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Pelourinho Novo

2026-05-08T16:15:58Z

PQRS1:

{{Short description|Pillory in Goa, India}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Pelourinho Novo
| image = Hat katro hatkhamba.jpg
| alternate_names = ''Hath Katro Khamb'', [[Goa Inquisition|Inquisition]] Pillar{{efn|alternatively known as the '''Pillar of Inquisition'''}}
| caption = The pillory in 2017
| years_built = 16th-century
| material = [[Basalt]]
| architectural_style = [[Kadamba architecture]]
| location = [[Old Goa]], [[Goa]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|15|29|57.1|N|73|54|48.6|E|display=inline,title}}
| status = Defunct
| closing_date = Before 1886
| building_type = [[Pillory]]
| owner = Department of Archaeology, Goa
| relocated_date = [[Annexation of Goa|After 1961]]
| classification = Proposed [[List of State Protected Monuments in Goa|State Protected Monument]]
| known_for = [[Hindutva|Pro-Hindu]] folklore
}}

The '''''Pelourinho''''' '''''Novo''''' ({{literal translation|lk=yes|New [[Pillory]]}}), also known as '''''Hath Katro Khamb'''''{{efn|alternatively spelt as '''''Haat Katro Khambo''''' or '''''Haatkatro Khamb'''''.}} ({{literal translation|Hand-Cutting Pillar}}), is a sixteenth-century black [[basalt]] pillory in [[Old Goa]], located in the Indian coastal state of [[Goa]]. It acted as a symbolic [[Civic center|civic marker]] and a focal point for official proceedings, where authorities handled legal matters, issued formal announcements, and enforced penalties, including [[corporal punishment]] such as the [[whipping]] of offenders.

==History==
===Background===
[[File:Map of Velha Goa - Pelourinho Velho.webp|thumb|A 1595 map of [[Cidade de Goa]] by [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten]], showing the ''pelourinhos'' in the city (top and middle).]]
There is no clear consensus about the pillory's history. It was originally built in the late sixteenth-century, and by 1886, it was in a state of ruins.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-07 |title=In Goa, new name for old monument ignites a debate over Portugal's colonial legacy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-goa-new-name-for-old-monument-ignites-a-debate-over-portugal-s-colonial-legacy-101775578435303.html |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en|last=de Souza|first=Gerard}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Timothy D. |title=Contesting Sacred Space in the Estado da India: Asserting Cultural Dominance over Religious Sites in Goa |url=https://journals.openedition.org/lerhistoria/8618?lang=es |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=[[OpenEdition Journals]]|date=23 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> According to veteran historian [[Percival Noronha]], the pillory existed during the period of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Adil Shahi rule in Goa]] and used as a site to [[Hudud|punish criminals by cutting off one of their hands]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=D'Mello |first=Gilbert |date=2008-08-04 |title=Old Goa locals oppose shifting of historic pillar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/old-goa-locals-oppose-shifting-of-historic-pillar/articleshow/3322529.cms# |access-date=2026-04-03 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A common offense was failing to pay debts. Some claim that the monument was used during the [[Goa Inquisition]]; however, these claims have been debunked.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=Svetlana |date=28 June 2016 |title=The pillar that belongs to none |url=https://epaper.navhindtimes.in/PageImages/pdf/2016/06/28/28062016-md-ga-15.pdf |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=[[The Navhind Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

Svetlana Pereira of ''[[The Navhind Times]]'' writes, the pillory functioned as a focal point for key civic and economic activities. It also acted as a public site where official announcements, including municipal decisions and mayoral election results, were communicated.<ref name=":1" />

===Portuguese period (1510–1961)===
[[Fernão Lopes (soldier)|Fernão Lopes]], a former Portuguese convict forced into service during [[viceroy of Portuguese India]] [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]'s first campaign, later reflected the influence of the pillory in his rogue-style narrative. In the aftermath of the Portuguese triumph over the [[Adil Shahi]] forces at [[Old Goa|Ela]] in February 1510, troops who had demonstrated notable valor were granted women from the defeated ruler's [[harem]] as a form of compensation.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Nirmala |date=2026-04-22 |title=A centuries-old pillar in Goa is causing controversy about colonial history in India |url=https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia/2026/04/a-centuries-pillar-in-goa-is-causing-controversy-about-colonial-history-in-india/ |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux]] |language=en}}</ref>

Contemporary records describe these Portuguese soldiers as "''casados''," or married men, a designation that carried [[social stigma]] due to their unions with local women whom prevailing colonial attitudes deemed of lower status. As church authorities increasingly denounced these marriages, officials intervened by separating [[Bijapur]]i women from their partners and redistributing them elsewhere. Rather than accept this separation, a number of ''casados'' including Lopes, left Portuguese-held territory and sought refuge at the Muslim settlement of Banastarim, across the [[Mandovi River]], in order to preserve their family lives.<ref name=":11" />

When Albuquerque reestablished Portuguese dominance in November 1510, Banastarim was brought under his control. Under the negotiated terms of capitulation, Muslim authorities were compelled to surrender the Portuguese renegades who had sought refuge there. These men were subsequently tried for disloyalty and subjected to harsh exemplary punishment. Approximately twenty ''casados'' were publicly displayed on pillories before enduring extensive mutilation, including the amputation of facial features and limbs. Around half died from the ordeal, while the remaining survivors were exiled from Goa after their release.<ref name=":11" />

===Contemporary period (1961–present)===
The pillory deteriorated after [[Annexation of Goa|Goa was annexed by India]] in 1961 and at that time stood roughly 20 metres from where it is today. Its former site, historically known as ''Pelourinho Velho'' or ''Baratilha'', is now identified as Gandhi Circle. It was later acquired by the Athaide family,<ref name=":0" /> who moved it onto their own property as the original area had become overcrowded.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Pelourinho Novo in 1886.jpg|thumb|A sketch of ''Pelourinho Novo'' in ''A India Portugueza'' (1886) by [[António Lopes Mendes]]]]

In 2008, the Directorate of Transport in [[Goa]] issued a directive to relocate the pillory due to concerns about traffic safety. This proposal was met with resistance from local residents and community figures, including the then [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of the [[Basilica of Bom Jesus]], Fr. Savio Barreto, who argued that moving it would affect public sentiment. Instead, they recommended that the state government construct a [[traffic island]] around the structure. In the same year, a proposal was also made to grant the pillory [[List of State Protected Monuments in Goa|protected monument status]].<ref name=":0" />

In 2024, the Department of Archaeology, Goa, submitted a proposal to the state government seeking protected monument status for the pillory. The proposal encountered resistance, largely because the site did not meet the requirement of maintaining a 100-meter [[Buffer Zone#Conservation|buffer zone]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sayed |first=Nida |title=Buffer zone a hurdle for Hath Katro Khamb's 'protected site' bid |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/buffer-zone-a-hurdle-for-hath-katro-khambs-protected-site-bid/amp_articleshow/115945209.cms |access-date=2026-04-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257|date=3 December 2024}}</ref>

In February 2026, the Department of Archaeology proposed to the state government that the pillory be granted protected monument status and be renamed with the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] name "Haat Katro Khambo."<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=5 March 2026 |title=Official Gazette |url=https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/2526/2526-49-SI-OG.pdf |access-date=10 April 2026 |website=[[Government of Goa]]}}</ref> The proposal was formally recorded in March through its publication in the ''Official Gazette'' under the Goa Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-04 |title=Objections raised over monument naming; call for reliance on official records |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/objections-raised-over-monument-naming-call-for-reliance-on-official-records/470445/ |access-date=2026-04-10 |language=en-US|website=O Heraldo}}</ref>

The move drew significant criticism in April from a group of historians, academics, journalists, and other commentators, including Dale Luis Menezes, Cédric Lobo, Joseph A. Q. Marques, Frazer Andrade, Dr. Luis Dias, [[Amita Kanekar]], [[Maria de Lourdes Bravo da Costa Rodrigues]], and [[Celsa Pinto]].<ref name=":3" />

The group submitted a formal objection to the Department of Archaeology, challenging the proposed renaming. They pointed out that 19th-century historical records identify the structure as "''Pelourinho Novo''" and argued that the new name lacked documentary support.<ref name=":3" /> They also rejected claims associating the pillory with the practice of hand-cutting, stating that such interpretations stem from narratives promoted by certain [[Hindutva|pro-Hindu organizations]] rather than from verifiable historical evidence.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goan historian challenges new name for Old Goa pillar |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/goan-historian-challenges-new-name-for-old-goa-pillar/146048.html |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=The Goan |language=en|date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

In the same month, objections were also raised by members of the Save Old Goa Action Committee (SOGAC) and local residents, calling for the name change to be reverted to its original historical name. In their defense, they argued that the pillory bore a [[Boundary marker|stone marker]] identifying the structure as "''Pelourinho Novo''" and emphasized its inclusion among the [[Churches and convents of Goa|UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Old Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-17 |title='Pelourinho Novo' vs 'Haath Katro Khambo': Naming sparks dispute |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/pelourinho-novo-vs-haath-katro-khambo-naming-sparks-dispute/472120/ |access-date=2026-04-18 |language=en-US|website=O Heraldo}}</ref>

[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] legislator [[Carlos Álvares Ferreira]] also commented on the debate, stating that the newly proposed name lacks historical basis. He dismissed assertions that amputations took place at the pillory and expressed concern that history could be misrepresented through unverified anecdotal narratives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=MLA Ferreira Seeks NSA Action, Flags ‘Unverified History’ in Old Goa Row |url=https://goemkarponn.com/mla-ferreira-seeks-nsa-action-flags-unverified-history-in-old-goa-row/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=Goemkarponn |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Pro-Hindu views==
In 2015, a group of [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindutva|Hindu organizations]] in Goa, operating collectively as the National Hindu Movement (NHM), organized protests in [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]]. The coalition, comprising groups such as [[Shiv Sena]], [[Hindu Janajagruti Samiti]] (HJS), [[Sanatan Sanstha]], and Ranragini, called for the pillory to be officially recognized as a [[Monuments of National Importance|national monument]]. They claimed that it represented the sacrifices made by [[Goan]] [[freedom fighter]]s in their efforts to end [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule in Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2015 |title=Demand for historical pillar to be declared national monument |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/pti-stories/demand-for-historical-pillar-to-be-declared-national-monument-115011100482_1.html |access-date=4 April 2026 |website=[[Press Trust of India]] via [[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

In 2017, groups associated with the Hindu Janajagruti Samiti (HJS) issued warnings to the [[Government of Goa]] and the state's Directorate of Archives and Archaeology about the pillory. They indicated that protests and agitations could be organized if the pillory was not adequately maintained. According to these groups, the pillory was linked to the period of the [[Goa Inquisition]]. They claimed that it had been a site where [[Goan Hindus|local Hindus]] were punished or killed for resisting [[Christianization of Goa|religious conversion]] under Portuguese rule.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Kamat |first=Prakash |date=2017-06-18 |title=Preserve haatkatro khamb, Hindu groups urge govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/preserve-haatkatro-khamb-hindu-groups-urge-govt/article19099885.ece |access-date=2026-04-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

A [[spokesperson]] for the organization, Manoj Solanki, stated that references to the pillory had appeared in official records up to 2006, but alleged that efforts had been made to omit such documentation. The groups also proposed an alternative historical interpretation, suggesting that the pillory may predate Portuguese rule and could be linked to the [[Saptakoteshwar Temple]] from the time of the [[Kadambas of Goa|Kadamba dynasty]], which they asserted was later destroyed during Portuguese Goa.<ref name=":2" />

In 2026, [[Subhash Velingkar]], former [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] Goa chief, claimed that the pillory is the sole remaining structure linked to the Goa Inquisition, which he described as involving "demonic acts." He urged the Government of Goa to relocate the pillory to a secure site in [[Old Goa]] so it could be accessible for public display.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-04 |title=Recognise pillory as only surviving sign of Inquisition: Velingkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/recognise-pillory-as-only-surviving-sign-of-inquisition-velingkar/articleshow/130024957.cms |access-date=2026-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257|last=|first=}}</ref> He asserted that opposition to the proposed renaming of the pillory was motivated by an effort to downplay the historical legacy of the Goa Inquisition.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Opposition to rebranding Goa's Portuguese pillar, alleging Hindu agenda |url=https://www.ucanews.com/amp/opposition-to-rebranding-goas-portuguese-pillar-alleging-hindu-agenda/112865 |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=[[Union of Catholic Asian News]] |language=en|last=D'Souza|first=Crespo|date=17 April 2026}}</ref>

==Analysis==
There are differing opinions regarding the origin of the pillory's history; however, a broad consensus among subject matter experts holds that the ''Pelourinho Novo'' had no connection to the [[Goa Inquisition]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Lopes Mendes |first=A. |author-link=António Lopes Mendes |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.292576 |title=A India Portugueza |year=1886|pages=154–156|location=Lisbon, Portugal|language=pt|publisher=[[Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda]]|trans-title=Portuguese India|edition=Volume I}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

Historian [[Percival Noronha]] argues that the pillory was used in pre-[[Portuguese Goa]], during the rule of the [[Bijapur Sultanate|Adil Shah dynasty]], where criminals' [[Hudud|hands were amputated]].<ref name=":0" /> Journalist Svetlana Pereira also states that this practice occurred, though she provides limited context regarding the specific period and emphasizes that only "one of the hands" were amputated.<ref name=":1" />

Historian [[Prajal Sakhardande]] likewise acknowledged the historical significance of the pillory, noting the presence of an inscription in [[Kannada]].<ref name=":2" /> He further clarified that there is no documented evidence to support claims that acts such as the cutting of hands ever occurred at the site, and rejected assertions by history enthusiast Sanjeev Sardesai that individuals' hands were tied and broken at the site.<ref name=":3" />

A 2021 study by American academic Timothy D. Walker, published in ''[[OpenEdition Journals]]'', explains that [[pillories]] were present throughout the [[Portuguese Empire]] and functioned as symbols of governmental authority. They were commonly introduced as part of the establishment of new Portuguese settlements and were usually positioned in prominent public areas, often near administrative buildings. These sites were associated with legal proceedings, the enforcement of punishments in public view, and the formal communication of official rules and decisions. Walker also notes that [[corporal punishment|physical forms of punishment]] were commonly conducted at these sites.<ref name=":4" />

A 2025 report in ''[[O Heraldo]]'' aligns with Walker's findings.<ref name=":4" /> It notes that, prior to Portuguese Goa, individuals convicted of minor crimes had a hand amputated at the site, a view also associated with Noronha's account of the pillory’s history.<ref name=":0" /> The article further states that this form of punishment is believed to have persisted until the [[Annexation of Goa|end of Portuguese rule in Goa]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-18 |title=Exploring the Historic Pillory of Old Goa |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/exploring-the-historic-pillory-of-old-goa/4411/ |access-date=2026-04-03 |language=en-US|website=[[O Heraldo]]}}</ref>

Academic Rev. (Dr.) Victor Ferrão states that the pillory functioned mainly as an instrument of corporal punishment for relatively minor offenses, such as petty crimes, tax nonpayment, or [[Public-order crime|breaches of public order]]. Those condemned were fastened to iron restraints on the pillory, where they faced public whipping or [[Public humiliation|humiliation]] intended to discourage similar behavior.<ref name=":10" />

Ferrao also indicates that accounts of hand amputation are more likely connected to pre-Portuguese governance in Goa or may derive from oral traditions passed down through generations, rather than from well-substantiated historical records.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=The Misnaming of Old Goa’s Historic Pillar: From Pilourinho Novo to Hath Katro Khambo |url=https://www.jnanamrit.com/2026/04/06/the-misnaming-of-old-goas-historic-pillar-from-pilourinho-novo-to-hath-katro-khambo/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Jnanamrit |language=en-US|date=6 April 2026|last=Ferrão|first=Victor}}</ref> Ferrão was featured in a discussion with ''Goa News Hub'' regarding the pillory’s proposed name change, alongside Chetan Rajhans of the right-wing pro-Hindu organization [[Sanatan Sanstha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pelourinho Novo or Hatkatro Khambo? Hub Gajali |url=https://www.jnanamrit.com/2026/04/29/pelourinho-novo-or-hatkatro-khambo-hub-gajali-28-04-2026-gnh/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Goa News Hub via Jnanamrit |language=en-US|date=28 April 2026}}</ref>

Modern historians and researchers including Dale Luis Menezes, Cédric Lobo, and Frazer Andrade<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |title=Pelourinho Novo: Political misuse of history inflames Goa |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Pelourinho-Novo%3A-Political-misuse-of-history-inflames-Goa-65288.html |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=[[AsiaNews]] |language=en|date=21 April 2026|first=Nirmala}}</ref> dismissed assertions that amputations were carried out at the pillory. They also dispute any connection between the structure and the Goa Inquisition, arguing that proposals to rename it appear aimed at reinterpreting the site as a memorial to alleged victims of that period. According to these researchers, the practice of hand amputation was not a recognized form of punishment in [[Goa]], Europe, or under the Portuguese Empire.<ref name=":5" />

Menezes further explains that pillories like ''Pelourinho Novo'' historically served as markers of [[public space]]s and were found across regions from [[Gujarat]] to [[Kerala]].<ref name=":5" /> He expressed concern over the proposed renaming by the Department of Archaeology, stating that it relied on folklore without documented historical evidence, and advocated for preserving the monument's original name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Folklore v/s history: Controversy over renaming pillar at Old Goa intensifies |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/folklore-vs-history-controversy-over-renaming-pillar-at-old-goa-intensifies/146841.html |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=The Goan |language=en|date=19 April 2026}}</ref>

Lobo maintains that the association of the pillory with the Goa Inquisition, along with claims of [[Christianization of Goa|Hindu conversions]] and stories of amputations, does not stem from historical records but from online propaganda linked to the [[Hindu Janajagruti Samiti]] (HJS).<ref name=":9" /> In his view, the repeated circulation of these ideas on digital platforms led to their broader acceptance as established facts. He also observes that [[Auto-da-fé|Inquisition courts]] existed in regions such as Spain, Brazil, and Portuguese cities including [[Lisbon]], [[Coimbra]], and [[Évora]], and notes the absence of evidence for hand amputation being practiced in any of these contexts.<ref name=":5" />

==Current status==
As of 2008, the pillory laid within the private property of the Athaide family, who acquired it after the [[annexation of Goa]] in 1961.<ref name=":0" /> By 2026, it has no ownership, and the site on which it stands is designated as a road area. Therefore, it is neither owned by a private individual nor by the [[Government of Goa]].<ref name=":6" />

The pillory was maintained by the Directorate of Archives and Archaeology, Goa, and is now under the Department of Archaeology, Goa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=Renaming of historical Old Goa pillory sees objections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/renaming-of-historical-old-goa-pillory-sees-objections/amp_articleshow/130007880.cms |access-date=2026-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257|last=Sayed|first=Nida|date=3 April 2026}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> As of 2016, it had not yet been claimed by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), nor had it been granted the status of a protected monument. In the same year, there was a discrepancy regarding whether the Directorate of Archives and Archaeology, Goa, had official authority over it, given its status.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2017, the pillory’s platform had been damaged twice due to vehicle collisions, given its central location at a road junction.<ref name=":0" /> Historian [[Prajal Sakhardande]] requested the concerned authorities to preserve the pillory, as it posed a traffic hazard.<ref name=":2" />

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Diniz d'Ayalla |first=Frederico |date=1888 |title=Goa Antiga E Moderna |trans-title=Ancient and Modern Goa |language=pt |publisher=Typographia do Jornal do commercio |location= Lisbon, Portugal|isbn= |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EhwoAAAAYAAJ }}

*{{cite book |last=Osório de Castro |first=Alberto |date=1910 |title=Flores de Coral |trans-title=Coral Flowers |language=pt |publisher=[[Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda]] |location= Dili, Timor-Leste |isbn= |page=180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6E1AAAAAIAAJ}}

*{{cite book |last=Saldanha |first=Manoel José Gabriel |date=2002 |title=História de Goa: História Politica |trans-title=History of Goa: Political History |language=pt |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=81-206-0590-X |pages=223–224|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOMCtxtILowC}}

==External links==
* [https://www.academia.edu/144525303/HATH_KATRO_KHAMB_FACT_OR_FACTOID_THE_PILLORY_THAT_BELONGS_TO_NONE_by_C%C3%A9dric_Lobo_Medium HATH KATRO KHAMB: FACT OR FACTOID (THE PILLORY THAT BELONGS TO NONE)] by Cédric Lobo, published in [[Academia.edu]] (7 January 2025)

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Pillories]]
[[Category:Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Adil Shahi dynasty]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in North Goa district]]

Rajendra Kerkar

2026-05-08T12:50:04Z

PQRS1:

{{Short description|Indian environmentalist and writer (born 1965)}}
{{Primary sources|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajendra Kerkar
| image = Rajendra Pandurang Kerkar.jpg
| caption = Kerkar in 2025
| birth_name = Rajendra Pandurang Kerkar
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1965}}
| birth_place = [[Bicholim]], Goa, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Environmentalist, writer, journalist
| education =
| movement =
| notable_works =
| awards =
| spouse = [[Pournima Kerkar]]
| children = 1
| relatives =
}}

'''Rajendra Pandurang Kerkar''' (born 1965) is an Indian [[environmentalist]], author, journalist, and researcher who focuses on writing about the environment of [[Goa]] and its neighbouring regions. A former teacher,<ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxPanaji |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/20469 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=www.ted.com |language=en}}</ref> Kerkar resigned from his profession to focus on Environmental Education.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-19 |title=THIS CRUSADER HAS PETAL POWER – 19 February 2017 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/review/this-crusader-has-petal-power/138576/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the secretary of Mhadei Bachao Abhiyan<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-12 |title=Rajendra Kerkar on national wildlife board |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rajendra-kerkar-on-national-wildlife-board/articleshow/44787249.cms |access-date=2026-04-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and initiated the movement for the declaration of the [[Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary]] and the [[Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary]]''','''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajendra Kerkar {{!}} Kirloskar Vasundhara |url=https://kirloskarvasundhara.com/honours/rajendra-kerkar/ |access-date=2026-04-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> notified in 1999. He has written about the tiger presence in Goa and has proposed the declaration of a tiger reserve in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Praveena |date=2023-07-05 |title=Environmentalists revive contentious call to declare a tiger reserve in Goa |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2023/07/environmentalists-revive-contentious-call-to-declare-a-tiger-reserve-in-goa/ |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=[[Mongabay|Mongabay India]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Additionally, he is the founder of the Vivekanand Vidya Mandir school in Keri, Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=http://vvm1996.weebly.com/about-us.html |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Vivekanand Vidya Mandir}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kerkar is the founder of the Vivekanand Environment Awareness Brigade, an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-12 |title=Rajendra Kerkar on national wildlife board |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rajendra-kerkar-on-national-wildlife-board/articleshow/44787249.cms |access-date=2026-04-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> dedicated to environment education and conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VEAB, Goa – Indian Bat Conservation and Research Unit |url=https://ibcru.org/project/veab-goa/ |access-date=2026-04-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> He began spreading the knowledge about environment through news articles and slideshow presentations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Client Challenge |url=https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/proposal-for-creation-of-mhadei-tiger-reserve-by-rajendra-kerkar/10055967 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=www.slideshare.net}}</ref> He was first nominated as a member of the National Wildlife Board in 2014<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-12 |title=Rajendra Kerkar on national wildlife board |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rajendra-kerkar-on-national-wildlife-board/articleshow/44787249.cms |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and reappointed in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=People |first=Notable |title=Rajendra Kerkar |url=https://notablepeopleproject.org/rajendra_kerkar |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Notable People |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1980s, when Kerkar was appointed for North Goa Paryavaran Vahini scheme, he brought to the notice of [[district magistrate]] the adverse effects of illegal sand extraction, killing of fish by chemical and explosives. He wrote about contamination of rivers because of lack of waste management and expressed the state of 11 main rivers and 42 tributaries.{{by whom|date=May 2026}} In 1986, he established the Swami Vivekanand Smruti Sangh. From this platform he initiated the movement for cultural, social, educational and environmental awareness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kanetkar |first=Gauri |title=Kharekhure idols 3 Unique features |publisher=Anand Avadhani |year=July 2021 |isbn=978-81-952381-6-3 |location=Amit complex, Sadashiv peth, Pune 411 030 |pages=179 |language=Marathi}}</ref>

Kerkar highlighted the need to preserve the origin point of the [[Mhadei]] and [[Zuari River|Zuari]] rivers. At that time, Goa was under [[President's rule]]. Along with Durgesh Kasabekar and the team, Kerkar proposed to then [[Governor of Goa]] [[J. F. R. Jacob]] that the forests of [[Sattari taluka|Sattari]] and [[Sanguem taluka|Sanguem]] should be given the status of wildlife sanctuaries because of the presence of tigers. When Governor asked for the evidence, Kerkar produced the claws of tiger that was found dead in Pissurlem village. Subsequently on 18 May and 31 May 1999, Mhadei and Netravali wildlife santuries were notified, respectively.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-01 |title=ध्यास गोव्याच्या भूमिपुत्राचा - Marathi News {{!}} Dr Rajendra Kerkar Work For Environmental Protection In Goa - Latest Chaturang News at Loksatta.com |url=https://www.loksatta.com/chaturang/dr-rajendra-kerkar-work-for-environmental-protection-in-goa-1128060/ |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> Kerkar has been featured on ''[[Sanctuary Asia]]'' magazine as among the Ten Tiger Defenders of India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahgal |first=Bittu |title=Sanctuary Asia |date=4 August 2013 |publisher=Shashi Kumar, Advertising oCncessionares Pvt. Ltd. |year=2013 |location=Maker Chambers, Narman point, Mumbai. |publication-date=4 August 2013 |pages=28 |language=English}}</ref>

When mining activities still continued inside the sanctuaries, Kerkar wrote a series titled ''Khan Khan Mati''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-01 |title=ध्यास गोव्याच्या भूमिपुत्राचा - Marathi News {{!}} Dr Rajendra Kerkar Work For Environmental Protection In Goa - Latest Chaturang News at Loksatta.com |url=https://www.loksatta.com/chaturang/dr-rajendra-kerkar-work-for-environmental-protection-in-goa-1128060/ |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> in a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] newspaper about illegal mining operations and visited the affected areas with his student Arnold Noronha who took photographs. When [[Goa Foundation]] filed this information to the High Empowered Commitee appointed by [[Supreme Court of India]], it directed to close down the mining operation inside the wildlife sanctuaries.<ref name=":0" /> Following this act, his bike was hit by a truck belonging to a mine owner and he escaped with minor injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-01 |title=ध्यास गोव्याच्या भूमिपुत्राचा - Marathi News {{!}} Dr Rajendra Kerkar Work For Environmental Protection In Goa - Latest Chaturang News at Loksatta.com |url=https://www.loksatta.com/chaturang/dr-rajendra-kerkar-work-for-environmental-protection-in-goa-1128060/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

After almost a decade, on 28 February 2009, another tiger was killed. Kerkar published a newspaper article about this, which led to the investigation and arrest of several locals. During this period, he and his family faced a social boycott.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-01 |title=ध्यास गोव्याच्या भूमिपुत्राचा - Marathi News {{!}} Dr Rajendra Kerkar Work For Environmental Protection In Goa - Latest Chaturang News at Loksatta.com |url=https://www.loksatta.com/chaturang/dr-rajendra-kerkar-work-for-environmental-protection-in-goa-1128060/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

Kerkar is the thematic expert committee member of Goa State Biodiversity Board<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thematic Committees – Goa State Biodiversity Board |url=https://gsbb.goa.gov.in/thematic-committees/ |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=gsbb.goa.gov.in}}</ref> and served on a seven member committee formed by the Government of Goa to determine the proposal for inclusion of the [[Dhangar]] community in the Scheduled Tribes list.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-02 |title=Dhangars as ST: 7-member panel formed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dhangars-as-st-7-member-panel-formed/articleshow/19826288.cms |access-date=2026-04-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He worked with Heritage society, Goa circle<ref>{{Cite web |title=Folk Culture of Goa |url=https://www.heritagesociety.in/events/folk-culture-of-goa |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Heritage Society |language=en}}</ref> and he documents the heritage of Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paniyadi |first=Gururaj A. |date=2025-10-23 |title=10th Century Gajalakshmi Idol Found in Goa River |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/10th-century-gajalakshmi-idol-found-in-goa-river-1912047 |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> He wrote various articles on environmental and social impact of several types of mining activities which helped the mining affected villages to argue at public hearing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Remarkable Green Crusader |url=https://terragreen.teriin.org/popup.php?section_id=3382&category_id=13 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=terragreen.teriin.org}}</ref>

In 1995, Kerkar started organising workshops, nature orientation camps in association with [[World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wide Fund]], Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Remarkable Green Crusader |url=https://terragreen.teriin.org/popup.php?section_id=3382&category_id=13 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=terragreen.teriin.org}}</ref> In July 1997, along with scientist [[Nandkumar Kamat]], he participated in Goa River Conservation Network, advocating for the protection Goa's riverine ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://terragreen.teriin.org/popup.php?section_id=3382&category_id=13#:~:text=In%20July%201997,%20with%20Dr,riverine%20people%20of%20Goa%20to |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=terragreen.teriin.org|title=A Remarkable Green Crusader|date=July 2018}}</ref> When there was opposition to the two wildlife sanctuaries notified in 1999, he organised discussions on its importance along with Vivekanand Smruti Sangh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Remarkable Green Crusader |url=https://terragreen.teriin.org/popup.php?section_id=3382&category_id=13 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=terragreen.teriin.org}}</ref> He assisted researchers to report the Three Redlisted trees from swampy relics of Goa<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prabhugaonkar |first=A. |last2=Mesta |first2=D. K. |last3=Janarthanam |first3=M. K. |date=2014-02-26 |title=First report of three redlisted tree species from swampy relics of Goa State, India |url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/976 |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=5503–5506 |doi=10.11609/JoTT.o3376.5503-6 |issn=0974-7907 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and also helped on field visits to document the species ''Aponogeton nateshii''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=239526iv168742-8744.html |url=https://www.threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/download/2395/3630?inline=1 |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=www.threatenedtaxa.org}}</ref> He was a member of Thomas committee for identification of private forest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Goan Observer |date=2026-02-13 |title=SAVE GOA’S PRIVATE FORESTS FROM POWERFUL AXES! By Praveena Sharma |url=https://www.goanobserver.in/2026/02/13/save-goas-private-forests-from-powerful-axes-by-praveena-sharma/ |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Goan Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2000, he compiled information about community conserved areas in Goa for Kalpvriksha, Pune headed by Ashish Kothari. He wrote articles about Cultural facets of Goa on Parmal, Magazine of Goa Heritage Action Group from 2005 to 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remarkable Green Crusader |url=https://terragreen.teriin.org/popup.php?section_id=3382&category_id=13 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=terragreen.teriin.org}}</ref> Kerkar worked with [[Goa Foundation]] and documented the rivers and sacred groves of Goa for National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan in 2002<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biodiversity in Goa |url=https://goafoundation.org/biodiversity-in-goa/ |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Goa Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> and wrote articles for the book ''"Fish Curry and Rice"'' edited by environmentalist [[Claude Alvares]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Crusader |url=https://terragreen.teriin.org/popup.php?section_id=3382&category_id=13 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=terragreen.teriin.org}}</ref> He wrote an article titled ''Conserving the Mhadei'' for the book "The River Mhadei : The science and politics of diversion".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The River Mhadei: The Science and Politics of Diversion |url=https://www.goa1556.in/book/the-river-mhadei/ |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Goa 1556 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Kerkar has also scripted the award winning Marathi film ''Devrai produced by'' Doordarshan Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajendra and Pournima Kerkar |url=https://www.sanctuarynaturefoundation.org/award/rajendra-and-pournima-kerkar |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=www.sanctuarynaturefoundation.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N390aneF7hw |title=Sacred groves of Goa scripted by Rajendra Kerkar-produced by Goa Doordarshan |date=2011-10-13 |last=Dr.Nandkumar Kamat, Scientist, Goa, India |access-date=2026-04-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref> The film ''Flowing'' ''with'' ''Mhadei'' ''river'' is based on his research and he selected the locations for video recording.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://vimeo.com/82445659 |title=Flowing with Mhadei River. |language=en |access-date=2026-04-26 |via=vimeo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SANDRP |date=2016-08-02 |title=Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal: Trouble brewing in Paradise |url=https://sandrp.in/2016/08/02/mahadayi-water-disputes-tribunal-trouble-brewing-in-paradise/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=SANDRP |language=en}}</ref> As of 2026, he organises "Parikrama", a monthly trail to explore the heritage and ecology of Goan villages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Arti |date=2025-09-23 |title=Maulinguem—Of local deities, sacred groves, and a trade route |url=https://substack.com/home/post/p-174353241 |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=Arti Das}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=G. T. |title=Discover historical gems of Harvale village through Rudreshwar parikrama |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/ampstories/web-stories/discover-historical-gems-of-harvale-village-through-rudreshwar-parikrama |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=Goa Travel News on Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref> He was presented a certificate of membership of [[Roots & Shoots]] by English primatologist [[Jane Goodall]] on behalf of [[Jane Goodall Institute (Hong Kong)|Jane Goodall Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Crusader |url=https://terragreen.teriin.org/popup.php?section_id=3382&category_id=13 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=terragreen.teriin.org}}</ref>

When ecologist [[Madhav Gadgil]] with his committee visited Goa to study the Western ghats, Kerkar proposed for declaration of the notified Wildlife sanctuaries as a [[Tiger reserves of India|tiger reserve]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Crusadr |url=https://terragreen.teriin.org/popup.php?section_id=3382&category_id=13 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=terragreen.teriin.org}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kerkar was born in [[Bicholim]], Goa, and resides with his wife, [[Pournima Kerkar|Pournima]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aalucho Ros {{!}} Paneer Kadhai {{!}} Rajendra and Pournima Kerkar {{!}} Swaad Aswaad {{!}} S3E40 {{!}} Prudent {{!}} 040725 |url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/swaad-aswaad/aalucho-ros-paneer-kadhai-rajendra-and-pournima-kerkar-swaad-aswaad-s3e40-prudent-040725/24771.html |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=www.prudentmedia.in |language=en}}</ref> and daughter, Samrudhdi,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-14 |title=Rare amphibians found at Keri – 14 September 2010 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/rare-amphibians-found-at-keri/98023/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> in Keri village in [[Sattari taluka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Remarkable Green Crusader: Rajendra Kerkar from Goa |url=https://terragreen.teriin.org/popup.php?section_id=3382&category_id=13 |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=terragreen.teriin.org}}</ref> He comes from a family of [[freedom fighter]]s. His father, Pandurang Dulba Kerkar,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honouring freedom fighter Pandurang Kerkar from Bicholim |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/honouring-freedom-fighter-pandurang-kerkar-from-bicholim/132478.html |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> served in the Goa Liberation Army and his great-grandfather was involved in the final revolt against the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-19 |title=THIS CRUSADER HAS PETAL POWER – 19 February 2017 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/review/this-crusader-has-petal-power/138576/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Kerkar spent his childhood traveling several kilometres on the bicycle. When he realised that his family's financial situation was not good, he sold breads, biscuits, ice cream and newspapers to earn money. He began rescuing injured animals including birds and snakes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-01 |title=ध्यास गोव्याच्या भूमिपुत्राचा - Marathi News {{!}} Dr Rajendra Kerkar Work For Environmental Protection In Goa - Latest Chaturang News at Loksatta.com |url=https://www.loksatta.com/chaturang/dr-rajendra-kerkar-work-for-environmental-protection-in-goa-1128060/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> Kerkar and his wife opted not to send their daughter for formal schooling, instead allowing her to learn on her own from nature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxPanaji |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/20469 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=www.ted.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Fellowship ==
Kerkar was awarded Braganza Pereira Foundation, [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] in 2002 through which he prepared monograph of [[Dhangar]] Gauly community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Crusader |url=https://terragreen.teriin.org/popup.php?section_id=3382&category_id=13 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=terragreen.teriin.org}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Vincent Xavier Verodiano Award (2001)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-09-25|title=Two share award for conservation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/341775025.cms|access-date=2026-04-03|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Keshav Anant Nayak Smruti Samajsevak Puraskar (2008)<ref name=":0" />
* C.P.R Environmental Education Centre Award For Environmental Education (2009)<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-15 |title=China tour to study green cover rise |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2009/Aug/20/china-tour-to-study-green-cover-rise-78896.html |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Dr. Anil Awachat Sangharsh Sanman Puraskar (2010)<ref name=":0" />
* Muktangan Mitra Sangharsh Sanman Puraskar (2010)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-02-14 |title=Kerkar bags Sangharsh Puraskar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/kerkar-bags-sangharsh-puraskar/articleshow/5571270.cms |access-date=2026-04-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Green Teacher Award (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajendra and Pournima Kerkar|url=https://www.sanctuarynaturefoundation.org/award/rajendra-and-pournima-kerkar|access-date=2026-04-03|website=www.sanctuarynaturefoundation.org|language=en}}</ref>
* Green Ambassador of Goa (2012)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Green crusader |url=https://terragreen.teriin.org/popup.php?section_id=3382&category_id=13 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=terragreen.teriin.org}}</ref>
* Goraksha Puraskar (2015)<ref>{{Cite web |last=vjvjakshaynaik |date=2015-09-12 |title=CHATURMAS AT MOLLEM BY DR. MUNI SHRI PRANAM SAGARJI MAHARAJ |url=https://www.goanreporter.com/chaturmas-at-mollem-by-dr-muni-shri-pranam-sagarji-maharaj/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Goan Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Arte e cultura award (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-01|title=International Award for preserving Goa's heritage and culture|url=https://www.bookwormgoa.in/2015/12/01/international-award-for-preserving-goas-heritage-and-culture/|access-date=2026-04-03|website=Bookworm Trust|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
===Books in English===
* ''Natural Heritage of Goa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Heritage of Goa , Broadway Publishing House, 9789384298333 |url=https://www.bagchee.com/books/BB102710/natural-heritage-of-goa- |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=www.bagchee.com}}</ref>''
* ''Sacred Flora of Goa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Arti |date=2022-12-15 |title=These trees of Goa are sacred |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/these-trees-of-goa-are-sacred |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=Goa Travel News on Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Goan Observer |date=2022-12-09 |title=MOTHER EARTH IS SACRED, SAVE HER FLORA! |url=https://www.goanobserver.in/2022/12/09/mother-earth-is-sacred-save-her-flora/ |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=Goan Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>''
* ''Sacred Groves of Goa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sacred Groves of Goa, Volume 1 |url=https://www.nhbs.com/sacred-groves-of-goa-volume-1-book |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=www.nhbs.com |language=en}}</ref>''
* ''Glimpses of Goa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Augusto |date=2024-03-04 |title=BOOK REVIEW: 'Glimpses of Goa' reveals Goa's hidden gems |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/book-review-glimpses-of-goa-reveals-goas-hidden-gems |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=Goa Travel News on Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref>''
* ''The Way We Were<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kerkar |first=Samrudhdi |title=Goa through the eyes of Goan writers |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/ampstories/web-stories/goa-through-the-eyes-of-goan-writers |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=Goa Travel News on Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref>''
* ''Jainism in Goa<ref>{{Citation |last=Recorded by FN/Frederick Noronha |title=World Heritage Day 2019 at Goa Chitra |date=2019-05-18 |url=http://archive.org/details/world-heritage-day |access-date=2026-04-09}}</ref>''

===Books in Marathi===
* ''Majya Matiche Gayan''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerkar |first=Rajendra |title=Majya Matiche Gayan |date=30 Dec 2007 |publisher=Sidhdant publication |year=2007 |location=Assonora - Goa |publication-date=30 Dec 2007 |language=mr. |trans-title=en}}</ref>
* ''Gandh Maticha''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerkar |first=Rajendra |title=Gandh Maticha |date=27 Aug 2015 |publisher=Jagar Prakashan, Goa |year=2015 |location=Verlem, Bardes - Goa |publication-date=27 Aug 2015 |language=mr. |trans-title=en}}</ref>
* Vividhatene Natalela Gova<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerkar |first=Rajendra |title=Vividhatene Natalela Gova |date=Dec 2016 |publisher=Directorate of Official Language, Govt. of Goa |year=2016 |location=Junta House, Panaji - Goa |publication-date=Dec 2016 |language=Mr. |trans-title=En}}</ref>
* Mahima<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerkar |first=Rajendra |title=Mahima : Gomantkiy Daivatavishyiche Sanchit |date=15 Aug 2025 |publisher=Curate Book Pvt. Ltd. |year=2025 |location=Panaji - Goa |publication-date=15 Aug 2025 |language=Mr. |trans-title=En}}</ref>
* Valvetihas Sange Vadvadlanchi Kirti<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerkar |first=Rajendra |title=Valvetihas Sange Vadvadlanchi Kirti |date=16 October 2016 |publisher=Ideal Printers, Bicholim |year=2016 |isbn= |location=Bicholim |publication-date=16 October 2016 |language=Mr}}</ref>

===Research papers===
* ''Gaur, A. S., & Kerker, R. (2007). Stone sculptures of goddesses on the boats from Goa, west coast of India. Bulletin of the [[Maritime archaeology in Australia|Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology]], 31, 18–25.''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kerkar, Rajendra}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction environmental writers]]
[[Category:Indian botanical writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]

Rowthiram

2026-05-07T22:47:00Z

PQRS1: Started Some Details First Draft

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rowthiram
| image = Rowthiram.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Gokul (director)|Gokul]]
| writer = Gokul
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| starring = [[Jiiva]] [[Shriya Saran]]
| cinematography = N. Shanmuga Sundaram
| editing = Mathan Gunadeva
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Prakash Nikki]] '''Score:''' Raja
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| distributor = Telesat Media Matrix Pvt. Ltd
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2011|8|12}}
| runtime = 161 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rowthiram |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF282583/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829124839/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF282583/ |archive-date=29 August 2012 |access-date=2011-08-13 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Rowthiram''''' ({{Translation|Fury}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by newcomer [[Gokul (director)|Gokul]] . Produced by [[R. B. Choudary]], the film stars his son [[Jiiva]] and [[Shriya Saran]], with [[Sentrayan]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] and [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]] appearing in supporting roles. Ace [[Choreography|choreographer]] [[Ganesh Acharya]] also appears in the film in a pivotal role. It released on 12 August 2011.

Upon release, it opened to mixed reviews due to the weak storyline. However, the performances of Jiiva and Shriya received praise from the critics and audience, alike. After a few days of the theatrical release, the ending of the film was changed, as per the response of the audience, to a positive one.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2011 |title=Jiva's Rangam: Climax changed? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Jivaamp39s-Rangam-Climax-changed/articleshow/10942679.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528161205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Jivaamp39s-Rangam-Climax-changed/articleshow/10942679.cms |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2020-03-03 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Priya Prakash Varrier's Oru Adaar Love climax reshot: 5 Tamil films which were changed after release |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/priya-prakash-varrier-s-oru-adaar-love-climax-reshot-5-tamil-films-which-were-changed-after-release-1459639-2019-02-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303041042/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/priya-prakash-varrier-s-oru-adaar-love-climax-reshot-5-tamil-films-which-were-changed-after-release-1459639-2019-02-19 |archive-date=3 March 2020 |access-date=2020-03-03 |website=[[India Today]]|date=19 February 2019 }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film starts in the 1990s. A young Shiva ([[Jiiva]]) is trained in the ancient Indian [[martial arts|martial art]] [[Kalaripayattu]] by his grandfather ([[Prakash Raj]]) to be bold and brave and fight against all odds, especially all that is evil. Shiva grows up with his grandfather's words as his guide. However, Shiva's parents Udaya Murthy ([[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]) and Lakshmi ([[Lakshmi Ramakrishnan]]) want him to lead a peaceful life. Shiva gets arrested by the police after fighting with a law student named Guna ([[Chaitanya Krishna]]), who is in Gowri's ([[Sentrayan]]) gang. Enters Priya ([[Shriya Saran]]), who is a law student and also the daughter of a police official ([[Babu Antony]]). She bails Shiva out and falls for him after seeing him fight for other people's good. Eventually, Shiva too falls for her.

Meanwhile, Guna wants revenge as Shiva had humiliated him in front of everyone. He wants Shiva dead. Things take a turn when Shiva goes to the bus stop with his friend to pick up Ramanujan's ([[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]]) father. There, a couple of rowdies kidnap a young girl. Shiva could not stand this and fights with them. Gowri was one of the rowdies there, and Shiva hits him. Gowri is infuriated and wants Shiva dead at any cost. Shiva's entire family stops talking to him, though he insisted that what he did was for the good. Shiva's sister Kavitha (Monica) eventually marries Ramanujan, and his brother ([[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]]) marries his longtime love. These marriages happen without Shiva's knowledge, and he becomes shocked and shattered. He packs up and leaves his house since he realizes that his presence will only make things dangerous for his family. He takes his grandfather's photo along with him. The lawyer Kavitha helps Shiva escape when he is caught by police.

The climax is when Priya's father and Udaya Murthy convince Shiva to force him out of helping others, ruining his life, and concealing it with danger for him and Priya. Priya's father then receives a message that Gowri was arrested; however he escaped and the police shot him down, to that, Priya's father responded that he will come and see him in the hospital. Shiva travels with Priya's father in a car, where Priya's father advises Shiva to control his anger so that he will get Priya married to him, to which Shiva agrees. Suddenly, they hear a girl's voice. Shiva tries to get out of the car to save the girl. However, Priya's father stops him, asking to control his anger. Shiva could not, and he jumps from the car.

