumbhesvaraaya Namastae''||''kalyANi''||''miSra cApu''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Kumbhesvaraaya Namastae''||''Kedaaram''||''rUpakam''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Kumbhesvarena''||''kalyANi''||''Adi''||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Tiruvottiyur|Thiruvottiyur]] - Adipureeswara Kritis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Adipureesvaram''||''Arabhi''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Tiruvateesvaram''||''Gamaka Kriya''||''rUpakam''||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Sankarankovil|Sankarankoil]] - Sankaranarayana Kritis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sankara Narayanam''||''Narayana Desakshi''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Thirukazhukundram|Tirukazhukundram]] - Vedapureeswara Kritis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Vedapurisvaram''||''Dhanyasi''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Thirukkadaiyur|Tirukadaiyur]] - [[Amritaghateswarar-Abirami Temple|Amritaghateswara]] Kritis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sankaram Abhirami''||''Manohari''||''rUpakam''||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Thiruvenkadu|Tiruvenkadu]] - Svetaranyeswara Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Svetaranyesvaram''<br /> |''Arabhi''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Tiruvidaimaruthur|Tiruvidaimarutur]] - Mahalingeswara Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Mahalingesvaram''<br /> |''Paraju''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Mahalingesvaraya''<br /> |''Athana''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Vedaranyam]] - Vedaranyeswara Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''vEdAraNyESvarAya''<br /> |''tODi''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Tirunelveli]] - Salivatishwara ([[Nellaiappar Temple|Nellaiappar]]) Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Saalivaatisvaram''<br /> |''Deva Gandhari''<br /> |''Adi''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]] - Matrbhuteshwara ([[Thayumanaswami Temple, Rockfort|Thayumanavar]]) Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Matrubhutam''<br /> |''Kannada''<br /> |''misra capu''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[varanasi|Kashi]] - Visweswara ([[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Kashi Vishwanath]]) / Kala [[Bhairava]] Kritis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Kala Bhairavam Bhajeham Anisam''||''Bhairavam''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Kasi Visweswara Ehi Mam Pahi''||''Kambhoji''||''Ata''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Viswanatham Bhajeham''||''Chaturdasa Raga Malika''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Viswanathena Rakshitoham''||''Samanta''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Visweswaro Rakshtu Mam''||''Kanada''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Viswanatham Bhajeham Satatam''||''Natabharanam''||''Rupakam''||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Sri Vaidyanatha ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Vaidyanatham Bhajami''||''Athana''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == [[Vishnu]] Krithis{{sfn|Iyer|1989|loc=part II, p. 54}} ==<br /> <br /> === Sri [[Rama]] Chandra Vibhakti Krithis{{sfn|Iyer|1989|loc=part II, p. 45}} ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''Vibhakti''!![[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''!!''Kshetra''<br /> |-<br /> |''1-prathama''||''Sri Rama Chandro Rakshtu Mam''||''Sri Ranjani''||''Triputa''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''2-dwitiya''||''Rama Chandram Bhavayami''||''Vasanta' ''||''Rupaka''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''3-trtiya''||''Rama Chandrena Samrakshitoham''||''Manji''||''Rupaka''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''4-chaturthhi''||''Rama Chandraya Namaste''||''Todi''||''Triputa''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''5-panchami''||''Rama Chandradanyam Najaneham''||''Kalyani''||''Jhampe''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''6-shasthi''||''Rama Chandrasya Dasoham''||''Namavati''||''Adi''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''7-saptami''||''Rame Bharata Palita Rajyamarpayami''||''Jyoti''||''Jhampe''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sambodhana''||''Rama Rama Kali Kalusha Virama''||''Ram Kali''||''Rupaka''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Other Krithis on Sri Rama===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''!!''Kshetra''<br /> |-<br /> |''Kodanda Ramam Anisam Bhajami''||''Kokila Ravam''||''Adi''|| ||''navapAsAnam'' (Devipattinam)<br /> |-<br /> |''Mamava Pattabhirama''||''Mani Rangu''||''Misra Eka''|| ||''Pattabirama'' and ''siMhAsanE sItayA saha saMsthita'' ([[Kodandaramaswamy Temple, Ayodhyapatinam|Ayodhyapatinam]])<br /> |-<br /> |''Mamava Raghu Vira Martyavatara''||''Mahuri''||''Misra Eka''|| ||''navapAsAnam'' (Devipattinam)<br /> |-<br /> |''Santana Rama Swaminam''||''Hindola Vasanta''||''Adi''|| ||''Nida Mangalam(Yamunamba Puram)''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Ramam Ravi Kulabdi Somam''||''Narayana Gowla''||''Adi''|| ||''Darbha Shayanam'' (ThiruppullAni)<br /> |-<br /> |''Ramachandra Bhaktam''||''Geyahejjujji''||''Adi''|| ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Hanuman|Anjaneya]] Krithis{{sfn|Iyer|1989|loc=part II, p. 55}} ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''!!''Kshetra''<br /> |-<br /> |''Pavanatmajagacchha Paripurna Swacchha''||''Nata''||''Khanda Chapu''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Pavanatmajam Bhajare''||''Sankarabharanam''||''Adi''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Rama Chandra Bhaktam Bhaja Manasa''||''Geya Hejjajji''||''Adi''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Vira Hanumate Namo Namo''||''Kanada''||''Rupaka''|| ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Sri [[Venkateswara]] Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''!!''Kshetra''<br /> |-<br /> |''Prasanna Venkateswaram Bhajare''||''Vati Vasanta Bhairavi''||''Misra Chapu''|| ||''Tanjavur''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sankha Chakra Gada Panim Aham Vande''||''Purna Chandrika''||''Rupaka''|| ||''Tirumala Tirupati''<br /> |-<br /> |''Seshachala Nayakam Bhajami''||''Varali''||''Misra Eka''|| ||''Tirumala Tirupati''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Venkata Girisam Alokaye''||''Surati''||''Adi''|| ||''Gokarnam''<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Venkatesam Bhajami Satatam''||''Kalyana Vasanta''||''Adi''|| ||''Tirumala Tirupati''<br /> |-<br /> |''Venkatachalapate Ninu Nammiti''||''Kapi''||''Adi''||''This Is a Manipravala Kriti - Composed in 3 Languages: Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit''||''Gokarnam''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===[[Srirangam]] Pancharatnam - [[Ranganatha]] Swami Krithis===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Ranga Pura Vihara''||''Brndavana Saranga''||''Rupaka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Ranganayakam Bhavaye''||''Nayaki''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Ranganatham Upasmahe''||''Purna Chandrika''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Ranganathaya Namaste''||''Dhanyasi''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Bhargavi Badram''||''Mangala Kaishiki''||''Misra Chapu''||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === [[Narasimha]] Swami Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Kshetra''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Narasimha Agacchha''||''Mohana''||''Misra Eka''||''Ghatikachalam ([[Sholinghur|Sholingur]])''||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tirukkannamangai - Bhaktavatsala Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Kshetra''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Bhakta Vatsalam''||''Vamsavati''||''Adi''||||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Kanchipuram - [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadaraja]] Krithis ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Kshetra''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Varadaraja Avava''||''Ganga Tarangini''||''rUpakam''||||<br /> |-<br /> |''Varadaraja Pahi''||''Sankarabharanam''||''tiSra Ekam''||||<br /> |-<br /> |''Varadarajam Upaasmahe''||''Saranga''||''rUpakam''||||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Sri [[Krishna]] Krithis{{sfn|Iyer|1989|loc=part II, p. 56}} ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''<br /> ! !!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Kshetra''!!''Description''<br /> |-<br /> |''Nanda Gopala Mukunda''<br /> | ||''Yamuna Kalyani''||''Adi''|| ''[[Udupi Sri Krishna Matha|Udupi]]''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Balagopala Palayashumam''<br /> | ||''Bhairavi''||''Adi''||''[[Mannargudi]] - [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi|RajaGopala]] Swami''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Satyanarayanam''<br /> | ||''Siva pantuvarALi''||''rUpakam''||''[[Badrinath Temple|Badrinath]]''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Santana Gopalam Upasmahe''<br /> | ||''Khamas''||''Rupaka''||''Mannargudi - Santana Gopala Swami''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Krishnam Bhajare''<br /> | ||''Rupavathi''||''rUpakam''||''Thanjavur''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Krishno Mam''<br /> | ||''Nasamani''||''rUpakam''||''Kancipuram (Varadaraja Temple)''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Parthasarathina''<br /> |<br /> ||''Suddha Dhanyasi''||''rUpakam''||''[[Triplicane|Tiruvallikeni]] Parthasarathi Temple''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Krishnam Bhaja Manasa Satatam''<br /> | ||''Todi''||''Adi''||''[[Guruvayur Temple|Guruvayur]]''||<br /> |-<br /> |Sri Sundara Rajam Bhajeham<br /> | ||''Kasi Rama Kriya (45)''||''Adi''||''Madurai - [[Alagar Kovil|Alagar]] Kovil (Vrshabhachalam)''||<br /> |-<br /> |Soundara rajam ashraye <br /> |<br /> |Brindavana saranga<br /> |Rupaka<br /> |''Thirunagai soundarraja perumal Nagapattinam'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Chetah sri balakrishnam<br /> |<br /> |Dwijavanthi<br /> |Rupaka<br /> |''Guruvayoor''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Govardhana Girisham<br /> |<br /> |Hindolam<br /> |Rupaka<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Balakrishnam Bhavayami<br /> |<br /> |Gopika Vasantham<br /> |Adi<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Sri Lakshmi Krithis{{sfn|Iyer|1989|loc=part II, p. 56}} ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Kshetra''<br /> |-<br /> |''Hari Yuvatim Hymavatim Aradhayami Satatam''||''Desi Simharavam''||''Trisra Eka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Hiranmayim Lakshmim Sada Bhajami''||''Lalita''||''Rupaka'' ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Maha Lakshmi Karuna Rasa Lahari''||''Madhava Manohari''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Bhargavi Bhadram Me Disatu''||''Mangala Kaisiki''||''Misra Eka''||''[[Srirangam]]''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Vara Lakshmi Namastubhyam''||''Sri''||''Misra Eka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Vara Lakshmim Bhajare Re Manasa''||''Sourashtra''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Saraswati Devi Krithis{{sfn|Iyer|1989|loc=part II, p. 56}} ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Kriti (musical composition)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Description''!''[[Kshetra]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''Bharati mat-dishana-jadyapahe''||''Deva-manohari''||''Rupaka''||''Tiruvarur''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Kalavati Kamalasana-yuvati''||''Kalavati''||''Adi''||''Kashmir [[Sharada Peeth|Sharada]] Temple''||<br /> |-<br /> |''namo namaste girvani''||''Girvani''||''Triputa''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Saraswati chaya-tarangini''||''Chaya-tarangini''||''Adi''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Saraswati Vidhi-yuvati''||''Hindolam''||''Rupaka''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Saraswatya bhagavatya samrakshitoham''||''Chaya-gaulam''||''Mishra ekam''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Sharavati-tata-vasini hamsini''||''Sharavati''||''Trishra ekam''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Shri Saraswati hitE''||''mAnji''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Shri Saraswati namostute ''||''Arabhi''||''Rupakam''||<br /> |-<br /> |''Vina-pustaka-dharinim ashraye''||''Toya-vegavahini (16)''||''Khanda ekam''||''kanchipuram''||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == English Notes ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''Composition''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!!''Deity''<br /> |-<br /> |''Santatam Pahimam''||''[[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]]''||''Rupakam''||''Parvati''<br /> |-<br /> |''Anjaneyam''||''[[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]]''||''tiSra Ekam''||''Hanuman''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Non-group Krithis ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''[[Krithi|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''!! Deity !!''[[Kshetra]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''Kayarohanesham bhaja ! re ! re manasa''||''Deva-gandharam''||''Rupakam''||''Kayarohaneshwara (Siva) ''||''Nagapatnam''<br /> |-<br /> |''Chintaye Mahalinga Murthim''||''Pharaju''||''Adi''||''Mahalingeshwara''||''Tiruvidaimarudur''<br /> |-<br /> |''Dharmasamvardhani''||''Madhyamavati''||''Rupakam''||''Dharmasamvardhani''||''Tiruvaiyaru''<br /> |-<br /> |''Shankaram Abhirami Manoharam''||''Kamala Manohari''||''Rupakam''||''Amritaghateshwarar''||''Thirikkadaiyur''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of compositions by Tyagaraja]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[http://www.medieval.org/music/world/carnatic/dikshitar.html Compositions of Dikshitar, with meanings.]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120407003557/http://guruguha.org/wiki/Alphabetical.html Compositions of Dikshitar with meanings.]<br /> *[http://carnatica.net/special/dik-stats-ppn.htm Statistics on Dikshitar's Compositions]<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> * {{cite book |title=Sri Muthuswami Dikshitar Keertanaigal |last=Iyer |first=A. Sundaram |publisher=Music Books Publishers |year=1989 |location=Mylapore, Chennai }}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Compositions by Muthuswami Dikshitar}}<br /> [[Category:Carnatic composers|Muthuswami Dikshitar]]<br /> [[Category:India music-related lists|Muthuswami Dikshitar compositions]]<br /> [[Category:Discographies of Indian artists]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nahargarh_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=520006 2026-02-24T02:19:18Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: Put up new page initial version...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Protected area in Rajasthan}}<br /> {{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}{{Infobox protected area<br /> | name = Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary<br /> | iucn_category = IV<br /> | image = Wall of Nahargarh.jpg<br /> | image_caption = <br /> | map = India Rajasthan<br /> | map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br /> | relief = y<br /> | mapframe = Yes<br /> | location = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India<br /> | nearest_city = Jaipur<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.9993|N|75.8374|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | area_km2 = 50<br /> | established = 1980<br /> | governing_body = [[Rajasthan Forest Department]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area located in the [[Aravalli Hills]] near [[Jaipur]], in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. Established in 1980, the sanctuary spans approximately 50 square kilometers. <br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> Situated about 20 kilometers from Jaipur, the sanctuary encompasses rugged terrain characterized by hills, valleys, and seasonal streams. The area is part of the Aravalli mountain range, one of the oldest geological formations in India. The sanctuary's landscape includes dry deciduous forests, thorny scrublands, and grasslands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/nahargarh-wildlife-sanctuary |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Flora ==<br /> The vegetation in Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary is typical of the semi-arid regions of Rajasthan. Dominant tree species of the sanctuary include '''Dhok''' (''[[Anogeissus pendula]]''), <br /> '''Babool''' (''[[Acacia nilotica]]''), <br /> '''Khejri''' (''[[Prosopis cineraria]]''), and <br /> '''Ber''' (''[[Ziziphus mauritiana]]''). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary - Civilsdaily |url=https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/nahargarh-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Fauna ==<br /> The sanctuary hosts a variety of wildlife, including:<br /> * '''Mammals''': [[Indian leopard|Leopards]] (''Panthera pardus''), [[sloth bears]] (''Melursus ursinus''), [[Wild boar|wild boars]] (''Sus scrofa''), [[Indian jackal|jackals]] (''Canis aureus''), [[Striped hyena|hyenas]] (''Hyaena hyaena''), and various species of [[deer]].<br /> * '''Birds''': Over 285 species have been recorded. Notable species include [[Indian peafowl|peacocks]], [[Owl|owls]], [[Eagle|eagles]], and the [[white-naped tit]].<br /> * '''Reptiles and Amphibians''': [[Indian python|Indian rock pythons]] (''Python molurus''), [[Bengal monitor|monitor lizards]] (''Varanus bengalensis''), [[Frog|frogs]], and [[Toad|toads]] are commonly found.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Team |date=2019-11-19 |title=Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://rajras.in/nahargarh-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=RajRAS {{!}} RAS Exam Preparation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-06-07 |title=Jaipur: Bumper sighting of leopards, hyenas &amp; bulls at Nahargarh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/bumper-sighting-of-leopards-hyenas-bulls-at-nahargarh/articleshow/76239254.cms |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Nahargarh Biological Park ==<br /> Within the sanctuary lies the [[Nahargarh Biological Park]], established to enhance wildlife conservation and education. The park is home to several species, including Bengal tigers, Asiatic lions, leopards, and sloth bears. It also features a rescue center for rehabilitating injured or orphaned animals. The park serves as an important center for environmental education and awareness.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Nahargarh Biological Park - Rajasthan Tourism|url=https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/nahargarh-biological-park.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Conservation efforts ==<br /> Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary plays a vital role in the conservation of the Aravalli ecosystem. Efforts are ongoing to address challenges such as habitat degradation, human-wildlife conflict, and encroachment. The Rajasthan Forest Department, along with various NGOs, is involved in initiatives like afforestation, community engagement, and wildlife monitoring to ensure the sanctuary's ecological integrity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=indianpanorama |title=Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary - Wildlife in Rajasthan - Indian Panorama |url=https://www.indianpanorama.in/experiences/nature-wildlife/wildlife/nahargarh-wildlife-sanctuary.php |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Indianpanorama |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Unlicensed activities at Nahargarh putting tourists' lives at risk |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/india/unlicensed-activities-at-nahargarh-putting-tourists-lives-at-risk |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=firstindia.co.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hotel in Nahargarh sanctuary to be razed |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/hotel-in-nahargarh-sanctuary-to-be-razed-636748/amp |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-03-06 |title=State forest dept to redraw map of Nahargarh sanctuary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/state-forest-dept-to-redraw-map-of-nahargarh-sanctuary/articleshow/118767496.cms |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-03-30 |title=Hotel in Nahargarh ESZ faces probe by NGT committee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/hotel-in-nahargarh-esz-faces-probe-by-ngt-committee/articleshow/119724875.cms |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Eco-sensitive zone ==<br /> In 2019, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) notified an Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) around the sanctuary to regulate activities and minimize ecological damage. The ESZ aims to provide a buffer zone to the sanctuary, ensuring sustainable development in the surrounding areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/environment/Env/PDF_Files_II/Final%20Report%20Tourism%20Matserplan%20Nahargarh%20ESZ%2003-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Forest department plans boundary revision for Rajasthan's Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/jaipur/forest-department-plans-boundary-revision-for-nahargarh-wildlife-sanctuary/articleshow/117483407.cms |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == Legal challenges ==<br /> Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary has been the subject of several legal disputes concerning unauthorized constructions and non-forest activities within its boundaries and Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-12-26 |title=NGT notice to Rajasthan govt over business activities in Nahargarh sanctuary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/ngt-notice-to-govt-over-business-activities-in-nahargarh-sanctuary/articleshow/96506359.cms |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> === Boundary Discrepancies ===<br /> Discrepancies between the sanctuary's original 1980 notification and the 2019 ESZ map have led to legal ambiguities. The Forest Department initiated efforts to revise the sanctuary's boundaries to resolve these issues and ensure consistent enforcement of conservation laws.<br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Ranthambore National Park]]<br /> * [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]]<br /> * [[Keoladeo National Park]]<br /> * [[Aravalli Range]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> [[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Jaipur]]<br /> [[Category:Protected areas established in 1980]]<br /> [[Category:1980 establishments in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Aravalli Range]]<br /> [[Category:Environment of Rajasthan]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jholapur&diff=462348 2026-02-23T16:41:36Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: cleanup layout also and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{More citations needed | date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Jholapur<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Neighbourhood<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Gujarat<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|23.041983|N|72.210813|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmedabad]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 382160<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 91-079<br /> | registration_plate =GJ <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ahmedabad]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}} <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jholapur''' is an area located in [[Ahmedabad]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bankifscode.com/5/Pincode/Gujarat/Ahmedabad/JHOLAPUR/382160/A/1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 April 2012 |archive-date=4 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604003554/http://www.bankifscode.com/5/Pincode/Gujarat/Ahmedabad/JHOLAPUR/382160/A/1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Ahmedabad}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in Ahmedabad]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{ahmedabad-geo-stub}}</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayabharathi&diff=474357 2026-02-10T06:50:17Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: further correct information for clarity additionally and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{About|the Malayam film actress|the Indian film director|Jayabharathi (director)}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Jayabharathi<br /> | image = Jayabharathi kollam.png<br /> | caption = Jayabharathi at a function<br /> | birth_name = Lakshmi Bharathi<br /> | other names = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Kollam]], Kerala &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=19ാം വയസ്സിൽ 100 സിനിമകൾ; 'ചിരിക്കുമ്പോഴും കരയുമ്പോഴും വായ് പൊത്താത്ത നടി': ജയഭാരതിക്ക് ഇന്ന് സപ്തതി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2024/06/28/seventieth-birthday-of-jayabharathi.html |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | parents = {{ubl|Shivasankaran Pillai|Sharada}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> | spouse = {{Marriage|Hari Pothan|1974|1976|end=divorced}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Marriage|[[Sathaar]]|1979|1987|end=Divorced}}<br /> | children = [[Krish J. Sathaar]]<br /> | relatives = [[Jayan]] (cousin)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jayabharathi''' (born 28 June 1954 as Lekshmi Bharathi&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=അണയാതെ, അസ്തമിക്കാതെ ഒരുകാലം... - articles, womaninnews - Mathrubhumi Eves |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/womaninnews-article-430097 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217044523/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/womaninnews-article-430097 |archivedate=17 February 2014 |accessdate=16 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is an Indian actress and two-time recipient of the [[Kerala State Film Award|Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] and [[National Film Award&amp;nbsp;– Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award by Special Jury Award - Special Mention]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |title=Kerala State Film Awards |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |archivedate=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jayabharathi's first leading role was given by director [[P. Bhaskaran]] for his movie [[Kattukurangu]] in 1969. Later, she became one of the most successful Malayalam film actresses and performed with notable leading men such as [[Prem Nazir]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]], [[Jayan]], [[M. G. Soman]], [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Rajinikanth]]. Jayabharathi-MG Soman was a popular on-screen pair of the 1970s and early 1980s. She won the [[Kerala State Film Award]]s for her performances in various films in 1972 and ''Madhavikutty'' in 1973.