https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=PATTABHI+RAM+TURLAPATI 2026-07-27T22:03:12Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruporur_Assembly_constituency&diff=540959 2026-05-07T06:39:57Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Adding a post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Thiruporur.svg<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 33<br /> | district = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency|Kancheepuram]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|Secular Progressive Alliance}}<br /> | mla = [[S. S. Balaji]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2021<br /> | name = Thiruporur<br /> | electors = 294,410 <br /> | Reservation = <br /> }}<br /> '''Thiruporur''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Chengalpattu district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its State Assembly Constituency number is 33. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Winner<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | [[M. R. Ramachandran]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[M. Adhi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Winner<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | |[[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[M. Munu Adhi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | |[[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | rowspan=2|[[G. Chokkalingam]]<br /> |-<br /> | |[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |-<br /> | |[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[Thamizhmani]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | |[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[D. Thirumurthy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | |[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[M. Dhanapal|M. Dhanpal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | |[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[G. Chockalingam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | |[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[S. Kanitha Sampath]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | |[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[D. Moorthy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<br /> |-<br /> | |[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[K. Manoharan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | |[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | [[M. Kothandapani]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=33}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019 by-election]]<br /> | [[L. Idhayavarman]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=|title=Form 21E (Return of Election)|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC033.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223083717/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC033.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2021|access-date=23 Dec 2021|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | |[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | [[S. S. Balaji]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> |[[B. Vijayaraj]]<br /> |<br /> |[[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}|41.80}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2019 by-election|2019 by-election]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.53}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|34.91}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.06}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|45.07}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.64}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.77}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.55}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.65}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.28}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.63}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.78}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.00}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.03}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.47}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruporur}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Panneer Doss|party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Balu|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate|candidate=N. S. Ekambaram|party=[[Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi|APMK]] |color= #FFFF00 |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ambeth Rajan]]|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Vijayaraj]]|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 294410|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruporur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Balaji]] |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=93,954 |percentage=41.80% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arumugam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=92,007 |percentage=40.94% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Mohana Sundari |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=20,428 |percentage=9.09% |change=8.18% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lavanya. N |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=8,194 |percentage=3.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kothandapani. M |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,662 |percentage=3.41% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,982 |percentage=0.88% |change=-0.17% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Pakkiri Ambadkar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,135 |percentage=0.51% |change=0.36% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,947 |percentage=0.87% |change=0.39% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,24,747 |percentage=76.28% |change= -2.81% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=101 |percentage=0.04% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,94,620 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |loser= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.90% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019 by-election===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Thiruporur&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Form 21E (Return of Election) |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC033.pdf |access-date=12 Feb 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223084107/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC033.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |candidate = [[L. Idhayavarman]]<br /> |votes = 1,03,248<br /> |percentage = 47.53<br /> |change = +13.09<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |candidate = S. Arumugam<br /> |votes = 82,235<br /> |percentage = 37.86<br /> |change = +2.77<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |candidate = [[M. Kothandapani]]<br /> |votes = 11,936<br /> |percentage = 5.49<br /> |change = +5.49<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Naam Tamilar Katchi<br /> |candidate = S. Mohanasundari<br /> |votes = 9,910<br /> |percentage = 4.56<br /> |change = +3.65<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Makkal Needhi Maiam<br /> |candidate = U. Karunakaran<br /> |votes = 6,039<br /> |percentage = 2.78<br /> |change = +2.78<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 2,243<br /> |percentage = 1.03<br /> |change = +0.02<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 21,013<br /> |percentage = 9.67<br /> |change = +9.20<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 2,17,419<br /> |percentage = 80.29<br /> |change = +1.20<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |swing = +12.62<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruporur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Kothandapani]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,215 |percentage=34.91% |change=-18.15% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Viswanathan. V |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,265 |percentage=34.44% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vasu. K |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=28,125 |percentage=13.98% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sathya. C. E |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,539 |percentage=12.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rangaswamy. V. G |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,605 |percentage=1.30% |change=0.30% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,116 |percentage=1.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ellalan Yusuf. I |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,836 |percentage=0.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=950 |percentage=0.47% |change=-11.06% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,01,141 |percentage=79.09% |change= -3.53% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,54,307 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.15% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruporur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Manoharan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=84,169 |percentage=53.06% |change=14.24% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arumugam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=65,881 |percentage=41.53% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Sivalingam |party=Puratchi Bharatham Katchi|votes=1,598 |percentage=1.01% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Gopalakrishnan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,579 |percentage=1.00% |change=-0.22% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Rajamuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,367 |percentage=0.86% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Anandbabu |party=Independent politician |votes=902 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Saravanan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=807 |percentage=0.51% |change=-0.21% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,288 |percentage=11.53% |change=5.28% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,92,007 |percentage=82.62% |change= 17.00% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,58,639 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 7.99% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruporur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Moorthy. D |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=73,328 |percentage=45.07% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[M. Dhanapal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,164 |percentage=38.82% |change=-15.82% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kannappan. K |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=19,227 |percentage=11.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponvaratharajan. M |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,979 |percentage=1.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Srinivasan. M |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,177 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Eraniappan. C |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=955 |percentage=0.59% |change=-0.61% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jagadeesan. V |party=Independent politician |votes=926 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,164 |percentage=6.25% |change=-11.88% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,62,708 |percentage=65.62% |change= 7.54% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,47,954 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.57% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruporur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Kanitha Sampath]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,716 |percentage=54.64% |change=29.81% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nagarajan C |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,926 |percentage=36.51% |change=-14.26% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Seeman P |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,082 |percentage=3.72% |change=-5.49% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anandan. V |party=Independent politician |votes=2,711 |percentage=1.98% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Udayakumar N |party=Puratchi Bharatham Katchi|votes=2,676 |percentage=1.96% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Eraniappan C |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=1,636 |percentage=1.20% |change=0.34% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,790 |percentage=18.13% |change=-7.82% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,36,747 |percentage=58.08% |change= -10.71% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,35,443 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.87% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruporur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Chockalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,414 |percentage=50.77% |change=22.90% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Loganathan. N. K. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,518 |percentage=24.82% |change=-31.73% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narayanasamy. K. @ Maniarasu |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=13,960 |percentage=11.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sathiyaseelan. E. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,322 |percentage=9.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Viswanathan. D. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,770 |percentage=1.44% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mani. M. G. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,144 |percentage=0.93% |change=0.26% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Iraniappan. C. |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=1,049 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,896 |percentage=25.95% |change=-2.74% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,22,935 |percentage=68.79% |change= 0.40% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,88,360 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.78% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruporur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Dhanapal|M. Dhanpal]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,262 |percentage=56.55% |change=20.15% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Chockalingam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,698 |percentage=27.87% |change=-12.78% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Palanisamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=15,529 |percentage=14.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Veerabadran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=714 |percentage=0.67% |change=0.15% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,564 |percentage=28.68% |change=24.44% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,06,559 |percentage=68.39% |change= 8.18% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,59,767 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 15.90% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruporur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Thirumurthy. D. M |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,638 |percentage=40.65% |change=1.36% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Govindarajan. M. M |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,126 |percentage=36.41% |change=-10.87% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thamizh Mani. V. M |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,479 |percentage=11.46% |change=-35.82% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mnusamy. K. M |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,795 |percentage=9.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mani. M. G. M |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=433 |percentage=0.52% |change=-0.11% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,512 |percentage=4.24% |change=-3.75% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=82,749 |percentage=60.21% |change= -14.87% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,40,584 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.63% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruporur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Thamizhmani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,075 |percentage=47.28% |change=0.14% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chokkalingam. G. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,641 |percentage=39.29% |change=-11.34% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Govindarasan. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=9,959 |percentage=12.37% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajamani. D. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=513 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kuppan |party=Independent politician |votes=345 |percentage=0.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,434 |percentage=7.99% |change=4.50% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=80,533 |percentage=75.08% |change= 11.17% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,888 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.35% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruporur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Chockalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,287 |percentage=50.63% |change=5.85% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Govindarasan. M |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,990 |percentage=47.13% |change=6.13% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhanapal. V |party=Independent politician |votes=572 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayachandran. N |party=Independent politician |votes=562 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnan. N |party=Independent politician |votes=338 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,297 |percentage=3.49% |change=-0.28% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=65,749 |percentage=63.92% |change= 5.56% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,04,235 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.85% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruporur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Chockalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,932 |percentage=44.78% |change=-12.22% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Radha |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,831 |percentage=41.00% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Dakshinamoorthy |party=Janata Party |votes=5,910 |percentage=10.61% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Naghamani |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=712 |percentage=1.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Jayachandran |party=Independent politician |votes=672 |percentage=1.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Sahadevan |party=Independent politician |votes=466 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,101 |percentage=3.77% |change=-17.84% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=55,682 |percentage=58.36% |change= -12.13% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,060 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.22% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruporur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M Munu Adhi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,187 |percentage=57.00% |change=-3.03% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T M Dhanapal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,950 |percentage=35.39% |change=0.60% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K Kuppan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,223 |percentage=5.99% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sagadevan B |party=Independent politician |votes=706 |percentage=1.00% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P A Appadurai |party=Independent politician |votes=441 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,237 |percentage=21.61% |change=-3.62% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=70,507 |percentage=70.48% |change= -5.74% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,04,099 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.03% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruporur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Adhi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,047 |percentage=60.03% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. M. Manivarama |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,631 |percentage=34.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bupathy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,039 |percentage=3.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sahadevan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,334 |percentage=2.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,416 |percentage=25.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=65,051 |percentage=76.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,914 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruporur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. Ramachandran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,580 |percentage=37.47% |change=37.47% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murugesa Mudaliar |party=Republican Party of India |votes=4,527 |percentage=17.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. V. Ganapathi Nayakar |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=3,790 |percentage=14.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Deivasikhamani |party=Independent politician |votes=3,644 |percentage=14.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Krishnaswami |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=2,731 |percentage=10.68% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. M. Nagappan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,298 |percentage=5.08% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,053 |percentage=19.76% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=25,570 |percentage=37.88% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,495 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= July 8, 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010|df= dmy-all}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|12.729|80.191|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Kanchipuram district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawa_(2003_film)&diff=502418 2026-05-01T12:01:54Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Hawa<br /> | image = Hawa film.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[Guddu Dhanoa]]<br /> | producer = Guddu Dhanoa &lt;br&gt; Santosh Dhanoa<br /> | writer = [[Sutanu Gupta]] &lt;br&gt; Sanjay Masoom<br /> | starring = [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] &lt;br&gt; [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] &lt;br&gt; [[Mukesh Tiwari]]&lt;br&gt; [[Hansika]]<br /> | music = Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen &lt;br&gt; Surendra Singh Sodhi<br /> | cinematography = Sripad Natu<br /> | editing = A. Muthu<br /> | studio = <br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|2003|7|4|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 128 min&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/hawa-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znty5mzu|title=Hawa|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = {{INR}}3 crore&lt;ref name=BO&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=542|title=Hawa - Movie|website=[[Box Office India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR}}5.89 crore&lt;ref name=BO/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''''Hawa''''' ({{translation|Wind}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[supernatural horror film]] directed by [[Guddu Dhanoa]]. Starring [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], it is an unofficial remake of the 1983 American film ''[[The Entity]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/28deepa.htm|title=Sexy anytime, anywhere|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=28 June 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was filmed in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], a location selected by Dhanoa after his car broke down over a narrow bridge during the shoot of ''[[Jaal: The Trap]]'' (also featuring Tabu), and prompted him to make a horror film situated there.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/04guddu.htm|title='Tabu is my Sunny Deol in Hawa'|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=4 July 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='Hawa': Tabu is the sole saving grace |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/04hawa.htm |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=www.rediff.com |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429010859/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/04hawa.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2003-04-23 |title=Tabu in horror flick 'Hawa': : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tabu-in-horror-flick-hawa/ |access-date=2022-07-27 |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727155216/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tabu-in-horror-flick-hawa/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tabu signed on for the lead role of a mother with two children holed up in a haunted house, as she wanted to understand what ghosts and the supernatural were all about.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/07tabu.htm|title='All this appreciation makes me feel nervous'|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=7 May 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also marked [[Hansika Motwani]]'s on-screen debut as a child artist.<br /> <br /> ''Hawa'' was released on 4 July 2003.&lt;ref name=BO/&gt; It was later dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Naa Intlo Oka Roju''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0F_hJW4Uik|title=Naa Intlo Oka Roju Telugu Full Movie &amp;#124; Tabu &amp;#124; Hansika &amp;#124; Best Telugu Horror Movies &amp;#124; Telugu FilmNagar|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=3 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Raja Leelai''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/raja-leelai/movieshow/61372920.cms|title=Raja Leelai Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos|website=[[Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The beautiful Sanjana is a divorcee who moves to a hillside house, as she cannot afford a house in the city. To earn her living, she runs her stepfather's antique shop. However, it is not long before strange occurrences begin near and in her home. One day, a [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] old lady gives her an antique [[locket]] at her antique shop and leaves. Sanjana sells it to a tourist couple for [[Indian 500-rupee note|500 rupees]]. Sanjana finds the lady on the way to her home to return the money, but she discovers that the lady was dead. The locket is returned to Sanjana by the tourist as the Tibetan lady keeps haunting the couple to make them return it.<br /> <br /> Later, Sanjana is tortured and physically raped multiple times by an invisible demon, first in her room, then in the shower, and then in front of her own kids. Her dog becomes possessed soon after and attacks her and Vicky, her younger brother. Sanjana consults a psychiatrist who doesn't believe her, despite telling him multiple times. Soon, the invisible demon has sex with Sanjana, for which she gets an orgasm but soon regrets having sex with an invisible being. After a while, the demon takes away her younger daughter from Sanjana. She calls her psychiatric friend, and he brings a [[parapsychologist]]. Sanjana comes to learn that the demon comes from an old well, where the tribals used to push down and kill criminals as punishment. Due to lightning striking the well, one soul who was a rapist was thrown in the well and killed; he has now escaped, and he fell for Sanjana. The parapsychologist opens the well from which all the evil spirits come out and attacks him.<br /> <br /> Sanjana jumps into the well to bring back her daughter. There all the spirits get combined into a huge demon. Sanjana throws the Tibetan locket to hit the demon, which then dissolves. The soul of Sanjana's father comes as an angel and returns her younger daughter.<br /> <br /> Sanjana prepares to leave her house, and suddenly the door closes. A demonic voice calls her, and she opens the door but finds nothing. Before leaving, her younger daughter suddenly runs to the house, and the door closes.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Sanjana<br /> * [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as Dr. Asif Ali<br /> * [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Psychiatrist-exorcist (Tantrik)<br /> * [[Imran Khan (TV actor)|Imran Khan]] as Vicky, Sanjana's brother<br /> * Grusha Kapoor as Pooja (as Grusha Grover)<br /> * [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Pooja's husband<br /> * [[Amit Behl]] as Vijay, Sanjana's husband<br /> * [[Avtar Gill]] as Sanjana's father/ Angel<br /> * [[Hansika Motwani|Hansika Motwani]] as Sasha, Sanjana's elder daughter<br /> * Hansika Motwani as Misha, Sanjana's younger daughter<br /> * Suresh Chatwal as Real Estate Agent<br /> <br /> ==Critical reception==<br /> Taran Adarsh of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film 2.5 stars and claimed that &quot;the film merges two lethal aspects, sex and violence, which should prove a path-breaking exercise for the Hindi viewer.&quot;<br /> Suraj Das of Planet Bollywood, gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and said that 'Self-respecting moviegoers looking for quality film rather than shameful sexual exploitation should steer far clear of this compost.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Hawa Review 2.5/5 {{!}} Hawa Movie Review {{!}} Hawa 2003 Public Review {{!}} Film Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hawa/critic-review/hawa-movie-review/ |access-date=2022-07-27 |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714152827/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hawa/critic-review/hawa-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;' Anjum N from [[Rediff]], gave the film a negative review and said that &quot;Tabu is the only saving grace of the movie'&quot;, and &quot;it's rather sad that all her effort has been wasted in a movie like Hawa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0369516|Hawa}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian horror film remakes]]<br /> [[Category:2003 films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 horror films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Surinder Sodhi]]<br /> [[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Guddu Dhanoa]]<br /> [[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seema_Masuti&diff=533903 2026-05-01T11:39:06Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Adding new details - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}<br /> <br /> '''Seema Masuti''' (born 1972) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. She is a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dharwad Assembly constituency]] in [[Dharwad district]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results in 2008 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Seema is from Dharwad. She married Ashok Byrappa Masuti. She completed Class 12 and joined BA at Karnataka Arts University but discontinued in the second year in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SEEMA ASHOK MASUTI(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Dharwad(DHARWAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/karnatka2008/candidate.php?candidate_id=812 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Seema was first elected as an MLA winning the [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from Dharwad Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She polled 35,417 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[Vinay Kulkarni]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 723 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results in 2008 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women leaders in Karnataka call out gender discrimination |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/2023/01/21/women-leaders-discriminatory-treatment-in-karnataka.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=The Week |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, she resigned from BJP after she was denied a ticket for the Assembly election.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2018-04-12 |title=Karnataka Assembly Polls: Former BJP MLA Seema Masuti resigns from party over ticket distribution |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/Apr/12/karnataka-assembly-polls-former-bjp-mla-seema-masuti-resigns-from-party-over-ticket-distribution-1800445.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Asundi |first=Shivaram |date=12 September 2023 |title=Hubballi Politics: ಬಿಜೆಪಿ ಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲೇ ಸಿಡಿದ ಮಾಜಿ ಶಾಸಕಿ; ಜೋಶಿ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಕಿಡಿ |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/state/the-former-mla-seema-masuti-expressed-her-displeasure-in-the-meeting-saklb-mrq-1337863.html |access-date=1 May 2026 |website=Kannada News 18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Contesting on BJP ticket, she finished fourth in the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] that was won by Vinay Kulkarni of the Indian National Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Dharwad 2013 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/33904 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Masuti, Seema}}<br /> [[Category:1972 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Women members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century women politicians]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century women politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]<br /> [[Category:People from Dharwad district]]<br /> <br /> {{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varagur&diff=543613 2026-05-01T11:13:18Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Adding new stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Varagur<br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = Varagur gram panchayat<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | nickname = Varagoor<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu<br /> | pushpin_label_position = Right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Varagur in Tamil Nadu<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|11|09|N|78|21|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[:India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = Region<br /> | subdivision_type3 = District<br /> | subdivision_type4 = [[Revenue block]]<br /> | subdivision_type5 = [[Taluk]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[:Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[:Kongu Nadu]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[:Namakkal]]<br /> | subdivision_name4 = [[Erumaipatti block]]<br /> | subdivision_name5 = [[:Sendamangalam taluk|Senthamangalam]]<br /> | established_title = Established<br /> | established_date = 1847<br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | population_demonym = Varagooraans<br /> | government_type = Gram Panchayat<br /> | governing_body = Varagur gram panchayat<br /> | leader_title = Panchayat Head<br /> | leader_name = Santhi Jeyagobi<br /> | leader_title2 = <br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | blank2_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}<br /> | blank2_info = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 11.4019<br /> | area_total_sq_mi = 4.4023<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 218<br /> | population_total = 8,145<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 637021 (Varagur S.O)<br /> | area_code = 91 - 04286<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | registration_plate = TN-88(Namakkal South)<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.varagur.nkl.tn.nic.in}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Varagur''' is a village in [[Sendamangalam taluk|Senthamangalam Taluk]], [[Namakkal district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state. [[Erumaipatti]] is 7 kilometers and [[Thathaiyangarpet]] is 9 kilometers away from the village. The Varagur village is located in the state [[Tamil Nadu]] having state code 33 and having the village code 634663. The Namakkal is the district of this village with district code 609. The total geographical area in which this village is expanded in {{convert|1140|ha|acre}}.{{cn|date=August 2023}} The village is known for the [[Varagur Venkatesa Perumal Koil]], one of the 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram|Abhimana Kshethra]] temples.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> According to 2011 census the village has 719 households with the total population 2833, out of which 1402 are male 1431 are female. The total number of children in the age group of 0-6 was 303.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Varagur Village Population - Thiruvaiyaru - Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/638742-varagur-tamil-nadu.html |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Varagur village is situated in the Namakkal district with district code number 609. Namakkal is the subdistrict (tehsil / mandal), is a low-level administrative division of a district, of this village, having the sub district code is 05747. Erumaipatti is the Community Development Block (C.D. Block) of this village with C.D. Block code number 0109. The gram panchayat for this village is Varagur, Devarayapuram and its gram panchayat code is 0053, 0034. Namakkal is the Sub-district headquarter of this village and it is situated 14 kilometres away from this village. The district headquarters' name is Namakkal and as per distance concern it is 25 kilometres from the Varagur village.{{cn|date=August 2023}}<br /> <br /> ==Sub villages==<br /> * Varagur<br /> * Sellipalayam<br /> * [[Kasthuripatti]]<br /> * Manikkavelur<br /> * Kanjampatti<br /> * Varagur Colony<br /> <br /> ==Political landscape==<br /> As a gram panchayat this village is having 3 wards, and it will be under [[Senthamangalam (state assembly constituency)]] of [[Namakkal (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=List of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Literacy==<br /> Literacy rate of the village is 75%. Male literacy rate is 80% and female literacy rate is 70%. 2134 people out of 2833(the total population of Varagur) are literate.{{Contradictory inline|reason=population inconsistent with infobox|date=December 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Major places==<br /> Varagur has a Telephone exchange, [[Tamil Nadu Power Distribution Corporation Limited|TNPDCL]]'s Office, India Post-637021 Post office, Primary Health Center, Deputy Health Center, Veterinary Hospital, Milk Saturation center, 1 Government Higher Secondary School, 1 Government Elementary School, 2 [[Private school|private educational institutions]], 2 Stone [[crusher]]s, 3 [[Anganwadi]], 2 [[Public library]], [[Government]] Boys Hostel, Marriage Hall, [[Church (building)|Church]], [[Mosque]], [[Temple]]s, and private [[clinic]]s.<br /> <br /> The total number of households in Varagur village are 2371. It rely on the total population of 8911 people. As far as male population concern the number of population is 4441 of the village Varagur and the total female population number is 4470. The reference taken to publish these data is of year 2009. The source of data is Census of India.<br /> <br /> ==Sex ratio==<br /> The sex ratio is the ratio of Varagur males to females in the population of 8911 (normalized to 100). In most sexually reproducing species, the ratio tends to be 1:1 as it is explained by Fisher's principle. The sex ratio of Varagur village is 99.351230425056.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Population, population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex - Cities/Towns (in alphabetic order): 2001 |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999 |archive-date=16 June 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Total Households = 2371<br /> * Total Population = 8911<br /> * Male Population = 4441<br /> * Female Population = 4470<br /> * Sex Ratio = 99.35%&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Other information==<br /> * The area of the village is 5.97 square kilometers.<br /> * There are about 819 houses in Varagur.<br /> * As per 2009 stats, Varagur was a gram panchayat.<br /> * [[Erumaipatti]] is 5 kilometers and [[Thathaiyangarpet]] is 9 kilometers away from the village.<br /> * Varagur is the native place of cinema director [[M. Saravanan (film director)|M. Saravanan]]. He is the director of the film [[Engaeyum Eppothum]].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Local government in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Namakkal district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian words and phrases]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi&diff=484952 2026-04-30T13:07:33Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: creating a data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1856–1921)}}<br /> {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox religious biography<br /> | religion = [[Islam]]<br /> | era = Modern era<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[A'la Hazrat]]<br /> | name = Ahmad Raza Khan<br /> | native_name = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = 14 June 1856<br /> | birth_place = [[Bareilly]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|(present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)}}<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1921|10|28|1856|6|14|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Bareilly]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|(present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)}}<br /> | nationality = [[India]]n<br /> | citizenship = British Indian<br /> | region = [[South Asia]]<br /> | resting_place = [[Bareilly Dargah]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | denomination = [[Sunni]]<br /> | jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rahman, Tariq 2008&quot;&gt;Rahman, Tariq. &quot;Munāẓarah Literature in Urdu: An Extra-Curricular Educational Input in Pakistan's Religious Education.&quot; Islamic Studies (2008): 197–220.