The movie first had a climax where the girl in trouble was Priya and she gets killed by a few rowdies. A few days later, the climax was changed whereby the girl who was dead was someone else, which means that Shiva has not changed his character of trying to help others.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jiiva]] as Shiva
**Master Mohit PP as Young Shiva
* [[Shriya Saran]] as Priya
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Shiva's grandfather
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Udaya Murthy, Shiva's father
* [[Babu Antony]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|Assistant Commissioner]], Priya's father
* [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]] as Lakshmi, Shiva's mother
* [[Sathyan Sivakumar|Sathyan]] as Ramanujan, Shiva's sister's groom
* [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]] as Ashok, Shiva's elder brother
* VJ Monica as Ammu, Shiva's sister
* [[Ganesh Acharya]] as Kittu
* Syed as Syed, Gowri's sidekick
* Vinoth Munna as Moorthy, [[Councillor]]
* [[Chaitanya Krishna]] as Guna
* [[Sendrayan]] as Gowri
* [[Rajendran]] as Rajendran, a Local goon
* Anandhi Ajay as Priya's friend
* Nandha Saravanan as a Local goon
* [[Robo Shankar]] as Kittu's henchman
* [[Daniel Annie Pope]] as a Local goon
* [[Gokul (director)|Gokul]] as a local goon (cameo appearance)
* [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] in a cameo appearance
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film marked the debut of [[Gokul (director)|Gokul]], music director [[Prakash Nikki]], and cinematographer Shanmuga Sundaram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/audio-launch-of-rowthiram/articleshow/9295612.cms|title=Audio launch of Rowthiram|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2011|first=Nandita|last=Ravi|access-date=7 May 2026}}</ref> The film was shot at real locations instead of sets. [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]] and [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] play Jiiva's parents in the film with the latter's role being subtle, a contrast to his previous fatherly roles.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/rowthiram-a-roaring-spectacle/articleshow/9610308.cms|title=Rowthiram: A roaring spectacle|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 August 2011|access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rowthiram
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Prakash Nikki]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2011|7|18}}
| recorded = 2010–11
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:32
| label = Star Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Kalam (film)|Kalam]]
| next_year = 2016
}}

The soundtrack was composed by [[Prakash Nikki]]. It was released on 18 July 2011 in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/shriya-saran-romances-jeeva-in-rowthiram-10945|title=Shriya Saran romances Jeeva in Rowthiram|date=18 July 2011|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref> The song "Maalai Mangum Neram" became popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandian |first=Avinash |date=28 April 2016 |title="NOT MANY KNEW IT WAS ME WHO COMPOSED MAALAI MANGUM NERAM" |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/kalam-music-director-prakash-nikki-talks-to-us-about-his-projects.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808103848/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/kalam-music-director-prakash-nikki-talks-to-us-about-his-projects.html |archive-date=8 August 2016 |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film's rerecording and an extra song in the climax was composed by Mohanji.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=S. R. Ashok |date=17 August 2013 |title=Audio Beat: Mugam Nee Agam Naan - Facets of friendship |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-mugam-nee-agam-naan-facets-of-friendship/article5032271.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820061456/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-mugam-nee-agam-naan-facets-of-friendship/article5032271.ece |archive-date=20 August 2013}}</ref> The [[Bharatiyar]] number featured [[Ney|Arabian flute]] and ''[[taiko]]''.<ref name="TOI"/>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length1 = 5:15
| title1 = Maalai Mangum Neram
| extra1 = [[Ranina Reddy]]
| lyrics1 = [[Thamarai]]
| length2 = 4:50
| title2 = Golimaare
| extra2 = Vallavan
| lyrics2 = Gokul
| length3 = 5:01
| title3 = Adiye Un Kangal
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Dominic Adiyiah]], [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| lyrics3 = Lalithanand
| length4 = 5:04
| title4 = Senganthal
| extra4 = [[Haricharan]]
| lyrics4 = Lalithanand
| length5 = 2:22
| title5 = Theme Music
| extra5 = [[Palakkad Sreeram]]
| lyrics5 = [[Subramania Bharati]]
}}

==Release==

===Critical reception===
Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave a score of 2/5 stars and stated that "The problem with most Tamil debutant directors trying to ape trend-setters like [[Mani Ratnam]], [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon|Gautam Menon]], etc. is that they faithfully imitate the production values, but end up messing up the characterisations and storyline. And when the end product is also supposed to be an old-fashioned masala in a new tetra-pack, even the fact that the hero is someone who can actually act, can't save it. This is pretty much the problem that afflicts Super Good Films' Rowthiram (Fury), written and directed by Gokul".<ref>{{cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=2011-08-12 |title=Review: Rowthiram is a mindless masala |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-rowthiram-is-not-compelling/20110812.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109060416/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-rowthiram-is-not-compelling/20110812.htm |archive-date=9 January 2012 |accessdate=2012-11-08 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' said "You understand Gokul's urge to conceive things differently even within the commercial format. But little can be achieved when the narration lacks fizz. And there lies the problem."<ref>{{cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=13 August 2011 |title=Rowthiram — Action saga, but... |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2353733.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824222527/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2353733.ece |archive-date=24 August 2011}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' gave a score of 2/5 stars and wrote, "Rowthiram has neat presentation and astonishing action sequences. But routine storyline and unjustified length undo the efforts".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/rowthiram-too-long-to-be-entertaining-tamil-movie-review_28073|title='Rowthiram' too long to be entertaining (Tamil Movie Review)|date=14 August 2011|access-date=23 April 2026|via=India Forums|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

[[Shriya Saran]] received an [[International Tamil Film Awards|ITFA]] award in the [[ITFA Best Actress Award|best actress]] category.<ref>{{cite news |last=Weifang |first=Zhang |date=2012-03-04 |title=Mankatha wins big at International Tamil Film Awards |work=Today |url=http://www.todayonline.com/Hotnews/EDC120304-0000003/Mankatha-wins-big-at-International-Tamil-Film-Awards |url-status=dead |accessdate=2012-04-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407055051/http://www.todayonline.com/Hotnews/EDC120304-0000003/Mankatha-wins-big-at-International-Tamil-Film-Awards |archivedate=7 April 2012}}</ref>

===Box office===
In the UK the film collected {{INR}} 10.75 lakhs in two weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=24 August 2011 |title=Business dips! |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/overseas_boxoffice/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826131810/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com:80/trade/overseas_boxoffice/index.html |archive-date=26 August 2011 |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Gokul (director)}}

[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2011 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 martial arts films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gokul (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Prakash Nikki]]
[[Category:Films shot in France]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

R. V. Ranjithkumar

2026-05-06T20:12:40Z

PQRS1: Started First Bio More To Come

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''R. V. Ranjith Kumar''' (born 1976) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thennarasu.K, SRIPERUMBUDUR (SC) constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/thennarasu-k-779/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency]] in [[Kanchipuram district]] representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kancheepuram Election Results 2026 : Kancheepuram Assembly Election Results, Winner, Runner-Up & Vote Share – Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/kancheepuram-assembly-elections-tn-37/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumar is from [[Kanchipuram]], Tamil Nadu. He is the son of Ragavan Veerasamy. He runs his own business. He completed his graduation from [[Tamil Nadu Open University]] in 2015. He declared assets worth Rs.17 crore in his affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=R.V. Ranjithkumar(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- KANCHEEPURAM(KANCHEEPURAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=398 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumar became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency]] representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. He polled 91,350 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[V. Somasundaram]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of 15,488 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Kancheepuram Election Result 2026 Highlights: TVK's R.V. Ranjithkumar defeats AIADMK's V. Somasundaram with 15488 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kancheepuram-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-tnaelb-2905779-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-05 |title=Kancheepuram election results 2026: TVK’s R.V. Ranjithkumar wins Kancheepuram by 15,488 votes, defeats AIADMK and DMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/kancheepuram/articleshow/130577735.cms |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Kancheepuram Election Result 2026 LIVE Updates: Tamil Nadu (Kancheepuram) Assembly Election Results 2026 Winner, Vote Counting, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/kancheepuram-election-result-live-updates-tamil-nadu-assembly-election-results-winner-10669489/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He contested the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] on [[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]] ticket and finished only fourth in his electoral debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Uthiramerur 2021 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/44852 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranjithkumar, R. V.}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Kanchipuram district]]

Gaddam Venkatswamy

2026-05-03T05:04:56Z

PQRS1: started details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|Gaddam Vivek Venkatswamy}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2011}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gaddam Venkatswamy
| image = File:Gaddam Venkatswamy.jpg
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 13 May 2004
| term_end = 16 May 2009
| predecessor = [[Chellamalla Suguna Kumari]]
| successor = [[Gaddam Vivek Venkatswamy]]
| constituency = [[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalli]]
| term_start1 = 2 December 1989
| term_end1 = 10 March 1998
| predecessor1 = G. Bhoopathy
| successor1 = [[Chellamalla Suguna Kumari]]
| constituency1 = [[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalli]]
| term_start2 = 22 March 1967
| term_end2 = 23 March 1977
| predecessor2 = ''Constituency established''
| successor2 = [[Nandi Yellaiah]]
| constituency2 = [[Siddipet Lok Sabha constituency|Siddipet]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|10|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|12|22|1929|10|5|df=y}}
| death_place = Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| spouse = Kalavati
| children = [[Gaddam Vivekanand]], [[Gaddam Vinod Kumar]] and 3 daughters
}}

'''Gaddam Venkatswamy''' (5 October 1929 – 22 December 2014) was an Indian politician who was a member of the [[14th Lok Sabha]].

==Career==
He represented the [[Peddapalli (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Peddapalli]] constituency of [[Telangana]] and was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) political party. He was popularly known as ''Kaka'' or Gudisela Venkataswamy. He was elected to Lok Sabha 7 times, 4 times from Peddapalli Lok Sabha and 3 times from Siddipet Lok Sabha. His son Gaddam Vivekanand represented Peddapalli Lok Sabha from 2009–2014.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}

==Personal life==
Both his sons [[Gaddam Vinod Kumar]], former MLA and Minister and [[Gaddam Vivekanand]] are politicians.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2014-03-31|title=Venkataswamy's sons join Cong, Rayapati in TDP net|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/venkataswamy-s-sons-join-cong-rayapati-in-tdp-net-114033100748_1.html|access-date=2021-07-02}}</ref> Venkatswamy died of an illness on 22 December 2014, in Care hospital in Hyderabad.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Congress-leader-Venkatswamy-dies-of-prolonged-illness/articleshow/45608743.cms Congress leader Venkatswamy dies of prolonged illness]. Times of India. 22 December 2014</ref> He belonged to [[Mala community]].

Kaka Garu was an Indian politician who served as a three-time MLA, seven-time member of parliament, and three-time Union Minister in various Congress-led governments. Known for his dedication to public service and his close association with some of India’s most influential political leaders, Kaka Garu played a crucial role in shaping welfare policies and political reforms in India.

==Positions held==
* 1957– 62 and 1978–84 Member, Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly (two terms)
* 1967 Elected to 4th Lok Sabha
* 1969 – 71 Member, Public Accounts Committee
* 1971 Re-elected to 5th Lok Sabha (2nd term)
* Feb. 1973 – Nov. 1973 Union Deputy Minister, Labour and Rehabilitation
* Nov. 1973 – March 1977 Union Deputy Minister, Supply and Rehabilitation
* 1977 Re-elected to 6th Lok Sabha (3rd term)
* 1978 – 1982 Cabinet Minister, Labour and Civil Supply, Andhra Pradesh
* 1982 – 1984 President, P.C.C.(I.), Andhra Pradesh
* 1989 Elected to 9th Lok Sabha (4th term)
* 1990 – 1991 Member, Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Industry
* 1991 Re-elected to 10th Lok Sabha (5th term)
* 21 June 1991-17 Jan. 1993 Union Minister of State, Rural Development<ref>Bhardwaj, RC (1995) ''Constitution Amendment in India'', Northern Book Centre for Lok Sabha Secretariat, {{ISBN|978-81-7211-065-9}}, p. 219</ref>
* 18 January 1993 – 10 February 1995 Union Minister of State, Textiles (Independent Charge)
* 10 February 1995 – 15 September 1995 Union Cabinet Minister, Textiles
* 15 September 1995 – 10 May 1996 Union Cabinet Minister, Labour
* 20 February 1996 – 16 May 1996 Union Cabinet Minister, Labour and Textiles
* 1996 Re-elected to 11th Lok Sabha (6th term)
* 2004 Re-elected to 14th Lok Sabha (7th term)
* Member, Committee on Energy
* Member, Committee on Installation of Portraits/Statues of National Leaders, Parliamentarians in Parliament House Complex
* Member, Committee on Ethics
* Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Heavy Industries
* 5 August 2007 onwards – Member, Standing Committee on Energy

==Social and cultural activities==
Founded, (i) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Post Graduate Centre, (ii) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Degree College, (iii) Law College, (iv) Junior College, (v) High School; general secretary, National Huts Union, Hyderabad; provided permanent accommodation for 75,000 hut dwellers; founder president, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Education Society which was later converted into Public Education Trust and inaugurated by the then president of India Shri V.V. Giri in 1973; under this society nine colleges are running without taking donations.

Kaka helped 80,000 homeless get homes without caste bias without seeing if they are SC, ST or BC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-10-06 |title=Telangana govt ready to spend Rs 10K crore for rehab of Musi evictees: CM Revanth Reddy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Oct/06/telangana-govt-ready-to-spend-rs-10k-crore-for-rehab-of-musi-evictees-cm-revanth-reddy |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-05 |title=95th Birth Anniversary Celebrations of G Venkataswamy |url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/news/press-releases/2024/10/95th-birth-anniversary-celebrations-of-g-venkataswamy/}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.telanganastateofficial.com/g-venkat-swamy-congress-senior-kaka-expired-died/
*http://www.simplytelangana.com/news/2010/08/20/hero-srikanths-case-sends-shivers-down-the-spine-for-andhrites/{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*http://www.andhrajyothy.com/Discussion.asp?id=81&page=2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919023832/http://www.andhrajyothy.com/Discussion.asp?id=81&page=2 |date=19 September 2011 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatswamy, Gaddam}}
[[Category:Union ministers from United Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Karimnagar district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1955–1962]]
[[Category:Presidents of Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee]]

Aronai Express

2026-05-02T13:26:02Z

PQRS1:

{{Short description|Train of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Aronai Express
| image =
| caption = Thiruvananthapuram Central- Silchar Aronai Express
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = * {{start date and age|df=yes|1987|04|14}} (Inaugural run)
* {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|11|21}} (extended upto {{stnlnk|Silchar}})
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} (TVC)
| stops = 55
| end = {{stnlnk|Silchar}} (SCL)
| distance = {{cvt|3915|km}}
| journeytime = 71 hrs 20 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC three tier economy, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification = Partial, Route Electrified Until Lumding in Assam
| trainnumber = 15607 / 15608
| speed = {{cvt|45|km/h}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Silchar - Trivandrum) Express route map.png|250px|Silchar–Trivandrum Express route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 15607 / 15608 '''Aronai Express''' is a [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]]. It is operated by [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} in Kerala and {{stnlnk|Silchar}} in [[Assam]]. It is the [[Longest train services#Top 50 train services, by distance|28th longest train service in the world]]. Initially, Thiruvananthapuram–Silchar Aronai Superfast Express ran between {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} and {{stnlnk|Guwahati}} via [[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi]], [[Cuttack Junction railway station|Cuttack]], [[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur]], [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]], [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]], [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]]. On 21 November 2017, it was extended to Silchar.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2017 |title=Thiruvananthapuram – Guwahati Superfast extended to Silchar |newspaper=Kerala Rail News |url=https://keralarailnews.com/289/thiruvananthapuram-guwahati-weekly-express-train-extended-to-silchar |access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref> After this extension, it is now the [[Longest train services of Indian Railways|second longest running train in India]].

The express train service was started on 14 April 1987. It operates as train number 12507 from Thiruvananthapuram Central to Silchar and as train number 12508 in the reverse direction serving the 8 states of [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aronai Express (12507) Route, Time Table, Schedule |url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/aronai-express-12507-train |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=Railbeeps}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2018 |title=New train timetable from 15th August, 2018; Details here |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/new-train-timetable-from-15th-august-2018-details-here/ |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=Kalinga TV}}</ref>
The Indian Railway Have Decided to Degrade this train from Superfast Express to Express with New Numbers 15607/15608

==Service==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
The 12508 {{stnlnk|Silchar}}–{{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} Aronai Express covers a distance of {{convert|3915|km|0|abbr=on}}, with a total travel time of 74 hours and 44 minutes, travelling at a speed of {{cvt|44.6|km/h}}.

== Major stops ==
[[File:A WAP1 from Arakkonam hauls Trivandrum bound Guwahati Express.jpg|thumb|Thiruvananthapuram Central-bound Guwahati Express spotted at [[Marripalem]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] in 2016]]

Badarpur Jn, Lumding Jn, Guwahati, New Bongaigaon Jn, New Cooch Behar, New Jalpaiguri Jn, Malda Town, Rampurhat Jn, Kharagpur Jn, Dankuni Jn, Cuttack Jn, Bhubaneswar, Visakhapatnam Jn, Vijayawada Jn, Katpadi Jn, Coimbatore Jn, Palakkad Jn, Ernakulam Town, Kottayam, Tiruvalla, Chengannur, Kollam Jn.

==See also==
*[[Bangalore Cantonment–Agartala Humsafar Express]]
*[[Dibrugarh–Tambaram Express]]
*[[Kamakhya–SMVT Bengaluru AC Superfast Express]]
*[[Kaziranga Superfast Express]]
*[[MGR Chennai Central – New Jalpaiguri Superfast Express]]
*[[New Tinsukia–Bengaluru Weekly Express]]
*[[Longest train services of Indian Railways]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Express trains running through Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thiruvananthapuram Central-Silchar Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1987]]

Ipsita Pati

2026-04-25T13:02:48Z

PQRS1: adding some pg needs work!

{{Short description|Actress}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=November 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Ipsita Pati
| image = Ipsita Pati at Fashion Theatrical fashion show.jpg
| caption = Pati at Fashion Theatrical fashion show
| birth_date = 18 of June of 1991 (34 years old)
| birth_place = [[Vishakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 5 feet 9 inches
| occupation = Model, Actress, Philanthropist
| years active = 2008–present
| parents = Byomakesh Pati ({{small|father}}) Pooja Pati ({{small|mother}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://odishabuzz.com/ipsita-pat/ |title=Ipsita pati |website=Odishabuzz.com |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001450/http://odishabuzz.com/ipsita-pat/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| alma mater = [[Andhra University]] ({{small|Master in Public Administration}}) [[Delhi Public School Society]]<ref name="eodisha1">{{cite web |url=http://eodisha.org/odia-girl-ipsita-pati-brand-ambassador-jury-member-world-film-festival-2016-san-fransisco-worldfilmfestival/ |title=Odia Girl & Indian Princess Ipsita Pati - The Brand ambassador and Jury Member of WORLD FILM FESTIVAL 2016 SAN FRANCISCO #WORLDFILMFESTIVAL - eOdisha.org - latest Odisha News - Business - Culture - Art - Travel |website=eOdisha.org |date=12 May 2016 |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=3 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103233632/http://eodisha.org/odia-girl-ipsita-pati-brand-ambassador-jury-member-world-film-festival-2016-san-fransisco-worldfilmfestival/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="odishaviews1">{{cite web |url=https://www.odishaviews.com/valentine-special-wallpapers-in-the-face-ipsita-pati/ |title=valentine special wallpapers- In the face Ipsita Pati - Ipsita pati in Red for valentine special wallpapers |website=Odisha Views |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://odishabuzz.com/ipsita-pat/ |title=Ipsita pati |publisher=Odishabuzz.com |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001450/http://odishabuzz.com/ipsita-pat/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://ipsitapati.com/}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| title = ''Indian Princess 2011''
| competitions = ''Miss Universe India 2010'' (Unplaced) ''Indian Princess 2011'' (Winner) ''Miss Intercontinental 2011'' (Top 15) ''Femina Miss India 2012'' (Top 5)
}}

'''Ipsita Pati''' is an Indian actress and beauty pageant titleholder who represented her country at Miss Intercontinental 2011 where she placed Top 15. She has won multiple [[beauty pageant]] contests including that of [[Miss Asia Pageant|Miss Asia]] and [[Miss International]]. Pati has also acted in [[Bollywood|Hindi film]], ''Chor Bazaari'' (2014). Forty Two Feet Long Statues of Lord Shiva and Parvati donated by Ipsita Pati at [[Budhakhol]], [[Buguda]], [[Odisha]].

==Early life and education==
Ipsita Pati was born and raised in the Steel Family of [[Visakhapatnam]]. Her father Mr. Byomakesh Pati is an AGM, painter and her mother Mrs. Pooja Pati was an actress and model who appeared in Odiya films and also participated in Gladrags Mrs India 2006 contest. She has a younger sister Ms. Anwesha Pati who is a performer. She has a bachelor's degree and is currently pursuing her Masters of Public Administration from [[Andhra University]].<ref name="eodisha1"/><ref name="odishaviews1"/><ref name="auto"/>

==Career==
At 16, Pati walked on the ramp for the first time.<ref name="deccanchronicle"/> In 2008, she won the [[Miss South India]] title. In 2010, she made it to the final of [[Miss Universe India]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |last1=Patnaik |first1=Santosh |title=Chor Bazaari girl dreams big |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/chor-bazaari-girl-dreams-big/article7314895.ece |access-date=1 October 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=14 June 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref> She participated in the 2010 [[I AM She – Miss Universe India]] contest and was shortlisted among the top-30 final contestants but later dropped out from the list.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Priya Ranjan Sahu |title=Oriya beauty levels charges against Sushmita |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/oriya-beauty-levels-charges-against-sushmita/story-YHX0uJrKundYXVCc4eiwHI.html |access-date=1 October 2016 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 June 2010}}</ref>
Pati alleged that she was "intentionally removed" from the list, and accused organizers for being of the "partisan attitude" and causing her "mental and physical torture".<ref>{{cite news |author1=Priya Ranjan Sahu |author2=Minakshi Saini |title=Sush cheated me |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sush-cheated-me/story-Ib50tBayceuVFp0Fe62Z3N.html |access-date=1 October 2016 |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 June 2010}}</ref> She filed a complaint at Women's police station in [[Bhubaneswar]] and at [[National Human Rights Commission]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Model fires torture charge at pageant – 18-yr-old moves National Human Rights Commission for justice |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100825/jsp/orissa/story_12851465.jsp |access-date=1 October 2016 |work=The Telegraph India |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328042059/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/odisha/model-fires-torture-charge-at-pageant-18-yr-old-moves-national-human-rights-commission-for-justice/cid/493047 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2011, she was crowned Indian Princess<ref name="odishaviews2">{{cite web |author=odishaviews |url=http://www.odishaviews.com/the-first-indian-princess-of-india-ipsita-pati/ |title=The First Indian Princess of India – Ipsita Pati |publisher=Odisha Views |date=9 September 2012 |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref> title in [[Thailand]] and the Miss Intercontinental India<ref name="odishaviews2"/> in [[Spain]], and in 2012, won the [[Femina Miss India]]'s Peoples Choice award.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Pics: Miss Facebook Ipsita Pati goes gaga over Bhopal |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MP-BHO-in-pics-miss-facebook-ipsita-pati-go-gaga-over-bhopal-4368701-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002024602/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MP-BHO-in-pics-miss-facebook-ipsita-pati-go-gaga-over-bhopal-4368701-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 October 2016 |access-date=1 October 2016 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=8 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Sumit Bhattacharji |title=Sydney ho! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sydney-ho/article2091953.ece |access-date=1 October 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=10 June 2011 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=These super sexy pictures of beauty queen Ipsita Pati will make you go 'Wow'! |url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2016/02/28/these-super-sexy-pictures-of-beauty-queen-ipsita-pati-will-make-you-go-wow/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229100742/http://odishasuntimes.com/2016/02/28/these-super-sexy-pictures-of-beauty-queen-ipsita-pati-will-make-you-go-wow/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=29 February 2016 |access-date=1 October 2016 |work=OdishaSunTimes.com |date=28 February 2016}}</ref> She is also winner of the [[Miss International]]<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{cite news |title=Tiaras to tinsel town |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131113/entertainment-bollywood/article/tiaras-tinsel-town |access-date=1 October 2016 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=13 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="thehindu2">{{cite news |author1=Sumit Bhattacharji |title=Beauty and brains |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/beauty-and-brains/article2055815.ece |access-date=1 October 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=28 May 2011 |language=en-IN}}</ref> and the [[Miss Asia Pageant|Miss Asia]] (2013) titles.

Ipsita Pati made her Bollywood debut in 2015 with the film ''Chor Bazaari'' in which she was cast in the female lead.<ref name="thehindu"/> Pati is a recipient of ''[[Andhra Ratna]]'' and ''Youth Icon'' awards from the state government of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Odisha]] respectively.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Diana Sahu |title=People's choice |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article556806.ece?service=print |access-date=1 October 2016 |work=The Indian Express |date=3 July 2012}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Nivedita |title=From fashion to films |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/from-fashion-to-films/article6133248.ece |access-date=1 October 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=20 June 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !!Film!! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2015 || ''Chor Bazaari''|| ||[[Bollywood|Hindi film]] ||
|-
|}

== Awards and accolades ==
Ipsita has won several awards in her film career.

*Miss South India 2008.<ref name="auto"/>
*First Indian Princess 2011(Thailand).<ref name="odishaviews2"/>
*Miss International Golden Skin 2011(Mexico).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/beauty-pageants/miss-india/ipsita-pati/articleshow/32840079.cms |title=Ipsita Pati was Femina My Miss India winner 2012 People's Choice - Photogallery |website=The Times of India |date=28 March 2014 |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bombaytimes.com/miss-india/contestants/miss-india-2015/ipsita-pati/contestantprofile/48055387.cms |title=Ipsita Pati-Miss India Contestents-Miss India |newspaper=[[Bombay Times]] |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=3 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103220153/http://www.bombaytimes.com/miss-india/contestants/miss-india-2015/ipsita-pati/contestantprofile/48055387.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Miss Internet and Miss Elegance Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/beauty-pageants/miss-india/ipsita-pati/articleshow/32840176.cms |title=She also won Miss International Golden Skin 2011, Miss Internet and Miss Elegance, MEXICO - Photogallery |website=The Times of India |date=28 March 2014 |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bombaytimes.com/miss-india/contestants/miss-india-2014/miss-india-2012/Ipsita-Pati/profile/11838571.cms |title=Ipsita Pati - Miss India Contestants - Miss India |newspaper=[[Bombay Times]] |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=3 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103220337/http://www.bombaytimes.com/miss-india/contestants/miss-india-2014/miss-india-2012/Ipsita-Pati/profile/11838571.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Miss India Intercontinental '11(Spain).<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Ipshita-Pati-honoured-with-Youth-Icon-Award/eventshow/32849914.cms |title=Ipsita Pati honoured with 'Youth Icon' Award –BeautyPageants |website=The Times of India |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=3 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103220118/http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Ipshita-Pati-honoured-with-Youth-Icon-Award/eventshow/32849914.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Flora |url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/12/09/5-odia-girls-who-made-it-big-in-the-glam-world/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103220103/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/12/09/5-odia-girls-who-made-it-big-in-the-glam-world/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=3 November 2016 |title=5 Odia Girls Who Made It Big in the Glam World |website=OdishaSunTimes.com |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref>
*Femina People's Choice Miss Indiatimes 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/beauty-pageants/miss-india/ipsita-pati/articleshow/32840045.cms |title=Ipsita Pati was Femina My Miss India winner 2012 people's choice –Photogallery |website=The Times of India |date=28 March 2014 |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timescontent.com/syndication-photos/reprint/fashion/258785/ipsita-pati-sunil-verma.html |title=Ipsita Pati, Fashion Photo, Ipsita Pati crowned as Femina |website=Timescontent.com |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref>
*Miss ASIA 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/I-have-achieved-enough-acclaim-across-the-world-Ipsita-Pati/articleshow/21776179.cms |title=I have achieved enough acclaim across the world: Ipsita Pati |website=The Times of India |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116175246/http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/I-have-achieved-enough-acclaim-across-the-world-Ipsita-Pati/articleshow/21776179.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/vizag-is-not-a-small-town-miss-asia-2013/ |title=Vizag is not a small town – Miss Asia 2013 |website=Mirchi9.com |date=13 August 2013 |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131113/entertainment-bollywood/article/tiaras-tinsel-town |title=Tiaras to tinsel town |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref>
*Andhra Ratna andhra pradesh Government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/beauty-pageants/miss-india/ipsita-pati/articleshow/32840461.cms |title=She was walked the ramp for Neeta Lulla, Vikram Phadnis, Anju Modi, Archana Kocchar; Arjun Khanna; Charu Parashar, Rimple & Harpeet Narula, Arjun Agarwal, Anshu Modi; Sulakshana Monge, Kapil & Monika; Siddharth Seigal; Komal Sood; Arshee Jamal; Kishan Bagri; Prachi Bhadve; Shweta Chawchawria; Shobhana Chowdhury, Ritu kumar & others – Photogallery |website=The Times of India |date=28 March 2014 |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="odishaviews2"/>
*Ugadi Purashkar, Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2012/jul/03/peoples-choice-383147.html |title=People's choice |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=3 July 2012 |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name="odishaviews2"/>
*Gold Medalist in Dance.<ref name="odishaviews2"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.creativeodisha.in/2013/01/ipsita-pati-indian-model-from-odisha.html |title=Ipsita Pati Indian model from Odisha | Creative Odisha |website=Creativeodisha.in |date=18 June 1991 |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=16 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416114228/http://www.creativeodisha.in/2013/01/ipsita-pati-indian-model-from-odisha.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|7309611}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama person|ipsita-pati}}
*https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/actor-joins-bjp/article19817268.ece
*http://www.dharitri.com/e-Paper/Berhampur/220716/p9.htm
*https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x52eivx
*http://www.bollywoodbx.com/ipsita-pati-movies-list
*https://www.quicklookfilms.com/movie/211399/Chor-Bazaari-Trailer-and-Info
*http://www.virtualplanet.in/chor-bazaari/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216051156/http://www.virtualplanet.in/chor-bazaari/ |date=16 February 2025 }}
*https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/odia-girl-ipsita-all-set-to-enter-bollywood.html
*http://epaper.sakshi.com/m5/1384574/Visakhapatnam-City/07-10-2017#page/6/1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905102117/http://epaper.sakshi.com/m5/1384574/Visakhapatnam-City/07-10-2017#page/6/1 |date=5 September 2018 }}
*https://www.pixelyatra.com/events/hyderabad-events/tsr-tv9-national-film-awards/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222205007/https://www.pixelyatra.com/events/hyderabad-events/tsr-tv9-national-film-awards/ |date=22 February 2019 }}
*http://www.ragalahari.com/functions/121619/tsr-tv9-national-film-awards-2017-2018/image93.aspx
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180607185912/http://odishasuntimes.com/these-super-sexy-pictures-of-beauty-queen-ipsita-pati-will-make-you-go-wow/ Article title]}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pati, Ipsita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Female models from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1991 births]]

Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-04-20T06:23:29Z

PQRS1:

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Blackbucks Sparring.jpg
| image_caption = Blackbucks sparring at Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary
| map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = Nandyal district, Andhra Pradesh, India
| area = {{cvt|6.14|km2}}
| established = 1988
}}

'''Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary''' is in [[Nandyal district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] , [[India]]. It is primarily as a habitat of the [[great Indian bustard]], the species has suffered a drastic fall in its numbers in the sanctuary in recent years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Concern over dwindling number of Great Indian Bustard|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Concern-over-dwindling-number-of-Great-Indian-Bustard/article14840158.ece|access-date=5 June 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2007}}</ref>

== Location ==
The sanctuary, in the Nandyal district of Andhra Pradesh, is close to the state's border with [[Karnataka]] and is {{Convert|40|km|abbr=on}} from the district headquarters of [[Nandyal]], {{Convert|172|km|abbr=on}} from [[Kadapa]], and {{Convert|152|km|abbr=on}} from [[Raichur]]. Covering an area of {{Convert|6.14|km2|abbr=on}}, it was established in 1988 to protect the [[great Indian bustard]] and the [[lesser florican]] and remains the only habitat in Andhra Pradesh for the bustard which is a [[critically endangered]] species.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary|url=http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20ROLLAPADU.htm|publisher=Department of Forests, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=5 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183716/http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20ROLLAPADU.htm|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=Out of Africa|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/out-of-africa/article4770702.ece|access-date=5 June 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 June 2013}}</ref> The sanctuary is mostly an undulating plain with hot, dry climatic conditions and erratic and uneven rainfall. It has an average elevation of {{Convert|290|m}} and receives about {{Convert|450|mm|abbr=on}} of rainfall annually.<ref name="zoosprint">{{cite journal|last=Rao|first=K Thulsi|author2=SMM Javed |title=The Great Indian Bustard Ardeotis Nigriceps (Vigors) in and around the Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India|journal=Zoos' Print Journal|date=October 2005|volume=20|issue=11|pages=2053–2058|url=http://www.zoosprint.org/ZooPrintJournal/2005/November/2053-2058.pdf|access-date=5 June 2013|doi=10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1326.2053-8|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Flora ==
Rollapadu is primarily a [[Grassland|grassland ecosystem]] with [[mixed forests]] and thorny bushes. [[Cotton]], [[tobacco]] and [[sunflower]] are cultivated in the agricultural lands that border the sanctuary. Also plants communities like ''[[Ziziphus mauritiana]]'', ''[[Cassia fistula]]'', [[Acacia]], ''[[Butea monosperma]]'' etc. are very useful for birds nesting at Rollapadu.<ref name="thehindu" /><ref name="books.google">{{cite book|last=Negi|first=Sharad Singh|title=Biodiversity and Its Conservation in India|year=1993|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|location=Delhi|page=195|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjfVFGM4p6wC&q=rollapadu+wildlife+sanctuary&pg=PA194|isbn=8185182884}}</ref>

== Fauna ==
Rollapadu sanctuary is home to a varied set of faunal and avifaunal species. [[Foxes]], [[Indian jackal|jackals]], [[bonnet macaque]]s, [[jungle cats]], [[sloth bears]] and [[black buck]]s have been reported at the sanctuary as also the [[Russell's viper]] and [[Indian cobra]]. It also houses 132 bird species with the Alganur reservoir near the sanctuary frequented annually by [[Migratory birds|migratory species]]. Some of the bird species spotted at Rollapadu besides the bustard and the florican include [[Indian roller]]s, several [[myna]] species, [[short-toed snake eagle]]s and winter migrant waterfowl such as [[bar-headed goose|bar-headed geese]], [[demoiselle crane]]s and [[greater flamingo]]s.<ref name="thehindu" /><ref name="books.google" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Birding in RollapaduWildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh|url=http://www.indianwildlifeclub.com/UserContent/Trip-Report-Details.aspx?rid=600|publisher=Indian Wildlife Club|access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Indian Courser, Rollapadu.jpg|thumb|Indian coursers are found around the Rollapadu WLS during the monsoon seasons.]]
An increase in the blackbuck population at the sanctuary has been postulated as one of the reasons for the fall in numbers of the bustard and the florican there. Their feeding on the grasses has in turn led to a fall in the numbers of [[grasshopper]]s and [[locusts]] that constitute an important source of food for the two bird species besides also reducing the nesting area available to these ground nesting birds.<ref name="indianbirds">{{cite journal|last=Mathew|first=Rajeev M|title=The plight of Rollapadu Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh|journal=Indian Birds|date=July–August 2007|volume=3|issue=4|pages=153–154|url=http://www.indianbirds.in/pdfs/IB.3.4.153-154.pdf|access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref>

== Threats ==
Established as an ideal site for the protection of the [[bustard]] in the 1980s, conservation efforts at Rollapadu have suffered severe setbacks in recent years with the bustard population falling in recent years. The sanctuary houses nearly 800 blackbucks which often raid the farmlands beyond the sanctuary's borders and this has led to public anger against the sanctuary. Grazing of cattle within the sanctuary's precincts has also affected the breeding of the bustards.<ref name="zoosprint" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Saberwal|first=Vasant K|title=Battles Over Nature: Science and the Politics of Conservation|year=2003|publisher=Permanent Black|location=Delhi|page=123|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPDkfki-6cEC&q=rollapadu+wildlife+sanctuary&pg=PA123|isbn=8178241412}}</ref> Changes in the ecosystem due to the linking of the Alganur tank with the [[Telugu Ganga]] Canal and the consequent rise in [[ground water]] levels in this [[Semiarid region|semi-arid region]] have led to changes in flora as well as in the nature of agriculture practiced around the sanctuary's periphery. [[Harrier (bird)|Harriers]] have been found dead presumably due to the effect of [[biomagnification]]. [[Fox|Foxes]], the [[Lesser florican]] and [[Calandrella brachydactyla|Greater short-toed lark]]s have not been spotted at the sanctuary in recent years.<ref name="indianbirds" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary}}

{{Wildlife sanctuaries of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Protected areas of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nandyal district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1988]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Radheshyam Bairwa

2026-04-11T20:17:00Z

PQRS1: Started A Details Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Radheshyam Bairwa
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| constituency = [[Baran-Atru Assembly constituency|Baran-Atru]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Panachand Meghwal]]
| successor =
| term_start = 4 December 2023
| term_end =
| source =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| spouse = Santosh Bai
| children = 2
}}

'''Radheshyam Bairwa''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Baran-Atru Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajasthan/radheshyam-bairwa-assembly-candidate-s20aed2008a195e2023c002/|title=Marwar Junction Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights|publisher=news18.com|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raj results 2023: Winners list from Anta, Kishanganj, Baran-atru, Chhabra, DAG, Jhalrapatan, Khanpur & Manohar Thana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-results-live-anta-kishanganj-baran-atru-chhabra-dag-jhalrapatan-khanpur-manohar-thana-seats-101701461553292.html |access-date=2023-12-04 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm|title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies:Trends & Results Dec-2023|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|access-date = 2023-12-04}}</ref> he was elected as an MLA from the Baran-Atru Assembly constituency, defeating Panachand Meghwal, the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), by a margin of 19,754 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/baran-atru-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470811-2023-12-03|title=Baran Atru Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Radheyshyam Bairwa with 101530 defeats INC's Panachand Meghwal|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=indiatoday.in|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bairwa, Radheyshayam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Baran district]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Lokender Kumar

2026-04-10T09:24:14Z

PQRS1: new the bio w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lokender Kumar
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Anni Assembly constituency|Anni]]
| native_name = लोकेंद्र कुमार
| native_name_lang = Hi
| constituency = [[Anni Assembly constituency]]
| country = [[India]]
| predecessor = Kishori Lal
| president = [[Draupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 2022
| source = https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/497
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name = Lokender Kumar
| birth_date = 5 August 1988
| birth_place = Anni, [[Kullu district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]], [[Asia]]
| citizenship = {{flag|India}}
| spouse = Sushma Singh
| parents = Anu Ram (father)
Gangi Devi (mother)
| alma_mater = [[Himachal Pradesh University]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession = *[[Agriculturist]]
*[[Trade Unionist]]
| nickname = Lokender Babu
| education = [[Master of Arts]] & [[Master of Social Work]]
}}

'''Lokender Kumar'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-28 |title=Himachal Pradesh CM Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu: Will not stop schemes running in name of ex-PMs |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/sukhu-will-not-stop-schemes-running-in-name-of-ex-pms/articleshow/99048831.cms |access-date=2023-12-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]], [[social work]]er and [[incumbent]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Anni Assembly constituency|Anni assembly constituency]] as a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Himachal Election Results 2022: Full list of winners from BJP, Congress and AAP |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/himachal-pradesh-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-bjp-congress-and-aap-15361641.htm |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> In [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s, Lokender Kumar defeated the Kishori Lal of [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Anni Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate LOKENDER KUMAR wins from Anni, Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/anni-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-result-news-1568187 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Lokender Kumar was born in a [[Agriculturist]] [[Koli people|Koli]] family of [[Kullu district|Kullu]] [[List of districts of Himachal Pradesh|district]] to Anu Ram and Gangi Devi on 5 August 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-02 |title=बिना सुविधाओं के कैसे विकसित होगा जलोडी जोत का पर्यटन – Surbhi News |url=https://surbhinews.com/24018/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Political career ==
*2002, Volunteer, [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and elected vice president of student union HPU Shimla 2011-12 he was active member of student federation of India (sfi) And also was a cpi(m)MLA face from Anni assembly constituency in 2017 election {{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
*2015 - 2020, [[District council (India)|Zila Parishad]]{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
*2022 - Ongoing, [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Anni Assembly constituency]]{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Lokender}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kullu district]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

Bilbari State

2026-04-10T04:08:15Z

PQRS1: started a entry

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Bilbari State
|common_name =Bilbari
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Surat Agency with all princely states with labels British India 1880-1933.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Bilbari in the Dang region
|stat_area1 =4.27
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =27
|footnotes =
}}
'''Bilbari State''' (or '''Dhude'''<ref> The Imperial gazetteer of India, 1885-1887, p. 116,https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee04huntuoft/page/116/mode/2up</ref> or '''Dudhe''' <ref> BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 605 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/624/mode/2up</ref>) was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Surat Agency]]<ref>"Memoranda On The Indian States 1930", p. 290 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275346/page/n311/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Western India States Agency]], and with a population of 27 and an area of 1.65 sq miles<ref>"Memoranda On The Indian States 1935", p. 98, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n107/mode/2up?q=Bilbari </ref> it was potentially the smallest Princely State in India.<ref>"Encyclopaedia of Indian events and dates", P. 169-170 https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000bhat/page/170/mode/2up?q=Bilbari</ref> possibly only beaten by [[Vijanones]]. It was more specifically classified as one of the 14 minor princely states of the Dangs, in the [[Dang district, India]].<ref>"The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon", P. 41 https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethrich/page/40/mode/2up </ref>

Whenever Bilbari was referenced in print, it was almost always to mention its small area and minuscule population. So for example did the ''Marion Star'' (1948-02-09) lament its passing on the abolition of the Indian Princely States in 1948:

{{blockquote|The world never heard of Bilbari and there were few to mark its passing. Its government must have operated on the Jeffersonian precept that the government is best which governs least.<ref>"Farewell Bilbari. Taxpayers of the world salute you." ''Marion Star'' (1948-02-09), P. 5 https://archive.org/details/marion-star-1948-02-09/page/n5/mode/2up </ref>}}

== History ==

The area of Khandesh became a British possession in 1818 following the defeat of [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao II]] during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. The neieghbouring Dang principalities were seen as separate states and conducted routine raids into the Khandesh territories. In 1825 the [[Gaekwar]] of [[Baroda]] sent a force of 10 000 men to subdue the Dangs but were defeated, the Dang states only subjugated in 1839. In 1842 parts of the Dang teak forests, surrounding 446 villages, were leased by the Government in Bombay, the lease extended in perpetuity and to the whole territory in 1862. Some time after 1842 the tribute demanded of the Dang states by the Desmukh of Mulher lead to heavy disturbances, which resulted in the British Government deducting the Desmukh's tribute from the sum paid to the Dang chiefs for leasing their forests.<ref> Reorganization scheme for the establishment of direct political relations between the govt. and India and states in the Bombay presidency, 1931, p. 25-26 https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/Category/ItemDetails/ItemDetails?itemId=e9609138-b62c-4dea-a28d-ffabfa4480ee</ref>

In 1880 the state had a yearly revenue of ca. 9 £ (90 Rupees).<ref> BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 605 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/624/mode/2up</ref>

==Rulers==

The Rulers of Bilbari held the title of Powar, and their caste was registered as Animist.<ref> "Memoranda On The Indian States 1930" , P. 290, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275346/page/n311/mode/2up</ref> The Dang Chiefs held the power to settle criminal and civil disputes, including being able to issue fines, have witches sentenced to be burnt alive and other capital offenders being killed by being shot by arrows.<ref> BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 603, https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/622/mode/2up </ref>
* Mhosha walad Vaghu (b. ca. 1860) fl. 1893<ref>"The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon", P. 41 https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethrich/page/40/mode/2up </ref>
* Bhavji walad Mahasia Konkna (b. 1891) 1903-at least January 1934<ref> "Memoranda On The Indian States 1934", P. 98, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284346/page/n117/mode/2up </ref>
* Maharu Bhavjia Konkna (b. 1924) 12th October 1934-fl. 1940<ref> "Memoranda On The Indian States 1940", P. 20 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n29/mode/2up</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

Madhukar C. Dhas

2026-04-08T19:23:47Z

PQRS1: new basic article initial version

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhukar C. Dhas
| image = Madhukar C Dhas Atomic Forest Vocalist.jpg
| alt = Madhukar C. Dhas was the original singer of one of India's premier Rock and Roll bands, The Atomic Forest
| caption = Madhukar C. Dhas was the original singer of one of India's premier Rock and Roll bands, Atomic Forest
| birth_name = Ebenezer Madhukar Chandra Dhas
| alias = Madhukar Dhas, Madhu Dhas, Madooo, Madhukar Chandra Das
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|10|25}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|04|17|1949|10|25}}
| death_place = Philadelphia, USA
| module =
{{Infobox musical artist
|embed = yes
| origin = [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Rock and Roll]], [[Psychedelic rock]], [[Gospel Music|Gospel]]
| associated_acts = [[The Voodoos]], [[Atomic Forest]], [[Jesus Christ Superstar]]
| occupation = Singer, songwriter, record producer, art director
| instrument = Guitar, Singing,
| years_active = 1960s–present
| label = [[MADOOO Records]]
| past_member_of = [[The Voodoos]], [[Atomic Forest]],
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20240423161012/https://www.bigdooker.com/ bigdooker.com archived]
}}
| relatives = Sophia Chandra Dhas (wife), Aiesha Chandra Dhas (daughter), Devasahayam Manohar Chandra Dhas (brother), John Sudhakar Chandradhas (brother), [[Dheena Chandra Dhas]] (brother)
}}

'''Madhukar C. Dhas''' aka Madhu Dhas & [[Madooo]], born Madhukar Chandra Dhas (25 October 1949 - April 17, 2024), was a singer, songwriter and performer of Indian origin, based in New York City. He was best known for his performances as lead singer of the Indian Rock band [[Atomic Forest]] in the 1970s,<ref>{{cite news |title=Seventies Obsession: Mumbai's Atomic Forest and the Original Hipster Era |first=Rahul |last=Verma |url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/seventies-obsession-mumbais-atomic-forest-and-the-original-hipster-era/ |magazine=Rolling Stone India |date=21 April 2012 |department=Features |accessdate=14 October 2013}}</ref> and for his portrayal of Jesus<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhende |first=Nandu |title=JCS-Excerpts from reviews |url=http://members.tripod.com/nandu_bhende/theatre/jcs/jcs_03.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072022/http://members.tripod.com/nandu_bhende/theatre/jcs/jcs_03.html |archive-date=2016-03-05 |accessdate=14 October 2013 |website=Nandu Bhende}}</ref> in [[Alyque Padamsee]]'s production of Jesus Christ Superstar.

He was the elder brother of singer and actor, [[Dheena Chandra Dhas]].

== Biography ==

=== Early Years – Madras, India ===
Madhukar grew up in Madras (now known as Chennai), India, where he was raised in a strong Christian tradition. His father expected him to become a doctor but he was influenced by, and played covers of the music of The Troggs, The Turtles, The Kinks, The Rolling Stones, [[The Beatles]], The Electric Prunes and [[The Doors]] among others, when in school.

He formed a band, "[[The Voodoos]]",<ref name="af-int">{{cite news |last=Barokh |first=Amanda |date=13 March 2012 |title=Mumbai Nights: Atomic Forest Interviewed |magazine=The Quietus |department=Features |url=http://thequietus.com/articles/08236-atomic-forest-interview |url-status=live |accessdate=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140406084057/http://thequietus.com/articles/08236-atomic-forest-interview |archive-date=2014-04-06}}</ref> with classmate [[Sukumar Nambiar]], son of actor [[M. N. Nambiar]] at [[M. C. C. Higher Secondary School|MCCS]] and while attending [[Madras Christian College]]. With The Voodoos, Madhukar played in college festivals and competitions. He also became interested in art at this time which led to his Advertising career later.

[[File:Madhukar in Jesus Christ Superstar.jpg|thumbnail|left|Madhukar as Jesus in Jesus Christ Superstar. Bombay, 1974.]]

=== Move to Bombay – Atomic Forest ===
After school and college, he moved to Bombay, working for [[advertising agencies]] such as [[Interpub]] and Lintas:India as an Art Director. 

While continuing to work in advertising, Madhukar led one of India's premier Rock and Roll bands of the day, [[Atomic Forest]] in 1972 as their male vocalist, with [[Neel Chattodpadyaya]] on lead guitar, [[Keith Kanga]] on bass guitar and [[Valentine Lobo]] on drums.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Reissues: Diggin' in the Crates for Untold Treasures|journal=Spin|date=March 2011|volume=27|issue=2|page=85|author=Andrew Hultkrans|issn=0886-3032}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sarabia |first=Tony |date=11 July 2012 |title=Unearthing the strange sounds of Indian psych |url=https://www.wbez.org/stories/unearthing-the-strange-sounds-of-indian-psych/8980637d-51ce-4d8d-b303-599200f0102a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220920182442/https://www.wbez.org/stories/unearthing-the-strange-sounds-of-indian-psych/8980637d-51ce-4d8d-b303-599200f0102a |archive-date=2022-09-20 |accessdate=14 October 2013 |website=The BEZ – WBEZ 91.5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Fernandes|first=Naresh|title=Jungle book: Take a trip to 1970s Mumbai|journal=Time Out Mumbai|date=30 March 2012|url=http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/music/featuresfeatures/jungle-book|accessdate=14 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513222521/http://timeoutmumbai.net/music/featuresfeatures/jungle-book|archivedate=13 May 2012}}</ref> in 1972.

Atomic Forest performed at ''The Sneha Yatra Festival''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Silgardo |first1=Dustin |date=28 February 2015 |title=Music festivals: In search of the vibe |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/0z4b43qbrqZUOQunYhI1KJ/Music-festivals-In-search-of-the-vibe.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220920182041/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/0z4b43qbrqZUOQunYhI1KJ/Music-festivals-In-search-of-the-vibe.html |archive-date=2022-09-20 |accessdate=3 August 2019 |website=livemint.com}}</ref> (aka) 'The Indian Woodstock' and were regular fixtures at prominent clubs and discos such as ''Slip Disc'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hall |first1=James |title='Loads of illicit substances': the night Led Zeppelin invaded an Indian dive-bar |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/artists/loads-illicit-substances-night-led-zeppelin-invaded-indian-dive/ |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref> ''Blow Up'' at ''[[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]]'' and ''Hell'' at ''Hotel Hilltop'' in Mumbai.<ref name="af-int" /> Their album Obsession '77 was re-released in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Egon |title=Unearthing Five Lost Gems From Psychedelic India |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/02/02/130588826/unearthing-five-lost-gems-from-psychedelic-india |date=18 October 2010 |publisher=NPR Music |access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

After leaving Atomic Forest, he began performing solo at 5-star hotels in India as a spot singer and overseas at Oberoi Lanka and then on to Hotels in South East Asia en route to the USA. Madhukar sang in the presence of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in Mumbai.

He also sang jingles in a vast array of commercials one of which was for Close-Up toothpaste<ref>{{cite web |title=Recording: Madhukar Chandra Dhas – Close-Up | via=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quN8HK55ghM |accessdate=4 July 2020}}</ref> that played across India at all movie houses for 8 years.

=== Acting ===
The Creative Director of his at Lintas:India, [[Alyque Padamsee]], who was also a theatrical producer, cast Madhukar in the title role<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/timothy-sheaders-jesus-christ-superstar-opened-at-the-barbican-london/article28649381.ece | title=Timothy Sheader's Jesus Christ Superstar opens in London | date=22 July 2019 | newspaper=The Hindu | first=Nikhil | last=Raghavan | accessdate=3 August 2019 }}</ref><ref name="mansowrld">{{cite web|last=Arnesh|first=Ghose|title=JESUS CHRIST SUPERSTAR: AN ORAL HISTORY|url=http://www.mansworldindia.com/features/jesus-christ-superstar-an-oral-history|work=Man's World India|accessdate=7 April 2014|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208053030/http://www.mansworldindia.com/features/jesus-christ-superstar-an-oral-history|archivedate=8 February 2014}}</ref> of his 1974 production of the musical '[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]' as Jesus<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/the-informer/reddy-steady-hitched/articleshow/29172926.cms |website=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=21 February 2021|title=Reddy, steady, hitched }}</ref> opposite [[Nandu Bhende]]'s Judas. The show ran to packed houses at Birla Hall.