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=15344835&amp;programId=7940855&amp;channelId=-1073750705&amp;BV_ID=@@@&amp;tabId=3 |title=Manorama Online Latest Malayalam News. Breaking News Events. News Updates from Kerala India |website=manoramaonline.com |accessdate=22 March 2018 |archive-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418132704/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=15344835&amp;programId=7940855&amp;channelId=-1073750705&amp;BV_ID=@@@&amp;tabId=3 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of her famous films was ''[[Rathinirvedam (1978 film)|Rathinirvedam]]'', directed by [[Bharathan]], which became one of the biggest box office hits in Kerala's history. It inspires similar productions all over South India, even decades after its release.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=Local_News&amp;subsection=Qatar+News&amp;month=May2006&amp;file=Local_News2006052033716.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809193527/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=Local_News&amp;subsection=Qatar+News&amp;month=May2006&amp;file=Local_News2006052033716.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 August 2009 |title=Nilolsavam to be staged on Thursday |publisher=The Peninsula On-line: Qatar's leading English Daily |accessdate=25 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-02-17 |title=Summer of '78 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Summer-of-78/article15448171.ece |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-06-17 |title=Re-exploring 'Rathinirvedam' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/reexploring-rathinirvedam/article2112896.ece |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After undergoing training since the age of five under Kalamandalam Natarajan, Rajaram (a student of Vazhuvoor Ramaiah Pillai), and Vazhuvoor Samraj Pillai, Jayabharathi entered films as a teenager. Her life revolved around film studios, dance rehearsals, and stage performances. The actress is currently busy with her dance school, Aswathi Arts Academy, which she runs from home. She is also starting another one in [[Coimbatore]]. In 2003, Jayabharathi performed in nine temples in and around [[Kerala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The Hindu |title=Back to her first love |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/07/stories/2005030700570200.htm |date=7 March 2005 |accessdate=25 July 2009 |archive-date=29 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129133009/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/07/stories/2005030700570200.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> <br /> She was born Lakshmi Bharathi to [[Malayali]] [[Pillai (Kerala title)|Nair]] parents, Shivasankaran Pillai and Sharada.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/womaninnews-article-430097 |title=അണയാതെ, അസ്തമിക്കാതെ ഒരുകാലം... - articles, womaninnews - Mathrubhumi Eves |accessdate=16 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217044523/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/womaninnews-article-430097 |archivedate=17 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Her roots are from [[Kollam district|Kollam, Kerala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; and Malayalam actor [[Jayan]] was her first cousin (Jayabharathi's mother, Sharada Pillai, is the sister of Jayan's father, Madhavan Pillai).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ഓര്‍മകള്‍ മരിക്കുമോ? |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/flashback/kamalhasan-remembering-jayan-malayalam-news-1.671132 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=Malayalam |date=25 July 2016 |accessdate=15 November 2015 |archive-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115214916/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/flashback/kamalhasan-remembering-jayan-malayalam-news-1.671132 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She was married to film producer Hari Pothan for a brief period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kochukudy |first=Anand |date=2019-09-22 |title=Sathar: The Shooting Star |url=https://kochipost.com/2019/09/22/sathar-the-shooting-star/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=KochiPost |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; She later married actor [[Sathaar]] in 1979 and they have a son [[Krish J. Sathaar]] (Unnikrishnan), born in 1984.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-09-19 |title=Krish J Sathar pens an emotional note after his father's demise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/krish-j-sathar-pens-an-emotional-note-after-his-fathers-demise/articleshow/71197786.cms |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and honours==<br /> {{BLP unreferenced section|date=January 2023}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Award<br /> ! Award Category<br /> ! Awarded Work<br /> |-<br /> |- bgcolor=#edf3fe<br /> | 1990 ||[[National Film Awards]] || [[National Film Award&amp;nbsp;– Special Mention (feature film)|Special Jury Award / Special Mention]]||''[[Marupakkam]]''<br /> |-<br /> | 1973<br /> | [[Kerala State Film Awards]] || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || Madhavikutty<br /> |-<br /> | 1972<br /> | [[Kerala State Film Awards]] || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || Various films<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> ===Malayalam===<br /> ==== 1960s ====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | 1966 || ''Kadamattathachan'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kanmanikal]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Penmakkal'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | 1967 || ''[[Kaanatha Veshangal]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Khadeeja (film)|Khadeeja]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Naadan Pennu]]'' || Sainabha ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=9 | 1968 || ''[[Kaliyalla Kalyanam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Velutha Kathreena]]'' || Rosa ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Anchu Sundarikal]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Padunna Puzha]]'' || Sharada ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vidyarthi (film)|Vidyarthi]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kayalkkarayil]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Viruthan Shanku]]'' || Kamakshi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Anaachadanam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thokkukal Kadha Parayunnu]]'' || Thankam ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=10 | 1969 || ''[[Ballatha Pahayan]]'' || Salma ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Urangatha Sundary]]'' || Madhumathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Veettumrugam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mooladhanam]]'' || Nabeesu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Virunnukari]]'' || Shantha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nurse (film)|Nurse]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sandhya (film)|Sandhya]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kattukurangu]]'' || Ambili ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rahasyam (1969 film)|Rahasyam]]'' || Sulochana ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kadalpalam]]'' || Geetha ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== 1970s ====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=15 | 1970 || ''[[Kurukshethram (1970 film)|Kurukshethram]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sthree'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kakkathamburatti]]'' || Sarala ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Madhuvidhu]]'' || Malini ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Priya (1970 film)|Priya]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dathuputhran]]'' || Annakutty ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ammeyenna Sthree]]'' || Bindu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ningalenne Communistakki (film)|Ningalenne Communistakki]]'' || Maala ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Detective 909 Keralathil]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nilakkatha Chalanangal]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thara (film)|Thara]]'' || Usha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Anadha]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Palunku Pathram]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thurakkatha Vathil]]'' || Nabeesa ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vivahitha]]'' || Sukumari ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=18 | 1971 || ''[[Vilakku Vangiya Veena]]'' || Sunanda ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Oru Penninte Kadha]]'' || Thankamma ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gangasangamam]]'' || Molly ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kuttyedathi]]'' || Jaanu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manpeda]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Puthenveedu]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sarasayya]]'' || Sarala ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sindooracheppu]]'' || Ammalu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Moonnu Pookkal]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Inquilab Sindabad]]'' || Vasanthi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kalithozhi]]'' || Mallika ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Avalalppam Vaikippoyi]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kochaniyathi]]'' || Indu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Achanum Bappyum]]'' || Sainaba/Amina ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Linebus]]'' || Sarasamma ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Karakanakadal]]'' || Marykutty ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vidhyarthigale Ithile Ithile]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[C.I.D. Nazir]]'' || Shanthi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=16 | 1972 || ''[[Aradi Manninte Janmi]]'' || Sumathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sathi'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thottilla]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nrithashala]]'' || Priyamvadha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Azhimukam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Prathikaram]]'' || Shobha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Iniyoru Janmam Tharoo]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ananthasayanam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aadhyathe Katha]]'' || Bhramin Ghost Lady || Guest appearance<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Akkarapacha]]'' || Janamma ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mayiladumkunnu]]'' || Lisa ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mappusakshi]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Lakshyam'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manushyabandhangal]]'' || Nirmala ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Oru Sundariyude Katha]]'' || Sundari ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Punarjanmam]]'' || Radha, Aravindan's mother ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=23 | 1973 || ''[[Sasthram Jayichu Manushyan Thottu]]'' || Sulochana ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aaradhika]]'' || Hema ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gayathri (1973 film)|Gayathri]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Poymughangal]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Maram (film)|Maram]]'' || Aamina ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Divya Darshanam]]'' || Indira ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manushyaputhran]]'' || Madhavi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Enippadikal (film)|Enippadikal]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thiruvabharanam (film)|Thiruvabharanam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Soundaryapooja]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Madhavikutty (film)|Madhavikutty]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaliyugam (1973 film)|Kaliyugam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Masappady Mathupillai]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Interview (1973 film)|Interview]]'' || Susheela ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yamini (film)|Yamini]]'' || Indira ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manassu]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thottavadi]]'' || Savithri ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nakhangal (1973 film)|Nakhangal]]'' || Gomathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ladies Hostel]]'' || Lalli ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Urvashi Bharathi]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kalachakram (1973 film)|Kalachakram]]'' || Radha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jesus (1973 film)|Jesus]]'' || Veronica ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Azhakulla Saleena]]'' || Selena ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=18 | 1974 || ''[[Pathiravum Pakalvelichavum]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rahasyarathri]]'' || Syamala ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Swarnavigraham]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Night Duty]]'' || Vimala ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Neelakannukal]]'' || Malu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thacholi Marumakan Chandu]]'' || Thekkumadom Maathu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manyasree Vishwamithran]]'' || Padmam ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Poonthenaruvi]]'' || Rosily ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chandrakantham]]'' || Rajani||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sethubandhanam (film)|Sethubandhanam]]'' || Latha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Neelakannukal]]'' || Malu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pancha Thanthram]]'' || Sindhu/Rajkumari Sathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Arakkallan Mukkalkkallan]]'' || Mangamma Rani ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ayalathe Sundari]]'' || Sreedevi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bhoomidevi Pushpiniyayi]]'' || Indu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rajahamsam]]'' || Radha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Adimakkachavadam]]'' || Sita ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nellu (1974 film)|Nellu]]'' || Mala ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=21 | 1975 || ''[[Kaamam Krodham Moham]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sammanam (1975 film)|Sammanam]]'' || Vasanthi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Tourist Bunglow]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Swarna Malsyam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thamarathoni]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chief Guest]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hello Darling (1975 film)|Hello Darling]]'' || Syamala ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Priye Ninakku Vendi]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kottaram Vilkkanundu]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sooryavamsham (film)|Sooryavamsham]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dharmakshethre Kurushethre]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Padmaraagam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Palazhi Madanam'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Alibabayum 41 Kallanmarum]]'' || Margiyana ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Love Marriage (1975 film)|Love Marriage]]'' || Manju ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Makkal]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pulivalu]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kalyana Sougandhikam (1975 film)|Kalyana Sougandhikam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chumaduthangi]]'' || Indu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Cheenavala]]'' || Pennal ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Babu Mon]]'' || Indumathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=25 | 1976 || ''[[Sexilla Stundilla]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rathriyile Yathrakkar]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunniyude Makan]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chennay Valarthiya Kutty]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Nee Ente Lahari'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pushpasharam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rajayogam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manasaveena]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rajankanam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Ozhukkinethire'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vazhivilakku]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Abhinandanam]]'' || Geetha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Seemanda Puthran]] '' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ammini Ammavan]]'' || Ammini ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sindhooram (1976 film)|Sindooram]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Anubhavam]]'' || Mary ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sujatha'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Agnipushpam]]'' || Reshmi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Appoppan]]'' || Bindu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Themmadi Velappan]]'' || Sindhu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Light House (1976 film)|Light House]]'' || Geetha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Prasadam (film)|Prasadam]]'' || Sumathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kamadhenu'' || Lakshmi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Panchami (film)|Panchami]]'' || Panchami ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ayalkkari]]'' || Geetha ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=28 | 1977 || ''[[Sreemad Bagavadgeetha]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Makam Piranna Manka]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bharyavijayam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rajaparambara]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Allahu Akbar (1977 film)|Allahu Akbar]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pallavi (1977 film)|Pallavi]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Yudhakandam'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aparajitha]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Tholkkan Enikku Manassilla]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Varadhakshina'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Lakshmi (1977 film)|Lakshmi]]'' || Nirmala ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sukradasa]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rathimanmadhan]]'' || Shalini ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Karnaparvam'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Thuruppu Gulan'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hridayame Sakshi]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manasoru Mayil]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ammayi Amma]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kavilamma]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aval Oru Devalayam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Panchamrutham]]'' || Stella ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Samudram (film)|Samudram]]'' || Shobana ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Anugraham (1977 film)|Anugraham]]'' || Jyothi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aparadhi (1977 film)|Aparadhi]]'' || Lissy ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Itha Ivide Vare]]'' || Ammini ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Randu Lokam]]'' || Radha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kannapanunni]]'' || Kunjudevi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Guruvayur Kesavan (film)|Guruvayoor Kesavan]]'' || Nandini Kutty ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=38 | 1978 || ''[[Aarum Anyaralla]]'' || Gracy ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rowdy Ramu]]'' || Vasanthy ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nakshathragale Kaval]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kanalkattakal]]'' || Rajani ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sundarimarude Swapnagal]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Snehathinte Mukhangal]]'' || Lakshmi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Velluvili]]'' || Lakshmi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Avar Jeevikkunnu]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Adimakkachavadam]]'' || Sita ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Orkkuka Vellappozhum]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kanyaka (film)|Kanyaka]]'' || Malathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Seemanthini (1978 film)|Seemanthini]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Lisa (1978 film)|Lisa]]'' || Herself ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Theerangal]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Beena (film)|Beena]]'' || Beena ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Padmatheertham]]'' || Malini ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ashtamudikayal]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rathinirvedam (1978 film)|Rathinirvedam]]'' || Rathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aval Vishvasthyayirunnu]]'' || Padmini ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Balapareekshanam]]'' || Nirmala ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kadathanattu Makkam]]'' || Unniyamma ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Midukki Ponnamma]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Arum Anyaralla]]'' || Gracy ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mattoru Karnan]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mattoly]]'' || Radha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mannu]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mudramothiram]]'' || Rani ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Prarthana (1978 film)|Prarthana]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Premashilpi]]'' || Bharathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaathirunna Nimisham]]'' || Ramani/Devi||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kalpavrisham]]'' || Radhika/Rani||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jayikkanayi Janichavan]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ee Manohara Theeram]]'' || Sarada ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vadakakku Oru Hridayam]]'' || Aswathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Njan Njan Matram]]'' || Devu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Itha Oru Manushyan]]'' || Ammini ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Avakasham]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hemantharathri]]'' || Radha/Usha ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=25 | 1979 || ''[[Ankakkuri]]'' || Geetha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kalliyankattu Neeli (film)|Kalliyankattu