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | school_tradition = [[Maturidi]]<br /> | Sufi_order = [[Qadiri]]<br /> | movement = [[Barelvi]]<br /> | main_interests = [[Islamic theology]], [[Hadith]], [[Tafsir]], [[Hanafi]] [[jurisprudence]], [[Urdu poetry]], [[Tasawwuf]], [[Science]], [[Philosophy]], [[Psychology]], [[Astronomy]]<br /> | father = [[Naqi Ali Khan]]<br /> | mother = Hussaini Khanum<br /> | spouse = Irshad Begum<br /> | children = {{unbulleted list|[[Hamid Raza Khan]]|[[Mustafa Raza Khan]]|Mustafai Begum|Kaneez Hasan|Kaneez Husain|Kaneez Hasnain|Murtazai Begum}}<br /> | relations = [[Hassan Raza Khan]] (brother)&lt;br /&gt;[[Ibrahim Raza Khan]] (grandson) (son of Hamid Raza Khan)&lt;br /&gt; [[Akhtar Raza Khan]] (great-grandson) &lt;br /&gt; [[Asjad Raza Khan]] (great-great-grandson)&lt;br /&gt;[[Subhan Raza Khan]] (great-great-grandson)&lt;br /&gt;[[Kaif Raza Khan]] (great-great-grandson)&lt;br /&gt;[[Tawqir Raza Khan]] (great-great-grandson)<br /> | influences = [[Abu Hanifa]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Abdul Qadir Gilani]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mu'in al-Din Chishti]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nizamuddin Auliya]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Al-Suyuti]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ibn Abidin]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Qadi Iyad]] &lt;br/&gt; Fazle Rasul Badayuni&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Team |first=IslamiEducation |date=2008-12-08 |title=Fazle Rasul Badayuni and Deobandi methodology |url=https://www.islamieducation.com/fazle-rasul-badayuni-and-deobandi-methodology/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=IslamiEducation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | influenced = The entirety of [[Barelvi Movement]]<br /> | successor = [[Hamid Raza Khan]]<br /> | website = <br /> | caption = Purported photograph of Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi<br /> }}<br /> {{Barelvi}}<br /> <br /> '''Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi'''{{Efn|{{langx|ur|احمد رضا خان بریلوی قادری|Aḥmed Raẓā Khān Barelvī}}}} (14 June 1856 – 28 October 1921) was an Indian Islamic scholar who is considered as one of the founders of the [[Barelvi movement]]. His students include [[Amjad Ali Aazmi]], [[Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqi|Abdul Aleem Siddiqi]], [[Ziauddin Madani]] and several others.<br /> <br /> Born in [[Bareilly]], [[British India]] into the [[Qadiriyya|Qadiri order]], Khan studied under his father [[Naqi Ali Khan]]. He was authorized in [[Sufism]] by [[Shah Al-i Rasul]] and founded the [[Manzar-i Islam]] in Bareilly in 1904. He was a staunch critic of the [[Ahmadiyya]], [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]] and [[Wahhabi movement|Wahhabi]] movements, denouncing their beliefs in his book {{Transliteration|ur|[[Husam ul-Haramayn]]}} (1906). His poetic work, {{Transliteration|ur|[[Hada'iq-i Bakhshish]]}} (1907), and [[Quran translations|translation]] of the [[Quran]] into [[Urdu]], {{Transliteration|ur|[[Kanz ul-Iman]]}} (1911), are among his well-known works. Khan's magnum opus {{Transliteration|ur|[[Fatawa-i Razawiyya]]}} is a compendium of {{Transliteration|ar|[[fatawa]]}} (legal edicts) of the [[Hanafi school]] of [[Sunni Islam]].<br /> <br /> In 1920, Khan initiated the [[Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa|Jama'at Raza-i Mustafa]] aiming to propagate [[Islam]] via [[dawah]]. After his death, his eldest son [[Hamid Raza Khan|Hamid]] succeeded him as organization's president. while his other son [[Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri|Mustafa]] published his father's questions and answers during his lifetime as {{Transliteration|ur|[[Malfuzat-i A'la Hazrat]]}}. Khan is often viewed as the {{Transliteration|ar|[[mujadid]]}} (reformer) of his time by Barelvis. His shrine lies at the [[Bareilly Dargah]] and frequently visited by Barelvis during his annual [[urs]] (death anniversary) in the Islamic month of [[Safar]]. He influenced millions of people, and today the Barelvi movement has more than 200 million followers.<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> ===Family background===<br /> Khan was born on 10 Shawwal 1272 [[Hijri year|Hijri]] corresponds to 14 June 1856&lt;ref&gt;''Hayat-e-Aala Hadhrat'', vol.1 p.1&lt;/ref&gt; to an [[Hindustani Musalman|Indian Muslim]] family in the Mohallah of Jasoli in [[Bareilly district]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]].<br /> <br /> The family belonged to the [[Barech]] tribe of [[Pashtuns]], his ancestor Muhammad Saeedullah Khan, a warrior who accompanied [[Nader Shah]], having migrated from [[Kandahar]] (current-day [[Afghanistan]]) to [[Lahore]] (current-day [[Pakistan]]) while the family later settled down in Bareilly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Anil |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1263343120 |title=Syncretic Islam: life and times of Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi |last2=Singh |first2=Richa |date=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-93-5435-007-8 |location=New Delhi |oclc=on1263343120}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His father, [[Naqi Ali Khan]], was an Islamic scholar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951 |title=Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism |date=30 April 2018 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=9789402412673 |editor1-last=Kassam |editor1-first=Zayn R. |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |pages=22–24 |chapter=Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951 |access-date=30 April 2021 |editor2-last=Greenberg |editor2-first=Yudit Kornberg |editor3-last=Bagli |editor3-first=Jehan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715085003/https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951 |archive-date=15 July 2022 |url-status=live |via=Springer Link}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Sanyal |first1=Usha |title=Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism |year=2018 |isbn=978-94-024-1266-6 |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |pages=22–24 |chapter=Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951 |access-date=28 April 2021 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-024-1267-3_1951 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222111940/https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-024-1267-3_1951 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095357101 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626235031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095357101 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=Oxford Reference}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The name corresponding to the year of his birth was al-Mukhtar. His birth name was Muhammad.&lt;ref&gt;''Ala Hadhrat'' by Bastawi, p. 25&lt;/ref&gt; Khan used the appellation ''&quot;Abd-ul-Mustafa&quot;'' (&quot;servant of the chosen one&quot;) prior to signing his name in correspondence.&lt;ref&gt;''Man huwa Ahmed Rida'' by Shaja'at Ali al-Qadri, p.15&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Teachers===<br /> According to ''Hayat-e-Aala Hazrat'' written by Malik Zafaruddin Bihari, some of his famous teachers included:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bihari |first=Malik Zafaruddin |title=Hayat-e-Aala Hazrat |publisher=Maktaba-e-Razaviyah |location=Lahore |pages=12 |language=ur |trans-title=Life of Aala Hazrat}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Full text of 'The Reformer of the Muslim World By Dr. Muhammad Masood Ahmad'|url=https://archive.org/stream/TheReformerOfTheMuslimWorldByDrMuhammadMasoodAhmad/The%20Reformer%20of%20The%20Muslim%20World%20%20%20by%20Dr%20Muhammad%20masood%20ahmad_djvu.txt|website=archive.org|date=2 August 2018 |access-date=2020-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Syed Shah Aale Rasul Marehrawi (d. 1879)<br /> *[[Naqi Ali Khan]] (d. 1880)<br /> *[[Ahmad Zayni Dahlan]] Makki (d. 1881)<br /> *Abdul Rahman Siraj Makki (d. 1883)<br /> *Hussain bin Saleh (d. 1884)<br /> *Abul Hussain Ahmad Al-Nuri (d. 1906)<br /> *Abdul Ali Rampuri (d. 1885)<br /> <br /> ===Spiritual order===<br /> In the year 1294 A.H. (1877), at the age of 22 years, Ahmed Raza became the Mureed (disciple) of Shah Aale Rasool Marehrawi. His Murshid bestowed him with Khilafat in several Sufi [[Silsila]]s. Some [[Islamic scholars]] received permission from him to work under his guidance.&lt;ref name=&quot;eprints.hec.gov.pk&quot;&gt;Imam, Muhammad Hassan. (2005). [http://eprints.hec.gov.pk/2317/1/2172.htm The Role of the Khulafa-e-Imam Ahmed Raza Khan in the] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629110259/http://eprints.hec.gov.pk/2317/1/2172.htm |date=29 June 2015 }} [[Pakistan Movement]] 1920–1947. Diss. Karachi: University of Karachi.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnah.org/articles/Imam_raza_ahmed_khan.htm|title=Imam Raza Ahmed Khan|website=sunnah.org|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222231419/http://www.sunnah.org/articles/Imam_raza_ahmed_khan.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Barelvi movement===<br /> Imam Ahmed Raza wrote extensively in defense of his views, countered [[Wahabism|Wahhabism]] and the [[Deobandi|Deobandi movement]], and by his writing and activity became the founder of the Barelvi movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter-url = https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-024-1267-3_1951|doi = 10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951|chapter = Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi|title = Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism|series = Encyclopedia of Indian Religions|year = 2018|last1 = Sanyal|first1 = Usha|pages = 22–24|isbn = 978-94-024-1266-6|access-date = 4 June 2021|archive-date = 22 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220222111940/https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-024-1267-3_1951|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The movement has spread across the globe with followers in [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[South Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Barelvi |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095446664?q=barelvi&amp;result=2&amp;rskey=cR0074 |access-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808064045/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095446664?rskey=cR0074&amp;result=2&amp;q=barelvi |archive-date=8 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Bangladesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Noted Sufi heads denounce fatwa issued by Barelvis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/noted-sufi-heads-denounce-fatwa-issued-by-barelvis/articleshow/51608463.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603022816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/noted-sufi-heads-denounce-fatwa-issued-by-barelvis/articleshow/51608463.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The movement now has over 200 million followers globally.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt; The movement was largely a rural phenomenon when began but is currently popular among urban, educated Pakistanis and Indians as well as the South Asian diaspora throughout the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095357101?rskey=Ih6KLH&amp;result=3 |title=Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |access-date=4 September 2015 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195117/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095357101?rskey=Ih6KLH&amp;result=3 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The efforts of Khan and his associate scholars to establish a movement to counter the Deobandi and [[Ahl-i Hadith]] movements resulted to in the institutionalisation of diverse Sufi movements and their allies in various parts of the world.&lt;ref&gt;Continuity and transformation in a Naqshbandi tariqa in Britain, The changing relationship between Mazar (shrine) and dar-al-ulum(seminary) revisited Ron Geaves<br /> https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/sufism-today-heritage-and-tradition-in-the-global-community/continuity-and-transformation-in-a-naqshbandi-tariqa-in-britain {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612123323/https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/sufism-today-heritage-and-tradition-in-the-global-community/continuity-and-transformation-in-a-naqshbandi-tariqa-in-britain |date=12 June 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa===<br /> Khan founded an organisation [[Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa|Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa]], on 17 December 1920 with the aim of progress, unity and religious education of the [[Sunni Islam|Ahl-e-Sunnat wal Jamat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About Jamat Raza e Mustafa |url=https://www.jamatrazaemustafa.org/about.php?id=about-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025020345/https://www.jamatrazaemustafa.org/about.php?id=about-us |archive-date=25 October 2022 |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Jamat Raza -E- Mustafa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Death===<br /> Ahmed Raza Khan died on 28 October 1921 (25 Safar 1340 [[hijri year|AH]]) at the age of 65.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Usha Sanyal |author-link=Usha Sanyal |year=1996 |title=Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Raza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870–1920 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=269 |isbn=978-0-19-563699-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is buried in [[Bareilly Sharif Dargah]]. [[Urs-e-Razavi]] is a 3 day long annual event commemorating his death anniversary.<br /> <br /> == Books ==<br /> Imam Ahmed Raza Khan wrote several hundred books in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu, including the thirty-volume [[fatwa]] compilation ''[[Fatawa-e-Razvia|Fatawa Razawiyya]]'', and ''[[Kanzul Iman|Kanz ul-Iman]]'' (Translation and Explanation of the [[Qur'an]]). Several of his books have been translated into European and South Asian languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;SkresletSkreslet2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;''Maarif Raza'', Karachi, Pakistan. Vol.29, Issue 1–3, 2009, pages 108–09&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Kanz ul-Iman (Translation of the Qur'an)===<br /> ''[[Kanzul Iman|Kanz ul-Iman]]'' (Urdu and Arabic: '''کنزالایمان''') is a 1910 Urdu paraphrase translation of the Qur'an by Khan. It is associated with the [[Hanafi]] jurisprudence within Sunni Islam,&lt;ref name=&quot;SkresletSkreslet2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Paula Youngman Skreslet |author2=Rebecca Skreslet |date=2006 |title=The Literature of Islam: A Guide to the Primary Sources in English Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2wqYq2299YC&amp;pg=PA232 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |pages=232– |isbn=978-0-8108-5408-6 |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209221227/https://books.google.com/books?id=E2wqYq2299YC&amp;pg=PA232#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and is a widely read version of the translation in the Indian Subcontinent. It has been translated into English, Hindi, Bengali, Dutch, Turkish, Sindhi, Gujarati, and Pashto, and also recently translated into Gojri language by Mufti Nazir Ahmed Qadri.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Hussam ul-Haramain===<br /> ''[[Husamul Haramain|Husam ul-Haramain]]'' or Husam al-Harmain Ala Munhir Kufr wal-Mayn (The Sword of the [[Haram (site)|Haram]]ayn at the Throat of Disbelief and Falsehood) 1906, is a treatise which declared infidels the founders of the [[Deobandi]], [[Ahl-i Hadith]] and [[Ahmadiyya]] movements on the basis that they did not have the proper veneration of Muhammad and finality of prophethood in their writings.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Thomas K. Gugler|year=2011|chapter=When Democracy is Not the Only Game in Town: Sectarian Conflicts in Pakistan|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6w7JVOlDIokC&amp;pg=PA282|editor1=Stig Toft Madsen|editor2=Kenneth Bo Nielsen|editor3=Uwe Skoda|title=Trysts with Democracy: Political Practice in South Asia|publisher=Anthem Press|page=282|isbn=978-0-85728-773-1|access-date=18 March 2016|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209221228/https://books.google.com/books?id=6w7JVOlDIokC&amp;pg=PA282#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Usha Sanyal|author-link=Usha Sanyal|year=1996|title=Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Raza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870–1920|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=231 |isbn=978-0-19-563699-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hudson&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hudson.org/research/9848-the-assertion-of-barelvi-extremism |title=The Assertion of Barelvi Extremism |author=Ismail Khan |date=19 October 2011 |website=Hudson Institute |access-date=28 July 2015 |archive-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706092918/http://www.hudson.org/research/9848-the-assertion-of-barelvi-extremism |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In defense of his verdict he obtained confirmatory signatures from 268 scholars in [[South Asia]], and some from scholars in [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The treatise is published in [[Arabic]], [[Urdu]], English, [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Hindi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Arshad Alam|year=2013|chapter=The Enemy Within: Madrasa and Muslim Identity in North India|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&amp;pg=PA124|editor1=Filippo Osella|editor2=Caroline Osella|title=Islamic Reform in South Asia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=124|isbn=978-1-107-03175-3|access-date=18 March 2016|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209221109/https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&amp;pg=PA124#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Fatawa Razawiyya===<br /> <br /> ''[[Fatawa-e-Razvia|Fatawa Razawiyya]]'' or the full name ''al-Ataya fi-Nabaviah'' ''Fatawa-i Razawiyya'' (Verdicts of Imam Ahmed Raza by the Blessings of the Prophet) is the main fatwa (Islamic verdicts on various issues) book of his movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/4249-jamia-rizvia-of-bareilly-to-be-upgraded-to-a-university|title=Jamia Rizvia of Bareilly to be upgraded to a university|work=milligazette.com|date=9 November 2012|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-date=13 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113193948/http://www.milligazette.com/news/4249-jamia-rizvia-of-bareilly-to-be-upgraded-to-a-university|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noorie2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Maulana Shakir Noorie|title=What is Sacrifice?: Qurbani kya hai?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbmMBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA12|date=10 October 2008|publisher=Sunni|pages=12–|id=GGKEY:G6T13NU1Q2T}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been published in 30 volumes and in approx. 22,000 pages. It contains solutions to daily problems from religion to business and from war to marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-dargah-ala-hazrat-fatva-razabia-is-encyclopedia-of-fatvas-11887041.html|title=Dargah Ala Hazrat: Fatva Razabia is encyclopedia of Fatvas|date=18 December 2014|work=jagran|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015404/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-dargah-ala-hazrat-fatva-razabia-is-encyclopedia-of-fatvas-11887041.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=David Emmanuel Singh|title=Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upk5AgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA32|year=2012|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-1-61451-246-2|page=32}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He reached judgments with regard to certain practices and faith in his book ''[[Fatawa-i Razawiyya]]'', including:&lt;ref name=&quot;Sikand2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Yoginder Sikand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtkvCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT73 |title=Bastions of The Believers: Madrasas and Islamic Education in India |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |year=2005 |isbn=978-93-5214-106-7 |page=73 |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209221229/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtkvCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT73#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |archive-date=9 February 2024 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Sita Ram Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0UwAQAAIAAJ |title=Politics and government of communalism |publisher=APH Publishing Corporation |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7024-933-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Islamic Law is the ultimate law and following it is obligatory for all Muslims;<br /> *To refrain from misguidance is essential;<br /> *It is impermissible to imitate the [[Kuffar]], to associate with the deviants, and to participate in their festivals.<br /> <br /> ===Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish===<br /> {{Main|Hadaiq e Bakhshish}}<br /> He wrote ''[[na'at]]'' (devotional poetry in praise of Muhammad) and always discussed him in the present tense.&lt;ref name=&quot;Netton2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Ian Richard Netton|year=2013|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYtmAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA88|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-17960-1|page=88}}&lt;/ref&gt; His main book of poetry is ''[[Hadaiq e Bakhshish|Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bookslibrary.net/details.php?book_id=606&amp;book=sharah-hadaiq-e-bakhshish|title=sharah Hadaiq e Bakhshish - Books Library - Online School - Read – Download – eBooks – Free – Learning – Education – School – College – University – Guide – Text Books – Studies|first=Muhammad Shahrukh|last=Raza|date=22 November 2012|access-date=6 September 2015|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415175129/http://bookslibrary.net/details.php?book_id=606&amp;book=sharah-hadaiq-e-bakhshish|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His poems, which deal for the most part with the qualities of Muhammad, often have a simplicity and directness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Contributions to Indian Sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_8sAQAAIAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Mouton}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His Urdu couplets, entitled ''Mustafa Jaane Rahmat pe Lakhon Salaam'' (Hundreds of Thousands of Salutations upon Mustafa, the Paragon of Mercy), are recited in mosques globally. They contain praise of Muhammad, his physical appearance (verses 33 to 80), his life and times, praise of his family and companions, praise of the [[Awliya]] and Salihin (the saints and the pious).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wulfrunasufiassociation.com/articles/other-authors/salaam-by-imam-ahmed-raza-khan/|title=Salaam by Imam Ahmed Raza Khan|date=19 December 2007|access-date=24 November 2016|archive-date=1 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401115055/http://wulfrunasufiassociation.com/articles/other-authors/salaam-by-imam-ahmed-raza-khan/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iqra.net/Salaams/salaams7.html|title=Salaam by Imam Ahmed Raza Khan|first=Siddiq Osman|last=Noormuhammad|access-date=24 November 2016|archive-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424195851/http://www.iqra.net/Salaams/salaams7.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya===<br /> In 1323 Hijri (1905), Ahmad Raza went for his second Haj. Allamah Shaikh Saleh Kamal an Alim of Makkatul Mukarrama, he presented five questions to Ahmad Raza on behalf of the Ulema of Makkatul Mukarrama, this question was asked by Makkatul Mukarrama [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] Ulema regarding Knowledge of the knowledge of Unseen (Ilm-e-Ghaib). At that time Ahmed Raza was suffering from a high fever, despite the illness he tried to answer all the questions, he answered in such detail that the answer took the form of a book, and this book was named Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Al Daulatul Makkiyah Bil Maadatil Ghaibiya |first1=Mufti Zahid Hussain Al-Qadiri |title=A brief history of Al Daulatul Makkiyah Bil Maadatil Ghaibiya by Mufti Zahid Hussain Al-Qadiri |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0L0oadr2TU |website=Youtube |date=25 November 2016 |publisher=Noori Amjadi |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027053031/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0L0oadr2TU&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Religious views ==<br /> Khan saw a decline of Sufism amongst Muslims in British India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reference2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Marshall Cavendish Reference|title=Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Zp_5IydPGgC&amp;pg=PA113|year=2011|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7929-1|page=113}}&lt;/ref&gt; His movement was a mass movement, defending popular [[Sufism]], which grew in response to the influence of the [[Deobandi movement]] in South Asia and the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi movement]] elsewhere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Canfield2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Francis Robinson|author-link=Francis Robinson|year=2002|chapter=Perso-Islamic culture in India|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&amp;pg=PA131|editor=Robert L. Canfield|title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=131|isbn=978-0-521-52291-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Imam Ahmed Raza Khan supported [[Tawassul]], [[Mawlid]],&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alahazrat as a Mujaddid |url=https://alahazrat.net/personalities/alahazrat-imam-ahmed-raza-khan-personalities/alahazrat-as-a-mujaddid/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201110357/https://alahazrat.net/personalities/alahazrat-imam-ahmed-raza-khan-personalities/alahazrat-as-a-mujaddid/ |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=1 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Anil Maheshwari, Syncretic Islam: Life and Times of Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi, Bloombury, 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Prophet Muhammad's awareness of complete knowledge of the unseen, and other practices which were opposed by [[Wahhabism|Wahhabis]]/[[Salafi]]s and [[Deobandis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Netton2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TayobNiehaus_64&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Abdulkader Tayob|author2=Inga Niehaus|author3=Wolfram Weisse|title=Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa|date=19 April 2024 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWqjAoRGxUcC&amp;pg=PA64|publisher=Waxmann Verlag|isbn=978-3-8309-7554-0|page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TayobNiehaus_76&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Abdulkader Tayob|author2=Inga Niehaus|author3=Wolfram Weisse|title=Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa|date=19 April 2024 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWqjAoRGxUcC&amp;pg=PA76|publisher=Waxmann Verlag|isbn=978-3-8309-7554-0|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Prophet Muhammad ===<br /> In this contrast to the beliefs of the Deobandis and Wahhabis, Ahmed Raza Khan supported the following beliefs:<br /> * Muhammad is a human being made of ''[[Nūr (Islam)|nur]]'' (light) and is all-seeing and all-hearing. This contrasts with the [[Deobandi]] view that Muhammad was [[al-Insān al-Kāmil]] (perfect person), but still a normal human.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Tariq Rahman |author-link=Tariq Rahman |title=Images of the 'Other' in Pakistani Textbooks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYfwAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Barlevi%20nur%20bashar |journal=Pakistan Perspectives |date=July–December 2002 |volume=7 |issue=2 |page=46 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408001001/https://books.google.com/books?id=WYfwAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Barlevi%20nur%20bashar |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Akbar S. Ahmed |author-link=Akbar S. Ahmed |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1993 |title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World |publisher=I.B. Tauris Publishers |pages=118, 174 |isbn=978-1-86064-257-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Muhammad is ''Haazir aur Naazir'' (all-seeing and all-hearing) which means that Muhammad views and witnesses the actions of his people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Asthana&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=N. C. Asthana |author2=A.Nirmal |year=2009 |title=Urban Terrorism : Myths And Realities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&amp;pg=PA67 |publisher=Pointer Publishers |page=67 |isbn=978-81-7132-598-6 |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209221124/https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&amp;pg=PA67#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> This concept was interpreted by [[Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi|Shah Abdul Aziz]] in Tafsir-e-Azizi in these words: The prophet is observing everybody, knows their good and bad deeds, and knows the strength of faith (Iman) of every individual Muslim and what has hindered his spiritual progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Ash-Shazli Sahab |first=Mufti Abubaker Siddiq |date=29 June 2013 |title=The Prophet is Hazir o Nazir |url=http://www.kanzulislam.com/various-fatwa/mufti-abubaker-siddiq/english-fatwa/the-prophet-is-hazir-o-nazir/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301152920/http://www.kanzulislam.com/various-fatwa/mufti-abubaker-siddiq/english-fatwa/the-prophet-is-hazir-o-nazir/ |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=2 June 2020 |website=Kanzul Islam}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=We do not hold that anyone can equal the knowledge of Allah Most High, or possess it independently, nor do we assert that Allah's giving of knowledge to the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) is anything but a part. But what a patent and tremendous difference between one part [the Prophet's] and another [anyone else's]: like the difference between the sky and the earth, or rather even greater and more immense.|sign=Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|source= ''al-Dawla al-Makkiyya'' (c00), 291.}}<br /> <br /> === Infidels ===<br /> Raza Khan was emphatic in opposing the Hindu influences on Muslim identity. To differentiate between a Muslim and a [[Infidel]] he emphatically said:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xv-HUeCGxG0C |title=Partisans of Allah : Jihad in South Asia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2008 |edition=1 |pages=146 |isbn=9780674028012 |language=English |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216082724/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xv-HUeCGxG0C |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=Presented with a choice of giving water to a thirsty infidel or to a dog, a believer should make the offering to dog.|author=Ayesha Jalal|title=Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|source=Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia p.147}}<br /> <br /> === Permissibility of currency notes ===<br /> In 1905, Khan, on the request of contemporaries from Hijaz, wrote a verdict on the permissibility of using paper as a form of currency, entitled ''Kifl-ul-Faqeehil fehim Fe Ahkam-e-Kirtas Drahim''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Phamphlet on Currency |url=https://www.dawateislami.net/bookslibrary/353 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404015214/http://www.dawateislami.net/bookslibrary/353 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |website=dawateislami.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Static earth theory ===<br /> Khan authored a book, {{Transliteration|ur|Fawz-i Mubin Dar Radd-i Harkat-i Zamin}} (&quot;The Clear Victory in Rejection of Movement of the Earth&quot;, in which he provided than 100 arguments trying to prove the earth is not rotating but is stationary and rejected some of Newton's arguments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fauz-e-Mobeen : Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/fauz-e-mobeen/mode/2up |access-date=10 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{primary source inline|date=December 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Sectarian views==<br /> === Ahmadis ===<br /> [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] of [[Qadian]] claimed to be the [[Messiah]], Prophet, and [[Mahdi]] awaited by some Muslims as well as a [[Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)|Nabi Ummati]], a subordinate prophet to Muhammad who came to restore [[Islam]] to the pristine form as practiced by [[Muhammad]] and early [[Sahaba]].&lt;ref name=&quot;reviewofreligions&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.reviewofreligions.org/1599/my%E2%80%88claim-to-promised-messiahship/|title=My Claim to Promised Messiahship – The Review of Religions|publisher=reviewofreligions.org|date=January 2009|access-date=9 February 2015|archive-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021230235/http://reviewofreligions.org/1599/my%E2%80%88claim-to-promised-messiahship/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad|year=2018|title=Elucidation of Objectives: English Translation of Taudih-e-Maram : a Treatise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UNvF3JcnK0C|publisher=Islam International|isbn=978-1-85372-742-9|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209221129/https://books.google.com/books?id=9UNvF3JcnK0C|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khan declared Mirza Ghulam Ahmad a [[Heresy|heretic]] and [[apostasy|apostate]] and called him and his followers disbelievers ([[kafir|''kuffar'']]).&lt;ref&gt;Aziz, Zahid. (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=seY3-6IS9vAC&amp;pg=PA43 ''A survey of the Lahore Ahmadiyya movement: history, beliefs, aims and work''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209221112/https://books.google.com/books?id=seY3-6IS9vAC&amp;pg=PA43#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |date=9 February 2024 }}. Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam (AAIIL), UK. p. 43, {{ISBN|978-1-906109-03-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Deobandis ===<br /> The theological difference with the Deobandi school began when Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi objected in writing to some of the following beliefs of Deobandi scholars.<br /> *He opposed the belief of a founder of the Deobandi movement, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, who stated that God has the ability to lie.&lt;ref name=&quot;rag&quot;&gt;{{citation |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |first1=Brannon D. |last1=Ingram |journal=The Muslim World |year=2009 |volume=99 |issue=3 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=484 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028131851/https://www.academia.edu/282790 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This doctrine is called ''Imkan-i Kizb''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kizb&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Ingram Brannon D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOVvDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Imkan-i+Kizb |title=Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam |publisher=University of California Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-520-29800-2 |pages=7, 64, 100, 241 |access-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209221203/https://books.google.com/books?id=GOVvDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Imkan-i+Kizb#v=snippet&amp;q=Imkan-i%20Kizb&amp;f=false |archive-date=9 February 2024 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rag&quot;/&gt; Gangohi also supported the doctrine that God has the ability to make additional prophets after Muhammad (''Imkan-i Nazir'') and other prophets equal to Muhammad, a doctrine which was opposed by Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kizb&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rag&quot;/&gt;<br /> *He opposed the doctrine that Muhammad has not got extensive knowledge of the unseen (''Ilm e Ghaib'').&lt;ref name=&quot;rag&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kizb&quot;/&gt;<br /> When Ahmed Raza Khan visited Mecca and Medina for pilgrimage in 1905, he prepared a draft document entitled ''Al Motamad Al Mustanad'' (&quot;The Reliable Proofs&quot;). In this work, Ahmad Raza branded Deobandi leaders such as [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], and [[Qasim Nanotwi]] and those who followed them as ''[[kuffar]]''. Khan collected scholarly opinions in the [[Hejaz]] and compiled them in an Arabic language compendium with the title, ''Hussam al Harmain'' (&quot;The Sword of Two Sanctuaries&quot;), a work containing 34 verdicts from 33 ulama (20 Meccan and 13 Medinese).&lt;ref name=&quot;khan&quot;&gt;*Siraj Khan, Blasphemy against the Prophet, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture (Editors: Coeli Fitzpatrick and Adam Hani Walker), {{ISBN|978-1610691772}}, pp. 59–67 *R Ibrahim (2013), Crucified Again, {{ISBN|978-1621570257}}, pp. 100–101&lt;/ref&gt; However, Deobandis claim the evidence provided to the scholars in Arabia were fabricated and that Ahmed Raza Khan's takfir of them was unjust,&lt;ref name=&quot;kizb&quot; /&gt; and this initiated a reciprocal series of fatwas between Barelvis and Deobandis which has lasted to the present.&lt;ref name=&quot;khan&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Shia ===<br /> Ahmed Raza Khan wrote various books against the beliefs and faith of [[Shia]] Muslims and declared various practices of Shia as kufr.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Sampark: Journal of Global Understanding|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tixuAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Sampark Literary Services|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209222245/https://books.google.com/books?id=tixuAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He considered most Shiites of his day apostates because, he believed, they repudiated necessities of religion.&lt;ref&gt;Fatawa-e-Razavia, Fatwa on Sunni marriage with shia, Book of Marriage; vol.11/pg345, Lahore edition&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=http://www.islamic.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Fiqh/Sunni%20marriage%20with%20Shia.htm |title=Fiqh: Sunni marriage with Shia |work=www.islamic.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk |access-date=4 September 2015 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718103949/http://www.islamic.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Fiqh/Sunni%20marriage%20with%20Shia.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Wahhabi Movement ===<br /> Ahmed Raza Khan declared [[Wahabis|Wahhabis]] as disbelievers (''kuffar'') and collected many fatwas of various scholars against the Wahhabi movement founded by [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], who was predominant in the [[Arabian peninsula]], just as he had done with the Ahmadis and Deobandis. Until this day, Khan's followers remain opposed to the Wahhabi movement and their beliefs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ather&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://mujarabamliyat.com/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180820113208/https://mujarabamliyat.com/ |archive-date= 20 August 2018 |url-status= dead |title= Kafirs |access-date= 28 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political views==<br /> Unlike other Muslim leaders in the region at the time, Khan and his movement opposed the [[Indian independence movement]] due to its leadership under [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who was not a Muslim.&lt;ref name=&quot;saag&quot;&gt;R. Upadhyay, [http://www.eurasiareview.com/28012011-barelvis-and-deobandhis-%E2%80%9Cbirds-of-the-same-feather%E2%80%9D/ Barelvis and Deobandis: &quot;Birds of the Same Feather&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104105736/http://www.eurasiareview.com/28012011-barelvis-and-deobandhis-%E2%80%9Cbirds-of-the-same-feather%E2%80%9D/ |date=4 November 2018 }}. Eurasia Review, courtesy of the South Asia Analysis Group. 28 January 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Imam Ahmed Raza Khan declared that India was [[Divisions of the world in Islam#Dar al-Islam|Dar al-Islam]] and that Muslims enjoyed religious freedom there. According to him, those arguing the contrary merely wanted to take advantage of the provisions allowing Muslims living under the non-Muslim rule to collect interest from commercial transactions and had no desire to fight [[Jihad]] or perform [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jalal2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Ayesha Jalal|author-link=Ayesha Jalal|year=2009|title=Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7VVWhi9jGIC&amp;pg=PA146|publisher=Harvard University Press|page=146|isbn=978-0-674-03907-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Therefore, he opposed labeling British India to be [[Dar al-Harb]] (&quot;abode of war&quot;), which meant that waging holy war against and migrating from India were inadmissible as they would cause disaster to the community. This view of Khan's was similar to other reformers [[Syed Ahmed Khan]] and [[Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Qureshi1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=M. Naeem Qureshi|title=Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czKYZPyoyx0C&amp;pg=PA179|year=1999|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-11371-1|page=179|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209222302/https://books.google.com/books?id=czKYZPyoyx0C&amp;pg=PA179#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] mobilised the Muslim masses to campaign for Pakistan,&lt;ref name=&quot;SvanbergWesterlund2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Ingvar Svanberg|author2=David Westerlund|year=2012|title=Islam Outside the Arab World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jt8rBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA220|publisher=Routledge|page=220|isbn=978-1-136-11322-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; and many of Khan's followers played a significant and active role in the [[Pakistan Movement]] at educational and political fronts.&lt;ref name=&quot;eprints.hec.gov.pk&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> [[File:Barielly Sharif Dargah Barielly UP.jpg|thumb|[[Bareilly Sharif Dargah|Shrine of Ahmad Raza Khan]] in Bareilly, India]]<br /> <br /> Many religious schools, organisations, and research institutions teach Khan's ideas, which emphasise the primacy of Islamic law along with the adherence to Sufi practices and personal devotion to Muhammad.&lt;ref name=&quot;cambridge69415&quot;&gt;Usha Sanyal. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&amp;fid=69415&amp;jid=ASS&amp;volumeId=32&amp;issueId=03&amp;aid=69414 Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317013822/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |date=17 March 2020 }}. Modern Asian Studies (1998), Cambridge University Press&lt;/ref&gt; Academic [[Francis Robinson]] described Khan as a [[polymath]].&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, Francis (1988). ''Varieties of South Asian Islam''. The Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations (CRER), University of Warwick. p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 21 June 2010, [[Muhammad al-Yaqoubi]], a cleric and [[Sufi]] from [[Syria]], declared on [[Takbeer TV]]'s program ''Sunni Talk'' that the [[Mujaddid]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]] was Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, and said that a follower of [[Sunni Islam|Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah]] can be identified by his love of Khan and that those outside of that those outside the Ahlus Sunnah are identified by their attacks on him.