Madhukar performed the role for a year and a half,<ref>{{cite book|title=A Double Life: My Exciting Years in Theatre and Advertising|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780140240719|pages=156, 160, 161, 172|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWsdGDA2j8EC|author=Alyque Padamsee|edition=Illustrated|authorlink=Alyque Padamsee|author2=Arun Prabhu}}</ref> which shot him to stardom as India's leading Male Vocalist. Madhukar and Nandu were selected from over 100 singers who auditioned for the roles. This production is considered a hallmark in Indian Rock Opera and theatre performances in general, and the director is working on a new production to commemorate 40 years since the original.<ref name="mansowrld" />

Sidharth Bhatia's book on Indian Rock music<ref name=mid-day-india-psy>{{cite news|last=Kusnur|first=Narendra|title=India Psychedelic|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/india-psychedelic/15195099|accessdate=16 April 2014|newspaper=Mid Day|date=1 April 2014}}</ref> in the 1960s and 70s, entitled "India Psychedelic – The Story of a Rocking Generation<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhatia|first=Sidharth|title=INDIA PSYCHEDELIC – THE STORY OF A ROCKING GENERATION|date=24 January 2014|publisher=HarperCollins India Original|isbn=9789350298374}}</ref> " has quite a few pages dedicated to Madhukar Dhas.

=== Move to the United States ===
In 1978, he moved to the United States, settling in New York, where he again worked in advertising with agencies such as [[Bozell|Bozell Worldwide]] and [[Deutsch Inc.]], while also pursuing his musical interests. He seasonally performed at Beatlesfests across the U.S. and Canada.

== Solo albums ==
In 2002, he self-released his first album, 'This Day Is Forever', containing "The 9/11 Memorial Song".
He produced his 2nd album under indie label [[MADOOO Records]], a Beatles tribute disc called "To the 'Fab Four' from Liverpool ... A Tribute from India", in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Chitra|title=Rhythm and roots|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/09/29/stories/2004092900190300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050122121132/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/09/29/stories/2004092900190300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2005|accessdate=14 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 September 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Blowing in the wind Tribute tunes|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/blowing-in-the-wind-tribute-tunes/cid/1658607|accessdate=23 November 2021|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=27 November 2004}}</ref>

Some of his original songs can be heard on his 1st album, 'This day is forever'. His original songs and The Beatles tribute CD are all re-arranged in a unique fusion style of Western Rock n' Roll and Indian percussion sounds. His originals are written and performed again with that same fusion of Indian and Rock n' Roll music.

== Discography ==

=== As Madooo ===

==== This Day is Forever (2002) ====
# This Day Is Forever – Radio Mix
# America Forever
# The Times They Are A-Changin' (Bob Dylan)
# A Dose of You
# I'll Be Myself
# With a Little Help from My Friends (Lennon-McCartney)
# Follow Me
# "[[Love Me Do]]" (Lennon-McCartney)
# I'll Be By Your Side
# I Need You Baby
# "[[Got to Get You into My Life]]" (Lennon-McCartney)
# I Only Want to Say (Gethsemane) From Jesus Christ Superstar
# Help Me Get Home
# This Day Is Forever – ''Extended Mix''

==== To The "Fab Four" From Liverpool ... A Tribute From India (2004) ====
# Norwegian Wood 4:59
# You've Got To Hide Your Love Away 3:38
# Ob-la-di Ob-la-da 3:53
# If I Needed Someone 2:57
# You Can't Do That 3:39
# Love Me Do 3:27
# Got To Get You into My Life 4:51
# Across The Universe 3:52
# With A Little Help From My Friends 3:56
# [[I Saw Her Standing There]] 4:27
# Things We Said Today 3:23
# John Lennon Tribute-Imagine/GivePeace/Watchin' the Wheels 5:23
# Norwegian Wood – Radio Edit 3:58
# Got To Get You into My Life – Radio Edit 4:08
# I Saw Her Standing There – Radio Edit 3:39
# John Lennon Tribute – Radio Edit 4:33

=== With Atomic Forest ===

==== [[Obsession (Atomic Forest album)|Obsession]] ====
# Obsession '77 (Fast) – 5:49
# Locomotive Breath – 3:58
# Mary Long – 3:45
# Sunshine Day – 5:01
# I Saw Her Standing There – 5:37
# Obsession '77 (Slow) – 3:22
# Butterfly Version 1 – 3:30
# Theme From The Godfather – 4:34
# Windmills of Your Mind – 2:57
# Theme From The Fox – 4:48
# Butterfly Version 2 – 3:28
# Booboo Lullaby – 6:19
# Man, You're Not Number One – 3:05
# Travel On – 4:09
# Jeff Beck Excerpt – 1:16
# Gethsemane (I Only Want To Say) – 3:46
# Foxy Lady – 7:01

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240423161012/https://www.bigdooker.com/ bigdooker.com archived]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240809001411/https://www.madooo.com/ Madooo.com (official site) archived]
* [https://music.apple.com/us/artist/madooo/4377350 Madooo on iTunes Music]
* [https://music.apple.com/us/album/to-fab-four-from-liverpool/16020792 "To The 'Fab Four' From Liverpool ... A Tribute From India" on iTunes Music Store]
* [http://www.nowagainrecords.com/atomic-forest-obsession/ "Atomic Forest – Obsession" Now-Again records]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180523/http://www.harpercollins.co.in/BookDetail.asp?Book_Code=4621 India Psychedelic – The Story of a Rocking Generation]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhas, Madhukar C.}}

[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]

Akshaye Khanna

2026-03-23T16:39:43Z

PQRS1:

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1975)}}
{{For|the British actor|Akshay Khanna (British actor)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akshaye Khanna
| image = Akshaye Khanna at the launch of GUJCON CRF and PRF.jpg
| caption = Khanna in 2016
| birth_name = Akshaye Vinod Khanna
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|03|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor
| father = [[Vinod Khanna]]
| relatives = [[Rahul Khanna]] (brother) [[A. F. S. Talyarkhan]] (maternal grandfather)
| years_active = 1997 – present
|works = [[Akshaye Khanna filmography|Filmography]]
|awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Akshaye Khanna|Full list]]}}'''Akshaye Vinod Khanna''' (born 28 March 1975) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actor who predominantly works in [[Hindi]] films. Known for his acting versatility and strong portrayals, he has appeared in [[Akshaye Khanna filmography|over 40 films]]. Khanna is often regarded as one of the finest actors in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{cite web | title=How did Akshaye Khanna go from being forgotten to becoming the most celebrated actor of 2025? | website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] | date=10 December 2025 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/how-did-akshaye-khanna-go-from-being-forgotten-to-becoming-the-most-celebrated-actor-of-2025-1503523789.html }}</ref><ref name="m.economictimes.com">{{cite web | title=5 Akshaye Khanna films you must watch to see his acting brilliance - the ultimate list of 5 Akshaye Khanna films | url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/5-akshaye-khanna-films-you-must-watch-to-see-his-acting-brilliance/the-ultimate-list-of-5-akshaye-khanna-films/slideshow/125815751.cms }}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times">{{Cite web |title=Throwback to Akshaye Khanna's groundbreaking performances |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=11 September 2024 |date=28 March 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/on-akshaye-khannas-birthday-throwback-to-his-groundbreaking-performances-101711546362297-amp.html}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite web |title=Akshaye Khanna: A legacy of diverse roles |work=The Times of India |accessdate=12 September 2024 |date=28 March 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/birthday-special-akshaye-khanna-a-legacy-of-diverse-roles/photostory/108845134.cms}}</ref> He is a recipient of [[List of awards and nominations received by Akshaye Khanna|numerous accolades]] including two [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref name="AkshayeK" />

Born to actor [[Vinod Khanna]], he made his acting debut with ''[[Himalay Putra]]'' (1997).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2025 |title=Akshaye Khanna's untold journey: From star kid setbacks to Bollywood's most underrated powerhouse |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshaye-khannas-untold-journey-from-star-kid-setbacks-to-bollywoods-most-underrated-powerhouse/articleshow/121576364.cms#:~:text=Akshaye%20made%20his%20big-screen,mark%20at%20the%20box%20office. |access-date=30 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> His next release, [[J. P. Dutta]]'s war drama ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'' (1997) emerged as a critical and commercial success, which earned him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unseen, candid photos of Akshaye Khanna you should not miss! |work=Mid Day |accessdate=24 December 2022 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/akshaye-khanna-21-years-in-the-film-industry-this-actor-has-seen-it-all-15165/8}}</ref> Khanna replicated this success with the romance ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'' (1999), the comedy-drama ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (2001) which won him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Winners 2002: Complete list of winners of Filmfare Awards 2002 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2002/101 |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> the comedies ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]'' (2003) and ''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]'' (2004), the murder mystery ''[[36 China Town]]'' (2006) and the heist comedy ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'' (2010). He drew critical praise for featuring in the thrillers ''[[Humraaz]]'' (2002) and ''[[Deewangee]]'' (2002), the biopic ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' (2007) and the action thrillers ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]'' (2008) and ''[[Aakrosh (2010 film)|Aakrosh]]'' (2010).

Following a four-year hiatus, Khanna returned to films with the action-comedy ''[[Dishoom]]'' (2016) and played an investigating officer in the 2017 thrillers ''[[Mom (2017 film)|Mom]]'' and ''[[Ittefaq (2017 film)|Ittefaq]]'', receiving further praise for playing a defence lawyer in the legal drama ''[[Section 375]]'' (2019) and a cop in the crime thriller ''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|Drishyam 2]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for the 65th Filmfare Awards 2020 are out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nominations-for-the-65th-filmfare-awards-are-out/articleshow/73881320.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 February 2020 |language=en |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206024026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nominations-for-the-65th-filmfare-awards-are-out/articleshow/73881320.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> He then received widespread acclaim in 2025 for his portrayal of [[Aurangzeb]] in the historical action ''[[Chhaava]]'' and [[Rehman Dakait]] in the spy action thriller ''[[Dhurandhar]]''; the films emerged as the [[List of Indian films of 2025|third highest and highest-grossing films of the year]] respectively.

== Early life and family ==
Akshaye Vinod Khanna was born on 28 March 1975 in Mumbai<ref name="AkshayeK">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-happy-birthday-akshaye-khanna-drishyam-2-sector-375-dil-chahta-hai-a-look-at-actor-s-top-rated-films-3032583/amp|title=Happy Birthday Ak - The Underrated Actor|work=DNA India|access-date=26 April 2023|date=28 March 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="AKhanna">{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/akshaye-khanna-birthday-top-movies-of-the-versatile-actor-that-you-can-binge-watch-7399129.html|title=Akshaye Khanna Birthday: Top Movies of the Versatile Actor That You Can Binge-Watch|work=News18 India|access-date=28 March 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="AkshayeKh">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/happy-birthday-akshaye-khanna-5-movies-that-prove-that-the-nepotism-debate-apart-this-actor-is-a-man-for-all-seasons/etphotostory/99039257.cms|title=Happy Birthday Akshaye Khanna: 5 movies that prove that this actor is a man for all seasons|work=Times of India|access-date=28 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> to actor and politician [[Vinod Khanna]] and his wife Geetanjali Talyarkhan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vinod-khanna-the-superstar-who-gave-it-all-up-/articleshow/58406467.cms|title=Vinod Khanna: The superstar who gave it all up...|first=Meena|last=Iyer|website=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=28 April 2017|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> Khanna's father, a [[Punjabi Hindu]], was an actor in [[Hindi cinema]] who died in 2017,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/veteran-actor-vinod-khanna-dies-at-70/story-bmtOxGhGVrX6af7OUvEnbP.html|title=Vinod Khanna dies at 70, was suffering from bladder cancer|date=27 April 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=27 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> while his mother was born into a [[Parsi]] family of lawyers and businessmen–she died in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=De |first=Shobhaa |date=18 December 2018 |title=G'bye, Gitli. You Were Quite a Gal! |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/shobhaa-de/gbye-gitli-you-were-quite-a-gal/articleshow/67137261.cms |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=Mumbai Mirror |quote=As one from a prominent Parsee family of lawyers and businessmen […]}}</ref> Actor [[Rahul Khanna]] is his elder brother<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/rahul-khanna-drops-unseen-childhood-picture-with-akshaye-khanna-on-his-birthday-23277810|title=Rahul Khanna drops unseen childhood picture with Akshaye Khanna on his birthday|work=Mid Day|access-date=28 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> and cricket commentator [[A. F. S. Talyarkhan|Bobby A. F. S. Talyarkhan]] was his maternal grandfather.

Khanna attended [[Bombay International School]], [[Babulnath]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Akshaye Khanna talks about Vinod Khanna, his return from Osho and more |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/akshaye-khanna-talks-about-vinod-khanna--his-return-from-osho-and-more-22363805 |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> He then did his 11th & 12th from [[Lawrence School, Lovedale]], [[Ooty]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080048876|title=Lawrence School Lovedale celebrates 150 years|last=Ramadas|first=Rati|date=5 May 2008|work=NDTV India|accessdate=20 August 2009}}</ref> In an interview, he said that he was better at sports than studies. He never married.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshaye Khanna: Movies, Photos, Videos, News & Biography|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Akshaye-Khanna|url-status=live|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115033020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Akshaye-Khanna|archive-date=15 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshaye-Khanna-throws-tantrums/articleshow/6138947.cms |title=Akshaye Khanna throws tantrums – Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=8 July 2010 |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907080229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshaye-Khanna-throws-tantrums/articleshow/6138947.cms |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Breakthrough and early struggle (1997–2000) ===
Khanna made his acting debut with [[Pankaj Parashar]]'s romantic drama ''[[Himalay Putra]]'' (1997), co-starring his father [[Vinod Khanna|Vinod]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Satish Shah]], [[Johnny Lever|Johny Lever]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], and [[Amrish Puri]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/sep/28/reading-about-myself-makes-me-uncomfortable-akshaye-khanna-2040494.html |title=Reading about myself makes me uncomfortable: Akshaye Khanna |website=The New Indian Express |date=28 September 2019 |access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116103329/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/sep/28/reading-about-myself-makes-me-uncomfortable-akshaye-khanna-2040494.html |archive-date=16 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> His performance earned him a [[Screen Award for Best Male Debut]], but the film underperformed at the box office despite mostly positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2696|title=Himalay Putra – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

Later that year, Khanna starred in [[J. P. Dutta]]'s war drama ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'' alongside [[Sunny Deol]], [[Suniel Shetty]] and [[Jackie Shroff]]. Set during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]], the film was about the events of the [[Battle of Longewala]] and saw Khanna play the real-life role of Dharamvir Singh Bhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/jun/13dutta.htm |title='The common factor in all my films is ruggedness' - J.P. Dutta |website=Rediff.com |date=14 June 1997 |access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref> The film generated positive reviews, becoming the [[List of Hindi films of 1997|second highest-grossing Bollywood film of 1997]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Border', 'Lakshya', 'Tango Charlie': Movies To Binge-Watch On Kargil Vijay Diwas - 'LOC Kargil' (2003) |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/border-lakshya-tango-charlie-movies-to-binge-watch-on-kargil-vijay-diwas/border-1997/slideshow/70396300.cms |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> ''Border'' won him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut]] in addition to his first nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=J P Dutta: Making Border was like fighting a war |url=http://www.screenindia.com/may30/border.htm |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041113193956/http://www.screenindia.com/may30/border.htm |archive-date=13 November 2004 |date=13 November 2004}}</ref> ''[[News18]]'' noted, "Akshay Khanna excels in a role that was not only multilayered but also asked him to show the mood transitions with facial gestures only."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/jun/13dutta.htm |title=Retro Review: 'Border' is just a good war film |website=News18 |date=25 April 2012 |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>

Khanna's final release of 1997 was the romance ''[[Mohabbat (1997 film)|Mohabbat]]'', in which he starred alongside [[Madhuri Dixit]]. The film received negative critical reception and was commercially unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web |title=अभिनेता अक्षय खन्ना की प्रोफाइल |url=https://www.jagran.com/blogs/entertainment/akshaye-khanna-biography-in-hindi/ |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=Jagran blog |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011113816/https://www.jagran.com/blogs/entertainment/akshaye-khanna-biography-in-hindi/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The following year, Khanna starred opposite [[Jyothika]] in [[Priyadarshan]]'s romantic drama ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]'' (1998), in which he portrayed a rich person.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 November 2000|title=Priyadarshan: "People expect a lot from a commercial director"|newspaper=India Today|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20001113/cinema.shtml|url-status=dead|access-date=11 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903212556/http://india-today.com/itoday/20001113/cinema.shtml|archive-date=3 September 2010|quote=I was so sure Doli Saja Ke Rakhna would do well, but when it didn't I lapsed into depression.}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' stated, "Akshaye produces a good performance again. He's not a conventional looker but still appears charming."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shariff|first=Faisal|date=27 November 1998|title=It kind of grows on you|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/nov/27doli.htm|url-status=live|website=Rediff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030816202608/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/nov/27doli.htm|archive-date=16 August 2003|access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref> In the same year, Khanna starred opposite [[Urmila Matondkar]] in [[Raj N. Sippy]]'s drama ''[[Kudrat (1998 film)|Kudrat]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kudrat (1997) - Movie - Box Office India Collection|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2494|access-date=14 December 2021|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

Khanna's first release of 1999 came opposite [[Aishwarya Rai]] in [[Rishi Kapoor]]'s directorial debut—the musical romance ''[[Aa Ab Laut Chalen]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/22aa.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: The review of Rishi Kapoor's Aa Ab Laut Chalen|website=Rediff.com|accessdate=6 July 2023|date=22 January 1998}}</ref> It was a below average in India but performed well at the overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1999.htm |title=BOX OFFICE INDIA |date=2 April 2004 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040402124634/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1999.htm |archive-date=2 April 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His next film appearance was in Shrikant Sharma's romance ''[[Laawaris (1999 film)|Laawaris]]'' opposite [[Manisha Koirala]]. The film received positive reviews, but fared poorly at the box office. Khanna next starred opposite Aishwarya Rai in [[Subhash Ghai]]'s musical romantic drama ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'', in which he played Manav Mehta. The film was highly anticipated by critics and proved to be the [[List of Hindi films of 1999|third highest-earning feature film of 1999]], becoming his first commercial success since ''Border''.<ref name="Bist">{{cite web |url= http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DJ12Df01.html |title= Bollywood takes on the world |access-date=5 December 2008 |last= Bist |first= Raju |date= 12 November 2002 |work= Asia Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021021054340/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DJ12Df01.html|archive-date=21 October 2002|url-status=unfit}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "Akshaye is his usual self. Here he is endearing as a young and besotted lover who won't take no for an answer."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/aug/13taal.htm|title=Rediff on the NeT, Movies: Anil, Akshaye and Aishwarya's Taal Movie Review|accessdate=6 July 2023|date=29 November 2010}}</ref> Khanna's final film that year was Lateef Binnu's star-crossed romance ''[[Dahek]]'' in which he featured opposite [[Sonali Bendre]] as a [[Hindu]] boy who falls in love with a [[Muslim]] girl. The film proved to be a box office disappointment. Khanna had no film release in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/dec/17dahek.htm|title=Rediff on the NeT, Movies: Akshaye and Sonali's Dahek Movie Review|work=Rediff.com|accessdate=6 July 2023|date=24 November 2011}}</ref>

=== Established actor (2001–2008) ===
Khanna returned to films in 2001 with [[Farhan Akhtar]]'s coming-of-age comedy-drama ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'', alongside [[Aamir Khan]], [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Dimple Kapadia]]. Khanna featured as one of the three friends named Siddharth Sinha, a quiet and reticent boy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Pratiksha |date=7 August 2001 |title='I didn't want Dil Chahta Hai to end!' |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/07ak.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121190758/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/07ak.htm |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Parag |date=10 August 2001 |title=Akshay Khanna: "Love is the purest form of emotion" |work=Screen |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010810/fcover.html |url-status=dead |access-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031029054928/http://www.screenindia.com/20010810/fcover.html |archive-date=29 October 2003}}</ref> It generated highly positive reviews, with critical acclaim, and emerged as a major commercial success. ''Dil Chahta Hai'' won seven Filmfare Awards, including a Best Supporting Actor trophy for Khanna.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Akshaye Khanna: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Akshaye-Khanna|access-date=20 September 2020|website=The Times of India|archive-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115033020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Akshaye-Khanna|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] noted, "Akshaye Khanna conveys a lot through his expressions and that's where he triumphs. An actor par excellence, he essays this complex character with flourish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=6 August 2001 |title=Movie Review: Dil Chahta Hai |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/6738/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716001353/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/6738/index.html |archive-date=16 July 2006 |access-date=17 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Sita Menon from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "With the character's depth, Akshaye uses his voice and expression to optimum effect. He's a surprise. A pleasant one."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon, Sita |date=10 August 2001 |title=Trip on Dil Chahta Hai |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/aug/10dil.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026005746/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/aug/10dil.htm |archive-date=26 October 2015 |access-date=22 September 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

[[Abbas–Mustan]]'s romantic thriller ''[[Humraaz]]'' (2002), co-starring [[Ameesha Patel]], was Khanna's next film release. He played the main antagonist Karan Malhotra, a convincing con-artist.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2002.htm |title=Box Office Results 2002 |access-date=12 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212103937/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2002.htm |archive-date=12 February 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It proved to be a major commercial success, and Khanna's performance drew critical praise. He won the [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]] and earned nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]]. ''[[Idlebrain]]'' stated, "Akshaye Khanna excels in his villainous role."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ziya Us Salam |work=Idlebrain |title=Humraaz Movie Review - Akshay Khanna excels! |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/mumbai/reviews/mr-humraaz.html |accessdate=22 December 2010}}</ref> That year, he also starred as a lawyer in [[Anees Bazmee]]'s thriller ''[[Deewangee]]'' alongside Urmila Matondkar, another successful film at the box-office for which Khanna was nominated for the [[Screen Award for Best Actor]].<ref name="AK">{{cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |title=Akshaye Khanna: The reinvented star |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/bollywood/akshaye-khanna-the-reinvented-star |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320182333/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/bollywood/akshaye-khanna-the-reinvented-star |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2003, Khanna starred as an electronic salesman in Priyadarshan's romantic comedy ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]'', co-starring [[Rimi Sen]]. The feature became a box office hit with earnings of {{INRConvert|202|m}} despite a mixed critical reception.<ref name="BO">{{cite web |title=Hungama (2003) - Movie Box Office India Collection |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=518 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref> He next reunited with J. P. Dutta to film ''[[LOC: Kargil]]'', a war drama based on the events of the [[Kargil War]] fought between India and [[Pakistan]]. Khanna played the real-life character of [[Balwan Singh]], an Indian army officer who is a part of the war alongside [[Preeti Jhangiani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/01/18/stories/2004011800140500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114075806/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/01/18/stories/2004011800140500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2005|website=The Hindu|title=LOC-Kagil: How 'real'?|date=18 January 2004|last=thrki}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bora |first1=Anita |title=Why we can never forget Kargil |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/25kargil.htm |access-date=1 July 2022 |work=Rediff.com |date=25 December 2003}}</ref>

Khanna's first release of 2004 was [[Milan Luthria]]'s action thriller ''[[Deewaar (2004 film)|Deewaar]]'', in which he played Gaurav Kaul, the son of an Indian army officer who sets out to find his missing father. Co-starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Amrita Rao]], it received critical acclaim but failed to fare well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elley |first=Derek |date=24 June 2004 |title=Deewaar: Let's Bring Our Heroes Home |work=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/deewaar-let-s-bring-our-heroes-home-1200532619/ |access-date=19 April 2018 |archive-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419183414/http://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/deewaar-let-s-bring-our-heroes-home-1200532619/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, Khanna reteamed with [[Priyadarshan]] in the romantic comedy ''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]'', in which he was paired opposite [[Kareena Kapoor]]. The film proved to be a box-office hit.<ref>{{cite web |title=अक्षय खन्ना के लिए गया था करिश्मा कपूर का रिश्ता, इसलिए बिगड़ी बात |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/story/bollywood-actor-akshaye-khanna-birthday-love-story-love-affairs-film-tmov-648478-2019-03-28 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=Aaj Tak |date=28 March 2019 |language=hi}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' wrote, "Khanna, one of the most underrated actors in Bollywood, keep the film moving with bang-on performances."<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20041213-film-review-of-hulchul-starring-paresh-rawal-akshaye-khanna-kareena-kapoor-791110-2004-12-13 | title=Film review: 'Hulchul' starring Paresh Rawal, Akshaye Khanna, Kareena Kapoor | date=13 December 2004 }}</ref>
[[File:Shahid Kapoor, Kareena Kapoor & Akshaye Khanna at the audio release of '36 China Town'.jpg|thumb|Khanna pictured with [[Kareena Kapoor]] and [[Shahid Kapoor]] at the audio release of ''36 China Town'' in 2006]]
After an absence in 2005, Khanna appeared in three films in 2006 — the first of which was [[Satish Kaushik]]'s comedy-drama ''[[Shaadi Se Pehle]]'', co-starring [[Ayesha Takia]] and [[Mallika Sherawat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=371|title=Shaadi Se Pehle (2006) - Movie - Box Office India Collection|accessdate=22 February 2013|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> Khanna's next role was in ''[[36 China Town]]'', a murder-mystery comedy co-starring Kareena Kapoor and [[Shahid Kapoor]]. The film featured him as a police officer, and proved to be a financial success with earnings of over {{INRConvert|369|m}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/05china.htm | title=36 China Town Movie Review: Stay far, far away! |work=Rediff.com|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref> Khanna's final film release that year was [[Dharmesh Darshan]]'s romantic comedy ''[[Aap Ki Khatir (2006 film)|Aap Ki Khatir]]'' alongside [[Priyanka Chopra]]. It proved to be one of the year's biggest flops.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=268|title=Aap Ki Khatir - Movie - Box Office India|website=Boxofficeindia.com|accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref>

In 2007, Khanna acted in [[Nikkhil Advani]]'s ensemble drama ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love]]'', a romantic comedy, where he was featured opposite Ayesha Takia.<ref name="6SEI">{{cite web | url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080316/spectrum/main11.htm | title=Now Salaam-e-Ishq in 6 stories | work=Tribune India | date=16 March 2008 | accessdate=12 August 2021 | author=Subhash K. Jha | archive-date=8 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708042431/https://m.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080316/spectrum/main11.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics and emerged as a major commercial disappointment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=343|title=Salaam-e-Ishq Movie (2007) - Total box office collection|work=Box Office India|accessdate=15 November 2008}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] noted, "Akshaye Khanna as the groom-to-be who gets cold feet at the eleventh hour delivers a commendable performance."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Masand's Verdict: Salaam-e-Ishq|work=Rajeev Masand|author=Rajeev Masand|accessdate=24 January 2012|date=11 December 2011|url=https://rajeevmasand.com/admin/uncategorized/masands-verdict-salaam-e-ishq/|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704143524/https://rajeevmasand.com/admin/uncategorized/masands-verdict-salaam-e-ishq/|url-status=dead}}</ref> His next was Abbas–Mustan's love-saga ''[[Naqaab (2007 film)|Naqaab]]'', in which he starred alongside [[Urvashi Sharma]]. The feature received positive reviews from audiences but turned out to be an average grosser. Khanna then took a leading role in [[Feroz Abbas Khan]]'s ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]''. The feature explores the relationship between [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and his eldest son [[Harilal Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/07/22/stories/2007072250130200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109084552/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/07/22/stories/2007072250130200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 November 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=The Mahatma and his son | date=22 July 2007}}</ref> The film underperformed at the box office, but was positively received by critics. ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted, "Khanna is absolutely inspired and gives the complex part all his conviction and intelligence. His breakdown scenes are especially heart-wrenching."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Gandhi My Father - Cinema of A-class quality |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=12 August 2007 |author=Khalid Mohamed |date=3 August 2007 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-gandhi-my-father/story-CoxaWST3I9cAua7hXtojMN_amp.html}}</ref> In his final release of that year, Khanna teamed with [[Anil Mehta]] for the dance film ''[[Aaja Nachle]]'', co-starring [[Madhuri Dixit]], which underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie Review: Aaja Nachle |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands-verdict-madhuri-spectacular-in-aaja-nachle/53368-8.html |access-date=30 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201204337/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands-verdict-madhuri-spectacular-in-aaja-nachle/53368-8.html |archive-date=1 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

Khanna's performance in the Abbas–Mustan-directed the 2008 action thriller ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]'', marked a turning point in his career. He starred alongside [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Bipasha Basu]]. He played the main antagonist Rajiv Singh, an [[Alcoholism|alcoholic]] person.<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 Years of Race Exclusive – Ramesh Taurani reveals that Fardeen Khan was originally signed for Akshaye Khanna's role |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=24 March 2022 |accessdate=24 March 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/14-years-race-exclusive-ramesh-taurani-reveals-fardeen-khan-originally-signed-akshaye-khannas-role-shah-rukh-aamir-khan-never-approached-protagonist/}}</ref> The film became one of the highest-grossing films of that year with over {{INRConvert|1|b}}, becoming Khanna's highest-grossing release to that point, and earned him Best Performance in a Negative Role awards at IIFA and [[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Screen]]. ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' noted, "Akshaye is so perfect. To carry off a difficult character like this is a Herculean task and the supremely talented actor handles it with aplomb." [[Rajeev Masand]] wrote, "Akshaye Khanna delivers an amateurish performance by hamming through his scenes."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Race Movie Review: Race Movie |author=Taran Adarsh |work=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=12 January 2010 |date=21 March 2008 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/race/critic-review/race-movie-review/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Masand's Verdict: Race is a pacy thriller |author=Rajeev Masand |work=Rajeev Masand |accessdate=27 January 2014 |date=11 December 2011 |url=https://rajeevmasand.com/admin/uncategorized/masands-verdict-race-is-a-pacy-thriller/ |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525191243/http://rajeevmasand.com/admin/uncategorized/masands-verdict-race-is-a-pacy-thriller/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He then reunited with Priyadarshan in the comedy ''[[Mere Baap Pehle Aap]]'', co-starring [[Paresh Rawal]] and [[Genelia D'Souza]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |title=Review: Mere Baap Pehle Aap|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?lang=hindi&id=314&moviename=Mere+Baap+Pehle+Aap|access-date=28 September 2011 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=13 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928121903/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?lang=hindi&id=314&moviename=Mere+Baap+Pehle+Aap |archive-date=28 September 2011 |language=en}}</ref>

===Limited success and sabbatical (2009–2012)===

Khanna's only film release in 2009 was Neeraj Vora's romantic comedy Shortkut, in which he appeared opposite [[Amrita Rao]], portraying an assistant director named Shekhar. In 2010, he appeared in three films that failed to achieve significant commercial or critical success. The first was Priyadarshan's action thriller [[Aakrosh (2010 film)|''Aakrosh'']], in which he played a [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aakrosh-knock-out-hit-theatres-today/story-S6eG6aJulD4iFmDBLoTvjI.html|title=Aakrosh, Knock-out hit theatres today|website=Hindustan Times|date=15 October 2010 |access-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> This was followed by Anees Bazmee's comedy [[No Problem (2010 film)|''No Problem'']], co-starring Kangana Ranaut.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Taran Adarsh |year=2009|title=Anil Kapoor finalises the principal cast of 'No Problem'|website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=16 June 2009 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2009-2/}}</ref>

Later that year, Khanna appeared in the slapstick comedy [[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|''Tees Maar Khan'']], co-starring [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Katrina Kaif]], in which he portrayed a successful but self-serving film actor. The film was classified as a semi-hit at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/circuit_collection.php?movieid=76&cityid=8&area=domestic |title=Tees Maar Khan – Movie - |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008173533/http://boxofficeindia.com/circuit_collection.php?movieid=76&cityid=8&area=domestic |archive-date=8 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> A review published by ''[[Rediff.com]]'' commented on his performance positively, noting his controlled portrayal of the character.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/tees-maar-khan-review-akshay-kumar/20101224.htm|title=Movie Review – Farah Khan fails to impress in Tees Maar Khan|work=Rediff.com|access-date=26 December 2010}}</ref>

In 2012, Khanna starred in the ensemble romantic comedy ''[[Gali Gali Chor Hai]]'', directed by Rumi Jaffrey and co-starring Shriya Saran and Mugdha Godse. The film received mixed to negative reviews and performed poorly at the [[box office]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Salgaokar |first=Shakti |date=3 February 2012 |title=Review: 'Gali Gali Chor Hai' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-gali-gali-chor-hai-1645394 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011113813/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-gali-gali-chor-hai-1645394 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=BoxOfficeReport.net |title=GGCH Flop |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=earnings |access-date=31 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918062027/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=earnings |archive-date=18 September 2010}}</ref>

Following this period, Khanna took a hiatus from film acting that lasted several years. In later interviews, he stated that his absence from acting had a negative impact on his mental health, describing the period as personally difficult due to his long-standing association with performance work.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-17 |title=When Akshaye Khanna spoke about his time away from movies, 'It was torture to not be able to work' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-akshaye-khanna-spoke-about-his-time-away-from-movies-it-was-torture-to-not-be-able-to-work/articleshow/126018331.cms |access-date=2025-12-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Resurgence (2016–2024) ===
Khanna made his return to films in 2016 with the action cop comedy ''[[Dishoom]]'', playing the role of the main antagonist Wagah, a bookie who targets a top batsman. The feature received mixed reviews from critics, but emerged successful, earning over {{INRConvert|1.20|b}} worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akshaye Khanna's character in 'Dishoom' revealed |url=https://inshorts.com/en/news/akshaye-khannas-character-in-dishoom-revealed-1468664791853 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=Inshorts – Stay Informed |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011113819/https://inshorts.com/en/news/akshaye-khannas-character-in-dishoom-revealed-1468664791853 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] wrote, "Akshaye Khanna manages to lend notable touches to his part, but remains a victim of an under-written role."<ref>{{cite web |title=Dishoom Movie Review: Funny; but flimsy John Abraham, Varun Dhawan bromance |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dishoom-review-funny-but-flimsy-john-abraham-varun-dhawan-bromance-2922898.html/amp |access-date=15 September 2017 |website=Firstpost|date=29 July 2016 }}</ref>

Ravi Udayawar's crime thriller ''[[Mom (film)|Mom]]'' was Khanna's first release of 2017, co-starring with [[Sridevi]], he received critical appreciation for his performance as Matthew, a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sridevi's Mom First Look out! Twitter goes gaga|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mom-first-poster-out-twitter-goes-gaga-over-sridevis-intriguing-look/18073155|work=Mid-Day|access-date=14 October 2017|date=14 March 2017}}</ref> With a global revenue of over {{INRConvert|1.75|b}}, it emerged as a financial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mom |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt5690142/ |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> Kunal Guha from ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' wrote, "Akshaye Khanna as the intuitive crime branch inspector sticks to his lopsided expressions and is unobjectionable."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/mom-movie-review-sridevi-akshaye-khanna-and-nawazuddin-siddiquis-class-act-elevates-this-hard-hitting-drama/articleshow/59468578.cms|title=Mom movie review: Sridevi, Akshaye Khanna and Nawazuddin Siddiqui's class act elevates this hard-hitting drama |access-date=7 July 2017|work=Mumbai Mirror|author=Kunal Guha}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 July 2017 |title=Mom Box Office Collection {{!}} First Weekend {{!}} Day Wise |website=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mom/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |access-date=}}</ref> Later that year, he starred as an investigative cop in Abhay Chopra's murder-mystery ''[[Ittefaq (2017 film)|Ittefaq]]''. Co-starring [[Sonakshi Sinha]] and [[Sidharth Malhotra]], it proved to be an average grosser.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/omg-sidharth-malhotra-sonakshi-sinha-akshaye-khanna-starrer-ittefaq-will-not-promoted/ |title=OMG! Sidharth Malhotra, Sonakshi Sinha, Akshaye Khanna starrer Ittefaq will NOT be promoted |website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=19 October 2017}}</ref> Samrudhi Ghosh of ''[[India Today]]'' noted, "Akshaye Khanna is the star of the film. Whether it's his no-nonsense demeanour or smart-aleck one-liners, Akshaye is a delight to watch on screen."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ittefaq-movie-review-sidharth-malhotra-sonakshi-sinha-1076244-2017-11-03 |title=Ittefaq Movie Review: Sidharth-Sonakshi's murder mystery will keep you on your toes |work=India Today |first=Samrudhi |last=Ghosh|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref>

Khanna had two films in 2019. He played [[Sanjay Baru]], Indian policy analyst in ''[[The Accidental Prime Minister (film)|The Accidental Prime Minister]]''. It was a moderate success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-accidental-prime-minister-set-profitable-simmba-surpass-chennai-express-today/|title=Box Office: The Accidental Prime Minister set to be profitable|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=14 January 2019|website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref> Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated, "Khanna ensures there's never a dull moment. Often talking directly into the camera, Khanna is quick to strike a chord with the audience, also playing the narrator."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/the-accidental-prime-minister/movie-review/67476547.cms|title=The Accidental Prime Minister Review: An amusing and engaging look at the term of Dr Manmohan Singh as India's PM|work=Times of India|accessdate=13 January 2019}}</ref> He next starred as the defence lawyer in ''[[Section 375]]'' alongside [[Richa Chadda]]. His performance gained him a nomination for [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-akshaye-khanna-and-richa-chadha-to-feature-in-the-film-titled-section-375-428405|title=Akshaye Khanna and Richa Chadha to feature in the film titled Section 375|website=India TV News|date=17 February 2018 |accessdate=17 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/section-375/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office|title=Section 375 Box Office|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=13 September 2019 |accessdate=20 September 2019}}</ref> The film was declared average at the box office. Rajeev Masand noted, "Akshaye Khanna brings a wily charm to his role as the defence lawyer. The film gives him some of the best lines and the grandstanding moments, and he makes a meal of it." Monika Rawal Kukreja states, "Khanna impresses with his intense and gritty performance in every frame, though he could have worked a bit more on his flat facial expressions."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/section-375-movie-review-akshaye-khanna-richa-chadhas-performances-make-for-compelling-courtroom-drama-2308555.html|title=Section 375 Movie Review: Akshaye Khanna, Richa Chadha's performances make for compelling courtroom drama|last=Rajeev|first=Rajeev|work=News18|access-date=14 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Section 375 movie review: Akshaye Khanna, Richa Chadha deliver a brave film that raises questions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/section-375-movie-review-akshaye-khanna-richa-chadha-deliver-a-brave-film-that-raises-questions/story-SMA2kfzZOkdKvvFjFNbZxO_amp.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=12 September 2019 |access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref>

His only release in 2020, was ''[[Sab Kushal Mangal]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sab-kushal-mangal-trailer-akshaye-khanna-riva-kishan-priyaank-sharmas-film-is-a-colourful-love-triangle-7732761.html|title=Sab Kushal Mangal trailer: Akshaye Khanna, Riva Kishan, Priyaank Sharma's film is a colourful love triangle|accessdate=3 December 2019|work=Firstpost|date=3 December 2019 }}</ref> Nandini Ramnath from ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote, "Khanna's Babu enlivens the movie whenever he appears, which isn't as often as it needed to be, and his absence is sorely felt."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/948505/sab-kushal-mangal-movie-review-akshaye-khanna-is-the-best-thing-about-groom-kidnapping-comedy|title=Sab Kushal Mangal Review: Akshaye Khanna is the best thing about groom kidnapping comedy|accessdate=3 January 2020|work=Scroll.in|date=3 January 2020 }}</ref> In 2021, Khanna, played NSG officer in ''[[State of Siege: Temple Attack]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Arnab|date=10 July 2021|title='State Of Siege Temple Attack': Half-Forgotten Slice Of History|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/opinion-state-of-siege-temple-attack-half-forgotten-slice-of-history/387677|access-date=11 July 2021|website=Outlook India}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] noted, "Akshaye Khanna is doubtless a talented actor. One sees flashes of his class all through the film. But he is trapped in a script that has little room for vivid character development."<ref>{{Cite web|title=State Of Siege: Temple Attack Review - Reeks Of Staleness Despite Akshaye Khanna's Efforts|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/state-of-siege-temple-attack-review-reeks-of-staleness-despite-akshaye-khannas-efforts-2-stars-out-of-5-2482589|access-date=27 July 2021|website=NDTV India}}</ref> The film had a theatrical release in 2025, under the title title ''Akshardham: Operation Vajra Shakti''.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 June 2025 |title=Akshaye Khanna's OTT film revamped for theatres as Akshardham Operation Vajra Shakti |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshaye-khannas-ott-film-revamped-for-theatres-as-akshardham-operation-vajra-shakti-2743879-2025-06-20 |work=India Today |date=20 June 2025 }}</ref>

Khanna's much delayed film ''[[Love You Hamesha]]'', became his first film of 2022, co-starring Sonali Bendre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/03slide6.htm|title=Love You Hamesha|work=Rediff.com|access-date=17 July 2022|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517081835/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/03slide6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/nov/02varma.htm|title=Name calling, Bollywood style!|work=Rediff|author=Komal Nahta|access-date=17 August 2022|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517084839/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/nov/02varma.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He then played a police officer in ''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|Drishyam 2]]''. The film emerged as a critical and commercial success with Khanna receiving praise for his performance in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drishyam 2 Box office collection - Worldwide|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/drishyam-2/box-office/|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=18 November 2022 |access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' noted, "Akshaye Khanna is a great addition to the franchise. He is a scene-stealer thanks to his characterization and performance."<ref>{{cite web |title=Drishyam 2 Movie Review|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/drishyam-2/critic-review/drishyam-2-movie-review/drishyam-2-gives-a-paisa-vasool-experience-thanks-to-the-performances-applause-worthy-climax/|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=25 November 2022|date=18 November 2022}}</ref> While, Sonil Dedhia of ''[[News18]]'' wrote, "Akshaye Khanna is at his usual best. He shines in every scene and leaves behind a big impression. Khanna as usual is the scene stealer."<ref>{{cite web |title=Drishyam 2 Review: Ajay Devgn, Akshaye Khanna, Tabu excel in this engaging thriller|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/drishyam-2-review-ajay-devgn-akshaye-khanna-tabu-excel-in-this-engaging-thriller-6410965.html|website=News 18|date=18 November 2022 |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>

=== ''Dhurandhar'' and further acclaim (2025–present) ===
Following another two-year hiatus, Khanna portrayed Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in his first release of 2025, ''[[Chhaava]]'', based on the life of [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj]], starring [[Vicky Kaushal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chhaava teaser: Vicky Kaushal's Chhatrapati Sambhaji faces off against Akshaye Khanna's Aurangzeb. Watch|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/chhaava-teaser-vicky-kaushals-chhatrapati-sambhaji-faces-off-against-akshaye-khannas-aurangzeb-watch-101724046514530.html|accessdate=19 August 2024|work=The Hindustan Time |date=19 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 October 2023 |title=Vicky Kaushal's Chaawa will see Akshaye Khanna as Emperor Aurangzeb |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/vicky-kaushals-chaawa-will-see-akshaye-khanna-as-emperor-aurangzeb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613112018/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/vicky-kaushals-chaawa-will-see-akshaye-khanna-as-emperor-aurangzeb |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |work=Film Companion}}</ref> To enhance the intensity of their on-screen rivalry, Khanna and Kaushal avoided interacting with each other during filming.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Samarth |date=4 February 2025 |title=Vicky Kaushal and Akshaye Khanna didn't want see 'each other's faces' during the filming of Chhaava; Here's why |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/vicky-kaushal-and-akshay-khanna-didnt-want-see-each-others-faces-during-the-filming-of-chhaava-heres-why-101738663977009.html#:~:text=Bollywood%20actors%20Vicky%20Kaushal%20and,hold%20of%20Chhatrapati%20Sambhaji%20Maharaj. |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'''s Rishab Suri termed his performance "menacing" and was appreciative of his expressive eyes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chhaava movie review: Vicky Kaushal is near-flawless, Akshaye Khanna terrifies in imperfect Chhatrapati Sambhaji biopic|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/chhaava-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-is-near-flawless-akshaye-khanna-terrifies-in-imperfect-chhatrapati-sambhaji-biopic-101739501218281-amp.html |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A box office success, it emerged as one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films of all time]]. The film surpassed ''Drishyam 2'' to become his highest grossing film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Worldwide Highest Grossing Bollywood Movies on 2025 - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2025/ |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2025 |title=Chhaava Box Office: Film becomes the 4th release to cross Rs. 600 Cr; Vicky Kaushal joins SRK, Rajkummar Rao & Allu Arjun in the Rs. 600 Cr Club |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/chhaava-box-office-film-becomes-4th-release-cross-rs-600-cr-vicky-kaushal-joins-srk-rajkummar-rao-allu-arjun-rs-600-cr-club/ |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> In his other release of 2025, Khanna portrayed a Pakistani gangster [[Rehman Dakait|Rehman Baloch]] (also called Rehman Dakait) in ''[[Dhurandhar]]'', inspired by the geopolitical conflicts, and covert operations of India's [[Research & Analysis Wing|Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW) with local gangs and crime syndicates in the [[Lyari]] area of [[Karachi]], Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 July 2024 |title=Akshaye Khanna joins Ranveer Singh, Sanjay Dutt, R Madhavan, Arjun Rampal in Aditya Dhar's Dhurandhar |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-akshaye-khanna-joins-ranveer-singh-sanjay-dutt-r-madhavan-arjun-rampal-aditya-dhars-dhurandhar |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=8 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ranveer Singh's Dhurandhar brings to focus Lyari's past of political-crime nexus |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ranveer-singh-dhurandhar-brings-to-focus-lyari-past-of-political-crime-nexus-2827615-2025-11-28 |access-date=28 November 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=28 November 2025 }}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' felt Akshaye "steals the thunder" with "[his] chilling presence and a piercing gaze that fills you with the fear of the devil".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=5 December 2025 |title='Dhurandhar' movie review: Revenge served cold |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhurandhar-movie-review-ranveer-singh-aditya-dhar-akshaye-khanna-indo-pakistan/article70362352.ece |access-date=5 December 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A spontaneous dance sequence performed by Khanna in his entry scene (set to the song "Fa9la") went viral on social media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2025 |title='Akshaye Khanna's dance sequence in Dhurandhar song Fa9la was one take, impromptu, last minute': Film's choreographer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshaye-khanna-dance-scene-in-dhurandhar-song-fa9la-was-one-take-impromptu-last-minute-film-choreographer-vijay-ganguly-101765634032953.html |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Khanna received widespread acclaim for both ''Chhaava'' and ''Dhurandhar'', with his roles being hailed as overshadowing the lead in both outings. This led several critics to declare 2025 as "Khanna's year."<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2025 |title=Why internet is calling 2025 'Akshaye Khanna's year': From Dhurandhar to Chhaava, powerhouse performances behind the frenzy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/why-internet-is-calling-2025-akshaye-khannas-year-from-dhurandhar-to-chhaava-powerhouse-performances-behind-the-frenzy/articleshow/125814287.cms?hl=en-IN&from=mdr |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2025 |title=Dhurandhar: Akshaye Khanna Lauded By Former Co-Star For 'Slapping' All With Performances And Not PR |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/dhurandhar-akshaye-khanna-lauded-by-former-co-star-ameesha-patel-for-slapping-all-with-performances-and-not-pr-article-153297620 |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2025 |title='If I didn't become Shah Rukh Khan, does that mean I'm not a star?': Dhurandhar's Akshaye Khanna once explained why he never became a Bollywood superstar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/if-i-didnt-become-shah-rukh-khan-does-that-mean-im-not-a-star-dhurandhars-akshaye-khanna-once-explained-why-he-never-became-a-bollywood-superstar/articleshow/125881823.cms?hl=en-IN&from=mdr |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

He will next star in the [[Netflix]] original film ''Ikka'' alongside [[Sunny Deol]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Sunny Deol OTT Debut: थिएटर के बाद अब ओटीटी की दुनिया में एंट्री करेंगे सनी देओल, 'बॉर्डर' के इस एक्टर संग करेंगे स्क्रीन शेयर |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-ott-debut-reunites-with-border-actor-akshaye-khanna-in-film-ikka-details |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