Neeli]]'' || Latha/Neeli ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Upasana'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kannukal'' || Jalaja ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kathirmandapam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vellayani Paramu]]'' || Lakshmikutty ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ival Oru Nadodi]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chuvanna Chirakukal]]'' || Stella Mathews ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Pennorumbettaal'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rakthamillatha Manushyan]]'' || Rukmini ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sugathinu Pinnale'' || Rajani ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kalam Kaathuninnilla]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ivide Kattinu Sugantham]]'' || Indu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Anubhavangale Nandi]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ormayil Nee Mathram]]'' || Shanthi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ishtapraneshwari]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''College Beauty'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Indradhanusu]]'' || Sindhu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manasa Vacha Karmana]]'' || Sumithra ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kayalum Kayarum]]'' || Jaanu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Itha Oru Theeram]]'' || Sudha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Irumbazhikal]]'' || Maya ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sayoojyam]]'' || Rama ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mochanam]]'' || Sreedevi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Puthiya Velicham]]'' || Lilly ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== 1980s ====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=13 | 1980 || ''[[Akalangalil Abhayam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thirayum Theeravum]]'' || Savithri ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Oru Varsham Oru Masam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pralayam]]'' || Malathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ival Eevazhi Ithu Vare]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Eden Thottam]] '' || Shantha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ammayum Makalum]]'' || Bharathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Palattu Kunjikannan]]'' || Aryamala ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chandra Bimbam]]'' || Rathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Chandrahasam'' || Rama ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kadalkkaattu]]'' || Lisy ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Karipurandajeevithangal]]'' || Savithri ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Ithikkara Pakki'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=13 | 1981 || ''[[Itha Oru Dhikkari]]'' || Ramani ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ira Thedunna Manushyar]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Swarnagal Swapnagal]]'' || Indira ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pathirasooryan]]'' || Rajani ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Choothattam'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aakkramanam]]'' || Shanthi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Arikkari Ammu'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Theekkali]]'' || Geetha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kodumudikal]]'' || Sunantha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Agnisaram'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Agni Yudham]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Attimari]]'' || Lakshmi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ariyappedatha Rahasyam]]'' || Geetha ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=7 | 1982 || ''[[Niram Marunna Nimishangal]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thuranna Jail]]'' || Thulasi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aadharsam]]'' || Sathi/Lakshmi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Theeram Thedunna Thira]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jambulingam]]'' || Subhadra ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nagamadathu Thamburatti]]'' || Sathi Thampuratti ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Njanonnu Parayatte'' || Bhargavi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5 | 1983 || ''[[Swapname Ninakku Nandi]]'' || Nabeesa ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thaavalam]]'' || Meenakshi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mahabali (film)|Mahabali]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Prashnam Gurutharam'' || Dr. Sujatha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sandhya Mayangum Neram]]'' || Yasodha ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | 1985 || ''[[Madhuvidhu Theerum Mumbe]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaanathaya Penkutty]]'' || Bharathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1986 || ''[[Aval Kaathirunnu Avanum]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | 1987 || ''[[Idanazhiyil Oru Kalocha]]'' || Parvathy ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manja Mantharangal]]'' || Sarah Thomas ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[January Oru Orma]]'' || Padmavathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=4 | 1988 || ''Ambalakkara Panjayath'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Moonam Pakkam]]'' || Pachu's mother ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Witness (1988 film)|Witness]]'' || Dr. Sridevi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dhwani]]'' || Malathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | 1989 || ''[[Dasharatham]]'' || Dr. Zeenat ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Adharvam]]'' || Malu ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== 1990s ====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=4 | 1990 || ''Veena Meettiya Vilangukal'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aalasyam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nammude Naadu]]'' || Lakshmi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[No. 20 Madras Mail]]'' || Geetha ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1991 || ''[[Vembanad (film)|Vembanad]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1992 || ''[[Ootty Pattanam]]'' || Lakshmi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || ''Kanyakumariyil Oru Kavitha'' || Sathyabhama ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || ''Vishnu'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Padmaja Menon ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | 1996 || ''Man of the Match'' || Suhra ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kavadam'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1998 || ''[[Sooryaputhran]]'' || Hema's mother ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1999 || ''[[Ezhupunna Tharakan]]'' || Aswathi's aunt ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== 2000s ====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2000 || ''[[Nakshathragal Parayathirunnathu]]'' || Sivaranjini's mother ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2002 || ''[[Onnaman]]'' || Ravi's mother ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Tamil===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | 1966 || ''[[Chinnanchiru Ulagam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Parakkum Pavai]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | 1967 || ''[[Anubavi Raja Anubavi]]'' || Ramamani ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pesum Deivam]]'' || Suganthi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Raja Veetu Pillai]]'' || Anandhi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1969 || ''Suba Dhinam'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | 1970 || ''[[Thalaivan (1970 film)|Thalaivan]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Namma Veettu Deivam'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dharisanam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1971 || ''[[Pudhiya Vazhkai]]'' || Vijaya ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1972 || ''[[Enna Muthalali Sowkiyama]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1974 || ''[[Naan Avanillai (1974 film)|Naan Avanillai]]'' || Ammukutty ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1978 || ''Kaadhal Vedham'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | 1979 || ''[[Alavudinum Arbutha Vilakkum]]'' || Roshni ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pasi (film)|Pasi]]'' || Gowri ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1980 || ''[[Saranam Ayyappa]]'' || Saraswathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1981 || ''[[Mohana Punnagai]]'' || Radha ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1989 || ''[[Varusham 16]]'' || Sundari ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5 | 1990 || ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' || Sushila ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thangathin Thangam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sirayil Pootha Chinna Malar]]'' || Chitra's mother ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Madurai Veeran Enga Saami]]'' || Theivanai ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Marupakkam]]'' || Janaki ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1991 || ''[[Moondrezhuthil En Moochirukkum]]'' || Mary ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | 1992 || ''[[Annai Vayal]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mudhal Kural]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || ''Ungal Anbu Thangachi'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1995 || ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' || Sivakamiyammal ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1996 || ''[[Aavathum Pennale Azhivathum Pennale]]'' || Chandra ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1998 || ''[[Aasai Thambi]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Telugu===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2006 || ''[[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]]'' || Lakshmi's mother ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Hindi===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1980 || ''Pratishodh'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1992 || ''[[Nagin Aur Lootere]]'' || Rajni ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Television career==<br /> *''Peythozhiyathe'' ([[Surya TV]])<br /> *''Kottaipurathu Veedu ''(DD Podhigai)<br /> *''Nimmathi Ungal Choice''<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|0419653}}<br /> &lt;!--{{Chalachitra Prathibha Award recipients}}--&gt;<br /> {{FilmfareMalayalamBestActress}}<br /> {{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAwardSouth}}<br /> {{National Film Award Special Jury Award Feature Film}}<br /> {{KeralaStateAwardForBestActress}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:People from Erode district]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]<br /> [[Category:1954 births]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jitender_Mann_Gogi&diff=506312 2026-02-07T23:05:07Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: Adding a info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian gangster (1983–2021)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox criminal<br /> | name = Jitender Mann Gogi<br /> | birth_date = 2 August 1983<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2021|09|24|1983|8|2|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Rohini, Delhi]], India<br /> | death_cause = [[Gunshot wound]]s<br /> | criminal_charge = [[Murder]], [[attempted murder]], [[extortion]], [[dacoity]], [[robbery]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jitender Mann &quot;Gogi&quot;''' (2 August 1983 – 24 September 2021) was an Indian gangster operating in [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], [[India]]. He was a resident of Alipur village, Delhi and is infamous for Burari Shootout &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/burari-shootout-shaken-shopkeepers-at-market-press-for-security-5224787/ |title=Burari shootout: Shaken, shopkeepers at market press for security |date=20 June 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the murder of haryanvi singer [[Harshita Dhaiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/delhis-most-wanted-criminal-killed-haryana-folk-singer-harshita-dahiya-didnt-tak-news-303835|title= Delhi's Most-Wanted Criminal Killed Haryana Folk Singer Harshita Dahiya, Didn't Take Money For Murder: Police|publisher=Outlook|location=India|date=2 November 2017|accessdate=19 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was killed inside a court in [[Rohini, Delhi]], on 24 September 2021 by a rival gang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Poulomi|date=24 September 2021|title=Rohini shootout: 3, including gangster Jitender Gogi, killed as gunmen, police exchange fire|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/attackers-dressed-as-lawyers-open-fire-in-delhi-s-rohini-court-gangster-killed-101632472751668.html|access-date=24 September 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> === Life and career ===<br /> Jitender Mann Gogi was a student at [[Swami Shraddhanand College, Delhi|Swami Shraddhanand College]] when his gang was involved in a [[Gang#Gang violence|gang war]] related to the 2010 [[Delhi University]] student elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Shankhyaneel|date=24 September 2021|editor-last=Ghosh|editor-first=Poulomi|title=Who is gangster Jitender Gogi shot dead at Rohini court?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-gangster-jitender-gogi-shot-dead-at-rohini-court-101632477985531.html|access-date=24 September 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By April 2020, when Gogi was captured by [[Delhi Police]], he had 19 cases against his name including murder, attempted murder, [[extortion]], [[dacoity]], and robberies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 September 2021|title=Delhi Rohini Court Firing: Shootout at Rohini court in Delhi; How it happened|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/four-shot-dead-inside-rohini-court-in-delhi/articleshow/86476548.cms|access-date=24 September 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> He is believed to have murdered the [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] singer Harshita Dahiya as a part of an arrangement with her brother-in-law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/harshita-dahiya-murder-gangster-met-haryana-singers-relative-in-tihar-jail-took-no-money-for-killing-her-4918263/|title=Harshita Dahiya murder: Gangster met Haryana singer's relative in Tihar jail, took no money for killing her|date=2 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier, he is believed to have killed a Devender alias Pradhan, an associate of his long time rival Sunil Tajpuria alias Tillu, in [[Alipur, Delhi|Alipur]].{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} Gogi and his associates killed an MCD school teacher, Deepak, outside Swaroop Nagar school. In 2018, he killed Ravi Bhardwaj, an associate of Sunil Tajpuria alias Tillu, in Pitampura area of Delhi. He along with his associates also believed to have killed Virender Mann, a BSP leader in October 2019 in Narela, Delhi.<br /> In the past, he had managed to escape from [[Arrest|police custody]] three times with the help of his associates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/delhi-ncr/rohini-court-shootout-jitendra-gogi-murder-know-all-about-him-became-notorious-criminal-at-30-age-top-10-gangster-of-delhi|title=दिल्ली के टॉप-10 गैंगस्टर में था नाम: 30 की उम्र में गुनाह की दुनिया में कुख्यात हो गया था गोगी, तीन बार हो चुका था कस्टडी से फरार|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; There was a {{Lakh|7}} [[Indian rupee|rupee]] [[Bounty (reward)|award on his head]] announced by the [[Delhi]] and [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]] governments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/crime/news/story/jitendra-gogi-rohini-court-murder-delhi-macoca-seven-lacs-prize-money-arrested-from-gurugram-1331365-2021-09-24|title=7 लाख का इनाम, मकोका में गिरफ्तारी... जानें कौन था गैंगस्टर जितेंद्र उर्फ गोगी|website=Aaj Tak|date=24 September 2021 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He had expressed concerns that he will be killed in an encounter. A few minutes before his arrest he shared a video stating that &quot;Our names are in the encounter list. Police want to encounter us. We are surrendering; we don’t have any weapons.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2021/sep/25/jitender-gogi-a-tale-of-aspiring-sportsman-turning-gang-leader-2363472.html Jitender Gogi: A tale of aspiring sportsman turning gang leader, New Indian Express, 25 September 2021]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Capture and killing ===<br /> A close associate of Gogi, Kuldeep Maan alias Fajja, posted a photo of three cups for [[Starbucks]] drinks marked &quot;Rohit, Gogi and Fajjie&quot; The police were able to trace the photo to a Starbucks outlet in [[Gurgaon]]. Police located them in a flat at Mapsko Casabella, Sector 82, and arrested them.&lt;ref&gt;[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-photo-from-coffee-shop-led-cops-to-citys-top-gangster-6297993/ How a photo taken at Starbucks led cops to Delhi’s top gangster, Indian Express, 4 March 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Even when in jail he continued running his extortion racket.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} He had formed an alliance with a gangster Sandeep alias Kala Jathedi, thought to be in [[Dubai]]; Jathedi was arrested on 1 August 2021 with his partner Anuradha Chaudhary alias Revolver Rani at a [[dhaba]] on [[Saharanpur]]-[[Yamuna Nagar]] highway. He attempted to extort bid Rs 5 crore from a Dubai-based businessman.&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/81861995.cms Who was Delhi's most wanted gangster? Times of India, Sept 24, 2021]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Fajja escaped from the [[Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital|GTB hospital]], and was killed in an encounter on 27 March 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/gangster-fajja-shot-dead-in-delhi/article34181930.ece Gangster Fajja shot dead in Delhi, The Hindu, 28 March 2021]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gogi was being brought into court in [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]] by [[Delhi Police]] on 24 September 2021. Two men dressed as lawyers crossed security undetected, and fired upon Gogi, killing him.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-58674452|title=Jitender Maan Gogi: India gangster shot dead in Delhi court|work=BBC News|date=24 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The perpetrators, identified as Rahul and Jagdeep, said to have been hired by Tillu and his associates, were then shot and killed by Delhi Police.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The killing raised serious concerns about the security measures in place in Delhi's courts, with many questioning how the men were able to barge into the court complex carrying weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/24/accused-gunned-down-in-courtroom-in-india|title=Notorious gangster gunned down in Indian courtroom|date=24 September 2021|website=the Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[2021 Rohini Court shooting]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Organised crime in India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gogi, Jitender Mann}}<br /> [[Category:1983 births]]<br /> [[Category:2021 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:2021 murders in India]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]<br /> [[Category:Murdered Indian gangsters]]<br /> [[Category:People murdered in Delhi]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surendra_Singh_Jeena&diff=473028 2026-02-06T15:52:26Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: slightly rework intro after review and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1969–2020)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Surendra Singh Jeena<br /> | office1 = Member of Legislative Assembly &lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Salt Assembly constituency|Salt]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | predecessor1 = Ranjeet Singh Rawat<br /> | successor1 = [[Mahesh Singh Jeena]]<br /> | term_start1 = 30 January 2012<br /> | term_end1 = 12 November 2020<br /> | office3 = Member of Legislative Assembly &lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Bhikiyasain Assembly constituency|Bhikiyasain]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | predecessor3 = Pratap Singh Bisht<br /> | successor3 = Constituency abolished<br /> | term_start3 = 21 February 2007<br /> | term_end3 = 30 January 2012<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1969|12|08}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2020|11|12|1969|12|08}}<br /> | death_place = [[Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (India)|Sir Ganga Ram hospital]] , [[Delhi]], India<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | website = <br /> | image = [[File:Jeena Bhaiya.png|Surendra Singh Jeena]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Surendra Singh Jeena''' (8 December 1969 – 12 November 2020) was an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref name=&quot;obit&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Jeena was a member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Salt (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Salt constituency]] in [[Almora district]] at the time of his death. He made it through to legislative assembly for the third time in a row. He was also the chairman of Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam (KMVN) in his first term. In 2007, he was elected as a member of legislative assembly from Bhikiyasain constituency. In his second term he won 2012 legislative election from Salt constituency. He was re-elected from Salt assembly constituency in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100307/dun.htm MLA Jeena gets clean chit in bribery case ]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://myneta.info/utk07/candidate.php?candidate_id=3 My Neta]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://indiavotekar.com/leader/surendra-singh-jeena/ Surendra Singh Jeena Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) - MLA of Salt]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> MLA from Salt in Almora district, Surendra Singh Jeena, who was undergoing treatment for [[COVID-19]] at a hospital in New Delhi, died from the virus early on 12 November 2020, a party leader said.&lt;ref name=&quot;obit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/uttarakhand-bjp-mla-surendra-singh-jeena-dies-of-covid-169664 |title=Uttarakhand BJP MLA Surendra Singh Jeena dies of Covid |website=Tribune India|access-date=12 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeena, Surendra Singh}}<br /> [[Category:1969 births]]<br /> [[Category:2020 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Almora district]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2017–2022]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]<br /> [[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2012–2017]]<br /> [[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=B._R._Murty&diff=488670 2026-02-06T05:52:16Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: started new data - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use British English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | name = Bhyravabhotla Radhakrishna Murty<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1928|4|4}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2003|5|16|1928|4|4}}<br /> | death_place = <br /> | residence = <br /> | fields = {{ublist | [[Genetics]] | [[Biometry]] }}<br /> | workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] | [[Cambridge University]] | Nuclear Research Laboratory | [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] }}<br /> | alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Cornell University]]}}<br /> | doctoral_advisor = Royse P. Murphy<br /> | doctoral_students = <br /> | known_for = {{ublist | [[Conservation genetics]] | [[Radiation genetics]] }}<br /> | awards = 1972&amp;nbsp;[[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Bhyravabhotla Radhakrishna Murty''' (1928–2003) was an Indian botanist, known for his contributions the fields of [[Conservation genetics]] and [[Radiation genetics]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Brief Profile of the Awardee&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=316 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |year=2016 | accessdate=15 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a professor of Biochemistry Division at [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], Pusa and was an elected fellow of [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]&lt;ref name=&quot;IAS Fellows - B. R. Murty&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Murty,_Dr_Bhyravabhotla_Radhakrishna | title=IAS Fellows – B. R. Murty | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |year=2016 | accessdate=16 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Indian National Science Academy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow - B. R. Murty&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N74-0495 |title=Indian fellow – B. R. Murty |year=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=16 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1973, for his contributions to biological sciences.