&lt;ref name=&quot;takbeertv&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b92u3Rh7oUc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/b92u3Rh7oUc| archive-date=2021-12-12 |title=Shaykh Yaqoubi Advocates Imam Ahmed Raza as a Mujaddid from Indian Subcontinent !!!!|work=Sunni Talk|publisher=[[Takbeer TV]]|date=21 June 2010|access-date=19 August 2011}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Allama [[Muhammad Iqbal]] (1877–1938), a poet, Sufi, and philosopher, said: &quot;I have carefully studied the decrees of Ahmed Raza and thereby formed this opinion; and his Fatawa bear testimony to his acumen, intellectual caliber, the quality of his creative thinking, his excellent jurisdiction and his ocean-like Islamic knowledge. Once Imam Ahmed Raza forms an opinion he stays firm on it; he expresses his opinion after a sober reflection. Therefore, the need never arises to withdraw any of his religious decrees and judgments.&lt;ref&gt;Arafat, 1970, Lahore.&lt;/ref&gt; In another place he says, &quot;Such a genius and intelligent jurist did not emerge.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Weekly ''Uffaq News Paper'', Karachi. 22–28 January 1979.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Prof. Sir [[Ziauddin Ahmad]], who was the head of the department of Mathematics at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], was once unable to find solutions to some mathematic algorithms, even after he took help from the mathematicians abroad. He decided to visit Germany for the solution but at the request of his friend Sayyed Suleman Ashraf who was a professor of Islamic Studies at Aligarh Muslim University and also the mureed (disciple) of Ahmed Raza, Ziauddin visited Ahmed Raza on a special visit to get answers to his difficult questions, and under the guidance of Ahmed Raza he finally succeeded in getting solutions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assunnah Trust |title=Aala Hazrat - An Adept Mathematician, Scientist and Economist |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/479858249/Aala-Hazrat-An-Adept-Mathematician-Scientist-and-Economist |website=Scribd |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828105231/https://www.scribd.com/document/479858249/Aala-Hazrat-An-Adept-Mathematician-Scientist-and-Economist |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zafar-ud-din |title=Hayat e Ala Hazrat |publisher=Kashmir International Publishers |year= |edition=2nd |pages=265–272 |language=Urdu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Justice Naeemud'deen, Supreme Court of Pakistan: &quot;Maulana Ahmad Raza's grand personality, a representation of our most esteemed ancestors, is history-making, and a history uni-central in his self. ... You may estimate his high status from the fact that he spent all his life in expressing the praise of the great and auspicious Holy Prophet (صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم), in defending his veneration, in delivering speeches regarding his unique conduct, and in promoting and spreading the Law of Shariah which was revealed upon him for the entire humanity of all times. His renowned name is 'Muhammad' (صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم), the Prophet of Almighty Allah. ... The valuable books written by an encyclopedic scholar like Ahmed Raza, in my view, are the lamps of light that will keep enlightened and radiant the hearts and minds of the men of knowledge and insight for a long time.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Razavi|date=June 2020|title=Anjuman Tehreek e AhleSunnat|url=|journal=Anwar e Qadriya|volume=|pages=|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Several places are named after Ahmad Raza Khan, such as:<br /> * [[Ala Hazrat Express]] is an express train belonging to Indian Railways that runs between [[Bareilly]] and [[Bhuj]] in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;runningstatus&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://runningstatus.in/status/14312|title=Ala Hazrat Express/14312 Live Running Train Status|publisher=runningstatus.in|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-date=9 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109034527/http://runningstatus.in/status/14312|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The Indian government [[List of postage stamps of India#1995|issued a commemorative postal stamp]] in honor of Ahmad Raza Khan on 31 December 1995.&lt;ref&gt;[http://postagestamps.gov.in/CommemorativePostageStamps.aspx Commemorative Stamps, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123000537/http://postagestamps.gov.in/CommemorativePostageStamps.aspx |date=23 November 2018 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Aala Hazrat Haj House [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> * Aala Hazrat Hospital [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Bareilly Airport|Ala Hazrat Terminal, Bareilly Airport]], [[Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Raza Academy]]<br /> <br /> ==Spiritual successors==<br /> Imam Ahmed Raza Khan had two sons and five daughters. His sons [[Hamid Raza Khan]] and Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri are celebrated scholars of Islam. Hamid Raza Khan was his appointed successor. After him [[Mustafa Raza Khan]] succeeded his father, who then appointed [[Akhtar Raza Khan]] as his successor. His son, Mufti [[Asjad Raza Khan]] now succeeds him as the spiritual leader.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/mufti-asjad-raza-conferred-with-qadi-al-qudaat-title/articleshow/68677678.cms|title=Mufti Asjad Raza conferred with 'Qadi Al-Qudaat' title {{pipe}} Bareilly News|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-date=14 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814112300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/mufti-asjad-raza-conferred-with-qadi-al-qudaat-title/articleshow/68677678.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> He had many disciples and successors, including 30 in the Indian subcontinent and 35 elsewhere.&lt;ref&gt;Shah Ahmed Rida Khan – The &quot;Neglected Genius of the East&quot; by Professor Muhammad Ma'sud Ahmad M.A. P.H.D. – Courtesy of &quot;The Muslim Digest&quot;, May/June 1985, pp. 223–230&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The following scholars are his notable successors:&lt;ref&gt;Sanyal, Usha (1998)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Hamid Raza Khan]] (d. 1875/1943)<br /> *[[Mustafa Raza Khan]] (d. 1892/1981)<br /> *[[Amjad Ali Aazmi]] (d. 1882/1948)<br /> *[[Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqi]]<br /> *[[Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi]]<br /> *Zafaruddin Bihari (d. 1886/1962)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ahlesunnat.net/media-library/downloads/regularupdates/zafaraldin.htm|title=19th Jumada al-Aakhir {{pipe}} Allamah Zafar al-Din Bihari (Alayhir Rahmah)|website=www.ahlesunnat.net|access-date=23 April 2021|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423060807/http://www.ahlesunnat.net/media-library/downloads/regularupdates/zafaraldin.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Abul Muhamid al-Ashrafi al-Jilani (d. 1894/1961)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ashrafiya.webs.com/|title=Ashrafiya Islamic Foundation|website=Ashrafiya Islamic Foundation|access-date=23 April 2021|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115180930/https://ashrafiya.webs.com/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Hashmat Ali Khan (d. 1901/1960)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hazrat Allama Hashmat Ali Khan Rizvi|url=https://www.ziaetaiba.com/en/scholar/hazrat-allama-hashmat-ali-khan-rizvi|access-date=2021-05-17|website=www.ziaetaiba.com|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814172012/https://www.ziaetaiba.com/en/scholar/hazrat-allama-hashmat-ali-khan-rizvi|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Maulana Ziauddin Madani]] (d. 1877/1981)<br /> <br /> ===Educational influence===<br /> There are thousands of madrassas and Islamic seminaries dedicated to his school of thought across the Indian Subcontinent.<br /> *[[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia]] is the main educational institute and learning center that provides [[Islamic|Islam]] education.<br /> *[[Raza Academy]] publishing house in Mumbai<br /> *Imam Ahmed Raza Academy Durban, South Africa<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Dargah-e-Ala Hazrat]]<br /> * [[Hassan Raza Khan]]<br /> * [[Subhan Raza Khan]]<br /> * [[Asjad Raza Khan]]<br /> * [[Hamid Raza Khan]]<br /> * [[Akhtar Raza Khan]]<br /> * [[Mustafa Raza Khan]]<br /> * [[Kaif Raza Khan]]<br /> * [[Qamaruzzaman Azmi]]<br /> * [[Amjad Ali Aazmi]]<br /> * [[Ilyas Qadri]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> {{Wikibooks|Husam ul Harmain}}<br /> * Baraka, A. (2003). A Saviour in a Dark World (Article). ''The Islamic Times'', March 2003. Stockport, UK: Raza Academy.<br /> *{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam |first=Abdulhamıd |last=Bırişik |title=RIZÂ HAN BİRELVÎ |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/riza-han-birelvi |volume=35 |pages=61-64}}<br /> * Haroon, Muhammad. (1994). [https://books.google.com/books?id=uiqiNwAACAAJ ''The World Importance of Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi'']. Stockport, UK: Raza Academy. {{ISBN|9781873204122}}<br /> * Imam, Muhammad Hassan. (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150629110259/http://eprints.hec.gov.pk/2317/1/2172.htm ''The Role of the Khulafa-e-Imam Ahmed Raza Khan in Pakistan Movement 1920–1947''. Diss. Karachi: University of Karachi].<br /> * Azimbadi, Badr. (2005).''Great Personalities in Islam''. Adam Publishers.<br /> <br /> {{Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi}}<br /> {{Islamic theology}}<br /> {{Hanafi scholars}}<br /> {{Maturidi}}<br /> {{Portal bar|India|Islam|Philosophy|Pakistan|Society}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Khan Barelvi, Ahmed Rida}}<br /> [[Category:Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi| ]]<br /> [[Category:Islam in India]]<br /> [[Category:1856 births]]<br /> [[Category:1921 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Family of Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Ahmed]]<br /> [[Category:Barelvi]]<br /> [[Category:Barelvis]]<br /> [[Category:Mujaddid]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sufis]]<br /> [[Category:Sunni imams]]<br /> [[Category:Critics of Shia Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]<br /> [[Category:Hanafis]]<br /> [[Category:Maturidis]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Translators of the Quran into Urdu]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from British India]]<br /> [[Category:Barech]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male poets]]<br /> [[Category:Poets from British India]]<br /> [[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Muslim reformers]]<br /> [[Category:Scholars from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bareilly]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bareilly district]]<br /> [[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Critics of Ahmadiyya]]<br /> [[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]<br /> [[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samudra_Manthana&diff=532398 2026-04-28T10:46:46Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Adding details - done</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Samudra-Manthan-The-Churning-of-the-Ocean-of-Milk.jpg|thumb|The asuras (left) and devas (right) churn the Ocean of Milk.|340x340px]]{{short description|Hindu legend}}<br /> [[File:Sagar mathan (corrected version).jpg|thumb|350px|Various scenes from the Samudra Manthana episode]]<br /> [[File:Miniatur Samudramanthana di Museum Trowulan.jpg|thumb|250px|Miniature of Samudra Manthana from Majapahit era in the Museum of Trowulan in Indonesia]]<br /> [[File:Samudra Manthan in Suvarnabhumi Airport , Thailand.jpg|thumb|Samudra Manthana in Suvarnabhumi Airport, Thailand]]<br /> The '''Samudra Manthana''' ({{langx|sa|समुद्रमन्थन|lit=churning of the ocean}}) is a major episode in [[Hinduism]] that is elaborated in the [[Vishnu Purana]], a major text of [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=B. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8m441zg_KgC&amp;dq=churning+of+the+ocean+purana&amp;pg=PA25 |title=Vishnu Purana |date=2006 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-673-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Samudra Manthana explains the origin of the elixir of eternal life, [[amrita]].<br /> <br /> ==Nomenclature==<br /> <br /> *'''Sāgara manthana''' (सागरमन्थन) – ''Sāgara'' is another word for ''[[Samudra]]'', both meaning a sea or large water body.<br /> *'''Kshirasāgara manthana''' (क्षीरसागरमन्थन) – ''Kshirasāgara'' means the [[ocean of milk]] or milky ocean. ''Kshirasāgara'' = ''Kshira'' (milk) + ''Sāgara'' (ocean or sea).<br /> *'''Amrita Manthana''' (अमृतमन्थन) – ''Amrita'' means the elixir. “''Churning for the Elixir”''<br /> <br /> ==Legend==<br /> [[Indra]], the King of [[Svarga]], was riding on his divine elephant when he came across the sage [[Durvasa]], who offered him a special garland given to him by an [[apsara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfV5DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Durvasa+apsara&amp;pg=PT65 |title=The Book of Avatars and Divinities |date=2018-11-21 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-362-8 |pages=65 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The deity accepted the garland and placed it on the trunk (sometimes the tusks or the head of the elephant in some scriptures) of [[Airavata]] (his mount) as a testament to his humility. The flowers had a strong scent that attracted some bees. Annoyed by the bees, the elephant threw the garland on the ground. This enraged the sage, as the garland was a dwelling of ''[[Lakshmi|Sri]]'' (fortune) and was to be treated as a ''[[prasada]]'' or a religious offering. The goddess Lakshmi vanished into the oceans. Durvasa cursed Indra and all the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] to be bereft of all strength, energy, and fortune.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Indra+garland+Airavata&amp;pg=PT140 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=140 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=B. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8m441zg_KgC&amp;dq=durvasa+cursed+indra&amp;pg=PA24 |title=Vishnu Purana |date=2000 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-673-5 |pages=24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In the battles following the incident, the devas were defeated, and the [[asura]]s, led by [[Mahabali|Bali]], gained control over [[Trailokya|the three worlds]]. The devas sought [[Vishnu]]'s wisdom, who advised them to treat the asuras in a diplomatic manner. The devas formed an alliance with the asuras to jointly churn the ocean for the [[amrita|nectar of immortality]], and to share it among themselves. However, Vishnu assured the devas that he would arrange for them alone to obtain the nectar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=B. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8m441zg_KgC&amp;dq=churning+of+the+ocean+purana&amp;pg=PA25 |title=Vishnu Purana |date=2006 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-673-5 |pages=25 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Myths of the Hindus &amp; Buddhists - Shiva drinking the World-Poison.jpg|thumb|Shiva drinks the ''kalakuta'']]<br /> The churning of the [[Ocean of Milk]] was an extensive process. [[Mount Mandara]] was uprooted and used as the churning rod and [[Vasuki (snake)|Vasuki]], a [[Nāga|naga]] who resided on Shiva's neck, became the churning rope after being promised that he would get his share. While carrying the massive mountain, several devas and asuras fell to their deaths and some perished due to sheer exhaustion. Vishnu flew upon his mount [[Garuda]] and revived them all, and placed Mandara on his mount and carried it towards its destination, the midst of the ocean. Reaching their destination, Vasuki coiled himself around Mandara. Vishnu counseled the devas to tug from the head of the serpent and the asuras the tail, but perceiving it as inauspicious the asuras refused. The devas relented and held the tail henceforth and the churning commenced. However, Mandara was too enormous and sank to the bottom of the ocean. Vishnu, in the form of his [[Kurma]] avatara (lit. ''turtle''), came to the rescue and supported the mountain on his shell.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Klostermaier |first=Klaus K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avYkrkSmImcC&amp;dq=kurma+supported+mandara&amp;pg=PA241 |title=A Survey of Hinduism: Second Edition |date=1994-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-2109-3 |pages=241 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''Samudra Manthana'' bequeathed a panoply of substances from the Ocean of Milk. One of them was the lethal poison known as ''[[halahala]].'' In some variations of the story, the poison escaped from the mouth of [[Vasuki]] as the asuras and devas churned. This terrified the devas and the asuras because the poison was so powerful that it could destroy all of creation. The asuras were poisoned by fumes emitted by Vasuki. Despite this, the devas and the asuras pulled back and forth on the snake's body alternately, causing the mountain to rotate, which in turn churned the ocean. [[Shiva]] consumed the poison to protect the three worlds, the consumption of which gave a blue hue to his throat, offering him the epithet ''Neelakantha'' (the blue-throated one; &quot;neela&quot; = &quot;blue&quot;, &quot;kantha&quot; = &quot;throat&quot; in [[Sanskrit]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Purnendu Narayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIBBAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=churning+of+the+ocean+bhagavata+purana&amp;pg=PA169 |title=A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism |date=1901 |publisher=Freeman &amp; Company, Limited |pages=170 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Ratnas===<br /> <br /> [[File:Sagar Manthan.jpg|thumb|Samudra Manthana]]<br /> All kinds of herbs were cast into the ocean and fourteen [[wikt:ratna|ratna]]s (gems) were produced from it and were divided between the asuras and the devas. Though the ratnas are usually enumerated as 14, the list in the scriptures ranges from 9 to 14. According to the quality of the treasures produced, they were claimed by Shiva, Vishnu, Maharishis, the devas, and the asuras. There were three categories of goddesses who emerged from the ocean; most lists include:&lt;ref name=&quot;vp&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman |author-link=Horace Hayman Wilson|title=The Vishnu Purana|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp044.htm#fr_236|year=1840}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * [[Lakshmi]]: the goddess of prosperity and wealth, who chose Vishnu as her eternal consort.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwntDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=churning+of+the+ocean+kurma+purana&amp;pg=PA9 |title=The Kurma-Purana Part 1: Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 20 |last2=Tagare |first2=Dr G. V. |date=2000-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3887-1 |pages=9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Apsaras]]: divine damsels like [[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]], [[Menaka]], Punjisthala, and others, who chose the [[Gandharva|Gandharvas]] as their companions.<br /> * [[Varuni]]: the goddess of wine (sura) and the virgin daughter of [[Varuna]], accepted by the devas. (Some interpretations believe her acceptance to be the etymology of devas being termed as suras and the [[Daitya|daityas]] as asuras.)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Krishnan |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6SoDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=sura+and+asura+varuni&amp;pg=PT321 |title=Origin of Vedas |date=2019-08-12 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64587-981-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Likewise, three types of supernatural animals appeared:<br /> <br /> * [[Kamadhenu]] or Surabhi: the wish-granting cow, taken by [[Brahma]] and given to the sages so that the ghee from her milk could be used for [[yajna]]s and similar rituals.<br /> * [[Airavata]] and several other elephants, taken by Indra.<br /> * [[Uchhaishravas]]: the divine seven-headed horse, given to Bali.<br /> <br /> Three valuables were also produced:<br /> <br /> * [[Kaustubha]]: the most valuable ratnam (divine jewel) in the universe, claimed by Vishnu.<br /> * [[Kalpavriksha]]: a divine wish-fulfilling and flowering tree with blossoms that never fade or wilt, taken to [[Svarga|Indraloka]] by the devas.<br /> <br /> Additionally produced were:<br /> <br /> * [[Chandra]]: a crescent, claimed by Shiva.<br /> * [[Dhanvantari]]: the &quot;[[vaidya]] of the devas&quot; with [[amrita]], the nectar of immortality. (Sometimes considered as two separate [[wikt:Ratna|Ratna]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s)<br /> * [[Halahala]]: the poison swallowed by Shiva.<br /> <br /> This list varies among the different Puranas and it is also slightly different in the [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]]. Lists are completed by adding the following [[wikt:Ratna|ratnas]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;vp&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> * [[Panchajanya]]: Vishnu's conch<br /> * [[Jyestha (goddess)|Jyestha]] ([[Alakshmi]]): the goddess of misfortune<br /> * The umbrella taken by [[Varuna]]<br /> * The earrings given to [[Aditi]] by her son Indra<br /> * Nidradevi, goddess of sleep<br /> <br /> === Amrita ===<br /> Finally, [[Dhanvantari]], the God of Ayurveda emerged with a pot containing the [[Amrita|amṛta]], the heavenly nectar of immortality. Fighting ensued between the devas and the asuras for its possession. The Asuras took the Amrit from Dhanvantari and ran away.<br /> <br /> The devas appealed to Vishnu, who took the form of [[Mohini]], a beautiful and enchanting damsel. She enchanted the asuras into submitting to her terms. She made the devas and the asuras sit in two separate rows and distributed the nectar among the devas, who drank it. An asura named [[Svarbhanu]] disguised himself as a deva and drank some nectar. Due to their luminous nature, the deities of the sun and the moon, [[Surya]] and [[Chandra]], noticed this disguise. They informed [[Mohini]] who, cut off his head with her discus, the [[Sudarshana Chakra]]. From that day, his head was called [[Rahu]] and his body [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]], the Hindu myth behind eclipses. When all the Devas were served, Vishnu assumed his true form, riding on Garuda and departing to his abode. Realising that they had been deceived, the asuras engaged in combat with the devas, who had been bolstered by their consumption of amrita. Indra fought Bali, [[Kartikeya]] fought [[Tārakāsura|Taraka]], [[Varuna]] fought Heti, [[Yama]] fought Kalanabha, [[Brihaspati]] fought [[Shukra|Sukra]], [[Mitra (Hindu god)|Mitra]] fought Praheti, [[Vishvakarma]] fought [[Mayasura|Maya]], Vrishapati fought Jambha, [[Shani]] fought Naraka, [[Saraswati|Savitri]] fought [[Virochana|Vilochana]], [[Chandra]] fought [[Rahu]], [[Vayu]] fought [[Puloman]], and Aparajita fought Namuchi. There are also descriptions of duels between groups of beings: the [[Ashvins|Ashvini twins]] and Vrishaparva, [[Surya]] and the hundred sons of Bali, the sons of Brahma with [[Ilvala]] and Vatapi, the [[Maruts]] and the [[Nivatakavacha]], [[Kali]] with [[Sumbha and Nisumbha|Shumba and Nishumba]], the [[Rudras]] and the [[Krodhavasa|Krodavasas]], and the [[Vasu|Vasus]] and the Kaleyas. Rejuvenated by the amrita, the devas emerged victorious and exiled the asuras to the [[Patala|Patalaloka]], regaining [[Svarga]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Purnendu Narayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIBBAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=churning+of+the+ocean+bhagavata+purana&amp;pg=PA169 |title=A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism |date=1901 |publisher=Freeman &amp; Company, Limited |pages=172 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Origin of the Kumbha Mela ====<br /> <br /> Medieval [[Hindu theology]] extends this legend to state that while the asuras were carrying the amṛta away from the devas, some drops of the nectar fell at four different places on the Earth: [[Haridwar]], [[Prayagraj|Prayaga]] (Prayagraj),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/allahabad-to-be-renamed-as-prayagraj-a-look-at-up-govt-s-renaming-streak-1368908-2018-10-16|title = Allahabad to be renamed as Prayagraj: A look at UP govt's renaming streak}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Trimbak]] ([[Nashik district|Nashik]]), and [[Ujjain]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KM_2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |jstor=3591863 |title=Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbha Mela in Allahabad |author=Kama MacLean |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=62 |issue=3 |date=August 2003 |doi=10.2307/3591863 |pages=873–905 |s2cid=162404242 }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the legend, these places acquired a certain mystical power and spiritual value. A [[Kumbh Mela|Kumbha Mela]] is celebrated at these four places every twelve years for this reason. People believe that after bathing there during the Kumbha mela, one can attain [[moksha]].<br /> <br /> While several ancient texts, including the various [[Puranas]], mention the ''Samudra Manthana'' legend, none of them mentions the spilling of the amṛta at four places.&lt;ref name=&quot;KM_2003&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Arvind Krishna Mehrotra |title=The Last Bungalow: Writings on Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DRuAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-310118-5 |page=289 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Neither do these texts mention the Kumbha Mela. Therefore, multiple scholars, including R. B. Bhattacharya, D. P. Dubey and Kama Maclean believe that the ''Samudra Manthana'' legend has been applied to the Kumbha Mela relatively recently, in order to show scriptural authority for the mela.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kama_2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Kama Maclean |title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765-1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&amp;pg=PA5 |date=28 August 2008 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-533894-2 |pages=88–89 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Association with Mandar Parvat ====<br /> [[Mandar Parvat]], located in [[Banka district|Banka]] district of [[Bihar]], is believed by locals to be the actual site of Samudra Manthana. According to regional legends, the hill served as Mount Mandara used in the churning of the ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-banka-tourist-place-mandar-hill-is-special-for-three-religions-8449649.html|title = बांका स्थित मंदार पर्वत से देवताओं ने किया था समुद्र मंथन, आज भी देखने को मिलते हैं साक्ष्य}}&lt;/ref&gt; A nearby pond, Paapharni, is associated with the nectar (amrita) that emerged. Devotees believe all 14 divine treasures (ratnas) appeared here.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/bihar-banka-district-mandar-parvat-have-samudra-manthan-14-ratna-come-out-know-full-story-ann-1952901|title = Mandar Parvat: बिहार के बांका में है वो पर्वत जिससे हुआ था समुद्र मंथन, निकले थे 14 रत्न और कालकूट विष, जानें पूरी कहानी}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Comparative study==<br /> This episode has been analyzed [[comparative mythology|comparatively]] by [[Georges Dumézil]], who dubiously connected it to various historical &quot;Indo-European&quot; facts and even the European medieval legend of the [[Holy Grail]], reconstructing a proto-story (the &quot;[[ambrosia]] cycle&quot;, or &quot;cycle of the [[mead]]&quot;) about a theoretical [[trickster]] deity who steals the drink of immortality for mankind but fails in freeing humans from death. Dumézil later abandoned his theory, but the core of the idea was taken up by Jarich Oosten, who posits &quot;similarities&quot; with the [[Hymiskviða]]. In this Old Norse poem, beer is prepared for the gods by the [[jötnar|Jotunn]] sea god Ægir, after Thor and Tyr recover a giant kettle Ægir needs to make the beer. Oosten claims the serpent [[Jörmungandr]] takes the place of Vasuki, although his role in the story is not at all similar or comparable.&lt;ref name=&quot;eiec&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |first1=J. P. |last1=Mallory |editor-first1=J. P. |editor-last1=Mallory |editor-first2=Douglas Q. |editor-last2=Adams |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture]] |title=Sacred drink |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |year=1997 |page=538}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Hinduism}}<br /> *[[Dasavatar|Dashavatara]]<br /> *[[Hindu mythological wars]]<br /> *[[Kshira Sagara]]<br /> *[[Tarakamaya War]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Samudra manthan}}<br /> * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01019.htm The story of the churning as found in the Mahabharata]<br /> * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp044.htm The story of the churning as found in the Vishnu Purana]<br /> * [http://www.valmikiramayan.net/utf8/baala/sarga45/bala_45_prose.htm The story of the churning as found in the Ramayana]<br /> <br /> {{HinduMythology}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Puranas]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tughlakabad_Assembly_constituency&diff=542026 2026-04-18T23:44:01Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Adding new details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Legislative assembly seat in Delhi}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Tughlakabad<br /> | mla = [[Sahi Ram]]<br /> | party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> | state = [[Delhi]]<br /> | district = [[South East Delhi]]<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | constituency_no = 52<br /> }}<br /> '''Tughlakabad Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the [[National Capital Territory]] in northern India.<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> The Tughlakabad constituency with its present geographical structure came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;eci1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/?do=download&amp;csrfKey=02721dd9abd1d73c11d9d2f21b6d0d18|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=552}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Tughlakabad is part of [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]] along with nine other Assembly segments, namely, [[Bijwasan (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bijwasan]], [[Sangam Vihar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sangam Vihar]], [[Ambedkar Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]], [[Chhatarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Chhatarpur]], [[Deoli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Deoli]], [[Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kalkaji]], [[Palam (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Palam]], [[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]] and [[Mehrauli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mehrauli]].<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]|| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Shish Pal|| {{party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]|| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Ramesh Bidhuri]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]|| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Sahi Ram]] || {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> === 2025 ===<br /> &lt;!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --&gt; &lt;section begin=&quot;Assembly Election 2025&quot;/&gt; <br /> {{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Tughlakabad&lt;ref name=&quot;Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Tughlakabad&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Tughlakabad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0552.htm |access-date=20 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320143005/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0552.htm |archive-date=20 March 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tughlakabad Constituency Election Results 2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Tughlakabad Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/tughlakabad |access-date=20 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320142957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/tughlakabad |archive-date=20 March 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> | candidate = [[Sahi Ram]]<br /> | votes = 62155<br /> | percentage = <br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = Rohtash Kumar <br /> | votes = 47444<br /> | percentage = <br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = Virender Singh <br /> | votes = 2313<br /> | percentage = <br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Party <br /> | candidate = Amjad Hasan<br /> | votes = 1606<br /> | percentage = <br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Rashtriya Bahujan Congress Party<br /> | candidate = Khursheed Abbas Zaidi<br /> | votes = 133<br /> | percentage = <br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = NOTA<br /> | candidate = None of the above<br /> | votes = 323<br /> | percentage =<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> | votes = <br /> | percentage = <br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> | votes = <br /> | percentage =<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> | winner = <br /> | loser = <br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> &lt;section end=&quot;Assembly Election 2020&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2020 ===<br /> &lt;!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --&gt; &lt;section begin=&quot;Assembly Election 2020&quot;/&gt; <br /> {{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Tughlakabad}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> | candidate = [[Sahi Ram]]<br /> | votes = 58,905<br /> | percentage = 54.51 <br /> | change = -7.89<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = [[Vikram Bidhuri]]<br /> | votes = 45,147<br /> | percentage = 41.77<br /> | change = +12.07<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = Shubham Sharma<br /> | votes = 1,342<br /> | percentage = 1.24<br /> | change = -2.90<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | candidate = Manoj Kumar Ray<br /> | votes = 1,316<br /> | percentage = 1.23<br /> | change = -0.72<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = None of the above<br /> | candidate = None of the above<br /> | votes = 384<br /> | percentage = 0.36<br /> | change = -0.01<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> | votes = 13,757<br /> | percentage = 12.73<br /> | change = -13.14<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> | votes = 1,08,098<br /> | percentage =60.84<br /> | change =-5.53<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> | winner = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> | loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> &lt;section end=&quot;Assembly Election 2020&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> &lt;!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --&gt; &lt;section begin=&quot;Assembly Election 2015&quot;/&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Tughlakabad}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> | candidate = [[Sahi Ram]]<br /> | votes = 64,311<br /> | percentage = 62.40<br /> | change = +48.11<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = [[Vikram Bidhuri]]<br /> | votes = 30,610<br /> | percentage = 29.70<br /> | change = -9.28<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = Sachin<br /> | votes = 4,269<br /> | percentage = 4.14<br /> | change = -7.07<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | candidate = Giriraj Singh<br /> | votes = 2,015<br /> | percentage = 1.95<br /> | change = -30.22<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> | candidate = Abdul Basit<br /> | votes = 236<br /> | percentage = 0.22<br /> | change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = None of the above<br /> | candidate = None of the above<br /> | votes = 383<br /> | percentage = 0.37<br /> | change = -0.15<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> | votes = 33,701<br /> | percentage = 32.70<br /> | change = +25.88<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> | votes = 1,03,087<br /> | percentage =66.37<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> | winner = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> | loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | swing = +43.47<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> &lt;section end=&quot;Assembly Election 2015&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2013 ===<br /> &lt;!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --&gt; &lt;section begin=&quot;Assembly Election 2013&quot;/&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Tughlakabad &lt;ref&gt;[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=52 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = [[Ramesh Bidhuri]]<br /> | votes = 34,009<br /> | percentage = 38.98<br /> | change = -2.01<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | candidate = <br /> [[Sahi Ram]]<br /> | votes = 28,063<br /> | percentage = 32.17<br /> | change = +1.52<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> | candidate = Manoj Kumar Ray<br /> | votes = 12,465<br /> | percentage = 14.29<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = Om Prakash<br /> | votes = 9,781<br /> | percentage = 11.21<br /> | change = -14.78<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Shish Pal<br /> | votes = 1,269<br /> | percentage = 1.45<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> | candidate = Mohd Shabbir<br /> | votes = 460<br /> | percentage = 0.53<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Hansraj Nagar<br /> | votes = 195<br /> | percentage = 0.22<br /> | change = -0.43<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Amit Bidhuri<br /> | votes = 177<br /> | percentage = 0.20<br /> | change = -0.02<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Rekha Singh<br /> | votes = 115<br /> | percentage = 0.13<br /> | change = -0.06<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Birju Nayak<br /> | votes = 108<br /> | percentage = 0.12<br /> | change = -0.17<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Mahipal Singh<br /> | votes = 81<br /> | percentage = 0.09<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Balveer<br /> | votes = 60<br /> | percentage = 0.07<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = None of the above<br /> | candidate = None<br /> | votes = 457<br /> | percentage = 0.52<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 5,946<br /> | percentage = 6.82<br /> | change = +5.48<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 87,274<br /> | percentage = 66.19<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | swing = -2.01<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> &lt;section end=&quot;Assembly Election 2013&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2008 ===<br /> &lt;!