== Public image and artistry ==
[[File:Akshaye Khanna at the script reading session of 'Gandhi My Father'.jpg|thumb|Khanna at the script reading session of ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'']]
Khanna is regarded as one of the finest actors of his generation.<ref>{{cite web | title=How did Akshaye Khanna go from being forgotten to becoming the most celebrated actor of 2025? | website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] | date=10 December 2025 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/how-did-akshaye-khanna-go-from-being-forgotten-to-becoming-the-most-celebrated-actor-of-2025-1503523789.html }}</ref><ref name="m.economictimes.com"/><ref name="Hindustan Times"/><ref name="The Times of India"/> [[Rajeev Masand]] termed Khanna to be "one of Bollywood's most reclusive actors".<ref>{{Cite web |author=Rajeev Masand |title=Interview - Acting keeps me alive: Akshaye Khanna |work=Rajeev Masand |accessdate=11 December 2021 |url=https://rajeevmasand.com/admin/uncategorized/acting-keeps-me-alive-akshaye/ |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161906/https://rajeevmasand.com/admin/uncategorized/acting-keeps-me-alive-akshaye/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is not active on social media and is known for avoiding media attention and extensive public relations, which has led to him being described as a mysterious figure.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 December 2025 |title='Man of mystery' Akshaye Khanna was the 'school crush, most popular senior', recalls his schoolmate: 'He was the quiet storm' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshaye-khanna-school-crush-most-popular-senior-quiet-storm-man-of-mystery-10418220/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The actor has openly spoken about his preference for solitude, stating that his alone time is "sacrosanct". He has also expressed being commitment phobic and "not marriage material," citing his reluctance to compromise his independent lifestyle.<ref>{{Cite news |title="I'm even more commitment-phobic now": Reason why Akshaye Khanna never got married, how to deal with this phobia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/love-sex/im-even-more-commitment-phobic-now-reason-why-akshaye-khanna-never-got-married-how-to-deal-with-this-phobia/articleshow/125883076.cms |access-date=17 December 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> At a promotional event for the film ''Ittefaq'', [[Karan Johar]] remarked that Khanna possesses a "scary voice" due to its flat, toneless quality. During the same event, [[Shah Rukh Khan]] jokingly referred to Khanna as "strange," sharing an anecdote about meeting him backstage. Khan recalled that after brief small talk, he declined a staff member's request to further interact with the actor, knowing that Khanna is notoriously quiet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gavankar |first=Vaishnavi |title=When Shah Rukh Khan praised Akshaye Khanna for his dancing skills on beats, asked, 'Why the hell are you like this?' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/when-shah-rukh-khan-praised-akshaye-khanna-for-his-dancing-skills-on-beats-asked-why-the-hell-are-you-like-this-article-13719867.html/amp |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MC4feT1VN0k |title=When SRK Revealed That He Is A Big Fan Of Akshaye Khanna {{!}} SRK ने बताया कि वो अक्षय का बड़ा फैन है |date=5 November 2017 |last=Six Sigma Films |access-date=17 December 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> During an interview with Anurradha Prasad, when questioned about his stardom, Khanna expressed gratitude for his 15-year career, noting that very few actors have the opportunity to work so consistently in the industry. He compared film stardom to the business world, questioning whether a businessman with a net worth of ₹500 crore should be considered unsuccessful simply because he isn't as wealthy as [[Ratan Tata]] or [[Dhirubhai Ambani]]. He concluded by stating that he is content with his current standing.<ref>{{Cite web |title='If I didn't become Shah Rukh Khan, does that mean I'm not a star?': Dhurandhar's Akshaye Khanna once explained why he never became a Bollywood superstar - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/if-i-didnt-become-shah-rukh-khan-does-that-mean-im-not-a-star-dhurandhars-akshaye-khanna-once-explained-why-he-never-became-a-bollywood-superstar/articleshow/125881823.cms?from=mdr |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=m.economictimes.com | date=10 December 2025 }}</ref>

===Artistry===
Komal Panchal of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' termed him the "most nuanced, subtle actor" and noted, "Akshaye is someone who doesn't force himself onto his characters, but becomes one with every character he portrays on-screen."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Komal RJ Panchal |title=Akshaye Khanna on his films, sabbaticals, career and more: 'Who wants to sit at home? I love to be on set' |work=Indian Express |date=28 October 2017 |accessdate=23 August 2021 |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-is-all-praise-for-akshaye-khanna-1.2114384}}</ref> Rohini Iyer of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' stated, "Akshaye has the knack of coming up with one powerhouse performance after another."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Rohini Iyer |title=Interview - What makes Akshaye Khanna happy? |work=Rediff.com - Rediff Movies |accessdate=23 November 2021 |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/nov/02aksh.htm}}</ref> ''[[Khaleej Times]]''{{'}}s Khalid Mohamed noted, "From being a reluctant actor to being more forthcoming - the formidably talented Akshaye Khanna has turned the wheel."<ref name="AK" /> [[Roshmila Bhattacharya]] of ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' praised the actor for being "very punctual".<ref>{{Cite web |author=Roshmila Bhattacharya |title=Akshaye Khanna: I am one of the luckiest few who enjoys going to work every day |work=Mumbai Mirror |accessdate=20 May 2021 |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshaye-khanna-i-am-one-of-the-luckiest-few-who-enjoys-going-to-work-every-day/articleshow/72907240.cms}}</ref> V S Srinivasan of ''Rediff.com'' termed Khanna as the "star of the future", after his film ''Border''{{'}}s release.<ref>{{Cite web |author=V S Srinivasan |title=Bollywood '97 |work=Rediff.com |date=2 February 1998 |accessdate=28 September 2019 |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1998/feb/02hit.htm}}</ref>

Critics noted that the film ''Dil Chahta Hai'' marked a major turning point for Khanna. Sneha Bengani of ''[[Firstpost]]'' termed his role to be "written and performed with much care and control". She added that the role would have been different "without Akshaye Khanna's able performance".<ref>{{Cite web |author=Sneha Bengani |title=Dil Chahta Hai: Akshaye Khanna's character Siddharth Sinha grounded Farhan Akhtar's coming-of-age film |work=Firstpost |date=10 August 2021 |accessdate=10 August 2021 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/dil-chahta-hai-turns-20-akshaye-khannas-character-siddharth-sinha-grounded-farhan-akhtars-coming-of-age-film-9873831.html/amp}}</ref> Aakriti Anand of ''[[Filmfare]]'' feels that his "performance in the film is the one that put him on the map."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Aakriti Anand |title=Then and Now: Dil Chahta Hai |work=Filmfare |date=14 August 2015 |accessdate=11 September 2019 |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/then-and-now-dil-chahta-hai-10194.amp}}</ref> Following his portrayal of a variety of characters in ''Humraaz'', ''Deewangee'' (both 2002), ''Hungama'' (2003), ''Gandhi, My Father'' (2007), ''Race'' (2008) and ''Drishyam 2'' (2022), Khanna was noted for his versatility.<ref name="AKhanna" /><ref name="AkshayeKh" /> In an interview with Nirtika Pandita of ''[[The Asian Age]]'', Khanna termed himself to be "a director's actor". He further added that he likes to keep "his life private and stays away from social life".<ref>{{Cite web |author=Nirtika Pandita |title=I don't have an appetite for social life: Akshaye Khanna |work=The Asian Age |date=10 December 2019 |accessdate=29 September 2021 |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/101219/dont-have-an-appetite-for-social-life-akshaye-khanna.html}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' named Khanna's performance in ''Drishyam 2'' among the best of the year 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Kartik Bhardwaj |title=Class act: Best performers of 2022 Bollywood movies |work=The New Indian Express |date=30 December 2022 |access-date=31 December 2022 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2022/Dec/30/classact-best-performers-of-2022-bollywood-movies-2533171.html}}</ref>

Members of the [[Indian film industry]] have often praised Khanna. Shah Rukh Khan said, "I've always been extremely fond of Akshaye and his acting abilities. I'm a big fan of his work. There's a strange mystique about him that reflects in his acting."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan is all praise for Akshaye Khanna, calls him effortless |work=Gulf News - Bollywood |date=28 October 2017 |accessdate=23 December 2020 |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-is-all-praise-for-akshaye-khanna-1.2114384}}</ref> [[Kareena Kapoor]] admitted to have a "huge crush" on the actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview - Kareena Kapoor - I had a huge crush on Akshaye Khanna |work=Rediff.com |accessdate=28 January 2019 |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-kareena-kapoor-i-am-still-as-protective-about-the-people-i-love/20130102.htm}}</ref> His ''Section 375'' co-star [[Richa Chadda]] termed him an "underrated actor" and said, "I have admired Akshaye Khanna's work in offbeat films like ''Gandhi, My Father'' and the cult film ''Dil Chahta Hai''. I am really delighted that I can team up with him. He is brilliant, so underrated and intelligent."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive - Akshaye Khanna is brilliant but an underrated actor: Richa Chadha |work=India Today |date=23 January 2019 |accessdate=28 December 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/akshaye-khanna-is-brilliant-but-an-underrated-actor-richa-chadha-1436658-2019-01-23}}</ref> Khanna has participated in several concert tours. His first concert tour, "Magnificent Five", was in 1999 in which he performed alongside actors Aamir Khan, Aishwarya Rai, [[Rani Mukerji]] and [[Twinkle Khanna]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Keely, Alistair |title=Bollywood five prove simply magnificent |date=30 August 1999 |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Bollywood+five+prove+simply+magnificent.-a060496021 |work=The Birmingham Post |access-date=12 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222151835/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Bollywood+five+prove+simply+magnificent.-a060496021 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=live}}{{subscription required|via=The Free Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mega Millennium Concert 1999: When Aamir Khan, Akshaye Khanna, Aishwarya Rai, Rani Mukerji came together for event |work=DNA India |accessdate=12 May 2021 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-mega-millennium-concert-1999-when-aamir-khan-akshaye-khanna-aishwarya-rai-rani-mukerji-came-together-for-event-2814599/amp}}</ref> In 2006, he provided voice-over in the unplugged version of the title song of his film ''[[Aap Ki Khatir (2006 film)|Aap Ki Khatir]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Taran Adarsh|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/aap-ki-khatir/critic-review/aap-ki-khatir-movie-review/|title=Aap Ki Khatir Movie and Music Review!|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=25 August 2006 |accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{main|Akshaye Khanna filmography}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by Akshaye Khanna}}

Khanna is a recipient of two [[Filmfare Awards]] — [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] for ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'' and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Complete list of Filmfare Awards Winners from 1953 to 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Bollywood|Biography|India}}
* [[List of Indian film actors]]
* [[List of Hindi film actors]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0451379}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|akshaye-khanna}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Akshaye Khanna
| list =
{{IIFAAwardBestNegativeRole}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|2001–2020}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut}}
{{ScreenAwardBestMaleDebut}}
{{ScreenAwardBestActorNegativeRole}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestSupportingActorMale}}
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, Akshaye}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Parsi male actors]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]

Weddings in India

2026-03-23T10:59:24Z

PQRS1: Created First Details W/ Infobox

{{Short description|None}}

'''Weddings in India''' are festive occasions and usually celebrated with extensive decorations, color, music, dance, outfits and rituals that depend on the community, region and religion of the bride and the groom, as well as their preferences.<ref name="ft2008">[https://www.ft.com/content/7498e59c-2233-11dd-a50a-000077b07658 Sari nights and henna parties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305203137/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/7498e59c-2233-11dd-a50a-000077b07658.html#axzz2aqrbE3eF |date=2016-03-05 }}, Amy Yee, The Financial Times, May 17, 2008</ref> India celebrates about 10 million weddings per year,<ref>India's love affair with gold {{Cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-57376057/indias-love-affair-with-gold/ |title=India's love affair with gold |work=CBS News |access-date=2017-01-01 |archive-date=2013-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808171618/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-57376057/indias-love-affair-with-gold/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}, CBS News, February 12, 2012</ref> of which about 80% are [[Hindu wedding]]s. Approximately 90% of marriages in India are still [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged]].<ref name="hoiberg2000"/> Despite the rising popularity of [[love marriages]], especially among younger generations, arranged marriages continue to be the predominant method for finding a marriage partner in India.<ref name="hoiberg2000">{{cite book |last1=Hoiberg|first1=Dale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xzljvnQ1vAC |title=Students' Britannica India |last2=Ramchandani |first2=Indu |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) |year=2000 |isbn=0-85229-760-2 |location=New Delhi |oclc=45086947 |quote="... It was widely expected that the custom of "arranged marriage," so called, would decline as India modernized and as an individualistic ethos took root ... vast majority (over 90%) of marriages in all communities ... surprisingly robust ..."}}</ref>

A daughter's marriage can often be the most costly event in the life of an Indian family, with some estimate indicating that families spend more than six times a family's annual income on the wedding.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Bloch |first1=Francis |last2=Rao |first2=Vijayendra |last3=Desai |first3=Sonalde |date=2004 |title=Wedding Celebrations as Conspicuous Consumption: Signaling Social Status in Rural India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3558992 |journal=The Journal of Human Resources |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=675–695 |doi=10.2307/3558992 |jstor=3558992 |issn=0022-166X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Most of these costs go towards dowries and the wedding celebration.<ref name=":0" /> Scholars have characterized these expenditures as being strongly shaped by [[social norm]]s and by desires to signal [[social status]].<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Hindu marriage ceremony offering.jpg|thumb|Hindu marriage ceremony]]
[[File:A fancy Indian wedding taking place in Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg|thumb|An Indian wedding taking place in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]]]
[[File:Wedding Bliss!.jpg|thumb|Bengali Hindu wedding in [[Kolkata]]]]

==Ceremonies in Hinduism==
While there are many festival-related rituals in Hinduism, ''[[vivaah]]'' ([[wedding]]) is the most extensive personal ritual a Hindu undertakes in his or her life.<ref name="rjb1969">Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, Rajbali Pandey (1969), see Chapter VIII, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0396-1}}, pages 153–233</ref><ref name="jgl2001">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, James G. Lochtefeld (2001), {{ISBN|978-0-8239-3179-8}}, Page 427</ref> Typical Hindu families spend significant effort and financial resources to prepare and celebrate weddings. The rituals and process of a Hindu wedding vary depending on the region of India, local adaptations, resources of the family and preferences of the bride and the groom. Nevertheless, there are a few [[Hindu wedding#Key rituals|key rituals]] common in [[Hindu wedding]]s – ''Kanyadaan'', ''Panigrahana'', and ''Saptapadi''; these are respectively, giving away of daughter by the father, voluntarily holding hand near the fire to signify impending union, and taking seven steps before fire with each step including a set of mutual vows. After the seventh step and vows of ''[[Hindu wedding#Saptapadi – short form|Saptapadi]]'', the couple is legally husband and wife.<ref name=jgl2001/><ref>History of Dharmasastra, Vaman Kane (1962)</ref><ref name=prabhu2011>P.H. Prabhu (2011), ''Hindu Social Organization'', {{ISBN|978-81-7154-206-2}}, see pages 164–165</ref> Jain and Buddhist weddings in India, share many themes, but are centered around their respective religious ideas and texts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Natubhai Shah|title=Jainism: the world of conquerors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IDXAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-30-1|pages=203, 263}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Axel Michaels|title=Homo Ritualis: Hindu Ritual and Its Significance for Ritual Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CWxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA267|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-026264-8|pages=102–104, 266–268}}</ref>

==Other religions==
[[Indian Sikh]] marriages are conducted through a ceremony called [[Anand Karaj]]. The couple walk around the respective holy scripture, the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], four times, and then perform the [[Ardās]] prayer & praise.

[[Indian Muslim]]s celebrate a traditional [[Islamic marital practices#Indian subcontinent|Islamic wedding]], with rituals including ''Nikah'', payment of financial dower called ''[[Mahr]]'' by the groom to the bride, signing of marriage contract, and a reception.<ref name="Zawaj">[http://www.zawaj.com/weddingways/three_days.html Three Days of a Traditional Indian Muslim Wedding] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221134743/http://www.zawaj.com/weddingways/three_days.html |date=2020-02-21 }}, zawaj.com</ref>

[[Indian Christian]] weddings follow [[Christian views on marriage|Christian marriage customs and values]]. Among [[Protestants in India]], the [[Engagement#Christianity|betrothal rite]] celebrates the engagement of a couple, with prayers being offered for the couple and engagement rings being blest by a [[pastor]]. Among [[North India]]n Christians, a day before the wedding, the [[Mayian|Haldi/ Ubtan/ Mayun ceremony]] happens; in which turmeric paste is applied on the bride-to-be and groom-to-be. Among [[Goan Christian]]s and [[South Canarese Christian]]s the Roce ceremony is held, in which coconut paste is applied on the bride-to-be and groom-to-be. Among the [[Bombay East Indian Christian]]s, the Umbracho Pani ceremony is held, a day before the wedding, in which water drawn from a well is used to bathe by the bride-to-be and groom-to-be.<ref>{{cite web | title=East Indians: A Rich Legacy! | date=30 July 2014 | url=https://www.afternoonvoice.com/east-indians-a-rich-legacy.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904160256/https://www.afternoonvoice.com/east-indians-a-rich-legacy.html | archive-date=4 September 2017 }}</ref> On the wedding day, the couple meet in the presence of a priest at a church. Passages from the [[Bible]] are read out. The bride and groom take their [[marriage vow]]s. The bride and groom then exchange [[wedding ring]]s, symbolising their love for each other.<ref name="Das2021">{{cite web |last1=Das |first1=Debomitra |title=Meanings of rituals in Christian weddings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/web-stories/meanings-of-rituals-in-christian-weddings/photostory/83638600.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 September 2021 |language=English |date=21 June 2021}}</ref>

[[Interfaith marriage#India|Interfaith marriages in India]], especially between Hindus and Muslims, have been the subject of legal constraints in some states, vigilante harassment, and fears of violence.

==Marriage age==
In the past, the age of marriage was young, often childhood or early teenage.<ref>{{cite web|last=Heitzman|first=James|title=India: A Country Study.|url=http://countrystudies.us/india/|publisher=US Library of Congress|access-date=26 December 2012}}</ref> The legal age of marriage is 21 for males and 18 for females. However, the average age of marriage varies, with males typically marrying between 23 and 28 years of age and females between 20 and 25 years of age. Arranged marriages have long been the norm in Indian society. Even today, the majority of Indians have their marriages planned by their parents and other elder family members. Recent studies suggest that Indian culture is trending away from traditional arranged marriages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Is Education Associated with a Transition towards Autonomy in Partner Choice? A Case Study of India |author1=Manjistha Banerji |author2=Steven Martin |author3=Sonalde Desai |year=2008 |publisher=University of Maryland & NCAER |url=http://ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_papers/PartnerChoice.pdf |access-date=2017-01-01 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214920/http://ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_papers/PartnerChoice.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fewer marriages are purely arranged without consent and that the majority of surveyed Indian marriages are arranged with consent. The percentage of self-arranged marriages (called love marriages in India) have also increased vastly, particularly in the urban areas of India such as [[Mumbai]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>David Pilling (June 6, 2014) [http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/beba2500-eb2c-11e3-bab6-00144feabdc0.html#axzz34JegEXnD Review – 'India in Love', by Ira Trivedi; 'Leftover Women', by Leta Hong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928095735/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/beba2500-eb2c-11e3-bab6-00144feabdc0.html#axzz34JegEXnD |date=2014-09-28 }} The Financial Times</ref>

==Wedding industry==
Weddings are a major business in India. According to a report by [[KPMG]] in 2017, the Indian [[wedding]] industry is estimated to be around $40–50 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/retail/the-recession-proof-big-fast-indian-wedding-just-got-more-corporatised-1012991.htm|title=The recession-proof Big Fast Indian Wedding just got more corporatised|website=cnbctv18.com|date=5 October 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref> It is the second largest wedding market after the United States, which is at $70 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/big-fat-indian-wedding-market-has-foreign-suitor-zankyou-lining-up/article9622383.ece|title=Big fat Indian wedding market has foreign 'suitor' Zankyou lining up|last=Pandit|first=Virendra|website=@businessline|date=7 April 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref> While the industry is very unorganised with small and medium scale businesses, there are also corporate entities who are trying to tap this industry. The prime factors for growth in the industry are the rise of middle class in India, an overall booming economy and use of social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/destination-wedding-industry-to-reach-market-size-of-rs-45000-crore-by-2020/article26912691.ece|title=Destination wedding industry to reach market size of Rs 45,000 crore by 2020|last=Urs|first=Anil|website=@businessline|date=22 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref> It is estimated that the cost of an Indian wedding ranges from ₹500,000 and ₹50 million (from US$6,747.14 to US$674,743.50). Indians are likely to spend one-fifth of their total lifetime wealth on a wedding.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/the-big-fat-wedding-industry-in-india-recap-of-2015-and-outlook-for-2016/articleshow/51008952.cms|title=The Big Fat Wedding Industry in India: Recap of 2015 and outlook for 2016|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>

===Destination weddings===
[[File:Wedding Mandap with Tikri Art.jpg|thumb|Wedding mandap for Hindu ceremony. This is made by local artisans in Rajasthan by using a technique called thikri.]]
Many Indian celebrities choose destination weddings,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/indian-celebs-who-married-outside-india/|title=Indian celebs who married outside India|date=26 August 2019 }}</ref> and the masses take inspiration from them. Both domestic and international destinations are popular for weddings in India. The destination wedding industry in India was estimated to cross ₹450 billion in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/luxury/2019s-small-indian-weddings/article28795834.ece|title=Interactive rituals, GIF corners and VR: the story of 2019's small Indian weddings|last=Behrawala|first=Krutika|date=2019-08-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-27|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Wedding photography===
Pre-wedding shoots along with wedding photography have also become a big stake in Indian weddings. Average wedding shoots can cost from ₹15,000 to ₹100,000 per day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/on-world-photography-day-luv-israni-explains-how-to-make-money-behind-the-camera/articleshow/70732022.cms|title=A 34-year-old Indian photographer's income has grown over 42 times in 15 years — thanks to big, fat Indian weddings|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/one-wedding-photo-shoot-make-it-viral-please/articleshow/70710938.cms|title=One wedding photo shoot..Make it viral please! - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=17 August 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Hindu wedding]]
*[[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]]
*[[Muslim personal law]]
*[[The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872]]
*[[Dowry system in India]]
*[[Dowry of Catherine De Braganza]]
*[[Indian wedding clothes]]
*[[Interfaith marriage]]
*[[White wedding]] (Christian)
*[[Islamic marital practices]]
*[[Sakharpuda]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Wedding ceremonies in India}}
*[http://nymag.com/thecut/2014/09/what-i-learned-at-my-first-white-people-wedding.html?mid=outbrainrc New York Magazine: "10 Things I Learned at My First White-People Wedding" By Beejoli Shah] September 26, 2014
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/851685 Brass Bands: Tradition, Change, and the Mass Media in Indian Wedding Music (Baaraat)] Gregory Booth

{{Indian wedding}}
{{Asia topic|Weddings in}}
{{World topic|Weddings in|noredlinks=yes}}

[[Category:Indian wedding| ]]
[[Category:Weddings by nationality|India]]
[[Category:Indian wedding traditions]]

Kaum De Heere

2026-03-08T02:50:04Z

PQRS1: add lead for clarity per sources

{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaum De Heere
| image = Kaum_de_Heere_Official_Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ravinder Ravi
| producer = Satish Katyal
| story = Ravinder Ravi
| starring = Raj Kakra [[Sukhdeep Sukh]]
| music = Beat Minister
| cinematography = Shivtar Shiv
| editing = Naresh S Garg
| studio = Sai Cine Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|8|22}}
| runtime = 121 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kaum-de-heere-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzyzmtc|title=Kaum De Heere|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget = 
}}
'''''Kaum De Heere''''' ('Gems of the Community' or 'Diamonds of the Community') is a 2014 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language biographical film by Ravinder Ravi based on the lives of [[Satwant Singh]], [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]] and [[Kehar Singh]], who [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassinated Indira Gandhi]], the Prime Minister of India in 1984.

On 29 August 2019, the [[Delhi High Court]] allowed the theatrical release of the film which had earlier been banned by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] from public screening.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/delhi-hc-clears-release-of-punjabi-movie-kaum-de-heere/824741.html|title=Kaum de heere THE TRIBUNE|newspaper=Tribuneindia News Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830093458/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/delhi-hc-clears-release-of-punjabi-movie-kaum-de-heere/824741.html|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Raj Kakra as [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]]
* [[Sukhdeep Sukh]] as [[Satwant Singh]]
* [[Isha Sharma]] as Surinder Kaur
* [[Sardar Sohi]] as [[Kehar Singh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaum De Heere}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Assassination of Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Films about massacres of Sikhs]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films based on the 1984 anti-Sikh riots]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Delhi Police]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Punjab Police (India)]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian propaganda films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Sikhism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]

{{Punjabi-film-stub}}

Battle of the Tungabhadra River

2026-03-06T12:31:01Z

PQRS1: Put up place

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Thungabadra River
| partof = [[Vijayanagar Civil War (1542-1543)]]
| image =
| image_size =
| date = 1543
| place = [[Tungabhadra River]], [[India]]
| result = Rama Raya Victory
| territory =
| combatant1 =[[Vijaynagar Empire|Aliya Rama Raya's Faction]]
| combatant2 = [[Siege of Adavani|Salakamraju dodda Tirumala's Faction]]
| commander1 = '''[[Sadasiva Raya]]''' [[Aliya Rama Raya]] [[Tirumala Deva Raya]] [[Battle of Komali|Hande Hanumappa Nayaka]] [[Vijayanagar Civil War (1542–1543)|Venkatadri]]
| commander2 = [[Battle of Bedagallu|Salakamraju Chikka Tirumala]]{{Executed}}
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| caption =
}}

The '''Battle of the Tungabhadra River''' marked the last battle of a series of conflicts in the [[Vijayanagar Civil War (1542-1543)]] between Salakamraju Tirumala and Rama Raya. This decisive battle ended with the capture of Tirumala, whose forces were outmaneuvered and betrayed by his own captains. Following his capture, Tirumala was executed, bringing an end to his resistance. With the rival faction defeated, the queens of [[Krishnadevaraya]] [[Tirumala Devi]] and Chinnadevi, joyfully opened the gates of the capital to Rama Raya and his victorious army. Soon after, [[Rama Raya]] orchestrated the coronation of [[Sadasiva Raya]] as emperor, solidifying his position as the empire's de facto ruler.<ref name="tps"/><ref name="gps"/><ref name="rps"/>

==Background==
By the middle of 1543, [[Rama Raya]] advanced upon [[Vijayanagara]] after completing extensive preparations, reaching the vicinity of the capital around Bhadrapada of Sobhakrit S. 1465. An inscription at Nittar in [[Bellary]] taluka sheds light on the political and religious activities during this period. It records a double grant made by [[Sadasiva Raya]] on Rama Raya's behalf one to the deity Vitthaladeva at Nittur in Tekkala-kota sima for the merit of [[Achyuta Deva Raya]], and another sarvamanya grant to Madanur Chanda Vinayaka to secure Rama Raya's spiritual merit.<ref name="tps">{{Cite book |last=Ramanayya |first=N. Venkata |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511910/page/86/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Studies In The History Of The Third Dynasty Of Vijayanagara |date=1935|pages=86–90}}</ref> This demonstrates [[Rama Raya]] and Sadasiva's close proximity to the capital and their active governance. Salakaraju Tirumala recognizing the looming threat to his position and safety, grew increasingly desperate. In an attempt to counter Rama Raya's advance, he sought the aid of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]. In exchange for military assistance, Tirumala promised to acknowledge Adil Shah’s suzerainty and pay a substantial sum of three lakhs of hoons for each day's march of the Sultan's army.<ref name="tps"/>

The offer made by the desperate Salakaraju Tirumala to [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] was highly enticing, promising suzerainty and substantial monetary rewards. Persuaded by Asad Khan, his most influential minister, the Sultan accepted the proposal and marched from his capital toward [[Vijayanagara]]. The journey faced no opposition, and upon his arrival, he was welcomed by Tirumala, who personally escorted him into the city. In a symbolic gesture of allegiance, Tirumala seated [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] on the royal throne, signifying his submission. To honor the Sultan’s arrival, Tirumala organized a grand festival that lasted several days, demonstrating both his gratitude and his political strategy to secure support against Rama Raya's advancing forces.<ref name="tps"/><ref name="ops">{{Cite book |last=Heras |first=H. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189282/page/n56/mode/1up?view=theater |title=South India Under The Vijayanagar Empire Vol. 1 |date=1927|pages=8–10}}</ref>

Tirumala's decision to align with [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] deeply alienated the [[Vijayanagara]] nobles, who were horrified by the memory of past atrocities committed by the Muhammadans. Feeling betrayed and powerless to openly resist, the nobles adopted a strategy of feigned contrition. They sent letters to Tirumala, expressing regret for their rebellion and pledging eternal loyalty to him, on the condition that he convince his Muhammadan ally to withdraw to [[Bijapur]]. [[Rama Raya]] recognizing the political tension, also provided a separate assurance to Tirumala. He vowed to remain loyal forever if Tirumala ensured the retreat of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] to his own kingdom.<ref name="tps"/><ref name="ops"/>

Convinced of [[Rama Raya]]'s and the nobles' sincerity in their renewed pledges of loyalty, Tirumala Raya decided he no longer needed the support of his Muhammadan ally. To honor their agreement, he paid [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] a substantial subsidy of fifty lakhs of hoons and presented him with additional valuable gifts as a gesture of goodwill. Satisfied with the arrangement, the [[Adil Shah]] began his retreat towards his frontier, withdrawing his entire army.<ref name="tps"/><ref name="ops"/>

The departure of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] marked a turning point, as it unleashed widespread rebellion against Tirumala. [[Rama Raya]] along with the majority of the nobles who had professed loyalty to him, broke their promises and began preparing for a decisive march upon [[Vijayanagara]] to punish Tirumala for his perceived betrayal. The political tide turned rapidly against him, as even some of his most loyal generals began to desert, leaving his military strength in decline. Recognizing the urgency of the situation, Tirumala resolved to confront his enemies in a final battle before his forces completely disbanded. Gathering whatever troops he could muster, he took command personally and advanced to the banks of the [[Tungabhadra]] where he set up camp.<ref name="tps"/>

==Battle==
While stationed at [[Adoni]] or nearby, [[Rama Raya]] deployed spies to monitor Tirumala's movements and undermine the loyalty of his troops. These spies infiltrated Tirumala's camp, spreading rumors that their leader, despite his wealth, was merely a shepherd by caste and unworthy of allegiance. To further sow dissent, they offered bribes to Tirumala’s captains on [[Rama Raya]]'s behalf, causing many to contemplate desertion. With Tirumala’s forces demoralized and divided, [[Rama Raya]] seized the opportunity to launch a sudden and decisive attack on his camp, catching him completely off guard. As his captains abandoned him, Tirumala saw no option but to flee with a few retainers. However, Rama Raya's officers soon caught up with him, and Tirumala was promptly beheaded. His severed head was displayed on a flagstaff, a stark and public declaration of his defeat and punishment for betrayal.<ref name="tps"/><ref name="gps">{{Cite book |last=GOPAL |first=M. H. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385/page/n202/mode/1up?view=theater |title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1 |date=1956|pages=182–183 |publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN,BOMBAY}}</ref><ref name="rps">{{Cite book |last=Charles Philip Brown |url=https://archive.org/details/warsoftherajasbe034936mbp/page/n10/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Wars Of The Rajas Being The History Of Anantapuram |date=1853 |pages=4–5|publisher=The Christian Knowledge Societys Press |others=Universal Digital Library}}</ref><ref name="ops"/><ref name="cps">{{Cite book |last=K. A. Nilakanta Sastry |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-south-india-k.-a.-nilkanta-sastry/page/278/mode/1up?view=theater |title=A History Of South India ( K. A. Nilakanta Sastry)|pages=278–279}}</ref><ref name="bps">{{Cite book |last=Digital Library Of India |first=Cdac Noida |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.430132/page/374/mode/1up?view=theater |title=A History Of Karnataka (1970)ac 5024 |date=1970|page=375}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Following the victory at the [[Tungabhadra]] Rama Raya ordered his troops to march upon the capital. News of Tirumala's defeat reached [[Vijayanagara]] well before the arrival of the victorious army, causing great rejoicing. Tirumaladevi and Chinnadevi, the queens of the late [[Krishnadevaraya]], elated by the triumph, instructed Tirumala's ministers to surrender the city. The ministers promptly complied, paving the way for Rama Raya's forces to enter unopposed. Shortly thereafter, [[Sadasiva Raya]] the newly declared sovereign, accompanied by his powerful regent [[Rama Raya]] made a grand and triumphant entry into the capital. According to inscriptions, this occurred on Kartika Shukla 11 of the cyclic year Shobhakrit (Saka 1465). [[Sadasiva Raya]]’s coronation followed soon after, celebrated with great splendor and festivity.<ref name="tps"/><ref name="gps"/><ref name="rps"/>

==See also==
* [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]
* [[Pemmasani Erra Timmanayudu]]
* [[Vijayanagar Civil War (1542-1543)]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1543]]

Ulagam Sutrum Valiban

2026-03-04T04:52:54Z

PQRS1: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|1973 film by M. G. Ramachandran}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ulagam Sutrum Valiban
| image = Ulagam Sutrum Valiban.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| story = [[R. M. Veerappan]] S. K. T. Sami Ve. Lakshmanan
| producer = M. G. Ramachandran R. M. Veerappan
| starring = M. G. Ramachandran [[Chandrakala]] [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]] [[Latha (actress)|Latha]]
| cinematography = V. Ramamoorthy
| editing = M. Umanath
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Emgeeyaar Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1973|05|11}}
| runtime = 178 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=419}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ulagam Sutrum Valiban''''' ({{translation|Globetrotting Youngster}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[science fiction film]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Tamil science fiction cinema and the cultural unconscious: a 'visionary' jungian reading of 7aum Arivu (2011) and 24 (2016) |url=http://www.jardcs.org/abstract.php?archiveid=1470 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180107122957/http://www.jardcs.org/abstract.php?archiveid=1470 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=12 January 2018 |website=Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems}}</ref> directed and co-produced by [[M. G. Ramachandran]]. The film stars Ramachandran, [[Chandrakala]], [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]] and [[Latha (actress)|Latha]]. It revolves around a scientist who discovers an energy harnessing formula, and seeks to keep his research from being abused by a rival scientist.

''Ulagam Sutrum Valiban'' was released on 11 May 1973. It emerged as a major box office success, with a theatrical run lasting over 250 days. Ramachandran won the [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Filmfare Special Award for Excellent Production Values]].

== Plot ==
Murugan is an Indian scientist who has recently discovered how to store a part of the energy unleashed by lightning. He is assisted by Lilly who secretly spies for Bairavan. Murugan reports success of his research at a [[Hong Kong]] scientists' conference. He subsequently announces that he will not reveal his discovery, since the world is on the brink of [[World War III]] and his research may be used for destructive purposes. As scientists rebuke him Murugan decides to demonstrate. Murugan successfully demonstrates his experiment where a tree is shot down with a pill sized pellet and the surrounding is set ablaze, as a outcome of his research.

Greedy Bairavan offers $100 million and persuades him to sell the research to a foreign country([[Deep state|Deep State]]), which Murugan refuses. Despite the other scientists plea, Murugan burns the research papers in front of all scientists claiming that the research at this stage is destructive. Bairavan refuses to believe Murugan.

Murugan then departs with his girlfriend, Vimala, for a world tour. He discloses to Vimala that he only pretended to destroy the research notes, and has actually kept them in a safe place. He indeed had plans to use them, to ensure that his research was used for productive purposes. Bairavan, who has been following them, overhears this and plans to loot the research notes to sell it to deep state agents. While in [[Singapore]], Bairavan shoots Murugan with a special gun that knocks him out. While Murugan falls from the tower [[Chinese Garden, Singapore|Ru Yun T'a]] into a swimming pool, vimala faints after witnessing the act.

Sometime later, Raju, a CBCID officer and Murugan's younger brother from [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] , arrives in Singapore in search of his brother. He finds Lilly who works in a club. They pair up and decide to find Murugan as his body was never recovered. On fine day, they meet a Markandeyan a waiter with [[kleptomania]] who gives clues about meeting Murugan in the hotel where he works, a few days ago. They team up and try to meet Vimala to find answers. Bairavan tricks Vimala in to believing that Raju tried to kill Murugan who is now a amnesiac. Vimala leaves with Bairavan where she finds Murugan has been taken into Bairavan's custody.

Raju, Markandeyan and Lilly get to know that research paper has been split into several parts and is in [[Japan]] with a Buddhist monk. The address to reach the monk is in Vimala's locket. Before leaving, Lilly reveals that Ratna a friend of Vimala now has the locket.

Ratna, a dancer in a hotel gets abused by her employer who forces her to striptease which she refuses. Raju fights and rescues her and pays her debts. She gets employed as his Personal secretary to repay Raju. Ratna's locket has address to reach another friend of Murugan named Robinson from Hong Kong in a time piece. Meanwhile Raju and Ratna fall in love and get married. While Bairavan's henchmen unsuccessful tries to steal the clock, Raju fends them off.

The next piece of address is with Somsoy, a fruit vendor in floating market, [[Bangkok]],[[Thailand]]. In [[floating market]], Raju, Markandeyan and Ratna gets chased by Bairavan's henchmen. Ratna suffers dizziness and upon doctor's insistence rests in hotel, Raju and Markandeyan finds Samsoy and his daughter Metta. Metta smitten by charms of Raju falls for him. Raju reveals he is married and consoles a disappointed Meeta that she is like a sister to him. Samsoy hands over a small statue that contains the next piece of address that directs to them to [[Kyoto]], Japan.

Meanwhile, Bairavan attempts to assault Vimala as a shock treatment trail to . Murugan fights off Bairavan and secretly reveals to Vimala, that he is cured now. Bairavan who gets to know about the research notes, hires a martial artist to fetch it. Henchman now an imposter of Raju, learns the secret codes for the research notes are "Toshika, Kimoko, Mikayo, Nimona" but attacks and knocks down the monk. Raju arrives and find the henchman dressed up as the monk, who asks the meaning of these codes. Raju deciphers and get the case containing the research papers. Henchman attacks Raju but is unsuccessful.

Lilly escapes Vimala and Murugan from Bairavan's custody and asks them to go to "[[Expo '70|Expo 70]]" in [[Osaka]]. Lilly reveals that she has a crush on Raju to Vimala and wishes to marry him. Vimala unaware of Raju's marriage to her best friend Ratna, promises that she will give her life to make Raju marry Lilly. Lilly also dials Raju and says she had managed to escape Murugan and Vimala to expo but gets caught by Bairavan. They all travel to Expo. In ensuing chaos, Murugan gets caught by Bairavan and the doctor an accomplice of Bairavan tortures Murugan with a new device. However, Raju manages to save Murugan while Bairavan and the doctor kill each other in crossfire.

Finally all united, Raju is shown seemingly [[Polygamy|marrying]] Lilly as well. Raju, Lilly and Ratna move to [[East Africa]] on another expedition.
==Cast==
;Male cast
*[[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Murugan and Raju<ref name="BftP" />
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as one of Bairavan's henchmen
*[[S. A. Ashokan]] as Bairavan<ref name="BftP" />
*[[R. S. Manohar]] as Lily's brother
*[[Nagesh]] as Markandeyan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=19 October 2020 |title=Goundamani in Singapore, Yogi Babu in London: 7 hilarious Tamil scenes in foreign lands |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/goundamani-singapore-yogi-babu-london-7-hilarious-tamil-scenes-foreign-lands-135691 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717020239/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/goundamani-singapore-yogi-babu-london-7-hilarious-tamil-scenes-foreign-lands-135691 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as the doctor and the gunsmith of Bairavan
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as the driver and one of Bairavan's henchmen

;Female cast
*[[Chandrakala]] as Rathnadevi
*[[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]] as Vimala<ref name="BftP" />
*[[Latha (actress)|Latha]] as Lily
*Metta Rungrattana as Metta (guest appearance)

== Production ==
''Ulagam Sutrum Valiban'' is the second film directed by [[M. G. Ramachandran]],{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=188}} and was originally titled ''Mele Aagaayam Kizhe Bhoomi''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2022 |title=பொன் விழா ஆண்டில் உலகம் சுற்றும் வாலிபன் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kathir/2022/may/22/young-man-traveling-around-the-world-during-the-golden-jubilee-year-3848444.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524232855/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kathir/2022/may/22/young-man-traveling-around-the-world-during-the-golden-jubilee-year-3848444.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was co-produced by [[R. M. Veerappan]].<ref name="BftP" /> [[J. Jayalalithaa]], in an interview with the media, said that Ramachandran owed his popularity to her; irked by this, Ramachandran fired her from ''Ulagam Sutrum Valiban'', and replaced her with [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ram |first=Arun |date=19 October 2010 |title=Jayalalithaa: Her hero's rival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/chennaitalkies/jayalalithaa-her-hero-s-rival/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175102/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/chennaitalkies/jayalalithaa-her-hero-s-rival/ |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Filming began in 1970.<ref name="sangam">{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=17 March 2020 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 55 {{!}} Ulagam Suttru Vaaliban [The Globe Trotting Youth] |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-55/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610235118/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-55/ |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> The climax scene was shot at [[Expo '70]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=21 February 2021 |title='Germaniyin senthen malare' to 'Kadhala kadhala': Around the world in 8 Tamil songs |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/germaniyin-senthen-malare-kadhala-kadhala-around-world-8-tamil-songs-143894 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309203802/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/germaniyin-senthen-malare-kadhala-kadhala-around-world-8-tamil-songs-143894 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Ramachandran's brother [[M. G. Chakrapani]] served as production consultant.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Ulagam Sutrum Valiban |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Emgeeyaar Pictures |year=1973 |time=6:40 |time-caption=Opening credits, at}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ulagam Sutrum Vaaliban (1973) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000177.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509090922/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000177.html |archive-date=9 May 2014 |access-date=7 June 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ulagam Sutrum Valiban Tamil film LP vinyl Record by M.S. Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/ulagam-sutrum-valiban-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906042025/https://mossymart.com/product/ulagam-sutrum-valiban-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=6 September 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The first choice of Ramachandran for the soundtrack was [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2019 |title=அன்பு நடமாடும் கலைக்கூடமே... என்றென்றும் கண்ணதாசன் (6) |url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/News/Sirappukatturaigal/2019/05/17134304/Love-is-a-walking-ballroom.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527103743/https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/Sirappukatturaigal/2019/05/17134304/Love-is-a-walking-ballroom.vpf |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=5 September 2021 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> Two songs, "Aval Oru Navarasa" and "Nilavu Oru", were originally intended for a shelved film of Ramachandran titled ''Inaindha Kaigal''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2016 |title=கலைமாமணி வாமனனின் 'நிழலல்ல நிஜம்' – 49 {{!}} வசந்தம் வரும்போது அதை வரவழைக்க முடியுமா? |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/17822 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906040553/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/17822 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |location=Nellai}}</ref> The song "Aval Oru Navarasa" is set in [[Harikambhoji]] raga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஏழிசை எம்எஸ்வி {{!}} பயோகிராபி |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626130400/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Aval Oru Navarasa" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || [[Kannadasan]] || 03:32
|-
| "Bansaayee" ([[ten thousand years]]) || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[L. R. Eswari]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 04:44
|-
| "Lilly Malarukku" || T. M. Soundararajan, [[P. Susheela]] || Kannadasan || 05:20
|-
| "Nilavu Oru" || T. M. Soundararajan || rowspan=2|Vaali || 04:22
|-
| "Oh My Darling" (''In the album'') || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 04:03
|-
| "Pachchaikili" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 04:37
|-
| "Sirithu Vaazhavendum" || T. M. Soundararajan, chorus || [[Pulamaipithan]] || 04:29
|-
| "Thangath Thoniyile" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], P. Susheela || Vaali || 03:24
|-
| "Ulagam Ulagam" || T. M. Soundararajan, [[S. Janaki]] || Kannadasan || 03:39
|-
| "Namadhu Vetriyai Naalai" || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] || Pulavar Vedha || 02:57
|-
| "Ninaikkum Pothu" (''In the album'') || P. Susheela || Vaali || 03:34
|-
| "Chimasa"² (''Japanese song'') || Female singer and male singer || Unknown || 00:57
|-
| "Sayonara"² (''Japanese song'') || Male singer || Unknown || 02:58
|-
| Instrumental piece || Chorus || No lyrics || 04:46
|-
| Instrumental piece || Chorus || No lyrics || 02:29
|-
| Instrumental piece || Chorus || No lyrics ||
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Ulagam Sutrum Valiban'' was released on 11 May 1973.<ref name="sangam" /> The film was a major commercial success, and ran for over 250 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=N. |date=20 March 2017 |title=வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள் |trans-title=Tamil films that completed silver jubilees |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170329085911/http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=6 September 2021 |website=Thinnai |language=Tamil}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' wrote Ramachandran had already produced great films like ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'' and ''[[Adimai Penn]]'', but he surpassed them and rose to an unattainable height through this film; viewers could give as many kudos as they want to Ramachandran, who had achieved a great achievement that the Tamil film world could be proud of.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 1973 |title=உலகம் சுற்றும் வாலிபன் விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/44047--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409063906/https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/44047--2 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> In 2005, [[Mohanlal]] listed ''Ulagam Sutrum Valiban'' in his list of top ten best Indian films of all time, stating "I was a kid when I first saw this Tamil film, and I simply loved it. It has all the ingredients needed to entertain people."<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2005 |title=India's Best Films: Mohanlal |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/07list.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109191753/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/07list.htm |archive-date=9 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''Navamani'' praised the acting, humour, cinematography, art, stunts and music and called it a must watch.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-22-1-37#?xywh=-84%2C2206%2C3798%2C2141&cv=3|pages=4|access-date=11 October 2025|work=Navamani|language=ta|title=உலகம் சுற்றும் வாலிபன்|date=16 May 1973|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
* Best Film (''Sirandha Thiraipadam'')
* Best Director ([[M. G. Ramachandran]]) (''Sirandha Iyakkunar'')
* Best Producer ([[M. G. Ramachandran]]), under his ''Emgiyaar Pictures Limited'' (''Sirandha Thayaripalar'')
* [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Filmfare Special Award for Excellent Production Values]] – [[M. G. Ramachandran]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LAcfAQAAMAAJ&q=ulagam+sutrum |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett, Coleman & Company]] |year=1974 |pages=155 |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906040618/https://books.google.com/books?id=LAcfAQAAMAAJ&q=ulagam+sutrum |archive-date=6 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cancelled sequels ==
Ramachandran intended to make a sequel to this film titled ''Kizhakku Africavil Raju'', but the project never came to fruition when he was alive. An animated sequel with the same title was planned by [[Ishari K. Ganesh]] in the late 2010s, with a new script directed by M. Arulmoorthy. [[Sayyeshaa]] and [[Akshara Gowda]] were signed on to star opposite a computer-generated Ramachandran. Despite a trailer being launched, the film did not complete production.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2018 |title=Akshara Gowda in MGR animation film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/akshara-gowda-in-mgr-animation-film/articleshow/63986849.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723131445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/akshara-gowda-in-mgr-animation-film/articleshow/63986849.cms |archive-date=23 July 2018 |access-date=4 May 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Sankaran |date=2022-02-16 |title=எம்ஜிஆர் நடித்து பாதியில் நின்று போன படங்கள் – ஓர் பார்வை |url=https://cinereporters.com/mgr-dropped-movies-in-tamil/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918044154/https://cinereporters.com/mgr-dropped-movies-in-tamil/ |archive-date=18 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=CineReporters |language=Ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="BftP">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=30 April 2016 |title=Blast from the Past: Ulagam Sutrum Vaaliban (1973) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ulagamsutrum-vaaliban1973/article8541302.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605084705/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ulagamsutrum-vaaliban1973/article8541302.ece |archive-date=5 June 2017 |access-date=3 May 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{M. G. Ramachandran}}

[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:1973 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 science fiction films]]
[[Category:Apocalyptic films]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about energy]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films about mental disorders]]
[[Category:Films about physicists]]
[[Category:Films about World War III]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. G. Ramachandran]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films set in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Films set in Osaka]]
[[Category:Films set in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Osaka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction films]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Lightning]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language science fiction films]]

Love in Singapore (1980 Malayalam film)

2026-03-03T21:04:16Z

PQRS1: new basic entry w/ infobox

{{short description|1980 film directed by Baby}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love in Singapore
| image = Love In Singapore 1980 poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Baby (director)|Baby]]
| producer = [[M. Chandra Kumar]]
| writer = [[Gopi]]
| screenplay = [[Baby (director)|Baby]]
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Jayan]] [[Jose Prakash]] [[Latha (actress)|Latha]]
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| cinematography = K. B. Dayalan
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1980|2|28|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Love in Singapore''''' is a 1980 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[Baby (director)|Baby]]. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayan]], [[Jose Prakash]] and [[Latha (actress)|Latha]]. The film has musical score by [[Shankar–Ganesh]]. This movie upon release gained positive reviews and became a commercial success. It was simultaneously shot in Telugu with the [[Love in Singapore (1980 Telugu film)|same name]] starring Ranganath and Chiranjeevi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2019 |title=Jayan's memories live on though Malayalam cinema lost its first action hero four decades ago |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/11/16/actor-jayan-malayalam-movies-action-hero-dress-circle.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630045048/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/11/16/actor-jayan-malayalam-movies-action-hero-dress-circle.amp.html |archive-date=30 June 2021 |access-date=28 June 2021 |website=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=Jayan death anniversary: Here are 5 much-acclaimed movies of the action hero of Malayalam cinema |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2019/nov/17/jayan-death-anniversary-here-are-5-much-acclaimed-movies-of-the-action-hero-of-malayalam-cinema-102642.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629201909/https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2019/nov/17/jayan-death-anniversary-here-are-5-much-acclaimed-movies-of-the-action-hero-of-malayalam-cinema-102642.html |archive-date=29 June 2021 |access-date=28 June 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Premkumar and Suresh are brothers. One night the brothers fight and the father hits the younger brother and he leaves the house in anger. The same night a villain comes to their house and kills the father as revenge for sending the villain to jail.