&lt;ref name=&quot;View Bhatnagar Awardees&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |year=2016 | accessdate=4 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> Radhakrishna Murty, born on 4 April 1928, secured his PhD from [[Cornell University]] in 1960, working under the supervision of renowned Botanist, Royse Peak Murphy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murphy, Royse Peak&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/34526/Murphy_Vitae11Nov13.pdf?sequence=9 | title=Murphy, Royse Peak | publisher=Cornell University |year=2016 | accessdate=18 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Returning to India, he joined the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], Delhi as a biometrical geneticist in 1961 and in 1966 he was promoted as the co-ordinator of the All India Project for Crop Improvement, a post he held till 1974.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow - B. R. Murty&quot; /&gt; After serving as a Nuffield University Professional Fellow at [[Cambridge University]] during 1973–74, he joined [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] in 1974 where he worked till 1986, holding the position of the project director of the Nuclear Research Laboratory from 1974 to 1984. He also served as a visiting professor at three US universities, [[Cornell University]], [[Colorado State University]] and [[Ohio State University]], as an honorary professor at [[University of Zulia]], Venezuela, as an [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Senior Scientist from 1988 to 1991 and as a professor of biochemistry at the [[Pusa]] campus of the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]].<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow - B. R. Murty&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Murty died on 16 May 2003, at the age of 75. The Indian National Science Academy has included a biographical sketch on him in their publication, ''Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Indian National Science Academy'', published in 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Indian National Science Academy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.dkagencies.com/doc/from/1063/to/1123/bkId/DKD5516276321731376761030245092831371/details.html | title=Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Indian National Science Academy | publisher=Indian National Science Academy |year=2005 | accessdate=18 September 2016 | author=V. Arunachalam}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> Murty was the pioneer of [[biometrical genetics]] at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute when he started his research on the subject in 1961 during his stint at their Delhi campus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow - B. R. Murty&quot; /&gt; There, he worked on the genetic divergence of crops for disease resistance, stress tolerance and quality, which was reported to have assisted in the development of different varieties of crops.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | year=1999 | access-date=15 September 2016 | pages=33 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; His researches have been documented by way of several articles and three books, ''Genetic Studies of Some Hybrid Derivatives of Nicotiana Rustica and Nicotiana Tabacum'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Murty1960&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Bhyravabhotla Radhakrishna Murty|title=Genetic Studies of Some Hybrid Derivatives of Nicotiana Rustica and Nicotiana Tabacum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jZBAAAAYAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Cornell University, Sept.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Bajra Production: Problems and Prospects''&lt;ref name=&quot;BapnaMurty1976&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=S. L. Bapna|author2=B. R. Murty|title=Bajra Production: Problems and Prospects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1ZCAAAAYAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Allied Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Breeding Procedures in Pearl-millet: (Pennisetum Typhoides S. &amp; H.)''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murty1977&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=B. R. Murty|title=Breeding Procedures in Pearl-millet: (Pennisetum Typhoides S. &amp; H.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10RCAAAAYAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research}}&lt;/ref&gt; He sat in the International Committee on International Biological Programme of the United Nations from 1969 to 1975, International Committee on Plant Breeding Perspectives from 1974 1979 and the project evaluation Committee of the [[United Nations Development Program]] in 1987 and served as the director, International Training Program of [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]/[[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]] and as a consultant at [[International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center]] (CIMMYT) in 1992 and [[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]] (ICRISAT) in 1975, 1979 and 1982.<br /> He also served as a member of the editorial boards of journals such as ''Theoretical and Applied Breeding'' and ''Genetics and Breeding''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow - B. R. Murty&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and honours ==<br /> Murty, who was the president of the Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding in 1979,&lt;ref name=&quot;Office Bearers&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.isgpb.co.in/Obearers.aspx | title=Office Bearers | publisher=Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding | year=2016 | accessdate=18 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926180056/http://www.isgpb.co.in/Obearers.aspx | archive-date=26 September 2016 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; was elected as a fellow by the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 1974 and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;IAS Fellows - B. R. Murty&quot; /&gt; He was also a fellow of the [[Royal Statistical Society]] and a member of the [[International Biometric Society]], [[The Genetics Society|Genetics Society]] and [[American Statistical Association]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow - B. R. Murty&quot; /&gt; He was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, by the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] in 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brief Profile of the Awardee&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Selected bibliography ==<br /> * {{cite journal | title=Genetic studies of some hybrid derivatives of Nicotiana rustica and Nicotiana tabacum | author=Radhakrishna Murty, Bhyravabhotla | publisher=Cornell University | year=1960 | volume=VIII | issue=256}}<br /> * {{cite journal | title=Baburao Shankarrao Kadam | author=B. R. Murthy | journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy | year=2005 | volume=27}}<br /> * {{cite book|author=Bhyravabhotla Radhakrishna Murty|title=Genetic Studies of Some Hybrid Derivatives of Nicotiana Rustica and Nicotiana Tabacum|year=1960|publisher=Cornell University, Sept.}}<br /> * {{cite book|author1=S. L. Bapna|author2=B. R. Murty|title=Bajra Production: Problems and Prospects|year=1976|publisher=Allied Publishers}}<br /> * {{cite book|author=B. R. Murty|title=Breeding Procedures in Pearl-millet: (Pennisetum Typhoides S. &amp; H.)|year=1977|publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]]<br /> {{Portal|India|Biology}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Murty, B. R.}}<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]<br /> [[Category:1928 births]]<br /> [[Category:2003 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br /> [[Category:Cornell University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Cornell University faculty]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]<br /> [[Category:International Atomic Energy Agency officials]]<br /> [[Category:Colorado State University faculty]]<br /> [[Category:Ohio State University faculty]]<br /> [[Category:Indian geneticists]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Statistical Society]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu people]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nimai_Charan_Panigrahi&diff=522040 2026-02-06T05:31:46Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: Adding.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Politician}}'''Nimai Charan Panigrahi''' was an Indian [[politician]] from [[Odisha]]. He was a member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha legislative assembly]] representing [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency]], earlier known as the &quot;[[Patna State|Patna]]&quot; constituency of [[Balangir district]] from 1946 to 1952.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=member profile |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/MLAprof.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=odishaassembly.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ପୃଷ୍ଠା:Odisha Rajanitira Itihasa.pdf/୭୪ - ଉଇକିପାଠାଗାର |url=https://or.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A0%E0%AC%BE:Odisha_Rajanitira_Itihasa.pdf/%E0%AD%AD%E0%AD%AA |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=or.wikisource.org |language=or}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the Muktyar of [[Patnagarh]] in erstwhile [[Patna State|Patna state]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.35482/2015.35482.Proceedings-Of-Meetings-Volume-Xxi--Twentyfirst-Meeting-Held-At-Udaipur-December-1944_djvu.txt |title=Proceedings Of Meetings Volume Xxi Twentyfirst Meeting Held At Udaipur December 1944 |date=1945}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his term in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha legislative assembly]], he became an active member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<br /> <br /> {{Infobox connector<br /> | name = Nimai Charan Panigrahi<br /> | image = Nimaicharanpanigrahi.jpeg<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br /> [[Category:Year of death missing]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br /> {{Improve categories|date=August 2024}}</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annabathuni_Siva_Kumar&diff=486795 2026-02-05T22:24:17Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: started new bio - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> '''Annabathuni Siva Kumar''' (born 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Tenali Assembly constituency|Tenali Assembly Constituency]] in [[Guntur district|Guntur district]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annabathuni Siva Kumar |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/annabathuni-siva-kumar |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tenali Assembly Election 2024: Tenali Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/tenali-constituency-result-1091 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He contested again on [[YSR Congress Party]] ticket but lost the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Annam |first=Bandhavi |date=2023-10-25 |title='Andhra Paris' set to witness tough fight |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Oct/25/andhra-paris-set-to-witness-tough-fight-2626844.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tenali Constituency Election Results 2024: Tenali Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates &amp; Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/tenali |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Kumar was born in Tenali to Annabathuni Satyanarayana, a former MLA from [[Tenali]]. He completed his B.A from ASN College, Tenali in 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-14 |title=Annabathuni Siva Kumar {{!}} MLA {{!}} Tenali {{!}} Guntur {{!}} Andhra Pradesh |url=https://theleaderspage.com/annabathuni-siva-kumar/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Kumar started his political career with [[Telugu Desam Party]]. Later in 2014, he joined YSR Congress Party and contested the 2014 Assembly election but lost from [[Tenali Assembly constituency|Tenali constituency]]. However, in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] he defeated Alapati Rajendra Prasad by a margin of 17,649 votes. In November 2023, he launched a programme called 'Good Morning Tenali', where he visited each ward to hear the grievances of the residents regarding civic issues and to inspect the 10 wards in his constituency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-30 |title=Initiative helps Tenali MLA reach out to public |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/Nov/30/initiative-helps-tenali-mla-reach-out-to-public-2069219.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He contested Tenali seat again on [[YSR Congress Party]] ticket but lost the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; to [[Nadendla Manohar]] of Jana Sena Party by a margin of 48,112 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Controversy ==<br /> Siva Kumar was caught on camera slapping a voter on the election day on 13 May 2024 in a polling booth campus in Tenali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sudhir |first=S. N. V. |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Elections 2024: Violence mars polling as state records over 78% voter turnout |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/violence-mars-polling-as-andhra-pradesh-records-over-78-voter-turnout-3020803 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The voter slapped back but a few followers were seen physically assaulting the voter. It was reported that the voter objected to the Siva Kumar jumping the queue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=chandra.B |first=Sarath |title=Voter slap to MLA: సంయమనం కోల్పోయిన ఎమ్మెల్యే.. తెనాలి ఎమ్మెల్యే అన్నాబత్తుని శివకుమార్‌కు చెంపదెబ్బ, ఈసీ ఆగ్రహం |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-elections/mla-who-lost-his-temper-voter-slaps-tenali-mla-annabathuni-sivakumar-121715580423899.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516074325/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-elections/mla-who-lost-his-temper-voter-slaps-tenali-mla-annabathuni-sivakumar-121715580423899.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; A case was registered on the MLA and his followers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kandepu |first=Venkatesh |date=2024-05-14 |title=తెనాలి వైసీపీ ఎమ్మెల్యేపై కేసు, చెంప చెళ్లుమనిపించిన ఘటనలో షాక్ |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/andhra-pradesh/guntur-news-case-against-tenali-ysrcp-mla-annabathuni-siva-kumar-161243 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a complaint to the police, the victim Gottimukkala Sudhakar alleged that the MLA and six of his followers have slapped and manhandled him.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tenali Assembly Election Results 2024: Tenali Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/tenali-constituency-result-1091 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Tenali Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/tenali-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916752.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Siva Kumar, Annabathuni}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:1969 births]]<br /> [[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Guntur district]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu politicians]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Shipping_Board&diff=521147 2026-01-09T00:05:32Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: Put up first page w/ infobox...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Government agency}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox government agency<br /> | name = <br /> | nativename = <br /> | seal = Emblem_of_India.svg<br /> | seal_width = 70px<br /> | seal_caption = [[Emblem of India]]<br /> | logo = <br /> | picture = <br /> | picture_width = 160px<br /> | picture_caption = <br /> | formed = <br /> | preceding2 = <br /> | dissolved = <br /> | superseding = <br /> | jurisdiction = [[India]]<br /> | headquarters = Parivahan Bhavan&lt;br&gt;1, Parliament Street&lt;br&gt;[[New Delhi]]<br /> | latd = <br /> | longd =<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | employees = <br /> | budget = <br /> | minister1_name = [[Mansukh L. Mandaviya]]<br /> | minister1_pfo = <br /> | minister2_name = <br /> | minister2_pfo = Minister of State for Ports, Shipping and Waterways<br /> | chief1_name = Dr. Malini V. Shankar(IAS)<br /> | chief1_position = <br /> | chief2_name = <br /> | chief2_position = <br /> | chief3_name = <br /> | chief3_position = <br /> | chief4_name = <br /> | chief4_position = <br /> | chief5_name = <br /> | chief5_position = <br /> | chief6_name = <br /> | chief6_position = <br /> | chief7_name = <br /> | chief7_position = <br /> | chief8_name = <br /> | chief8_position = <br /> | chief9_name = <br /> | chief9_position = <br /> | parent_department = <br /> | website = {{URL|nsb.nic.in}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''National Shipping Board''' is an Advisory Body on matters related to shipping and shipping infrastructure (ports). As India gained its independence in 1947 shipping had become very important for the growth of India as the Shipping Laws were created by old British law it had to be revised and in 1958 when the Merchant Shipping Law was consolidated and the opportunity was taken to provide for the formation of a Permanent statutory body called the National Shipping Board.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.dgshipping.gov.in/Content/PageUrl.aspx?page_name=TheNationalShippingBoardRules1960| title=National Shipping Board Rules | work=dgshipping.gov.in | accessdate=18 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The National Shipping Board was established on 1 March 1959.The Body was established by a recommendation to the Reconstruction Policy Sub-Committee as early as 1947. It comes under the [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (India)]], it looks into matters related to Indian Shipping.The National Shipping Board members are elected/nominated by Parliament, Lok Sabha (lower house of [[parliament]] and Rajya Sabha (upper house of [[Parliament]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://nsb.nic.in/content/innerpage/board-members.php| title=National Shipping Board Members | work=nsb.nic.in | accessdate=18 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/nominated-chief-of-national-shipping-board/article1331243.ece| title=Nominated chief of National Shipping Board | work=thehindu.com | accessdate=18 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The National Maritime Agenda 2010-2020 is an initiative of the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways &amp; The National Shipping Board to outline the framework for the development of the port sector. The agenda also suggests policy-related initiatives to improve the operating efficiency and competitiveness of the [[Ports in India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/national-shipping-board-proposes-indian-maritime-service/article5722598.ece| title=National Shipping Board proposes Indian Maritime Service | work=thehindubusinessline.com | accessdate=17 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.oneindia.com/2008/09/02/capt-mohan-new-chairman-of-national-shipping-board-1220362460.html| title=new chairman of National Shipping Board | work=oneindia.com | accessdate=17 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Societies and associations ==<br /> <br /> * [[Indian Maritime University]]<br /> * Indian Ports Association<br /> * Seafarers Welfare Fund Society<br /> <br /> == PSUs it works with ==<br /> <br /> [[File:SCI HQ.jpg|thumb|Shipping Corporation of India, Mumbai HQ|right]]<br /> * [[Shipping Corporation of India]], Mumbai<br /> * Cochin Shipyard Limited, Cochin<br /> * Central Inland Water Transport Corporation Limited<br /> * Dredging Corporation of India Limited<br /> * Hooghly Dock &amp; Ports Engineers Limited<br /> * Ennore Port Limited<br /> * Sethusamundaram Corporation Limited<br /> <br /> == Market size ==<br /> [[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|thumb|Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port|left|250px]]<br /> <br /> Cargo traffic of Indian ports were 911.5 MT for FY12, and is projected to be around 1,758 MT for FY17. During April–May 2014 ports handled 95.87 MT of cargo as compared to 91.48 MT during April–May 2013, an increase of 4.8%, according to the data released by Indian Ports Association (IPA).<br /> <br /> == Investments ==<br /> <br /> The Indian ports sector received FDI worth US$1,635.40 million between April 2000 and May 2014, according to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.<br /> <br /> == Government initiatives ==<br /> [[File:PM Modi lays the foundation stone of the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust Special Economic Zone, at Sheva in Navi Mumbai.jpg|thumb|PM Modi lays the foundation stone of the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust Special Economic Zone, at Sheva in Navi Mumbai|right|250px]]<br /> The Government has allowed [[Foreign direct investment|FDI]] up to 100% under the projects related to the construction and maintenance of ports and harbours. A 10-year tax exemption has been given to the enterprises engaged in the business of developing, maintaining and operating ports, inland waterways and inland ports.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://indiainbusiness.nic.in/newdesign/index.php?param=industryservices_landing/361/2|title = Government Initiatives|date = |accessdate = 17 January 2016|website = |publisher = Indianbusiness.nic.in, Government of India|last = |first = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122337/http://indiainbusiness.nic.in/newdesign/index.php?param=industryservices_landing%2F361%2F2|archive-date = 6 October 2014|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Ports in India==<br /> India has a coastline spanning 7516.6 kilometers, forming one of the biggest [[peninsula]]s in the world. It is serviced by 13 major ports, 200 notified minor and intermediate ports. The total 200 non-major ports are in the following States:- Gujarat (42); Maharashtra (48); Tamil Nadu (15); Karnataka (10); Kerala (17); Andhra Pradesh (12); Odisha (13); Goa (5); West Bengal (1); Daman and Diu (2); Lakshadweep (10); Pondicherry (2); and Andaman &amp; Nicobar (23).<br /> <br /> [[Government of India]] plans to modernise these ports and has approved a project called [[Sagarmala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cabinet gives 'in principle' nod to concept of Sagarmala project|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-27/news/60475179_1_waterways-varanasi-haldia-port-led-development|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402015754/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-27/news/60475179_1_waterways-varanasi-haldia-port-led-development|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2015|accessdate=4 July 2015|publisher=Economic Times, Times of India|date=27 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Adani Mundra Port Kutch Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Adani Mundra Port Kutch Gujarat|right|250px]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{portal | India }}<br /> <br /> * [[Borders of India]]<br /> * [[Climate of India]]<br /> * [[Coastal India]]<br /> * [[Exclusive economic zone of India]]<br /> * [[Fishing in India]]<br /> * [[Outline of India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> [https://exampappa.com/national-shipping-board-reconstituted-by-the-government/1019/ National Shipping Board Reconstituted]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> Minister of State for Shipping {{Official website|http://shipping.nic.in/}}<br /> <br /> {{Government of India}}<br /> {{Transport in India}}<br /> {{Ports and harbors}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Shipping in India]]<br /> [[Category:Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (India)]]<br /> [[Category:Government agencies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Shipping trade associations]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indocentrism&diff=451995 2026-01-03T10:22:41Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: Article updated with improved flow</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ethnocentric perspective about India}}<br /> '''Indocentrism''' is any [[ethnocentric]]&lt;ref name=ppt&gt;{{cite book|last=Persram|first=Nalini |title=Postcolonialism and political theory|publisher=Lexington Books|date=2007|pages=201|isbn=978-0-7391-1667-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nkEY1vK5QQC&amp;pg=PA201&amp;dq=%22Indocentrism%22&amp;cd=22#q=%22Indocentrism%22|accessdate=January 17, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; perspective that regards [[India]] to be central or unique relative to other countries and holds that the &quot;host&quot; culture i.e. of India, is superior to others.