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --&gt; &lt;section begin=&quot;Assembly Election 2008&quot;/&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;Assembly Election 2008&quot;/&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Tughlakabad&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = [[Ramesh Bidhuri]]<br /> | votes = 32,633<br /> | percentage = 40.99<br /> | change = -9.11<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | candidate = <br /> [[Sahi Ram]] <br /> | votes = 24,399<br /> | percentage = 30.65<br /> | change = +21.75<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = Shish Pal Singh<br /> | votes = 20,692<br /> | percentage = 25.99<br /> | change = +10.30<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Hans Raj Nagar<br /> | votes = 519<br /> | percentage = 0.65<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Rashtriya Bahujan Congress Party<br /> | candidate = Munna<br /> | votes = 265<br /> | percentage = 0.33<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Birju Nayak<br /> | votes = 228<br /> | percentage = 0.29<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Rajeshwari Meena<br /> | votes = 191<br /> | percentage = 0.24<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Rekha Singh<br /> | votes = 154<br /> | percentage = 0.19<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Amit Bidhuri<br /> | votes = 146<br /> | percentage = 0.18<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Lok Jan Shakti Party<br /> | candidate = Sudesh<br /> | votes = 120<br /> | percentage = 0.15<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Naresh Jain<br /> | votes = 112<br /> | percentage = 0.14<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Atibal Singh<br /> | votes = 84<br /> | percentage = 0.11<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Prakash Chand<br /> | votes = 62<br /> | percentage = 0.08<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 8,234<br /> | percentage = 10.34<br /> | change = -18.60<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 79,605<br /> | percentage = 55.5<br /> | change = -0.06<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | swing = -9.11<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2003===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Tughlakabad&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = [[Ramesh Bidhuri]]<br /> | votes = 41,523<br /> | percentage = 50.10<br /> | change = +11.65<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Shish Pal Singh<br /> | votes = 17,540<br /> | percentage = 21.16<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = Vir Singh<br /> | votes = 13,001<br /> | percentage = 15.69<br /> | change = -33.90<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | candidate = Anand Kumar Gupta<br /> | votes = 7,379<br /> | percentage = 8.90<br /> | change = +4.71<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Durga Devi<br /> | votes = 675<br /> | percentage = 0.81<br /> | change = +0.36<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = R P Pokhriyal<br /> | votes = 576<br /> | percentage = 0.69<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Samajwadi Party<br /> | candidate = Mubin Idrisi<br /> | votes = 312<br /> | percentage = 0.38<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> | candidate = Raza Hussain<br /> | votes = 277<br /> | percentage = 0.33<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Jan Samanta Party<br /> | candidate = Arjun Singh<br /> | votes = 225<br /> | percentage = 0.27<br /> | change = -0.05<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Krishna Devi<br /> | votes = 224<br /> | percentage = 0.27<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br /> | candidate = Kusum Sharma<br /> | votes = 221<br /> | percentage = 0.27<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Ghanshyam Dhir<br /> | votes = 220<br /> | percentage = 0.27<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Rashtriya Samajwadi Party (United)<br /> | candidate = O P Srivastava<br /> | votes = 204<br /> | percentage = 0.25<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Dalit Muslim Vikas Party<br /> | candidate = Sameen Bhai<br /> | votes = 149<br /> | percentage = 0.18<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Labour Party (Secular)<br /> | candidate = Tilak Singh<br /> | votes = 149<br /> | percentage = 0.18<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian Justice Party<br /> | candidate = Shiv Narayan Dubey<br /> | votes = 91<br /> | percentage = 0.11<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Karmveer Singh<br /> | votes = 69<br /> | percentage = 0.08<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Om Pal Singh<br /> | votes = 50<br /> | percentage = 0.06<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 23,983<br /> | percentage = 28.94<br /> | change = +17.80<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 82,885<br /> | percentage = 55.56<br /> | change = +5.92<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | swing = +11.65<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1998===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Tughlakabad&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = '''Shish Pal Singh'''<br /> | votes = 39,551<br /> | percentage = 49.59<br /> | change = +24.34<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = Ramesh Bidhuri<br /> | votes = 30,672<br /> | percentage = 38.45<br /> | change = +16.77<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | candidate = Dharam Vir Singh<br /> | votes = 3,342<br /> | percentage = 4.19<br /> | change = +0.42<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Babu Lal<br /> | votes = 2,834<br /> | percentage = 3.55<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Sunil Mehta<br /> | votes = 683<br /> | percentage = 0.86<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Dharam Pal Singh<br /> | votes = 666<br /> | percentage = 0.83<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Janata Dal<br /> | candidate = Gaj Raj Singh<br /> | votes = 587<br /> | percentage = 0.74<br /> | change = -16.49<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Durga Devi<br /> | votes = 361<br /> | percentage = 0.45<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Jan Samanta Party<br /> | candidate = Vicki Khan<br /> | votes = 257<br /> | percentage = 0.32<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Kusum Rani<br /> | votes = 194<br /> | percentage = 0.24<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = All India Rashtriya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = Gopal Jha<br /> | votes = 168<br /> | percentage = 0.21<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Nuruddin Khan<br /> | votes = 90<br /> | percentage = 0.11<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Dr Abdur Kadir Burney<br /> | votes = 79<br /> | percentage = 0.10<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)<br /> | candidate = Mahesh Joshi<br /> | votes = 73<br /> | percentage = 0.09<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Shiv Sena<br /> | candidate = Kulwant Singh<br /> | votes = 53<br /> | percentage = 0.07<br /> | change = -0.09<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Raja Ram<br /> | votes = 45<br /> | percentage = 0.06<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = National Loktantrik Party<br /> | candidate = Mohd Sabir<br /> | votes = 41<br /> | percentage = 0.05<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Subash Chand Akela<br /> | votes = 39<br /> | percentage = 0.05<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Richhpal Singh<br /> | votes = 28<br /> | percentage = 0.04<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 8,879<br /> | percentage = 11.14<br /> | change = +5.87<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 79,763<br /> | percentage = 49.64<br /> | change = -11.49<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Indian National Congress<br /> | swing = +24.34<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1993===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Tughlakabad&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = '''Shish Pal'''<br /> | votes = 14,683<br /> | percentage = 30.52<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = Shyama Sinha<br /> | votes = 12,151<br /> | percentage = 25.25<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = Ramesh Bidhuri<br /> | votes = 10,434<br /> | percentage = 21.68<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Janata Dal<br /> | candidate = Manoj Choudhary<br /> | votes = 8,290<br /> | percentage = 17.23<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | candidate = Dharamvir Singh<br /> | votes = 1,812<br /> | percentage = 3.77<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian Peoples Front<br /> | candidate = Sheo Mangal<br /> | votes = 128<br /> | percentage = 0.27<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Jaswant Rai Vig<br /> | votes = 101<br /> | percentage = 0.21<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Chander Gupta<br /> | votes = 83<br /> | percentage = 0.17<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = All India Forward Bloc<br /> | candidate = Ranbir Kumar<br /> | votes = 80<br /> | percentage = 0.17<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Shiv Sena<br /> | candidate = Ram Kumar Gupta<br /> | votes = 78<br /> | percentage = 0.16<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Samajwadi Party<br /> | candidate = Pyare Miyan<br /> | votes = 64<br /> | percentage = 0.13<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Doordarshi Party<br /> | candidate = Ram Chander<br /> | votes = 52<br /> | percentage = 0.11<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Akhil Bharatiya Janata Vikas Party<br /> | candidate = Jaya Bala<br /> | votes = 46<br /> | percentage = 0.10<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Kali Charan Pipal<br /> | votes = 45<br /> | percentage = 0.09<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = S K Jindal<br /> | votes = 32<br /> | percentage = 0.07<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Jagpal Singh<br /> | votes = 19<br /> | percentage = 0.04<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Sunehri Lal Tanwar<br /> | votes = 19<br /> | percentage = 0.04<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 2,532<br /> | percentage = 5.27<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 48,117<br /> | percentage = 61.13<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Independent (politician)<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> [[Tughlakabad (Delhi Metro)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}<br /> {{coords|28.514|77.269|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:South East Delhi district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]<br /> [[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raju_Basnet&diff=528804 2026-04-16T16:52:46Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: stub.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian MLA from Sikkim}}<br /> {{about||the Nepalese cricketer|Raju Basnyat}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Raju Basnet<br /> | image = File:Shri Raju Basnet at NIT Sikkim 2024.jpg<br /> | caption = Shri Raju Basnet in 2024<br /> | office = [[Second Tamang ministry|Minister of Education Department, Law Department and Sports &amp; Youth Affairs Department]]<br /> | term_start = 11 June 2024<br /> | term_end =<br /> | governor = [[Lakshman Acharya]]&lt;br&gt;[[Om Prakash Mathur]]<br /> | 1blankname = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata = [[Prem Singh Tamang]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Kunga Nima Lepcha]]<br /> | office1 = [[Second Tamang ministry|Parliamentary Affairs]]<br /> | term_start1 = 11 June 2024<br /> | term_end1 = <br /> | governor1 = [[Lakshman Acharya]]&lt;br&gt;[[Om Prakash Mathur]]<br /> | 1blankname1 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata1 = [[Prem Singh Tamang]]<br /> | predecessor1 = <br /> | office5 = [[11th Sikkim Assembly|Member of Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start5 = 1 June 2024<br /> | term_end5 = <br /> | predecessor5 = [[Em Prasad Sharma]]<br /> | successor5 = <br /> | constituency5 = [[Namchaybong Assembly constituency|Namchaybong]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|55|2024}}<br /> | birth_place = Chalamthang, [[Pakyong]], [[Sikkim]]<br /> | father = <br /> | party = [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]<br /> | other_party = <br /> | occupation = Bureaucrat, politician<br /> | education = [[Master of Business Administration]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Sikkim Manipal University]] <br /> }}<br /> '''Raju Basnet''' (born 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Sikkim]] state. He is an MLA from [[Namchaybong Assembly constituency]] in [[Pakyong district]]. He represents [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]] Party and won the [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Raju Basnet , SKM Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Raju Basnet , Lok Sabha Constituency Seat - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/sikkim/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/raju-basnet-21022-4 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=www.ndtv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is Minister of Education, Sports &amp; Youth Affairs, Law &amp; Parliamentary Affairs Department in [[Second Tamang ministry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 July 2024 |title=Council of Ministers |url=https://sikkim.gov.in/mygovernment/whos-who/council-of-ministers |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=[[Government of Sikkim]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Basnet is from Chalamthang, [[Pakyong district]], Sikkim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ex-bureaucrat Raju Basnet ready to take political plunge |url=https://sikkimexpress.com/ex-bureaucrat-raju-basnet-ready-to-take-political-plunge |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Sikkimexpress |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His father Lall Das Basnett was a farmer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Raju Basnet (Sikkim Krantikari Morcha): Constituency- NAMCHEYBUNG (PAKYONG) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Sikkim2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=69 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; He completed his MBA in Banking and Finance at [[Sikkim Manipal University]] in 2012. He took voluntary retirement as a government employee after 33 years of service. He joined the State Mechanical Engineering Service in January 1991 as an assistant engineer and went on to work in 20 posts in seven departments. Before taking retirement, he was the secretary to the government in the transport department for five years, from 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Basnet won the [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]] Party from [[Namchaybong Assembly constituency|Namchaybong]] Assembly constituency. He polled 7,195 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] of [[Sikkim Democratic Front]], by a margin of 2,256 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-06-02 |title=Namcheybung Assembly Election Result 2024: SKM's Raju Basnet emerges as winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/namcheybung-assembly-election-results-2024-namcheybung-sikkim-elections-polls-result-winner/articleshow/110636256.cms |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Raju Basnet, SKM Candidate from Namcheybung Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History &amp; Political Journey, Winning or Losing – News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/sikkim/raju-basnet-assembly-candidate-s21aed2008a022e2024c003/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Basnet, Raju}}<br /> [[Category:1969 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Sikkim MLAs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha politicians]]<br /> [[Category:People from Pakyong district]]<br /> [[Category:Sikkim Manipal University alumni]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Street_(film)&diff=537666 2026-04-15T14:21:58Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Street<br /> | image = Street (film).jpg<br /> | caption =<br /> | director = [[Anil (director)|Anil]]—[[Babu Narayanan|Babu]]<br /> | producer = Koshi<br /> | writer = [[Kaloor Dennis]]<br /> | screenplay = Kaloor Dennis<br /> | starring = [[Babu Antony]]&lt;br&gt;[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]&lt;br&gt;[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]&lt;br&gt;[[Bheeman Raghu]]<br /> | music = Tomin Thachankari<br /> | cinematography = Sanjeev Shankar<br /> | editing = P. C. Mohanan<br /> | studio = MP Productions<br /> | distributor = MP Productions<br /> | released = {{Film date|1995|01|13|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 124 minutes<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Street''''' is a 1995 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film directed by [[Anil (director)|Anil]]—[[Babu Narayanan|Babu]] and produced by Koshi and Palamuttam Majeed. The film stars [[Babu Antony]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and [[Bheeman Raghu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/babu-antony-shares-his-experience-working-with-vikram-for-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/85685137.cms|title=Babu Antony shares his experience working with Vikram for ‘Ponniyin Selvan’|date=27 August 2021|work= The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chiyaan-vikrams-selfie-with-popular-villain-and-ponniyin-selvan-co-star/articleshow/85684631.cms|title=Chiyaan Vikram's selfie with popular villain and Ponniyin Selvan co-star|date=27 August 2021|work= The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film has musical score by Tomin Thachankari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2830|title=Street|accessdate=2014-09-27|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> *[[Babu Antony]] as Guruji a.k.a. Roy Cherian<br /> *[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Professor Vijayalakshmi<br /> *[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Sajeev <br /> *[[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Vinod<br /> *[[Rasheed Ummer]] as Ajay, Sajeev's friend <br /> *[[Shammi Thilakan]] as Sudhi<br /> *[[Anju (actress)|Anju]] as Anitha<br /> *[[Bheeman Raghu]] as Prathapan Muthalali, Sajeev's uncle <br /> *[[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Pradeep<br /> *[[Riza Bava]] as Joseph CI, police officer<br /> *[[Indrans]] as Usman<br /> *[[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Gopalan, Vijayalakshmi's father<br /> *[[N. F. Varghese]] as Advocate Zachariah Varghese<br /> *[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abusalim]] as Anil, Goonda <br /> *[[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Hafeez, Goonda<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The music was composed by Tomin Thachankari.<br /> <br /> {| border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> | '''No.''' || '''Song''' || '''Singers''' ||'''Lyrics''' || '''Length (m:ss)'''<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || &quot;Anchalum Nammal&quot; || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Biju, Siva || Chittoor Gopi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || &quot;Mozhiyil Kilimozhi&quot; || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Chittoor Gopi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || &quot;Streettil Tharikidathom&quot; || [[Suresh Peters]], Shahul Hameed || Chittoor Gopi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || &quot;Thaaraatti Njan&quot; || [[Sujatha Mohan]], Sangeetha (New) || Chittoor Gopi ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0356079}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1995 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1995 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> {{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bargarh_Assembly_constituency&diff=489829 2026-04-14T03:17:09Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: creating a page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Bargarh}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Bargarh<br /> | state = [[Odisha]]<br /> | constituency_no = 3<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | division = Northen Division<br /> | district = [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Bargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bargarh]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = <br /> | mla = [[Ashwini Kumar Sarangi]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | electors = 2,17,952{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bargarh''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] [[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Bargarh district]] in [[Odisha]] [[States and union territories of India|State]]. It was established in 1951.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317193120/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-date=2024-03-17 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Extent of Assembly Constituencies ==<br /> <br /> * Bargarh Block<br /> * Barpali Block: Katapali, Mahulpali, Kusanpuri, Lenda, Bagbadi, Baramkela and Kanbar GPs <br /> * Bargarh Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Elected members==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp127.htm|title= 127 - Bargarh Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 27 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|46.34}}<br /> {{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.48}}<br /> {{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|40.67}}<br /> {{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.38}}<br /> {{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|42.10}}<br /> {{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|63.43}}<br /> {{bar percent|1998 (bypoll)|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|47.98}}<br /> {{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|49.34}}<br /> {{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|64.85}}<br /> {{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.21}}<br /> {{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|60.00}}<br /> {{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|55.42}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held during till date including one bypoll in 1998. It was 2 member constituency for 1957 elections.<br /> <br /> List of members elected from [[Bargarh]] constituency are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=February 20, 2014 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=December 17, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bargarh Assembly Election Results 2024: Bargarh Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/bargarh-constituency-result-18003 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Ashwini Kumar Sarangi]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Debesh Acharya]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> |Sadhu Nepak<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |rowspan=3|Ananda Acharya<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> |-<br /> |1998 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of [[Prasanna Acharya]] on his election to Lok Sabha}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Baragarh 1998 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/423 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=IndiaVotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Prasanna Acharya]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |rowspan=2|Jadumani Pradhan<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |rowspan=2|Nabin Kumar Pradhan<br /> |{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> |Chittaranjan Kar<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |Bharat Chandra Hota<br /> |{{full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]<br /> |Gananath Pradhan<br /> |{{full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}<br /> |Nikunja Bihari Singh<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Ganatantra Parishad}}<br /> |-<br /> |Mahananda Bahadur<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<br /> |Tirthabasi Pradhan <br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> Voting were held on 20 May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election &amp; 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Ashwini Kumar Sarangi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Debesh Acharya]] by a margin of 4,772 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin <br /> |title = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: [[Bargarh]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Ashwini Kumar Sarangi]]<br /> |votes = 77,766<br /> |percentage = 46.34<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Debesh Acharya]]<br /> |votes = 72,994<br /> |percentage = 43.5<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Nipon Kumar Dash<br /> |votes = 10,272<br /> |percentage = 6.12<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 1187<br /> |percentage = 0.71<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 4,772<br /> |percentage = 2.84<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,67,820<br /> |percentage = 77<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2019 ===<br /> In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Debesh Acharya]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Ashwini Kumar Sarangi]] by a margin of 8,452 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: [[Bargarh]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SP Ass Cand&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Debesh Acharya]]<br /> |votes = 75,133<br /> |percentage = 46.48<br /> |change = {{increase}}5.81<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Ashwini Kumar Sarangi]]<br /> |votes = 66,681<br /> |percentage = 41.25<br /> |change = {{increase}}25.69<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Nipon Kumar Dash<br /> |votes = 16,305<br /> |percentage = 10.09<br /> |change = {{decrease}}21.53<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 1,790<br /> |percentage = 1.11<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 8,452<br /> |percentage = 5.22<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,61,640<br /> |percentage = 72.84<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2014===<br /> In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Debesh Acharya]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Sadhu Nepak by a margin of 13,204 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|access-date=2014-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> |title = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: [[Bargarh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Odisha - Bargarh|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS183.htm?ac=3|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014|archive-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529141629/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS183.htm?ac=3|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Bargarh (3)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&amp;cid=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529122949/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&amp;cid=3|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 May 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Debesh Acharya]]<br /> |votes = 59,350<br /> |percentage = 40.67<br /> |change = {{increase}}1.99<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Sadhu Nepak<br /> |votes = 46,146<br /> |percentage = 31.62<br /> |change = {{decrease}}8.76<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Ashwini Kumar Sarangi]]<br /> |votes = 22,707<br /> |percentage = 15.56<br /> |change = {{increase}}6.41<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 1,754<br /> |percentage = 1.2<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 13,204<br /> |percentage = 9.05<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,45,919<br /> |percentage = 73.49<br /> |change = 8.54<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 1,98,554<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2009===<br /> In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Sadhu Nepak defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Ananda Acharya by 1,969 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=1969 |accessdate=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> |title = [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: [[Bargarh]]&lt;ref name=election2009&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Sadhu Nepak<br /> |votes = 46,762<br /> |percentage = 40.38<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = Ananda Acharya<br /> |votes = 44,793<br /> |percentage = 38.68<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Sureswar Satapathy<br /> |votes = 10,594<br /> |percentage = 9.15<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 1,969<br /> |percentage = ''1.70''{{efn|%of total valid votes}}<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,16,825<br /> |percentage =64.95 <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Bargarh district}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}<br /> {{coord|21.34|83.63|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bargarh district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Women%27s_League&diff=496094 2026-04-13T10:20:46Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian regional women's association football league in Delhi}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox football league<br /> | name = Delhi Women's Premier League<br /> | logo = <br /> | pixels = <br /> | country = India<br /> | organiser = [[Delhi Soccer Association]]<br /> | founded = {{start date and age|2021|df=y}}<br /> | teams = 10<br /> | promotion = [[Indian Women's League 2]]<br /> | relegation = <br /> | levels = [[Indian football league system#Women's|3–4]]<br /> | domestic cup = <br /> | confed_cup = <br /> | champions = [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]] (2nd title)<br /> | most_champs = Hans FC&lt;br/&gt;[[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]] (2 titles each)<br /> | season = 2024–25<br /> | tv = SportsCast India ([[YouTube]])<br /> | website = [https://www.footballdelhi.com/womens-league Official website]<br /> | current = <br /> }}<br /> [[File:FD Women's League.svg|thumb|200px|Former logo (2020–23)]]<br /> The '''Delhi Women's League''' is the top division of women's [[association football|football]] league in the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Delhi]]. It has been founded under the current name in 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;fdwl&quot; &gt;{{cite web|title=Football Delhi Women's League &amp; Women's Premier League |url=https://theawayend.co/football-delhi-womens-league/ |website=The Away End |access-date=17 April 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Inaugural season was played with 10 teams divided into 2 groups, with Hans FC becoming the champions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women's League {{!}} Football Delhi |url=https://www.footballdelhi.com/womens-league/ |access-date=2022-03-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-05 |title=Delhi Women's Premier League: Hans Women FC Win Inaugural Edition |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/delhi-women-s-premier-league-hans-women-fc-claim-claim-inaugural-edition-news-185413 |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=outlookindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tournament also serves as qualification for the IWL 2nd Division.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Women's League: Football Delhi signs deal with Petroleum Board |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/womens-premier-league-football-delhi-signs-deal-with-petroleum-sports-promotion-board/cid/1879756 |website=The Telegraph |access-date=12 August 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == League structure ==<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Delhi Women's League<br /> |-<br /> !Tier<br /> !Division<br /> |-<br /> !I&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sub&gt;(3 on Indian Women's Football [[Indian football league system|Pyramid]])&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> |Delhi Women's Premier League<br /> |-<br /> !II&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sub&gt;(4 on Indian Women's Football [[Indian football league system|Pyramid]])&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> |Delhi Women's Championship<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Clubs==<br /> ===2024–25 season===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> ! No. !! Team<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || City FC<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || Rangers SC<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || [[HOPS FC|HOPS]]<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || Royal Rangers FC<br /> |-<br /> | 7 || Eves SC<br /> |-<br /> | 8 || Eimi Heroes FC<br /> |-<br /> | 9 || Signature FC<br /> |-<br /> | 10 || Ahbab FC<br /> |-<br /> | 11 || Hans Capital FC<br /> |-<br /> | 12 || [[Delhi United FC|Delhi United]]<br /> |-<br /> | 13 || Juba Sangha FC<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Champions ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Edition !! Season !! Champion !! Runners-up<br /> |-<br /> | 1st || 2020–21 || Hans FC || [[HOPS FC|HOPS]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd || 2021–22 || Hans FC || Signature FC<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd || 2022–23 || [[HOPS FC|HOPS]] || [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]<br /> |-<br /> | 4th || 2023–24 || [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]] || Rangers SC<br /> |-<br /> | 5th || 2024–25 || [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]] || [[Juba Sangha FC|Juba Sangha]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Football in India}}<br /> {{Sports leagues of India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Football in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Regional women's football leagues in India]]<br /> [[Category:Sports leagues established in 2021]]<br /> [[Category:2021 establishments in Delhi]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palashi_Monument&diff=523878 2026-04-09T08:38:17Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Monument in West Bengal, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> [[File:Plassey Monument.jpg|thumb|Plassey Monument]]<br /> {{Coord|23.795064551|88.2488519577|display=title}}<br /> '''Palashi Monument''' is a monument at [[Palashi|Palashi (Plassey)]], [[Nadia district]], in the state of [[West Bengal]]. This was erected in memory of the [[Battle of Plassey]] fought between Sir [[Robert Clive]], commander of the British [[East India Company]] and Nawab [[Siraj ud-Daulah]] on 23 June 1757.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Palashi|title=Palashi|last=The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica|date=|website=britannica.com|access-date=15 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The nondescript Palashi, which once altered the history of India! |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/the-nondescript-palashi-which-once-altered-the-history-of-india |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially this victory memorial was stoned here in 1883, which was rebuilt later at the period of [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Palashi {{!}} Nadia District, Government of West Bengal {{!}} India |url=https://nadia.gov.in/tourist-place/palashi/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The monument is under preservation of [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. In 2007, on the 250th anniversary of the battle, a statue of Siraj ud-Daulah was established by [[All India Forward Bloc]] leader [[Debabrata Biswas (politician)|Debabrata Biswas]] on behalf of India-[[Pakistan]]-[[Bangladesh]] People's Forum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6242346.stm|title=Plassey rekindles Indian anti-imperialism|first=Subir | last=Bhaumik|date=29 June 2007|publisher=BBC News|access-date=17 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> The monument was established in the bank of the [[Bhagirathi River]] and beside Plassey Sugar Mill which is popularly known as plassey battlefield.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-12 |title=পলাশীর প্রান্তর, স্বাধীনতার প্রথম রণাঙ্গণ আজ ধুলোমলিন... |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/features/what-is-the-current-condition-of-battle-of-plassey-dc-641292.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; But the actual battlefield has been partially washed away by a shift of the river.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Frontier articles on Society &amp; Politics |url=https://www.frontierweekly.com/views/nov-19/10-11-19-Battle%20Field%20of%20Palashi.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.frontierweekly.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The place is located from almost 150&amp;nbsp;km from [[Kolkata]] and 7&amp;nbsp;km from the [[Plassey railway station]].{{cn|date=August 2023}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline|Palashi Monument}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Towers in India]]<br /> [[Category:Monuments and memorials in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Martyrs' monuments and memorials]]<br /> [[Category:Indian military memorials and cemeteries]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Nadia district]]<br /> [[Category:Siraj ud-Daulah]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occupational_Safety,_Health_and_Working_Conditions_Code,_2020&diff=474574 2026-03-26T22:42:17Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Act of Indian Parliament}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=September 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox legislation<br /> | short_title = Occupational Safety, Health And Working Conditions Code, 2020<br /> | legislature = [[Parliament of India]]<br /> | imagesize = 100<br /> | imagealt = Emblem of India<br /> | long_title = {{small|An Act to consolidate and amend the laws regulating the occupational safety, health and working<br /> conditions of the persons employed in an establishment.}}<br /> |considered_by = [[Parliament of India]]<br /> | citation = {{citation |url= http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222112.pdf |title= Act No. 37 of 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929181312/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222112.pdf|archive-date= 2020-09-29}}<br /> | territorial_extent = India<br /> | enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]<br /> | date_enacted = {{start date|2020|9|22}}<br /> | enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]<br /> | date_enacted2 = {{start date|2020|9|23}}<br /> | date_assented = {{start date|2020|9|28}}<br /> | date_signed =<br /> | signed_by = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br /> | date_effective = {{start date|2025|11|21}}<br /> | bill = <br /> | bill_citation = [https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Occupational%20Safety%2C%20Health%20And%20Working%20Conditions%20Code%2C%202020.pdfBill No. 122 of 2020]<br /> | bill_date = {{start date|2020|9|19}}<br /> |1st_reading = {{start date|2020|9|22}}<br /> |2nd_reading = {{start date|2020|9|23}}<br /> |3rd_reading = <br /> | introduced_by = [[Santosh Gangwar]] &lt;br/&gt;{{small|[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of State (IC) Labour and Employment]]}} |committee_report = Report of Second [[National Commission on Labour]]<br /> | repeals = {{small| <br /> * [[Factories Act, 1948 (India)|Factories Act, 1948]]<br /> * Plantations Labour Act, 1951<br /> * Mines Act, 1952<br /> * Working Journalists and other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1955<br /> * Working Journalists (Fixation of Rates of Wages) Act, 1958<br /> * Motor Transport Workers Act, 1961<br /> * Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966<br /> * Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970<br /> * Sales Promotion Employees (Conditions of Service) Act, 1976<br /> * Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979<br /> * Cine-Workers and Cinema Theatre Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1981<br /> * Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Act, 1986<br /> * Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996<br /> }}<br /> | amends =<br /> | white_paper = <br /> | keywords = <br /> | status = in force<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020''' is a [[Code of law|code]] to consolidate and amend the laws in India regulating the [[Occupational safety and health]] and [[working conditions]] of the persons employed in an establishment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/occupational-safety-health-and-working-conditions-code-2020|title = The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/govts-new-versions-of-labour-codes-key-proposals-and-concerns-6603354/|title=Explained: In labour codes, what changes for workers and hirers?|date=23 September 2020|website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Act replaces 13 old central labour laws.<br /> <br /> The bill was passed by the [[Lok Sabha]] on 22 September 2020, and the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 23 September 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-passes-three-labour-codes-amid-boycott-by-opposition/article32669410.ece|title=Parliament proceedings &amp;#124; Lok Sabha clears three labour Bills|first=Nistula|last=Hebbar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 September 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bill received the presidential assent on 28 September 2020, enforced on 21st of november 2025.<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> <br /> The bill was formulated according to the Report and Recommendations of the Second [[National Commission on Labour]].<br /> <br /> It amalgamated [[Factories Act, 1948 (India)|The Factories Act, 1948]], The Plantations Labour Act, 1951, The Mines Act, 1952, The Working Journalists and other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1955, The Working Journalists (Fixation of Rates of Wages) Act, 1958, The Motor Transport Workers Act, 1961, The Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966, The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970, The Sales Promotion Employees (Condition of Service) Act, 1976, [[Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979|The Inter-State Migrant workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979]], The Cine Workers and Cinema Theatre Workers Act, 1981, The Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Act, 1986 and The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-proceedings-codes-on-occupational-safety-social-security-and-industrial-relations-introduced-in-lok-sabha/article32649886.ece|title=Parliament proceedings &amp;#124; Codes on occupational safety, social security and industrial relations introduced in Lok Sabha|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 September 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chronicleindia.in/current-affairs/281-the-occupational-safety-health-and-working-conditions-code-2019|title=The Occupational Safety, Health And Working Conditions Code, 2019 - Chronicleindia}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Code on Wages, 2019]]<br /> * [[The Code on Social Security, 2020]]<br /> * [[Industrial Relations Code, 2020]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Internal migration in India]]<br /> [[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2020]]<br /> [[Category:Indian labour law]]<br /> [[Category:Occupational safety and health law]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._Narayanan&diff=506950 2026-03-26T07:03:02Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Data!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Distinguish|text=[[K. R. Narayanan]], [[K. K. Narayanan]], [[K. V. Narayana]], [[K. Narayan]], or [[Kira Narayanan]]}}{{short description|Indian film director}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> '''K. Narayanan''' is an Indian film director, editor, and art director who has worked predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema]]. Since his debut in 1953, he has edited more than 200 films across Malayalam and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= കെ.നായായണൻ|url= https://m3db.com/artists/22855|website=m3db.com|access-date=2019-06-24|publisher=മലയാളം മൂവി &amp; മ്യൂസിക് ഡാറ്റബേസ്|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Born in 1933 at Thikkat House in Nandipuram near Trichur, he was the son of Kannan Nair and Kalyaniyamma. His father's job with the Indian Railways took the family to Madras, where he spent his childhood. He was married to N. Sarojini and has a daughter, N. Sumathe.<br /> <br /> ==Film career==<br /> Narayanan started his film career by assisting Sankar in 1947. His first independent project was ''Sadarame'', a Kannada film. His first film in Malayalam was ''[[Ashadeepam]]'' (1953).