Premkumar grows up to be a police officer just like his father and is sent to Singapore to track down a jewel-encrusted ancient sword stolen from the local temple. Suresh is in Singapore and has a Chinese girlfriend. Prem meets and falls in love with Sudha whose father is held captive by Sethu who is behind the theft of the sword. The brothers meet and recognize each other. The brothers are held captive by Sethu while they were trying to escape with the sword. The brothers escape and chase down Sethu and returns to India with the sword.

== Cast ==
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Premkumar
*[[Jayan]] as Suresh
* [[Madeline Teo]] as Madeline
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Rowdy Sethu
*[[Latha (actress)|Latha]] as Sudha
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Mother of Premkumar and Suresh
*[[Prathapachandran]] as SI Krishnan Nair, Father of Premkumar and Suresh
* Steven Thoo
* Peter Chong

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]] and the lyrics were written by Ettumanoor Sreekumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ലവ്‌ ഇൻ സിംഗപൂർ (1980) |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?916 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517005043/https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?916 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |language=ml}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Chaam Chacha" || [[P. Susheela]], [[P. Jayachandran]]
|-
| "Madamilakanu Meyyake" || [[S. Janaki]], P. Jayachandran
|-
| "Mayilaadum Medukalil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], P. Susheela
|-
| "Njan Raaja" || S. Janaki, P. Jayachandran
|-
| "Rithulayamunarunnu" || S. Janaki, P. Jayachandran
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0246046}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:1980 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Baby (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Singapore]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Chinese people]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films about theft]]

Thala (2025 film)

2026-03-03T09:08:12Z

PQRS1: adding new post

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Amma Rajashekar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thala (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Amma Rajashekar
| writer = Amma Rajashekar
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Sreenivasa Goud
| starring = {{plain list|
* Amma Raagin Raj
* Ankitha Naskar
}}
| cinematography = [[Shyam K. Naidu]]
| editing = Shiva Sarni
| music = Aslam keyi,Dharma Teja
| studio = Deepa Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|2|14|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Thala''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by Amma Rajashekar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2025-02-12 |title=Thala Movie: గ్రాండ్ గా నిర్వహించిన 'తల' మూవీ ప్రీ రిలీజ్ ఈవెంట్.. |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/cinema-news/a-grand-pre-release-event-of-the-movie-thala-755123.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref> The film features Amma Raagin Raj and Ankitha Naskar in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-02-14 |title='Thala' review: A tale of love, sacrifice, and family bonds |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/thala-review-a-tale-of-love-sacrifice-and-family-bonds-945748#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20heartfelt%20emotional,sentiment,%20action,%20and%20drama. |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 14 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-01-28 |title=Thala trailer: A devoted son who would go to any lengths for his mother |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/28/thala-trailer-a-devoted-son-who-would-go-to-any-lengths-for-his-mother |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130131436/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/28/thala-trailer-a-devoted-son-who-would-go-to-any-lengths-for-his-mother |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-14 |title=New Telugu theatrical releases this week: Vishwak Sen's Laila, Siddhu's It's Complicated, and more |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/new-telugu-theatrical-releases-this-week-vishwak-sens-laila-siddhus-its-complicated-and-more-1372492 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sridevi runs away after the wedding night hoping to become a heroine but becomes a junior artist to take care of Rambabu. Rambabu searches for his father whose name is also Rambabu to unite his family. Rambabu finds his father who owns a chicken shop and is married to Lakshmi. Rambabu starts to work in his father's shop under the name of Chandra. Lakshmi's niece, Pooja stays at Lakshmi's house. Gurudev is a religious gangster who mistreats people from other religions and kills the people who oppose him. Rambabu and Pooja fall in love with each other. Rambabu kills Gurudev to save Lakshmi's family and reveals his true identity. Gurudev's brother, Ramdev chase the family and kills Rahul who was helping the family to escape. Babloo, a police officer, keeps Rambabu's family safe with his family and places Rambabu in juvenile prison. Rambabu spends time in prison under the name of Saleem. Inside the prison, Gurudev's men try to kill Rambabu but Rambabu kills everyone. Rambabu is released from prison and runs into a forest to escape from Ramdev. Tribal people who work for Ramdev chase Rambabu throughout the forest but Rambabu kills most of the tribal people and escape the forest. Rambabu reaches Eswari's house and Eswari's son, Jayadev brings Rambabu's family to Eswari's house. Ramdev kills babloo's family. A flashback reveals that Eswari is Suryadev's first wife and Gajalakshmi is Suryadev's second wife. Suryadev's family unite at Eswari's house and try to kill Rambabu. Suryadev requests Rambabu to kill him as he can't bare to witness the cruetly anymore done by his family. Rambabu kills Suryadev, Jayadev and Ramdev. Rambabu's family unite.

==Cast==
* Amma Raagin Raj
* Ankitha Naskar
* Rohit
* [[Ester Noronha]]
* Mukku Avinash
* [[Satyam Rajesh]]
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]
* [[Viji Chandrasekhar]]
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]]
* [[Indraja]]
* Sravan
* Santosham Suresh
* Radha Rajasekhar

== Music ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Dharma Teja
| title1 = Prema Kuttindantey
| length1 = 3:26
| lyrics1 = Dharma Teja
| extra1 = Bholey Shavali
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Thala'' was released on 14 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=Thala Movie Trailer Talk: మాస్ హీరోలను సైతం చెమటలు పట్టించేలా ఉన్న 'తల' ట్రైలర్.. అమ్మ రాజశేఖర్ గట్టిగా కొట్టేలా ఉన్నాడే.. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/thala-movie-trailer-talk-review-amma-rajashekar-son-amma-ragin-raj-new-movie-trailer-goes-viral-on-social-media-ta-201060 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref> It was released on 10 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjiv |title=Today OTT Movies: ఓటీటీలోకి ఇవాళ సడెన్‌గా 2 తెలుగు సినిమాల ఎంట్రీ- ఒకేదాంట్లో స్ట్రీమింగ్- దేనికదే డిఫరెంట్- ఎక్కడంటే? |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/today-ott-movies-release-telugu-thala-and-jathara-ott-streaming-on-amazon-prime-with-rental-basis-amma-rajasekhar-son-121741592346902.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

''[[Sakshi Post]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and mentioned that direction, performances of the lead cast, cinematography and editing are the positives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-14 |title=Thala Movie Review, Rating |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/thala-movie-review-rating-377851 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref> ''[[News18 Telugu]]'' rated the film 2.75 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-14 |title=Thala Movie Review : తల మూవీ రివ్యూ.. సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/raagin-raj-ankitha-nasskar-thala-movie-review-sr-2715499.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=telugu.news18.com |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=33184067|title=Thala}}
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]

Kaakki Sattai

2026-03-03T05:21:17Z

PQRS1: fixed issues

{{About||the 2015 film|Kaaki Sattai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kaakki Sattai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]]
| story = Sathya Movies Story Department Radha Veerannan
| producer = {{unbulleted list| G. Thyagarajan | V. Thamizhazhagan}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
* [[Maadhavi (actress)|Maadhavi]]
* [[Sathyaraj]]
* [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]]
}}

| cinematography = V. Ranga
| editing = K. R. Krishnan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Sathya Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1985|04|11}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kaakki Sattai''''' ({{translation|[[Khaki]] Shirt}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]], starring [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], [[Maadhavi (actress)|Maadhavi]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] and [[Thengai Srinivasan]]. The film, released on 11 April 1985, during the week of [[Puthandu]], became a major box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=ரஜினியின் படத்தை முந்திய கமல் படம்.. 38 வருடங்களுக்கு முன் புத்தாண்டில் நடந்த பரபர போட்டி! |trans-title=Kamal's film that beat Rajini's film.. A huge competition that took place on Tamil New Year's Day 38 years ago! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-38-years-ago-kamal-kaaki-sattai-movie-beat-rajini-naan-sigappu-manithan-movie-937165.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412183503/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-38-years-ago-kamal-kaaki-sattai-movie-beat-rajini-naan-sigappu-manithan-movie-937165.html |archive-date=12 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was loosely remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Guru (1989 film)|Guru]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2014 |title=Kamal's Kaakki Sattai was remade |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Kamals-Kaakki-Sattai-was-remade/articleshow/37170040.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731013837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Kamals-Kaakki-Sattai-was-remade/articleshow/37170040.cms |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=27 July 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Murali is a young man who trains very hard to become a police officer. Uma is his neighbour and they fall in love with each other while Uma supports Murali to achieve his goal but he is rejected after the physical test due to not having influence or money.

Angered by the rejection, Murali turns into a local rowdy. He causes trouble in his district and comes to the attention of a notorious smuggler and murderer, Vicky and his partner Anand. After initial conflict between the two, Vicky recruits the rowdy Murali into his gang. Murali becomes his most trusted member. He grows intimate with a girl, Anita, who is looking for personal revenge against Anand.

But soon Vicky's activities time and again, are foiled by the police and he finds out that they have a mole in his gang. Uma spots the changed Murali with Anita and becomes furious and breaks up with him. Then Murali reveals the truth to her. He was not rejected by the police but was recruited by a senior officer to bring down Vicky and Anand's gang. He became a rowdy to get into the gang and is acting as a mole to bring the gang down. They patch things up but Vicky finds out the truth too. In the climax, Anita kills Anand. Vicky kidnaps Uma after killing Anita and when police arrive to arrest him and blackmails Murali to help him escape. After initially helping his escape, Murali rescues Uma and Vicky is killed in the blast.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kamal Haasan]] as Muralidharan "Murali"
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Vicky
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Uma
*[[Maadhavi (actress)|Maadhavi]] as Anitha
*[[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] as Anand
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Vicky's assistant
*[[Bob Christo]]
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as [[Inspector-general of police|IG]]
*[[Kallapetti Singaram]] as Murali's father
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Singari
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Bhaskar
*[[Thavakalai]] as Murali's friend
*Kanchana
}}

== Production ==
{{empty section|date=August 2025}}
<ref>{{Cite web |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: வில்லனை ஆதரித்த கமல் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/131416 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250729070909/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/131416 |archive-date=29 July 2025 |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaaki Chattai (1985) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000066 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102154213/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000066 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |access-date=21 December 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=kakki Sattai Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kakki-sattai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120122455/https://mossymart.com/product/kakki-sattai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> He finished composing the songs in half-a-day, well before the three-day schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=31 May 2018 |title=The Ilaiyaraaja interview: 'Why should filmmakers know about music creation?' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-film-composer-ilayaraaja-interview-on-his-75th-birthday/article24045311.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615113301/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-film-composer-ilayaraaja-interview-on-his-75th-birthday/article24045311.ece |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=1 November 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=பாலசுப்ரமணியன் |first=வி. |date=2 June 2018 |title=கற்பனையால் ரசிகர்களை வியக்க வைப்பதே வெற்றி; எல்லாவற்றையும் தாண்டிய இசை ஒன்று இருக்கிறது!: இசைஞானி இளையராஜா சிறப்பு நேர்காணல் |trans-title=Success is surprising the audience with imagination; there is music that transcends everything!: Musician Ilaiyaraaja Special Interview |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/131027-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415044854/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/131027-.html |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=1 November 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The guitar portions of the song "Vaanile Thenila" were performed by Ilaiyaraaja's brother-in-law Sasidharan Muniyandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=2 February 2021 |title=Bass Guitarist Sasidharan Muniyandi Dies at 60 |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/music/news/bass-guitarist-sasidharan-muniyandi-dies-at-60/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241111061128/https://silverscreenindia.com/music/news/bass-guitarist-sasidharan-muniyandi-dies-at-60/ |archive-date=11 November 2024 |access-date=11 November 2024 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en}}</ref> [[Charulatha Mani]] believes the song "Kanmaniye Pesu" is set in [[Shivaranjani]], a [[Carnatic raga]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=28 September 2012 |title=Sivaranjani for pathos |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/sivaranjani-for-pathos/article3945587.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201050204/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/sivaranjani-for-pathos/article3945587.ece |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> while Carnatic musicologist Sundararaman believes it is in Pahadi.{{Sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=136}} "Vaanile Thenila" is set in [[Chakravakam (raga)|Chakravakam]].{{Sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=165}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kanmaniye Pesu
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics1 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| length1 = 4:35
| title2 = Namma Singaari Saraku
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubramanyam
| lyrics2 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| length2 = 4:28
| title3 = Poo Potta Dhavani
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubramanyam, S. Janaki
| lyrics3 = [[:ta:அவினாசி மணி|Avinasi Mani]]
| length3 = 4:20
| title4 = Vaanile Thenila
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubramanyam, S. Janaki
| lyrics4 = [[Na. Kamarasan]]
| length4 = 4:33
| title5 = Pattu Kannam
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
| lyrics5 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| length5 = 4:21
| total_length = 22:17
}}

== Critical reception ==
[[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the performance of Haasan and Sathyaraj, stunt choreography and Ilaiyaraaja's music but felt Rajeev's character was unnecessary.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=5 May 1985 |title=காக்கிசட்டை |trans-title=Khaki shirt |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-05-05/page/n11/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230221150217/https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-05-05/page/n11/mode/2up |archive-date=21 February 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=10–11 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised the acting, music, stunts, dance and direction but felt dialogues criticising police force could have been avoided.<ref>{{Cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=15 April 1985 |title=காக்கிச்சட்டை |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_167/4.jp2/full/1000,1342/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215104739/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_167/4.jp2/full/1000,1342/0/default.jpg |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Re-release ==
A digitally restored version of the film was released on 30 March 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2018 |title=Digitally remastered 'Kaakki Sattai': Kamal Haasan's classic to re-release on March 30 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/digitally-remastered-kaakki-sattai-kamal-haasans-classic-to-re-release-on-march-30/articleshow/63462704.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730162347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/digitally-remastered-kaakki-sattai-kamal-haasans-classic-to-re-release-on-march-30/articleshow/63462704.cms |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Rajasekhar (director)}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s police films]]
[[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1985 action films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajasekhar (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bani J

2026-02-27T04:04:59Z

PQRS1:

{{short description|Indian actress, model, and VJ}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bani J
| birth_name = Gurbani Judge
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|11|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| image = Gurbani Judge at premiere of Bright 6, Mumbai 2017.jpg
| caption = Gurbani Judge in 2017
| other_names = VJ Bani
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Video jockey|VJ]]|[[Model (person)|model]]|[[Television presenter|television host]]}}
| years_active = 2006–present
| known_for = ''[[MTV Roadies (season 4)|MTV Roadies 4]]'' ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 4]]'' ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 10|Bigg Boss 10]]'' ''[[Four More Shots Please!]]''
| television =
| partner =
}}

'''Gurbani Judge''' (born 29 November 1987), known as '''Bani J''' or '''VJ Bani''', is an Indian fitness [[Model (person)|model]], actress, and former [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]] presenter. She is known for participating in ''[[MTV Roadies |MTV Roadies 4]]'', ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 4]]'' and ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss 10]]''. She has also starred in the web series ''[[Four More Shots Please!]].''

==Career==
Judge started her career by competing in the reality show ''[[MTV Roadies |MTV Roadies 4]]'' where she was the 1st runner-up. She continued her collaboration with ''[[MTV Roadies 5]]''. She was also a contestant on ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 4]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=My Tattoos Are Special To Me |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/My-tattoos-are-special-to-me-VJ-Bani/articleshow/10327722.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Apart from her work on [[MTV]], Bani also acted in films like ''[[Thikka]]'' and ''[[Aap Kaa Surroor - The Real Luv Story]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=VJ Bani turns warrior in a period drama |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/VJ-Bani-turns-warrior-in-a-period-drama/articleshow/47707080.cms}}</ref>

In 2016, she appeared in [[Navv Inder]]'s music video "Att Tera Yaar" and in Honey Singh's "Raat Jashan Di". In October 2016, she was a contestant on ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 10|Bigg Boss 10]]'',<ref name="Photogallery 20152">{{cite web |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/gym-selfies-of-tv-stars/articleshow/48265596.cms |title=Gurbani Judge Roadies fame clicks a selfie after working out |date=29 July 2015 |website=Photogallery |access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> where she finished as the 1st runner-up.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bigg-Boss-10-contestant-Gurbani-Judges-profile-photos-and-videos/articleshow/54894737.cms? |title=Bigg Boss 10 contestant Gurbani Judge's profile, photos and videos |date=17 October 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2016 |title=Gauahar Khan was the reason why Bani J said yes to Bigg Boss 10 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gauahar-Khan-was-the-reason-why-Bani-J-said-yes-to-Bigg-Boss-10/articleshow/54892270.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 January 2017 |title=Disappointing that I didn't win but Manveer is deserving: VJ Bani's first interview after coming out of Bigg Boss 10! |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-disappointing-that-i-didn-t-win-but-manveer-is-deserving-vj-bani-s-first-interview-after-coming-out-of-bigg-boss-10-2299413 |website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-10-first-runner-up-bani-judge-you-cannot-have-a-strategy-for-this-show/story-QgEAIQ3YYiWrn7tA6xi36H.html |title=Bigg Boss 10 first runner up Bani Judge: You cannot have a strategy for this show |date=29 January 2017 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

She also appeared in the web series ''[[Four More Shots Please!]]''<ref name="whyit1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.whyit.in/4-more-shots-please/ |title=Four More Shots Please! Season 1 Free Download (2019) |date=25 December 2018 |website=whyit.in |language=en-US |access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref> as Umang Singh.

==Personal life==
Judge was born 29 November 1987 in [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theindiancircle.com/birthday-special-15-pictures-of-bani-j-which-proves-she-is-beautiful-yet-a-badass-girl/ |title=Birthday Special: 15 Pictures Of Bani J Which Proves She Is Beautiful Yet A Badass Girl |date=29 November 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019221043/https://www.theindiancircle.com/birthday-special-15-pictures-of-bani-j-which-proves-she-is-beautiful-yet-a-badass-girl/ |archivedate=19 October 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her family consists of her mother Tanya and her elder sister Saneya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/vj-bani-was-body-shamed-for-her-muscular-physique/story-rUMdMNXLMdQ8bnMVKmhxYK.html |title=VJ Bani was body shamed for her muscular physique |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=7 August 2016}}</ref> She promotes the sports nutrition company [[Myprotein]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bani joins Team Myprotein as brand ambassador |url=https://www.myprotein.co.in/Bani-J.list |access-date=2 August 2019 |website=myprotein.co.in |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802094608/https://www.myprotein.co.in/Bani-J.list |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[fitness app]] Mobiefit Body.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bigg-boss-10-vj-bani-s-boyfriend-yuvraj-thakur-breaks-silence-on-their-relationship-2278118 |title=Bigg Boss 10: VJ Bani's boyfriend Yuvraj Thakur BREAKS SILENCE on their relationship! |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |publisher=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] |date=29 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-10-bani-j-reveals-her-love-story-says-gauahar-found-yuvraj-irritating-474740 |title=Bigg Boss 10: Bani J reveals her love story, says Gauahar found Yuvraj IRRITATING |work=[[ABP Live]] |publisher=[[ABP Group]] |date=3 January 2017 |access-date=27 March 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518061143/http://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-10-bani-j-reveals-her-love-story-says-gauahar-found-yuvraj-irritating-474740 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She studied at Woodstock School, [[Mussoorie]], graduating in 2005.

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col"|Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Ref
|-
| 2007
| scope="row" | ''[[Aap Kaa Surroor]]''
| Bani
| rowspan="2"|[[Hindi]]
| Debut film
|
|-
| 2011
| scope="row" | ''[[Soundtrack (film)|Soundtrack]]''
| Herself
| Cameo Appearance
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2016
| scope="row" | ''[[Zorawar]]''
| Zoya
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| Punjabi Debut
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Thikka]]''
| Kamala
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Telugu Debut
|
|-
| 2018
| scope="row" | ''[[Ishqeria]]''
|Asha
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Valimai]]''
|Sara
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Tamil Debut
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Double iSmart]]''
|Bentley
|Telugu
|
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''[[MTV Roadies (season 4)|MTV Roadies 4]]''
| Contestant
| 1st runner-up
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2017 |title=Bigg Boss 10: Bani J's MTV Roadies audition video goes viral and you should surely not miss this one! (Watch Video) |url=https://www.india.com/viral/bigg-boss-10-bani-js-mtv-roadies-audition-video-goes-viral-and-you-should-surely-not-miss-this-one-watch-video-1760888/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[MTV Roadies (season 6)|MTV Roadies 6]]''
| rowspan=2 | Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[MTV Roadies (season 7)|MTV Roadies 7]]''
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi (TV series)|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 4]]''
| Contestant
| 9th place
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=VJ Bani in another reality show - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vj-bani-in-another-reality-show/articleshow/7883098.cms |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=7 April 2011 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[MTV Roadies (season 9)|MTV Roadies 9]]''
| Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''MTV Vogue Style in 60''
| Herself
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2013
| ''[[MTV Roadies (season 10)|MTV Roadies 10]]''
| rowspan="2" | Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2014
| ''[[MTV Roadies (season 11)|MTV Roadies 11]]''
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
| Contestant
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=14 December 2014 |title=Box Cricket League Teams: BCL 2014 Team Details With TV Actors & Names of Celebrities |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/ |website=India.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015
| ''[[MTV Roadies (season 12)|MTV Roadies 12]]''
|Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[MTV Campus Diaries]]''
| rowspan="2" | Herself
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[MTV Unplugged]]''
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[I Can Do That (Indian TV series)|I Can Do That]]'' || Contestant
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016
| ''[[NBA Slam]]''
|Herself
|Guest
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''Box Cricket League 2''
| Contestant
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2016-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-1028570/ |title=200 Actors, 10 Teams, and 1 Winner... Let The Game Begin |work=India.com |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Comedy Nights Live]]''
|Herself
|Guest
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 10|Bigg Boss 10]]''
| Contestant
| 1st runner-up
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2016 |title=Bigg Boss 10 Contestant Bani J Profile, Biography, Photos and Video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bigg-boss-season-10/bigg-boss-10-contestant-bani-j-profile-biography-photos-and-video-3089241/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 9|Nach Baliye 9]]''
| Herself
| Guest
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=10 July 2019 |title=Nach Baliye 9: Bigg Boss 10's Bani J to participate reveals Anita Hassanandani |url=https://cineblitz.in/news-gossip/nach-baliye-9-did-anita-hassanandani-confirm-bani-js-participation-in-the-dance-reality-show/ |website=Cineblitz}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Ladies vs Gentlemen]]''
| Panelist
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Shriya |date=17 November 2020 |title=Genelia, hubby Riteish Deshmukh to turn host for new show 'Ladies Vs Gentlemen' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/genelia-hubby-riteish-deshmukh-to-turn-host-for-new-show-ladies-vs-gentlemen-665542 |access-date=18 November 2020 |publisher=[[India TV]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Platform
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2019–2025
| ''[[Four More Shots Please!]]''
| Umang Singh
| Hindi
| [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| Web Debut; 4 seasons
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="whyit1" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|3260483}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|gurbani-judge-vj-bani}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Shows for Bani J
| list =
{{Roadies}}
{{Bigg Boss}}
{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Judge, Gurbani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Female models from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:MTV Roadies contestants]]
[[Category:Fitness models]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian video jockeys]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]

Susan Itticheria

2026-02-26T07:42:46Z

PQRS1: add article additionally and corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Susan Itticheria
| female = true
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Susan Itticheria
| nickname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = kerala India
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium fast
| role =
| family = [[Dipika Pallikal Karthik]](daughter) [[Dinesh Karthik]](son in law)

| international = true
| testdebutdate = 31 October
| testdebutyear = 1976
| testdebutagainst = West Indies
| testcap = 4
| lasttestdate = 15 January
| lasttestyear = 1977
| lasttestagainst = Australia

| odidebutdate = 5 January
| odidebutyear = 1978
| odidebutagainst = New Zealand
| odicap = 12
| lastodidate = 8 January
| lastodiyear = 1978
| lastodiagainst = Australia
| odishirt =

| club1 =
| year1 =

| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Women's Test cricket|WTest]]
| matches1 = 7
| runs1 = 40
| bat avg1 = 6.66
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 11
| deliveries1 = 588
| wickets1 = 7
| bowl avg1 = 37.40
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2/21
| catches/stumpings1 = 2/0
| column2 = [[Women's One Day International cricket|WODI]]
| matches2 = 2
| runs2 = 14
| bat avg2 = 14.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 8*
| deliveries2 = 102
| wickets2 = 1
| bowl avg2 = 37.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 1/16
| catches/stumpings2 = 0/0

| date = 13 September
| year = 2009
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/17/17135/17135.html CricketArchive
|internationalspan=1976 - 1978}}
'''Susan Itticheria''' (born 1959 in [[kerala,India]]) is a former [[Test cricket|Test]] and [[One Day International]] cricketer who represented [[India national women's cricket team|India]]. She played seven Test matches and two One Day Internationals. Susan played in India's inaugural [[Women's Test cricket|women's Test match]], against the [[West Indies women's cricket team|West Indies]], in 1976.<ref name="Cricinfo profile2">{{cite web |title=Susan Itticheria |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/susan-itticheria-54255 |accessdate=2024-07-07 |publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>

She is the mother of Indian squash player [[Dipika Pallikal]] who is married to Indian wicket-keeper [[Dinesh Karthik]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India Squad 1978 Women's Cricket World Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Itticheria, Susan}}
[[Category:India women One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India women Test cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone women cricketers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu women cricketers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1950s-stub}}

Rag Mayur

2026-02-08T09:49:40Z

PQRS1: Started New Entry Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Rag Mayur
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| nationality =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Delaware]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2015{{ndash}}present
}}

'''Rag Mayur''' is an Indian film actor who appears in [[Telugu films]]. He is best known for his role Maridesh Babu in the film ''[[Cinema Bandi]]'', produced by [[Raj & DK]] films,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2021-05-14 |title='Cinema Bandi' movie review: A charming story of how a high-end camera fuels filmmaking dreams in a village |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/cinema-bandi-movie-review-a-charming-story-of-filmmaking-dreams-in-a-village/article34555705.ece |access-date=2023-11-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and in ''[[Keedaa Cola]]'' directed by [[Tharun Bhascker]].<ref name="H">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2023-11-01 |title='Keedaa Cola': Chaitanya Rao Madadi, Rag Mayur, Vishnu Oi, Jeevan Kumar and Ravindra Vijay hold forth on director Tharun Bhascker's Telugu comic caper |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-the-gang-of-director-tharun-bhasckers-telugu-crime-comedy-keedaa-cola/article67483734.ece |access-date=2023-11-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rag Mayur was born in [[Hyderabad]]. He completed his undergraduate and postgraduate studies at [[Osmania University]] and [[University of Delaware]], respectively.<ref name="INTERVIEW">{{Cite web |title=INTERVIEW: 'The project came to me like love comes organically in the show': Modern Love Hyderabad actor Rag Mayur on bagging a role in the series |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2022/jul/15/interview-the-project-came-to-me-like-love-comes-organically-in-the-show-modern-love-hyderabad-a-42330.html |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=indulgexpress.com |date=14 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rag Mayur Chevuri">{{Cite web |title=UD Alumni Receptions {{!}} India : University of Delaware |url=https://ud.alumniq.com/index.cfm/events:main/attending/event/801F73C7-24A8-4F7C-AF5AE997259DD8BE |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=ud.alumniq.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
! Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|2017
|''[[Mental Madhilo]]''
|Aravind's colleague
|Uncredited role
|<ref name="INTERVIEW"/>
|-
|2021
|''[[Cinema Bandi]]''
|Maridesh Babu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Going Full Throttle: Actor Rag Mayur on his iconic role in the cult Telugu movie 'Cinema Bandi' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/sep/05/going-full-throttleactor-rag-mayur-on-his-iconic-rolein-the-cult-telugu-movie-cinema-bandi-2353481.html |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=The New Indian Express|date=4 September 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Keedaa Cola]]''
|Kaushik
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2023-11-01 |title='Keedaa Cola': Chaitanya Rao Madadi, Rag Mayur, Vishnu Oi, Jeevan Kumar and Ravindra Vijay hold forth on director Tharun Bhascker's Telugu comic caper |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-the-gang-of-director-tharun-bhasckers-telugu-crime-comedy-keedaa-cola/article67483734.ece |access-date=2023-11-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="The character I play is loud and extroverted, and quite unlike my real life persona, says actor Rag Mayur">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |title=The character I play is loud and extroverted, and quite unlike my real life persona, says actor Rag Mayur |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2023/Nov/21/interview-the-character-i-play-is-loud-and-extroverted-and-quite-unlike-my-real-life-persona-says-actorrag-mayur-2634675.html |access-date=25 May 2024 |date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525092837/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2023/Nov/21/interview-the-character-i-play-is-loud-and-extroverted-and-quite-unlike-my-real-life-persona-says-actorrag-mayur-2634675.html |archive-date=25 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Sriranga Neethulu]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-04-13 |title='Sri ranga neethulu' movie review: An impressive slice-of-life dramedy that does justice to its universe |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Apr/13/sri-ranga-neethulu-movie-review-an-impressive-slice-of-life-dramedy-that-does-justice-to-its-universe |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Veeranjaneyulu Viharayatra]]''
|Veeru
|
|
|-
|''[[Gandhi Tatha Chettu]]''
|Satish
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Subham]]''
|Maridesh Babu
|Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-05-08 |title=Subham movie review: A wacky, hilarious fable about female desire and masculinity |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/May/08/subham-movie-review-a-wacky-hilarious-fable-about-female-desire-and-masculinity |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Paradha]]''
|Rajesh
|
|
|-
|''[[Mithra Mandali]]''
|Abhi
|
|
|}
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
! Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|2022
|''[[Modern Love Hyderabad]]''
|Tarun
| rowspan="3" |[[Amazon Prime Video]]
| Episode "Finding Your Penguin"
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rag Mayur on 'Modern Love Hyderabad': When I was being offered similar roles, Venkatesh Maha looked at me differently|work=The Hindu |date=19 July 2022 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rag-mayur-on-modern-love-hyderabad-when-i-was-being-offered-similar-roles-venkatesh-maha-looked-at-me-differently/article65653660.ece |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-rag-mayur-i-said-yes-to-modern-love-hyderabad-immediately-because-it-was-in-total-contrast-to-cinema-bandi/52e9f2168d894|title=Exclusive! Rag Mayur: I said yes to Modern Love Hyderabad immediately because it was in total contrast to Cinema Bandi|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Sivarapalli]]''
|Shyam Prasad
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-01-17 |title=Rag Mayur starrer Sivarapalli to stream from this date; makers release trailer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/17/rag-mayur-starrer-sivarapalli-to-stream-from-this-date-makers-release-trailer |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''
|Maridesh Babu
|Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-27 |title=The Family Man Season 3 OTT: Manoj Bajpayee's Villain Revealed in Prime Video's New Teaser |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/ott/family-man-season-3-ott-manoj-bajpayees-villain-revealed-prime-videos-new-teaser-423237 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Sakshi Post|language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|2015
|''Antahkaran''
|{{N/A}}
|As director
|<ref name="INTERVIEW"/>
|-
|2016
|''Rama Kanavemira''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20220628/282140705065213|title=LIVING HIS DREAM!|work=The Asian Age|date=28 June 2022|access-date=2023-11-14}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|6184373}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayur, Rag}}
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Delaware alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
{{India-film-actor-stub}}
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]

Life insurance in India

2026-02-04T08:03:47Z

PQRS1:

{{Short description|none}}
'''Life insurance''' is one of the growing sectors in [[India]] since 2000 as Government allowed Private players and FDI up to 26% and recently Cabinet approved a proposal to increase it to 49%. In 1955, mean risk per policy of Indian and foreign life insurers amounted respectively to ₹2,950 & ₹7,859<ref>
[http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1949_1/2/insurance_in_1955.pdf Mean risk per policy of Indian life insurers was ₹2,950 in 1955]</ref> (worth ₹15 lakh & ₹41 lakh in 2017 prices). Life Insurance in India was nationalised by incorporating Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) in 1956. All private [[life insurance]] companies at that time were taken over by LIC. In 1993, the [[Government of India]] appointed RN Malhotra Committee to lay down a road map for privatisation of the life insurance sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coi.org.in/COI_WebPortal/cmc/particluarBookInfo?bookId=14 |publisher=coi.org.in|title=COI}}</ref>

==Types of life insurance in India==
*[[Unit-linked insurance plan]]

== Companies ==
Below are the list of life insurance companies in India:<ref>{{cite news |title=IRDA - Registered Insurers - Life |url=https://www.policyholder.gov.in/registered_insurers_life.aspx |accessdate=15 September 2020 |work=www.policyholder.gov.in |publisher=IRDA}}</ref>

* [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]]
* [[HDFC Life]]
* [[ICICI Prudential|ICICI Prudential Life Insurance]]
* [[Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance|Bajaj Life Insurance]]
* [[Kotak Life Insurance]]
* [[SBI Life Insurance Company]]
* [[Max Life Insurance|Axis Max Life Insurance]]
* [[Reliance Life Insurance]]
* [[Canara HSBC Life Insurance]]
* [[Aviva India]]
* [[Bandhan_Life]]
* PNB MetLife India Insurance Company
* Bharti AXA Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
* Aditya Birla Sun Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
* [[Pramerica Life Insurance Limited|Pramerica Life Insurance Co. Ltd.]]
* Edelweiss Life Insurance Co. Ltd
* Future Generali India Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
* Sahara India Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
* Shriram Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
* [[Star Union Dai-ichi Life Insurance]]
* [[Tata AIA Life|Tata AIA Life Insurance Co. Ltd.]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KazPDQAAQBAJ|title=The Life Insurance Industry in India: Current State and Efficiency|first1 =Tapas | last1 = Parida |first2=Debashish |last2=Acharya |date=30 April 2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-10-2233-3}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwH2OwAACAAJ|title=Life Insurance In India: Opportunities, Challenges and Strategic Perspective|first =H |last = Sadhak|date=2009|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9788178298467}}
{{refend}}

{{Insurance in India}}

[[Category:Life insurance in India| ]]

Embassy of India, Berlin

2026-02-02T11:54:03Z

PQRS1: started data

{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=de|otherarticle=Indische Botschaft in Berlin|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Diplomatic Mission
|name = Embassy of India in Berlin
|location = [[Mitte]], Berlin
|coordinates = {{coord|52.509444|13.362111|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|image = Be_Indian_Embassy_01.jpg
|address = [[Tiergartenstraße]] 17, 10785 Berlin
|ambassador = Ajit Gupte
}}
The '''Embassy of India, Berlin''' ([[Germany|German]]: ''Indische Botschaft in Berlin'') is the diplomatic representation of the [[Republic of India]] in the [[Federal Republic of Germany]]. The embassy building has been located in [[Tiergartenstraße]] in [[Berlin|Berlin's]] embassy district since 2001. The first exchange of ambassadors between [[West Germany]] and India took place in 1952, after India was one of the first countries to recognize the then new Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. On March 7, 1951, both countries concluded a treaty to exchange ambassadors.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2023-03-18 |title=Indien: Steckbrief |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/service/laender/indien-node/steckbrief/205974?view= |website=www.auswaertiges-amt.de}}</ref> Between 1972 and 1990 there was also an Indian embassy in the GDR ([[East Germany]]).

== History ==
Until the [[Cabinet of Germany|German government]] decided to move from [[Bonn]] to Berlin, India's embassy in Germany was based in Bonn.

Diplomatic relations also existed with the GDR between 1972 and 1990. The Embassy of India in the GDR was located at ''Clara-Zetkin-Straße 89'' (since 1995 ''Dorotheenstraße'' again) in East Berlin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Fernsprechbuch für die Hauptstadt der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik: |url=https://digital.zlb.de/viewer/image/15849331_1989/102/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website= |language=de}}</ref>

Between 1999 and 2001, the new headquarters of the Indian embassy in Germany was built in the embassy quarter of Berlin's [[Tiergarten (Berlin)|Tiergarten]] quarter ([[Mitte|Berlin-Mitte]] borough). The building plans were drawn up by the Berlin architects ''Léon-Wohlhage-Wernik''. The finished building is characterized by its unusual colour scheme - the façade is made of Indian [[red sandstone]].

On January 18, 2001, the Indian Embassy was officially opened in the presence of the then Foreign Ministers of Germany and India - [[Joschka Fischer]] and [[Jaswant Singh]]. The first Indian ambassador to move into the new building was [[Ronen Sen]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Berlin: Neue indische Botschaft: Klassischer Ausdruckstanz und ein Dach mit Aussicht |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/neue-indische-botschaft-klassischer-ausdruckstanz-und-ein-dach-mit-aussicht-751882.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=Der Tagesspiegel Online |language=de-DE |issn=1865-2263}}</ref>
[[File:Embindiaberlin.jpg|thumb|View of the entrance]]

== See also ==

* [[List of diplomatic missions of India]]
* [[Germany–India relations]]

== Literature ==

* Nils Ballhausen: ''Ein Stück Indien – Botschaft der Republik Indien mit Konsulats- und Wohngebäude''. In: ''Bauwelt'', Nr. 14/2001, p. 18–23.

== External links ==

* [https://indianembassyberlin.gov.in/ Official Website of the Indian Embassy in Germany]
* [https://www.facebook.com/IndiaInGermany/?locale=de_DE India in Germany on Facebook]
* [https://www.leonwohlhage.de/indische-botschaft-berlin.html Indische Botschaft in Berlin] at Leon Wohlhage Wernik architecture
* [http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/stadtmodelle/de/datenbank/ausgabe.php?ProjektID=593&modus=liste Botschaft der Republik Indien] at Berliner [[Senate of Berlin|Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung]]
* [http://www.baunetz.de/botschaft/Indien_90688.html Indische Botschaft] at [[BauNetz]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Diplomatic missions of India|Germany]]
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 2001]]
[[Category:Diplomatic missions in Berlin]]

DD Uttar Pradesh

2026-01-23T17:25:09Z

PQRS1:

{{short description|Doordarshan TV channel in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox broadcasting network
| network_name = Doordarshan Uttar Pradesh
| network_logo = DD Uttar Pradesh.gif
| country = India
| network_type = [[Terrestrial and satellite television|Broadcast]] [[television network]]
| owner = [[Prasar Bharati]]
| launch_date = 1975 (as Doordarshan Kendra Lucknow)
| founder = [[Govt. of India]]
| past_names = Doordarshan Kendra Lucknow, DD-16 Uttar Pradesh
| website = [https://ddnews.gov.in/en/states-category/uttar-pradesh/ DD News official website]
| language = Hindi, Bhojpuri
}}
'''Doordarshan Uttar Pradesh''' often abbreviated as '''DD Uttar Pradesh''' (Hindi: '''दूरदर्शन उत्तर प्रदेश''') is a 24-hour regional satellite Government TV channel primarily telecasting from Doordarshan Kendra Lucknow (DDK Lucknow) and is a part of the state-owned [[Doordarshan]] TV Network. Previously, it was known as '''DD-16 Uttar Pradesh'''.

==History==
Lucknow Doordarshan started functioning on 27 Nov. 1975 on channel 4<ref name=tvfactbook>{{cite web |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1977-TV-Factbook/1977-TV-Factbook.pdf |title=Television Factbook |date=1977 |accessdate=31 March 2021 |page=1109-b }}</ref> with an interim setup at 22, Ashok Marg, Lucknow. The colour transmission service of National Channel (only with Transmitter) started from 15-8-82. The news operation was criticised in 1983 for having two presenters, being compared to an acted [[nautanki]]. Viewers wanted it to be discontinued.<ref>{{cite news|title=When Indians see red |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19830824-1.2.127.5|access-date=21 January 2025|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=24 August 1983}}</ref> While the regular colour transmission service from studio was started in 1984 with ENG gadgets.

==See also==
* [[List of programs broadcast by DD National]]
* [[All India Radio]]
* [[Prasar Bharati|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
* [[DD Direct Plus]]
* [[List of South Asian television channels by country]]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130726051932/https://prasarbharati.gov.in/dd-uttar-praesh-homepage/ Doordarshan Uttar Pradesh Official Internet site]
* [https://ddnews.gov.in/ Doordarshan news site]
* [https://prasarbharati.gov.in/ Prasar Bharati Website]

{{CATV}}
{{Terrestrial television channels of India}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Doordarshan]]
[[Category:Foreign television channels broadcasting in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1975]]
[[Category:Indian direct broadcast satellite services]]
[[Category:Mass media in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Television channels based in Lucknow]]

Akbarnama

2026-01-20T03:50:25Z

PQRS1: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|16th-century book by Mughal historian Abu'l-Fazl}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Akbarnama
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Binding from "Akbarnama" (CBL In 03).jpg
| caption = Binding from "Akbarnama", c. 1600 – 1605 at the [[Chester Beatty Library]].
| author = [[Abul Fazl]] and Faizi Sirhindi
| cover_artist =
| country = [[Mughal Empire]] ([[India]])
| language = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| series =
| genre = [[Biography]]
| release_date = 1600–1605
| english_release_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| set_in = 16–17th century [[Mughal India]]
| congress =
| dewey =
}}
The '''Akbarnama''' ({{langx|fa|اکبرنامه}}; {{lit|The Book of [[Akbar]]|i=yes}}), is the official chronicle of the reign of [[Akbar]], the third [[Mughal Emperor]] ({{Reign|1556|1605}}), commissioned by Akbar himself and written by his court historian and biographer, [[Abul Fazl]]. It was written in [[Persian language|Persian]], which was the literary language of the Mughals, and includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times.<ref>[http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/AA_India/pages/India_12.shtml Illustration from the Akbarnama: History of Akbar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919035749/http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/AA_India/pages/India_12.shtml |date=2009-09-19 }} [[Art Institute of Chicago]]</ref> It followed the ''[[Baburnama]]'', the more personal memoir by his grandfather, [[Babur]], founder of the dynasty. It was produced in the form of lavishly illustrated manuscripts.

Abul Fazl, who was one of the ''Nine Jewels'' (Hindustani: [[Navaratnas]]) of Akbar's royal court, states in the book that it took seven years to be completed. The original manuscripts contained many [[miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]] paintings supporting the texts, thought to have been illustrated between {{Circa|1592}} and 1594 by at least forty-nine different artists from Akbar's imperial workshop,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O9283/painting-akbars-mother-travels-by-boat/|title=Akbar's mother travels by boat to Agra|publisher=V & A Museum}}</ref> representing the best of the [[Mughal painting|Mughal school of painting]], and masters of the imperial workshop, including [[Basawan]], whose use of portraiture in its illustrations was an innovation in [[Indian art]].<ref name="art">[http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/AA_India/pages/India_12.shtml Illustration from the ''Akbarnama'': History of Akbar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919035749/http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/AA_India/pages/India_12.shtml |date=2009-09-19 }} [[Art Institute of Chicago]]</ref>

After Akbar's death in 1605, the manuscript remained in the library of his son, [[Jahangir]] ({{Reign|1605|1627}}) and later [[Shah Jahan]] ({{Reign|1628|1658}}). Today, the [[Victoria and Albert Akbarnama]], with 116 miniature paintings, is at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. It was bought by the [[South Kensington Museum]] (now the V&A) in 1896 from Mrs Frances Clarke, acquired by her husband upon his retirement from serving as Commissioner of [[Oudh]] (1858–1862). Soon after, the paintings and illuminated frontispiece were removed from the volume to be mounted and framed for display.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/res_cons/conservation/journal/issue_24/akbarnama/index.html|title=Conservation and Mounting of Leaves from the ''Akbarnama''|date=July 1997|issue=24|journal=Conservation Journal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324000916/http://www.vam.ac.uk/res_cons/conservation/journal/issue_24/akbarnama/index.html|archive-date=2008-03-24}}</ref>

==Volumes I and II==
[[File:1564-An Attempt on Akbar's Life-Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|An Attempt on Akbar's life in [[Delhi]] in 1564]][[File: Akbar's mother travels by boat to Agra.jpg|thumb|Akbar's mother travels by boat to [[Agra]], [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]|left]]
The first volume of ''Akbarnama'' deals with the birth of Akbar, the history of [[Timur]]'s family and the reigns of Babur and [[Humayun]] and the [[Sur Empire|Suri]] sultans of [[Delhi]]. Volume one of Akbarnama encompasses Akbar's birth and his upbringings. According to Abul Fazl Humayun, the second Mughal emperor and Akbar's father is praying to the Ka'ba, an Islamic holy place, for a successor to the Mughal empire. After this prayer, [[Hamida Banu Begum|Maryam Makani]] showcases different signs that she is pregnant with Akbar such as having a shining forehead that others believe to be a mirror on her face or the warmth and joy that enters her bosom when a light shines on her. Miryam believes the light to be God's Light blessing her and her unborn child. Nine months later while Humayun is away, Maryam gives birth to Akbar under what is considered an auspicious star and there is great celebration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abū al-Faz̤l ibn Mubārak |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009249966 |title=The Akbar-nama of Abu-l-Fazl |last2=Beveridge |first2=Henry |date=2002 |publisher=Low Price Publications |isbn=978-81-7536-296-3 |series= |location=Delhi}}</ref>

The second volume describes the detailed history of the reign of Akbar till 1602 and records the events during Akbar's reign. It also deals with how Bairam Khan and Akbar won the [[Second Battle of Panipat|battle of Panipat]] against [[Hemu]], an Indian warrior.

==Volume III: The ''Ain-i-Akbari''==
{{Main|Ain-i-Akbari}}

[[File:AkbarHunt.jpg|thumb|Akbar on a hunt|left]]
[[File:Ikhlas 001.jpg|thumb|175px|right|[[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] crossing the river at night.]]

The third volume, called the ''{{IAST|Ā’īn-i-Akbarī}}'', describes the administrative system of the [[Mughal Empire|Empire]] as well as containing the famous "Account of the Hindu Sciences". It also deals with Akbar's household, army, the revenues and the geography of the empire. It also produces rich details about the traditions and culture of the people living in India. It is famous for its rich statistical details about things as diverse as crop yields, prices, wages and revenues. Here Abu'l Fazl's ambition, in his own words, is: "It has long been the ambitious desire of my heart to pass in review to some extent, the general conditions of this vast country, and to record the opinions professed by the majority of the learned among the Hindus. I know not whether the love of my native land has been the attracting influence or exactness of historical research and genuine truthfulness of narrative..." (''Āin-i-Akbarī'', translated by [[Heinrich Blochmann]] and Colonel Henry Sullivan Jarrett, Volume III, pp 7). In this section, he expounds the major beliefs of the six major Hindu philosophical schools of thought, and those of the Jains, Buddhists, and Nāstikas. He also gives several Indian accounts of geography, cosmography, and some tidbits on Indian aesthetic thought. Most of this information is derived from Sanskrit texts and knowledge systems. Abu'l Fazl admits that he did not know Sanskrit and it is thought that he accessed this information through intermediaries, likely Jains who were favoured at Akbar's court.

In his description of Hinduism, Abu’l Fazl tries to relate everything back to something that the Muslims could understand. Many of the orthodox Muslims thought that the Hindus were guilty of two of the greatest sins, polytheism and idolatry.<ref name="THR61">Andrea; Overfield: "A Muslim's Description of Hindu Beliefs and Practices," "The Human Record," page 61.</ref>

On the topic of idolatry, Abu’l Fazl says that the symbols and images that the Hindus carry are not idols but merely are there to keep their minds from wandering. He writes that only serving and worshipping God is required.<ref name="THR62">Fazl, A: "Akbarnama," Andrea; Overfield: "The Human Record," page 62.</ref>

Abul Fazl also describes the Caste system to his readers. He writes the name, rank, and duties of each caste. He then goes on to describe the sixteen subclasses which come from intermarriage among the main four.<ref name="THR63">Fazl, A: "Akbarnama," Andrea; Overfield: "The Human Record," page 63.</ref>

Abu’l Fazl next writes about Karma about which he writes, "This is a system of knowledge of an amazing and extraordinary character, in which the learned of Hindustan concur without dissenting opinion."<ref name="THR63"/> He places the actions and what event they bring about in the next life into four different kinds. First, he writes many of the different ways in which a person from one class can be born into a different class in the next life and some of the ways in which a change in gender can be brought about. He classifies the second kind as the different diseases and sicknesses one suffers from. The third kind is actions which cause a woman to be barren or the death of a child. And the fourth kind deals with money and generosity, or lack thereof.<ref>Fazl, A: "Akbarnama," Andrea; Overfield: "The Human Record," page 63-64.</ref>

The ''Ain-i-Akbari'' is currently housed in the [[Hazarduari Palace]], in [[West Bengal]].