&lt;ref name=ppt/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Viewpoint ==<br /> According to [[Indology|Indologist]] [[Michael Witzel]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |title=Indocentrism: autochthonous visions of ancient India |date=2004-08-02 |work=The Indo-Aryan Controversy |pages=353–416 |editor-last=Bryant |editor-first=Edwin |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781135791025/chapters/10.4324/9780203641880-19 |access-date=2024-10-05 |edition=0 |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780203641880-19 |isbn=978-0-203-64188-0 |editor2-last=Patton |editor2-first=Laurie|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; there is a recent tendency of indigenously minded [[historical revisionism]] and rewriting of India's history and archaeology in scholarly publications, media, the Internet and government publications. This Indocentric rewriting includes claims that the first [[civilization|human civilization]] in the world formed in India in c. 10,000 BC, that there is an uninterrupted continuity of the Indian civilization from 7500 BC to present, and that [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] speaking [[Aryan]] people populated by the immigrant people from the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].&lt;ref name=mw&gt;{{cite book|last=Fagan|first=Garrett G.|title=Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public|publisher=Routledge|date=2006|chapter=Rama's realm: Indocentric rewritings of early South Asian archaeology and history|page=203|isbn=978-0-415-30592-1 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/19380740}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Science Historian [[Meera Nanda]], Indocentrism is a concept in Indian historiography of science, akin to [[Eurocentrism]], that asserts India as the originator of significant scientific contributions. It often assumes that if an idea appears in [[India]] and elsewhere concurrently, it must have originated in India. This approach has hindered recognition of potential influences from other regions, such as the [[Southeast Asia|South-East Asian]] transmission of [[Chinese numerals]], challenging the conventional narrative of India as the exclusive source of mathematical innovations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-08-31 |title=Hindutva’s science envy |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/hindutvas-science-envy/article9049883.ece |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Frontline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Numerous indocentric assertions regarding the [[Fibonacci series|Fibonacci sequence]] and the &quot;golden ratio&quot; in mathematics oversimplify the subject's historical context. Nowadays, there is a proliferation of articles and social media posts connecting the Fibonacci series and the [[golden ratio]] to Indian culture. Such indocentric claims tend to exaggerate their assertions, often neglecting to acknowledge the original innovators who deserve due credit in the field of mathematics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sooraj |date=2021-12-14 |title=What Fibonacci, and Ancient Indian Scholars, Didn’t Know About the Golden Ratio – The Wire Science |url=https://science.thewire.in/society/history/fibonacci-series-golden-ratio-ancient-indian-scholars/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Bengali [[anthropologist]] Sayeed Ferdous, Partition Studies have made significant progress in exploring the multifaceted impact of the 1947 [[Partition of India]] on people's lives and collective consciousness. However, the field exhibits a tendency towards Indocentrism, where Indian experiences dominate the narrative, overshadowing other perspectives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rob |first=Ramisa |date=2023-10-23 |title=Is there a prospect of peace under Netanyahu’s extremist government? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/geopolitical-insights/news/there-prospect-peace-under-netanyahus-extremist-government-3450986 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The nationalization of nostalgia post-Partition reshaped identities within nationalist contexts, making India a regional superpower. An &quot;indocentric&quot; approach dominated Partition studies, often overlooking perspectives outside of India. To gain a more comprehensive understanding, it's crucial to consider the broader regional impact and relationships between India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Huq |first=Maliha |date=2022-08-25 |title=‘The danger in telling a single Partition story is that it completely erases the individual’ |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/the-danger-telling-single-partition-story-it-completely-erases-the-individual-3102856 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ==Responses of other countries==<br /> {{Expand section|date=January 2020}}<br /> <br /> ===Sri Lanka===<br /> Much of [[Sri Lanka]]'s early history has been described as having an Indocentric bias.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Mendis|first1=V.L.B|title=Foreign Relations of Sri Lanka: Earliest Times to 1965|date=1985|pages=113–14|publisher=Tisara Prakasakayo}}&lt;/ref&gt; This Indocentric bias in understanding Sri Lankan history led to a trend of Sri Lankan historians breaking away from the Indocentric bias in Sri Lankan history and instead focusing on Sri Lanka's historical and cultural links with [[Southeast Asia]], which the country had close ties to.&lt;ref name=&quot;Source1&quot;/&gt; One of the most famous historians to break the Indocentric view of Sri Lankan history was [[Senarath Paranavithana]] who focused on Sri Lanka's connection with the [[Malay Peninsula]] and the rest of the [[Malay Archipelago]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Source1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Source2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdUUAAAAIAAJ |title = Sri Lanka and South-East Asia: Political, Religious and Cultural Relations from A.D. C. 1000 to C. 1500|isbn = 9004056602|last1 = Sirisena|first1 = W. M. |pages=4–6 |date = January 1978}}&lt;/ref&gt; He established the &quot;Malaya theory&quot;, claiming Sri Lanka's history with Kalinga was with the [[Kalingga Kingdom]] of [[Central Java]], [[Indonesia]] and not with the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] kingdom of [[East India|eastern India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Source1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Source2&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> '''China'''<br /> <br /> China is wary of &quot;Indo-centrism&quot;, especially in relation to border disputes and strategic alliances. China recognises India's influence in South Asia, but does not regard it as a peer global rival. China is primarily focused on India's cooperation with the United States as a possible regional containment move, particularly its &quot;Act East&quot; policy in the Indo-Pacific. On the border issue, China prefers to separate it from the broader bilateral relationship through dialogue in order to keep the situation stable and avoid military conflict. At the same time, China attaches more importance to economic cooperation to facilitate the development of bilateral relations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-01 |title=China-India Relations: How Different Perceptions Shape the Future |url=https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/papers/china-india-relations-how-different-perceptions-shape-the-future/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Asiacentrism]]<br /> *[[Greater India]]<br /> *[[Indian exceptionalism]]<br /> *[[Indian nationalism]]<br /> *[[Indianisation]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Ethnocentrism}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Geocultural perspectives]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnocentrism]]<br /> [[Category:Asiacentrism]]<br /> [[Category:Society of India]]<br /> [[Category:Indosphere]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asghar_Ali_Engineer&diff=472285 2025-12-31T10:27:07Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: improved lead for accuracy further and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian activist (1939–2013)}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | name = Asghar Ali Engineer<br /> | image = Asghar Ali Engineer, 2010 (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Engineer in 2010<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1939|03|10}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Salumbar]], [[Kingdom of Mewar]], [[British India]]&lt;br/&gt;(now in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]])<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|05|14|1939|03|10}}<br /> | death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | occupation = Writer, activist<br /> | children = 2<br /> | awards = [[Right Livelihood Award]] (2004)<br /> }}<br /> {{Ismailis|Leaders}}<br /> '''Asghar Ali Engineer''' (10 March 1939 – 14 May 2013) was an academic,&lt;ref name=&quot;n589&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Modak | first=Sadaf | title=Dr Asghar Ali Engineer: Adequate time has to be given to reforms as laws may not necessarily lead to some practices being stopped | website=The Indian Express | date=2023-09-11 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/adequate-time-has-to-be-given-to-reforms-as-laws-may-not-necessarily-lead-to-some-practices-being-stopped-8933963/ | access-date=2025-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indian reformist writer and social activist.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=IANS|title=Scholar Asghar Ali Engineer dies at 74|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/islamic-scholar-asghar-ali-engineer-dead/story-kLwNoLbSso7FL75ybRS9nK.html|accessdate=14 May 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=14 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Internationally known for his work on [[liberation theology]] in [[Islam]], he led the [[Progressive Dawoodi Bohra]] movement. The focus of his work was on [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]] and communal and [[ethnic violence]] in India and South Asia. He was a votary of peace and non-violence and lectured all over world on communal harmony.&lt;ref&gt;[http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~rtavakol/engineer/about.htm About Asghar Ali Engineer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519075550/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~rtavakol/engineer/about.htm |date=19 May 2007 }} [[Rutgers University]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Engineer also served as head of the [[Indian Institute of Islamic Studies]] Mumbai, and the Centre for Study of Society and Secularism (CSSS), both of which he founded in 1980 and 1993 respectively.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/19991007222718/http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss.htm Institute of Islamic Studies and Centre for Study of Society and Secularism].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=101790 Asghar Ali Engineer gets alternative Nobel]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [[Indian Express]], 2 October 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; He also made contributions to ''The God Contention'',&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.godcontention.org The God Contention]&lt;/ref&gt; a website comparing and contrasting various worldviews. Engineer's autobiography ''A Living Faith: My Quest for Peace, Harmony and Social Change'' was released in New Delhi on 20 July 2011 by [[Hamid Ansari]], the then vice-president of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.csss-isla.com/ |title=Center For Study of Society And Secularism |publisher=Csss-isla.com |accessdate=16 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> [[image:Asghar Ali Engineer 1.jpg|left|thumb|Asghar Ali Engineer]]<br /> Asghar Ali Sheikh Kurban (sometimes rendered as Asghar Ali SK) was born 10 March 1939 in [[Salumbar]], [[Rajasthan]], the son of a [[Dawoodi Bohras|Bohra]] priest, Shaikh Qurban Hussain. He was trained in [[Qur'an]]ic [[tafsir]] (commentary), [[tawil]] (hidden meaning of Qur'an), [[fiqh]] (jurisprudence) and [[hadith]] (Prophet's sayings), and learned the [[Arabic language]].&lt;ref name=yo&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=d3Q7uZ8WpmMC&amp;pg=PA12 Asghar Ali Engineer: the man] ''Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-faith Relations'', by [[Yoginder Sikand]]. Routledge, 2004. {{ISBN|0-415-31486-0}}. ''Page 12–13''.&lt;/ref&gt; He graduated with a degree in civil engineering from [[Vikram University]] in [[Ujjain]], Madhya Pradesh,&lt;ref name=ri/&gt; and served for 20&amp;nbsp;years as an engineer in the [[Bombay Municipal Corporation]]. In 1965, he began publishing newspaper articles under the name of &quot;Asghar Ali Engineer.&quot; A reviewer explains that<br /> <br /> :&quot;He felt that the name Asghar Ali SK, did not sound good. His friend Zoeb Ansari suggested that he could take his professional name. It is common in India especially among Parsis (Zoroastrians) and Bohra Muslims to have a family name based on one’s occupation (Bandukwala or one who deals in guns, Mithaiwala or one who deals in sweets, Vakil or lawyer, Contractor,) or on the village name (Sidpurwala, Partapurwala). Going by this trend, Asghar Ali SK chose his professional name and not his village name which would have been Mandsaurwala. He penned his article in the ''Times of India'' under the name Asghar Ali Engineer –the name stayed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tmie.hypotheses.org/996|title=Review: Ashgar Ali Engineer's Autobiography|date=2011 |doi=10.58079/urij |last1=Roland Lardinois }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1972, Engineer took voluntary retirement in order to devote himself to the Bohra reform movement in the wake of a revolt in [[Udaipur]]. He was unanimously elected as General Secretary of The Central Board of [[Dawoodi Bohra]] Community in its first conference in Udaipur in 1977. In 2004, due to criticism of the Dawoodi Bohra religious establishment, he was expelled. In 1980, he set up the Institute of Islamic Studies in [[Mumbai]] to create a platform for progressive Muslims in India and elsewhere. Subsequently, through the 1980s, he wrote extensively on Hindu-Muslim relations, and growing [[Religious violence in India|communal violence in India]]. Asghar Ali Engineer has been instrumental in publicising the [[Progressive Dawoodi Bohra]] movement through his writings and speeches. In 1993, he founded 'Center for Study of Society and Secularism (CSSS)' to promote communal harmony.&lt;ref name=yo/&gt; He did not support the ban on [[Salman Rushdie]]'s &quot;Satanic Verses&quot; though he felt that the novel &quot;is an attack&quot; on religion.&lt;ref&gt;An interview of A.A Engineer where he says clearly that he is not in favor of the ban. Its a YT link with &lt;domain&gt;/watch?v=06V1Du-fZ8o starting at 06:09&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A.A. Engineer, interviewed by Sharmila Joshi, Times of India, 16. April 1995.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--Please provide the whole quotation from the given source, basic search doesn't show anything regarding his support, or provide another source--&gt;{{verify source|date=April 2015}}<br /> <br /> He authored more than 50 books&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.csss-isla.com/booklist/asghar_list.php Books written and edited by Dr. Asghar Ali Engineer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213163757/http://csss-isla.com/booklist/asghar_list.php |date=13 February 2009 }} CSSS- Centre for Study of Society and Secularism.&lt;/ref&gt; and many articles in various national and international journals. He was the founding chairman of the Asian Muslim Action Network, director of the Institute of Islamic Studies, and head of the Center for Study of Society and Secularism in [[Mumbai]], where he closely worked with scholar and scientist Professor Dr [[Ram Puniyani]]. Engineer was also a supporter of the supporter of the [[Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly]], an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://en.unpacampaign.org/supporters/overview/?mapcountry=allhea&amp;mapgroup=hea|title=Supporters|website=Campaign for a UN Parliamentary Assembly|access-date=26 September 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Beliefs on women's rights==<br /> Engineer wrote that &quot;Women do not enjoy the status the Qur'an has given them in Muslim society today.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~rtavakol/engineer/understand.htm On Methodology of Understanding Qur'an.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606043719/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~rtavakol/engineer/understand.htm |date=6 June 2011 }} Engineer, Asghar Ali. &quot;Dr Asghar Ali Engineer's Articles.&quot; Rutgers-Newark: The State University of New Jersey.&lt;/ref&gt; Engineer believed that in this day and age women should be equal to men. &lt;blockquote&gt;Women had internalized their subjugation of men as the latter were the breadwinners. Since then women have become quite conscious of their new status.&lt;ref&gt;Engineer, Asghar Ali. The rights of Women in Islam. 2nd ed. Elgin, IL: New Dawn Press Group, 2004, 190.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; Engineer believed that women should be treated as equal to men, and said that people who support an unjust order, or remain silent in view of gross injustices were not religious people. Women's inequality topped his priority list of injustices. However, critics said that his interpretations of the Qur'an were not strong enough to get people to change their beliefs surrounding women's place in Islam. Sikand thought that Engineer's opinion was based on his interpretation of the Qur'an and his outlook on the 21st century instead of the interpretations that the Qur'an has now. “His understanding of Islam is indelibly shaped by his concern for social justice and inter-communal harmony, of course.”&lt;ref&gt;Sikand, Yoginder. “Asghar Ali Engineer’s Quest for an Islamic Theology of Peach and Religious Pluralism.” Progressive Dawoodi Bohras. Quest.http://dawoodi-bohras.com/about_us/people/engineer/quest/ (accessed 23 April 2009), 16.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> Engineer was given several awards during his lifetime, including the Dalmia Award for communal harmony in 1990, an honorary [[D.Litt.]] by the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1993, the Communal Harmony Award in 1997 and the [[Right Livelihood Award]] in 2004 (with [[Swami Agnivesh]]) for his &quot;strong commitment to promote values of co-existence and tolerance&quot;.&lt;ref name=ri&gt;[http://www.rightlivelihood.org/asghar-ali-engineer.html Right Livelihood – Asghar Ali Engineer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122044058/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/asghar-ali-engineer.html |date=22 November 2008 }} [[Right Livelihood Award]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Some works ==<br /> *''Origin and Development of Islam: An Essay on Its Socio-Economic Growth''., by Asghar Ali Engineer, Asghar Ali Engineer Staff. Published by South Asia Books, 1980. {{ISBN|0-8364-0590-0}}.<br /> *''The Islamic State''. Published by Vikas, 1980. {{ISBN|0-7069-1086-9}}.<br /> *''Sufism and Communal Harmony''<br /> *''Islam and Its Relevance to Our Age''. Published by Institute of Islamic Studies, 1984.<br /> *''On developing theory of communal riots''. Published by Institute of Islamic Studies, 1984.<br /> *''Islam and Revolution''. Published by Ajanta Publications, 1984.<br /> *''Islam and Muslims: a critical reassessment''. Published by Printwell Publishers, 1985.<br /> *''Islam in South and South-east Asia''. Published by Ajanta Publications, 1985. {{ISBN|81-202-0152-3}}.<br /> *''Indian Muslims: A Study of Minority Problems in India''. Published by Ajanta Publications (India), 1985.<br /> *''Communalism in India'', by Asgharali Engineer, Moin Shakir. Published by Ajanta Publications (India), 1985. {{ISBN|81-202-0153-1}}.<br /> *''The Role of minorities in freedom struggle''. Institute of Islamic Studies (Bombay, India). Published by Ajanta Publications, 1986.<br /> *''Ethnic conflict in South Asia''. Published by Ajanta Publications, 1987.<br /> *''Status of women in Islam''. Published by Ajanta Publications (India), 1987. {{ISBN|81-202-0190-6}}.<br /> *''The Shah Bano controversy'', Orient Longman, 1987. {{ISBN|0-86131-701-7}}.<br /> *''The Muslim communities of Gujarat: an exploratory study of Bohras, Khojas, and Memons''. Published by Ajanta Publications, 1989. {{ISBN|81-202-0220-1}}.<br /> *''Religion and Liberation''. Published by Ajanta Publications (India), 1989. {{ISBN|81-202-0264-3}}.<br /> *''Communalism and communal violence in India: an analytical approach to Hindu-Muslim conflict''. Published by Ajanta Publications (India), 1989.<br /> *''Communal Riots in Post-independence India''. Published by Orient Blackswan, 1991. {{ISBN|81-7370-102-4}}.<br /> *''Secular crown on fire: the Kashmir problem''. Published by Ajanta Publications, 1991. {{ISBN|81-202-0311-9}}.<br /> *''Mandal Commission controversy''. Published by Ajanta Publications, 1991. {{ISBN|81-202-0312-7}}.<br /> *''Rights of Women in Islam''. Sterling Publishers, 1992.<br /> *''Communalisation of politics and 10th Lok Sabha elections'', by Asgharali Engineer, Pradeep Nayak. Published by Ajanta Publications, 1993.<br /> *''The Bohras''. South Asia Books, 1994. {{ISBN|0-7069-7345-3}}.<br /> *''Kerala Muslims: a historical perspective''. Published by Ajanta Publications, 1995.<br /> *''Lifting the veil: communal violence and communal harmony in contemporary India''. Sangam Books, 1995. {{ISBN|81-7370-040-0}},. <br /> *''Problems of Muslim Women in India''. Published by Institute of Islamic Studies, 1995.<br /> *''Rethinking Issues in Islam''. Sangam Books Limited, 1998. {{ISBN|0-86311-768-6}}.<br /> *''Competing nationalisms in South Asia: essays for Asghar Ali Engineer'', by Paul R. Brass, [[Achin Vanaik]], Asgharali Engineer. Published by Orient Blackswan, 2002. {{ISBN|81-250-2221-X}}.<br /> *''Islam in India: The Impact of Civilizations''. Shipra Publications, 2002. {{ISBN|81-7541-115-5}}.<br /> *''The Gujarat Carnage''. Orient Longman, 2003 {{ISBN|978-81-250-2496-5}}.<br /> *''The Qurʼan, women, and modern society''. Published by New Dawn Press Group, 2005. {{ISBN|1-932705-42-2}}.<br /> *''The State in Islam: Nature and scope''. Hope India Publications, 2006. {{ISBN|81-7871-102-8}}.<br /> *''Islam in Contemporary World''. Sterling Publishers, 2007. {{ISBN|1-932705-69-4}}.<br /> *''Islam in Post-Modern World''. Hope India Publications, 2009.<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091118180310/http://www.csss-isla.com/archive/archive.php?article=2009%2Fmay1_may15.htm Islam in Democracy]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819194115/http://www.andromeda.rutgers.edu/%7Ertavakol/engineer/ Dr Asghar Ali Engineer's Articles] [[Rutgers University]]<br /> *[http://www.twocircles.net/2009feb02/madrasa_education_myth_and_reality.html Madrasa education myth and reality]- TCN News<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Wikiquote}}<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060302004904/http://www.andromeda.rutgers.edu/%7Ertavakol/engineer/ Asghar Ali Engineer's Articles]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060715035256/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/recip.htm Right Livelihood Award Recipient]<br /> *[http://dawoodi-bohras.com/about_us/people/engineer/ Asghar Ali Engineer: Scholar with a mission]<br /> *[http://www.godcontention.org Dr. Engineer's articles on Islam at The God Contention]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Engineer, Asghar Ali}}<br /> [[Category:1939 births]]<br /> [[Category:2013 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Dawoodi Bohra people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Ismailis]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Activists from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Male feminists]]<br /> [[Category:Muslim reformers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Critics of Islamism]]<br /> [[Category:Vikram University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu and Islamic interfaith dialogue]]<br /> [[Category:People in interfaith dialogue]]<br /> [[Category:Muslim socialists]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arakeshvara_Temple,_Hole_Alur&diff=487225 2025-12-26T03:40:36Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: started place - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Arakeshvara Temple<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Hindu temple<br /> | image_skyline = Arakeshvara temple at Hole Alur.JPG<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = View of Arakeshvara temple mantapa (10th century A.D.)