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=editor&amp;artist=K%20Narayanan|title=K Narayanan|publisher=MSI|language=ml|access-date=19 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a four time recipient of the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Malayalam===<br /> {{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> # ''[[Aashadeepam]]'' (1953)<br /> # ''[[Arappavan]]'' (1961)<br /> # ''[[Tharavaattamma]]'' (1966)<br /> # ''[[Ramanan]]'' (1967)<br /> # ''[[Pareeksha (1967 film)|Pareeksha]]'' (1967)<br /> # ''[[Manaswini]]'' (1968)<br /> # ''[[Kuruthikkalam]]'' (1969)<br /> # ''[[Kaattukurangu]]'' (1969)<br /> # ''[[Mooladhanam]]'' (1969)<br /> # ''[[Kallichellamma]]'' (1969)<br /> # ''[[Thurakkaatha Vaathil]]'' (1970)<br /> # ''[[Kalpana (1970 film)|Kalpana]]'' (1970)<br /> # ''[[Abhayam (1970 film)|Abhayam]]'' (1970)<br /> # ''[[Ambalapraavu]]'' (1970)<br /> # ''[[Kaakkathampuraatti]]'' (1970)<br /> # ''Sthree'' (1970)<br /> # ''[[Kalithozhi]]'' (1971)<br /> # ''[[Raathrivandi]]'' (1971)<br /> # ''[[Vimochanasamaram]]'' (1971)<br /> # ''[[Muthassi (film)|Muthassi]]'' (1971)<br /> # ''[[Siksha]]'' (1971)<br /> # ''[[Ernakulam Junction (film)|Ernakulam Junction]]'' (1971)<br /> # ''[[Ummaachu]]'' (1971)<br /> # ''[[Poymukhangal]]'' (1973)<br /> # ''[[Prethangalude Thaazhvara]]'' (1973)<br /> # ''[[Kalachakram (1973 film)|Kaalachakram]]'' (1973)<br /> # ''[[Urvasi Bhaarathi]]'' (1973)<br /> # ''[[Nathoon]]'' (1974)<br /> # ''[[Ulsavam]]'' (1975)<br /> # ''[[Chief Guest]]'' (1975)<br /> # ''[[Malsaram (1975 film)|Malsaram]]'' (1975)<br /> # ''[[Aalinganam]]'' (1976)<br /> # ''[[Abhinandanam]]'' (1976)<br /> # ''[[Rajaankanam]]'' (1976)<br /> # ''[[Prasaadam]]'' (1976)<br /> # ''[[Ayalkkaari]]'' (1976)<br /> # ''[[Anubhavam]]'' (1976)<br /> # ''[[Hridayame Saakshi]]'' (1977)<br /> # ''[[Sakhaakkale Munnottu]]'' (1977)<br /> # ''[[Randu Lokam]]'' (1977)<br /> # ''[[Innale Innu]]'' (1977)<br /> # ''[[Akale Aakaasham]]'' (1977)<br /> # ''[[Rathimanmadhan]]'' (1977)<br /> # ''[[Aanandam Paramaanandam]]'' (1977)<br /> # ''[[Anjali (1977 film)|Anjali]]'' (1977)<br /> # ''[[Abhinivesham]]'' (1977)<br /> # ''[[Veedu Oru Swargam]]'' (1977)<br /> # ''[[Itha Ivide Vare]]'' (1977)<br /> # ''[[Anthardaaham]]'' (1977)<br /> # ''[[Aa Nimisham]]'' (1977)<br /> #''[[Aasheervaadam]]'' (1977)<br /> # ''[[Oonjaal]]'' (1977)<br /> # ''[[Angeekaaram]]'' (1977)<br /> # ''[[Iniyum Puzhayozhukum]]'' (1978)<br /> # ''[[Vadakakku Oru Hridayam]]'' (1978)<br /> # ''[[Rathinirvedam (1978 film)|Rathinirvedam]]'' (1978)<br /> # ''[[Sthree Oru Dukham]]'' (1978)<br /> # ''[[Njaan Njaan Maathram]]'' (1978)<br /> # ''[[Avalude Ravukal]]'' (1978)<br /> # ''[[Nakshathrangale Kaaval]]'' (1978)<br /> # ''[[Anumodanam]]'' (1978)<br /> # ''[[Padakkuthira]]'' (1978)<br /> # ''[[Beena (film)|Beena]]'' (1978)<br /> # ''[[Avalku Maranamilla]]'' (1978)<br /> # ''[[Ithaa Oru Manushyan]]'' (1978)<br /> # ''[[Amarsham]]'' (1978)<br /> # ''[[Ee Manoharatheeram]]'' (1978)<br /> # ''[[Prarthana (1978 film)|Praarthana]]'' (1978)<br /> # ''[[Eetta]]'' (1978)<br /> # ''[[Saayoojyam]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''[[Itha Oru Theeram]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''[[Puthiya Velicham]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''[[Pambaram (film)|Pambaram]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''[[Kaalam Kaathuninnilla]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''[[Alaavudeenum Albuthavilakkum]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''[[Manasaa Vaacha Karmanaa]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''[[Venalil Oru Mazha]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''[[Aarattu (1979 film)|Aarattu]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''[[Jeevitham Oru Gaanam]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''[[Ezham Kadalinakkare]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''[[Idimuzhakkam]]'' (1980)<br /> # ''[[Pavizhamuthu]]'' (1980)<br /> # ''[[Dooram Arike]]'' (1980)<br /> # ''[[Makaravilakku]]'' (1980)<br /> # ''[[Angaadi]]'' (1980)<br /> # ''[[Lorry]]'' (1980)<br /> # ''[[Ivar (1980 film)|Ivar]]'' (1980)<br /> # ''[[Ambalavilakku]]'' (1980)<br /> # ''[[Pralayam]]'' (1980)<br /> # ''[[Karimbana]]'' (1980)<br /> # ''[[Swantham Enna Padam]]'' (1980)<br /> # ''[[Naayaattu]]'' (1980)<br /> # ''[[Kaanthavalayam]]'' (1980)<br /> # ''[[Aswaradham]]'' (1980)<br /> # ''Meen'' (1980)<br /> # ''[[Hamsageetham]]'' (1981)<br /> # ''[[Munnettam]]'' (1981)<br /> # ''[[Thrishna]]'' (1981)<br /> # ''[[Orikkalkkoodi]]'' (1981)<br /> # ''[[Sphodanam]]'' (1981)<br /> # ''[[Ariyappedaatha Rahasyam]]'' (1981)<br /> # ''[[Kaattukallan]]'' (1981)<br /> # ''[[Thushaaram]]'' (1981)<br /> # ''[[Arikkaari Ammu]]'' (1981)<br /> # ''[[Aakramanam]]'' (1981)<br /> # ''[[Ahimsa (1981 film)|Ahimsa]]'' (1981)<br /> # ''[[Enthino Pookkunna Pookkal]]'' (1982)<br /> # ''[[Ina (film)|Ina]]'' (1982)<br /> # ''[[Ethiraalikal]]'' (1982)<br /> # ''[[Enikkum Oru Divasam]]'' (1982)<br /> # ''[[Gaanam]]'' (1982)<br /> # ''[[Ee Naadu]]'' (1982)<br /> # ''[[Komaram]]'' (1982)<br /> # ''[[John Jaffer Janardhanan]]'' (1982)<br /> # ''[[Drohi (1982 film)|Drohi]]'' (1982)<br /> # ''[[Veedu (1982 film)|Veedu]]'' (1982)<br /> # ''[[Beedikkunjamma]]'' (1982)<br /> # ''[[Sindoorasandhyaykku Mounam]]'' (1982)<br /> # ''[[Innallengil Naale]]'' (1982)<br /> # ''[[Thadaakam]]'' (1982)<br /> # ''[[Irattimadhuram]]'' (1982)<br /> # ''[[Aaroodham]]'' (1983)<br /> # ''[[Deepaaradhana]]'' (1983)<br /> # ''[[Iniyenkilum]]'' (1983)<br /> # ''[[Naanayam]]'' (1983)<br /> # ''[[Rathilayam]]'' (1983)<br /> # ''[[Kaikeyi]]'' (1983)<br /> # ''[[Oru Mukham Pala Mukham]]'' (1983)<br /> # ''[[America America]]'' (1983)<br /> # ''Swapnalokam'' (1983)<br /> # ''[[Uyarangalil]]'' (1984)<br /> # ''[[Kaanamarayathu]]'' (1984)<br /> # ''[[Lakshmana Rekha (film)|Lakshmana Rekha]]'' (1984)<br /> # ''[[Athiraathram]]'' (1984)<br /> # ''[[Aalkoottathil Thaniye]]'' (1984)<br /> # ''[[Ningalil Oru Sthree]]'' (1984)<br /> # ''[[Aksharangal]]'' (1984)<br /> # ''[[Adiyozhukkukal]]'' (1984)<br /> # ''[[Njaan Piranna Naattil]]'' (1985)<br /> # ''[[Snehicha Kuttathinu]]'' (1985)<br /> # ''[[Karimbinpoovinakkare]]'' (1985)<br /> # ''[[Anubandham (1985 film)|Anubandham]]'' (1985)<br /> # ''[[Angaadikkappurathu]]'' (1985)<br /> # ''[[Rangam]]'' (1985)<br /> # ''[[Idanilangal]]'' (1985)<br /> # ''[[Manaykkale Thatha]]'' (1985)<br /> # ''[[Adiverukal]]'' (1986)<br /> # ''[[T. P. Balagopalan M. A.]]'' (1986)<br /> # ''[[Gandhinagar 2nd Street]]'' (1986)<br /> # ''[[Avanazhi]]'' (1986)<br /> # ''[[Vaartha]]'' (1986)<br /> # ''[[Njaan Kaathorthirikkum]]'' (1986)<br /> # ''[[Koodanayum Kaattu]]'' (1986)<br /> # ''[[Abhayam Thedi]]'' (1986)<br /> # ''[[Aarundivide Chodikkaan]]'' (1986)<br /> # ''[[Unnikale Oru Kadha Parayaam]]'' (1987)<br /> # ''[[Adimakal Udamakal]]'' (1987)<br /> # ''[[Naalkkavala]]'' (1987)<br /> # ''[[Yaagaagni]]'' (1987)<br /> # ''[[Sreedharante Onnaam Thirumurivu]]'' (1987)<br /> # ''[[Kayyethum Doorathu]]'' (1987)<br /> # ''[[Nadodikkattu]]'' (1987)<br /> # ''[[Ithrayum Kaalam]]'' (1987)<br /> # ''[[Ellaavarkkum Nanmakal]]'' (1987)<br /> # ''[[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]'' (1988)<br /> # ''[[Abkaari]]'' (1988)<br /> # ''[[Orkaappurathu]]'' (1988)<br /> # ''[[Mukthi]]'' (1988)<br /> # ''[[Anuraagi]]'' (1988)<br /> # ''[[Ormayil Ennum]]'' (1988)<br /> # ''[[Douthyam]]'' (1989)<br /> # ''[[Mrigaya (1989 film)|Mrigaya]]'' (1989)<br /> # ''[[Aksharathettu (film)|Aksharathettu]]'' (1989)<br /> # ''[[Arhatha]]'' (1990)<br /> # ''[[Varthamaanakaalam]]'' (1990)<br /> # ''[[Nammude Naadu]]'' (1990)<br /> # ''[[Midhya]]'' (1990)<br /> # ''[[Sundarimaare Sookshikkuka]]'' (1990)<br /> # ''[[Bhoomika]]'' (1991)<br /> # ''[[Neelagiri]]'' (1991)<br /> # ''[[Inspector Balram]]'' (1991)<br /> # ''[[Apaaratha]]'' (1992)<br /> # ''Kallanum Policum'' (1992)<br /> # ''[[Oru Kochu Bhoomikulukkam]]'' (1992)<br /> # ''[[Arthana]]'' (1992)<br /> # ''[[Jackpot (1993 film)|Jackpot]]'' (1993)<br /> # ''[[Yaadavam]]'' (1993)<br /> # ''[[Devaasuram]]'' (1993)<br /> # ''[[Chukkaan]]'' (1994)<br /> # ''[[Karma (1995 film)|Karma]]'' (1995)<br /> # ''[[Rajaputhran]]'' (1996)<br /> # ''[[Anubhoothi]]'' (1997)<br /> # ''[[Varnapakittu]]'' (1997)<br /> # ''[[Unnimaaya]]'' (2000)<br /> # ''Thaniye'' (2007)<br /> # ''[[Muttayi Kallanum Mammaaliyum]]'' (2015)<br /> {{div col end|3}}<br /> <br /> ===Tamil===<br /> {{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> # ''[[Sivagangai Seemai]]'' (1959)<br /> # ''[[Paadha Kaanikkai]]'' (1962)<br /> # ''[[Panathottam]]'' (1963)<br /> # ''[[Ezhai Pangalan]]'' (1963)<br /> # ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (1964 film)|Andavan Kattalai]]'' (1964)<br /> # ''[[Anbu Karangal]]'' (1965)<br /> # ''[[Panchavarna Kili]]'' (1965)<br /> # ''[[Gowri Kalyanam]]'' (1966)<br /> # ''[[Arasa Kattalai]]'' (1967)<br /> # ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'' (1968)<br /> # ''[[Kallum Kaniyagum]]'' (1968)<br /> # ''[[Maattukara Velan]]'' (1970)<br /> # ''[[Naan Yen Pirandhen]]'' (1972)<br /> # ''[[Annamitta Kai]]'' (1972)<br /> # ''[[Pattampoochi (1975 film)|Pattampoochi]]'' (1975)<br /> # ''[[Kuppathu Raja (1979 film)|Kuppathu Raja]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''[[Allaudinaum Arputha Vilakkum]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''[[Ore Vaanam Ore Bhoomi]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''[[Pagalil Oru Iravu]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''[[Thisai Maariya Paravaigal]]'' (1979)<br /> # ''[[Kaali (1980 Tamil film)|Kaali]]'' (1980)<br /> # ''[[Guru (1980 film)|Guru]]'' (1980)<br /> # ''[[Illam (film)|Illam]]'' (1988)<br /> # ''[[Kolangal (1995 film)|Kolangal]]'' (1995)<br /> {{div col end|2}}<br /> <br /> ===Direction===<br /> {{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> #''[[Kalachakram (1973 film)|Kaalachakram]]'' (1973) <br /> #''[[Nathoon]]'' (1974) <br /> #''[[Malsaram (1975 film)|Malsaram]]'' (1975) <br /> #''[[Sundarimare Sookshikkuka]]'' (1990)<br /> {{div col end|2}}<br /> <br /> ==Art director==<br /> # ''[[Raagam|Ragam]]'' (1975)<br /> # ''[[Johny (film)|Johny]]'' (1993)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanan, K.}}<br /> [[Category:1933 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam film editors]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil film editors]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Film editors from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam film directors]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Thrissur]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rupjyoti_Kurmi&diff=460177 2026-03-23T06:49:06Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Rupjyoti Kurmi<br /> | image = Rupjyoti Kurmi.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth-date and age|24 July 1977}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Assam Medical College|Dibrugarh Medical College]], [[Assam]]<br /> | office = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Mariani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mariani]]<br /> | term_start = 2006<br /> | predecessor = [[Alok Kumar Ghosh]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Manchuria Bordoloi &lt;br /&gt;|22 July 2006}}<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]&lt;br /&gt;(2021-present) <br /> | otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]]&lt;br /&gt;(1999-2021) <br /> | residence = [[Mariani, Jorhat|Mariani]], [[Assam]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Jagannath Barooah College]]<br /> | profession = Businessman<br /> | education = 12th Pass<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | children = Nirvan Kurmi<br /> | parents = Cheniram Kurmi (Father) &lt;br /&gt; [[Rupam Kurmi]] (Mother)<br /> }}<br /> '''Rupjyoti Kurmi''' (born 24 July 1977)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. In May 2021, he was elected as a member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mariani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mariani (constituency)]]. He defeated Ramani Tanti of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by 2,446 votes in [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assam Assembly election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rupjyoti Kurmi (Criminal &amp; Asset Declaration)|url=https://myneta.info/Assam2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=221|access-date=2021-06-08|website=MyNeta.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Assam Cong MLA Rupjyoti Kurmi's Exit Is a Bigger Loss Than Prasada|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/rupjyoti-kurmi-assam-congress-mla-joining-bjp-himanta-biswa-sarma#read-more|access-date=2021-06-20|website=The Quint}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Four-time Assam Congress MLA Rupjyoti Kurmi resigns, to join BJP<br /> |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/assam-mla-rupjyoti-kurmi-resigns-from-congress-set-to-join-bjp-7364541/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Assam Congress MLA Rupjyoti Kurmi resigns, says Rahul Gandhi unable to shoulder leadership|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/assam-mla-rupjyoti-kurmi-congress-jon-bjp-rahul-gandhi-shoulder-leadership-1816379-2021-06-20|access-date=2021-06-08|website= India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2021, he was expelled from [[Indian National Congress]] due to disagreement of promotion of the youngster in the party and for his [[Anti-incumbency|anti-party activities]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Big Breaking: APCC expels Mariani MLA Rupjyoti Kurmi from Congress membership|url=https://www.time8.in/big-breaking-apcc-expels-mariani-mla-rupjyoti-kurmi-from-congress-membership/}}&lt;/ref&gt; He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the presence of [[Chief Minister of Assam]] [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Former Congress MLA Rupjyoti Kurmi joins BJP|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/former-congress-mla-rupjyoti-kurmi-joins-bjp-1817569-2021-06-21|access-date=2021-06-21|website= India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the son of former cabinet minister, [[Rupam Kurmi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-29 |title=Who's Who |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/rupjyoti-kurmi.html |access-date=2022-03-10 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629004636/http://assamassembly.gov.in/rupjyoti-kurmi.html |archive-date=29 June 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He sparked a controversy in April 2023, asking to demolish [[Mughal architecture|Taj Mahal and Qutub Minar]] to build Hindu temples on their sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-bjp-mla-rupjyoti-kurmi-requests-pm-to-demolish-taj-mahal-and-build-temple-instead-644119|title=Assam: BJP MLA Rupjyoti Kurmi Requests PM To Demolish Taj Mahal And Build Temple Instead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kurmi, Rupjyoti}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jorhat district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]<br /> [[Category:Assam MLAs 2006–2011]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]<br /> [[Category:1977 births]]<br /> [[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]<br /> [[Category:Assam MLAs 2016–2021]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Assam-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dingal&diff=462173 2026-03-18T14:00:45Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ancient Indian language with literature in prose and poetry}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox language<br /> | name = Dingal<br /> | altname = {{hlist|Old Western Rajasthani|Old Gujarati}}<br /> | states = {{hlist|[[India]]|[[Pakistan]]}}<br /> | familycolor = Indo-European<br /> | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]<br /> | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]<br /> | fam4 = [[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://homepages.fh-giessen.de/kausen/klassifikationen/Indogermanisch.doc Ernst Kausen, 2006. ''Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen''] ([[Microsoft Word]], 133 KB)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | nation = <br /> | notice = IPA<br /> | glotto = <br /> | glottorefname = <br /> | script = {{hlist|[[Devanagari]]|[[Mahajani]]}}<br /> | era = 8th century CE; Developed into [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] and [[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]] languages by 13th century CE<br /> | fam5 = <br /> | fam6 = <br /> | fam7 = <br /> | image = Dingal.svg<br /> | nativename = &lt;!--In Devanagari--&gt;{{lang|hi|डिंगल}} • &lt;!--Romanization--&gt;{{Transliteration|hi|ISO|ḍiṁgala}}<br /> | pronunciation = {{IPA|hi|ɖinɡələ|}}<br /> | region = {{hlist|[[Rajasthan]]|[[Gujarat]]|[[Sindh]]|[[Malwa]]}}<br /> | ancestor = [[Apabhraṃśa]]<br /> | imagescale = 1.4<br /> | imagecaption = The word &quot;Dingal&quot; in [[Devanagari]] script<br /> }}<br /> '''Dingal''' ([[Devanagari|Devnagari]]: डिंगल; [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''ḍiṁgala''; also spelled '''Dimgala'''), also known as [[Old Western Rajasthani]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ault |first=Dr Cecil Thomas Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kYiDgAAQBAJ |title=Folk Theatre of Rajasthan: Introducing Three Marwari Khyal Plays Translated into English |date=2017-02-09 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-8816-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an [[History of India|ancient Indian]] language written in [[Devanagari|Nagri]] script and having literature in prose as well as poetry. It is a language of very high tone and requires a specific style of speaking. Dingal was used in [[Rajasthan]] and adjoining areas including [[Gujarat]], [[Kutch district|Kutch]], [[Malwa]], and [[Sindh]]. Most of Dingal literature is said to be composed by [[Charan]]s. It was prominently used in composition of [[war poet]]ry praising the martial exploits of [[Rajput]] and [[Charan]] war heroes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|url=https://www.amazon.com/Medieval-Indian-Literature-Anthology-Vol/dp/B005WDGJW8|title=Medieval Indian Literature - An Anthology - Vol. 3|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Sahitya Akademi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dingal is a New [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] (NIA) poetic language or style. It is called by various names such as Maru-Bhasha, [[Marwari language|Marwari]], and [[Old Western Rājasthāni]]. Dingal is also described as one of five &quot;pre-modern [[Hindi]] literary dialects&quot;, listed together with [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]], [[Awadhi language|Avadhi]], [[Sadhu bhasa|Sadhu]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Dhanesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9MPCd6mO6sC |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last2=Cardona |first2=George |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1130-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dingal has also been called as the ancestor of [[Marwari language|Marwari]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mayaram|first=Shail|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zL-7m2MDp2EC&amp;dq=%22dingal%22+%22rajput%22&amp;pg=PA43|title=Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins|date=2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-096-1|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Origins and Antiquity of Dingal ==<br /> The earliest reference of the term 'Dingal' is found in the 8th-century text ''[[Kuvalaya-mālā|Kuvalayamālā]]'', composed by Udhyotana Sūrī. According to Dingal scholar [[Shakti Dan Kaviya|Kaviya]], Dingal came into existence by the 9th-century, derived from the [[Apabhraṃśa|Apabhramsa]] of Western [[Rajasthan]], and became the literary language of the region and beyond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kamphorst |first=Janet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z6eR2CX_zbsC |title=In Praise of Death: History and Poetry in Medieval Marwar (South Asia) |date=2008 |publisher=Leiden University Press |isbn=978-90-8728-044-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The usage of the word &quot;Dingal&quot; is also found in &quot;Uḍiṁgala Nāma Mālā&quot; by the [[Jainism|Jain]] poet Vācaka Kuśalābha and in &quot;Nāga Damana&quot; by the saint-poet Sāyājī Jhūlā, both written at the beginning of the 15th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rawat Saraswat|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347797|title=Dingal Geet|date=1960}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to [[Jhaverchand Meghani]], Dingal, the [[Charan]] tongue, was developed from [[Apabhraṃśa|Apbhramsha]] and [[Prakrit]]. Meghani considered Dingal both as a language and poetic medium which &quot;flowed freely between [[Rajasthan]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Suarashtra]] and conformed to the contours of other phonetic tongues like [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQS-DAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22dingal%22+%22rajput%22&amp;pg=PA228 |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |date=2016-03-14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-67389-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;''Uktiratnākara'' by Sādhu Sundara is not a bardic work, but a work on grammar in the form of an etymological glossary, and its chief importance lies in the fact that it throws a considerable light on the Old Mārwāri of the beginning of the seventeenth century A.D. I have shown elsewhere that the '''Dingaļa''' language of the Cāraṇas of Rajputana is ultimately but Old Mārwārī, or, to use a more comprehensive term, [[Old Western Rājasthāni]].<br /> <br /> -[[Luigi Pio Tessitori|L. P. Tessitori]] (1916) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VY9EAQAAMAAJ |title=Journal &amp; Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1916 |publisher=Asiatic Society |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> == Vocabulary ==<br /> An interesting feature of Dingal is that it preserves archaic words from the early medieval period which are not found anywhere else. Dingal distinguishes itself from other [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern Indo-Aryan]] languages since it contains older language forms and also incorporates novel grammatical and lexical constructs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Owing to its geographical origin at Western Rajasthan, Dingal vocabulary also shares words common with [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Sanskrit]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tessitori |first=Luigi Pio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56r-tAEACAAJ |title=Bardic and Historical Survey of Rajputana: A Descriptive Catalogue of Bardic and Historical Manuscripts |date=2018-02-19 |publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |isbn=978-1-378-04859-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Luigi Pio Tessitori|Tessitori]] explains the archaic [[vocabulary]] of Dingal poets as follows: &quot;The bards have been more conservative in the matter of [[lexicon]] than in the matter of [[grammar]], and most of the poetical and archaic words which were used by them five hundred years ago, can still be used by the bards of the present day, though their meaning may be no longer intelligible to any of his hearers or readers, but the initiated. This fact of the preservation of archaic words in ''Ḍiṇgaḷa'' is easily explained by the existence of the poetical glossaries such as the ''Hamīranāmamālā'' and the ''Mānamañjarināmamālā'', etc., and the large part they have been playing in the curriculum of the studies of the bards for the last three centuries or more. A great part of these obsolete words are borrowed from the vocabulary of the [[Sanskrit]] poetry, and it is chiefly to these that the extraordinary richness in synonyms of ''Ḍiṇgaḷa'' is ultimately due&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Dingal and Maru Bhasha ==<br /> Historically, the language of Western [[Rajasthan]], was known as Dingal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Maheshwari|first=Hiralal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rK42AAAAIAAJ|title=History of Rajasthani Literature|date=1980|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The name Dingal was considered identical to ''Maru-Bhasha'' (otherwise called [[Marwari language|''Marwari Bhasha'']], ''Marubhum Bhasha'', etc.)<br /> <br /> There are numerous historical examples of statements by Dingal writers which confirm the view that the spoken language of the region is also called Dingal. In ''Rukamaṇī Maṃgala'' or ''Haraji ro Vyanwalo'', late 15th-century ''Akhyan Kavya'' text, composed by Padam Bhagat is in the spoken language. A couplet found in one of its manuscripts says: &lt;blockquote&gt;'The language of my poem is Dingal. It does not know any metre or continuity. It consists of only divine contemplation'. &lt;/blockquote&gt;Charan saint [[Swarupadas|Swarupdas]] in his ''Pandav Yashendu Chandrika'', early 19th-century, says: &lt;blockquote&gt;'My language is a mixed one. It contains Dingal, [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]], and [[Sanskrit]], so that all may understand. I beg apology of greater poets for this.' &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> == Charans and Dingal ==<br /> Although it is true that most of the Dingal literature was composed by the [[Charan]]s, other castes also adopted it and made great contributions. In addition to the [[Charan]]s, Dingal poetry is available in sufficient quantity by many poets of the [[Rajput]], Pancholi ([[Kayastha]]), [[Motisar (caste)|Motisar]], [[Brahmin]], [[Rawal (caste)|Rawal]], [[Jainism|Jain]], Muhata, and [[Bhats|Bhat]] communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bhati|first=Dr Narayansingh|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.401053|title=Dingal Geet Sahitya|date=1961}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several [[Rajput]] kings wrote poems in Dingal, particularly [[Man Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Man Singh Rathore]] (reign 1803-1843) of [[Marwar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Padmaja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtkI7NNbbIIC&amp;q=%22man+singh%22+%22dingal%22 |title=Maharaja Man Singh of Jodhpur and His Times (1803-1843 A.D.) |date=1972 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Dingal Gīt ==<br /> Dingal Gīt is a unique feature of Dingal and is considered to be an invention of [[Charan]]s. There is an important distinction to be made about Dingal Gits. The notion that these songs were sung is misleading. Dingal Gīts were recited by Charans in a way similar to [[Vedas|Vedic]] hymns.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; It is a unique feature of Rajasthani poetry. As [[Doha (poetry)|doha]] is the most popular metre of ''[[Apabhraṃśa|Apabhramsa]]'', so is Gīt for [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Gīts are of 120 types. Usually, In the Dingal texts of prosody, there have been 70-90 types of Gīts in usage. A Git is like a small poem. Its not to be sung but recited in &quot;high-pitched tones in a peculiar style&quot;.<br /> <br /> Thousands of such Gīts have been written in commemoration of historical deeds. Many of them are contemporary in relation to the historical incident and as such are known as &quot;''Sākh rī Kavitā''&quot; or the poetry of [[testimony]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ziegler |first=Norman P. |date=1976 |title=The Seventeenth Century Chronicles of Mārvāṛa: A Study in the Evolution and Use of Oral Traditions in Western India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171564 |journal=History in Africa |volume=3 |pages=127–153 |doi=10.2307/3171564 |jstor=3171564 |s2cid=156943079 |issn=0361-5413|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Rules for composition ===<br /> There are [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosodical rules]] for the composition of a Gīt. They are:-<br /> <br /> # ''Jathā:'' a special system of poetic composition; there are 18 types of Jathā<br /> # ''Vaiṇsagāī:'' alliteration; it is rigidly followed; there are many types of Vaiṇsagāī<br /> # ''Ukti'': a statement, the basis being the speaker, the listener and the object<br /> <br /> Moreover, a composition has to avoid the ''dosas'' (flaws), which are peculiar to the Cāraṇ prosody and are of 11 types.<br /> <br /> Additionally, there are 22 types of ''chappay'', 12 types of ''nīsāṇī'', and 23 types of ''dohā''.<br /> <br /> == Dictionaries of Dingal ==<br /> These are several historical dictionaries of the Dingal language:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bhati |first=Dr Narayansingh |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347749 |title=Dingal Kosh |date=1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === ''Hamir Nam-Mala'' by Hamir Dan Ratnu ===<br /> ''Hamir Nam-Mala'' was written in 1774 by Hamir Dan Ratnu. Originally a resident Ghadoi village of [[Marwar]], Hamir Dan lived in [[Bhuj]] city of [[Kutch district|Kutch]] for most of his life. He was a great [[scholar]] of his time and had authored several other texts including ''Lakhpat Pingal'' and ''Bhagvat Darpan''. ''Hamir Nam-Mala'' is one of the most well known among the dictionaries of Dingal. It is also known as ''Harijas Nam-Mala'' owing to the significant presence of verses dedicated to [[Vishnu]] (i.e. Hari).<br /> <br /> === ''Dingala Kosa'' by Murari Dan Misran ===<br /> [[Murari Dan Misran]], son of [[Suryamal Misran|Suryamall Misran]] and [[Kaviraj]]a of [[Bundi State]], compiled one of the dictionaries of Dingal vocabulary, called ''Dingala Kosa''. It is the largest &amp; most important among the dictionaries of Dingal language. He began to write from the month of Chaitra of the [[Vikram Samvat]] 1943 (1886 AD).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shastri |first=Hara Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0Jbmc6urS0C |title=Preliminary Report on the Operation in Search of Mss. of Bardic Chronicles |date=1913 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === ''Dingal Nam-Mala'' by Kushal Labh ===<br /> ''Dingal Nam-Mala'', or ''Udingal Nam-Mala'', is the oldest available dictionary of Dingal language. It was authored by a court-poet of [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]], Kusha Labh Jain, in 1618. The then ruler of Jaisalmer, Har Raj is also a co-author of this work.<br /> <br /> === ''Nagraj Dingal Kosa'' by Nagraj Pingal ===<br /> Nagraj Dingal Kosa by Nagraj Pingal was written in 1821. Its manuscript was found in the personal collection of Panramji [[Motisar (caste)|Motisar]] of Judiya village in [[Marwar]].<br /> <br /> === ''Avdhan-Mala'' by Udairam Barhath ===<br /> ''Avdhan-Mala'' was written by Udairam Barhath. He was a contemporary of [[Man Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Man Singh]] of Marwar. Born in Thabukda village of Marwar, he lived in Bhuj city in Kutch and was a great scholar of his time. ''Avdhan-Mala'' is found amongst his other work called ''Kavi-Kula-Bodh.''<br /> <br /> === ''Anekarthi Kosa'' by Udairam Barhath ===<br /> ''Anekarthi Kosa'' is another text by Udairam Barhath which is collection of synonyms of Dingal words. Its part of ''Kavi-Kula-Bodh.'' It also sometimes includes [[Sanskrit]] words as synonyms. The whole text is written using [[Doha (poetry)|Dohas]] making it easier for [[memorization]].<br /> <br /> === ''Ekakshari Nam-Mala'' by Udairam Barhath ===<br /> Another dictionary of Dingal by Udairam Barhath, part of his larger work ''Kavi-Kula-Bodh.'' Udairam has included many Sanskrit as well as words from common language aside from Dingal words.<br /> <br /> === ''Ekakshari Nam-Mala'' by Virbhan Ratnu ===<br /> ''Ekakshari Nam-Mala'' is authored by Virbhan Ratnu, a resident of Marwar from the village of Ghadoi. Virbhan was a contemporary of [[Abhai Singh of Marwar]]. The text was written in 16th century.<br /> <br /> === Nam-Mala ===<br /> Another dictionary of Dingal language, though its author and dating is not known. Its thought to be written in early 18th century.<br /> <br /> === Modern Dictionaries ===<br /> Some modern dictionaries of the Dingal language were created by:-&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lāḷasa |first=Sītārāṃma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkENAAAAIAAJ |title=Rājasthānī vyākaraṇa |date=1997 |publisher=Rājasthānī Śodha Saṃsthāna, Caupāsanī, Jodhapura |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> # Sir Sukhdeo Prasad Kak: Prime Minister of Jodhpur and a scholar authored a Dingal Kosa consisting of more than 60,000 words.<br /> # [[Sitaram Lalas|Padma Shri Sitaram Lalas]]: Renowned linguist and grammarian of Rajasthani authored ''Rajasthani Sabad Kosa,'' largest of all Rajasthani dictionaries with more than 2 lakh words.<br /> <br /> ==Dingal poetry==<br /> Dingal Poetry&lt;ref&gt;Indian archives, Volume 25, page 49, 52&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;K. Ayyappapanicker page 141&quot;&gt;K. Ayyappapanicker, Medieval Indian literature: an anthology, Volume 3, page 141&lt;/ref&gt; incorporates heroic writing on the heroes of Rajasthan, such as [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] and [[Prince Khoman]] of Mewar. It is an admixture of inter-regional languages. In Rajasthan such languages formed Pingal language (see below).<br /> <br /> ===Thakur Nathu Singh Mahiyariya===<br /> He was born in a [[Charan]] family in princely state of Mewar. He wrote many books such as Veer Satsai, Hari Rani Shatak etc. <br /> <br /> === Babu Ramnarayan Dugar ===<br /> Born in 1857 A.D. in an Oswal family, Babu Ramnarayan Dugar&lt;ref&gt;R.K. Gupta, S.R. Bakshi, Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage ..., page 145&lt;/ref&gt; was a prominent authority on [[Pingal]] language and was a close associate of Kaviraj [[Shyamaldas]]ji, the author or Vir Vinod, the official history of rulers of [[Mewar]]. In later days he was associated with M.M. Ojha. His most prominent work is Hindi translation of ''[[Nainsi ri Khyat]]'' from Dingal language to Hindi.<br /> <br /> == Ingal ==<br /> Ingal&lt;ref name=&quot;K. Ayyappapanicker page 141&quot;/&gt; is an ancient Indian language, a form of [[Prakrit]] popular in Sindh and nearby areas.<br /> <br /> == Pingal ==<br /> Pingal&lt;ref&gt;K. Ayyappapanicker, Medieval Indian literature: an anthology, Volume 3, page 143&lt;/ref&gt; is an ancient and now extinct Indian language, it was a form of [[Prakrit]] popular in Rajasthan and nearby areas. In contrast to Dingal, which was primarily a language of warlike tone, Pingal was a &quot;language of love&quot; and softspoken.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Charan]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.charans.org/tag/dingal/ Dingal (charans.org)]<br /> *[https://www.bbc.com/hindi/regionalnews/story/2004/06/040609_dingal_bareth An article on BBC]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Languages of Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Charan]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]<br /> [[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of India]]<br /> [[Category:Sacred languages]]<br /> [[Category:Dingala]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurbachan_Singh_Salaria&diff=448255 2026-03-15T21:40:12Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Enhanced article with new information</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Army officer and member of a United Nations peacekeeping force}}<br /> {{good article}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox military person<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]<br /> | name = Gurbachan Singh Salaria<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]]<br /> | image = Captain_G_S_Salaria.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1935|11|29}}<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1961|12|5|1935|11|29}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Shakargarh]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /> | death_place = [[Lubumbashi|Élisabethville]], [[State of Katanga]]<br /> | placeofburial = <br /> | placeofburial_label = <br /> | placeofburial_coordinates = &amp;lt;!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --&amp;gt;<br /> | nickname = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | allegiance = {{flag|Republic of India}}<br /> | branch = [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]<br /> | serviceyears = 1957–1961<br /> | rank = [[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]<br /> | servicenumber = IC-8497{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=69}}<br /> | alma_mater = [[Bangalore Military School|King George's Royal Indian Military College in Bangalore]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Chail Military School|King George's Royal Indian Military College in Jalandhar]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[National Defence Academy]]<br /> | unit = [[File:1st Gorkha rifles Insignia (India).svg|20px]] 3/[[1 Gorkha Rifles]]<br /> | commands = <br /> | battles = {{tree list}}<br /> * [[Congo Crisis]]<br /> ** [[United Nations Operation in the Congo|United Nations intervention]]<br /> *** [[Operation Unokat]] {{KIA}}<br /> {{tree list/end}}<br /> | battles_label = <br /> | awards = [[File:Param-Vir-Chakra-ribbon.svg|32px]] [[Param Vir Chakra]]<br /> | relations = <br /> | laterwork = <br /> | signature = <br /> }}<br /> [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] '''Gurbachan Singh Salaria''', [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]] (29 November 1935 – 5 December 1961) was an Indian [[Officer (armed forces)|military officer]] and member of a [[United Nations peacekeeping]] force. Salaria was an alumnus of the [[Bangalore Military School|King George's Royal Indian Military Colleges in Bangalore]] and [[Chail Military School|in Jalandhar]] as well as the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA). He was the first NDA alumnus and is the only [[UN Peacekeeper]] to be awarded a [[Param Vir Chakra]] (PVC), India's highest wartime military decoration.<br /> <br /> In December 1961, Salaria was among the Indian troops deployed to the [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Republic of the Congo]] as part of the [[United Nations Operation in the Congo]]. On 5 December, as part of [[Operation Unokat]], Salaria's battalion was tasked to clear a roadblock of two armoured cars manned by 150 [[Katangese Gendarmerie|gendarmes]] of the secessionist [[State of Katanga]] on the way to the [[Elizabethville Airport]]. The plan was that Salaria and his men were to block their retreat. His [[rocket launcher]] team attacked and destroyed the Katangese armoured cars. This unforeseen move confused the Katangese gendarmes, and Salaria felt it would be best to attack before they reorganised. Though his troops were outnumbered, they charged towards the Katangese and killed 40 men in a [[kukri]] assault. During the attack, Salaria was shot twice in the neck and eventually succumbed to his injuries. The remaining gendarmes fled in confusion, leaving their dead and wounded behind. This helped the main battalion to easily overrun the Katangese and clear the roadblock. For his duty and courage, and disregard for his own safety during the battle, Salaria was awarded the PVC.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Gurbachan Singh Salaria was born on 29 November 1935, in Jamwal, a village near [[Shakargarh]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Pakistan]]). He was the second of five children of Munshi Ram and Dhan Devi.{{sfn|Rawat|2014|p=70}} His father had earlier been drafted into the Dogra Squadron of the [[Hodson's Horse]] regiment in the [[British Indian Army]]. Listening to tales of his father and his regiment motivated Salaria to join the army at a very young age.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=187}}<br /> <br /> As a result of the [[partition of India]], Salaria's family moved to the Indian part of Punjab and settled in Jangal village in [[Gurdaspur district]]. Salaria enrolled in the local village school.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=187}} He was not very attentive to his studies and spent much of his time playing [[kabaddi]]. In July 1946 he applied for admission into the [[Bangalore Military School|King George's Royal Indian Military College]] in [[Bangalore]]. Though he passed the entrance exam, he failed the medical exam because his chest was too small. Salaria spent the following weeks exercising and when he applied again in August he met the requirements and was admitted into the college.&amp;lt;ref name=tehelka&amp;gt;{{cite news| title = He took them with a Khukri| newspaper = Tehelka| date = 18 August 2014| url = http://old.tehelka.com/he-took-them-with-a-khukri/| access-date = 19 April 2020}} {{dead link|date=October 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In August 1947, he was transferred to the KGRIMC in [[Jalandhar]].{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=187}} After passing out from KGRIMC, he joined the Joint Services Wing of the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA). On graduating from the NDA in 1956, he enrolled in the [[Indian Military Academy]], completing his studies on 9 June 1957,{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=188}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Param Vir Chakra winners since 1950&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Param Vir Chakra Winners Since 1950|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Param-Vir-Chakra-winners-since-1950/articleshow/2731710.cms|website=The Times of India|publisher=Bennett, Coleman &amp;amp; Co. Ltd.|access-date=9 November 2017|date=25 January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115172745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Param-Vir-Chakra-winners-since-1950/articleshow/2731710.cms|archive-date=15 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; when he was commissioned a second lieutenant.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=The Gazette of India: Part I-Section 4 (Army Branch) |page=78 |date=5 April 1958|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1958/O-2066-1958-0014-93503.pdf|publisher=Department of Publications, Government of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Salaria was initially commissioned into the 2nd battalion, [[3 Gorkha Rifles]], but was later transferred to the 3rd battalion, [[1 Gorkha Rifles]] in March 1960,{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=188}} following his promotion to lieutenant on 9 June 1959.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=The Gazette of India: Part I-Section 4 (Army Branch) |page=233 |date=19 September 1959|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1959/O-1989-1959-0038-89829.pdf|publisher=Department of Publications, Government of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Congo Crisis==<br /> {{Main|Congo Crisis}}<br /> In June 1960, the [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Republic of the Congo]] became independent from [[Belgium]]. But during the first week of July, [[1960 Force Publique mutinies|a mutiny]] broke out in the [[Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese Army]] and violence erupted between black and white civilians. Belgium sent troops to protect fleeing whites and two areas of the country, [[State of Katanga|Katanga]] and [[South Kasai]], subsequently seceded with Belgian support. The Congolese government asked the [[United Nations]] (UN) for help, and on 14 July 1960, the organisation responded by establishing the [[United Nations Operation in the Congo]], a large multi-national peacekeeping force and aid mission. Between March–June 1961, under the command of Brigadier [[K.A.S. Raja]], India contributed the [[99th Mountain Brigade|99th Infantry Brigade]], around 3,000 men, to the UN force.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=182}}<br /> <br /> After attempts at reconciliation between the Congolese government and Katanga failed, on 24 November, the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] approved [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 169|UN Security Council Resolution 169]].{{efn|United Nations Security Council Resolution 169, adopted on 24 November 1961.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;UN Resolution 169&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=UN Resolution 169|url=https://undocs.org/S/RES/169(1961)|website=United Nations Documents|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=7 November 2017|format=PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233950/https://undocs.org/S/RES/169(1961)|archive-date=9 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}} The resolution condemned Katanga's secession and authorised the use of force to immediately resolve the conflict and establish peace in the region.{{sfn|Mockaitis|1999|pp=32–33}} In response, the Katangese Gendarmerie took two senior UN officials hostage. They were later released, but Major Ajit Singh of the 1 Gorkha Rifles was also captured{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=183}} and eventually killed, as was his driver.{{sfn|Mockaitis|1999|p=33}} Roadblocks were erected by the gendarmes to prevent communication between the UN detachments and isolating them from each other, making it easier to take down the detachments one by one.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=183}} On 4 December a block was established on the road between the city of [[Élisabethville]] and the [[Lubumbashi International Airport|nearby airport]]. UN troops reacted by initiating [[Operation Unokat]] to defend their positions and reestablish their freedom of movement in the region.{{sfn|Mockaitis|1999|p=33}}<br /> <br /> ===Operation Unokat===<br /> {{Main|Operation Unokat}}<br /> On 5 December 1961, the 3rd battalion, 1 Gorkha Rifles was tasked to clear the roadblock on the way to Élizabethville Airport at a strategic roundabout. The roadblock was held by 150 gendarmes{{efn|As per Chakravorty, there were 90 gendarmes.{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=69}}}} with two armoured cars. The plan was for the first attack to be made by Charlie Company, led by Major Govind Sharma. Captain Salaria, with a platoon from Alpha Company close to the airport road,{{efn|Some sources claim that Captain Salaria was leading 16 men,&amp;lt;ref name=tehelka/&amp;gt; while some claim 26.