==The ''Akbarnama'' of Faizi Sirhindi==
The ''Akbarnama'' of Shaikh Illahdad Faiz Sirhindi is another contemporary biography of the Mughal emperor Akbar. This work is mostly not original and basically a compilation from the ''[[Tabaqat-i-Akbari]]'' of [[Nizamuddin Ahmad|Khwaja Nizam-ud-Din Ahmad]] and the more famous ''Akbarnama'' of Abul Fazl. The only original elements in this work are a few verses and some interesting stories. Very little is known about the writer of this ''Akbarnama''. His father Mulla Ali Sher Sirhindi was a scholar and Khwaja Nizam-ud-Din Ahmad, the writer of the ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'' was his student. He lived in [[Sirhind]] sarkar of [[Delhi]] [[Subah (province)|Subah]] and held a ''madad-i-ma´ash'' (a land granted by the state for maintenance) village there. He accompanied his employer and patron [[Shaikh Farid Bukhari|Shaikh Farid Bokhari]] (who held the post of the ''[[Mir bakhshi|Bakhshi-ul-Mulk]]'') on his various services. His most important work is a dictionary, the ''Madar-ul-Afazil'', completed in 1592. He started writing this ''Akbarnama'' at the age of 36 years. His work also ends in 1602 like the one of Abu´l Fazl. This work provides us with some additional information regarding the services rendered by Shaikh Farid Bokhari. It also provides valuable information regarding the siege and capture of Asirgarh.<ref name=m>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{ISBN|9788172765699}}, p.7</ref>

==Translations==
* [[Henry Beveridge (1837–1929)|Beveridge Henry]]. (tr.) (1902–39, Reprint 2010). ''The Akbarnama of Abu-L-Fazl'' in three volumes.
*''The History of [[Akbar]], Volume 1'' (the Akbarnama), edited and translated by [[Wheeler M. Thackston]], [[Murty Classical Library of India]], [[Harvard University Press]] (January 2015), hardcover, 656 pages, {{ISBN|9780674427754}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Abul Fazl}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{cite book|last=Fazl|first=Abu'l|author-link=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|title=Akbarnamah (Persian)|year=1877|publisher=[[Asiatic Society]], Calcutta}} [https://archive.org/details/AkbarnamahPersianVolume1 Vol. 1], [https://archive.org/stream/AkbarnamahPersianVolume2 Vol. 2], [https://web.archive.org/web/20100604053747/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00701020%26ct%3D0 Vol. I-III]
* [https://archive.org/stream/bibliothecaindi01indigoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Ain-e-Akbari'', English tr. by ''Colonel H. S. Jarrett''. The Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta. 1948]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1590s books]]
[[Category:16th-century illuminated manuscripts]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:16th-century Persian books]]
[[Category:Akbar]]
[[Category:Asian objects in the Victoria and Albert Museum]]
[[Category:Books about the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Indian chronicles]]
[[Category:Indian manuscripts]]
[[Category:Islamic illuminated manuscripts]]
[[Category:Mughal art]]
[[Category:Mughal royal books]]
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]

Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān

2026-01-19T07:47:03Z

PQRS1:

{{Short description|Reference work on the Quran}}
{{About|a reference work on Quranic studies||Quran (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox book
| name = Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān
| isbn = 90-04-14743-8
| editors = [[Jane Dammen McAuliffe]]
| published =
| image = File:Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qurʾān.jpg
| pub_date = 2001-2006
| caption = ''Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān'' Volume One A–D
}}

The '''''Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān''''' (abbreviated '''''EQ''''') is an [[encyclopedia]] in the field of [[Quranic studies]], edited by [[Jane Dammen McAuliffe]] and published by [[Brill Publishers|Brill]].<ref>Promotion text by Brill:
"Drawing upon a rich scholarly heritage, Brill's ''Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān'' (''EQ'') combines alphabetically arranged articles about the contents of the Qur'ān. It is an encyclopaedic dictionary of qur'ānic terms, concepts, personalities, place names, cultural history and exegesis extended with essays on the most important themes and subjects within qur'ānic studies." [http://www.brill.nl/encyclopaedia-quran-set-volumes-1-5-plus-index-volume ''Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān'' at Brill publishers]</ref>

It was published in five volumes during 2001-2006:

* Vol. I: A-D (publication year 2001)
* Vol. II: E-I (2002)
* Vol. III: J-O (2003)
* Vol. IV: P-Sh (2004)
* Vol. V: Si-Z (2006)
* Index Vol. (2006)

== See also ==
* ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''
* ''[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Online [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-the-quran ''Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān'']
* Publisher site: [http://www.brill.nl/encyclopaedia-quran-set-volumes-1-5-plus-index-volume ''Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān'' at Brill publishers]
* Review: {{cite journal |last=Iqbal |first=Muzaffar |authorlink=Muzaffar Iqbal |year=2008 |title=The Qurʾān, orientalism and the ''Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān'' |journal=Journal of Qur'anic Research and Studies |volume=3 |issue=5 |location=Medina, Saudi Arabia |publisher=King Fahd Qur’an Printing Complex |url=http://www.cis-ca.org/muzaffar/EQ-Rev.pdf |access-date=2011-07-01 |archive-date=2022-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815211742/https://cis-ca.org/muzaffar/EQ-Rev.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* Another encyclopaedia: [http://iequran.com ''Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'ān'' at IEQ project]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an}}
[[Category:Encyclopedias of Islam]]
[[Category:Non-Islamic Islam studies literature]]
[[Category:Works about the Quran]]
[[Category:21st-century encyclopedias]]

Versova metro station

2026-01-14T11:40:53Z

PQRS1:

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Blue Line 1 terminal metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Versova
| native_name = {{nobold|वर्सोवा}}
| style = Mumbai Metro One
| image = Versova metro station feb 2025.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption = Street-level view of Versova metro station concourse on Line 1
| address = JP Road, Model Town, [[Andheri]] (West), Mumbai
| coordinates = {{coord|19|7|49|N|72|49|17|E|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Blue Line|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 2 [[Side platforms]]
| operator = [[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 1.svg|22px|link=Mumbai_Metro_One]] [[Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd]]
| parking = No
| bicycle = Yes<ref>{{cite web |title=Bike-sharing services to be extended to 3 more Mumbai Metro stations |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=21 January 2024 |date=31 December 2020 |last=Venkatraman |first=Tanushree |place=[[Mumbai]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/bike-sharing-services-to-be-extended-to-3-more-mumbai-metro-stations/story-ztDm9JAkOfnHa7l2B0DLYJ.html}}</ref>
| opened = {{start date and age|2014|June|8|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| accessible = Yes<ref name="map">{{cite web|title=Versova metro station layout|website=reliancemumbaimetro.com|access-date=December 25, 2023|url=https://www.reliancemumbaimetro.com/images/station-layout/versova.jpg}}</ref>
| code = VER
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Metro One|line=1|left=|right=D N Nagar}}
| route_map = {{MM Blue Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Blue Line}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Versova''' is the elevated western terminal metro station on the East-West Corridor of the [[Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)|Blue Line 1]] of [[Mumbai Metro]] serving the [[Seven Bungalows]], [[Yari Road]] and [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]] neighbourhoods of [[Andheri]] in [[Mumbai]], India. It opened to the public on 8 June 2014 and consists of two side platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-metro-hits-tracks-and-handful-of-speed-bumps/15363181|title = Mumbai Metro hits tracks, and handful of speed bumps|date = 9 June 2014}}</ref> The station is located at [[Seven Bungalows]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Metro-station-at-Chakala-may-be-renamed-JB-Nagar/articleshow/31626822.cms|title=Metro station at Chakala may be renamed JB Nagar | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 March 2014 }}</ref>

With 12% of all Blue Line 1 commuters traveling through the station, Versova is the third-busiest station on the line, after [[Ghatkopar metro station|Ghatkopar]] and [[Andheri metro station|Andheri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-3-commuters-fall-off-mumbai-metro-platform-in-separate-incidents-2010004|title = 3 commuters fall off Mumbai Metro platform in separate incidents}}</ref>

[[File:Versova metro station.jpg|thumb|Versova metro station]]

==History==
{{expand section|date=February 2017}}
Versova metro station was not planned for the metro rail but after many negotiations, the station was added. In 2012 the construction of the station was completed at a cost of ₹200Cr. A new metro is under construction in the same area by the name of Pink Line (Line 6) and will make the congestion less on Line 1.

== Station layout ==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 1|Right}} {{small|([[D N Nagar metro station|D N Nagar]])}} →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← Alighting only
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

==Connections==
The Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar corridor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Versova metro station - Mumbai Metro |url=https://www.metrolinemap.com/station/mumbai/versova/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Metro Line Map |language=en}}</ref> spans 11.40 kilometers and is elevated. It serves as a crucial link connecting the Eastern and Western suburbs to the Western and Central Railway lines. The corridor facilitates seamless interchange between the suburban rail system and the MRT system at Andheri and Ghatkopar Stations, enhancing commuter convenience. It has slashed the journey time between Versova and Ghatkopar from 71 minutes to just 21 minutes, greatly improving efficiency and reducing travel hassles for passengers. Additionally, the corridor provides rail-based access to key industrial zones such as MIDC and SEEPZ, along with fostering connectivity to various commercial developments.

== Entrances and exits ==
*'''1''' - Near 7 Bungalows bus depot {{Access icon|15px|Wheelchair user access}}<ref name=map/>
*'''2''' - <ref name=map/>
*'''3''' - Near Model Town, Towards Kokilaben Hospital<ref name=map/>
*'''4/5''' - Near Bon Bon Shoes<ref name=map/>
*'''6''' - Near Yari Road {{Access icon|15px|Wheelchair user access}}<ref name=map/>

==See also==
*[[Public transport in Mumbai]]
*[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[M-Indicator]]

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Train|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Mumbai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Mumbai}}
*[http://www.reliancemumbaimetro.com/ The official site of Mumbai Metro]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 1 = yes}}

[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Andheri]]

Manohar Devadoss

2026-01-13T13:14:24Z

PQRS1: new the stub more to come

{{Short description|Indian painter and writer (1936–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals =
| name =
| image = Manohar Devadoss sitting.jpg
| caption = Devadoss in 2021
| image_size =
| alt =
| birth_name = Manohar Devadoss
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1936|09|10}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2022|12|07|1936|09|10}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| other_names =
| known_for = Art, Writing, Charity
| education =
| alma_mater = [[American College, Madurai|American College of Madurai]] (BSc) in 1957, [[Oberlin College]] (AM) in 1972
| spouse = Mahema Devadoss
| relatives =
| children = 1
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2020)
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Manohar Devadoss''' (10 September 1936 – 7 December 2022) was an Indian artist and a writer from Tamil Nadu. At the age of 83, when completely blind, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian award, for his inspirational work in art and charity.

==Early life==
Devadoss was born on 10 September 1936, in [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu, which was then part of the [[Madras Presidency]] of British India, to Harry Jesudasan Masilamani, a doctor, and Cynthia Masilamani (née Devadoss), a granddaughter of M.L. Pillai. He lived in the Goripalayam neighborhood of Madurai until 1943. After spending two years in [[Kottaiyur]] and Madras (now [[Chennai]]), his family moved back to Madurai when he was eight. At the age of 12, he realised that his eyesight was gradually degenerating, a result of a condition that was diagnosed years later as [[retinitis pigmentosa]]. He completed his secondary education in 1953 at [[Sethupathi Higher Secondary School|Sethupatti High School]], where he excelled at Art and Chemistry.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-25|title=The unstoppable Manohar Devadoss on life, art and winning the Padma Shri|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/unstoppable-manohar-devadoss-life-art-and-winning-padma-shri-118874|access-date=2021-08-16|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Devadoss started drawing seriously when he was in sixth standard, but initially pursued a career in chemistry rather than art. He studied at [[American College, Madurai|American College in Madurai]], completing a [[Bachelor of Science]] in chemistry in 1957. That year, his father died of a heart attack, and he was forced to begin work at the [[District Collector|district collector]]'s office as an accountant in order to support his family, as his elder brother was doing a master's degree and his younger brother was still in middle school.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Manohar Devadoss meeting with his friends at Chennai.jpg|thumb|Manohar Devadoss meeting with his fans and friends at Chennai]]

After a few months working as an accountant, he received an offer from [[Denton, Greater Manchester#Oldham Batteries|Oldham's]], a British corporation manufacturing batteries, which had a factory in Madras. It would later become Standard Batteries, after a merger in 1971. He would work for them for the next forty years, designing new models of miners' cap-lamps and of lead acid batteries and became a recognized expert across India in the latter. In 1969, he left for the US to study for a master's in Chemistry at [[Oberlin College]] in Ohio on a scholarship, staying there with his wife and young daughter for three years and working as a lab instructor as part of a work-study program. In 1972, he returned to India after completing his master's degree, and continued to work for Standard Batteries.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Manohar Devadoss speaking.jpg|thumb| Manohar Devadoss speaking with his fans and friends]]

Completely self-taught, he drew and painted as a hobby, but his talent was soon noted and he began to sell his works to raise money for charity. In 1969, he began a series of annual 'Heritage Greeting Cards' during the holiday season, which included his own original drawings of South Indian heritage monuments and landscapes as well as a write-up by his wife Mahema about the featured scene. They were sold to individuals as well as companies, and became quite sought after. All proceeds of the sales went to charity. He helped support [[Sankara Nethralaya|Shankara Netralya]] and [[Aravind Eye Hospitals|Arvind Eye Hospital]], both award-winning research hospitals that offered free eye care to low-income patients in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Manohar Devadoss holding laser cut models.jpg|thumb|Manohar Devadoss holding laser cut models made by Ar. Vidhya Lakshmi Rajasekar inspired from his drawings of Madaras]]

He retired from Standard Batteries in 1997. That same year, with business partners, he set up his own battery manufacturing company, Compact Power Sources, which they sold for a profit in 2000. After his retirement, he began to write books, and had published eight as of 2021. He continued to draw until 2018, when he stopped due to his complete loss of eyesight. He continued to support charitable activities throughout. In 2020, he received the [[Padma Shri]] Award from the [[President of India]] for his work in charity and art.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-28|title=Manohar Devadoss, the Padma-Winning Legend Who Lost His Eye-Sight But Not the Art Within Him|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/211795/manohar-devadoss-padma-shri-visually-impaired-artist-tamil-nadu-inspiring-india/|access-date=2021-08-16|website=The Better India|language=en}}</ref> For many years, he would give talks to groups of people to motivate and inspire them.{{fact|date=December 2022}}

==Personal life and death==
In 1963, Manohar Devadoss married Mahema Michael (1940–2008), who was herself an accomplished artist. She taught him the technique of oil painting, although he had already mastered [[watercolor painting]] on his own. In 1966, their daughter Sujatha was born. In December 1972, soon after their return from the United States, a car accident caused by an irresponsible truck driver on the road between Madras and Madurai left Mahema paralyzed from the neck down. Meanwhile, Devadoss began to lose his eyesight ever more rapidly, due to retinitis pigmentosa. He nevertheless continued to work a full-time job at Standard Batteries to support the family, while working on art in his spare time. He made a name for himself as a painter and photographer, until his eye condition took away his color vision and he transitioned to pen-and-ink drawings, since he could see the contrast of the black line on the white paper better.

[[File:Manohar Devadoss meeting with his friends at MLS Chennai.jpg|thumb|Manohar Devadoss meeting with his fans and friends at MLS, Chennai.]]

He innovated techniques to compensate for his declining eyesight, while providing care for his quadriplegic wife, even managing to take her on outings and generally lead a joyful life. His books deal with themes of how the city of Madurai shaped him during his happy childhood, and of ways to find resilience and innovative solutions to life's problems. Many find his books inspirational.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jacob|first=Fabiola|date=2020-02-11|title=Padma Shri awardee Manohar Devadoss on what inspires his art|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/padma-shri-awardee-manohar-devadoss-on-what-inspires-his-art/article30792559.ece|access-date=2021-08-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Following the death of his wife in 2008, he established a charitable fund in her name, placing it under the control of the Arvind Eye Hospital. Called the Mahema Devadoss Endowment, he seeded his personal funds into it. It has received donations from others as well. It continues to support medical cures for treatable blindness among rural populations.{{fact|date=December 2022}}

Devadoss died on 7 December 2022, at the age of 86.<ref>{{cite news |title=Padma Shri awardee, artist & writer, Manohar Devadoss, no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/padma-shri-awardee-artist-writer-manohar-devadoss-no-more/article66234172.ece |access-date=7 December 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=7 December 2022}}</ref>

==Books==
* ''Green Well Years''<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=ARUN KATIYAR |date=22 September 1997 |title=Book review: Manohar Devadoss' 'Green Well Years'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19970922-book-review-manohar-devadoss-green-well-years-830600-1997-09-22|access-date=2021-08-16|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Dreams Seasons and Promises''<ref>{{Cite web|title=A life full of art, love and letters|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/nov/20/a-life-full-of-art-love-and-letters-1900922.html|access-date=2021-08-16|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* ''A Poem to Courage''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devadoss|first=Manohar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJkgAQAAIAAJ|title=A Poem to Courage|date=2002|publisher=EastWest Books (Madras)|isbn=978-81-86852-84-2|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Multiple Facets of my Madurai''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devadoss|first=Manohar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YshQMwAACAAJ|title=Multiple Facets of My Madurai|date=2007|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|isbn=978-81-88661-62-6|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Enathu Madurai Ninaivugal''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devadoss|first=Manohar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zZRdugQUYAC|title=Enathu Madurai Ninaivugal|date=2008|publisher=Kaṇṇatācan̲ Patippakam|isbn=978-81-8402-495-1|language=ta}}</ref> (translation of Green Well Years into Tamil)
* ''From an Artist's Perspective''<ref>{{Cite web |title=FROM AN ARTIST'S PERSPECTIVE |url=https://odyssey.in/products/from-an-artists-perspective |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Odyssey Online Store |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-05 |title=Do you have one of these? « Madras Musings {{!}} We Care for Madras that is Chennai |url=https://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-27-no-2/do-you-have-one-of-these/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=www.madrasmusings.com}}</ref>
* ''Mahe and Mano; Challenges, Resilience, and Triumphs''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liddle |first=Madhulika |date=2021-04-11 |title='Mahe & Mano' book review: An extraordinary life |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2021/apr/11/mahe--mano-book-review-an-extraordinary-life-2287624.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* ''Madras Inked: Impressions of an Artist and an Architect'' (co-authored with Sujatha Shankar)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kannan |first=Ramya |date=2021-08-28 |title=Ramya Kannan reviews Madras inked... Impressions of an artist and an architect, by Manohar Devadoss and Sujatha Shankar |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/madras-inked-impressions-of-an-artist-and-an-architect-review-window-to-a-loved-old-old-city/article36134918.ece |access-date=2022-12-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[File:Manohar Devadoss receives Padma Shri.jpg|thumb|Manohar Devadoss receives Padma Shri award for his life time achievement from The President of India, in 2021]]

==Awards==
*[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)|Padma Shri in 2020]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Basu|first=Soma|date=2020-02-28|title=Manohar Devadoss says he owes his Padmashri Award to Madurai|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/artist-manohar-devadoss-who-won-a-padmashri-this-year-reminisces-the-good-old-times-spent-in-madurai-the-city-of-his-birth-and-inspirations/article30943660.ece|access-date=2021-08-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
{{commons category|Manohar Devadoss}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Devadoss, Manohar}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Writers from Madurai]]
[[Category:Blind artists]]
[[Category:Indian blind people]]

Tera Mera Vaada

2026-01-10T05:44:49Z

PQRS1: adding a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2012}}
{{More plot|date=July 2012}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tera Mera Vaada
| image = Tera Mera Vaada film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bhaal Singh Balhara]]
| producer = Ravinder Singh JD
 [[Jashandeep Singh JD]] 
| starring = [[Ankit Balhara]] [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm7463680/ Neetu Naval Singh]
| editing = Mahfooz Khan
| music = [[Sanchit Balhara]]
| distributor = JD Films Entertainment Pvt Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|06|29}}
| country = India
| language = [[Haryanvi]]
}}

'''''Tera Mera Vaada''''' is a 2012 [[Haryanvi language]] film from India <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://surfme.in/haryanvi-film-tera-mera-vaada |title=Haryanvi Film-Tera Mera Vaada |access-date=25 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228041522/http://surfme.in/haryanvi-film-tera-mera-vaada/ |archive-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> that was directed by [[Bhaal Singh Balhara]] and produced by Ravinder Singh JD.

''Tera Mera Vaada'' stars [[Ankit Balhara]] and [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm7463680/ Neetu Naval Singh].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://exposeindialive.com/eil/?p=13775 |title=Haryana government has decided to exempt Haryanavi films from entertainment tax and provide |publisher=Expose India Live |date=2011-10-17 |accessdate=2012-07-24}}</ref> The [[movie trailer]] was released on 8 June 2012 and the film was released on 29 June 2012. The film was shot within 45 days.

==Plot==
''Tera Mera Vaada'' starts with freshmen students living their new college life. Abhimanyu Dahiya(Ankit Balhara) comes from a village of [[Haryana]] to study in the city. He is the only child of his village head. Meenal(Neetu Singh)is a modern girl whose father(Shamsher Singh) is a high-ranking police officer in Haryana. They start dating but are continuously nagged by Vicky, who is their college mate. In one instance, Vicky tries to molest Neetu, when Abhimanyu rescues her bravely. From that point onwards, Abhimanyu and Vicky become enemies. The movie goes on around their college life till interval.

Abhimanyu studies hard and gets selected for a good post in Haryana Police. Working under Meenal's father, he tries to eliminate crime from the streets of Haryana. Then comes Lucky Raam(Vicky's father), who is a local goon and produces fake ghee(edible oil) and poisonous liquor. Abhimanyu, as a true police officer, starts to destroy the son-father duo's illegal business. He then arrests Vicky with his consignment of fake [[ghee]] but was released on bail later. Somehow, Vicky manages some video clip of Meenal having indecent content. He threatens Shamsher Singh to stop Abhimanyu from catching their supply else this video will surface on the Internet. Shamsher Singh tells Meenal not to see Abhimanyu anymore. Startled by her strange behaviour, Abhimanyu couldn't understand what's going on with her. Vicky's business starts to flourish again. 37 people die due to consumption of [[liquor]] supplied by Vicky. When they lost the video clip, they kidnap Meenal and threaten Shamsher Singh to kill her, if he doesn't stop Abhimanyu from arresting them. Later on, Abhimanyu rescues her and they get married.

Haryanvi culture is introduced in the movie with the modern-ship of youngsters. It is the first Haryanvi movie in which music is given by foreign artists.<ref name="blogspot1">{{cite web|author=Pawan Sonti |url=http://awaajweekly.blogspot.in/2012/06/music-release-of-haryanvi-film-tera.html?spref=fb&fb_source=message |title=AWAAJ SAMACHAR: Music Release of Haryanvi Film "Tera Mera Vaada" भाल सिंह बल्हारा जी की नई फिल्म के बारे में विस्तृत समाचार यहाँ पढ़ें |publisher=Awaajweekly.blogspot.in |date=2012-06-08 |accessdate=2012-07-24}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music for ''Tera Mera Vaada'' was composed by [[Sanchit Balhara]] and foreign artists of England.<ref name="blogspot1"/> The [[tracklist]] has seven tracks and features singers [[Ankit Balhara]] and [[Antara Mitra]]. The [[soundtrack]] received positive reviews.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Haryanvi-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]

Gunjala Gondi script

2026-01-01T11:08:39Z

PQRS1: started article

{{Short description|Abugida}}
{{Infobox Writing system
| name = Gunjala Gondi Lipi
| altname = {{Script|Gong|𑵶𑶍𑶕𑶀𑵵𑶊 𑵶𑶓𑶕𑶂𑶋 𑵵𑶋𑶅𑶋}}
| sample = Shukla Gunjala Gondi Script.svg
| caption = "Gunjala Gondi Lipi" written in Gunjala Gondi script
| time = c. 1750-Present
| type = [[Abugida]]
| iso15924 = Gong
| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam3 = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
| fam4 = [[Aramaic script]]
| fam5 = [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]
| fam6 = [[Gupta script|Gupta]]
| fam7 = [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]]
| fam8 = [[Nāgarī script|Nāgarī]]
| sisters = Unknown, strong resemblance with [[Modi script|Modi]]
| languages = [[Gondi language|Gondi]]
| unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11D60.pdf U+11D60–U+11DAF]
| note = none
}}
{{Contains special characters
| special = uncommon [[Unicode]] characters
| fix = Help:Multilingual support#Gunjala Gondi
| image = Replacement character.svg
| link = Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character
| alt = <?>
| compact = yes
}}

The '''Gunjala Gondi lipi''' or '''Gunjala Gondi script''' is a script used to write the [[Gondi language]], a Dravidian language spoken by the [[Gond people]] of northern [[Telangana]], eastern [[Maharashtra]], southeastern [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/almanac-in-a-near-extinct-adivasi-script/article26178311.ece|title=Almanac in a near-extinct Adivasi script|last=Vadlamudi|first=Swathi|date=2019-02-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-16|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Approximately a dozen manuscripts in the script were recovered from [[Gunjala]], a Gond village in [[Adilabad district]] of [[Telangana]], by a team of researchers from the [[University of Hyderabad]], led by Professor Jayadheer Tirumala Rao.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chance-discovery-of-gondi-script-opens-new-vistas-of-tribal-culture/article4359780.ece|title=Chance discovery of Gondi script opens new vistas of tribal culture|first=S. Harpal|last=Singh|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> The script and preliminary font were unveiled in early 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/gondi-script-and-font-unveiled/article5714329.ece|title=Gondi script and font unveiled|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

== History of manuscripts ==

The manuscripts have been dated to approximately Year 1750, based on knowledge from Gondi pundits and researchers at the Center of Dalit and Adivasi Studies and Translation (CDAST).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gondi-manuscript-translation-to-reveal-gondwana-history/article5594658.ece|title=Gondi manuscript translation to reveal Gondwana history|first=S. Harpal|last=Singh|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> The information contained in the manuscripts includes that of the names of the months and days, a [[horoscope]] chart, grammar, and numbers. Additionally, manuscripts were found on "knowledge of the seasons, history, and the Gondi code of ethics and literature." Of the historical information that has been discovered, the following cases have been reported: the 6th-7th century trade relationship between the [[Pardhan people|Pardhan]] community and civilizations in Myanmar; the origins of the Indravelli mandal; the early eighteenth century rebellions of the [[Chandrapur]] Gond kings against the British, with the support of the [[Rohilla]] community, all of this among other pieces of information.

== Characters ==
The characters themselves, while bearing resemblance to similar [[phoneme]]s found in other Indian scripts, are in a different, "native" order, as the script starts with the letter "ya" instead of the traditional "ka" for other Indian scripts. The script includes 12 vowels and 25 consonants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.typoday.in/spk_papers14/sridhar-typo14.pdf |title=Gunjala Gondi script |access-date=2014-05-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528011051/http://www.typoday.in/spk_papers14/sridhar-typo14.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-28 }}</ref>

== Response to discovery, education, and spread ==
The script has seen a very welcoming response by the various government agencies in [[Andhra Pradesh]], at the national level, and local agencies in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/He-Gave-Colour-to-a-Fading-Script/2014/04/21/article2170394.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528005728/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/He-Gave-Colour-to-a-Fading-Script/2014/04/21/article2170394.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 28, 2014|title=He Gave Colour to a Fading Script|work=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> The existence of the manuscripts has allegedly been known for 5–9 years, but were not prioritized until 2013, when Prof. Jayadheer Tirumala Rao discovered that only four elders in the village were still able to read the script. Currently, approximately eighty students are able to read the script, with students devising stories and elder Kotnak Jangu writing an autobiography. Plans are in place for the expansion of the script to fifteen other government schools in villages with a high Gond population. A reader for the script in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] was released for Standard I students.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/telugu-reader-for-gondi-language-released/article5625582.ece|title=Telugu reader for Gondi language released|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> Efforts are being undertaken to get the script into the [[Unicode]] standard. In 2015, a Unicode proposal was written by Anshuman Pandey from the Department of Linguistics at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15235r-gunjala-gondi.pdf|format=PDF|title=Proposal to encode the Gunjala Gondi script in Unicode|website=Unicode.org|access-date=2017-09-09}}</ref> The proposal was approved by the Unicode Technical Committee in November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15254.htm|title=UTC 145 Draft Minutes|website=Unicode.org|access-date=2016-04-27}}</ref>

==Unicode==
{{Main|Gunjala Gondi (Unicode block)}}
The Gunjala Gondi script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in June, 2018 with the release of version 11.0.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Unicode 11.0.0 | url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/ | publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] | date=June 5, 2018 | access-date=June 5, 2018 }}</ref>

The Unicode block for Gunjala Gondi is U+11D60–U+11DAF and it contains 63 characters:

{{Unicode chart Gunjala Gondi}}

==See also==
*[[Gondi script]]
*[[Gondi language]]
*[[Gond people]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{list of writing systems}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Gondi language]]

Agnibaan SOrTeD

2025-12-29T02:35:58Z

PQRS1: Put up new details

{{Short description|Indian sub-orbital sounding rocket, developed by Agnikul Cosmos}}
{{Infobox rocket
|name = Agnibaan-SORTED
|function = Sounding Rocket
|manufacturer = [[AgniKul Cosmos]]
|country-origin = India
|height = 6.2 m
|diameter =
|mass = 575 kg
|stages = 1
|LEO-payload =
|status = Future unknown
|stage1engines = 1x Agnilet engine
|stage1thrust = {{cvt|6.215|kN}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Livestrea |first1=IITM |title=National Space Day at IITM |url= https://www.youtube.com/live/3d3dNCkqezk?si=U9d_mSp6vcWKZ5CX&t=7483 |access-date=8 June 2024 |publisher=The Financial Express |date= 28 August 2024}}</ref>
|stage1SI = 186.5 seconds
|stage1time = 70 seconds
|stage1fuel = [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] and [[Jet fuel|Aviation Turbine Fuel]]
|stage2engines =
|stage2thrust =
|stage2time =
|stage2fuel =
|stage3engines =
|image =
|stage3fuel =
|first = 30 May 2024
|website=|derived_from=[[Agnibaan]]|comparable=[[Vikram-S]], [[Black Brant (rocket)]], [[Rohini (rocket family)]]|launches=1|success=1|sites=ALP-01}}

'''Agnibaan ''SOrTeD''''' (short form of ''SubOrbital Technological Demonstrator'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnikul |url=https://agnikul.in/#/sorted |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=agnikul.in}}</ref> is a suborbital technological demonstrator of the [[Agnibaan]] launch vehicle, manufactured by [[Space industry of India|Indian space startup]] [[AgniKul Cosmos]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Agnibaan? The new private rocket set to be tested by Agnikul |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/agnikul-cosmos-agnibaan-maiden-test-flight-isro-launchpad-2513376-2024-03-11 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=India Today |date=11 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-10 |title=In the year of Gaganyaan, private space sector too set to make a big splash |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/in-the-year-of-gaganyaan-private-space-sector-too-set-to-make-a-big-splash-9205591/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigam |first=Saumya |date=2024-03-10 |title=Agnikul set to conduct sub-orbital mission by end of March {{!}} News – India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/science/agnikul-set-to-conduct-sub-orbital-mission-by-end-of-march-2024-03-10-920767 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=Indian private rocket company Agnikul plans to launch sub-orbital mission by March-end |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/indian-private-rocket-company-agnikul-plans-to-launch-sub-orbital-mission-by-march-end-420728-2024-03-09 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Business Today |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
The SOrTeD mission is a single-stage launch vehicle demonstration that is powered by a semi-cryogenic engine called the Agnilet. The 6.2 meter-tall vehicle has an elliptical [[nose cone]] at the top to protect the payload from harsh conditions during the flight.<ref name=":1" />

Unlike traditional sounding rockets that typically launch from guide rails, Agnibaan SOrTeD lifts off vertically and follows a predetermined trajectory while executing a precisely coordinated series of maneuvers during flight. This innovative approach sets Agnibaan apart and highlights the advanced technology and capabilities employed by AgniKul Cosmos for its maiden [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|sub-orbital flight]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Indian space startup gears up for ambitious rocket launch: Key things to know |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/science/space-startup-agnikul-cosmos-prepares-for-maiden-test-launch-of-agnibaan-rocket-on-march-22-seven-things-to-know-12494611.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=AgniKul Cosmos to launch rocket from own launchpad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/agnikul-cosmos-to-launch-rocket-from-own-launchpad/articleshow/108659725.cms |access-date=2024-03-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

For flight control, the vehicle is equipped with four [[Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer|carbon composite]] [[fin]]s to provide passive control. The active [[Pitch angle (aviation)|pitch]] and [[Yaw (aviation)|yaw]] control is achieved through two-plane [[Gimbaled thrust|gimballing]], and together, these systems enable controlled vertical ascent. The company has integrated Agnibaan SOrTeD with the [[flight termination system]] developed by [[ISRO]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=How Agnikul's two-minute-long mission could give India a new launch vehicle |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/agnikul-cosmos-test-flight-agnibaan-sorted-mission-launch-isro-2517371-2024-03-21 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=India Today |date=21 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

AgniKul had previously received authorization to establish a unique launch pad near the sea on [[Sriharikota|Sriharikota Island]], alongside its dedicated control room. The pad has received the name ''Dhanush'' and referred as ALP-01.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Space Startup Agnikul Ready For Its Sub-Orbital Rocket Launch On Friday |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/space-start-up-agnikul-ready-for-its-sub-orbital-rocket-agnibaan-launch-on-friday-5270592 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> AgniKul is the second Indian private spaceflight company to test its orbital launch system, following [[Skyroot Aerospace]], who launched their [[Vikram S|Vikram-S]] rocket.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=2024-03-19 |title=Tamil Nadu creates history with India's second privately developed rocket |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/tamil-nadu-creates-history-with-indias-second-privately-developed-rocket/article67969511.ece |access-date=2024-03-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnikul Cosmos to conduct maiden test launch of Agnibaan on Friday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/agnikul-cosmos-to-conduct-maiden-test-launch-of-agnibaan-on-friday-2517135-2024-03-20 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=India Today |date=20 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Agnibaan SOrTeD-01 ==
===Delays===
On 21 March 2024, a day before launch, AgniKul Cosmos posted on [[Twitter|X]] that they hold the launch based on certain minor observations from the full countdown rehearsals the previous night.<ref>https://twitter.com/AgnikulCosmos/status/1770738814639608168</ref> The pre-launch procedures began ten hours before liftoff, with the filling of the fuel tanks, deployment of balloons for assessing winds at various altitudes, uploading the programme to the flight computer and getting a final clearance from the launch directors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=Agnikul Cosmos defers launch of Agnibaan 3D printed rocket |url=https://www.news9live.com/science/agnikul-cosmos-defers-launch-of-agnibaan-3d-printed-rocket-2473468 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=Launch of first 3D printed satellite by Agnikul Cosmos cancelled |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/launch-of-first-3d-printed-satellite-by-agnikul-cosmos-cancelled-12502191.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=AgniKul Cosmos postpones maiden rocket launch due to 'technical issue' |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-agnikul-cosmos-postpones-maiden-rocket-launch-due-to-technical-issue-281177 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Zee Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnikul's maiden test launch of Agnibaan Sorted mission postponed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/agnikuls-maiden-test-launch-of-agnibaan-sorted-mission-postponed-2517777-2024-03-21 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=India Today |date=21 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=Agnibaan Mission Postponed! India's Second Privately Developed Rocket Faces Technical Snag |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/breaking-news-agnibaan-mission-postponed-agnikuls-maiden-launch-of-sub-orbital-flight-delayed-due-to-technical-snag-article-108678256 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> The company postponed another launch attempt on 6 April 2024 while conducting pre-launch checks.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=|last2= |date=2024-04-06 |title=India's space startup Agnikul delays maiden rocket launch again |url=https://theprint.in/india/indias-space-startup-agnikul-delays-maiden-rocket-launch-again/2030072/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Another launch attempt on 28 May 2024, was also called off, less than a minute before lift-off.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Start-Up's Rocket Launch, Game-Changer For Space Tech, Called Off |url=https://www.ndtv.com/science/chennai-start-ups-rocket-launch-game-changer-for-space-tech-called-off-5761350 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The launch date was then set to 30 May 2024 for a fifth launch attempt.

===Launch===

The mission successfully lifted off on 30 May 2024 at 7:15 AM IST<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi's Shoutout As Chennai Start-Up Scripts Rocket History On 5th Try |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isros-backing-dogged-will-how-chennai-start-up-scripted-rocket-history-5776205 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sivapriyan |first=E. T. B. |title='Major milestone': Agnikul carries out successful sub-orbital launch of Agnibaan, India's second privately-built rocket |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science/space/major-milestone-agnikul-carries-out-successful-sub-orbital-launch-of-agnibaan-indias-second-privately-built-rocket-3044272 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> from India's first private launchpad, ALP-01, located close to ISRO facilities near [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]].

The 580 kilogram rocket, with a thrust of 6.25 kN and propellant flow rate of 3.3 kg/s <math>(I_{sp} = 187 s)</math>, lifted off from Sriharikota for the first time and travelled as high as 20 kilometers above the Earth, before plunging down into the [[Bay of Bengal]] and carried about 7 kg of payloads.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> The data that it provides would help engineers fine-tune and shape the development of the Agnibaan launch vehicle, which is expected to fly by the last quarter of 2025.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |title=Space startup Agnikul Cosmos flies world's first 3D-printed rocket engine in fifth attempt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/agnikul-carries-out-successful-sub-orbital-launch-of-agnibaan-rocket-9360673/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==== Flight description ====
Following lift-off, the vehicle performed a pitch-over manoeuvre nearly four seconds into flight. This manoeuvre involves the controlled rotation of the vehicle to change its orientation from vertical to a predetermined angle with respect to the ground or its flight path.<ref name=":1" />

The vehicle then went into the wind biasing manoeuvre at just over 39 seconds, which is introduced in rockets to compensate for the effects of wind on the trajectory of the rocket during ascent. At about 1 minute and 29 seconds into the flight, the rocket reached apogee, the point at which it is farthest from the launch site, before it splashes down at just over two minutes into flight, marking the completion of the mission.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Space}}
* [[Space industry of India]]

=== Rockets with similar role ===
* [[SLV-3]]
* [[Vikram S|Vikram-S]]
* [[Rocket Lab Electron|Electron]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:ISRO]]
[[Category:Suborbital spaceflight]]
[[Category:Space launch vehicles of India]]

Athichudi

2025-12-27T17:05:05Z

PQRS1: Put up details...

{{Short description|Collection of quotations by Avvaiyar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Attisudi Venba.jpeg|250px|thumb|right|Athichudi Venpa]]
The '''Athichudi''' ({{langx|ta|ஆத்திசூடி|translit=Āthichūdi}}) is a collection of single-line quotations written by [[Avvaiyar (12th-century poet)|Avvaiyar]] and organized in alphabetical order. There are 109 of these sacred lines which include insightful quotes expressed in simple words. It aims to inculcate good habits, discipline and doing good deeds.
__TOC__
== Translations ==

English translation of உயிர் வருக்கம்
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! தமிழ் எழுத்து !! தமிழ் வாக்கியம் !! English Translation
|-
| {{green|அ}}||{{green
|'''அ'''}}றம் செய்ய விரும்பு ||Intend to do the right deeds.
|-
| {{green|ஆ}}||{{green|'''ஆ'''}}றுவது சினம் || The nature of anger is to subside.
|-
| {{green|இ}}||{{green|'''இ'''}}யல்வது கரவேல் ||Help others as much as you can.
|-
| {{green|ஈ}}||{{green|'''ஈ'''}}வது விலக்கேல் ||Do not stop or avoid charitable deeds.
|-
| {{green|உ}}||{{green|'''உ'''}}டையது விளம்பேல் ||Do not brag about your possessions.
|-
| {{green|ஊ}}||{{green|'''ஊ'''}}க்கமது கைவிடேல் ||Never lose hope or motivation.
|-
| {{green|எ}}||{{green|'''எ'''}}ண் எழுத்து இகழேல் ||Do not despise numbers and letters.
|-
| {{green|ஏ}}||{{green|'''ஏ'''}}ற்பது இகழ்ச்சி ||Do not beg.
|-
| {{green|ஐ}}||{{green|'''ஐ'''}}யமிட்டு உண் ||Eat after offering alms.
|-
| {{green|ஒ}}||{{green|'''ஒ'''}}ப்புரவு ஒழுகு || Adapt to your changing world.
|-
| {{green|ஓ}}||{{green|'''ஓ'''}}துவது ஒழியேல் ||Never stop learning.
|-
| {{green|ஒள}}||{{green|'''ஒள'''}}வியம் பேசேல் || Do not speak ill about others.
|-
| {{green|ஃ}}||{{green|'''ஃ'''}}கஞ் சுருக்கேல் || Do not hamper development or creativity.
|}

English translation of உயிர்மெய் வருக்கம்
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! தமிழ் எழுத்து !! தமிழ் வாக்கியம் !! English Translation
|-
| {{green|க}}||{{green|'''க'''}}ண்டொன்று சொல்லேல் || Do not see one and say another.
|-
| {{green|ங}}||{{green|'''ங'''}}ப் போல் வளை || Bend like the letter ங.
|-
| {{green|ச}}||{{green|'''ச'''}}னி நீராடு || Ablute on Saturdays.
|-
| {{green|ஞ}}||{{green|'''ஞ'''}}யம்பட உரை || Sweeten your speech.
|-
| {{green|ட}}||இ{{green|'''ட'''}}ம்பட வீடு எடேல் || Judiciously space your home.
|-
| {{green|ண}}||இ{{green|'''ண'''}}க்கம் அறிந்து இணங்கு || Befriend the best.
|-
| {{green|த}}||{{green|'''த'''}}ந்தை தாய்ப் பேண் || Protect your parents.
|-
| {{green|ந}}||{{green|'''ந'''}}ன்றி மறவேல் || Don't forget gratitude.
|-
| {{green|ப}}||{{green|'''ப'''}}ருவத்தே பயிர் செய் || Sow during the season.
|-
| {{green|ம}}||{{green|'''ம'''}}ண் பறித்து உண்ணேல் || Don't grab land.
|-
| {{green|ய}}||இ{{green|'''ய'''}}ல்பு அலாதன செய்யேல் || Desist demeaning deeds.
|-
| {{green|ர}}||அ{{green|'''ர'''}}வம் ஆட்டேல் || Don't play with snakes.
|-
| {{green|ல}}||இ{{green|'''ல'''}}வம் பஞ்சில் துயில் || Sleep on a silk cotton bed.
|-
| {{green|வ}}||{{green|'''வ'''}}ஞ்சகம் பேசேல் || Don't wile.
|-
| {{green|ழ}}||அ{{green|'''ழ'''}}கு அலாதன செய்யேல் || Do not do ugly deeds.
|-
| {{green|ள}}||இ{{green|'''ள'''}}மையில் கல் || Learn when young.
|-
| {{green|ற}}||அ{{green|'''ற'''}}னை மறவேல் || Never forget your moral duty.
|-
| {{green|ன}}||அ{{green|'''ன'''}}ந்தல் ஆடேல் || Oversleeping is obnoxious.
|}
(க-கௌ)
English translation of ககர வருக்கம்
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! தமிழ் எழுத்து !! தமிழ் வாக்கியம் !! English Translation
|-
| {{green|க}}||{{green|'''க'''}}டிவது மற || Forget scolding others.
|-
| {{green|கா}}||{{green|'''கா'''}}ப்பது விரதம் || Preservation is equal to fasting.
|-
| {{green|கி}}||{{green|'''கி'''}}ழமைப்பட வாழ் || Live according to days.
|-
| {{green|கீ}}||{{green|'''கீ'''}}ழ்மை அகற்று || Remove poverty.
|-
| {{green|கு}}||{{green|'''கு'''}}ணமது கைவிடேல் || Don't lose character.
|-
| {{green|கூ}}||{{green|'''கூ'''}}டிப் பிரியேல் || Don't forsake friends.
|-
| {{green|கெ}}||{{green|'''கெ'''}}டுப்பது ஒழி || Abandon animosity.
|-
| {{green|கே}}||{{green|'''கே'''}}ள்வி முயல் || Learn by asking questions.
|-
| {{green|கை}}||{{green|'''கை'''}}வினை கரவேல் || Learn handicraft.
|-
| {{green|கொ}}||{{green|'''கொ'''}}ள்ளை விரும்பேல் || Don't swindle.
|-
| {{green|கோ}}||{{green|'''கோ'''}}தாட்டு ஒழி || Ban hurtful games.
|-
| {{green|கெள}}||{{green|'''கெள'''}}வை அகற்று || Avoid gossiping.
|}
ச சௌ
English translation of சகர வருக்கம்
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! தமிழ் எழுத்து !! தமிழ் வாக்கியம் !! English Translation
|-
| {{green|ச}}||{{green|'''ச'''}}க்கர நெறி நில் ||Obey the laws of the land.
|-
| {{green|சா}}||{{green|'''சா'''}}ன்றோர் இனத்து இரு ||Associate with the noble.
|-
| {{green|சி}}||{{green|'''சி'''}}த்திரம் பேசேல் ||Stop exaggeration.
|-
| {{green|சீ}}||{{green|'''சீ'''}}ர்மை மறவேல் ||Remember to be righteous.
|-
| {{green|சு}}||{{green|'''சு'''}}ளிக்கச் சொல்லேல் ||Don't hurt others feelings.
|-
| {{green|சூ}}||{{green|'''சூ'''}}து விரும்பேல் ||Don't gamble.
|-
| {{green|செ}}||{{green|'''செ'''}}ய்வன திருந்தச் செய் ||Act your best.
|-
| {{green|சே}}||{{green|'''சே'''}}ரிடம் அறிந்து சேர் ||Seek out good friends.
|-
| {{green|சை}}||{{green|'''சை'''}}யெனத் திரியேல் ||Avoid being insulted.
|-
| {{green|சொ}}||{{green|'''சொ'''}}ற் சோர்வு படேல் ||Don't show fatigue in conversation.
|-
| {{green|சோ}}||{{green|'''சோ'''}}ம்பித் திரியேல் ||Don't be lazy.
|}
த தோ
English translation of தகர வருக்கம்
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! தமிழ் எழுத்து !! தமிழ் வாக்கியம் !! English Translation
|-
| {{green|த}}||{{green|'''த'''}}க்கோன் எனத் திரி ||Be trustworthy.
|-
| {{green|தா}}||{{green|'''தா'''}}னமது விரும்பு ||Be kind to the unfortunate.
|-
| {{green|தி}}||{{green|'''தி'''}}ருமாலுக்கு அடிமை செய் ||Serve [[Perumal (deity)|Tirumal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=TamilVirtualUniversity|url=http://www.tamilvu.org/ta/library-l6110-html-l6110ind-145575}}</ref>
|-
| {{green|தீ}}||{{green|'''தீ'''}}வினை அகற்று ||Don't sin.
|-
| {{green|து}}||{{green|'''து'''}}ன்பத்திற்கு இடம் கொடேல் ||Don't attract suffering.
|-
| {{green|தூ}}||{{green|'''தூ'''}}க்கி வினை செய் ||Deliberate every action.
|-
| {{green|தெ}}||{{green|'''தெ'''}}ய்வம் இகழேல் ||Don't defame the divine.
|-
| {{green|தே}}||{{green|'''தே'''}}சத்தோடு ஒட்டி வாழ் ||Live in unison with your countrymen.
|-
| {{green|தை}}||{{green|'''தை'''}}யல் சொல் கேளேல் ||Don't listen to malicious speech.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/g/mintamil/c/xePIA6uf3Bc/m/ZS3Pbqxf_RcJ|title = தையல் மொழி கேளேல் என்றால் என்ன பொருள்? சொல்லுங்கய்யா சொல்லுங்கம்மா சொல்லுங்க}}</ref>
|-
| {{green|தொ}}||{{green|'''தொ'''}}ன்மை மறவேல் ||Don't forget the past.
|-
| {{green|தோ}}||{{green|'''தோ'''}}ற்பன தொடரேல் ||Don't compete if defeat is certain.
|}
ந நோ
English translation of நகர வருக்கம்
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! தமிழ் எழுத்து !! தமிழ் வாக்கியம் !! English Translation
|-
| {{green|ந}}||{{green|'''ந'''}}ன்மை கடைப்பிடி ||Adhere to the beneficial.
|-
| {{green|நா}}||{{green|'''நா'''}}டு ஒப்பன செய் ||Do what is acceptable to the nation.
|-
| {{green|நி}}||{{green|'''நி'''}}லையில் பிரியேல் ||Don't depart from good standing.
|-
| {{green|நீ}}||{{green|'''நீ'''}}ர் விளையாடேல் ||Don't jump into a watery grave.
|-
| {{green|நு}}||{{green|'''நு'''}}ண்மை நுகரேல் ||Don't oversnack.
|-
| {{green|நூ}}||{{green|'''நூ'''}}ல் பல கல் ||Read lot of books.
|-
| {{green|நெ}}||{{green|'''நெ'''}}ற்பயிர் விளைவு செய் ||Engage in agriculture.
|-
| {{green|நே}}||{{green|'''நே'''}}ர்பட ஒழுகு ||Exhibit good manners always.
|-
| {{green|நை}}||{{green|'''நை'''}}வினை நணுகேல் ||Don't involve in destruction.
|-
| {{green|நொ}}||{{green|'''நொ'''}}ய்ய உரையேல் ||Avoid the profane.
|-
| {{green|நோ}}||{{green|'''நோ'''}}ய்க்கு இடம் கொடேல் ||Avoid unhealthy lifestyles.
|}
ப போ
English translation of பகர வருக்கம்
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! தமிழ் எழுத்து !! தமிழ் வாக்கியம் !! English Translation
|-
| {{green|ப}}||{{green|'''ப'''}}ழிப்பன பகரேல் ||Speak no vulgarity.
|-
| {{green|பா}}||{{green|'''பா'''}}ம்பொடு பழகேல் ||Keep away from the vicious.
|-
| {{green|பி}}||{{green|'''பி'''}}ழைபடச் சொல்லேல் ||Watch out for self-incrimination.
|-
| {{green|பீ}}||{{green|'''பீ'''}}டு பெற நில் ||Follow the path of honour.
|-
| {{green|பு}}||{{green|'''பு'''}}கழ்ந்தாரைப் போற்றி வாழ் ||Protect your benefactor.
|-
| {{green|பூ}}||{{green|'''பூ'''}}மி திருத்தி உண் ||Cultivate the land and feed.
|-
| {{green|பெ}}||{{green|'''பெ'''}}ரியாரைத் துணைக் கொள் ||Seek help from the old and wise.
|-
| {{green|பே}}||{{green|'''பே'''}}தைமை அகற்று ||Eradicate ignorance.
|-
| {{green|பை}}||{{green|'''பை'''}}யலோடு இணங்கேல் ||Avoid friendships with idiots.
|-
| {{green|பொ}}||{{green|'''பொ'''}}ருள்தனைப் போற்றி வாழ் ||Protect and enhance your wealth.
|-
| {{green|போ}}||{{green|'''போ'''}}ர்த் தொழில் புரியேல் ||Don't engage in fruitless fights.
|}
ம மோ
English translation of மகர வருக்கம்
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! தமிழ் எழுத்து !! தமிழ் வாக்கியம் !! English Translation
|-
| {{green|ம}}||{{green|'''ம'''}}னம் தடுமாறேல் ||Don't vacillate.
|-
| {{green|மா}}||{{green|'''மா'''}}ற்றானுக்கு இடம் கொடேல் ||Don't accommodate your enemy.
|-
| {{green|மி}}||{{green|'''மி'''}}கைபடச் சொல்லேல் ||Don't overdramatize.
|-
| {{green|மீ}}||{{green|'''மீ'''}}தூண் விரும்பேல் ||Don't be a glutton.
|-
| {{green|மு}}||{{green|'''மு'''}}னைமுகத்து நில்லேல் ||Don't join an unjust fight.
|-
| {{green|மூ}}||{{green|'''மூ'''}}ர்க்கரோடு இணங்கேல் ||Don't agree with the stubborn.
|-
| {{green|மெ}}||{{green|'''மெ'''}}ல்லி நல்லாள் தோள்சேர் ||Stick with your exemplary wife.
|-
| {{green|மே}}||{{green|'''மே'''}}ன்மக்கள் சொல் கேள் ||Listen to the great legends.
|-
| {{green|மை}}||{{green|'''மை'''}} விழியார் மனை அகல் ||Dissociate from the jealous.
|-
| {{green|மொ}}||{{green|'''மொ'''}}ழிவது அற மொழி ||Speak with clarity.
|-
| {{green|மோ}}||{{green|'''மோ'''}}கத்தை முனி ||Hate any desire for lust.
|}
வ வோ
English translation of வகர வருக்கம்
Sorry, we can not do வகர.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.aramseyavirumbu.com aramseyavirumbu.com - ஒளவையாரின் ஆத்திச்சூடி, அதற்கான எளிய விளக்கவுரை மற்றும் ஆங்கில மொழிப்பெயர்ப்பு, அதன்மீதான பயனுள்ள விவாதங்கள் மற்றும் வாசகர் கருத்துக்கள் – அனைத்தையும் ஒருங்கே பார்க்க, ரசிக்க, பங்களிக்க, பதிலளிக்க…]
* [[:ta:ஆத்திச்சூடி|ஆத்திச்சூடி விளக்கத்துடன் (With Meaning)]]
* [https://tamilkkalvi.blogspot.com/ All Athichudi]
* [http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0002.html ஔவையார் பாடல்கள் (Avaiyaar Paadalgal)]
* [http://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/ஆத்திச்சூடி ஆத்திச்சூடி]