<br /> | pushpin_map = India Karnataka<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|type:event|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Chamarajanagar District]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> [[File:Closed mantapa and shrine with linga in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur.JPG|thumb|upright|Closed ''mahamantapa'' with circular pillars with bas-relief depictions of battle scenes]]<br /> [[File:Nandi mantapa facing shrine in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur.JPG|thumb|upright|Open ''nandimantapa'' with circular pillars with bas-relief depictions of battle scenes]]<br /> The '''Arakeshvara Temple''', dedicated to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Shiva]], is located in the village of Hole Alur in the [[Chamarajanagar district]] of [[Karnataka]] state, India. According to the historian Sarma, the temple which dates back to the middle of the 10th century rule of the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] appears to have been renovated in later periods. It was constructed by King [[Butuga II]] around 949 A.D. to celebrate his victory over the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas of Tanjore]] in the historically important [[battle of Takkolam]]. It was a military engagement between crown prince [[Rajaditya Chola|Rajaditya]], son of the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] King [[Parantaka I]], and King Butaga II (a powerful vassal of the [[Rashtrakuta]] emperor [[Krishna III]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;def&quot;&gt;Kamath (1980), p.83&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sastri&quot;&gt;Sastri (1955), p.162&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rama&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;crown&quot;&gt;Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p.97&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;butuga&quot;&gt;Sarma (1992), p.21, p.111&lt;/ref&gt; The temple is protected as a monument of national importance by the central [[Archaeological Survey of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rama&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/chamrajnagar-2.html|title=Sri Arakesvara temple|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|accessdate=15 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;protected&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_bangalore.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Karnataka -Bangalore, Bangalore Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|accessdate=15 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Temple plan==<br /> The temple has a simple plan characteristic of Western Ganga constructions. It has a sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]''), a [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]] (called ''sukhanasi'') that connects to the sanctum a large well sculptured closed hall (''navaranga'' or ''maha[[mantapa]]'') and an open, elevated and detached ''mantapa'' outside facing the shrine containing the sculptured image of ''[[Nandi (bull)|nandi]]'' (the companion of the Hindu god Shiva) facing east (called the ''nandimantapa''). The base on which the temple is raised (called ''[[adhishthana]]'') is a simple set of [[Molding (architecture)|moldings]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rama&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The overall decoration is simple with dancing celestial maiden (''[[apsara]]s'') within volutes of scrolls (''lata-patra'', ''lit'', &quot;creeper leaf&quot;) which extend over the [[door jamb]] and [[Lintel (architecture)|linel]]. On either side of the entrance doorway are two tall rectangular vertical slabs reaching up to the lintel, divided into four panels with relief [[frieze]]s depicting male drummers (called ''dola-nritya''). The top panel has rustic male dancers who appear to dance to a musicians' ensemble who play the drum, violin, rudra ''[[veena]]'', [[flute]] and the ''kanjira''. According to the historian Sarma, in no contemporary temple are such native (''desi'') forms of dance depicted.&lt;ref name=&quot;veena&quot;&gt;Sarma (1992) p.107&lt;/ref&gt; The most interesting [[bas-relief]] sculptures in the temple, according to Sarma, are the ones on the rounded pillars in the ''nandimantapa'' and the closed ''mahamantapa''. These [[relief]] vividly depict the victory of Butaga II over the Chola prince Rajaditya, in addition to themes from the Hindu epics, mythical figures and [[demi-god]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;rama&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;butuga&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bas&quot;&gt;Sarma (1992), pp.109-110&lt;/ref&gt; The high point of the relief work, in the closed ''mahamantapa'' is the ''[[Dikpala|ashtadikpalaka]]'' grid (&quot;guardians of eight directions&quot;) in the ceiling with a central dancing Shiva (called ''natya shiva''). There are several independent sculptures in the closed hall, including ''[[Mahishasuramardini]]'' (version of the goddess [[Durga]] slaying an ''[[asura]]''), ''[[Dakshinamurthy|Yago Dakshinamurthy]]'' (god Shiva as &quot;the teacher&quot;), ''[[Saptamatrika]]'' (seven celestial mothers) and other sculptures that adhere to the 8th-9th century Ganga-Chalukya sculptural idiom.&lt;ref name=&quot;sapta&quot;&gt;Sarma (1992), p.107&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/chamrajnagar-2.html|title=Sri Arakesvara temple|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-date=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Sarma|first= I.K.|title= Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka|orig-date=1992|year=1992|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-date=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T.K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1, The Cholas-Vijayalaya line|orig-date=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Ceiling relief sculpture in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur.JPG|&quot;Guardians of eight directions&quot; in relief on ''mahamantapa'' ceiling in Arakeshvara temple at Hole Alur<br /> File:Ceiling relief sculpture in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur 4.JPG|''Natya Shiva'' (dancing Shiva) depiction on ceiling in Arakeshvara temple at Hole Alur<br /> File:Ceiling relief sculpture in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur 7.JPG|A &quot;guardian&quot; (''[[dikpala]]'') on the ceiling in Arakeshvara temple at Hole Alur<br /> File:Ceiling relief sculpture in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur 5.JPG|A &quot;guardian&quot; on the ceiling in Arakeshvara temple at Hole Alur<br /> File:Closed mantapa pillar with intricate relief in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur.JPG|''mantapa'' pillar with intricate bas-relief in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur<br /> File:Nandi mantapa pillar with depictions from the battle of Takkolam in relief in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur 3.JPG|Nandi mantapa pillar with depictions from the battle of Takkolam in relief in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur<br /> File:Musicians in relief on the mantapa wall in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur.JPG|Musicians in relief on vertical slab in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur<br /> File:Hero stone with relief sculpture in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur 2.JPG|Hero stone with relief sculpture in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur<br /> File:Sculpture of a deity in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur 1.JPG|''[[Dakshinamurthy]]'' in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur<br /> File:Sculpture of a deity in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur.JPG|''[[Mahishasuramardini]]'' in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur<br /> File:Deity sculpture in relief in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur 1.JPG|Deity sculpture in relief in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur<br /> File:Varaha in relief in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur.JPG|''[[Varaha]]'' in relief in the Arakeshwara temple at Hole Alur<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Arakeshwara Temple, Hole Alur}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:10th-century Hindu temples]]<br /> [[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Chamarajanagar district]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanku&diff=456157 2025-12-05T21:59:07Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: expand formatting per standard format and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{for|a red powder used for social and religious markings in India|Kumkuma}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Kanku<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = Kanku film poster.png<br /> | caption = Film poster<br /> | director = [[Kantilal Rathod]]<br /> | producer = [[Kantilal Rathod]]<br /> | writer = [[Pannalal Patel]]<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Kishore Bhatt<br /> * Kishore Jariwala<br /> * Pallavi Mehta<br /> }}<br /> | music = [[Dilip Dholakia]]<br /> | cinematography = Kumar Jaywant<br /> | editing = <br /> | studio = Akar Films<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|1969|||India|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 148 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Gujarati<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> | based_on = {{based on|Kanku|[[Pannalal Patel]]}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Kanku''''' is a 1969 [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] social drama film, starring Kishore Bhatt, Kishore Jariwala, Pallavi Mehta, directed and produced by [[Kantilal Rathod]]. The film deals with struggles of a widow, Kanku. The film was adapted from [[Pannalal Patel]]'s short story of the same name. The film won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Gujarati]] at the [[17th National Film Awards]].<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The film is set in rural north [[Gujarat]]. Kanku marries Khumo and their marriage life is happy. Khumo dies at young age while Kanku is pregnant. She is a widow in grief but waits for birth of her son Hiriyo. When Hiriyo is born, she spends most of her time in raising him. Many prospective males proposes remarriage but she declines and does farming and raising his son in struggles of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> She has to take loans during her struggles from a merchant Malakchand from nearby village. Malakchand is widower and has feelings for Kanku. She also has soft feeling for him too but both do not openly tell each other. When Hiriyo gets older and Kanku goes to Malakchand to take loan for Hiriyo's marriage. During this time, she was in physical relationship with Malakchand. Hiriyo's marries. Following her pregnancy, the village folk and neighbours gossip about her. She bravely declares her intention to remarry and convinces her son who has initially opposed her. She marries Malakchand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> The principal cast was as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ushakant |title=કંકુ |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%81/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] |language=gu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Pallavi Mehta as Kanku<br /> * Kishore Jariwala as Khumo<br /> * Kishore Bhatt as Malakchand<br /> * Arvind Joshi<br /> * Krishnakant Bhukhanwala<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> Gujarati writer [[Pannalal Patel]] had written a 20-pages long short story ''Kanku'' in 1936 for Diwali Special edition of ''Nav-Saurashtra'' magazine. [[Kantilal Rathod]] contacted him and convinced him to adapt it into film. Patel also helped him writing script and dialogues of the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dissanayake2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC&amp;pg=PT122|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]]|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77291-7|pages=95–96|access-date=16 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hp&gt;{{cite thesis |last= Pandya |first=Hirendra R.|date=9 May 2015 |title=ગુજરાતી નવલકથા પર આધારિત ફિલ્મ સર્જનમાં રૂપાંતર પ્રક્રિયાની તપાસ| type= PhD|chapter=5 |publisher=Department of Gujarati, Sardar Patel University|pages=475–545|language=gu|trans-title=An Investigation of Process of Adaption of Gujarati Novels into Films|hdl=10603/40951}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Kanku<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Dilip Dholakia]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = <br /> | recorded =<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 13:46<br /> | label = [[Saregama]]<br /> | producer =<br /> | prev_title =<br /> | prev_year =<br /> | next_title =<br /> | next_year =<br /> }}<br /> {{tracklist<br /> | total_length = 13:46<br /> | headline = Track list<br /> | all_music = [[Dilip Dholakia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMho14M9QUYC|year=1972|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman &amp; Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> | all_lyrics = [[Venibhai Purohit]]<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Luchchan Re Luchchan<br /> | lyrics1 =[[Venibhai Purohit]]<br /> | extra1 = Ismail Valera<br /> | length1 = 3:18<br /> | title2 = Aa Mast Ghatao Shravanni<br /> | lyrics2 = Venibhai Purohit<br /> | extra2 =Ismail Valera<br /> | length2 = 3:28<br /> | title3 = Mune Andhara Bolave<br /> | lyrics3 = Venibhai Purohit<br /> | extra3 = Hansa Dave<br /> | length3 = 3:27<br /> | title4 = Paglu Paglaman Atvanun<br /> | lyrics4 = Venibhai Purohit<br /> | extra4 =Hansa Dave<br /> | length4 = 3:33<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> The film was released in theatres in 1969. The film was released on Home Video DVD by [[Moser Baer]]. It has shorter cut of 136 minutes, 12 minutes less than the original.&lt;ref name=&quot;hp&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> The film was commercially successful{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} and was critically acclaimed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirpalani1970&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Rajika Kirpalani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GisKAQAAIAAJ|title=Another Time, Another Place: Selected Writings of Rajika Kirpalani|publisher=Rajika Education Trust|year=1970|page=42}}&lt;/ref&gt; Film critic [[Amrit Gangar]] considered ''Kanku'' as the &quot;first real spark in Gujarati cinema firmament&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dissanayake2013&quot;/&gt; The song &quot;Mune Andhara Bolave&quot; became popular.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Saurabh |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મો : રાખનાં રમકડાં અને પંખીડાંનું પીંજરું |url=https://sandesh.com/supplement/gujarati-movies-ash-toys-and-birdcage |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Sandesh |language=gu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> Pallavi Mehta won an award at 6th [[Chicago International Film Festival]] in 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujaratilexicon&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Gujarati Movie - Kanku | website=Gujaratilexicon.com | url=http://www.gujaratilexicon.com/gujaratimovie/movie/1/37/Kanku | language=gu | access-date=2017-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Gujarat: A Panorama of the Heritage of Gujarat|publisher=Smt. Hiralaxmi Navanitbhai Shah Dhanya Gurjari Kendra, Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust|year=2007|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|edition=1st|location=Ahmedabad|pages=529–530|editor-last2=Desai|editor-first2=Kumarpal|editor-link2=Kumarpal Desai|series=Prakashan: 2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Gujarati]] at the [[17th National Film Awards]].&lt;ref name=&quot;17thaward&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=17th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=September 26, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The film also received four state awards: Best Director to Rathod, Best Cinematography to Kumar Jaywant, Best Story for Pannalal Patel and Special Prize for Gujarati Film Produced in Gujarati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A copy of film is archived at [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adaptation==<br /> After success of film, Pannalal Patel expanded short story into novel and was serialized in ''Jansatta'' daily in 1970. He dedicated novel to Kantilal Rathod.&lt;ref name=hp/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0266681}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1960s Gujarati-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about widowhood in India]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._V._Karthik_Narayanan&diff=492715 2025-12-04T23:08:51Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: started a details - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian automotive industrialist and translator}}<br /> '''C. V. Karthik Narayanan''' (1938–2017) was an Indian automotive industrialist and literary translator. He founded and oversaw [[Standard Motor Products of India Limited|Standard Motor Products of India]], also known as [[Standard Motor Products|STAMPRO]], maker of the popular [[Standard (Indian automobile)|Standard]] marque of cars, including the iconic [[Standard (Indian automobile)|Standard]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2017-12-13 |title=Industrialist Karthik Narayanan passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/industrialist-karthik-narayanan-passes-away/article21616532.ece |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; which he ultimately merged with the operations of [[A. C. Muthiah]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madras-based industrialist families, Standard Motors and SPIC, get close via marriage alliance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19870731-madras-based-industrialist-families-standard-motors-and-spic-get-close-via-marriage-alliance-799743-1987-07-30 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the process making [[Chennai]] a leading centre of ancillary automotive manufacturing and services, in an early iteration of '[[Make in India]]'.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |date=2017-12-25 |title=Heralding ‘Make in India’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/heralding-make-in-india/article22274768.ece |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; In later life he was chairman of [https://www.ucal.com/ UCAL Automotive Services] and a Director of [[TVS Group]] companies managed by [[Suresh Krishna (businessman)|Suresh Krishna.]]<br /> [[File:Standard Herald.jpg|right|thumb|Example of a classic 1965 car of Standard marque, owned by the royal family of [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]]]]<br /> He served as both [[Automotive Research Association of India|President of the Automotive Research Association of India]] and [[Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers|President of the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers]], while playing a central role in the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] as a member of its National Council and Chairman of its Southern Region subdivision (CIISR).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; He was also a member of the [[Institute of Engineering and Technology]], a member of the Senate of [[Annamalai University]], Trustee of the [[Madras Music Academy|Music Academy]] and the Chatnath Trust,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-11-04 |title=How tears, laughter have evolved |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/how-tears-laughter-have-evolved/article5314700.ece |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Honorary Consul|Honorary Consul of Serbia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Serbia in the Republic of India |url=http://www.newdelhi.mfa.gov.rs/newstext.php?subaction=showfull&amp;id=1439787532&amp;ucat=19&amp;template=Headlines&amp; |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.newdelhi.mfa.gov.rs}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He additionally translated [[Kalki Krishnamurthy|Kalki]]'s [[Ponniyin Selvan|Ponniyin Selvan saga]] into English.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Karthik Narayanan, C. V.}}<br /> [[Category:1938 births]]<br /> [[Category:2017 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:Literary translators]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bible_Tower&diff=474675 2025-11-29T08:30:30Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> [[File:Bible tower.jpg|thumb|Bible tower at night.]]<br /> The '''Bible Tower''' is situated in [[Thrissur]] city of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It was inaugurated on 7 January 2007. The tower is the tallest church tower in [[India]] and [[Asia]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} It was the tallest structure in whole of [[Kerala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200711222032.htm <br /> |title=Bible Tower attracts tourists in large numbers <br /> |newspaper=The Hindu <br /> |accessdate=2010-07-21 <br /> |location=Chennai, India <br /> |date=2007-11-22 <br /> |url-status=dead <br /> |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106223713/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200711222032.htm <br /> |archivedate=2012-11-06 <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The 79 metre (260 ft) tower stands behind two towers of 42.5 metres (140 ft) height.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.doloursbasilica.com/history.aspx<br /> |title=History<br /> |publisher=Dolours Basilica, Thrissur<br /> |accessdate=2010-03-22<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608102023/http://www.doloursbasilica.com/history.aspx<br /> |archive-date=8 June 2010<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:BIBLE TOWER.jpg|thumb|BIBLE TOWER]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Bible Tower}}<br /> * [http://www.bibletower.com Official web site of the Bible Tower]<br /> * [http://www.thrissurkerala.com/tourist/athirappilly.html Tourist Places, Thrissur]<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Kerala}}<br /> <br /> {{Tourist attractions in Thrissur}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Towers in India]]<br /> [[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Churches in Thrissur]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Thrissur]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-RC-church-stub}}</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Threads_FC&diff=462029 2025-10-22T02:40:26Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: small changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian semi-professional association football club based in Kochi}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br /> {{infobox football club<br /> | clubname = Golden Threads<br /> | image = Golden Threads FC.svg<br /> | upright = 0.9<br /> | fullname = Golden Threads Football Club<br /> | nickname = <br /> | founded = {{Start date and age|2010}}<br /> | ground = <br /> | capacity = <br /> | owner = Golden Threads<br /> | chairman = <br /> | mgrtitle = Head coach<br /> | manager = Shiju Rajan<br /> | league = [[Kerala Premier League]]<br /> | season = <br /> | position = <br /> | current =<br /> | pattern_la1 =<br /> | pattern_b1 = _greytriangles<br /> | pattern_ra1 =<br /> | pattern_sh1 = <br /> | pattern_so1 =<br /> | leftarm1 = FF0000<br /> | body1 = FF0000<br /> | rightarm1 = FF0000<br /> | shorts1 = 082567<br /> | socks1 = 082567<br /> | pattern_la2 = <br /> | pattern_b2 = _blackcollar<br /> | pattern_ra2 = <br /> | pattern_sh2 = <br /> | pattern_so2 =<br /> | leftarm2 = FFFFFF<br /> | body2 = FFFFFF<br /> | rightarm2 = FFFFFF<br /> | shorts2 = 000000<br /> | socks2 = 000000<br /> | pattern_la3 = _white_hoops<br /> | pattern_b3 = _whitecollar<br /> | pattern_ra3 = _white_hoops<br /> | pattern_sh3 = <br /> | pattern_so3 =<br /> | leftarm3 = FF0000<br /> | body3 = FF0000<br /> | rightarm3 = FF0000<br /> | shorts3 = FFFFFF<br /> | socks3 = FFFFFF<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Golden Threads Football Club''' is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], that plays in the [[Kerala Premier League]], the top league of [[football in Kerala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/kerala-premier-league-football/article66157240.ece|title=Kerala Premier League to begin on November 24|website=thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|location=Kochi|first=Stan|last=Rayan|date=19 November 2022|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215033910/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/kerala-premier-league-football/article66157240.ece}}&lt;/ref&gt; They have also played in the [[I-League 2|I-League Second Division]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/Golden-Threads-stun-SBT/article16625398.ece|title=Golden Threads stun SBT|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 March 2010|access-date=30 October 2020|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102225023/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/Golden-Threads-stun-SBT/article16625398.