{{Sfn|Army Training Command|1997|p=113}}{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=102}}}} was to block the gendarmes' retreat, and to attack them if required. The rest of Alpha Company was kept in reserve. The plan was to be executed at midday.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=184}}<br /> <br /> Captain Salaria and his troops reached the specified location with their [[armoured personnel carrier]]s.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=185}} They were positioned around {{convert|1500|yards}} from the Katangese roadblock.{{Sfn|Reddy|2007|p=35}} His rocket launcher team was soon able to get close enough to the gendarmes' armoured cars to destroy them. This unforeseen move left the Katangese confused and disorganised. Contrary to the prior plan of Charlie Company making the first attack, Salaria felt that it was prudent to attack before the gendarmes reorganised.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=185}}<br /> <br /> Though his troops were heavily outnumbered by the gendarmes, he charged towards them, engaging in a hand-to-hand [[kukri]] assault whilst shouting the Gorkha war cry, &quot;Ayo Gorkhali&quot; ({{langx|en|The Gorkhas have arrived}}). Salaria and his men killed 40 gendarmes, but he was shot twice in the neck by automatic gunfire. He collapsed due to blood loss at the last line of trenches.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=185}}{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=70}} His second-in-command was ordered to evacuate him in an armoured personnel carrier to the airport hospital as soon as possible.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} Regardless, Salaria succumbed to his injuries.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=185}}<br /> <br /> The close engagement with the Indian troops resulted in the gendarmerie losing about half their men; they fled in confusion, leaving their dead and the injured behind. This enabled the main battalion to easily overrun the Katangese force, clear the roadblock, and prevent the gendarmes from encircling the UN Headquarters in Élisabethville. For his duty and courage, and disregard for his own safety, Salaria was awarded the [[Param Vir Chakra]].{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=185}}<br /> <br /> ===Param Vir Chakra===<br /> For his actions on 5 December 1961, Salaria was awarded the Param Vir Chakra. The citation read:<br /> {{Blockquote|<br /> On 5 December 1961, 3/1 Gorkha Rifles was ordered to clear a roadblock established by the gendarmerie at a strategic roundabout at Elizabethville, Katanga. The plan was that one company with 2 Swedish armoured cars would attack the position frontally and Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria with two sections of Gorkhas and two Swedish armoured personnel carriers would advance towards this roadblock from the airfield to act as a cutting-off force. Captain Salaria with his small force arrived at a distance of 1500 yards from the roadblock at approximately 1312 hours on 5 December 1961 and came under heavy automatic and small-arms fire from an undetected enemy position dug in on his right flank. The enemy also had two armoured cars and about 90 men opposing Captain Salaria’s small force. Captain Salaria appreciating that he had run into a subsidiary roadblock and ambush and that this enemy force might reinforce the strategic roundabout and thus jeopardise the main operation, decided to remove this opposition. He led a charge with bayonets, khukris, and grenades supported by a rocket launcher. In this gallant engagement, Captain Salaria killed 40 of the enemy and knocked out the two armoured cars. This unexpected bold action completely demoralised the enemy who fled despite their numerical superiority and protected positions. Captain Salaria was wounded in his neck by a burst of automatic fire but continued to fight till he collapsed due to profuse bleeding. Captain Salaria’s gallant action prevented any enemy movement of the enemy force towards the main battle scene and thus contributed very largely to the success of the main battalion’s action at the roundabout and prevented the encirclement of UN Headquarters in Elizabethville. Captain Salaria subsequently died of his wounds.<br /> |author=Gazette of India No.8—Press/62|source={{harv|Cardozo|2003|pp=185–186}}}}<br /> <br /> Salaria was the first graduate of NDA to win a PVC,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Demand for Rashtriya Military School in Kolkata&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|author1=Jayanta Gupta|title=Demand for Rashtriya Military School in Kolkata|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Demand-for-Rashtriya-Military-School-in-Kolkata/articleshow/23218060.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 January 2018|date=29 September 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110114726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Demand-for-Rashtriya-Military-School-in-Kolkata/articleshow/23218060.cms|archive-date=10 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and, {{as of|2017|lc=y}}, also the only UN Peacekeeper to be awarded a PVC.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Mann ki Baat: PM Modi says India always spread message of peace&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Mann ki Baat: PM Modi says India always spread message of peace|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mann-ki-baat-pm-narendra-modi-united-nations-peace-jawans-run-for-unity-sardar-patel-4911931/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=10 January 2018|date=29 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174421/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mann-ki-baat-pm-narendra-modi-united-nations-peace-jawans-run-for-unity-sardar-patel-4911931/|archive-date=10 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Other honours==<br /> [[File:Captain Salaria statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg|250px|thumb|G. S. Salaria's statue at ''Param Yodha Sthal'', [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]], New Delhi]]<br /> In the 1980s, the [[Shipping Corporation of India]] (SCI), a [[Government of India]] enterprise under the aegis of the [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Ministry of Shipping]], named fifteen of its [[crude oil tanker]]s in honour of the PVC recipients. The tanker MT ''Capt. Gurbachan Singh Salaria, PVC'' was delivered to SCI on 26 October 1984, and served for 25 years before being phased out.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Salaria, IMO 8224157&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Salaria, IMO 8224157|url=https://www.balticshipping.com/vessel/imo/8224157|website=Baltic Shipping Services|access-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202220123/https://www.balticshipping.com/vessel/imo/8224157|archive-date=2 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During an October 2017 episode of the radio programme ''[[Mann Ki Baat]]'' about Indian contribution to international peacekeeping, [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] said, {{blockquote|Who can forget the sacrifice of Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria who laid down his life while fighting in Congo in Africa? Every Indian feels proud while remembering him.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Mann ki Baat: PM Modi says India always spread message of peace&quot;/&amp;gt;}} In September 2019, India's [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], [[Bipin Rawat]], met members of Salaria's family to express his gratitude for his service on behalf of the army and the country.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news| title = Pathankot: Army Chief meets family of Gurbachan Singh Salaria| newspaper = Business Standard| agency = Asian News International| date = 6 September 2019| url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/pathankot-army-chief-meets-family-of-gurbachan-singh-salaria-119090601251_1.html#:~:text=Army%20Chief%20General%20Bipin%20Rawat,and%20the%20nation%20to%20them.| access-date = 23 May 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> A road leading to 14 Gorkha Training Centre, [[Subathu]], Solan [[Himachal Pradesh]] named “Paramveer Marg” after him, which was inaugurated by Naik Gopal Singh Thapa (Retd), 3/1 Gorkha Rifles, who was then member of the Gallant Force of Capt GS Salaria, PVC (posthumous).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|title=Param Vir Chakra Day celebrated at Gorkha Training Centre at Subathu|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/pvc-day-celebrated-at-gorkha-training-centre-569219/amp|publisher=The Tribune|access-date=31 December 2024}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> '''Footnotes'''<br /> {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> '''Citations'''<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{citation|first1=Indian Army|last1=Army Training Command|title=The Indian Army: United Nations Peacekeeping Operations|year=1997|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-18-9782-901-1|author1-link=Army Training Command}}<br /> * {{citation|first1=Major General Ian (retd.)|last1=Cardozo|title=Param Vir: Our Heroes in Battle|year=2003|publisher=Roli Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7436-262-9|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9ymBAAAQBAJ}}<br /> * {{citation|first1=B.C. |last1=Chakravorty|title=Stories of Heroism: PVC &amp;amp; MVC Winners|year=1995|publisher=Allied Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7023-516-3|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzizVBSb4YsC}}<br /> * {{cite book| last = Mockaitis| first = Thomas R.| title = Peace Operations and Intrastate Conflict: The Sword Or the Olive Branch?| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| edition = illustrated| date = 1999| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=THalVADg3EkC| isbn = 9780275961732}}<br /> * {{citation|last=Rawat |first=Rachna Bisht |year=2014 |title=The Brave: Param Vir Chakra Stories |publisher=Penguin Books India Private Limited |isbn=978-01-4342-235-8}}<br /> * {{citation|first1=Kittu |last1=Reddy|title=Bravest of the Brave: Heroes of the Indian Army|year=2007|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-87100-00-3|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlAi5sWYOe8C}}<br /> * {{citation|first1=Brigadier M. P.|last1=Singh|title=History of the Indian Military Academy|year=2007|publisher=Unistar Books|isbn=978-81-8989-956-1}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> {{Param Vir Chakra recipients}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Salaria, Gurbachan Singh}}<br /> [[Category:Indian Army officers]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra]]<br /> [[Category:People from Narowal District]]<br /> [[Category:1935 births]]<br /> [[Category:1961 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Military personnel from Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]<br /> [[Category:People of the Congo Crisis]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]<br /> [[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]<br /> [[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nelson_Afonso&diff=521627 2026-03-15T02:53:53Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: adding</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian singer and composer (1934–1982)}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Nelson Afonso<br /> | image = Conception-Nelson-Anthony (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Afonso during his youth<br /> | birth_name = Nelson João Sulpicio Afonso<br /> | birth_place = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1934|4|20|df=y}}<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1982|6|18|1934|4|20|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = Vasco da Gama, Goa, India<br /> | title = {{indented plainlist|<br /> * Founder of Old and Gold Stars of Goa<br /> * Co-founder of Stars of the Goa Stage (later Young Stars of Goa)}}<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|composer|playwright|director}}<br /> | years_active = {{circa|1951}}–1982<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Maria Dias|1958}}<br /> | children = [[Jr. Nelson]] (son)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nelson João Sulpicio Afonso''' (20 April 1934 – 18 June 1982) was an Indian singer, composer, playwright, and [[theatre director]] who worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Nelson João Sulpicio Afonso was born on 20 April 1934, in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]], which was a part of [[Portuguese India]] during the era of the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India). He was born into a [[Goan Catholic]] family, with his father, Manoel Adolfo Alfonso, originating from [[Aldona]], and his mother, Evelina Idinha Cardoso e Afonso, being a [[homemaker]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&amp;_Mode=B&amp;__cscKey= |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afonso's mother possessed vocal abilities, which he inherited, and it became evident at a young age that he had a natural talent for singing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Encouraged by his neighbors, Afonso began showcasing his vocal prowess in village concerts and ''[[tiatrs]]'', a popular form of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] [[musical theater]]. One of his neighbors, Baptista Lobo, provided him with the opportunity to perform in these events. Although originally from Aldona, Goa, Afonso eventually settled in Vasco da Gama, Goa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Afonso embarked on his professional journey in the [[Tiatr|Konkani theater]] at the age of 17, marking his debut on the stage. Known for his vocal prowess, he swiftly gained popularity within local villages. It was during this time that [[A. S. Conception]], a ''[[tiatrist]]'' residing in Afonso's neighborhood, discerned his abilities while witnessing one of his performances in a village drama. Recognizing Afonso's potential, Conception took it upon himself to introduce the budding talent to the established ''tiatrists'' of that era. Conception's efforts culminated in Afonso securing a breakthrough opportunity on the commercial ''[[tiatr]]'' stage, which facilitated his acceptance and artistic growth. Conception also took a personal interest in nurturing Afonso's development. Afonso's talents soon captured the attention of senior ''tiatrists'', who promptly cast him in their productions. Initially, [[Cross-gender acting|he primarily portrayed female characters]], exhibiting an ability to convincingly embody their essence through his attire, actions, and comedic timing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art &amp; Culture |pages=133–136 |language=en |access-date=2024-03-07 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gradually, Afonso's passion for music composition began to emerge, leading him to create a [[repertoire]] of songs. His multifaceted abilities as an actor and singer left a mark on the ''tiatr'' stage. As his career blossomed, Afonso ventured into the realm of playwriting. Crafting his own ''tiatrs'', he showcased proficiency in constructing compelling narratives. Afonso's scripts were appreciated for their thematic depth and meaningful messages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=William |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=59}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Handbill of Ghor Sounsar tiatr by Nelson Afonso.jpg|thumb|[[Handbill]] of the ''[[tiatr]] Ghor Sounsar'' by Afonso in the [[Konkani language]], 1963]]<br /> Afonso emerged as a known figure in the world of ''tiatrs'', crafting a collection of theatrical works during his era. With a total of 27 ''tiatrs'' under his belt, Afonso covered a wide range of topics, including [[social issue]]s and [[politics]]. His [[Political drama|political ''tiatr'']] titled ''Nationalist'' propelled him to fame and resonated with the [[Goan]] audience. Among Afonso's popular ''tiatrs'' are ''Doctor Salazar'', ''Ghorabo'' (Family), ''Almas do Outro Mundo'' (Souls from the Other World), ''Jikle re Jikle'' (We won, We won), ''Goenkar Te Goenkar'' (Goans are Goans), ''Suttka Uprant'' (Post Freedom), ''Dolorosa'', and ''Doganch Puro'' (Two is enough). Afonso's contributions extended beyond writing, as he played a pivotal role in shaping the ''tiatr'' landscape. Afonso established the [[Theatrical troupe|troupe]] Stars of the Goa Stage, consisting primarily of young and aspiring ''tiatrists''. The troupe's name was eventually changed to Young Stars of Goa. Furthermore, during the staging of his ''tiatr Asro'', Afonso formed his own group, known as the Old and Gold Stars of Goa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; This group comprised both seasoned and emerging ''tiatrists''. Afonso had a particular focus on composing songs. Initially, he composed [[duet]]s and performed alongside artists such as Anthony, Conception, and Champion Peter. Subsequently, Afonso formed a [[trio (music)|trio]] with Conception and Anthony, specializing in politically charged songs. These compositions gained popularity for their outspoken commentary on issues like [[corruption]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; While the songs exhibited a satirical and critical tone, they maintained a respectful approach, avoiding any defamatory content.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=the times they are a-changin'... |url=https://www.thegoan.net//the-times-they-are-achangin%E2%80%99/32064.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307141226/https://www.thegoan.net//the-times-they-are-achangin%E2%80%99/32064.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Conception-Nelson-Anthony.jpg|thumb|The Conception-Nelson-Anthony trio]]<br /> The trio's success propelled them to continue performing together, placing Afonso in the forefront as the primary composer. As the demand for [[Political criticism|government criticism]] grew, Afonso's songwriting abilities were put to the test, as he met the audience's expectations by delivering thought-provoking compositions. Afonso's creative innovation extended to the realm of [[stage design]]. In 1968, he made history by introducing the first single [[revolving stage]] in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'' with his popular production, ''Dolorosa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; This stage design, named the &quot;ring and roll&quot;, featured a kitchen hall on one side and a road scene on the other.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-07-31 |title=Tiatr magic 'revolves' around innovation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/tiatr-magic-revolves-around-innovation/articleshow/21503686.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307141128/https://ow.pubmatic.com/setuid?bidder=amx&amp;uid=4895c12c-e1e4-4d4d-88dd-a046be2ae856&amp;do=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The stage's unique fabrication by Afonso allowed for seamless transitions between sets, eliminating the need for frequent set changes. By situating the two sets opposite each other, Afonso enabled a swift rotation of the stage, presenting the second set to the audience after the completion of the first.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Over the course of his career, Afonso composed and performed over 100 songs. Songs like &quot;Nak Chepta,&quot; &quot;Knockout,&quot; and &quot;Gaddo&quot; gained popularity. Additionally, he participated in more than 500 ''tiatr'' performances, spanning across his own productions and collaborative endeavors. Afonso's talent led him to tour various regions, including [[Bombay]], [[Goa]], and [[East Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> On 24 May 1958, Afonso married the [[homemaker]] Maria do Rosario Dias (later known as Maria Rosada Dias) at [[Mormugão]] Church.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Blauelie |first=Dennis William |date=19 June 1958 |title=Registo De Casamento Canónico |url=https://services.goaonline.gov.in/VWXJW6vEpQrDFBaVNsjMUw66DfH3saxZpCV9zkkxHjVLHq7nDrwPSSJ8-QuYQ7smxUl4eZ99O31318c3K9SyrWi6_8JI_vRGPkXaBQWGxTlONcL9XQfgDy3I-jUDJnDTsywjfj4D-Rvt-jZC7KJAn0FlhCiJtECI3atfNdNWbu4/VWX96/vEp80ZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Their son, Tomas &quot;Tommy&quot; Afonso,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; known professionally as [[Jr. Nelson]], is a singer on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tommy Afonso (Jr. Nelson) {{!}} Tiatrist {{!}} Mannkam Motiam {{!}} S3E46 {{!}} Prudent {{!}} 170823 |url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/mannkam-motiam/tommy-afonso-jr-nelson-tiatrist-mannkam-motiam-s3e46-prudent-170823/22883.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.prudentmedia.in |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307141249/https://www.prudentmedia.in/mannkam-motiam/tommy-afonso-jr-nelson-tiatrist-mannkam-motiam-s3e46-prudent-170823/22883.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 18 June 1982, Afonso died at MPT Hospital in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]], at the age of 48.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 1982 |title=Directorate of planning, statistics and evaluation and office of the chief registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}{{dead|date=February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Selected stage works==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Notes<br /> !Ref<br /> |-<br /> |{{circa|1951}}<br /> |Untitled ''tiatr''<br /> |<br /> |Professional debut<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1960s<br /> |''Nationalist''<br /> |Writer/director<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Take a cue from him! |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Take-a-cue-from-him/110471 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223175835/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Take-a-cue-from-him/110471 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Doctor Salazar''<br /> |Writer director<br /> |<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Depiction of violence in tiatrs |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/depiction-of-violence-in-tiatrs/2437.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223180051/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/depiction-of-violence-in-tiatrs/2437.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Almas do Outro Mundo''<br /> |Writer/director<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1963<br /> |''Ghor Sounsar''<br /> |Writer/director<br /> |Also singer<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1968<br /> |''Dolorosa''<br /> |Writer/director<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1969<br /> |''Ghorabo''<br /> |Writer/director<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Four-day Classic Tiatr shows in Margao packed to capacity |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Fourday-Classic-Tiatr-shows-in-Margao-packed-to-capacity/127714 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Jikle re Jikle''<br /> |Writer/director<br /> |<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Goenkar Te Goenkar''<br /> |Writer/director<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Suttka Uprant''<br /> |Writer/director<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1977<br /> |''Doganch Puro''<br /> |Writer/director<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Noronha |first=FN/Frederick |title=Philo de Pilerne... a Konkani Tiatr Stage Artiste from Goa, India |url=http://archive.org/details/PhiloDePilerne...AKonkaniTiatrStageArtisteFromGoaIndia |access-date=2024-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Select discography==<br /> *''Nak Chepta''<br /> *''Knockout''<br /> *''Gaddo''<br /> ===Trios (with Conception &amp; Anthony)===<br /> *''Separate State''<br /> *''Apar''<br /> *''Votam''<br /> *''Brazil''<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Afonso, Nelson}}<br /> [[Category:1934 births]]<br /> [[Category:1982 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Tiatrists]]<br /> [[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]<br /> [[Category:Konkani-language singers]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jharia_Raj&diff=506185 2026-03-10T03:17:30Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Zamindari estate}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{cleanup|reason=written like essay |date=April 2023}}<br /> '''Jharia Raj''' / '''Jharia Estate''' was a [[Zamindari]] estate in[[British India]], located at [[Jharia]] in [[Bihar]] province of the [[Bengal Presidency]] now in Jharkhand.&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Royal bahu steps out Madhavi eyes Jharia mileage|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140422/jsp/jharkhand/story_18264455.jsp#.VtmF4eY_yKE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306164034/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140422/jsp/jharkhand/story_18264455.jsp#.VtmF4eY_yKE|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2016|accessdate=4 March 2016|publisher=The Telegraph, Calcutta|date=22 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=b&gt;{{cite news|title=Jharia's Raja Talab to be restored to its former glory|url=http://english.pradesh18.com/news/bihar/jharias-raja-talab-to-be-restored-to-its-former-glory-625415.html|accessdate=4 March 2016|agency=Pradesh 18. com|date=18 October 2014|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308133922/http://english.pradesh18.com/news/bihar/jharias-raja-talab-to-be-restored-to-its-former-glory-625415.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=c&gt;{{cite news|title=Jharia's royal five - Devi brings alive Coal Belt's history|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140930/jsp/jharkhand/story_18884782.jsp#.VtmMd-Y_yKE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203165311/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140930/jsp/jharkhand/story_18884782.jsp#.VtmMd-Y_yKE|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2014|accessdate=4 March 2016|publisher=The Telegraph, Calcutta|date=30 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=First family out of mayoral poll - OBC candidates eye Dhanbad top chair|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150430/jsp/jharkhand/story_17373.jsp#.VtvH5eY_yKE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720181151/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150430/jsp/jharkhand/story_17373.jsp#.VtvH5eY_yKE|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 July 2015|accessdate=6 March 2016|agency=The Telegraph Calcutta|date=30 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The present Jharia house is an offshoot of Palganj in [[Hazaribagh]] and was formerly established at [[Katrasgarh]].&lt;ref name=bg&gt;Bihar district gazetteers - Volume 12 - Page 706&lt;/ref&gt; Even today the ancestral house cum fort of Jharia Raj family stands at Katras.&lt;ref name=bg/&gt; As per family history, the zamindars were originally from [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] in Central India and established their kingdom in the area around Jharia in year 1763.&lt;ref name=tt/&gt; In 1864 the Jainagar estate was bought by the Jharia estate.&lt;ref&gt;Bulletin of Quantitative and Computer Methods in South Asian Studies, Issue 2 by School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1974 pg;25&lt;/ref&gt; The village of Katras contains the residence of the zamindar, which according to tradition was formerly the head-quarters of the Jharia Raj before this was split up into the separate houses of Katras, Jharia and Nawagarh.&lt;ref&gt;Bengal district gazetteers - Volume 30, Part 1 - Page 275, Bengal India, 1911&lt;/ref&gt; It became one of the richest zamindari estates of Bengal Presidency after the coal was discovered in the lands underneath and mining started in decade of 1890 in the area.&lt;ref name=a/&gt;&lt;ref name=b/&gt;&lt;ref name=c/&gt;<br /> <br /> Among the notable zamindars of Jharia Raj were, Raja Durga Prasad Singh who inherited estate in 1850s when he was still a minor. Durga died in 1916, who was succeeded by Raja Shiva Prasad Singh. Shiva Prasad died in January 1947 and his eldest son, Shri Kali Prasad Singh became the last Raja of Zharia till the zamindari was abolished in 1952.&lt;ref name=n&gt;Diary of Golden Days in Jharia - – A Memoir &amp; History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa compiled by Raja Pawan Jethwa of Calcutta - 1998 pp: iv, 41&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The major coal mining areas were in the five big estates - Jharia Raj, Nawagarh Raj, Katrasgarh Raj, Tundi Raj and Pandra Raj, which covered the entire area between the Damodar and Barakar rivers in what was then [[Manbhum|Manbhum district]], which later became [[Dhanbad district]].&lt;ref&gt;Economy, society &amp; politics in modern India - Page 97 by D. N. Panigrahi, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library - 1985&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Jharia Raj area was first surveyed and mapped by T.W.H. Hughes in 1866, and in 1890 by T. H. Ward who estimated 804 million tons of good coal reserve.&lt;ref&gt;Indian Journal of History of Science - Volumes 17-18 - Page 386&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier, in 1858 Messrs. Borrodaile and Co. had applied for a lease for the whole of Jharia estate. The Estate or Raj was at that time under the Court of Wards for a lease to mine coal in the Jharia estate was not granted. The first lease were not given before 1890. In 1895, Dhanbad, Jharia, Katras, Kusunda and Patherdih were connected by railway lines via [[Asansol]] to [[Calcutta]] and this considerably helped mining industry of this area to take off in a big scale. With the railways came the [[KGK Community|Gujarati people]] as an expert railway contractor with an experience of railway construction work at [[Thane]]. They met the then Raja of Jharia and purchased some land having underneath a vast wealth in the shape of coals on lease.&lt;ref name=t/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Coal Industry in India: An Historical and Analytical Account by Ghosh, Amiya B - 1977&lt;/ref&gt; Among, them the pioneer Indian was [[Khora Ramji]], which was also acknowledged by British gazetteer.&lt;ref name=n/&gt; By early 1900s there were several coal mines operating in Jharia coalfields belt, which was now connected to Calcutta by a train link and the Jharia Raj began to prosper with the income coming from royalties and migrant population and Jharia becoming a major coal mining hub and business center in rival to [[Raniganj|Ranigunj]] coal region.&lt;ref name=n/&gt; There was intense competition between mine owners of the major coalfields, Jharia and Raniganj&lt;ref&gt;History of Technology in India - Volume 3 - Page 428 by A. K. Bag - 2001&lt;/ref&gt; and by 1907 Jharia was yielding half of India's output. One of its oldest mines was Khas Jharia&lt;ref name=&quot;Linden1997&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Marcel van der Linden|title=Peripheral Labour: Studies in the History of Partial Proletarianization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FClErftju_kC&amp;pg=PA83|date=13 May 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-58900-0|pages=83}}&lt;/ref&gt; owned by Khora Ramji.&lt;ref name=n/&gt;&lt;ref name=f&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=CbmyAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=seth+khora+ramji] ''The Jharia underground fire still raging first came to notice in November 1930 with subsidence at Seth Khora Ramji's Khas Jharia Colliery(Page 159). He was told that Seth Khora Ramji, whose mines lay underneath Jharia, had chosen to live in his house, which also collapsed in subsidance(Page 160)''. 'The politics of labour under late colonialism:workers, unions, and the state in Chota Nagpur, 1928–1939 by Dilip Simeon.'&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Jharia Raj was part of Manbhum district, the headquarters of which was Bangsoorna later shifted to [[Govindpur, Jharkhand|Govindpur]]. In 1904 it was decided by [[Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser|Sir Andrew Fraser]], the Governor of Bengal that the headquarters of the subdivision should be transferred from Govindpur to [[Dhanbad]]. The actual transfer, however, took place on 27 June 1908.&lt;ref&gt;Rural development administration in India - Page 11 by Shashi Kumar Jha - 1988&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dhanbad 1966 by India. Superintendent of Census Operations, Bihar&lt;/ref&gt; With the transfer of headquarters at Dhanbad various amenities were provided, which attracted people to habitate in the Raj.&lt;ref name=t&gt;Town Survey Report: Bihar, Dhanbad - Page 22&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Among the legacy and monuments, which stand today at Jharia - Dhanbad are [[Jharia Raj High School]] - the oldest school of the region founded in 1866,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New site for oldest school|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151008/jsp/jharkhand/story_46681.jsp#.VtvCn-Y_yKE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013112743/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151008/jsp/jharkhand/story_46681.jsp#.VtvCn-Y_yKE|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2015|accessdate=6 March 2016|agency=The Telegraph Calcutta|date=8 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Raja Shiva Prasad College]] - founded in 1951 by Raja Kali Prasad Singh in memory of his father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rspcollege.org/history.htm |title=History Raja Shiva Prasad College |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=28 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528110202/http://www.rspcollege.org/history.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Raja Talab]] - a huge water tank, which is now being conserved - which was built by Raja Durga Prasad Singh in 1912-13 to fulfill water needs of its population.&lt;ref name=a/&gt;&lt;ref name=b/&gt;&lt;ref name=c/&gt; Further, as late in 1985, Raja Kali Prasad Singh was instrumental in starting Kids Garden Secondary School at Jharia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://kidsgardenjharia.in/About%20Us.html?scrollto=About |title=Kids Garden School |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=20 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320235657/http://kidsgardenjharia.in/About%20Us.html?scrollto=About |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Also the traditional [[Durga Puja]] started by the royal family in 1861&lt;ref name=&quot;rt&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Neglect shrinks royal pond - Dry Raja Talab raises Durga ritual concerns|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150926/jsp/jharkhand/story_44557.jsp#.VtvIBeY_yKE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011212411/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150926/jsp/jharkhand/story_44557.jsp#.VtvIBeY_yKE|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2015|accessdate=6 March 2016|date=26 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; is still an attraction of the town, which takes place at old fort - the Purana Rajgarh, the ancestral palace of the family.&lt;ref name=&quot;tt&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Jharia royals ready for Durga Puja - Started in 1800s, funds crunch forces toned down festivities|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100924/jsp/jharkhand/story_12975514.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231170244/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1100924/jsp/jharkhand/story_12975514.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2016|accessdate=5 March 2016|publisher=The Telegraph Calcutta|date=24 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The puja is performed at three places — at the temple near the old fort, the temple at the new fort and at Shira Ghar, the place where the [[kuldevta]] and the weapons of the royal family are kept.&lt;ref name=tt/&gt;<br /> <br /> Raja Shiv Prasad Singh married Rani Mandakini Devi and had five sons - Raja Kali Prasad Singh, Tara Prasad Singh, Shyama Prasad Singh, Uma Prasad Singh, Rama Prasad Singh. He was succeeded by his eldest son Raja Kali Prasad Singh, who was last Zamindar of Jharia Raj, after which in 1951 Zamindari was abolished in India&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jharia Raj – The Royal Family of Jharia |url=https://mrdreamer.in/2022/08/09/jharia-raj-the-royal-family-of-jharia/ |website=Mr.Dreamer's Blog |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809144058/https://mrdreamer.in/2022/08/09/jharia-raj-the-royal-family-of-jharia/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Raja Kali Prasad Singh tried his hands in politics and contested in the elections of 1952 and won from Sindri constituency for the first time . Although, he was an influential person and held major clout in the area, which was once his ''Raj'' but he was in his home constituency defeated by [[Purushottam K. Chauhan]], a popular freedom fighter, coal miner and labor leader from Dhanbad.&lt;ref name=n/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=India, a reference annual|year=1958|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=431|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqcSAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=PURSHOTTAM+CHAUHAN+DHANBAD}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dhanbad :List of MLA's from 1952 to 1972|url=http://dhanbad.nic.in/Election/mla.html|publisher=Dhanbad District Official Website |accessdate=22 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;Legislatures and Indian democracy:<br /> a procedural study of questions in Bihar Legislative Assembly, 1952–62&lt;/ref&gt; However, he won from Baliapur near [[Sindri (Dhanbad)|Sindri]] on [[Jharkhand Party]] ticket.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=India: A Reference Annual|date=1954|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=369|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6nZDAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=KALI+PRASAD+SINGH+1952+ELECTIONS|accessdate=21 June 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The family never contested elections ever since but continue to have a strong clout and influence in area even now. Currently, Madhavi Singh, wife of Jharia royal family scion Sujit Prasad Singh, is politically active.&lt;ref name=a/&gt; Also, daughter in law of Raja Kali Prasad Singh, Snehalata Kumari Devi, wife of Raja Bishweshwar Prasad Singh is active in politics. She is the General Secretary of BJP (Orissa) [[Sambalpur]].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Zamindari estates]]<br /> [[Category:History of Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Dhanbad district]]<br /> [[Category:1952 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Rajput estates]]<br /> [[Category:1763 establishments in India]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Gujarati_films_of_2025&diff=512329 2026-03-09T09:08:44Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: made stub...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|List of Gujarati language films released in 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}<br /> <br /> This is a list of [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati language films]] released in 2025. According to the Ormax Media report, in January—October 2025, the Gujarati films collectively surpassed {{INRConvert|100|c}} gross box office for the first time. The report also highlighted the diversity of genres of successful films.&lt;ref name=&quot;ormax gujarati&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-INR100-cr-moment-for-gujarati-cinema.html|title=The ₹100 Cr moment for Gujarati cinema|date=8 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the Ormax Box Office report of 2025, Gujarati cinema registered growth of 189% to {{INRConvert|242|c}} from {{INRConvert|89|c}} in the previous year.&lt;ref name=&quot;ormax 2025&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=15 January 2026 |title=The Ormax Box Office Report: 2025 |url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-ormax-box-office-report-2025.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; The devotional drama film ''[[Laalo – Krishna Sada Sahaayate]]'' was declared the [[sleeper hit]] and became [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Gujarati|the highest-grossing Gujarati film of all-time]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gujarati film with Rs 50 lakh budget makes 176x profit, earns Rs 1 cr for first time on Day 24 of release|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/gujarati-film-rs-50-lakh-budget-176x-profit-earns-rs-1-cr-for-first-time-day-24-of-release-10387258/|website=The Indian Express|date=2025-11-26|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as the first Gujarati film to gross over {{INRConvert|100|c}} worldwide,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2025-11-30 |title=Historic Milestone: 'Laalo – Krishna Sada Sahaayate' Becomes First Gujarati Film to Cross ₹100 Crore |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/11/30/historic-milestone-laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-becomes-first-gujarati-film-to-cross-%E2%82%B9100-crore/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Laalo – Krishna Sada Sahaayate set to become first Gujarati movie to cross Rs 100 crore at the box office|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-set-to-become-first-gujarati-movie-to-cross-rs-100-crore-at-the-box-office-4054310/|website=The Financial Express|date=2025-11-24|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Laalo Krishna Sada Sahaayate Box Office: Becomes First Ever Gujarati Film to Gross 100 Crore Worldwide|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-box-office-becomes-first-ever-gujarati-film-to-gross-100-crore-worldwide-1398770|website=PINKVILLA|date=2025-11-28|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/ott-looks-away-box-office-answers-gujarati-films-hit-rs-100-cr-also-200-cr-2025-first-time-producers-open-soaring-budgets-ticket-prices-10-films-rs-10-cr/&lt;/ref&gt; eventually grossing {{INRConvert|120|c}}.<br /> <br /> ==Box-office collection==<br /> The following is the list of the highest-grossing Gujarati cinema films released in 2025.<br /> :{{legend|#b6fcb6|size=auto|''Background shading indicates that a film is currently showing in theatres.''