{{Tamil language}}

[[Category:Tamil language|Literature, Tamil]]
[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu literature]]

SS Jalabala (1927)

2025-12-16T15:48:11Z

PQRS1: Started First Details W/ Infobox

{{for|other ship|SS Jalabala (1945)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox ship
|infobox_caption=
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =SS Jalabala (1927).png
| image_caption = Still of ''Jalabala'' from film, ''[[India's Struggle for National Shipping]]'' }}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header = no
| country= British India
| flag= {{shipboxflag|British India|civil}}
| name = SS ''Jalabala''
| owner = [[Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd.]]<ref name="LRS"/>
| operator =
| registry = [[Bombay]]
| route =[[Colombo]] – [[Bombay]] – [[Karachi]]
| ordered =
| builder =[[Lithgows]], [[Glasgow]]<ref name="LRS"/>
| original_cost =
| yard_number =801 (Kingston SB Yard)<ref name="Clyde"/>
| way_number =
| laid_down =
| launched = January 1927
| completed = 12 August 1927<ref name="Clyde"/>
| christened = 14 July 1927
| acquired =
| maiden_voyage =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| identification = [[Official number]] 153807<ref name="LRS"/>
| fate = Torpedoed and sunk on 11 October 1943<ref name=Jalabala/>
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| type = Cargo general (Steel Screw Steamer)
| tonnage = {{GRT|3610}}, {{NRT|2211}}, 3345 tons under deck<ref name="LRS"/><ref name="Clyde"/>
| displacement =
| length = {{convert|349.9|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}<ref name="LRS"/>
| beam = {{convert|49.0|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}<ref name="LRS"/>
| height =
| draught =
| draft =
| depth = {{convert|24.3|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}<ref name="LRS"/>
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| ramps =
| ice_class =
| sail_plan =
| power = 398 [[Horsepower|hp]]<ref name="LRS"/>
| propulsion = Steam
| speed = 10 [[Knot (unit)|knots]]
| capacity =
| crew = 74
| notes = as per ''[[Lloyd's Register of Shipping]]''<ref name="LRS"/>
}}
}}

'''SS ''Jalabala''''' was the cargo [[steamship]] owned by [[Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd.]], the British Indian shipping company, which was completed in 1927. She was torpedoed and sunk in the [[Laccadive Sea]] west of [[Cape Comorin]] by the German submarine {{GS|U-532||2}} with the loss of five of her 77 crew members on 11 October 1943 during [[World War II]].<ref name=Jalabala>{{cite web |url= http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/3105.html |title=Jalabala |publisher=Uboat |access-date=5 April 2012}}</ref>

==Design==
She was built by [[Lithgows]] Ltd., [[Glasgow]] in eight months in 1927. She was made of steel sheathed with copper and had two decks. She was lighted by electricity. She had cellular construction of double bottom which was 207 feet long and capacity of 850 tons. Its forepeak was of 85 tons while afterpeak was of 30 tons. Her register tonnage were {{GRT|3610}}, {{NRT|2211}}, 3345 tons under deck. Her triple expansion steam engine with single shaft and one screw had 3 cylinders with 24" and 40" diameter and had stroke of 65" and 45" generating 398 nominal [[horsepower]]. These engines were built by J. G. Kincaid & Co. Ltd., [[Greenock]]. She was owned by the [[Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd.]], [[Bombay]] and was registered in port of Bombay. She was 304.9 feet long, 49.0 feet broad and 24.3 feet deep.<ref name="LRS">{{cite web | title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping | website=Plimsoll ShipData | url=http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/ship.php?ship_id=27711&name=Jalabala | access-date=6 February 2017 | archive-date=6 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206185514/http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/ship.php?ship_id=27711&name=Jalabala | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Clyde">{{cite web | title=JALABALA| website=The Clyde Shipbuilding Database Caledonian Maritime Research Trust | url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?a1PageSize=&year_built=&builder=&a1Order=Sorter_ship_list_bld_ref&a1Dir=DESC&ref=10848&vessel=JALABALA | access-date=6 February 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?131957|title=SS Jalabala (+1943)|date=12 August 2013|website=Wrecksite|access-date=6 February 2017}}</ref>

==Career and fate==
[[Vithalbhai Patel]], then the speaker of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] of [[British India]], performed her [[ceremonial ship launching]] in Glasgow on 14 July 1927.<ref name="Piramal2010">{{cite book|author=Gita Piramal|title=Business Legends|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAltAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT250|date=1 December 2010|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-148-4|pages=250–251}}</ref><ref name="Jog1969">{{cite book|author=Narayan Gopal Jog|title=Saga of Scindia: Struggle for the Revival of Indian Shipping and Shipbuilding [1919–1969]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70326|year=1969|publisher=Scindia Steam Navigation Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70326/page/n76 52]}}</ref> The footage of launching was later presented in [[documentary film]] ''[[India's Struggle for National Shipping]]'' (1947). The ship was completed on 12 August 1927.<ref name="SK2014">{{cite web | author=Shikha Kumar | title=A Struggle in Restoration | website=The Indian Express | date=12 June 2014 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/a-struggle-in-restoration/ | access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Mistry|first=Ketan|title=ભારતીય સમુદ્રી જહાજના ઇતિહાસનો કોહિનૂર...|trans-title=Kohinoor of Indian Shipping History|journal=Chitralekha|language=gu|publication-date=14 December 2015|pages=36–38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Fairplay Weekly Shipping Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXkeAQAAMAAJ|date=21 July 1927|publisher=Fairplay Publications Limited|page=165|chapter=Launch of the "Jalabala"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Shipbuilding & Shipping Record: A Journal of Shipbuilding, Marine Engineering, Dock, Harbours & Shipping|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EfAQAAMAAJ|date=July 1927|page=116}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Shipbuilder and Marine Engine-builder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cU0fAQAAMAAJ|year=1927|publisher=Shipbuilder Press|page=446}}</ref>

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] had written his concerns in ''[[Young India]]'' on its launch,{{blockquote|text=The ceremony {{omission}} does not evoke any feeling of national pride or rejoicing. It only serves as a reminder of our fallen state. What is the addition of one little ship to our microscopic fleet? The sadness of the reminder is heightened by the fact that our mercantile fleet may at any moment be turned into a fleet warring against our own liberty or against that of nations with which India has no quarrel...|author=Mahatma Gandhi|source=''Young India'', 4 August 1927<ref name="Piramal2010"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL039.PDF|title=The Collected Works Of Mahatma Gandhi (Electronic Book)|last=Gandhi|first=Mahatma|date=4 August 1927|publisher=Publications Division, [[Government of India]]|volume=39|location=New Delhi|publication-date=1999|pages=334–335|chapter=328. Indian Shipping (Young India)}}</ref><ref name="Jog1969"/>}}

The ship was used to transport cargo between [[Karachi]], Bombay and [[Colombo]]. The ship left from Colombo to Bombay in convoy of nine ships (MB-50) in four columns on 9 October 1943. It had 2000 tons of copra and 1800 tons of general cargo. The convoy was escorted by a minesweeper {{HMIS|Carnatic|J199|6}} and an armed trawler {{HMIS|Baroda|T249|6}}. She had the crew of 74 with three gunners and led by Master James George Connor. She was armed with one 3-inch gun and four machine guns. On 11 October, the weather was fine and it was moving at 8 [[Knot (unit)|knots]]. At 16:30 hours, ''Jalbala'' was torpedoed by the German submarine {{GS|U-532||2}} when she was in station #11 of convoy. It was hit on the port side abreast bridge and second hatch. She sent distress signals and the crew soon abandoned the ship in the lifeboats. After being hit, she started to settle by the head after 10 minutes and sank by the bow after 25 minutes. It sank in the [[Laccadive Sea]] west of [[Cape Comorin]] ({{coord|11|40|N|75|19|E}}). HMIS ''Carnatic'' dropped depth charges in a counterattack. As she was the only escort, she soon joined the convoy again without picking up survivors due to fear of repeat attack. The master was last to leave the ship but four crew members were lost. The lifeboats with 66 survivors landed on the nearby coast and were taken to [[Calicut]] the next day. The chief officer had died two hours before landing of boats. The master had joined six members on a raft which landed later and they were taken to [[Mangalore]] on 15 October.<ref name="Jalabala"/><ref name="TheShipsList 1944">{{cite web | title=Scindia S.N. Co. | website=TheShipsList | date=14 April 1944 | url=http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/scindia.shtml | access-date=6 February 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Tennent2001">{{cite book|author=Alan J. Tennent|title=British and Commonwealth Merchant Ship Losses to Axis Submarines, 1939–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJjfAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Sutton|isbn=978-0-7509-2760-4|page=260}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nL_23i67lQ Footage of sea launching ceremony conducted by Vittalbhai Patel]
* [http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/3105.html Information of ''Jalabala'' with list of crew on the day of sinking]

{{October 1943 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalabala (1927)}}
[[Category:Maritime incidents in October 1943]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Arabian Sea]]
[[Category:Ships built by Lithgows]]
[[Category:1927 ships]]
[[Category:Steamships of India]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of India]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II]]

Turi (caste)

2025-12-12T04:45:20Z

PQRS1: adding a info

{{Short description|Caste in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group = Turi
|pop = 198,344 (2011 census)<ref name="censusindia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC.html|title=Census of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2022-08-28}}</ref>
|popplace = [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]]
|langs = [[Turi language|Turi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Sadri language|Sadri]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Laria]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi]]
|rels = [[Hinduism]]
|related = [[Kisan people|Kisan]], [[Singh]], [[Sharma]], [[Kumar]]
}}
The '''Turi''' is a [[Caste system in India|caste]] found in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Scheduled Castes {{!}} Department of Social Justice and Empowerment - Government of India |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/common/76750 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=socialjustice.gov.in}}</ref> They traditionally involved in the manufacture of household items of bamboo and farming.<ref name="prabhat khabar">{{cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/chatra/the-traditional-occupation-of-turi-caste-is-in-danger-there-is-a-huge-decline-in-the-sale-of-bamboo-items-sam|title= तुरी जाति के पारंपरिक व्यवसाय पर मंडरा रहा खतरा, बांस के बने सामानों की बिक्री में आयी गिरावट|publisher=prabhat khabar|date=7 September 2020|accessdate=28 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="scstrti">{{cite web|url=https://www.scstrti.in/index.php/communities/sc-communities/108-sc-communities/420-turi|title=Turi|publisher=[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute|SCSTRTI]]|accessdate=28 August 2022}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''Turi'' is derived from ''Tokri'' a basket made from bamboo.<ref name="scstrti"/>

==Origin==
The Turi were traditionally involved in making household items from bamboo such as Tokri (basket), Sup (winnowing sieve), fan etc.<ref name="scstrti"/>

==Present circumstances==
Turi are divided into many subgroups. They are further divided into various exogamous clans. Family of Turi are mostly patrilocal and patrilineal.
They are employed in Cultivation, basketry and labour. They speak [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Laria]], [[Hindi]]. Their festival are Kalipuja, Durgapuja, [[Nuakhai]], Raja, Dola, Rathjatra, Makar.<ref name="scstrti"/> In modern period, the traditional business of basketry is in danger as there are lots of household items of plastic available in market. But traditional basket made of bamboo are in demand during festivals.<ref name="prabhat khabar"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/mp/modernity-took-away-employment-traditional-make-bamboo-things-stmp/1109232|title=परंपरागत व्यवसाय पर आधुनिकता का साया, न मिल रहा रोजगार, न हो रही कमाई|publisher=zeenews|date=16 February 2022|accessdate=28 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/chhattisgarh/surajpur-items-maker-of-bamboo-pain-tells-how-did-change-caste-from-turi-to-basor-ann-2063185/amp|title=रोजी-रोटी की वजह से बदलनी पड़ी जाति, बांस का सामान बनाकर पेट पालने वाले शख्स का छलका दर्द|publisher=abplive|date=16 February 2022|accessdate=28 August 2022}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, the population of Turi was 198,344.<ref name="censusindia"/>

==Official classification==
In 1931, during British Period, they were listed as aboriginal tribe. In 1936, they were listed as Backward.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4378487|title=Reappraising Tribal Movements: II: Legitimisation and Spread|publisher=Economic and Political Weekly|author=Nirmal Sengupta|date=14 May 1988|access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref> In Patna division, Tirhut, Bengal, Hazaribagh and Manbhum, they were included in Scheduled Caste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/GOI-SC-ORDER-1936.pdf|title=Government of India 1935 (Scheduled Caste) Order, 1936|date=30 April 1936|access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref> After independence, they were included in the list of [[Scheduled Caste]]s in [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scstrti.in/index.php/communities/sc-communities|title=Schedule Caste Communities|publisher=scstrti|access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://jharnet.com/jharkhand-caste-list/|title=Jharkhand Caste List ST SC OBC EBC-1 EBC-2 [ PDF ]|publisher=jharnet|date=15 August 2020|access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbxpress.com/list-scheduled-castes-west-bengal/|title=List of Scheduled Castes in West Bengal|publisher=wbxpress|date=9 August 2022|access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Odisha]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of West Bengal]]

Rajabhatkhawa railway station

2025-12-04T20:34:28Z

PQRS1:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Rajabhatkhawa Railway Station
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Rajabhatkhawa_Railway_Station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = NH 31C, [[Rajabhatkhawa]], [[Dooars]], [[Alipurduar district]], West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.62|89.53|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|221|m|ft}}
| line = [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 3 (Broad Gauge)
| parking = Available
| bicycle = Available
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = RVK
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_dot_label = '''Rajabhatkhawa Railway Station'''
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
}}
'''Rajabhatkhawa railway station'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arrivals at RVK/Raja Bhat Khawa (2 PFs)|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/7173|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> is the railway station that serves the town of [[Rajabhatkhawa]], lying in the [[Dooars]] region in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].The station lies on [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] zone in the Alipurduar railway division. Major trains like [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar Tourist Express]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=NJP Alipurduar Tourist Vistadome Special Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-jalpaiguri-alipur-duar-tourist-special-05777/8374/444/449|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> [[Siliguri–Alipurduar Intercity Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo7">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-alipur-duar-intercity-express-15767/18647/445/449|title=15767/Siliguri - Alipur Duar Intercity Express (UnReserved) - Siliguri to Alipur Duar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref> etc. are available from this station.

==Facilities==
The station is equipped with basic facilities. Recently an old coach was refurbished and converted into a restaurant on the outskirts of the station building. It is built to promote tourism and provide refreshment to tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |date=2023-07-24 |title=‘Rail Coach Restaurant’ to open at Rajabhatkhawa Stn in Buxa Tiger Reserve |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/rail-coach-restaurant-to-open-at-rajabhatkhawa-stn-in-buxa-tiger-reserve-526762 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Alipurduar district]]

Patliputra Bus Terminal metro station

2025-11-30T19:06:57Z

PQRS1:

{{Short description|Metro station in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Patna Metro.svg|50px]] Patliputra Bus Terminal पाटलिपुत्र बस टर्मिनल
| system = {{Patna Metro Infobox station line|line =Blue}}
| style = Patna Metro
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Ramachak Bairiya, near Pahari Village, Patna-800007, [[Bihar]] {{Flag icon|IND}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.579057|85.1891|display=inline}}
| line = [[Blue Line (Patna Metro)|Blue Line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform =
| operator = Patna Metro Rail Corporation Ltd
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| connections = {{rint|bus}} [[Patliputra Inter-State Bus Terminal|Patliputra ISBT]]
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|06 October 2025|df=yes}}
| opening =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Single-phase {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible =
| status = operational
| code =
| owned =
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Patna Metro|line=Blue|left=Zero Mile|right=}}
| route_map = {{Blue Line (Patna Metro)}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color =
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Patliputra Bus Terminal''' is the terminal metro station on the [[Blue Line (Patna Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Patna Metro]] in [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/metro-rail-first-cross-arm-placed-at-patliputra-bus-terminal-station-in-bihar/articleshow/99744842.cms|title=Metro rail: First cross arm placed at Patliputra bus terminal station in Bihar|newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bidding-for-building-elevated-metro-stns-starts/articleshow/103852499.cms|title=Bidding for building elevated metro stns starts|newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 September 2023 }}</ref> ISBT Metro Rail Depot will also be located here.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/patna-metro-rail-project-work-on-isbt-depot-may-start-soon/articleshow/92478562.cms|title=Patna metro rail project: Work on ISBT depot may start soon|newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 June 2022 }}</ref> It will provide connectivity to [[Patliputra Inter-State Bus Terminal]]. It serves as one of the three stations in the Priority Corridor, which became operational on 6 October 2025.<ref name=opening/>

==Overview==
The station was inaugurated by Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] on 6 October 2025, as part of the launch of the first operational stretch of the Patna Metro. Public services commenced the following day, 7 October 2025. The Zero Mile lies on a 3.6 kilometre elevated corridor that connects {{stl|Patna Metro|Bhootnath}} and {{stl|Patna Metro|Zero Mile}} metro stations. This corridor is the first phase of the Blue Line, which will eventually span 14.5 Kms, linking Patna Junction to Patliputra Bus Terminal through a combination of elevated and underground sections.<ref name=opening>{{cite news |title=Nitish to inaugurate first phase of Patna metro on Oct 6, to open for public from Oct |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-to-inaugurate-first-phase-of-patna-metro-on-oct-6-to-open-for-public-from-oct-7/articleshow/124320938.cms |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=5 October 2025}}</ref>

This metro station serves the Bairiya and adjoining areas.

==Infrastructure and Facilities==

The station features:
*⁠Three-coach trains with a capacity of 158 seated and up to 940 standing passengers
*⁠Bi-parting sliding doors and front emergency exits
*⁠CCTV surveillance and bilingual announcements in Hindi and English
*⁠Charging points for mobile devices and laptops
*⁠Reserved seating for women and differently-abled passengers

Trains operate between 8:00 AM and 10:00 PM, with a frequency of every 20 minutes, totaling approximately 40–42 trips per day. Fares starts from ₹15, depending on the travel distance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bihar Elections 2025: CM Nitish Kumar inaugurates Patna Metro first phase; check route, stations, fare - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bihar-cm-nitish-kumar-inaugurates-first-phase-route-stations-timings-fare-19703609.htm |website=CNBCTV18 |access-date=6 October 2025 |language=en |date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Patliputra Bus Terminal track layout
| title color = white
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Patna Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to ''Train Terminates Here''
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Patna Metro|Zero Mile}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|[[Concourse]]
|valign=top|Station agent, ticket counters, information kiosks, public announcement systems, check-in/out facilities, food courts, retail shops, and accessibility features, etc 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Patliputra Bus Terminal metro station|Patliputra Bus Terminal]] '''Next Station:''' Terminus
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Patna Junction metro station|Patna Junction]] '''Next Station:''' [[Zero Mile metro station|Zero Mile]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Patna Metro]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{Portalbar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Patna Metro}}
{{Patna-metro-stub}}
[[Category:Patna Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Pattegar

2025-11-12T23:28:43Z

PQRS1: minor refine intro after review and improved wording based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Pattegar
| popplace = [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| langs = [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]]
| rels = [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]
| related = [[Savji]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

'''Pattegar''' (also spelt as '''Patvegar''', '''Patekar''' & '''Pattagar''') or '''Patkar''' (Khatri) is a [[Hindu]] community predominantly residing in the [[Indian people|Indian]] [[States and union territories of India|states]] of [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5RPAQAAMAAJ&q=Pattegars|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Gulbarga District (Kalburgi District)|last=Kāmat|first=Sūryanātha|date=1993|publisher=Office of the Chief Editor, Karnataka Gazetteer|language=en}}</ref> All of them follow [[Hinduism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66q1AAAAIAAJ&q=Patvegar+religion|title=Mysore State Gazetteer: Chitradurga District|last=Sri Sathyan|first=B. N.|date=1967|publisher=Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|pages=114|language=en}}</ref> and are traditionally [[silk]] [[Weaving|weavers]] and [[Dye|dyers]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|title=Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2017|pages=131}}</ref> Their principal deity is [[Shakti]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mysore (India : State)|last2=Sri Sathyan|first2=B. N.|date=1972|title=Mysore State Gazetteer: Bellary|journal=Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|pages=120}}</ref>

== Etymology of Patkar and Khatri ==
Patkar and its variants are believed to derive from the word ''pattu''/''pat'' (“silk”).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/People_of_India/g9MVAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=People of India: India's communities |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |pages=2822-2823 |language=en}}</ref> However, the community is also called ''Khātrī'' in Gujarat and Maharashtra, a name that they have carried to other states like Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.<ref>Government of Telangana. ''Backward Classes Welfare Department – – Certain amendments – Orders – Issued'', G.O. Ms. No. 16, 11 March 2015. "Patkar (Khatri)"</ref> The Gujarati word ''Khātrī'' (IPA: [[International Phonetic Alphabet|kʰaː.t̪ɾiː]]) meaning a 'caste of Hindu weavers' is believed to derive from the Sanskrit word ''kṣattṛ, meaning "carver, distributor, attendant, doorkeeper, charioteer, son of a female slave".'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burrow |first=T. |date=October 1986 |title=R. L. Turner: A comparative dictionary of the Indo-Aryan languages Addenda and corrigenda. Edited by J. C. Wright. 11, 168 pp. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1985. £16. |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00045390 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=592–594 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00045390 |issn=0041-977X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Origins ==
Modern sources describe Patvegar/Patkar (Pattegar) as immigrant silk weavers from Gujarat who settled first in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. A Government of India craft study on Ilkal sarees from the [[Census of India]] records that “Patvegar are silk ribbon weavers hailing from Gujarat,” <ref>Census of India, <nowiki>''</nowiki>Handicraft Survey Report: Ilkal Sarees, Part X-D, Series–9<nowiki>''</nowiki> (New Delhi: Government of India, 1981 [pub. 1989])</ref> situating them in the [[Ilkal]] weaving complex of Karnataka. Census India Karnataka’s [[Tumakuru district|Tumkur District]] Gazetteer (1969) likewise calls Patvegar “another class of immigrant weavers” and notes they speak an Indo-Aryan dialect akin to Gujarati and Hindi, reinforcing a western-Indian provenance. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1969 Gazetteer On Tumkur District PDF {{!}} PDF |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/125436803/1969-Gazetteer-on-Tumkur-District-pdf |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Scholars place this movement within a broader Gujarati weaver migration that, over the medieval and early-modern periods, spread from Gujarat into the Deccan and further into South India (Tamil Nadu/Andhra), as mapped in studies of artisanal migrations in ''Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India''. <ref>{{Citation |last=Rai |first=Santosh Kumar |title=Many Madanpuras |date=2017-07-05 |work=Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India |pages=225–257 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315091150-9 |access-date=2025-08-18 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-09115-0}}</ref>

Historian Douglas E. Hanes states that the Patkar/Khatri weavers in Gujarat trace their ancestry to either [[Champaner]] ([[Panchmahal district|Panch Mahals District]]) or [[Hinglaj]] (Sindh) and the community genealogists believe that the migration happened during the late sixteenth' century.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xS4O4yHQiMC&pg=PA31 |title=Small Town Capitalism in Western India:Artisans, Merchants and the making of the Informal Economy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780521193337 |page=31 |quote=Weavers and other artisans frequently moved to places where the prospects for international trade or state patronage were great. Khatri weavers living in Gujarat largely trace their ancestry to Champaner in the current Panch Mahals district or to Hinglaj in Sind. Community genealogists today preserve the memory of how Khatri families fanned out through towns in central and southern Gujarat during the late sixteenth century, a period of rapid expansion in the region's foreign trade.}}</ref>

==Language==

The Pattegars speak a [[language]] called [[Saurashtra language|Pattegari]] or [[Khatri]] or [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 3.2 - Saurashtra |url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/saur1248 |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=glottolog.org |language=en}}</ref> a [[dialect]] of [[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]] with the amalgamation of present-day [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=L. G |title=A descriptive Grammar of the Khatri dialect. |publisher=Doctoral dissertation, Poona: Deccan College |year=1964 |location=Pune |pages=291}}</ref>

== Traditional Occupation ==
Historically silk weaving, dyeing, and related textile finishing, with many families continuing dyed/printed silk and cotton work. <ref>{{Citation |last=Edwards |first=E. |title=The work of the Khatris of Kachchh: ajrakh and block printed textiles |date=2016 |pages=96–109 |editor-last=Bancroft |editor-first=C. |url=http://saffronbooks.com/product/traditional-arts-of-south-asia-continuity-in-contemporary-practice-patronage-crispin-branfoot-ed/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |place=London |publisher=Saffron Press |isbn=978-1-872843-32-2 |last2=Khatri |first2=I. M.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |title=India's communities |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |series=People of India National series |location=Delhi |pages= |quote=The traditional and present - day occupation of the Khatri is silk and cotton weaving, colouring, dyeing of threads and making jari and garlands.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Indian textiles |date=2008 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-51432-0 |editor-last=Gillow |editor-first=John |location=London |quote=KHATRI A caste of professional dyers |editor-last2=Barnard |editor-first2=Nicholas}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Suraiya Faroqhi]], writes that, in 1742 Gujarat, the Khatris had protested the immigration of Muslim weavers by refusing to deliver cloth to the East India Company. In another case Khatris taught weaving to [[Patidar|Kunbis]] due to receiving excessive orders who soon became strong competitors to the Khatris much to their chagrin. In the mid-1770s, the Mughal governor granted the Kunbi rivals rights to manufacture [[Sari|saris]]. This licence was later revoked in 1800 due to pressure from the British, after a deal was struck between the Khatris and the [[East India Company]], in which the Khatris would weave only for the EIC until certain quotas were met.<ref>{{cite book |author=Suraiya Faroqh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvalDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA254 |title=The Ottoman and Mughal Empires: Social History in the Early Modern World |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=9781788318730 |page=254 |quote=In the study of the political economy of Gujarat in the second half of the eighteenth century, the author points out that castes and subcastes did not prevent inter-caste mobility. Thus, when the Khatri weavers found that they have more orders for high-quality cottons than they could fill on their own, they employed adjuncts from another caste known as Kunbis. The latter soon learnt the craft and turned into formidable competitors. Particularly, the Khatris resented that at some time in the mid-1770s, at the very end of the period studied here, the Mughal governor had granted their Kunbi rivals the right to manufacture saris, a popular female garment. In 1742, the Khatri weavers refused to deliver cloth to the EIC to protest against the immigration of Muslim weavers; it is difficult to say whether this strike was a purely economic matter or whether religion, status and caste were an issue as well.}}</ref><ref name="Qazi20142">{{cite book |author=Moin Qazi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Y8uBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT147 |title=Woven Wonders of the Deccan |publisher=Notion Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-93-83808-62-5 |pages=147– |quote=With the Muslim invasion the hereditary art fell on bad times, as the khatri community of weavers scattered far and wide in search of work}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadri |first=Ghulam A. |title=Eighteenth Century Gujarat: The Dynamics of Its Political Economy, 1750-1800 |publisher=Brill |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17202-9 |pages=26–28, 31}}</ref>

Anthropologist Karve, based on the post-Independence research of castes by a in [[Konkan]], [[Maharashtra]], classified [[Marathi people|Marathi]] Khatris{{efn|Khatris claimed to live near the Bombay island from at least the mid-1800s and would speak Marathi.}} as one of the "professional/advanced castes" as they were doctors, engineers, clerks, lawyers, teachers, etc. during independence. She states that their traditional professions were [[Weaving|silk weaving]] and working as merchants although they had entered other professions later.<ref name="Bowles19772">{{cite book |author=Gordon Townsend Bowles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gaq0AAAAIAAJ |title=The People of Asia |publisher=Scribner |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-684-15625-5 |page=173 |quote=Following Karve's classification in the Konkan, the Kayastha Prabhu, Pathare Prabhu, Pathare Kshatriya, Khatri and Vaisya Vani may be listed with the Brahmins as professional groups. The intermediate or artisan and service castes include the Sonar (goldsmiths), Kasar (coppersmiths), Shimpi (tailors), Teli (oil pressers), Khosti (weavers), Bhajvsar (dyers), Nhavi (barbers), Parit (washermen) ...}}</ref><ref name="Dandekar19512">{{cite book|author1=Irawati Karve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLc0AAAAIAAJ|title=Anthropometric Measurements of Mahārāṣhṭra|author2=Vishnu Mahadeo Dandekar|publisher=Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute, Pune|year=1951|quote=(Pg 16)Group I. Castes which follow various professions like teachers, doctors, clerks, pleaders, engineers etc:-All Brahmins,Non Brahmins: Kayastha Prabhu,Pathare Prabhu, Pathare Kshatriya, Khatri, Vaishya Vani (pg 29) Castes called Khatris are found in Gujarat Karnataka and Maharashtra. This sample represents the Marathi speaking khatris who claim to have living near the Bombay island for the last century at least. Khatris are found in other towns in the west maratha countries their hereditary profession is said to be that of silk weavers and merchants. Now they have entered into all services like clerks, teachers and higher administrative jobs and also follow professions like law and medicine.....}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Patnūlkarar]]
*[[Pattusali]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Society of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Telangana]]

Champavati Fort Chachaura

2025-11-10T04:49:07Z

PQRS1: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Champavati Fort]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Sāketa

2025-10-24T00:00:24Z

PQRS1: cleanup lead and corrected details to improve readability

#redirect [[Ayodhya]]

{{R from merge}}

Vani Kola

2025-10-23T03:01:24Z

PQRS1: adding a post

{{Short description|Indian venture capitalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vani Kola
| image = Vani Kola - Indian Venture Capitalist.jpg
| caption = Kola in 2020
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|51|2015|03|07}}<ref name="Business Standard"/>
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now [[Telangana]])
| education = [[Osmania University]] (B.Eng.) [[Arizona State University]] (M.Eng.)
| occupation = [[venture capital]]ist
| known_for = Venture capital in India
| website = {{URL|vanikola.com}}
}}
'''Vani Kola''' is an Indian [[venture capital]]ist. She is the founder and managing director of Kalaari Capital, an Indian early stage venture capital firm. She was listed as one of the most powerful women in Indian business by ''Fortune India'' in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vani Kola Listed in Fortune most powerful women in Indian Business|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/management/executives/sbi-arundhati-bhattacharya-forbes-powerful-women-india-2014/story/212155.html|work=Business Today|access-date=23 March 2015|issue=November 2014}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Vani Kola was born in {{birth based on age as of date|51|2015|03|07|noage=1}}<ref name="Business Standard"/> in [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now [[Telangana]]), [[India]].<ref name=ETbio>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-08-14/news/65524665_1_kalaari-capital-vani-kola-mukesh-bansal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909171903/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-08-14/news/65524665_1_kalaari-capital-vani-kola-mukesh-bansal |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 September 2015 |title=ET Startup Awards 2015: Vani Kola, Kalaari Capital wins Midas touch award for best investor |work=The Economic Times |date=14 August 2015 |access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref> She commenced her post-secondary education at age 16.<ref name=ETbio/> She attended [[Osmania University]] in Hyderabad, where she studied [[electrical engineering]] and was "one of six girls among 400 engineering students".<ref name="Business Standard"/> She earned her Bachelor of Engineering before leaving India in the late 1980s to pursue her Master of Engineering from [[Arizona State University]] in the United States.<ref name="Business Standard">{{cite news |last1=Aravind |first1=Indulekha |title=Meet venture capital pioneer Vani Kola |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/meet-venture-capital-pioneer-vani-kola-115030500583_1.html |work=Business Standard India |date=7 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=23037220&privcapId=32572344 |title=Vani Kola: Executive Profile & Biography |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
===Silicon Valley===
Kola had a 22-year career in [[Silicon Valley]]. A serial entrepreneur, she was the founder and CEO of the e-procurement company RightWorks, selling the company to [[Actua Corporation|ICG]] after four years for $657 million.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Business Standard"/> She was then the founder and CEO of Certus Software.<ref name=":0" />

===Venture capital in India===
Kola returned to India in 2006, after her successful career as an entrepreneur in Silicon Valley, to start a venture capital firm in India, drawn to the growing Indian opportunity. She and [[Vinod Dham]] founded Indo-US Venture Partners (IUVP) in 2006.<ref name="Business Standard"/> A partnership with [[New Enterprise Associates]] (NEA), it was her initial undertaking into venture capital in India. In 2012, it was re-branded as Kalaari Capital.<ref name=VCCircle92812>{{cite news|title=IndoUS Venture rebrands as Kalaari Capital; closes $150M fund|url=http://www.vccircle.com/content/indous-venture-rebrands-kalaari-capital-closes-150m-fund|accessdate=25 April 2015|issue=VCCircle|date=28 September 2012|quote=Though the investment strategy of IUVP fund and Kalaari will be similar, this is a rebranding for IUVP which would help it to bring in fresh ideas and focus on the Indian market, said Vani Kola, managing director, Kalaari Capital Advisors.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kola|first1=Vani|title=Women at Work: The Race Gets Easier|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/11/20/women-at-work-the-race-gets-easier/|accessdate=17 March 2015|issue=20 November 2014}}</ref>

Kalaari Capital began operations as a US$150 million fund in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Venture capital firm Kalaari Capital closes $150 mn fund|url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/business-fwire/venture-capital-firm-kalaari-capital-closes-150-mn-fund-472749.html|access-date=23 March 2015|issue=September 2012}}</ref> Under Kola's leadership, the firm has grown to have US$650 million in assets under management, as of 2017.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

Kola is the managing director of Kalaari Capital. She is a technology-focused early-stage investor and works with entrepreneurs to build global companies, leveraging India's domestic growth to create high growth enterprises. Kola has led investments in e-commerce, mobile services, education and healthcare. Some of her notable venture capital endeavours include: [[Dream11]], [[Urban Ladder]], [[Snapdeal]], and [[Myntra]].<ref name="Business Standard"/>

==Awards and recognition==
Kola was recognised as one of the most powerful women in Indian business by ''Forbes'' in 2014. She was awarded with the TiE Delhi-NCR 5th Edition of Women Entrepreneurship Summit Award on 20 July 2018, in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tie.org/blog-newsletters/july-2018-newsletter/|title=Global Newsletter – July 2018 – TiE – Global Entrepreneurship Organization|website=tie.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703202003/https://tie.org/blog-newsletters/july-2018-newsletter/|url-status=dead}}</ref> As part of the first-ever startup awards launched by ''[[The Economic Times]]'', Kola was awarded the Midas Touch award for the best investor in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jio-et-startup-awards-2015-live-updates/midas-touch-award-for-best-investor-vani-kola-kalaari-capital/videoshow/49327076.cms|title=Midas Touch award for best investor Vani Kola Kalaari Capital |work=The Economic Times|access-date=21 November 2017|issue=12 October 2015 |medium=video}}</ref> She also won the NDTV Women of Worth award for leadership excellence in business and entrepreneurship. She has been identified as one of the LinkedIn Top Voices in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Anushree|last=Singh|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/the-7-top-influencers-of-linkedin-in-2016-you-should-follow-today/articleshow/55954756.cms|title=The Top 7 Influencers of LinkedIn in India this year you should start following today|website=businessinsider.in|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-13|archive-date=13 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213134711/http://www.businessinsider.in/the-7-top-influencers-of-linkedin-in-2016-you-should-follow-today/articleshow/55954756.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> She has been profiled in numerous books and was named as one of Fortune India's 'Most Powerful Women in Business' in 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/vani-kola?year=2018|title=34: Vani Kola, 54: Most Powerful Women in India 2018|work=Fortune India|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref> and 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/vani-kola?year=2019|title=47: Vani Kola, 55: Most Powerful Women in India 2019|work=Fortune India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==

=== ACT Grants ===
In response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], ACT Grants, a not for profit initiative coalition of entrepreneurs and venture capitalists, was setup in April 2020. Kola, along with other senior leaders, has been spearheading this initiative. ACT Grants, which already has a corpus of ₹100 crores, has supported 50 different ventures.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/act-grants-to-offer-financial-muscle-to-hundreds-of-health-centric-desi-firms/article31854713.ece|title= ACT Grants to offer financial muscle to hundreds of health-centric desi firms|work=The Hindu|date= 17 June 2020|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-17|last1= Tejaswi|first1= Mini}}</ref>

=== Heartfulness Institute ===
Kola is also a Heartfulness trainer and is actively involved in supporting the Heartfulness Institute, a non-profit organisation focussed on human transformation through yoga and meditation.<ref name="A DAILY HABIT"/><ref>{{cite news |date=31 March 2018 |title=People who run after only profits falter: GV Prasad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/people-who-run-after-only-profits-falter-gv-prasad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416134608/https://telanganatoday.com/people-who-run-after-only-profits-falter-gv-prasad |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=1 May 2021 |work=Telangana Today |publisher=Telangana Today}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kola is married to Srinivas Kola and has two daughters.{{cn|date=January 2023}} She ran marathons and climbed [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] in the 2000s.{{cn|date=January 2023}} Kola meditates daily and has been a meditation practitioner for over two decades.<ref name="A DAILY HABIT">{{Cite web|last=Kola|first=Vani|url=https://www.heartfulnessmagazine.com/a-daily-habit/|title= A Daily Habit|website=heartfulnessmagazine.com|date=2 April 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref> In 2021 she was quoted in an article about "Zoom Fatigue" as an example of a person returning to the office to return to face-to-face communications.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vani Kola returns to office two days a week, calls it a break from the 'endless Zoom doom' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/vani-kola-returns-to-office-two-days-a-week-calls-it-a-break-from-the-endless-zoom-doom/articleshow/85398024.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=17 August 2021 |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://vanikola.com/ Official website]
* [https://www.kalaari.com/ Kalaari Capital]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbOUVPvzgPg "What Failure Taught Me - Vani Kola"] YouTube video Color shots - The Wellness Company channel
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMZwsZWMwGA "Vani Kola: Making entrepreneurial dreams possible"] YouTube video INKtalks channel

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kola, Vani}}
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Indian venture capitalists]]
[[Category:Women venture capitalists]]
[[Category:Silicon Valley people]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

MSME-Champions

2025-09-28T23:38:15Z

PQRS1: new a stub initial version

{{short description|Grievance management and information portal for MSME}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=September 2025}}
{{buzzword|date=August 2022}}
}}

'''MSME-Champions''' is a technology-driven centralized control room, grievance management, and information platform launched by the [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)]] under [[Government of India]]. The [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]] launched the {{em|Champions}} portal on 9 May 2020. Champions, which stands for "'''C'''reation and '''H'''armonious '''A'''pplication of '''M'''odern '''P'''rocesses for '''I'''ncreasing the '''O'''utput and '''N'''ational '''S'''trength". The objective of the portal is to provide a one-stop solution to [[Small and medium-sized enterprises#India|MSMEs]] and help small units grow big by resolving their grievances, supporting them in various aspects of the trade.<ref name="Gov-Champion">{{cite web |url=https://champions.gov.in/MyMsme/grievance/COM_Grievance_Welcome.aspx |title=MSME CHAMPIONS | Our Small Hands to make you LARGE |format= |work= |accessdate=2020-06-18}}</ref> The physical infrastructure for the control room is created in one of the spare rooms of the ministry's building in record time. The portal designed with the confluence of various [[Information and communications technology|ICT tools]], the system also leverages cutting edge technologies like [[Artificial intelligence]] and [[Machine learning]]. The portal was designed and created inhouse with the help of [[National Informatics Center|National Informatics Center (NIC)]].<ref name="Champion-1">{{cite web |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/digital-india/msme-ministry-launches-portal-champions-to-assist-enterprises/75709105 |title=Champions: MSME Ministry launches portal 'CHAMPIONS' to assist enterprises, Government News, ET Government |format= |work= |accessdate=2020-06-18}}</ref> Since the launch of the portal, around 50,000 grievances filed by the MSMEs were resolved within five weeks.<ref name="FE-Champions">{{cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/msme-tech-pm-modis-champions-portal-resolves-nearly-50000-msme-grievances-since-launch/1992493/ |title=MSMEs bet big on PM Modi's Champions portal as number of complaints resolved jumps 3X - The Financial Express |format= |work= |accessdate=2020-06-18}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://champions.gov.in Champions portal by Government of India]

[[Category:Government schemes in India]]
[[Category:Policies of India]]
[[Category:Small and medium-sized enterprises]]

Polo in India

2025-09-21T17:11:45Z

PQRS1:

{{Infobox sport overview
| boxwidth = 
| title = 
| image = Polo jaipur.jpg
| imagesize = 
| image_alt = 
| caption = Polo in [[Jaipur]].
| union = [[Indian Polo Association]]
| country = India
| sport = polo
| noncountry = 
| teamlabel1 = 
| nationalteam = 
| teamlabel2 = 
| repteam = 
| nickname = 
| first = 1860s<ref name="IPA History"/>
| registered = 
| clubs = 35<ref>{{cite web |title=Polo Clubs In India |url=http://www.ipa.co.in/clubs.asp |website=Indian Polo Association |accessdate=20 July 2018}}</ref>
| national_list = 
| club_list = 
| intl_list = [[World Polo Championship]]
| match = 
| league = 
| fan_org = 
}}

India is the birthplace of modern [[polo]].<ref name="IPA History">{{cite web |title=History of Indian Polo |url=http://www.ipa.co.in/history.htm |website=Indian Polo Association |accessdate=20 July 2018}}</ref> The modern game of polo is derived from [[Manipur]], where the game was known as ''[[sagol kangjei]]'', ''kanjai-bazee'', or ''pulu''.<ref name="manipurpolo">{{cite web|title=Polo History | url = http://www.indiapolo.com/Polopedia/History/history.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianpolo.com/manipurpolo/history.asp |title=Manipur Polo – Indianpolo.com, polo, polo in india |publisher=Indianpolo.com |date=25 March 2007 |accessdate=25 January 2012}}</ref> It was the anglicised form of the last, referring to the wooden ball that was used, which was adopted by the sport in its slow spread to the west.
[[File:ꯍꯩꯉꯥꯡ ꯃꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯁꯥꯒꯣꯜ ꯃꯤꯇꯝ.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Marjing Polo Statue]], the world's tallest polo player statue, standing inside the [[Marjing Polo Complex]], dedicated to God [[Marjing]], the [[Meitei deity]] of [[polo]] sports, in the [[Heingang Ching]] hills in [[Manipur]]]]

== History ==

=== Origins ===
[[Qutubuddin Aibak]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] slave from Central Asia who later became the [[Sultan of Delhi]], ruled for only four years, from 1206 to 1210, dying an accidental death during a game of polo in [[Lahore]] (in present-day Pakistan) when his horse fell and he was impaled on the pommel of his saddle.<ref>Michaelson, Carol, ''Gilded Dragons'', pp. 72-73, 1999, British Museum Press, {{ISBN|0714114898}}; Medley, Margaret, ''T'ang Pottery and Porcelain'', pp. 49-50, 1981, Faber & Faber, {{ISBN|0571109578}}</ref> The sport was also popular among Mughal emperors who called it ''[[Chovgan|Chaugan]]''. Emperor Akbar introduced an official set of rules for the sport.<ref name="IPA History" />

The origins of the game in [[Manipur]] are traced to early precursors of Sagol Kangjei.<ref>[[The Guinness Book of Records]]. 1991 edition (page 288)</ref> This was one of three forms of hockey in Manipur, the other ones being field hockey (called Khong Kangjei) and wrestling-hockey (called Mukna Kangjei). Local rituals such as those connected to the Marjing, the Winged-Pony God of Polo and the creation-ritual episodes of the Lai Haraoba festival enacting the life of his son, Khori-Phaba, the polo-playing god of sports. These may indicate an origin earlier than the historical records of Manipur. Later, according to Chaitharol-Kumbaba, a Royal Chronicle of Manipur King Kangba who ruled Manipur much earlier than Nongda Lairen Pakhangba (33 AD) introduced Sagol Kangjei (Kangjei on horse back). Further regular playing of this game commenced in 1605 during the reign of King Khagemba under newly framed rules of the game. However it was the first Mughal emperor, Babur, who popularised the sport in India and ultimately made a significant influence on England.

[[File:Polo-field old kangla imphal.JPG|thumb|Old polo field in [[Imphal]], Manipur]]
In [[Manipur]], polo is traditionally played with seven players to a side. The players are mounted on the indigenous Manipuri pony, which stands less than {{hands|13}}. There are no goal posts, and a player scores simply by hitting the ball out of either end of the field. Players strike the ball with the long side of the mallet head, not the end.<ref>{{cite book|last1=del Carril|first1=Justo|title=Essential Tips Polo|isbn=978-987-02-7039-3|page=13|chapter=The equipment}}</ref> Players are not permitted to carry the ball, although blocking the ball with any part of the body except the open hand is permitted.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rule F12 International Rules for Polo|url=http://www.fippolo.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/THE-INTERNATIONAL-RULES-FOR-POLO-August-2010.pdf|publisher=Federation of International Polo|access-date=2018-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818041007/http://www.fippolo.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/THE-INTERNATIONAL-RULES-FOR-POLO-August-2010.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> The sticks are made of cane, and the balls are made from the roots of bamboo. Players protected their legs by attaching leather shields to their saddles and girths.<ref name=Crego2>Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th centuries by Robert Crego. Page 26. Published 2003. Greenwood Press. Sports & Recreation. 296 pages. {{ISBN|0-313-31610-4}}</ref> In Manipur, the game was played even by commoners who owned a pony.<ref name=Crego>''Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th centuries'' on 17th centuries by Robert Crego.bring the polo game from India, manipur page 25. Published 2003. Greenwood Press. Sports & Recreation. 296 pages
{{ISBN|0-313-31610-4}}</ref> The kings of Manipur had a royal polo ground within the ramparts of their Kangla Fort. Here they played Manung Kangjei Bung (literally, "Inner Polo Ground"). Public games were held, as they are still today, at the Mapan Kangjei Bung (literally "Outer Polo Ground"), a polo ground just outside the Kangla. Weekly games called Hapta Kangjei (Weekly Polo) were also played in a polo ground outside the current Palace.