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/tournament-fixtures.php?tournamentdetail=15&amp;sub_tournamentdetail=16 |title=The AIFF |access-date=2012-04-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321202234/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/tournament-fixtures.php?tournamentdetail=15&amp;sub_tournamentdetail=16 |archive-date=2012-03-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Golden Threads Football Club were formed on 10 April 2010, in [[Ernakulam]], to compete in the [[Kerala Premier League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=jomit |title=50 ലക്ഷം വേണം, സ്പോണ്‍സര്‍മാരില്ല; ഐ ലീഗ് പ്രവേശനം വഴിമുട്ടി ഗോള്‍ഡൻ ത്രഡ്‌സ് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/football-sports/kerala-premier-league-champions-golden-threads-fc-need-sponsor-to-participate-in-i-league-rguh1b |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819060531/https://www.asianetnews.com/football-sports/kerala-premier-league-champions-golden-threads-fc-need-sponsor-to-participate-in-i-league-rguh1b |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; After achieving success in the regional league, they got the chance to play in the national level competition, [[I-League 2|ONGC I-League Division 2]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-division-2-group-a-fixtures-revised-again|title=I-League Division 2: Group A Fixtures Revised Again|access-date=30 October 2020|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102071345/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-division-2-group-a-fixtures-revised-again|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> They have won the Cochin Premier League multiple times.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/golden-threads-fc-assured-of-cpl-title-459426.html|title=Golden threads FC assured of CPL title|date=27 March 2012|access-date=30 October 2020|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105080454/https://www.news18.com/news/india/golden-threads-fc-assured-of-cpl-title-459426.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; They won the [[2021–22 Kerala Premier League]] after defeating [[Kerala State Electricity Board|KSEB]] in the final, and again qualified for the I-League 2nd Division.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KPL: Golden Threads emerge champions |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2022/04/10/kpl-final-golden-threads-fc-emerge-champions.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819060308/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2022/04/10/kpl-final-golden-threads-fc-emerge-champions.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Statistics and records==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Season<br /> ! [[Kerala Premier League|KPL]]<br /> ! [[I-League 2]]<br /> |-<br /> |align=center| [[2010 I-League 2nd Division|2010]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | -<br /> |align=center| Group stage<br /> |-<br /> |align=center| [[2011 I-League 2nd Division|2011]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | -<br /> |align=center| Group stage<br /> |-<br /> |align=center| [[2012 I-League 2nd Division|2012]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | -<br /> |align=center| Group stage<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2013–14<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | Group Stage<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | DNQ<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2018–19<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | Group stage<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | DNQ<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2019–20<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | DNP<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | DNP<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2020–21<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | Group stage<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2021–22<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | Champions<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2022–23<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | Group stage<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> ===League===<br /> * '''[[Kerala Premier League]]'''<br /> **Champions (1): [[2021–22 Kerala Premier League|2021–22]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Football in Kerala}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Football clubs in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Football clubs in Kochi]]<br /> [[Category:Association football clubs established in 2010]]<br /> [[Category:2010 establishments in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tejas_Prabha_Vijay_Deoskar&diff=539928 2025-10-11T14:49:42Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film director (born 1983)}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Tejas Prabha Vijay Deoskar<br /> | image = File:Tejas Deoskar profile picture.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|05|14}}{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}<br /> | occupation = {{Ubl|Film director|screenwriter}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tejas Prabha Vijay Deoskar''' (born 14 May 1983) is an Indian film director and screenwriter working in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] and [[Hindi cinema]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Apoorv Singh Karki, Piyush Gupta, Tejas Deoskar &amp; more: Directors who surprised us with their exceptional films in 2023 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/apoorv-singh-karki-piyush-gupta-tejas-deoskar-more-directors-who-surprised-us-with-their-exceptional-films-in-2023-13579612.html |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=Firstpost |date=5 January 2024 |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is best known for directing [[Madhuri Dixit]]'s Marathi debut film ''[[Bucket List (2018 film)|Bucket List]]'' (2018),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Seta |first1=Keyur |title=Exclusive: Here's how Tejas Deoskar got Madhuri Dixit on board for first Marathi film |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/oct/26/8853/exclusive-here-s-how-tejas-deoskar-got-madhuri-dixit-on-board-for-first-marathi-film |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=Cinestaan |date=26 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629132821/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/oct/26/8853/exclusive-here-s-how-tejas-deoskar-got-madhuri-dixit-on-board-for-first-marathi-film |archive-date=29 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Madhuri Dixit-Nene to make her Marathi acting debut |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/madhuri-dixit-nene-to-make-her-marathi-acting-debut-4894689/ |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 October 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Chhatriwali (film)|Chhatriwali]]'' (2023).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Sami |title=Directorial genius behind Chhatriwali, Tejas Deoskar is a perfectionist; industry heaps praise [details] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/directorial-genius-behind-chhatriwali-tejas-deoskar-perfectionist-industry-heaps-praise-855734 |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=IBTimes |date=30 January 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Abhimanyu |title=Chhatriwali: Rakul Preet Singh, director Tejas Deoskar react to film being compared with Janhit Mein Jaari {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-chhatriwali-rakul-preet-singh-director-tejas-deoskar-react-to-film-being-compared-with-janhit-mein-jaari-3018220 |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=DNA India |date=20 January 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {{Pending films key}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Writer<br /> ! Lyricist<br /> ! Language<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 <br /> | ''[[Premsutra]]'' <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | {{no}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | Debut<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Premsutra Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/premsutra/movie-review/20712667.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 <br /> | ''[[Bucket List (2018 film)|Bucket List]]'' <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-10 |title=madhuri dixit-nene: Madhuri Dixit-Nene gears up for her Marathi film debut 'Bucket List', movie scheduled for summer release - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/madhuri-dixit-nene-gears-up-for-her-marathi-film-debut-bucket-list-movie-scheduled-for-summer-release/articleshow/63463300.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410140313/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/madhuri-dixit-nene-gears-up-for-her-marathi-film-debut-bucket-list-movie-scheduled-for-summer-release/articleshow/63463300.cms |archive-date=10 April 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2023 <br /> | ''[[Chhatriwali (film)|Chhatriwali]]'' <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | {{no}}<br /> | {{no}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Hindi]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-04 |title=Rakul Preet Singh's film Chattriwali gets release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rakul-preet-singh-film-chattriwali-gets-release-date-8361323/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2025 <br /> | ''[[Ground Zero (2025 film)|Ground Zero]]'' <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | {{no}}<br /> | {{no}}<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-16 |title=Ground Zero director Tejas Deoskar opens up on shooting the film in 'largely unknown' places in Kashmir |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Apr/16/ground-zero-director-tejas-deoskar-opens-up-on-shooting-the-film-in-largely-unknown-places-in-kashmir |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Devmanus (film)|Devmanus]]''<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | {{no}}<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | Marathi <br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=जगताप |first=नामदेव |date=2025-01-15 |title='देवमाणूस'मध्ये झळकणार महेश मांजरेकर, रेणुका शहाणेंची जोडी; 25 एप्रिलला प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/mahesh-manjrekar-and-renuka-shahane-subodh-bhave-will-be-seen-together-in-marathi-movie-devmanus-to-be-released-on-april-25-know-all-details-1338733 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|3708020|Tejas Deoskar}}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama person|tejas-prabha-vijay-deoskar|Tejas Prabha Vijay Deoskar}}<br /> * [https://www.tejasdeoskar.com/ Official website]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian screenwriters]]<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Deoskar, Tejas Prabha Vijay}}<br /> [[Category:1983 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-film-director-stub}}</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi_Anand&diff=544214 2025-10-08T22:36:20Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: made</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Vi Anand<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1979|2|20}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | other names = <br /> | alma mater = [[Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | yearsactive = 2014–present<br /> | occupation = Film director, screenwriter<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> }}<br /> '''Vi Anand''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who primarily works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He is known for directing [[science fiction]] films.<br /> <br /> ==Early life ==<br /> Anand was born in [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]] on 20 February 1979. He graduated from [[Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology]]. Before becoming a filmmaker, he was an architect.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> In 2006, Anand started as assistant director to director [[A. R. Murugadoss]] on ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]'' (2006). Before this, he worked under [[Prathap Pothan]] for {{frac|3|1|2}} years as an advertising assistant.<br /> <br /> Anand made his directorial debut with ''[[Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi]]'' in 2014. The film was named after a song from ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2005), which was directed by Murugadoss. In the same year, he made his directorial debut in [[Tamil cinema]] with a science fiction drama, ''[[Appuchi Gramam]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/tiger-was-to-be-made-in-tamil-director|title='Tiger' was to be made in Tamil: director|publisher=The Indian Express|date=23 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2015, Anand directed the Telugu action film ''[[Tiger (2015 film)|Tiger]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/A-Sci-fi-film-titled-Appuchi-Gramam/articleshow/24131462.cms|title=A Sci-fi film titled 'Appuchi Gramam'|publisher=indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; starring [[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Rahul Ravindran]] and [[Seerat Kapoor]]. The film was very well received by critics, and Anand was noted for the screenwriting of the film. In 2016, Anand went on to write and direct a supernatural romantic thriller ''[[Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada]]'', which featured [[Nikhil Siddharth]], [[Hebah Patel]], [[Nandita Swetha]] and [[Avika Gor]] in the lead roles. The film received positive reviews and became a blockbuster.<br /> <br /> In 2017, Anand directed ''[[Okka Kshanam]]'', a science fiction drama starring [[Allu Sirish]], [[Seerat Kapoor]], and [[Surbhi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.tupaki.com/movienews/article/Allu-Sirish-And-VI-Anand-Movie-Launched/51736|title=VI Anand- Mega hero film launched|publisher=tupaki.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film deals with a parallel life concept where the protagonist fights against his own destiny, fate and time. The film released worldwide on 28 December 2017 to mixed reviews from critics and audience.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}<br /> <br /> 2020 saw Anand directing ''[[Disco Raja]]'', a science fiction film starring [[Ravi Teja]] in the lead role. The film received mixed reviews but became a box office bomb. In 2024, he directed ''[[Ooru Peru Bhairavakona]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> *''Note: all films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''<br /> {{Pending films key}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2014 || ''[[Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi]]'' || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Appuchi Gramam]]'' || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''[[Tiger (2015 film)|Tiger]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''[[Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''[[Okka Kshanam]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2020 || ''[[Disco Raja]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2024 || ''[[Ooru Peru Bhairavakona]]'' ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sundeep Kishan's new film with director Vi Anand kickstarts with a pooja ceremony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/see-pics-sundeep-kishans-new-film-with-director-vi-anand-kickstarts-with-a-pooja-ceremony/articleshow/86338618.cms |website=The Times of India |date=19 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> &lt;!-- Per [[WP:ELMINOFFICIAL]], choose one official website only --&gt;<br /> * [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/ekkadiki-pothavu-chinnavada/movie-review/55496183.cms Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada Movie Review: An engaging thriller &amp; an enthralling story. It's a honest narrative delivered well. 3.5/5 Star]<br /> * [https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/best-telugu-movies-2020-7101525/ Best Telugu films of 2020]<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=nm6489795|name=Vi Anand}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Vi}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu film directors]]<br /> [[Category:People from Erode district]]<br /> [[Category:1979 births]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=24_Decoded&diff=483549 2025-10-06T12:53:59Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: Redirect page</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[24 (2016 film)#Future]]<br /> <br /> {{R to section}}</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badi_Ahmad_Chowdhury&diff=488960 2025-09-27T10:43:06Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: started new info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = <br /> | native_name = বদি আহমদ চৌধুরী<br /> | native_name_lang = bn<br /> | birth_date = 23 March 1886<br /> | birth_place = [[Banshkhali Upazila|Bailchhari]], [[Chittagong District]], [[Bengal Presidency]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1962|04|13|1886|03|23|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[East Pakistan]]<br /> | citizenship = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | office1 = Member of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1943<br /> | term_end1 = 1945<br /> | constituency1 = Chittagong Landholders<br /> | predecessor1=[[Kshirod Chandra Roy]]<br /> | successor1=[[Kumar Arun Chandra Sinha]]<br /> | office2 = Member of the [[Bengal Legislative Council]]<br /> | term_start2 = 1929<br /> | term_end2 = 1937<br /> | constituency2 = Chittagong South<br /> | predecessor2=[[Khan Sahib Abdus Sattar]]<br /> | successor2=[[Nur Ahamed]]<br /> }}<br /> '''[[Khan Bahadur]] [[Haji]] Badi Ahmad Chowdhury''' [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] (23 March 1886 - 13 April 1962) was a Bengali politician and [[zamindar]]. He served as a member of both the [[Bengal Legislative Council]] and [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=বদি আহমদ চৌধুরীর নিষ্ঠা ও দেশপ্রেম অনুসরণীয় |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/public/daily-chittagong/news/bd/390362.details |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=বাংলা নিউজ ২৪}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=বদি আহমদ চৌধুরীর মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী কাল |url=https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/199317/বদি-আহমদ-চৌধুরীর-মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী-কাল |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=দৈনিক ইনকিলাব}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and family ==<br /> Chowdhury was born on 23 March 1886 at the Bailchhari Wazir Bari (now Khan Bahadur Bari) in [[Banshkhali Upazila|Banshkhali]], [[Chittagong District]], [[Bengal Presidency]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]). His father, Mazaharun Nabi Chowdhury, belonged to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[zamindar]] family of [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[Vizier|Viziers]]. His mother, Tamizunnesa Chowdhury, was a housewife. His ancestor Syed Abdur Rahman Siddiqi is claimed to have migrated from [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] to Bengal, settling down in Chittagong. Siddiqi's grandson Muhammad Khan served as the Naib-Wazir under Mughal governor [[Shaista Khan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rafiq |first=Nur Muhammad |title=আমীরুল হজ্ব খান বাহাদুর বদি আহমদ চৌধুরী |pages=15 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chowdhury's great grandfather Muhammad Ahmad Hussain Chowdhury migrated from [[Lohagara Upazila, Chittagong|Mallik Subhan]] to Bailchhari. Chowdhury's two younger brothers were divisional forest officer [[Khan Sahib]] Alhaj Rafiq Ahmed Chowdhury and [[Qadi|Qazi]] Aziz Ahmed Chowdhury.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=চট্টগ্রামে বিখ্যাত যারা |url=https://www.bd-journal.com/special-report/88956/চট্টগ্রামে-বিখ্যাত-যারা |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=বাংলাদেশ জার্নাল}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;n&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=স্মরণ : খান বাহাদুর বদি আহমদ চৌধুরী |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/ampproject/post-editorial/402633/স্মরণ-খান-বাহাদুর-বদি-আহমদ-চৌধুরী |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=দৈনিক নয়াদিগন্ত}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Badi Ahmed Chowdhury started his career soon after completing his primary education. At the age of 18, he was appointed as the Manager of Muhammad Abdul Bari's Munshi Estate in [[Anwara Upazila|Anwara]]. Later, he served as the President of Bailchhari-Katharia Union in Banshkhali for a long 30 years from 1920 to 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=স্মরণ: খান বাহাদুর বদি আহমদ চৌধুরী |url=https://dainikazadi.net/স্মরণ-খান-বাহাদুর-বদি-আহম/ |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=দৈনিক আজাদী}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 1929, he contested the [[Bengal Legislative Council]] elections for Chittagong South constituency (13 thanas from Rangunia to Teknaf) and won, serving as a member of the Council for eight years. Additionally, on December 15, 1943, he was by-elected as a Member of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) as a representative of the zamindars of Chittagong, Noakhali, Sylhet, and Tipperah, which formed the divisional Chittagong Landholders constituency.&lt;ref name=&quot;n&quot; /&gt; He was awarded the title &quot;Amirul Hajj&quot; in 1935 as the representative of the pilgrims of undivided Bengal,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=হজ্বের ইতিহাসে চট্টগ্রামের অবস্থান ও নিবেদন |url=https://dainikpurbokone.net/editorial/19737/হজ্বের-ইতিহাসে-চট্টগ্রাম/ |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=দৈনিক পূর্বকোণ}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the title &quot;[[Khan Bahadur]]&quot; by the [[British Raj]] in 1936. When famine struck Chittagong during [[World War II]] he approved 700,000 tons of rice from the legislature through a motion in the Bengal Legislative Assembly and distributed it to Chittagong.&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot; /&gt; He was a member of various industrial, business and other organizations in Bengal and held important positions. He was the Commissioner of Chittagong Municipality, a member of the General Hospital and Medical School, a director of the Deshpriya Sugar Mill, Calcutta and the Indo-Burma Traders Bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> He died on 13 April 1962 in [[East Pakistan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;n&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Badi Ahmad}}<br /> [[Category:1962 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:1886 births]]<br /> [[Category:Bengal MLAs 1937–1945]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:People from Banshkhali Upazila]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amnesty_International_India&diff=471017 2025-07-10T20:39:26Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian unit of Amnesty International}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox organization<br /> | name = Amnesty International India<br /> | logo = <br /> | type = [[Non-governmental organisation|NGO]]<br /> | key_people = Avinash Kumar (Executive Director)<br /> | purpose = [[Human Rights]]<br /> | founded = 1966, India<br /> | location = [[Bangalore]], India<br /> | homepage = {{URL|https://amnesty.org.in}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Amnesty International India''' was a country unit of the [[Amnesty International]] network, and was part of a global movement promoting and defending [[human rights]] and dignity. In September 2020, Amnesty halted its operations in the country after all bank accounts of the organization were frozen by [[Enforcement Directorate]] in connection with its [[money laundering]] probe into the finances of Amnesty International and its related entities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-08 |title=ED attaches Rs 1.54 crore assets in money laundering case against Amnesty |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ed-attaches-rs-1-54-crore-assets-in-money-laundering-case-against-amnesty-8196704/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The organization called this 'witch hunting' while the government of India said the case is based on a FIR filed by [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] (Central Bureau of Investigation) against Amnesty for alleged violation of the Foreign Contributions Regulatory Act &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amnesty official alleges organisation's activities halted in India due to freezing of its accounts|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/dec/10/amnesty-official-alleges-organisations-activities-halted-in-india-due-to-freezing-of-its-accounts-2234528.html|access-date=2020-12-23|website=The New Indian Express|date=10 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-08 |title=ED attaches Rs 1.54 crore assets in money laundering case against Amnesty |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ed-attaches-rs-1-54-crore-assets-in-money-laundering-case-against-amnesty-8196704/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> === Rights ===<br /> An Amnesty International office was first set up in India in [[Bihar]] in 1966.