}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto; margin:auto;&quot;<br /> |+ Highest grossing Gujarati cinema films of 2025<br /> |-<br /> ! Rank<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Studio(s)<br /> ! Worldwide Gross<br /> ! Source<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#b6fcb6;&quot;|''[[Laalo – Krishna Sada Sahaayate]]''<br /> |Ankit Sakhiya<br /> |Manifest Films, Jay Vyas Productions<br /> |{{estimation|{{INRConvert|120|c}}}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Here's how Gujarati cinema had its decade high box office run in 2025 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/here-s-how-gujarati-cinema-had-its-decade-high-box-office-run-in-2025-article-13741186.html |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Moneycontrol}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |''[[Chaniya Toli]]''<br /> |Jay Bodas, Parth Trivedi<br /> |Anand Pandit Motion Pictures, Jannock Films<br /> |{{estimation|{{INRConvert|23|c}}}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/dvb-original/news/gujarati-film-lalo-shri-krishna-sada-sahayate-highest-grossing-box-office-record-136452518.html|title=મનડા મોહી, બોક્સઓફિસ લૂંટ્યું!:'લાલો..' ગુજરાતી સિનેમાની સૌથી વધુ કમાણી કરનાર ફિલ્મ બની; 'ગુજરાતીઓએ બે મહિનામાં ગુજરાતી મૂવી પાછળ 70 કરોડ ખર્ચ્યા'|date=19 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |''[[Umbarro]]''<br /> |[[Abhishek Shah]]<br /> |Everest Entertainment<br /> |{{estimation|{{INRConvert|17|c}}}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;ormax gujarati&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-INR100-cr-moment-for-gujarati-cinema.html|title=The ₹100 Cr moment for Gujarati cinema|date=8 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |''[[Vash Level 2]]'' <br /> |[[Krishnadev Yagnik]]<br /> |KS Entertainment Studios<br /> |{{estimation|{{INRConvert|16|c}}}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;ormax august&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-india-box-office-report-august-2025.html|title=The India Box Office Report: August 2025|date=18 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |''[[Bachu Ni Benpani]]'' <br /> |[[Vipul Mehta (director)|Vipul Mehta]]<br /> |[[Coconut Motion Pictures]]<br /> |{{estimation|{{INRConvert|15|c}}}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;ormax august&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |''[[All The Best Pandya]]''<br /> |Rahul Bhole, Vinit Kanojia<br /> |Jeegar Chauhan Productions<br /> |{{estimation|{{INRConvert|14|c}}}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;ormax gujarati&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |''[[Jai Mata Ji - Let's Rock]]''<br /> |[[Manish Saini]]<br /> |Amdavad Films<br /> |{{estimation|{{INRConvert|8|c}}}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;ormax gujarati&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |''Bhram''<br /> |Pallav Parikh<br /> |City Shore Ahmedabad<br /> |{{estimation|{{INRConvert|6|c}}}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;ormax gujarati&quot;/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==January–March==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Opening<br /> !Name<br /> !Genre<br /> !Director<br /> !Cast<br /> !{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |3 January<br /> |''[[Victor 303]]''<br /> |Action<br /> |Swapnil Mehta<br /> |Jagjeetsinh Vadher, Rudraksh Nisiddh Panchal, Anjali Barot, Alisha Prajapati, Chetan Dhanani, [[Abhinay Banker]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Victor 303 is coming to THEATERS on THIS date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/victor-303-is-coming-to-theaters-on-this-date/articleshow/115063687.cms|access-date=2024-11-20|website=The Times of India|date=8 November 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kaashi Raaghav]]''<br /> |Action Drama<br /> |Dhruv Goswami<br /> |[[Deeksha Joshi]], Jayesh More, Shruhad Goswami, Pihu Gadhvi<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/dhekiajuli/movies/kaashi-raaghav/ET00423687|title=Kaashi Raghav (2025)|access-date=5 January 2025|website=BookMyShow}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |10 January<br /> |''[[Mom Tane Nai Samjay]]''<br /> |Family Drama<br /> |Dharmessh Mehta<br /> |[[Rashami Desai]], [[Amar Upadhyay]], Vriti Vaghani, Namit Shah, [[Hemang Dave]], Tejal Vyas, <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mom Tane Nai Samjay - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/mom-tane-nai-samjay-official-trailer/videoshow/117119602.cms |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |17 January<br /> |''[[Taaro Thayo]]''<br /> |Family Drama<br /> |Dharmesh Patel<br /> |[[Hiten Kumar]], [[Kaajal Oza Vaidya]], [[Hitu Kanodia]], [[Vyoma Nandi]], Sunny Pancholi, Sonu Chandrapal, Reeva Rachh, Namann Gor, Vistaasp Gotla, [[Firoz Irani]], Hitesh Raval, Jignesh Modi, Jahanvi Patel<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/taaro-thayo/movieshow/117296048.cms |title=Taaro Thayo Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos|newspaper= Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Malik Ni Varta''<br /> |Drama<br /> |K. R. Devmani<br /> | [[Anang Desai]], Rajiv Mehta, [[Monal Gajjar]], [[Hitu Kanodia]], Chetan Daiya, Sunil Vishrani, [[Dhvanit Thaker]], [[Malhar Thakar]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Malik Ni Varta (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast &amp; Release Date in khandela |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/khandela/movies/malik-ni-varta/ET00427963 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Malik Ni VartaUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/malik-ni-varta/movieshow/117302457.cms |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Chhutachheda''<br /> |Drama<br /> |Akhil Kotak<br /> |[[Hitu Kanodia]], [[Arvind Vegda]], Akhil Kotak, Nirali Joshi<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=ChhutachedaUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/chhutacheda/movieshow/117303036.cms |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Jigar Ni Jeet''<br /> |Family drama<br /> |Vishnu Thakor<br /> |Jigar Thakor, Jimmy Pandya, Jitu Pandya, Chetan Daiya, Pooja Soni, Prakash Mandora<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jigar Ni Jeet (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast &amp; Release Date in madugula |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/madugula/movies/jigar-ni-jeet/ET00428935 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |24 January<br /> |''[[Umbarro]]''<br /> |Comedy drama<br /> |Abhishek Shah<br /> |[[Vandana Pathak]], [[Kaajal Oza Vaidya]], Sucheeta Trivedi, [[Deeksha Joshi]], Tarjanee Bhadla, Tejal Panchasara, Vineeta Joshee, Aarjav Trivedi, Sanjay Galsar<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/umbarro/ET00420660|title=Umbarro (2025)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |31 January<br /> |''[[Faati Ne?]]''<br /> |Horror comedy<br /> |[[Faisal Hashmi]]<br /> |[[Hitu Kanodia]], Smit Pandya, Aakash Zala, Hemin Trivedi, Rudraksh Nisiddh panchal <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Faati Ne |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/faati-ne/movieshow/95405865.cms |access-date=2024-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001063808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/faati-ne/movieshow/95405865.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |7 February<br /> |''Vishwastha''<br /> |Romance drama<br /> |Nikunj Modi<br /> |Nikunj Modi, Sonam Lamba, Prashant Barot, Vaishaki Shah, Kalpana Gagdekar<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=VishwasthaUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/vishwastha/movieshow/118132888.cms |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |14 February <br /> |''[[Ilu Ilu]]''<br /> |Romance, Comedy, Drama<br /> |Ravi Sachdev, Parth Shukla <br /> |Bhavik Bhojak, Khushbu Trivedi, Pooja Bhat, Nisarg Trivedi, Sonali Lele Desai, [[Hemang Dave]], [[Firoz Irani]], Chetan Daiya, Maulik Chauhan<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bhavik Bhojak's multistarrer &amp; dream project film 'Ilu Ilu' brings together a roller coaster of &quot;romance and comedy&quot; |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/bhavik-bhojaks-multistarrer-dream-project-film-ilu-ilu-brings-together-a-roller-coaster-of-romance-and-comedy/articleshow/103829470.cms |access-date=24 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=21 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |21 February<br /> |''Bholaa: The Power'' ''of Man''<br /> |Action drama<br /> |Bhavesh Gorasiya<br /> |Rakesh Barot, Riya Jayswal, Jitu Pandya, Kavan Shah<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Bholaa: The Power Of ManUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/bholaa-the-power-of-man/movieshow/118606825.cms |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Parvat''<br /> |Drama<br /> |Asif Silavat <br /> |[[Hitu Kanodia]], Sapna Vyas, [[Mona Thiba]], Akshatt Irani, Rudraksh Nisiddh Panchal <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=ParvatU |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/parvat/movieshow/118280157.cms |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |7 March<br /> |''Jethalal Na Bhavada''<br /> |Comedy<br /> |Nilesh Mehta<br /> |Vidhi Shah, Jignesh Modi<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Jethalal Na BhavadaUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/jethalal-na-bhavada/movieshow/118765126.cms |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |14 March<br /> |''[[All the Best Pandya]]''<br /> |Courtroom Drama<br /> |Rahul Bhole, Vinit Kanojia<br /> |[[Malhar Thakar]], [[Darshan Jariwala]], [[Vandana Pathak]], Yukti Randeria<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Malhar Thakar on All The Best Pandya: This is my first venture after marriage - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/malhar-thakar-on-all-the-best-pandya-this-is-my-first-venture-after-marriage-exclusive/articleshow/118255716.cms |date=14 February 2025 | access-date=21 February 2025 |work=The Times of India }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Nehdo''<br /> |Family action drama<br /> |Hitesh Beldar<br /> |Jignesh Barot, Prenal Oberai, Jitu Pandya<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nehdo (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast &amp; Release Date in rajkot |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/rajkot/movies/nehdo/ET00437740 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |21 March<br /> |''Jija Sala Jija''<br /> |Comedy drama<br /> |Vipul Sharma<br /> |Tushar Sadhu, Ragi Jani, Kushal Mistry, Jay Pandya, Dipen Raval, Krina Pathak, Khushbu Trivedi<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jija Sala Jija (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast &amp; Release Date in rajkot |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/rajkot/movies/jija-sala-jija/ET00435453 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==April–June==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Opening<br /> !Name<br /> !Genre<br /> !Director<br /> !Cast<br /> !{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> |18 April<br /> |''[[Mithada Maheman]]''<br /> |Drama<br /> |Chinmay Parmar<br /> |[[Yash Soni]], [[Aarohi Patel]], [[Mitra Gadhavi]], Mihir Nishith Rajda <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/yash-soni-aarohi-patel-starrer-mithada-maheman-set-for-release-on-april-18-2025/articleshow/119111360.cms |title=Yash Soni, Aarohi Patel starrer 'Mithada Maheman' set for release on April 18, 2025 |date=17 March 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |25 April<br /> |''Auntypreneur''<br /> |Drama<br /> |Pratik Rajen Kothari<br /> |[[Supriya Pathak]], [[Parikshit Tamaliya]], Brinda Trivedi, Yukti Randeria, Vaibhavi Bhatt, [[Kaushambi Bhatt]], Heena Jaikishan, Ojas Rawal, [[Deepak Antani]] <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Auntypreneur (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast &amp; Release Date in ahmedabad |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ahmedabad/auntypreneur/ET00439413 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1 May<br /> |''Shastra''<br /> |Action, Thriller, Drama<br /> |Kartavya Shah<br /> |Chetan Dhanani, [[Puja Joshi]], Deep Vaidya, Hemin Trivedi <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/puja-joshi-and-chetan-dhanani-lead-cyber-thriller-shastra-film-to-release-on-april-18-2025/articleshow/118712387.cms |title=Puja Joshi and Chetan Dhanani lead cyber-thriller 'Shastra'; film to release on April 18, 2025<br /> |date=4 March 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |9 May<br /> |''[[Jai Mata Ji - Let's Rock]]''<br /> |Comedy, Family Drama<br /> |[[Manish Saini]]<br /> |Neela Mulherkar, [[Aryan Prajapati|Aaryan Prajapati]], [[Malhar Thakar]], [[Vyoma Nandi]], [[Vandana Pathak]], [[Tiku Talsania]], Shekhar Shukla <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.vtvgujarati.com/short-videos/motion-poster-of-malhar-thakar-and-tiku-talsanias-film-jai-mataji-lets-rock-released |title=મલ્હાર ઠાકર અને ટીકુ તલસાણિયાની ફિલ્મ 'જય માતાજી, Let's Rock'નું મોશન પોસ્ટર રિલીઝ<br /> |date=8 February 2025|work=VTV Gujarati|access-date=25 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |16 May<br /> |''Surprise''<br /> |Suspense thriller<br /> |Sachin Brahmbhatt<br /> |[[Vatsal Sheth]], [[Helly Shah]], Jahnvi Chauhan<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhram (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast &amp; Release Date in rajkot |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/rajkot/movies/bhram/ET00432237 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|23 May<br /> |''Bhram''<br /> |Suspense thriller<br /> |Pallav Parikh<br /> |[[Mitra Gadhavi]], Sonaalee Lele Desai, [[Abhinay Banker]], Nishma Soni<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surprise (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast &amp; Release Date in ahmedabad |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ahmedabad/surprise/ET00443468?type=coming-soon |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Pappa No Insurance''<br /> |Comedy<br /> |Amrut Soni<br /> |[[Parikshit Tamaliya]], [[Tiku Talsania]], Anchal Shah, Darshan Soni, Maulika Patel, Rudraksh Nisiddh panchal <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/actors-parikshit-tamaliya-and-aanchal-shah-to-team-up-for-pappa-no-insurance/articleshow/109059732.cms |title=Actors Parikshit Tamaliya and Aanchal Shah to team up for 'Pappa No Insurance'|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |30 May<br /> |''[[Shubhchintak]]''<br /> |Thriller<br /> |Nisarg Vaidya<br /> |[[Swapnil Joshi]], [[Manasi Parekh]], [[Viraf Patel]], Deep Vaidya, [[Mehul Buch]], [[Esha Kansara]], Tusharika Rajyaguru <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/marathi-star-swwapnil-joshi-to-debut-in-gujarati-film-shubhchintak-film-starts-rolling/articleshow/116412557.cms |title=Marathi star Swwapnil Joshi to debut in Gujarati film 'ShubhChintak'|date=19 December 2024 | work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Kathiyawadi Tales''<br /> |Comedy thriller<br /> |Abhishek Pandya<br /> |Akash Trivedi, Deesha Manwani, Michelle Trivedi, Darpan Soni<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/kathiyawadi-tales/movieshow/121595921.cms |title=Kathiyawadi Tales Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-08-14 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Bela''<br /> |Action drama<br /> |Tansukh Gohil <br /> |Chetan Daiya, Prenal Oberoy, Prashant Barot, Jignesh Modi<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/bela/movieshow/121482659.cms |title=Bela Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-08-14 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |13 June<br /> |''Jalso - A Family Invitation''<br /> |Family Drama<br /> |[[Rajiv S. Ruia]]<br /> |[[Hiten Tejwani]], [[Puja Joshi]], [[Aruna Irani]], Bhavin Bhanushali, [[Hemang Dave]], Dharmesh Vyas<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Gujarati film 'Jalso' begins shooting after grand muhurat puja, featuring Aruna Irani, Hiten Tejwani, and others |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/gujarati-film-jalso-begins-shooting-after-grand-muhurat-puja-featuring-aruna-irani-hiten-tejwani-and-others/articleshow/114553863.cms |newspaper=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|27 June<br /> |''[[Goti Lo]]''<br /> |Family Drama<br /> |[[Deepak Antani]]<br /> |[[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], [[Mehul Buch]], Manav Rao, Bhavya Sirohi, Makrand Annapurna, Dipen Raval, Ravi Omprakash Rao, Jahanvi Patel <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Goti Lo - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast &amp; Release Date in Ahmedabad |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ahmedabad/goti-lo/ET00447067 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.sangritoday.com/spotlight/manoj-joshis-gujarati-film-goti-lo-highlights-losing-the-real-world-to-the-lure-of-the-virtual-one |title=Manoj Joshi's Gujarati film 'Goti Lo' highlights losing the real world to the lure of the virtual one |date=22 May 2025|work=Sangri Today |access-date=11 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jalebi Rocks]]''<br /> |Drama<br /> |Cchinmay P Purohit<br /> |[[Vandana Pathak]], [[Manav Gohil]], Gaurav Paswala, [[Manasi Rachh]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jalebi Rocks (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast &amp; Release Date in ahmedabad |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ahmedabad/jalebi-rocks/ET00438033 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==July–September==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Opening<br /> !Name<br /> !Genre<br /> !Director<br /> !Cast<br /> !{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |4 July <br /> |''[[Deda (2025 film)|Deda]]''<br /> | Drama<br /> |Hema Shukla <br /> |Gaurav Paswala, [[Helly Shah]], [[Hiten Tejwani]], Sonali Lele Desai, Chetan Daiya <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=First poster of Gujarati movie Deda unveiled |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/first-poster-of-gujarati-movie-deda-unveiled/81892805.html#goog_rewarded |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Anamika''<br /> |Romance drama<br /> |Bhushan Bhatt<br /> |Jaini Shah, Ashish Rajput, Charmy Kelaiya, Rishi Jani<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/anamika/movieshow/122224644.cms |title=Anamika Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-08-14 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|11 July<br /> |''[[Vahali]]''<br /> |Family Drama<br /> |Eventus India Entertainment<br /> |Bhavin Bhanushali, Mazel Vyas, Sachin Parikh, Krunal Pandit, Bhoomi Shukla, Vishal Solanki, Gayatri Rawal<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://english.loktej.com/article/18932/promising-gujarati-family-drama-vahali-set-for-july-11-release |title=Promising Gujarati family drama Vahali set for July 11 release |date=28 May 2025|work=Loktej|access-date=9 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/promising-gujarati-family-drama-vahali-set-for-july-11-release/81892106.html |title=Promising Gujarati family drama Vahali set for July 11 release |date=28 May 2025|work=Ahmedabad Mirror|access-date=9 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |18 July<br /> |''Chaatar''<br /> |Drama<br /> |Vinod Parmar<br /> |Hiren Zinzuwadia, Maulik Nayak, [[Kaushambi Bhatt]], Riddhi P Yadav, Mukesh Rao, Kabir Daiya <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chaatar (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast &amp; Release Date in ahmedabad |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ahmedabad/chaatar/ET00450596 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sanghavi and Sons]]''<br /> |Family Drama<br /> |Chandresh K Bhatt<br /> |[[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], [[Hiten Tejwani]], [[Komal Thacker]], Gaurav Paswala, Dharmesh Vyas<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/chandresh-bhatt-on-sanghvi-and-sons-this-story-is-a-heartfelt-tribute-to-those-emotions-and-realizationsexclusive/articleshow/121644750.cms |title=Chandresh Bhatt on Sanghvi and Sons: This story is a heartfelt tribute to those emotions and realizations—exclusive |date=5 June 2025|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Shree''<br /> |Drama<br /> |Utsav Pravin<br /> |Chetan Daiya, Bhavana Patel, Prashant Barot, Anand Devmani, Utsav Pravin<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/shree/movieshow/122617252.cms |title=Shree Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-08-14 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1 August<br /> |''[[Maharani (2025 film)|Maharani]]''<br /> |Family Drama<br /> |[[Viral Shah (director)|Viral Shah]]<br /> |[[Manasi Parekh]], [[Shraddha Dangar]], Ojas Rawal, [[Sanjay Goradia]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/dhollywood-news/article/manasi-parekh-and-shraddha-dangar-come-together-for-viral-shahs-next-derectorial-film-maharani-to-be-released-on-1st-august-2025-243566 |title='મહારાણી'ના તાજ માટે 1લી ઑગસ્ટે સાથે લડત આપશે માનસી પારેખ અને શ્રદ્ધા ડાંગર |date=19 May 2025|work=[[Mid-Day|Gujarati Midday]] |access-date=9 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/ptiprnews/panorama-studios-joins-hands-with-monkey-god-entertainment-summit-studios-eka-entertainment-to-produce-maharani-a-gujarati-social-comedy-directed-by-viral-shah |title=Panorama Studios Joins Hands With Monkey God Entertainment, Summit Studios and Eka Entertainment To Produce Maharani, A Gujarati Social Comedy, Directed By Viral Shah |date=18 April 2025|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=9 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Vishwaguru''<br /> |Drama, Mystery<br /> |Shailesh Patel, Atul Sonar<br /> |Gaurav Paswala, [[Krishna Bharadwaj (actor)|Krishna Bharadwaj]], [[Mukesh Khanna]], [[Rajeev Mehta]], Sonu Chandrapal, [[Shraddha Dangar]], Dharmesh Vyas<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vishwaguru |website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt37392519}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3&quot; | 8 August<br /> |''Bhola No Bhagwan''<br /> |Drama<br /> |Hitesh Beldar<br /> |[[Vikram Thakor]], Prerna Oberai, Bhumi Gour<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ahmedabad/bhola-no-bhagwan/ET00456484|title=Bhola No Bhagwan (2025)|access-date=12 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Call 104''<br /> |Social Drama<br /> |Bhavesh Gorasiya<br /> |Dharmesh Vyas, Samarth Sharma, Roorak Dave, Piyush Khandelwal, Bharat Thakkar, Jaimini Trivedi<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Call 104 (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast &amp; Release Date in mumbai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mumbai/call-104/ET00447659 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Varta''<br /> |Drama comedy<br /> |Jasmeet Kumar<br /> |Anand Devmani, Priyal Bhatt, Akanksha Bhatnagar, Naisarg Mistry<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/varta/movieshow/123323126.cms&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|27 August<br /> |''[[Bachu Ni Benpani]]''<br /> |Family Drama<br /> |[[Vipul Mehta (director)|Vipul Mehta]]<br /> |[[Siddharth Randeria]], [[Ratna Pathak Shah]], [[Devarshi Shah]], Yukti Randeria<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Show timings of Bachu Ni Benpani |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bachu-ni-benpani/ET00450272?type=coming-soon|website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Vash Level 2|Vash: Level 2]]''<br /> |Thriller<br /> |[[Krishnadev Yagnik]]<br /> |[[Hitu Kanodia]], [[Janki Bodiwala]], [[Monal Gajjar]], [[Hiten Kumar]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/vash-level-2-set-to-terrify-audiences-this-august/articleshow/121641242.cms |title='Vash Level 2' set to terrify audiences this August |date=5 June 2025|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|5 September<br /> |''Naankhatai''<br /> |Drama anthology<br /> |Preet Gohil<br /> |[[Hiten Kumar]], [[Mitra Gadhavi|Mitra Gadhvi]], [[Mayur Chauhan]], [[Esha Kansara]], [[Deeksha Joshi]], Tarjani, Alpana Buch, Kalpana Gagdekar, Deep Vaidya, Archan Trivedi, Bharat Thakkar, Chetan Daiya, Hemin Trivedi, Satish Bhatt, Purvaai Patel<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9SR5ZbpmjQ |title=Naankhatai {{!}} Official Teaser {{!}} Gujarati Film {{!}} 8 August 2025 |date=2025-06-25 |last=Khushi Films |access-date=2025-07-15 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Ajab Ghar Ni Ghazab Ni Kahani''<br /> |Drama<br /> |Narendra Parmar<br /> |Mahendra Panchal, Vidhi Shah, Prakash Mandora, Mitresh Verma<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/ajab-ghar-ni-ghazab-ni-kahani/movieshow/123735628.cms&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 12 September<br /> |''Dhinga Masti Story of Brave Children''<br /> |Drama<br /> |Jayesh Trivedi<br /> |Vidhi Shah, Arvind Vegda, Tamanna Saraf<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ahmedabad/dhinga-masti-story-of-brave-children/ET00462286|title=Dhinga Masti Story of Brave Children (2025)|access-date=18 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Fari Ek Vaar]]''<br /> |Family Drama<br /> |Aakhil Kotak<br /> |[[Supriya Pathak]], [[Tiku Talsania]], [[Avani Modi]], Utsav Naik, Netri Trivedi<br /> ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/gujarati-film-fari-ek-vaar-release-date-story-social-drama-135458914.html |title=ગુજરાત ફિલ્મ 'ફરી એકવાર'ની રિલીઝ ડેટ જાહેર:12 સપ્ટેમ્બરે થિયેટરમાં ધૂમ મચાવશે, સુપ્રિયા પાઠક-ટીકુ તલસાણીયા સહિતના કલાકારો જોવા મળશે |date=16 July 2025|work=Divya Bhaskar |access-date=16 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 19 September<br /> |''Bharat Ni Dikri''<br /> |Drama<br /> |Keshav Rathod<br /> |Prenal Oberai, Jignesh Modi, Krishna Zala, Vidhi Shah<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Latest Gujarati Movies {{!}} List of New Gujarati Films Releases 2025 {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/latest-new-movies/gujarati-movies |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Common Man''<br /> |Drama<br /> |Pranav Patel<br /> |Chetan Daiya, Ashish Rajput, Vishal Shah, Jaini Shah, Anjali Acharya, Smit Joshi<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/common-man/movieshow/123945763.cms |title=Common Man Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-12-26 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Shwaas''<br /> |Drama <br /> |Vasant Narkar<br /> |Raj Vitthalpura, Nisarg Trivedi, Chetan Daiya, Purvi Bhatt, Ruby Thakkar, Jaswant Gadhvi, Mayur Amin<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/shwaas/movieshow/124093741.cms |title=Shwaas Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-12-26 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==October–December==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Opening<br /> !Name<br /> !Genre<br /> !Director<br /> !Cast<br /> !{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> |10 October<br /> |''[[Laalo – Krishna Sada Sahaayate]]''<br /> |Devotional drama<br /> |Ankit Sakhiya<br /> |Reeva Rachh, Shruhad Goswami, Karan Joshi, Mishty Kadecha<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/digras/laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate/ET00459408|title=Laalo – Krishna Sada Sahaayate|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=TOI3&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate/movieshow/124381512.cms |title=Laalo: Krishna Sada Sahaayate Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News and Videos |date=8 October 2025|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |17 October<br /> |''Vikram No 1''<br /> |Action drama<br /> |Jitu Pandya<br /> |[[Vikram Thakor]], Sweta Sen, Usha Bhatiya, <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/vikram-number-1/ET00466772|title=Vikram Number 1|access-date=3 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |21 October<br /> |''[[Chaniya Toli]]''<br /> |Comedy drama<br /> |Jay Bodas, Parth Trivedi<br /> |[[Yash Soni]], Netri Trivedi, Heena Varde, Chetan Daiya, Maulik Nayak, [[Janki Bodiwala]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Anand Pandit and Vaishal Shah team up for their fourth Gujarati project 'Chaniya Toli'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/anand-pandit-and-vaishal-shah-team-up-for-their-fourth-gujarati-project-chaniya-toli/articleshow/120196375.cms |newspaper=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |31 October<br /> |''Misri''<br /> |Romance comedy <br /> |Kushal Naik<br /> |[[Raunaq Kamdar]], [[Manasi Parekh]], [[Tiku Talsania]], [[Hitu Kanodia]], [[Kaushambi Bhatt]], Princy Prajapati, Prem Gadhavi<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=timesofindia |date=29 Mar 2025 |title=It's a wrap for Manasi Parekh and Raunaq Kamdar's 'Misri' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-manasi-parekh-and-raunaq-kamdars-misri/articleshow/119692619.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|7 November<br /> |''[[Pravas (2025 film)|Pravas]]''<br /> |Family drama<br /> |Vipul Sharma<br /> |Vishal Thakkar, Jay Pandya, Komal Panchal, Nishma Soni <br /> |&lt;ref name=DB1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/gujarati-film-pravaas-trailer-release-videos-70-awards-nov-7-136283096.html |title=ગરીબી વચ્ચે સપનું પૂરું કરવાની ગડમથલનો 'પ્રવાસ':70થી વધુ આંતરરાષ્ટ્રીય એવોર્ડ જીતનારી ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મનું ટ્રેલર રિલીઝ, 7 નવેમ્બરે સિનેમાઘરોમાં આવશે |date=29 October 2025|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |access-date=29 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Charkat''<br /> |Comedy drama<br /> |AShish Kumar<br /> |Sanjay Galsar, Narendra Vyas, Bharat Thakkar, Jagpal Bharad, Shivani Bhatt, Mir Hanif<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ahmedabad/charkat/ET00468101|title= Charkat|access-date=3 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |14 November <br /> |''Dusshera''<br /> |Mythological thriller<br /> |Chinmay Naik<br /> |Kartik J, Jagdish Italiya, Sundaram Prasad, Pauravi Joshi, Jitendra Sumra, <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ahmedabad/dusshera/ET00466628|title= Dusshera|access-date=3 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Kundaalu''<br /> |Social drama<br /> |Rohit Prajapati<br /> |Sonali Lele Desai, Swayam Gadhavi, Vaibhav Biniwale, Happy Bhavsar Nayak <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ahmedabad/kundaalu/ET00470656|title= Kundaalu|access-date=14 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |21 November<br /> |''Full Stop''<br /> |Action drama<br /> |Pritesh Patel, Jakee Patel<br /> |Kajal Vashist, Saurabh Barot<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Full Stop (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast &amp; Release Date in Mumbai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mumbai/full-stop/ET00471245?utm_source=FBLIKE&amp;fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |28 November <br /> |''Aavaa De''<br /> |Romantic comedy<br /> |Nihar Thakkar<br /> |[[Parikshit Tamaliya]], Kumpal Patel, Hemant Kher, Sonali Lele Desai <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/dhollywood-news/article/aavaa-de-teaser-release-parikshit-tamaliya-and-kumpal-patel-s-heartfelt-love-story-unveiled-256142|title= ‘આવવા દે’નું ટીઝર રિલીઝ: પરીક્ષિત તમાલિયા અને કુંપલ પટેલની દિલસ્પર્શી પ્રેમકથા|access-date=6 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |12 December<br /> |''Ajab Tarzan Ni Gajab Kahani''<br /> |Drama<br /> |Suresh Joshi<br /> |Ankit Raj Ravindran, Vidhi Shah, Chetan Daiya, Jaydeep Shah, Kalpesh Patel<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ajab-tarzan-ni-gajab-kahani/ET00463758|title=Ajab Tarzan Ni Gajab Kahani (2025)|access-date=15 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Jeev''<br /> |Drama<br /> |Jigar Kapdi<br /> |Dharmendra Gohil, [[Shraddha Dangar]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/two-gujarati-films-to-be-released-next-month-jeev-and-vande-bharat-via-usa-136459312.html|title= આવતા મહિને બે ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મો રિલીઝ થશે:સત્યઘટના પર આધારિત 'જીવ' અને મલ્હાર ઠાકરની NRI કોમેડી 'વંદે ભારત વાયા USA' ધૂમ મચાવશે |access-date=19 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |19 December<br /> |''Collector Viraj''<br /> |Drama<br /> |Bhagvan Vaghela<br /> |Jagdish Italiya, Sudharshan Prasad, Pauravi Joshi<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ahmedabad/collector-viraj/ET00476812|title=Collector Viraj (2025)|access-date=15 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Napass''<br /> |Drama<br /> |Alok Thaker, Nivedita Shah<br /> |Alok Thaker, Laxmi<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ahmedabad/napaas/ET00476037|title= Napaas (2025) |access-date=19 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Raja Saheb''<br /> | Fantasy drama<br /> |Utpal Modi<br /> |Harsh Kavithiya, Dimple Upadhyay, Jay Rami, Jignesh Modi, Naitik Desai, Rudraksh Nisiddh panchal <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Raja Saheb (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast &amp; Release Date in ahmedabad |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ahmedabad/raja-saheb/ET00448197 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Two Cup Tea''<br /> | Drama<br /> | Himanshu Patel<br /> |Jignesh Modi, Vidhi Shah, Naisarg Mistry<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/two-cup-tea/movieshow/126103967.cms|title=Two Cup Tea Movie|date=19 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |25 December<br /> |''[[Vande Bharat Via USA]]''<br /> |Comedy drama<br /> |Jaymin Patel<br /> |[[Malhar Thakar]], [[Pooja Jhaveri]], Kelly Pearson<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/dreams-of-living-abroad-with-a-native-heart-136350810.html|title= દેશી દિલ સાથે વિદેશમાં વસવાના સપના!:'વંદે ભારત વાયા યુએસએ'ની રિલીઝ પર મોટી અપડેટ, મલ્હારની નવી ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ લાગણીઓ અને હાસ્યથી ભરપૂર<br /> |access-date=6 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Vande Bharat Via USA|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ahmedabad/vande-bharat-via-usa/ET00470174?type=coming-soon |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Gujarati cinema]]<br /> * [[List of Gujarati films]]<br /> * [[List of Gujarati films of 2024]]<br /> * [[List of Gujarati films of 2026]]<br /> * [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Gujarati|List of highest-grossing Gujarati films]]<br /> * [[100 Crore Club]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.imdb.com/search/title/?title_type=feature&amp;release_date=2025-01-01,2025-12-31&amp;languages=gu&amp;sort=year,asc List of Gujarati films of 2025] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]<br /> <br /> {{2025 films}}<br /> {{Indian film list}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lists of Gujarati films by year|2025]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of 2025 films by language|Gujarati]]<br /> [[Category:2025 in Indian cinema|Gujarati]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Mumbaai_(soundtrack)&diff=522963 2026-03-08T09:47:16Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Pritam]]<br /> | cover = Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (soundtrack).png<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 29 June 2010<br /> | recorded = 2009–2010<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = {{Duration|m=47|s=32}}<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br /> | producer = [[Balaji Motion Pictures]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|Khatta Meetha]]<br /> | prev_year = 2010<br /> | next_title = [[Aashayein]]<br /> | next_year = 2010<br /> }}<br /> '''''Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] accompanying the 2010 film [[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai|of the same name]] directed by [[Milan Luthria]]. The film's soundtrack featured 11 songs composed by [[Pritam]] with lyrics written by [[Irshad Kamil]], [[Neelesh Misra]] and [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]. The soundtrack was released under the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] label on 29 June 2010 to positive reviews from critics.<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> The film's music is composed by [[Pritam]] in his second collaboration with Luthria after ''[[Hattrick (film)|Hattrick]]'' (2007). The soundtrack consisted of five original songs—&quot;Tum Jo Aaye Zindagi Mein&quot;, &quot;Pee Loon&quot;, &quot;I Am in Love&quot;, &quot;Parda&quot; and &quot;Baburao Mast Hai&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pritam |author-link=Pritam |date=18 June 2010 |title=Once Upon a Time In Mumbaai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-original-motion-picture/1123340727 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222011715/https://music.apple.com/us/album/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-original-motion-picture/1123340727 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=8 October 2024 |publisher=[[T-Series (company)|Super Cassettes Industries Private Limited]] |via=[[Apple Music]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Neelesh Misra]] wrote lyrics for &quot;I Am In Love&quot; and [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] did the same for &quot;Baburao Mast Hai&quot;, while [[Irshad Kamil]] wrote the remainder of it.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &quot;Tum Jo Aaye Zindagi Mein&quot;, &quot;Pee Loon&quot; and &quot;Parda&quot; had alternative versions, with &quot;Pee Loon&quot; having a remix version performed by DJ A-myth.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Tulsi Kumar]], [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Rana Mazumder]], [[Mika Singh]], [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Dominique Cerejo]] performed the vocals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The soundtrack was released under the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] label on 18 June 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> A reviewer from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote &quot;On the whole, the album impresses and will appeal to music lovers&quot; and rated three out of five stars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 2010 |title=Music Review: Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/music-review-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai/story-EN3erU3Wgaie3RqfZ6tkjL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008084436/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/music-review-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai/story-EN3erU3Wgaie3RqfZ6tkjL.html |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Beenish Mirza of ''Music Aloud'' gave 8/10 and said &quot;The album has been worth the wait, for just ''Pee Loon, Tum Jo Aaye Reprise'' and ''I am in Love'' (2 versions); These in themselves provide a wholesome musical experience.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mirza |first=Beenish |date=29 June 2010 |title=Music Review: Once Upon A Time In Mumbai |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2010/06/29/music-review-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126174127/https://www.musicaloud.com/2010/06/29/music-review-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbai/ |archive-date=26 January 2011 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=Music Aloud}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''Milliblog'' wrote &quot;Average soundtrack propped by two stand-out songs&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=19 June 2010 |title=Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai (Music review), Hindi – Pritam |url=https://milliblog.com/2010/06/29/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-music-review-hindi-pritam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112195053/https://milliblog.com/2010/06/29/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-music-review-hindi-pritam/ |archive-date=12 January 2018 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote &quot;''Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai'' throws a surprise, a mighty pleasant one at that [...] Once the initial inhibition about the album offering only gangster score settles down and the fact emerges that there are quite a few love songs on the offing as well, ''Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai'' should enjoy a long innings ahead.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=18 June 2010 |title=Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai Music Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai/songs/music-critic-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008085304/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai/songs/music-critic-review/ |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaurav Malani of ''[[The Economic Times]]'' wrote &quot;Pritam's soothing tunes 'Pee Loo' and 'Tum Jo Aaye' and the R.D.Burman styled cabaret number 'Parda' are chartbuster material.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Malani |first=Gaurav |date=30 July 2010 |title=Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai: Movie Review |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-movie-review/articleshow/6237427.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008085810/https://contextual-analytics.wunderkind.co/api/contextual?url=https%3A%2F%2Fm.economictimes.com%2Findustry%2Fmedia%2Fentertainment%2Fonce-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-movie-review%2Farticleshow%2F6237427.cms&amp;website_id=7535 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Track listing ==<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = ''Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)'' track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Tum Jo Aaye Zindagi Mein<br /> | extra1 = [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Tulsi Kumar]]<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Irshad Kamil]]<br /> | length1 = 4:48<br /> | title2 = Pee Loon<br /> | note2 = Male<br /> | extra2 = [[Mohit Chauhan]]<br /> | lyrics2 = Irshad Kamil<br /> | length2 = 4:48<br /> | title3 = I Am in Love<br /> | extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Neelesh Misra]]<br /> | note3 = Male<br /> | length3 = 5:02<br /> | title4 = Parda<br /> | extra4 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Rana Mazumder]]<br /> | lyrics4 = Irshad Kamil<br /> | length4 = 5:23<br /> | title5 = [[Baburao Ganpatrao Apte|Baburao]] Mast Hai<br /> | extra5 = [[Mika Singh]]<br /> | lyrics5 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]<br /> | length5 = 4:49<br /> | title6 = Tum Jo Aaye Zindagi Mein<br /> | note6 = Reprise<br /> | extra6 = Rahat Fateh Ali Khan<br /> | lyrics6 = Irshad Kamil<br /> | length6 = 4:30<br /> | title7 = I Am in Love<br /> | note7 = Reprise<br /> | extra7 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Dominique Cerejo]]<br /> | lyrics7 = Neelesh Misra<br /> | length7 = 4:47<br /> | title8 = Pee Loon<br /> | note8 = Female<br /> | extra8 = Tulsi Kumar<br /> | lyrics8 = Irshad Kamil<br /> | length8 = 1:45<br /> | title9 = Pee Loon<br /> | note9 = remixed by DJ A-myth<br /> | extra9 = Mohit Chauhan<br /> | lyrics9 = Irshad Kamil<br /> | length9 = 4:09<br /> | title10 = I Am in Love<br /> | note10 = dance version<br /> | extra10 = KK, Dominique Cerejo<br /> | lyrics10 = Neelesh Misra<br /> | length10 = 5:29<br /> | title11 = I Am in Love<br /> | note11 = Female<br /> | extra11 = Tulsi Kumar<br /> | total_length = 47:32<br /> | lyrics11 = Neelesh Misra<br /> | length11 = 2:02<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |+Awards and nominations for ''Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in Alphabetical order.}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Category<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Recipient(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Result<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |21 December 2010<br /> | Most Entertaining Music<br /> | [[Pritam]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2010 |title=Nominations of BIG Star Entertainment Awards |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-big-star-entertainment-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210091242/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-big-star-entertainment-awards/ |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=22 December 2010 |title=Dabangg bags five awards at Big Star Entertainment Awards |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/dabangg-bags-five-awards-at-big-star-entertainment-awards-597968 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416103800/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/dabangg-bags-five-awards-at-big-star-entertainment-awards-597968 |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=10 February 2018 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Most Entertaining Singer – Male<br /> | {{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (&quot;Pee Loon&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Most Entertaining Singer – Female<br /> | {{sort|Kumar|[[Tulsi Kumar]]}} (&quot;Tum Jo Aaye&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Most Entertaining Song<br /> | &quot;Pee Loon&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Filmfare Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[56th Filmfare Awards|29 January 2011]]<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> | [[Pritam]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;ff11nom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 January 2011 |title=Nominations for 56th Filmfare Awards 2010 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-56th-filmfare-awards-2010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095332/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-56th-filmfare-awards-2010/ |archive-date=4 February 2018 |access-date=4 February 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 January 2011 |title=Udaan, Dabangg top winners at Fimfare Awards |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Udaan-Dabangg-top-winners-at-Fimfare-Awards/articleshow/7385103.