The oldest polo ground in the world is the Imphal Polo Ground in Manipur State. The history of this pologround is contained in the royal chronicle "Cheitharol Kumbaba" starting from AD 33. Lieutenant (later Major General) Joseph Ford Sherer, the father of modern polo visited the state and played on this polo ground in the 1850s. Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India visited the state in 1901 and measured the polo ground as "225 yards long and 110 yards wide" {{convert|225|by|110|yard}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of polo {{!}} Royal Polo Club Rasnov|url=http://royalpoloclubrasnov.ro/history-of-polo/|website=royalpoloclubrasnov.ro|accessdate=2 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203231600/http://royalpoloclubrasnov.ro/history-of-polo/|archive-date=3 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Modern game ===
The first polo club in India was established at [[Silchar]], Assam in 1834.<ref name="IPA History" /> In 1862, the oldest polo club still in existence, [[Calcutta Polo Club]], was established by two British soldiers, Sherer and Captain Robert Stewart.<ref>{{cite web|title=Polo Club|url=http://www.calcuttapolo.com/about.html|website=www.calcuttapolo.com|accessdate=2 December 2017|language=en}}</ref>

This version of polo played in the 19th century was different from the faster form that was played in Manipur. The game was slow and methodical, with little passing between players and few set plays that required specific movements by participants without the ball. Neither players nor horses were trained to play a fast, nonstop game. This form of polo lacked the aggressive methods and [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] skills to play.<ref name=Crego2/> From the 1800s to the 1910s, a host of teams representing Indian [[principalities]] dominated the international polo scene.<ref name=Crego2/> Prominent teams of the period included Alwar, Bhopal, Bikaner, Jaipur, Hyderabad, Patiala, Jodhpur, Kishengarh and Kashmir. The majority of the Cavalry regiments of the British Army and the British Indian Army also fielded teams, the most prominent amongst them were the Central India Horse (CHI), Prince Albert Victor Own Cavalry (PAVO’s Cav), the Inniskilling Dragoon Guards, the 10th Royal Hussars, the 15th Lancers, and the 17/21st Lancers. The Jaipur team won all the open tournaments in Britain and the Indian Championship in 1933 creating a record that is unlikely to be broken. The team also won the Indian Open Championship every year from 1930 to 1938.<ref name="IPA History" />

The [[Indian Polo Association]] (IPA) was founded in 1892.<ref name="IPA History" /> The outbreak of the second World War and the mechanization of cavalry units resulted in a decline in interest in Indian polo. The Calcutta Polo Club was the first polo club in the country to resume hosting tournaments post-independence. Polo clubs in Jaipur, Delhi, Bombay and Hyderabad subsequently began holding regular tournaments. The IPA invited the Argentine national polo team to visit India in 1950 and play an exhibition games across the country in a bid to revive interest in the sport. The Argentine team participated in tournaments in Jaipur, Delhi and Bombay. The Pakistan Army polo team visited India in 1955. The IPA also revived the Indian Polo Championship in 1956, after a gap of 17 years. The India national polo team participated in the 1957 World Championship in France and won the tournament. These events helped revive interest in polo in the country. Indian polo received another boost after the Indian Army officially adopted polo as a sport granting access to new grounds and stables of horses.<ref name="IPA History"/>

Indian President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed consented to be the Patron-in-Chief of the IPA, resulting in the introduction of a new trophy called The President's Cup in 1975. The IPA marked its 100th anniversary in 1992.<ref name="IPA History"/>

In the year 1992 the IPA completed 100 years and since then polo is on an upward trend in the country. Today we have 33 Polo Clubs registered with IPA. Polo has been revived at Leh in Ladakh, at Udaipur and Jodhpur in Rajasthan, Hyderabad and Bangalore in South India. Polo is now not only the domain of the Army but a number of corporate and industrial houses are supporting teams in the domestic polo circuit.

===World Polo Championship===
{| class="wikitable"
! No
! Year
! Host
! Position
|-
|1|| [[1995 World Polo Championship|1995]]||{{flagicon|SUI}} [[St. Moritz]], Switzerland||{{center|Preliminary Round}}
|-
|2|| [[2001 World Polo Championship|2001]]||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]], Australia||{{center|Preliminary Round}}
|-
|3|| [[2011 World Polo Championship|2011]]||{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Estancia Grande (San Luis)]], Argentina||{{center|Preliminary Round}}
|-
|4|| [[2017 World Polo Championship|2017]]||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney]], Australia||{{center|Preliminary Round}}
|-
|}
* updated till 2023

===List of National Sports award recipients in Polo, showing the year, award, and gender===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:73%"
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Recipient
! scope="col" style="width:19%" | Award
! scope="col" style="width:16%" | Gender
|- {{anchor|PoloAA}}
| style="text-align:center;" |1961
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prem |Singh|link=Maharaj Prem Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1963
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kishen |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1964
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hanut |Singh}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | [[V. P. Singh (Brigadier)]]
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1983
! scope="row" | [[R. S. Sodhi]]
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1987
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kuldeep Singh |Garcha}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2012
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Samir |Suhag|nolink=1}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2018
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravi |Rathore}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2019
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Simran Singh |Shergill|nolink=1}}
| Arjuna Award || Male
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sport in India}}

[[Category:Polo in India| ]]
L. Joychandra Singh.(1997).Origin of Polo Game.

List of Monuments of National Importance in Bagalkot and Bijapur district, Karnataka

2025-09-11T07:21:59Z

PQRS1:

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
The following structures in [[Bagalkot district]] and [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]] have been designated as [[Monuments of National Importance]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_dharwad.asp |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka (Dharwad Circle) |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India |accessdate=15 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asidharwadcircle.in/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Dharwad Circle |website=ASI Dharwad Circle |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>

{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

== List of monuments ==
{{ASI Monument header|state_iso=IN-KA|Circle=Dharwad}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D41
| description = Ambigergudi (1)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.02107
| lon = 75.88038
| image = Ambigera Gudi, Aihole-Dr. Murali Mohan Gurram (4).jpg
|commonscat=Ambigergudi Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D42
| description = Ambigergudi (2)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.02106
| lon = 75.88059
| image = Ambigera Gudi, Aihole-Dr. Murali Mohan Gurram (5).jpg
|commonscat=Ambigergudi Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D43
| description = A temple of Galaganatha group (1)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01027
| lon = 75.87944
| image =1855 photo of a Hindu temple in the Galaganatha Temple Complex, Aihole Karnataka.jpg
|commonscat=Galaganatha Temple Complex
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D44
| description = A temple of Galaganatha group (2)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.00991
| lon = 75.87856
| image =Aihole Galaganatha group of temples.jpg
|commonscat=Galaganatha Temple Complex
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D45
| description = A temple of Galaganatha group (3)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01035
| lon = 75.87929
| image =Aihole Galaganatha temple complex 1.jpg
|commonscat=Galaganatha Temple Complex
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D46
| description = A temple of Galaganatha group (4)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01003
| lon = 75.87907
| image = N-KA-D46SK.jpg
|commonscat=Galaganatha Temple Complex
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D47
| description = A temple of Galaganatha group (5)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01006
| lon = 75.87939
| image =
|commonscat=Galaganatha Temple Complex
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D48
| description = Badigergudi
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.0196
| lon = 75.88097
| image = Aihole (50772238977).jpg
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D49
| description = Basavanna
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.02665
| lon = 75.88523
| image = Temple at Aihole.jpg
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D50
| description = Boyargudi
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01524
| lon = 75.88257
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D51
| description = Bilegudi
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01893
| lon = 75.88466
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D52
| description = Chrantimath (Murphadryavargudi)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01882
| lon = 75.88197
| image = Charanthi math Jain Temple, Aihole.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D53
| description = Chrantimath (Murphadryavargudi)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01867
| lon = 75.88201
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D54
| description = Desayargudi
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01575
| lon = 75.88211
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D55
| description = Dolmens
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.0137
| lon = 75.88786
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D56
| description = Galaganath temple
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.0101
| lon = 75.87896
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D57
| description = Gaudargudi
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01973
| lon = 75.88141
| image = Gaudargudi temple at Galaganatha temple complex.jpg
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D58
| description = Gaudergudi (1)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01942
| lon = 75.88134
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D59
| description = Gaudergudi (2)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01979
| lon = 75.8806
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D60
| description = Gauder Ishvargudi
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.02022
| lon = 75.88146
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D61
| description = Great Durga temple
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.02073
| lon = 75.88189
| image = Durga_Temple_3,_Aihole,_Karnataka.jpg
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D62
| description = Huchimalligudi in Sy. No. 64
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.02396
| lon = 75.88352
| image = Huchimalligudi Temple, Aihole.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D63
| description = Ishvara
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.02033
| lon = 75.88355
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D64
| description = Ishavarlinga (1) Ishavarlinga Complex
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district =[[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.02042
| lon = 75.88352
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D65
| description = Ishavarlinga (2) Ishavarlinga Complex
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.0202
| lon = 75.88357
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D66
| description = Ishavarlinga (3) Ishavarlinga Complex
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.02
| lon = 75.88352
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D67
| description = Ishavarlinga (no local name)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.02035
| lon = 75.88348
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D68
| description = Meguti Jaina temple
| location = Aihole
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01738
| lon = 75.88407
| image = Meguti Jain Temple, Aihole (4).JPG
|commonscat=Meguti Jain Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D69
| description = Jyotirlinga temple
| location = Aihole
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.02073
| lon = 75.88325
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D70
| description = Karegudi
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01894
| lon = 75.88473
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D71
| description = Kontigudi
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01822
| lon = 75.88144
| image = Aihole Konti Gudi 1.jpg
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D72
| description = Maddingudi (Basavanna 1)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01824
| lon = 75.88225
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D73
| description = Maddingudi (Basavanna 2)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01814
| lon = 75.88219
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D74
| description = Yoginarayan temple
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01956
| lon = 75.88317
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D75
| description = Matha without a shrine (large hall)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01719
| lon = 75.88126
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D76
| description = Jaina cave (Mena Basti)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01285
| lon = 75.88803
| image =7th - 8th century Jaina temple, entrance, Aihole Jain monuments.jpg
|commonscat=Aihole Jain cave
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D77
| description = No name but forms part of Veniyargudi.
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01771
| lon = 75.87997
| image = Veniyargudi Temples, Aihole (5).JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D78
| description = No name close to Virabhadra temple
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.0075
| lon = 75.87895
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D79
| description = Rachigudi
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01894
| lon = 75.88013
| image = Rachigudi Temple, Aihole (1).JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D80
| description = Ramalinga temple
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.00737
| lon = 75.87897
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D81
| description = Ravan Phadi (Brahmanical Cave)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.02254
| lon = 75.88437
| image = Phadi_NKAD81.JPG
|commonscat=Ravana Phadi Cave, Aihole
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D82
| description = Small temple to southwest of the Great Durga temple
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.02052
| lon = 75.88167
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D83
| description = Temple adjoining Kontigudi on west side & inscription tablet within the temple
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01828
| lon = 75.88139
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D84
| description = Surangagudi temple adjoining Konti gudi
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01814
| lon = 75.88142
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D85
| description = Jyotirlinga complex in Sy. No. 66
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.02061
| lon = 75.88328
| image = Jyothirlinga Temple, Aihole.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D86
| description = Temple close to Kontigudi Sy. No. 47
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01814
| lon = 75.88155
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D87
| description = Suryanarayana Temple close to Ladkhan temple
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.02003
| lon = 75.8815
| image = Ladkhan_temple_-image3.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D88
| description = Temple in the fields at north-west corner of the village
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.02204
| lon = 75.88035
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D89
| description = Huchchappayya matha in S.No. 270
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01574
| lon = 75.88012
| image = Huchappayya_(gudi)_temple,_Aihole,_Karnataka.jpg
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D90
| description = Ladkhan temple
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01995
| lon = 75.88123
| image = Lad_Khan_temple_2,_Aihole,_Karnataka.jpg
|commonscat=Chalukya Shiva Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D91
| description = Temple on the north of Durga temple
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district =[[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D92
| description = Siva temple with a large Nandimandapa
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image = Shiva temple with lage bull.jpg
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D93
| description = Trayambakesvara temple (black marble Isvarlinga)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01844
| lon = 75.8825
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D94
| description = Two storeyed Buddhist temple and cave at Meguti hill
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01777
| lon = 75.88423
| image = Jain basadi.JPG
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D95
| description = Veerabhadra temple
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.00741
| lon = 75.87883
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D96
| description = Veniyargudi (1)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.0178
| lon = 75.88007
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D97
| description = Veniyargudi (2)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01753
| lon = 75.88013
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D98
| description = Veniyargudi (3)
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01741
| lon = 75.88046
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D99
| description = Veniyargudi
| location = [[Aihole]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.01746
| lon = 75.88025
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D100
| description = Mahal Idgah near the Ain Ulmul Kha's tomb
| location = Ainapur
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83453
| lon = 75.76679
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D101
| description = Old Gate
| location = Amingad
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.06125
| lon = 75.95074
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D102
| description = Stone bearing Inscriptions
| location = Arshibidi (Gudur)
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.90573
| lon = 75.9317
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D103
| description = Stone bearing Inscriptions
| location = Arshibidi (Gudur)
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.90595
| lon = 75.93112
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D104
| description = Stone bearing Inscriptions
| location = Arshibidi (Gudur)
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D105
| description = [[Bhutanatha group of temples]] on the east margin of the tank
| location = [[Badami]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.92078
| lon = 75.68767
| image =Bhutanatha temple in Badami, Karnataka, India.jpg
|commonscat=Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D106
| description = Group of temples on the north side of the Lake towards east end
| location = [[Badami]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.92133
| lon = 75.68698
| image = Group of temples on the north side of the Lake towards east end.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D107
| description = Lakulisha temple behind Bhutanatha group containing a nude seated image in the shrine
| location = [[Badami]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.92095
| lon = 75.68786
| image = 7th to 8th century Bhutanatha temple reliefs, statue and artwork, Badami Karnataka - 3.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D108
| description = Shaiva,Vaishnava &amp Jaina caves
| location = [[Badami]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.91818
| lon = 75.68493
| image =Badami-cave-temple.JPG
|commonscat=Badami Cave Temples
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D109
| description = Large seated remains in a natural cavern under the cliff to the south-east of the Bhutanatha temples (Kostharaya cave)
| location = [[Badami]]
| address =
| district =[[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.92043
| lon = 75.68802
| image =Large seated remains in a natural cavern under the cliff to the south-east of the Bhutanatha temples (Kostharaya cave), Badami.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D110
| description = Rock shelter Sidila padi cave
| location = [[Badami]]
| address =
| district =[[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.94368
| lon = 75.70051
| image =Caved Shelter of Shidlapadi.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D111
| description = Relief sculptures on the behind the Bhutanatha group of temples
| location = [[Badami]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.92056
| lon = 75.68814
| image = Cliff wall prototype sculpture at Bhutanatha group of temples in Badami.jpg
|commonscat=Reliefs in the Bhutanatha temples
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D112
| description = Southern fort & the old gun.
| location = [[Badami]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.9231
| lon = 75.68254
| image = Badami-fort.JPG
|commonscat=Badami Southern Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D113
| description = Temple on the knoll under the bastion of the northern fort
| location = [[Badami]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.92371
| lon = 75.68166
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D114
| description = Northern fort and temple
| location = [[Badami]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.92234
| lon = 75.68405
| image = Northern fort and temple in Badami.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D115
| description = Hermitage in the natural cavern to the east of the lake
| location = [[Badami]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.92022
| lon = 75.68838
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D116
| description = Remains of the ancient Chalukyuan fortification walls including moat.
Walls, gates and dam forming the western boundary of Bhutanatha tank
| location = [[Badami]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.91944
| lon = 75.68439
| image = Lake Badami.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D117
| description = Inscription
| location = Belur
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.84619
| lon = 75.74905
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D118
| description = Kalika Bhavani temple
| location = [[Bevoor]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.20856
| lon = 75.88798
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D119
| description = Narayanadeva temple
| location = [[Bevoor]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.20885
| lon = 75.88808
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D120
| description = Ramesvara temple
| location = [[Bevoor]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 16.20837
| lon = 75.88912
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D121
| description = Inscriptions
| location = Bhairamatti
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.16704
| lon = 75.85853
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D122
| description = Afzulkhan's wives tomb
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83392
| lon = 75.67602
|image=Afzulkhan's wives tomb.jpg
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D123
| description = Afzulkhan's Cenotaph
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.84434
| lon = 75.67828
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D124
| description = [[Ain-ul-Mulk's Tomb|Ain-ul-mulk's tomb]]
| location = Ainapur
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83465
| lon = 75.76847
| image =Ain-ul-Mulk's Tomb.png
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D125
| description = Ali I Rouza
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.81939
| lon = 75.7139
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D126
| description = Ali II Rouza ([[Bara Kaman]])
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82972222
| lon = 75.71805556
| image = BarakamanDSC03712.JPG
|commonscat=Bara Kaman
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D127
| description = Ali-shahid Pir's masjid
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82167
| lon = 75.72304
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D128
| description = All old guns on ramparts and in trophy
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83174
| lon = 75.70892
| image = Canon in front of Gol-Gompus.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D129
| description = Ambar Khanna Grannery
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82288
| lon = 75.73255
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D130
| description = [[Andu Masjid]]
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.8223
| lon = 75.7183
| image = Andu Masjid, Bijapur.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D131
| description = [[Bijapur Fort|Asar mahal]]
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82599
| lon = 75.72238
| image = Asar mahal 02.jpg
|commonscat=Asar Mahal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D132
| description = Batulla Khan's Masjid
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82262
| lon = 75.72597
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D133
| description = Bukhari Masjid
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82932
| lon = 75.7171
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D134
| description = Chand Bavdi
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83448
| lon = 75.71107
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D135
| description = Chota Asar Mosque
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83169
| lon = 75.7138
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D136
| description = Chinch Didi Masjid
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82525
| lon = 75.72135
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D137
| description = Dakhni Idgah
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83143
| lon = 75.71187
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D138
| description = Dam of Ramalinga temple with two outlet (massonry water) channels running at right angles to the north and adjoining gateway at the extreme east end.
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.8531
| lon = 75.6881
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D139
| description = [[Bijapur Fort|Gagan Mahal]]
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82658
| lon = 75.71846
| image = Gagan Mahal Bijapura.jpg
|commonscat=Gagan Mahal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D140
| description = Dhaiwadi masjid near Allapur gate
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82383
| lon = 75.73791
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D141
| description = Gates & walls of the city & citadels
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82492
| lon = 75.73946
| image = Wall & Gate, Bijapur (LOC).jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D142
| description = [[Gol Gumbaz]]
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83003056
| lon = 75.73609722
| image = Gol Gumbaz -6, Bijapur, Karnataka.jpg
|commonscat=Gol Gumbaz
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D143
| description = Grave of Aurangazaeb's wife in Navbagh
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82374
| lon = 75.71319
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D144
| description = Green Stone tomb
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.81895
| lon = 75.71394
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D145
| description = Ghumat Bavdi
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.8196
| lon = 75.71132
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D146
| description = Haji Hasan Saheb's tomb
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82303
| lon = 75.73473
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D147
| description = Hasan Guljar's tomb with marble tomb stone near Ramalinga tank
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.8556
| lon = 75.69066
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D148
| description = Hyder (Ujpli) Buruj
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83258
| lon = 75.71164
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D149
| description = Hyder Khan's tomb
| location = [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82556
| lon = 75.69494
| image =Asmaan Cheedi Masjid.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D150
| description = Ibrahim I Jami Masjid
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82072
| lon = 75.71592
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D151
| description = Ikhalas Khan's Mosque
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.81673
| lon = 75.72211
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D152
| description = Jahan Begum's Tomb
| location = Ainapur
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82768
| lon = 75.77494
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D153
| description = Jalmandir
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82564
| lon = 75.71748
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D154
| description = [[Jod Gumbaz|Jod Gumbaj]]
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82506
| lon = 75.71237
| image = Jod Gumbad.jpg
|commonscat=Jod Gumbaz
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D155
| description = [[Jama Mosque, Bijapur|Jumma Masjid]]
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82198
| lon = 75.72859
| image = Inside Jama Masjid, Bijapur, Karnataka.jpg
|commonscat=Jama Masjid, Bijapur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D156
| description = Kamarkhi gumbaz
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83226
| lon = 75.71629
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D157
| description = [[Ibrahim Rauza]]
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82703
| lon = 75.70267
| image = Ibrahim Rauza, Bijapur.jpg
|commonscat=Ibrahim Rouza
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D158
| description = Karimuddin's Mosque
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.8242
| lon = 75.71872
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D159
| description = [[Mecca Masjid, Bijapur|Makka Masjid]]
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82519
| lon = 75.72016
| image = General view of the east façade of the Mecca Mosque, Bijapur.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D160
| description = [[Bijapur Fort|Mehtar Mahal]]
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82291
| lon = 75.72216
| image = Mehtar Mahal, Bijapur.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D161
| description = Moats of the Fort wall
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat =16.8399
| lon =75.72338
| image = Citadel Beejapoor. (12488171635).jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D162
| description = Mosque at Golgumbaz
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83022
| lon = 75.73511
| image = Mosque at Golgumbaz NKA D162.jpg
|commonscat=Gol Gumbaz Mosque
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D163
| description = Mosque No. 21 (behind Chandbavdi)
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83471
| lon = 75.71081
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D164
| description = Mosque No.213
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.81062
| lon = 75.71596
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D165
| description = Mosque No.366
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82708
| lon = 75.7749
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D166
| description = Moti dargah
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82871
| lon = 75.69436
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D167
| description = Mubarak Khan's Mahal
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.81779
| lon = 75.73046
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D168
| description = Mulla Mosque
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83755
| lon = 75.70908
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D169
| description = Mustafa Khan's Mosque
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82467
| lon = 75.72547
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D170
| description = [[Nav Gumbaz]]
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82609
| lon = 75.72633
| image = Nau Gumbaz (Nav Gumbaz) in Bijapur.png
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D171
| description = Nitya Navari tomb & masjid near Moti dargahs
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82798
| lon = 75.69352
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D172
| description = Old Mosque No. 294
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82736
| lon = 75.71925
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D173
| description = Ruined gateway with inscriptions slab No. 217
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82344
| lon = 75.71933
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D174
| description = Sat Mahal (Sat manjil)
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82549
| lon = 75.71738
| image = Palace Beejapoor, The Sath Mahal (7 stories). (12488289793).jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D175
| description = Shah Navaz Khan's tomb
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.84295
| lon = 75.70238
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D176
| description = Sikandar Shah's tomb
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83117
| lon = 75.71459
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D177
| description = Small pavilion in front of Arash Mahal
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82722
| lon = 75.72144
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D178
| description = Small tomb No. 47
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.81942
| lon = 75.71125
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D179
| description = Sonheri masjid
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.85181
| lon = 75.7001
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D180
| description = Tomb of Pir Shaik Hamid Khadir
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.81953
| lon = 75.7108
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D181
| description = Tomb No. 22 on the western bank of Chand Bavdi
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83457
| lon = 75.7108
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D182
| description = Tomb No. 48
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.8194
| lon = 75.71108
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D183
| description = Two different moats of citadel locally known as Arquilla.
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82681
| lon = 75.7177
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D184
| description = Water pavilions
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D185
| description = Water pavilions to the south of the church in the Ark quilla
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82613
| lon = 75.7187
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D186
| description = Water towers Nos. 61,67,91,114,115,142,147,281,282,
286 and 289
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82535
| lon = 75.72157
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D187
| description = Well at Ibrahimpur
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.80367
| lon = 75.7289
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D188
| description = Yakub Dabuli's mosque & tomb No.204
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82833
| lon = 75.72179
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D189
| description = Yusuf's old Jami Masjid
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82254
| lon = 75.72368
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D190
| description = Zanziri or Malik Jahan Begum's mosque.
| location = [[Bijapur]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82632
| lon = 75.71572
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D191
| description = Ancient Hindu temple of Dattatreya.
| location = Chattarki
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.9359
| lon = 76.07235
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D192
| description = Old Temple (partly buried ) to the right side of the main entrance to the modern Banashankari temple
| location = [[Cholachagudda]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.88736
| lon = 75.70494
| image = Old Temple near Banashankari temple.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D193
| description = Old Temple with adjacent ancient structures, gateway to the left side of the entrance to the modern Banashankari temple
| location = [[Cholachagudda]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.88703
| lon = 75.70489
| image = Old Temple to the left side of the entrance to the modern Banashankari temple.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D194
| description = Tank with colonades at [[Banashankari Amma Temple|Banashankari temple]]
| location = [[Cholachagudda]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.88727
| lon = 75.70561
| image =Pillars near the tank in front of Banashankari temple.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D195
| description = Old Jaina temple on top of a hill locally known as Melgudi.
| location = Hallur
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.20088
| lon = 75.84772
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D196
| description = Visvesvara temple with two big Dwarapalas & main entrance to the courtyard.
| location = Hallur
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.1963
| lon = 75.84487
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D197
| description = Inscriptions
| location = Hippangi
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.81482
| lon = 76.06659
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D198
| description = Inscriptions
| location = Katgeri
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D199
| description = Masjid
| location = Katijapur
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.76506
| lon = 75.67561
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D200
| description = All four water pavilions
| location = Kumatigi
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.81687
| lon = 75.89312
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D201
| description = Water pavilions in S.No. 318
| location = Kumatigi
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.81889
| lon = 75.89073
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D202
| description = Badi Kaman & related arcades
| location = Mahal bagayat
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82309
| lon = 75.7251
| image = BadiKaman.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D203
| description = Small masjid over rectangular dam to the south of (Afsal Khan's tomb)
| location = Mahal bagayat
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83295
| lon = 75.67613
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D204
| description = Naganatha temple near Shivayogamandir
| location = Nagaralsamat
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 15.90308
| lon = 75.73892
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D205
| description = Inscriptions
| location = Nandikesvara
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 15.93263
| lon = 75.7214
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D206
| description = Inscriptions
| location = Nandwadi
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.01777
| lon = 76.28156
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D207
| description = Fortwalls
| location = Navarasapur
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.83479
| lon = 75.63814
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D208
| description = Sankaralinga temple including inscriptions
| location = Nimbal
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 17.10213
| lon = 75.856
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D209
| description = [[Pattadakal|Chandrashekara temple]] near Sangamesvara temple
| location = [[Pattadakal]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.95001
| lon = 75.81623
|image=Pattadakal inside.jpg
|commonscat=Chandrashekhara Temple, Pattadakal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D210
| description = Dolmen on the south side of the road leading from the village to Badami about a mile to west
| location = [[Pattadakal]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.94794
| lon = 75.79933
|image=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D211
| description = [[Pattadakal|Galaganatha temple]]
| location = [[Pattadakal]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.9502
| lon = 75.81617
| image = Galaganatha Temple-2, Pattadakal, Karnataka.jpg
|commonscat=Galaganatha Temple, Pattadakal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D212
| description = [[Pattadakal|Virupaksha temple]]
| location = [[Pattadakal]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.94927
| lon = 75.81618
| image = Pattadakal Virupaksha Temple.jpg
|commonscat=Virupaksha Temple, Pattadakal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D213
| description = [[Pattadakal|Jain Narayan temple]]
| location = [[Pattadkal]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.94969
| lon = 75.80802
| image = Jain Narayana temple1 at Pattadakal.jpg
|commonscat=Jain Narayana Temple, Pattadakal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D214
| description = [[Pattadakal|Jambulinga temple]]
| location = [[Pattadakal]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.95025
| lon = 75.81601
| image = Pattadakal. Kadasiddheśvara temple from the West.jpg
|commonscat= Jambulinga Temple, Pattadakal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D215
| description = [[Pattadakal|Kadasiddesvara temple]]
| location = [[Pattadakal]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.95053
| lon = 75.81607
| image = Pattadakal. Galaganatha Temple from the North.jpg
|commonscat=Kadasiddheshvara Temple, Pattadakal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D216
| description = [[Pattadakal|Kasi visvesvara Temple]]
| location = [[Pattadakal]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.94962
| lon = 75.81588
| image = Kasivisvanatha temple at Pattadakal.jpg
|commonscat=Kashivishveshvara Temple, Pattadakal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D217
| description = Monolithic stone pillar bearing inscriptions
| location = [[Pattadakal]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.95003
| lon = 75.81631
| image = 8th century Kannada inscription on victory pillar at Pattadakal.jpg
|commonscat=Monolithic Stone Pillar, Pattadakal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D218
| description = [[Pattadakal|Mallikarjuna temple]]
| location = [[Pattadakal]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.94947
| lon = 75.81583
| image = Mallikarjuna Temple, Pattadakal, Karnataka.jpg
|commonscat=Mallikarjuna Temple, Pattadakal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D219
| description = [[Pattadakal|Papanatha temple]]
| location = [[Pattadakal]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.94759
| lon = 75.81643
| image = Pap NKAD219.JPG
|commonscat=Papanatha Temple at Pattadakal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D220
| description = [[Pattadakal|Sangamesvara temple]]
| location = [[Pattadakal]]
| address =
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| lat = 15.94987
| lon = 75.81622
| image = Sangameshwara Temple Pattadakal 44.JPG
|commonscat=Sangameshvara Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D221
| description = Sri Ramadeva temple
| location = [[Talikoti|Talikote]]
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.47219
| lon = 76.30725
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D222
| description = Aqueduct running from Bhat Bavdi southwest of Tervi village to Taj Bavdi, Bijapur
| location = Torvi
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82522
| lon = 75.70981
| image = The Indian empire- history, topography, geology, climate, population, chief cities and provinces; tributary and protected states; military power and resources; religion, education, crime; land (14582907489).jpg
|commonscat=Taj Bawdi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D223-a
| description = Sangeeth Mahal
| location = Torvi
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82748
| lon = 75.65814
| image = SangeethMahal.JPG
|commonscat=Sangeet Mahal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-KA-D223-b
| description = Nari Mahal
| location = Torvi
| address =
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| lat = 16.82671
| lon = 75.65748
| image =
|commonscat=Sangeet Mahal
}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Bangalore circle]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Belgaum district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Bidar district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Dharwad district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Gulbarga district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in North Kanara district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Raichur district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in India]] for other Monuments of National Importance in India
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Karnataka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Monuments in India}}
[[Category:Lists of Monuments of National Importance in Karnataka|Bijapur district, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bijapur district|Monuments of National Importance]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bijapur district]]

Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai

2025-09-03T19:03:06Z

PQRS1:

{{Short description|Indian historian, linguist and academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Elamkulam P. N. Kunjan Pillai
| image = Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai (south Indian historian) (cropped).jpg
| caption = A portrait of Elamkulam P. N. Kunjan Pillai
| birth_name = P. N. Kunjan Pillai
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1904|11|8}}
| birth_place = Elamkulam, [[Travancore]]
| occupation = Historian Academic
| father =
| parents =
| mother =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1973|3|4|1904|11|8}}
| death_place = [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]]
| alma_mater = Annamalai University (Undergraduate Degree)
}}

'''Elamkulam P. N. Kunjan Pillai''' (8 November 1904 – 4 March 1973), known as '''Elamkulam''', was an Indian historian, linguist and academic from southern [[Kerala]], India.<ref>[http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/klm.htm Official Website of Kerala Government - Kollam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426104247/http://kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/klm.htm|date=2009-04-26}}</ref> He was a pioneering scholar of southern Indian history, [[Kerala]] history, in particular. Although only holding academic degrees in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Malayalam]], and having no formal training as a historian, Elamkulam is considered one of the pioneers of modern Kerala historiography.<ref name=":02"/><ref name="thehindu.com2"/>

He was one of the major proponents of the unitary/imperial state model in medieval Kerala history.<ref name=":15" /> The Elamkulam model of a highly centralised "empire" (unitary/Imperial state model) in medieval Kerala is now considered unacceptable by south Indian historians. Majority of Elamkulam's works are written in Malayalam, with a few in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and English.<ref name=":15" />

He was well versed in [[Kannada]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Pali]] (language of the Theravada Buddhist canon) also.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/ke_ga2.htm |title=Kerala State Gazetteer |access-date=27 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820010726/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/ke_ga2.htm |archive-date=20 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also considered one of the top authorities in Vattezhuthu script and Old/Early Malayalam language.<ref name="thehindu.com2"/>

Elamkulam associated himself for some time with [[Mortimer Wheeler]] in the excavation works at [[Harappa]], Chandravally, and [[Brahmagiri archaeological site|Brahmagiri]].<ref name=":02"/> He is also known for informally guiding [[M. G. S. Narayanan]], a research scholar in [[University of Kerala]] in early 1970s.<ref name="universityofcalicut.info">[http://www.universityofcalicut.info/frontier/backs/27profile.htm MGS Narayanan (Profile) University of Calicut] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181103062514/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/frontier/backs/27profile.htm]</ref><ref name="thehindu.com2">''A masterpiece in reprint''. [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/a-masterpiece-in-reprint/article4916385.ece]. ''The Hindu'' 15 July 2013</ref>

==Life and career==
Born in Elamkulam village in [[Travancore]] to Krishna Kurup and Purackal Nanukutty Amma on 8 November 1904.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Council for Historical Research : Pages - Memorial-Lectures |url=https://www.kchr.ac.in/pages/15/Memorial-Lectures.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.kchr.ac.in}}</ref> His family is from present-day [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]] and [[Kollam]] districts. Kunjan Pillai had his school education at [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]] and [[Kollam|Quilon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Council for Historical Research : Pages - Memorial-Lectures |url=https://www.kchr.ac.in/pages/15/Memorial-Lectures.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.kchr.ac.in}}</ref>

After taking his honours degree in [[Sanskrit]] language from [[Annamalai University]], [[Madras]]. His studies at Madras had a great influence on his life. His views on Kerala's history changed after he returned back from Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Council for Historical Research : Pages - Memorial-Lectures |url=https://www.kchr.ac.in/pages/15/Memorial-Lectures.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.kchr.ac.in}}</ref>

He started his career as a school teacher and later became lecturer in [[Malayalam]] at Government Arts College, Trivandrum. Elamkulam retired as the Head of the Department of Malayalam, [[University College, Trivandrum]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Council for Historical Research : Pages - Memorial-Lectures |url=https://www.kchr.ac.in/pages/15/Memorial-Lectures.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.kchr.ac.in}}</ref>

Elamkulam published most his research findings only in his later years.<ref name=":02"/> He published more than 20 books, in Malayalam, including one in Tamil and two in English. Some of his theories regarding early Kerala history have been challenged by later researchers in the light of new evidence.<ref>{{cite book |last=Menon |first= A. Sreedhara|title=Elamkulam Pillai|year=2001|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=81-260-1080-0 }}</ref><ref>''Elamkulavum Kerala Charithravum'', T.H.P. Chentharassery, Prabhath Book House, Trivandrum</ref><ref>''Elamkulam Smaranika'' (2003), Elamkulam Pillai Smaraka Trust, Kalluvathukkal</ref><ref>''Grandhalokam'' Monthly (February 2005), Kerala State Library Council, Trivandrum</ref>

Pillai died on 4 March 1973. Kanjiracode Valiaveettil Bhargavi Amma was his wife. The couple had five children.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

== Unitary/Imperial state model ==
Elamkulam had studied comprehensively Old/Early Malayalam - Vatteluttu inscriptions from the ninth century CE, and with the help of literary texts, claimed they belonged to a single line of kings ("the Kulasekharas") that ruled Kerala from [[Kodungalloor|Kodungallur]]. He had challenged the very foundations of the then existing [[William Logan (author)|William Logan]]-K. P. Padmanabha Menon construction of Kerala history.<ref name="thehindu.com2"/> He proposed a unitary or imperial state model, emphasising centralised administration, for the Kulasekhara kingdom.<ref name=":2">Noburu Karashmia (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014</ref>

The Elamkulam version of historiography had believed that this "Second Chera Empire", or "Kulasekhara Empire" was a highly centralised kingdom. However, critical research in the late 1960s and early 1970s by offered a major corrective to this. Recently (2002), suggestions pointing to the other extreme, that the king at Kodungallur had only a "ritual sovereignty" and the actual political power rested with "a bold and visible Brahmin oligarchy" has emerged.<ref name=":15" />

The nature of the Kodungallur Chera/Kulasekhara state is an ongoing academic debate. While the Elamkulam model of a highly centralised "empire" is considered not acceptable by south Indian historians, the third model (2002) is yet to be endorsed by them.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Veluthat|first=Kesavan|date=2018-06-01|title=History and historiography in constituting a region: The case of Kerala|journal=Studies in People's History|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=13–31|doi=10.1177/2348448918759852|issn=2348-4489|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Selected works==

===In Malayalam===
*''Unnuneeli Sandesam''
*''Koka Sandesam''
*''Leelathlakam''
*''Chandrolsavam''
*''Unnuneeli Sandesam Charithradrishtiyilkoodi''
*''Nalachritham Attakkatha''
*''Gandhidevan''
*''Keralabhashayude Vikasaparinamangal''
*''Bhashayum Sahityavum Noottandukalil''
*''Sahityamalika''
*''108 Shivalaya Sothram''
*''Sahityacharithrasamgraham''
*''Keralacharithrathile Iruldanja Edukal''
*''Annathe Keralam''
*''Chila Kerala Charithra Prasnangal'' (Part I, II, & III)
*''Janmi samprdayam Keralathil''
*''Keralam Anchum Arum Noottandukalil''
*''Cherasamrajyam Ompathum Pathum Noottandukalil''
*''Samskarathinte Nazhikakkallukal''

===In English===
*''Studies in Kerala History''
*''Some Problems in Kerala History''

===In Tamil===
*''Pandai Keralam''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, Elamkulam}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kollam]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University College Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Annamalai University alumni]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Historians of Kerala]]
[[Category:Harappa]]

Sher Singh Attariwala

2025-08-28T19:31:47Z

PQRS1: adding bio

{{Short description|Sikh Empire General}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Raja_Sher_Singh_Attariwala_(1853)-01.jpg|thumb|Raja Sher Singh Attariwala standing by a cannon]]
'''Raja Sher Singh Attariwala,''' [[Order of British India|OBI]] was a [[General|military commander]] and a member of the [[Sikh]] [[nobility]] during the [[Sikh Empire]] in the mid-19th century in [[Punjab region|Punjab]], and later served under the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Revolt of 1857]].

== Life ==
[[File:Sher Singh Attariwalla (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sher Singh Attariwala]]

He commanded the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] in the [[Second Anglo-Sikh war]] against the British [[East India Company]]. His father was [[Chattar Singh Attariwalla]]. General Sher Singh and the army, under his command, fought against the British at the [[battle of Chillianwala]]. Under his command the Sikh Khalsa Army managed to successfully defend its position against numerous British assaults. Both armies retreated after the battle, with both sides claiming victory. The Sikhs suffered 4,000 casualties during the battle, and it was one of the hardest battles fought by the British in India. The loss of British prestige at Chillianwala was one of the factors that contributed to the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] some nine years later.<ref>{{cite book|last=Farwell|first=Byron|author-link=Byron Farwell|title=Queen Victoria's Little Wars|publisher=Wordsworth Military Library|year=1973|isbn=1-84022-216-6}}</ref>

With the British victory over the Sikhs during the war, Sher Singh Attariwalla was forced into [[exile]] from Punjab. The British feared that such a powerful leader could reignite a full-scale war with them. Sher Singh was in exile, at [[Benares]], away from his Punjabi homeland. He was then called to serve with the British to put down the Indian Rebellion of 1857 in [[Delhi]] against the [[Mughals]]. Successful in his task ,he was given the title of [[Sardar Bahadur]], a diamond encrusted tapestry from Bahadur Shah Zafar's treasury and the [[Order of British India]]. He also visited [[England]] and a received letter from [[Queen Victoria|Queen Victoria I]] stating that his descendants would get preferential treatment from British authorities.{{Cn|date=March 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071007165716/http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/uk/chillianwala1849.html Article on Battle of Chillianwallah - second Anglo-Sikh war]
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar06/saturday/head2.htm]

{{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Attariwalla, Sher Singh}}
[[Category:Military personnel of the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:1858 deaths]]
[[Category:People of the Second Anglo-Sikh War]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

{{india-mil-bio-stub}}

Provincial Forest Service (Uttarakhand)

2025-07-23T12:01:32Z

PQRS1: Started New Details Initial Version

{{Short description|Government Agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox
| title = Provincial Forest Service {{small|{{IAST|Prāntīya Vana Sevā}}}}
| headerstyle = background:#800080; color:white;
| header1 = Service overview
| data2 = [[File:Seal of Uttarakhand.svg|frameless|200x200px]]
| label3 = Also known as
| data3 = Uttarakhand Forest Service
| label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data4 = 15 May 2001
| label5 = State
| data5 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| label6 = Staff college
| data6 = Central Academy for State Forest Service, [[Dehradun]], Uttarakhand<ref name="Training Module for ACF/PFS Training">{{cite web|title=Staff College for PFS officers|url=http://casfosddn.nic.in/publications/handbook_publication.pdf|accessdate=18 October 2018}}</ref>
| label7 = Cadre controlling authority
| data7 = [[Uttarakhand Forest Department|Department of Forest]], [[Government of Uttarakhand]]
| label8 = Minister responsible
| data8 = [[Subodh Uniyal]], Minister of Forest and Wildlife
| label9 = Legal personality
| data9 = [[Governmental]]: [[Natural resource]]s
| label10 = Duties
| data10 = [[Forestry]], [[Wildlife]], [[Environmental science]] and [[Ecology]]
| label12 = [[En cadre|Current Cadre Strength]]
| data12 =
| label13 = Selection
| data13 = State Forest Service Examination conducted by the [[Uttarakhand Public Service Commission]]
| label14 = Association
| data14 = Uttarakhand PFS Association
| header15 = Head of the Provincial Civil Services
| label16 = [[Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]] ([[Head of Forest Forces|Head of the Uttarakhand Forest Forces]])
| data16 = Dhananjai Mohan, [[Indian Forest Service|IFS]]
}}

'''Provincial Forest Service''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Prāntīya Vana Sevā}}), often abbreviated to as '''PFS''', is one of the [[natural resource]] services under Group 'A' and Group 'B' state service of Government of Uttarakhand, India. It is responsible for ensuring the [[ecological stability]] of the country via thorough protection and participatory sustainable forestry, wildlife and environment. It is also the feeder service for [[Indian Forest Service]] in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ifs.nic.in/hist.aspx|title=Indian Forest Service|last=|first=|date=|website=ifs.nic.in|publisher=|access-date=2016-10-18}}</ref>

The [[Uttarakhand Forest Department|Department of Forest]] of the Government of Uttarakhand is the cadre-controlling authority of the service. Along with the two [[Civil Services of India|state civil services]] which are [[Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)|Provincial Civil Service]] (PCS) and the [[Provincial Police Service (Uttarakhand)|Provincial Police Service]] (PPS), the PFS is one of the three feeder services to its respective [[All India Services]].

==Recruitment==
One-third of the PFS quota is filled by promotion from forest rangers' cadre, and the remainder of recruitment is done on the basis of an annual competitive examination conducted by [[Uttarakhand Public Service Commission]]. PFS officers, regardless of their mode of entry, are appointed by the [[Governor of Uttarakhand]].

==Responsibilities of a PFS officer==
The typical functions performed by a PFS officer are:
* Conservation of precious forest resources while understanding the larger policies of the government to protect and preserve the heritage of the forest and its resources.

==See also==
* [[Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)]]
* [[Provincial Police Service (Uttarakhand)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Public Services of India}}
{{Civil service}}
[[Category:Civil Services of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Government of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in India]]

Amity United FC

2025-07-19T10:56:09Z

PQRS1: updated details

#Redirect [[Amity University, Noida]]

Indian Home Guard

2025-03-26T01:52:58Z

PQRS1:

{{Short description|US Civil War Union Army Native American infantry}}
{{multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=April 2022}}
{{inline|date=April 2022}}
}}
{{For|militia from India|Home Guard (India)}}
The '''Indian Home Guard''' was a series of volunteer infantry regiments recruited from the [[Five Civilized Tribes]] of the [[Indian Territory]] to support the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] during the [[American Civil War]]. There was also a series of [[Confederate units of Indian Territory]].

The leaders of all of the Five Civilized Tribes signed treaties with the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] at the start of the Civil War. Many of the tribal members, however, did not support the Confederacy, and, not being organized, were driven from Indian Territory with a large loss of life. Most fled to Kansas and Missouri. Many of the "Loyal" Indians volunteered for Union duty in order to get control back from the Confederate generals. The Indian Home Guard regiments fought mostly in Indian Territory and Arkansas. It was mainly due to these Loyal Indians that the Five Civilized Tribes were able to retain any of their lands following the end of the Civil War.

==Indian Home Guard Regiments==
===1st Regiment, Indian Home Guard===
Organized at [[Le Roy, Kansas]] on May 22, 1862, it included Major [[William Addison Phillips]].<ref name="WAPKHS">{{cite web | title=William Addison Phillips | publisher=Kansas Historical Society | url=https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/william-addison-phillips/16923 | access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref> The regiment consisted of eight companies of Creeks and two recruited amongst the [[Seminole]]. Company A of the unit was led by [[Sonuk Mikko]]. From the summer 1862 to Spring 1865, the 1st Indian Home Guard participated in over thirty actions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Porter |first1=Kenneth W. |title=Billy Bowlegs (Holata Micco) in the Civil War (Part II) |journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly |date=April 1967 |volume=45 |issue=4 |page=397 |url=http://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A22408 |access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref>

===2nd Regiment, Indian Home Guard===
Organized on Big Creek and at Five-Mile Creek, Kansas, June 22 to July 18, 1862. "Concurrently with the 1st Regiment of Indian Home Guards in May 1862, this regiment, commanded by Colonel [[John Ritchie (abolitionist)|John Ritchie]], consisted of one company each of [[Lenape|Delaware]], [[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo]], [[Quapaw]], [[Seneca people|Seneca]], and [[Shawnee]], two companies of [[Osage Nation|Osage]], and two of [[Cherokee]]. It took longer to organize, due to the political disagreements of the various government agents involved in the negotiations. They were attached to the first Indian Expedition given the task of clearing the territory north of the Arkansas River of Confederates. Lack of support from higher command, as well as in-fighting" among the colonels, caused the expedition to be withdrawn."<ref>[http://history-sites.com/mb/cw/itcwmb/index.cgi?read=2708 Text of interpretive sign on Trail #1 (Federal Units) at Honey Springs Battlefield] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314130703/http://history-sites.com/mb/cw/itcwmb/index.cgi?read=2708 |date=2007-03-14 }}</ref>

===3rd Regiment, Indian Home Guard===
The Third Regiment was formed at [[Tahlequah, Oklahoma|Tahlequah]] and [[Park Hill, Oklahoma|Park Hill]] in July 1862. It was commanded by Colonel [[William A. Phillips]], promoted from Major in the 1st Regiment.<ref name="WAPKHS"/> Many of its troops had previously fought for the Confederate Army, particularly the [[First Cherokee Mounted Rifles]] that had been commanded by Colonel John Drew.<ref name="EOHC-IHG">Franzmann, Tom. ''Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture''. Retrieved July 17, 2013.</ref>

===4th Regiment, Indian Home Guard===
Organization commenced but not completed. Men transferred to other organizations.

==See also==
* [[Indian Territory in the American Civil War]]
* [[Indian cavalry]]
* [[United States Army Indian Scouts|Indian Scouts]]
* [[Choctaw in the American Civil War]]
* [[Cherokee in the American Civil War]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*[[Annie Heloise Abel|Abel, Annie Heloise]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901141637/http://unp.unl.edu/bookinfo/2557.html ''The American Indian in the Civil War 1862–1865'']. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992. {{ISBN|0-8032-5919-0}}.
*Connole, Joseph.[https://www.amazon.com/Civil-Subversion-American-Indian-Sovereignty/dp/1476670730/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr= ''The Civil War and the Subversion of American Indian Sovereignty'']. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2017 {{ISBN|1476670730}}
*Lause, Mark A.[https://www.amazon.com/Race-Radicalism-Union-Army-Lause/dp/0252079256/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr= ''Race and Radicalism in the Union Army'']. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2009.
* {{Internet Archive|02208690.3232.emory.edu|Britton, Wiley. ''The Union Indian Brigade in the Civil War''. Kansas City: Franklin Hudson Publishing Co., 1922.}}
*Warde, Mary Jane. '''Now the Wolf Has Come': The Civilian Civil War in the Indian Territory''. The Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol 71 (Spring 1993).

==External links==
*[http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unindtr.htm The Civil War Archive—Indian Troops]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060317054343/http://www.juntosociety.com/native/black_dog.htm Junto Society]
* [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/I/IN010.html Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Indian Home Guard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018203244/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/I/IN010.html |date=2010-10-18 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024013411/http://www.library.okstate.edu/okmaps/ Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory]

[[Category:Irregular forces of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Arkansas in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Kansas in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:19th-century Cherokee history]]
[[Category:Indian Territory in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Native Americans in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union army from Indian Territory]]