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9i5sNMNh_uIC|title=Violation of Democratic Rights in India|first=Akshayakumar Ramanlal|last=Desai|date=1 January 1986|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9780861321308|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, the organization has worked on cases related torture, prisoners of conscience, abusive laws, women's rights, corporate accountability and other human rights violations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/india-urgent-investigation-needed-after-rape-suspects-extrajudicially-executed|title=India: Urgent investigation needed after rape suspects 'extrajudicially executed'|website=www.amnesty.org.uk|access-date=2019-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 13 August 2016, Amnesty held an event in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] to discuss [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|human rights violations in Kashmir]], After the event, the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] filed a [[First Information Report|first information report]] (FIR) against Amnesty India for being anti-national.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-37091945|title=Amnesty accused of sedition over Kashmir event in Bangalore|work=BBC News|date=16 August 2016|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amnesty India denied that the organization or its staff had been involved in any anti-national activities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Amnesty International India's response to complaint filed by ABVP - Amnesty International India |url=https://www.amnesty.org.in/show/news/amnesty-international-indias-response-to-complaint-filed-by-abvp/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015013541/https://www.amnesty.org.in/show/news/amnesty-international-indias-response-to-complaint-filed-by-abvp/ |archive-date=2016-10-15 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Amnesty row: Human rights do not stand in the way of India's ambitions|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/amnesty-row-human-rights-do-not-stand-in-the-way-of-india-s-ambitions/story-rNASPrPOhePtonKjIHvANK.html|accessdate=29 January 2017|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=19 August 2016|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedition charges were pressed against Amnesty, but were dropped later on.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV 6 April 2022&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Ex Amnesty India Chief Aakar Patel, Stopped At Airport, Goes To Court |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-amnesty-india-chief-aakar-patel-stopped-at-bengaluru-airport-2865392 |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=6 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === CBI raid &amp; foreign funding ===<br /> On 15 November 2019 the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] raided the offices of Amnesty International India in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] and [[New Delhi]] during an investigation into an alleged breach of foreign funding laws. In a statement issued by CBI, they said &quot;''It was alleged that the provision of the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act 2010 and Indian Penal Code were contravened''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/amnesty-international-offices-india-raided-federal-police-191115172007201.html|title=Amnesty International offices in India raided by federal police|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cbi-raids-amnesty-india-offices-in-bengaluru-and-new-delhi/articleshow/72074572.cms|title=CBI raids Amnesty India offices in Bengaluru and New Delhi|date=2019-11-16|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Aakar Patel]] was the chief of Amnesty in 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV 7 April 2022&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Drop Airport Alert Against Ex Amnesty India Chief, Apologise: Court To CBI |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/drop-lookout-circular-against-ex-amnesty-india-chief-aakar-patel-immediately-cbi-court-tells-probe-agency-2868630 |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=7 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2020, Amnesty said that &quot;reprisals&quot; from the Indian government froze the organization's bank account, forcing it to lay off staff, suspend all campaign and research work, and otherwise halt operations in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-09-29|title=Amnesty International to halt India operations|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54277329|access-date=2020-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Ministry of Home Affairs said that Amnesty violated the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) as &quot;a significant amount of foreign money was also remitted to Amnesty (India) without MHA’s approval under FCRA&quot; and &quot;owing to these illegal practices of Amnesty, the previous government had also rejected the repeated applications of Amnesty to receive funds from overseas. This had led Amnesty to suspend its India operations once during that period as well.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-09-29|title=Human Rights cannot be an excuse for defying the law of the land: MHA on Amnesty International|language=en-GB|work=DD News|url=http://ddnews.gov.in/national/human-rights-cannot-be-excuse-defying-law-land-mha-amnesty-international|access-date=2020-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 16 February 2021, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] [[Attachment (law)|attached]] properties worth ₹17.66 crore (about $2.4 million, at that time) of the organisation in connection with an alleged violation of the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ed-attaches-properties-worth-rs-17-66-cr-of-amnesty-india-others-101613483933122.html|title = ED attaches properties worth ₹17.66 crore of Amnesty International India|date = 16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Campaigns==<br /> <br /> Amnesty International India collaborates with [[Railway Protection Force]], Western Railways in [[Mumbai]] to ensure female passengers’ right to safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Measures by Western Railway: Platforms to play special jingles for women safety|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/western-railways-women-safety-campaign-jingles-platform-2884423/|work=The Indian Express|date=30 June 2016|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also ran a campaign to reduce the number of under-trials in jails in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gandhi|first1=Divya|title=65% of prisoners in India are undertrials|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/65-of-prisoners-in-india-are-undertrials/article6238717.ece|work=The Hindu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of Amnesty India's campaigns include seeking justice for the victims in the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2016/12/06/1984-anti-sikh-riots-after-indira-gandhi-assassination-amnesty-international-slams-sit-slow-progress-probe-old-cases|title=Amnesty International Slams Slow Progress Probe|last=|first=|date=6 December 2016|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/57074/amnesty-1984-riots/|title=Amnesty Urges Centre to Speed Up 1984 Massacre Cases|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/08/1984-anti-sikh-riots-calls-justice-india-160815061930857.html|title=1984 anti-Sikh riots: Calls for justice in India|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as opposing the use of the death penalty in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=End the Death Penalty - Amnesty International India |url=https://www.amnesty.org.in/our-work/end-the-death-penalty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704210715/https://www.amnesty.org.in/our-work/end-the-death-penalty |archive-date=2016-07-04 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ghosh|first1=Anjali|title=India's Foreign Policy|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131710258|page=220|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC&amp;pg=PA220|language=en|year=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/30/yakub-memon-india-carries-out-only-execution-over-1993-bomb-attacks|title=Yakub Memon: India carries out execution over 1993 bomb attacks|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=2015-07-30|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-12-07|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=India Archives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-asia/india/report-india/ |website=Amnesty International |access-date=7 April 2022 |language=en}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Amnesty International]]<br /> [[Category:Human rights organisations based in India]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shreshtha_Vihar&diff=469441 2025-07-03T05:09:34Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: enhanced information for accuracy and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Shreshtha Vihar<br /> | settlement_type = Residential Colony<br /> |image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg <br /> | pushpin_map = India New Delhi<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|28|39|33.93|N|77|19|3.37|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]<br /> | established_title=Established<br /> | established_date = 1956 <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = East Delhi Municipal Corporation<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = 110092<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Noida]], [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]]<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = Municipal Corporation Of Delhi<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shreshtha Vihar''' is a residential colony situated in [[East Delhi]] which is adjacent to [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It consists mainly of kothis and villas. There are two apartments called Vivek Apartment and Gharonda Apartment. It is an area within Anand Vihar locality in East Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Locality Review: Anand Vihar, New Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/times-property/locality-review-anand-vihar-new-delhi/videoshow/90198260.cms |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its PIN code is 110092.<br /> <br /> [[Yamuna Sports Complex]] serves as the sports hub. Nearby localities are Jagriti Enclave, Surajmal Vihar, Hargovind Enclave and AGCR Enclave.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 July 2024 |title=Shreshtha Vihar, Anand Vihar, Delhi - Map, Pin Code, Locations, Photos, Property Overview |url=https://dwello.in/locations/shreshtha-vihar-anand-vihar-delhi-overview |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Dwello |language=english}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[D.A.V Public School Sreshtha Vihar]] is also closeby. The colony has a Hindu temple and a community center for celebrating small occasions and has a central park. Nearby metro stations are Karkarduma and Anand Vihar on the blue line and Karkarduma court on the newly constructed pink line of Delhi Metro.<br /> <br /> The locality has a good market with all amenities including premium branch of [[State Bank of India|SBI Bank]], [[Life Insurance Corporation|LIC]] office, stationery shop, departmental stores and tailoring shops.<br /> <br /> It also has a garment manufacturing unit, a homeopathy office, barber saloons, eating joints, medical shops and clinics.<br /> <br /> In May 2018, the market was renovated and a modern public toilet was added.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:East Delhi district]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shuchi_Kothari&diff=535499 2025-06-04T14:54:02Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|New Zealand script writer and producer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> |name = Shuchi Kothari<br /> |image = <br /> |caption = <br /> |birth_date = <br /> |death_date = <br /> |birth_place = India<br /> |death_place = <br /> |other_names = <br /> |alma_mater = <br /> |known_for = <br /> |occupation =scriptwriter, producer<br /> |years_active= <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shuchi Kothari''' is a New Zealand-based Indian scriptwriter and producer.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ_Herald_3400688&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/movies/news/article.cfm?c_id=200&amp;objectid=3400688 |title=Star answers call |author=Harris, Natasha |date=12 April 2003 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |accessdate=9 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;scoop&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU0612/S00015.htm|title=Breaking the Mould – Writing Across Cultures &amp;#124; Scoop News|publisher=scoop.co.nz|accessdate=2014-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Born in [[Ahmedabad]], Kothari studied writing at the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] before moving to New Zealand in 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Writer, Producer|first1=Shuchi Kothari|title=About|url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/person/shuchi-kothari}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is the co-writer of the film ''[[Firaaq]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;bombaynews&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bombaynews.net/story/350645|title=Bombay News - Bombay News Updates &amp;#124; Daily Coverage from Bombay News.Net|publisher=bombaynews.net|accessdate=2014-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> ===Writer===<br /> *''Firaaq''<br /> *''A Thousand Apologies''<br /> *''Coffee and Allah''<br /> *''Apron Strings''<br /> <br /> ===Producer===<br /> *''A Thousand Apologies''<br /> *''Coffee and Allah''<br /> *''Eeling''<br /> <br /> ===Actress===<br /> *''A Thousand Apologies''<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> <br /> * 2022 Women in Film and Television New Zealand Awards: Great Southern Film &amp; Television Award for Outstanding Contribution to the New Zealand Screen Industry<br /> * 2010 Filmfare Awards (India): Critics’ Award for Best Film: Firaaq <br /> <br /> * 2008 Hawaii International Film Festival: Best Short Film: Coffee and Allah<br /> <br /> * 2008 ‘Golden Minbar’ International Festival of Muslim Cinema (Russia): Best Short Film: Coffee and Allah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=On Screen|first1=Nz|title=Rewards|url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/person/shuchi-kothari/awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Non-Fiction==<br /> * &quot;Screen Diversity&quot; in ''The Women Writers Handbook'', Aurora Metro Books, 2020.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|2267559}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kothari, Shuchi}}<br /> [[Category:New Zealand film producers]]<br /> [[Category:New Zealand screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:New Zealand women screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:New Zealand women film producers]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kudal_taluka&diff=510949 2025-05-14T15:30:53Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: Adding a data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}<br /> '''Kudal taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Sindhudurg district]] of Maharashtra, India.&lt;ref name=&quot;SindhudurgDistrictCourt-20150818&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://ecourts.gov.in/sindhudurg|title=History – Sindhudurg district court|publisher=Sindhudurg district court|accessdate=18 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prahar-20141127&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके – महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या. |date=2014-11-27 |work=Prahar |language=Marathi |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |archivedate=22 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Maharashtra}}<br /> <br /> {{Sindhudurg district topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Talukas in Sindhudurg district]]<br /> [[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Sindhudurg-geo-stub}}</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratangarh,_Churu&diff=529825 2025-05-02T15:23:05Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: New.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|City in Rajasthan, India}}<br /> {{Other uses|Ratangarh (disambiguation){{!}}Ratangarh|Ratannagar}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=December 2007}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> &lt;!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --&gt;{{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Ratangarh<br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Rajasthan<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|28.0786567|N|74.6218778|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Churu district|Churu]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder =Chieftain Kolha <br /> | named_for = Ratan Singh<br /> | government_type = [[Municipal council|Municipality]]<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | area_rank = 320 by Jeet Painkiller<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 312<br /> | population_total = 71,124<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Regional<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[Bagri language|Bagri]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = <br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 331022 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://askpincode.com/331022| title=331022 Pincode}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 1567]]<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | registration_plate = RJ-10<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ratangarh''' is a town and Tehsil of the [[Churu district]] in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. Ratangarh was previously called Kolasar. It is famous for grand [[haveli]]s (mansions) with [[fresco]]es, which is an architectural specialty of the [[Shekhawati]] region. Ratangarh is also famous for its handicraft work.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=October 2011}}<br /> According to historical documents, Ratangarh was founded by Surat Singh, the maharaja of [[Bikaner]], in the year 1798 (Samvat 1855) while he was returning from Churu with his son Ratan Singh. He selected the place Kolasar and Rajia ki Dani for a new town and named it Ratangarh on his son's name. He handed over the responsibility to Purohit Hulashchand, Deepchand, and Charan Sidayach Shankar to build Ratangarh as a modern 1812 (Samvat 1869) during the layout of Ratangarh. According to some old people, present Ratangarh was built at Kolasar village, and Asha Charni (Lado Bhuwa) constructed Raghunathji temple.<br /> <br /> A historical Devali was found near village Hudera just three kilometers from Ratangarh. This is located at MEGA HIGHWAY near by 220KV GSS, Devali of Samvat 1309 was found in an old Sidhan Jogioan Nath math. According to historians this Devali is nearly 750 years old. As per a text written on Devali, This Devali is the wife of Rathoor Nahardass when she became satti on Baishak sudi 1, Samvat 1309. <br /> A similar Devali was also found in Rajaldeshar near Ratangarh. This Devali called Rajasi ki Devali is also 475 years old. Samvat 1581, Ashad Sudi 10 is written on the Devali. An artistic slab stone of 11th Century engraved with dancing figures was found in Ratangarh which is now placed in Government Museum, Bikaner.<br /> <br /> In the year 1812 (Samvat 1869) Ratangarh fort was also completed. It is said that Ratangarh fort was attacked two times by Thakur Prithvi Singh the son of Churu with the support of Maharaval Laxman Singh of Sikar in the year 1815 and 1816 (Samvat 1872and 1873). In both attacks caretakers of Fort Lalshah Syed and Purohit Jethmal were killed. According to famous historian Gourishankar Hirachand Ojha, Maharaja Ratan Singh held a meeting with Cornel Velsin in 1834 to organize the Shekhawati Brigade of English army.<br /> <br /> Ratangarh was planned before construction and its bazaar is laid out in the design of a cross with shops painted like the town. The massive fort (garh) was constructed in the middle of the town with a boundary wall around the city with four gates. A second small fort was built in the city. But now the original fort and also the second fort has nothing left except for a few ruined monuments and now used as offices of civil courts. A Clock Tower is at the main crossing of the bazaar called Ghantagar.<br /> <br /> Ratangarh is a place of well-known businessmen, learned people, great saints, literary persons, poets, vaidyas, artists and great patriots. Ratangarh was also called second Kashi due to its center of learning. Shri Hanuman Prasadji Poddar founder 'Kalyan' is an international figure. Shri Jeevanand Anand freedom fighter, Social worker who worked whole life for promotion of Sanskrit, vedshastra and puran. He had also established the value of Sanskrit education in Rajasthan through Rajasthan Rishikul Brahamcharyaashram-<br /> <br /> Ratangarh region also remains a part of ancient culture. A 10th-century stone silalekh engraved with folk dance was found from an old temple now placed in the Bikaner museum. Ratangarh Mathadish Sivalaya was supposed to be built 200 years before the foundation of Ratangarh. Bikaner maharaja Sujan Singh (Year 100- 1735) gifted Kolasar village (present Ratangarh) to Charan Mala of Nath sect for his Rajasthani literature ' Gari bat doye'. Charan Mala built 'Karniji temple' in Kolasar which now at the heart of the town. Sidhan Math of Nath sect in Hudera village is said to be built in the early 10th century.<br /> <br /> With the efforts of Maharaja Ganga Singh railway station built in 1910 and electricity was availed in 1930. Water Works was built and Water to houses was introduced in 1945 by Seth Durgadutt Anantram Thard. Seth [[Soorajmull Jalan]], Seth Sitaram Bhuwalka, Seth Naarmal Bajoria, Seth Shankarlal Bajoria and Seth Jethmal Dhanuka were the main contributors to develop the town in the present form. They laid network of roads( in 1945), opened hospital (1939), schools and colleges, public library, parks and several charitable societies.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=October 2011}}<br /> Ratangarh is located at {{Coord|28.08|N|74.6|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 312&amp;nbsp;metres (1023&amp;nbsp;feet).<br /> <br /> Ratangarh is situated in the [[Thar Desert]], on the ''dhoras'' (large [[sand dunes]]). Some neighborhoods in town are named after these ''dhoras''.<br /> <br /> ==Government==<br /> Currently Shri Pusaram Godara from Congress is the MLA of this seat.<br /> <br /> ==Notable structures==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=October 2011}}<br /> The Raja of [[Bikaner]], Surat Singh, built a massive fort at Ratangarh in 1820 AD. The marketplace of the town is in the shape of a cross suggesting that the city was planned before construction. An array of stately Havelis line the main crossing, which is also graced by a Clock Tower. The town is the site of a major power station, supplying electricity is supplied from Ratangarh up to [[Jaipur]].<br /> <br /> The Soorajmull Jalan family, which was once one of the ten wealthiest families in India, has contributed to the city by constructing over 20 structures including hospitals, schools, libraries, and sporting centers. The clock tower, roads, colleges and schools in this city have been donated by the Jalan family, which is now based in [[Kolkata]].<br /> <br /> ==Connectivity==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=October 2011}}<br /> {{rws|Ratangarh Junction}} is a major rail head in northern Rajasthan, connecting [[Bikaner]] and [[Jodhpur]] to [[Delhi]] via railways.<br /> <br /> Ratangarh is situated in National Highway 11 (running between Bikaner, Jaipur, and [[Agra]]).<br /> <br /> Ratangarh is the center as it connects all the major cities in Rajasthan including Jaipur, Bikaner, Sardarshahr and Sujangarh and many small towns.<br /> <br /> It also connects the northern tip of Rajasthan ([[Hanumangarh]]-[[Sriganganagar]]) to Jaipur and [[Ajmer]] through the High-speed State Megahighway system; roads are in place between Hanumangarh and Ratangarh, and between Ratanagarh and Ajmer.<br /> <br /> == Train Connectivity ==<br /> <br /> === Trains from Ratangarh to other States ===<br /> Direct trains to Delhi, Kolkata, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Coimbatore, Mumbai, Goa, Ahemdabad, Jammu, Jaiselmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Hisar &amp; Haridwar.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{As of|2011|}} India [[census]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ratangarh had a population of 71,124. Males constitute 51.11% of the population and females 48.89%. Ratangarh has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 77%. In Ratangarh, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age. Area of Ratangarh is 40.16 square kilometre.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Churu district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Churu district]]</div>

PamKirsch2959552 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Markapur&diff=469100 2025-04-22T11:27:14Z

<p>PamKirsch2959552: small expanded page per standard format additionally and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Markapuram]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

PamKirsch2959552