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111015515/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Udaan-Dabangg-top-winners-at-Fimfare-Awards/articleshow/7385103.cms |archive-date=11 January 2016 |access-date=24 August 2015 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br /> | {{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (&quot;Pee Loon&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| 30 October 2011<br /> | [[GiMA Award for Best Film Album|Best Film Album]]<br /> | ''Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;9&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominations of Global Indian Music Academy Awards 2011 |url=https://gima.co.in/oty-film-music-nominees.php?y=2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518130230/https://gima.co.in/oty-film-music-nominees.php?y=2011 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=Global Indian Music Academy Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners of Global Indian Music Academy Awards 2011 |url=https://gima.co.in/oty-winners_2011.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518144003/https://gima.co.in/oty-winners_2011.php |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=Global Indian Music Academy Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[GiMA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> | [[Pritam]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[GiMA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]<br /> | {{sort|Shirodkar|[[Sandeep Shirodkar]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[GiMA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br /> | {{sort|Kamil|[[Irshad Kamil]]}} (&quot;Pee Loon&quot;)<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[GiMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br /> | {{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (&quot;Pee Loon&quot;)<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[GiMA Award for Best Music Arranger and Programmer|Best Music Arranger and Programmer]]<br /> | {{sort|Shirodkar|[[Sandeep Shirodkar]]}} (&quot;Pee Loon&quot;)<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[GiMA Award for Best Engineer – Film Album|Best Engineer – Film Album]]<br /> | {{sort|Pillai|[[Eric Pillai]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[GiMA Award for Best Film Song|Best Film Song]]<br /> | &quot;Pee Loon&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV]] Hot Pick of The Year<br /> | &quot;Tum Jo Aaye&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[12th IIFA Awards|23–25 June 2011]]<br /> | [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> | [[Pritam]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 April 2011 |title=Nominations for IIFA Awards 2011 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-iifa-awards-2011/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721042939/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-iifa-awards-2011/ |archive-date=21 July 2021 |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominations Floriana IIFA Awards 2011 Popular Awards Nominations&amp;nbsp;– 1 |url=http://www.iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114155916/http://www.iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations.html |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=4 February 2018 |publisher=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|International Indian Film Academy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominations Floriana IIFA Awards 2011 Popular Awards Nominations&amp;nbsp;– 2 |url=http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations2.html#toplist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508103106/http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations2.html#toplist |archive-date=8 May 2012 |access-date=4 February 2018 |publisher=International Indian Film Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominations Floriana IIFA Awards 2011 Popular Awards Nominations&amp;nbsp;– 3 |url=http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations3.html#toplist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127155033/http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations3.html#toplist |archive-date=27 November 2012 |access-date=4 February 2018 |publisher=International Indian Film Academy Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=25 June 2011 |title=Winners of 12th IIFA Awards 2011 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dabangg-big-winner-at-bollywoods-205641 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331175921/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dabangg-big-winner-at-bollywoods-205641 |archive-date=31 March 2012 |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br /> | {{sort|Kamil|[[Irshad Kamil]]}} (&quot;Pee Loon&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br /> | {{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (&quot;Pee Loon&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;6&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Mirchi Music Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[3rd Mirchi Music Awards|27 January 2011]]<br /> | [[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]]<br /> | [[Pritam]], {{sort|Kamil|[[Irshad Kamil]]}}, {{sort|Misra|[[Neelesh Misra]]}} &amp; {{sort|Bhattacharya|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Intro Note |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210093229/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/index.html |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]] |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/winers.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210093003/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/winers.php |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |publisher=Radio Mirchi |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Listener's Choice |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/listners_choice.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210092926/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/listners_choice.html |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |publisher=Radio Mirchi |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 January 2011 |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2010 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2010-Winners/articleshow/7378687.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210092701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2010-Winners/articleshow/7378687.cms |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130070949/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php |archive-date=30 January 2011 |access-date=30 September 2018 |publisher=Radio Mirchi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]<br /> | [[Pritam]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]<br /> | {{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (&quot;Pee Loon&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Raag-Inspired Song of the Year<br /> | &quot;Tum Jo Aaye&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Item Song of the Year<br /> | &quot;Parda Parda&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Listeners' Choice Album of the Year<br /> | ''Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai''<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Producers Guild Film Awards]] {{efn|Previously known as Apsara Film &amp; Television Producers Guild Awards.}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |11 January 2011<br /> | [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> | [[Pritam]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=6th Apsara Producers Guild Awards Nominees |url=http://starguildawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204103303/http://starguildawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archive-date=4 February 2018 |access-date=4 February 2018 |publisher=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=6th Apsara Producers Guild Awards Winners |url=http://starguildawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_winners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204103309/http://starguildawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_winners.html |archive-date=4 February 2018 |access-date=4 February 2018 |publisher=Producers Guild Film Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 January 2011 |title=Salman named best actor, Dabangg best film at Apsara Awards |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/salman-named-best-actor-dabangg-best-film-at-apsara-awards-news-bollywood-lblx4mfaddbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204103254/http://www.sify.com/movies/salman-named-best-actor-dabangg-best-film-at-apsara-awards-news-bollywood-lblx4mfaddbsi.html |archive-date=4 February 2018 |access-date=4 February 2018 |website=[[Sify]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br /> | {{sort|Kamil|[[Irshad Kamil]]}} (&quot;Pee Loon&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br /> | {{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (&quot;Pee Loon&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br /> | {{sort|Kumar|[[Tulsi Kumar]]}} (&quot;Tum Jo Aaye&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Screen Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |6 January 2011<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Pritam]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 January 2011 |title=Nominations for 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204141248/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/ |archive-date=4 February 2018 |access-date=4 February 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SAW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 January 2011 |title=Winners of 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204141254/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/ |archive-date=4 February 2018 |access-date=4 February 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 January 2011 |title=Star Screen Awards: B-Town's Big Night |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/star-screen-awards-btown-s-big-night/734801/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204141300/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/star-screen-awards-btown-s-big-night/734801/ |archive-date=4 February 2018 |access-date=4 February 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Most Popular Music<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br /> | {{sort|Kamil|[[Irshad Kamil]]}} (&quot;Pee Loon&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br /> | {{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (&quot;Pee Loon&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |[[Zee Cine Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |[[Zee Cine Awards 2011|14 January 2011]]<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> | [[Pritam]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 January 2011 |title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2011 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-zee-cine-awards-2011/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204152713/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-zee-cine-awards-2011/ |archive-date=4 February 2018 |access-date=4 February 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 January 2011 |title=Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2011 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-zee-cine-awards-2011/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204152719/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-zee-cine-awards-2011/ |archive-date=4 February 2018 |access-date=4 February 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 January 2011 |title=Hrithik, SRK top Zee Cine Awards |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-srk-top-zee-cine-awards/story-QRCWE64VdmhhjEmJJNR1fJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204152306/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-srk-top-zee-cine-awards/story-QRCWE64VdmhhjEmJJNR1fJ.html |archive-date=4 February 2018 |access-date=4 February 2018 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br /> | {{sort|Kamil|[[Irshad Kamil]]}} (&quot;Pee Loon&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{sort|Kamil|[[Irshad Kamil]]}} (&quot;Tum Jo Aaye&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male|Best Playback Singer – Male]]<br /> | {{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (&quot;Pee Loon&quot;)<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Playback Singer – Female]]<br /> | {{sort|Kumar|[[Tulsi Kumar]]}} (&quot;Tum Jo Aaye&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br /> | {{sort|Ali|[[Akiv Ali]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Track of the Year|Best Track of the Year]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| &quot;Pee Loon&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sa Re Ga Ma Pa – Song of the Year<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2010 soundtrack albums]]<br /> [[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hema_Malini_filmography&diff=466242 2026-03-07T17:52:17Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: updated details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br /> [[File:Hema Malini 162.jpg|thumb|200px|Hema Malini in 2007]]<br /> <br /> [[Hema Malini]], an Indian actress, has been part of over 152 projects, primarily in [[Hindi]] films.<br /> <br /> == Films ==<br /> === As actress ===<br /> *''Note: All films are in Hindi unless otherwise stated.''<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film !! Role <br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Notes <br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1963<br /> |''[[Idhu Sathiyam]]''|| Dancer|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Hema Malini: Lesser known facts|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Hema-Malini-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/44801148.cms|accessdate=8 February 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501073819/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Hema-Malini-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/44801148.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 1965<br /> |''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]''|| Dancer|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1968<br /> |''[[Sapno Ka Saudagar]]''|| Mahi<br /> | Bollywood Debut || &lt;ref name=Rediff&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/25dinesh.htm |title=Hema Malini: Bollywood's dreamgirl |author=Raheja, Dinesh |date=Oct 2002 |accessdate=12 October 2012 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-date=19 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519152814/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/25dinesh.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1969<br /> |''[[Waris (1969 film)|Waris]]''|| Geeta<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jahan Pyar Miley]]'' || <br /> Veena<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 1970<br /> |''[[Tum Haseen Main Jawaan]]''|| Anuradha<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sharafat]]'' || Chandni <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Abhinetri (1970 film)|Abhinetri]]'' || Anjana <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aansoo Aur Muskan]]'' || Radha/Girja{{efn|name=double|She played dual roles}}<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Johny Mera Naam]]'' || Rekha <br /> | ||&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 1971<br /> |''[[Sri Krishna Vijayamu]]''||[[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]]|| Telugu film;&lt;br /&gt; Special appearance||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Paraya Dhan]]'' || Rajjoo (Rajni) <br /> | ||&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/hema-malini75-through-the-years/20231016.htm|title=Hema Malini@75, Through The Years|author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt;|website=[[Rediff]]|date=16 October 2023 |access-date=8 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Naya Zamana (1971 film)|Naya Zamana]]'' || Seema Choudhury <br /> | || &lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Lal Patthar]]'' || Saudamani/Madhuri{{efn|name=Single|She played a single character who has two different names.}}<br /> | ||&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]'' || Sheetal <br /> | ||&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Tere Mere Sapne (1971 film)|Tere Mere Sapne]]'' || Maltimala <br /> | Special appearance||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |1972<br /> |''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]''|| Seeta/Geeta{{efn|name=double}}<br /> | ||&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Raja Jani]]'' || Shanno <br /> | ||&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gora Aur Kala]]'' || Rajkumari Anuradha Singh <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bhai Ho To Aisa]]'' || Roopa <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Babul Ki Galiyaan]]'' || Sharda<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Garam Masala]]'' || Didi <br /> | Cameo appearance ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |1973<br /> |''[[Shareef Budmaash]]''|| Seema<br /> | ||&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Prem Parvat]]'' || Herself<br /> | Guest appearance||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chhupa Rustam]]'' || Ritu R. Jain <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gehri Chaal]]'' || Hema <br /> | ||&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jugnu (1973 film)|Jugnu]]'' || Seema <br /> | ||&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Joshila]]'' || Shalini <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |1974<br /> |''[[Dulhan (1975 film)|Dulhan]]''|| Radha<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Amir Garib]]'' || Sunita/Soni{{efn|name=Single}}<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dost (1974 film)|Dost]]'' || Kaajal 'Kaju' <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Prem Nagar (1974 film)|Prem Nagar]]'' || Lata <br /> | ||&lt;ref name=Six/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kasauti]]'' || Sapna <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Patthar Aur Payal]]'' || Sapna Sinha <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Haath Ki Safai]]'' || Kamini Chopra <br /> | ||&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |1975<br /> |''[[Sunehra Sansar]]''|| Savita/Rani Padmavati{{efn|name=Single}}<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sanyasi (1975 film)|Sanyasi]]'' || Aarti/Champa{{efn|name=Single}} <br /> | ||&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kahte Hain Mujhko Raja]]'' || Courtesan<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Do Thug]]'' || Reena<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dharmatma]]'' || Reshma <br /> | ||&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Khushboo (1975 film)|Khushboo]]'' || Kusum <br /> | ||&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pratigya (1975 film)|Pratigya]]'' || Radha Rani <br /> | ||&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sholay]]''&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt; || Basanti <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |1976<br /> |''[[Sharafat Chod Di Maine]]''|| Preeta/Geeta{{efn|name=double}}<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Naach Uthe Sansaar]]'' || Nanki Mehto <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Maa (1976 film)|Maa]]'' || Nimmi <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Charas (1976 film)|Charas]]'' || Sudha <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aap Beati]]'' || Geeta K. Kapoor <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dus Numbri]]''&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt; || Sundari/Rosemary Fernandes{{efn|name=double}}<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mehbooba (1976 film)|Mehbooba]]''&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt; || Ratna/Jhumri{{efn|name=double}}<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jaaneman (1976 film)|Jaaneman]]'' || Santo/Banto{{efn|name=double}}<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | 1977<br /> |''[[Shirdi Ke Sai Baba]]''|| Pooja<br /> | Special appearance||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kinara (1977 film)|Kinara]]''&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt; || Aarti Sanyal<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Khel Khilari Ka]]'' || Shaki's Lutera's fan <br /> | Guest appearance||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dream Girl (1977 film)|Dream Girl]]'' || Sapna/Padma/Champabai/Dream Girl/Rajkumari{{efn|She played single character with different names}}<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dhoop Chhaon (1977 film)|Dhoop Chhaon]]'' || Lajwanti &quot;Lajjo&quot; <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chacha Bhatija]]'' || Mala <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein]]'' || Mohini <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 1978<br /> |''[[Dillagi (1978 film)|Dillagi]]''|| Phoolrenu<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Azaad (1978 film)|Azaad]]'' || Rajkumari Seema <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Apna Khoon]]'' || Geeta <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'' || Sheetal Varma <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 1979<br /> |''[[Ratnadeep (1979 film)|Ratnadeep]]''|| <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Janta Hawaldar]]'' || Seema<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dil Kaa Heera]]'' || Roopa / Parirani<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Meera (1979 film)|Meera]]''&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt; || Meera Rathod<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hum Tere Aashiq Hain]]'' || Ramkali<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 1980<br /> |''[[The Burning Train]]''|| Seema<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bandish (1980 Indian film)|Bandish]]'' || Madhu/Chanchal{{efn|name=double}} <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Do Aur Do Paanch]]'' || Shalu <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Alibaba Aur 40 Chor (1980 film)|Alibaba Aur 40 Chor]]'' || Marjina <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; | 1981<br /> |''[[Maan Gaye Ustaad]]''|| Munni/Geeta Singh/Princess Shabnam<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jyothi (1981 film)|Jyothi]]'' || Gauri <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dard (1981 film)|Dard]]'' || Seema <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aas Paas]]'' || Seema <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Krodhi]]'' || Phoolvati <br /> | Special appearance ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kranti]]''&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt; || Rajkumari Meenakshi <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]''&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt; || Asha <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kudrat]]'' || Chandramukhi/Paro <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Meri Aawaz Suno]]'' || Sunita Kumar <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 1982<br /> |''[[Samraat (film)|Samraat]]''|| Jenny<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Farz Aur Kanoon]]'' || Bharati<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Do Dishayen]]'' || Uma/Maya{{efn|name=double}}<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Baghavat|Bhagawat]]'' || Rajkumari Padmavati <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Satte Pe Satta]]'' || Indu R. Anand<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rajput (film)|Rajput]]''&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt; || Janki <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Desh Premee]]'' || Asha <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Suraag (1982 film)|Suraag]]''|| Herself<br /> | Cameo||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 1983<br /> |''[[Taqdeer (1983 film)|Taqdeer]]''|| Chandni<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Razia Sultan (film)|Razia Sultan]]'' || Razia Sultan<br /> | ||&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Andha Kanoon]]'' || Inspector Durga Devi Singh <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nastik (1983 film)|Nastik]]''&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt; || Gauri <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Justice Chaudhury]]'' || Radha <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 1984<br /> |''[[Sharara (film)|Sharara]]''|| Double role<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ram Tera Desh]]'' || Sunita <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Raaj Tilak (1984 film)|Raaj Tilak]]'' || Roopa <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Qaidi (1984 film)|Qaidi]]'' || Dr. Sunita <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ek Naya Itihas]]'' || <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ek Nai Paheli]]'' || Singer Bhairavi <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | 1985<br /> |''[[Phaansi Ke Baad]]''|| Sapna<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Durga (1985 film)|Durga]]'' || Durga <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aandhi-Toofan]]''&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt; || Sheela R. Singh <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ramkali (film)|Ramkali]]''&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt; || Raksha/Ramkali <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yudh (film)|Yudh]]'' || Nafisa Khatun <br /> | Special appearance ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hum Dono (1985 film)|Hum Dono]]'' || Lata <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Babu (1985 film)|Babu]]'' || Kammo <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1986<br /> |''[[Ek Chadar Maili Si]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff&quot; /&gt;|| Ranno Singh<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 1987<br /> |''[[Sitapur Ki Geeta]]''|| Geeta Singh<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hirasat]]'' || <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Apne Apne]]'' || Seema Kapoor <br /> | Special appearance||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Anjaam'' ||Rajeshwari Memsaab<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jaan Hatheli Pe]]'' || Mona Kapoor <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kudrat Ka Kanoon]]'' || Advocate Bharti Mathur <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 1988<br /> |''[[Vijay (1988 film)|Vijay]]''|| Suman<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mulzim (1988 film)|Mulzim]]'' || Jailer Shardadevi <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mohabbat Ke Dushman]]'' || Shamajaan <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rihaee (1988 Film)|Rihaee]]''&lt;ref name=Rediff/&gt; || Taku <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 1989<br /> |''[[Galiyon Ka Badshah]]''|| Billoo<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Deshwasi]]'' || Bharati Singh<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sachché Ká Bol-Bálá|Sachche Ka Bol-Bala]]'' || Greta Saunders 'Geeta' <br /> | Special appearance||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Santosh (1989 film)|Santosh]]'' || Kavita <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Desh Ke Dushman]]'' || Inspector Kiran Gupta<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Paap Ka Ant]]'' || Advocate Jyothi <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 1990<br /> |''[[Shadyantra]]''|| <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Lekin...]]''|| Tara<br /> | Guest appearance ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jamai Raja (film)|Jamai Raja]]''|| Durgeshwari Devi<br /> | || &lt;ref name=Six&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/news/happy-birthday-hema-malini-here-are-6-must-watch-movies-of-dream-girl-101634357706940.html|title=Happy birthday Hema Malini: Here are 6 must-watch movies of 'Dream Girl'|date=16 October 2021|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=29 September 2022|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929221332/https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/news/happy-birthday-hema-malini-here-are-6-must-watch-movies-of-dream-girl-101634357706940.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 1991<br /> |''[[Hai Meri Jaan]]''|| Reshma<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1994<br /> |''[[Vivekananda (film)|Vivekananda]]''|| <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1995<br /> |''[[Param Vir Chakra (film)|Param Vir Chakra]]''|| Mother<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1996<br /> |''[[Aatank]]''|| Jesu's girlfriend<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Maahir]]''|| Mrs. Kamini Rai<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Jai Kali Maa''||[[Kali]]<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1997<br /> |''[[Himalay Putra]]''|| Seema Malhotra <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1998<br /> |''[[Swami Vivekananda (1998 film)|Swami Vivekananda]]''||[[Bhavatarini]]<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2000<br /> |''[[Hey Ram]]''|| Ambujam Iyengar|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-Hindi [[Multiple-language version|bilingual film]] || <br /> |-<br /> | 2001<br /> |''[[Censor (2001 film)|Censor]]''|| Radha<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2003<br /> |''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff&quot; /&gt;|| Pooja Malhotra<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2004<br /> |''[[Veer-Zaara]]''|| Saraswati &quot;Maati&quot; Kaur<br /> | Special appearance ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2005<br /> |''[[Bhagmati (2005 film)|Bhagmati]]''|| Dancer<br /> | Special appearance ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2006<br /> |''[[Ganga (2006 film)|Ganga]]''|| Savitri V. Singh<br /> | [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] film ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]''|| Shobhna Kapoor<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2007<br /> |''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]]''|| Dulari Bai (Dancer)<br /> | Guest appearance||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Gangotri (2007 film)|Gangotri]]''|| Savitri V. Singh || Bhojpuri film<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 2010<br /> |''[[Sadiyaan]]''||Benzir Shahabuddin <br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2011<br /> |''[[Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap]]''||Sita Malhotra<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aarakshan]]''||Shakunthala Thakral<br /> | Guest appearance||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Tell Me O Kkhuda]]'' ||Susan D'Mello<br /> | Also Director ||<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |''[[Mahabharat Aur Barbareek]]''<br /> |[[Hidimbi]]<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2016<br /> |''[[Aman Ke Farishtey]]''||Geeta<br /> | ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2017<br /> |''[[Gautamiputra Satakarni (film)|Gautamiputra Satakarni]]''|| Gautami Balashri|| Telugu film<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ek Thi Rani Aisi Bhi]]''|| Vijaya Raje Scindia<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2020 <br /> |''[[Shimla Mirchi]]'' || Rukmini<br /> |Filmed in 2014<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2026<br /> |''[[Hum Mein Shahenshah Koun]]''<br /> |TBA<br /> |Filmed in 1989<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2026-01-22 |title=Stuck for nearly four decades, Rajinikanth-Shatrughan Sinha-starrer Hum Mein Shahenshah Koun set for theatrical release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/stuck-for-nearly-four-decades-rajinikanth-shatrughan-sinha-starrer-hum-mein-shahenshah-koun-set-for-theatrical-release/articleshow/127148276.cms |access-date=2026-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === As director ===<br /> *''[[Dil Aashna Hai]]'' (1992)<br /> *''[[Tell Me O Kkhuda]]'' (2011)<br /> <br /> == Television ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align: margin;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 17em;&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 12em;&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 15em;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Notes<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 2em;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1986<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''Tera Panhey''<br /> | [[Rani Padmini]]<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/people/when-hema-malini-played-rani-padmini-2067632.html|title=When Hema Malini played Rani Padmini|accessdate=19 April 2018|archive-date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420075355/http://zeenews.india.com/people/when-hema-malini-played-rani-padmini-2067632.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 1989<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Rangoli (TV series)|Rangoli]]''<br /> | Host/presenter<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2015-11-02/Swara-Bhaskar-to-host-Doordarshans-Rangoli/184024|title=Swara Bhaskar to host Doordarshan's Rangoli|date=2 November 2015|accessdate=19 April 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170731/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2015-11-02/Swara-Bhaskar-to-host-Doordarshans-Rangoli/184024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 1990<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''Noopur''<br /> | Uma<br /> | Also director and producer<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=Noopu/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 1995<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''Mohini''<br /> |{{N/A}}<br /> | Director, [[Television film]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/lesser-known-facts-about-rituparna-sengupta/worked-in-a-telefilm-directed-by-hema-malini/photostory/63392530.cms|title=Rituparna Sengupta worked in a telefilm directed by Hema Malini|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=19 April 2018|archive-date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420155629/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/lesser-known-facts-about-rituparna-sengupta/worked-in-a-telefilm-directed-by-hema-malini/photostory/63392530.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 1996–1997<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Yug (TV series)|Yug]]''<br /> | Nirmala<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=Tribune&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020129/ldh2.htm#4|title='Yug' to be telecast in Punjabi|newspaper=The Tribune|date=29 January 2002|accessdate=19 April 2018|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230258/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020129/ldh2.htm#4|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 1996<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''Women of India''<br /> | [[Amrapali]]<br /> | Also director and producer<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/hema-malini-returns-to-tv/story-Os6LY22VtiRKUPY8nl69GN.html|title=Hema Malini returns to TV|date=31 October 2010|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=3 May 2020|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127234921/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/hema-malini-returns-to-tv/story-Os6LY22VtiRKUPY8nl69GN.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 1999–2000<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''Jai Mata Di''<br /> | [[Durga|Devi Durga]]<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k4/executive/premsagar04.htm|title=&quot;For the last 10 years, we decided not to market the epic serial. We wanted 'Ramayan' to resurface for the new generation&quot;: Sagar Arts Marketting &amp;#91;sic&amp;#93; Director Prem Sagar|date=20 November 2004|accessdate=19 April 2018|archive-date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420085216/http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k4/executive/premsagar04.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2004–2005<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Kamini Damini]]''<br /> | Kamini/Damini{{efn|name=double}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/jan/jan33.htm|title=Sahara One launch Kamini Damini|publisher=Indiantelevision.com|date=6 January 2005|accessdate=19 April 2018|archive-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504083730/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/jan/jan33.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2008–2009<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Dancing Queen (2008 Indian TV series)|Dancing Queen]]''<br /> | Judge<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/hema-malini-to-judge-a-reality-show_17587.html|title=Hema Malini to judge a reality show|date=4 December 2008|accessdate=19 April 2018|archive-date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420074357/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/hema-malini-to-judge-a-reality-show_17587.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2010–2011<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Matti Ki Banno]]''<br /> | {{N/A}}<br /> | Producer<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=Noopu&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/hema-malini-on-maati-ki-banno-tv/20101227.htm|title='I like the current rural trend on TV'|date=27 December 2010|accessdate=19 April 2018|archive-date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420074448/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/hema-malini-on-maati-ki-banno-tv/20101227.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Music videos ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: margin;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Performer<br /> !{{Tooltip|Ref|Reference}}.<br /> |-<br /> | 1988<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Mile Sur Mera Tumhara]]''<br /> | Various<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/imile-suri-the-unofficial-indian-anthem/105370/|title=Mile sur: The unofficial Indian anthem|date=26 April 2007|website=The Financial Express|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328163306/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/imile-suri-the-unofficial-indian-anthem/105370/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/indias-independence-day-2018-song-mile-sur-mera-tumhara-completes-30-years/|title=5 things you didn't know about 'Mile Sur Mera Tumhara'|date=15 August 2018|website=Condé Nast Traveller India|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130153137/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/indias-independence-day-2018-song-mile-sur-mera-tumhara-completes-30-years/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2013<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;Betiyaan&quot; (Save the Girl Child) <br /> |[[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Sonu Nigam]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/news/musical-campaign-for-girl-child-news-lifestyle-ngku5sbffcesi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823162943/http://www.sify.com/news/musical-campaign-for-girl-child-news-lifestyle-ngku5sbffcesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2017 |title=Musical campaign for girl child |date=10 June 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=10 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Malini, Hema filmography}}<br /> [[Category:Indian filmographies]]<br /> [[Category:Actress filmographies]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cycle_Kick&diff=495072 2026-03-06T20:58:45Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = <br /> | image = Cycle Kick poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = Shashi Sudigala<br /> | story = Shashi Sudigala<br /> | producer = [[Subhash Ghai]]<br /> | starring = [[Tom Alter]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nishan (actor)|Nishan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sunny Hinduja]]<br /> | music = [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]<br /> | studio = Mukta Searchlight Films<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2011|6|16|Narmad International Film Festival}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> }}<br /> '''''Cycle Kick''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[sports drama film]] directed by Shashi Sudigala starring [[Tom Alter]], [[Nishan (actor)|Nishan]] and Sunny Hinduja. The film did not have a theatrical release and was only released in film festivals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Sekhar |date=5 May 2011 |title=Nishan starring in Subhash Ghai's Cycle Kick |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2011/nishan-star-subhash-ghai-cycle-kick-050511-aid0062.html |website=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhatt |first=Himaansshu |date=16 June 2011 |title=Film fest to kick-start with 'Cycle Kick' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/film-fest-to-kick-start-with-cycle-kick/articleshow/8868727.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 June 2011 |title=Corporates changed moviemaking in India: Subhash Ghai |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/corporates-changed-moviemaking-in-india-subhash-ghai-374014.html |website=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2006 |title=What Subhash Ghai has up his sleeve |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/what-subhash-ghai-has-up-his-sleeve-253704.html |website=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> *[[Nishan (actor)|Nishan]] as Ramu<br /> *Sunny Hinduja as Ali<br /> *[[Tom Alter]] as football coach&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vazir |first=Varun |date=7 June 2011 |title='Cycle Kick' needs to be promoted: Alter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/cycle-kick-needs-to-be-promoted-alter/articleshow/8759017.cms |website=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |via=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Dwij Yadav as Deva<br /> *Ishita Sharma<br /> * [[Girija Oak]] as Shrishti<br /> * [[Gurmeet Chaudhary]]<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film began production in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=I want to be an actor first, says actor Sunny Hinduja |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/keep-yoga-off-commercial-activities-says-expert-249338 |website=Tribuneindia News Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Producer [[Subhash Ghai]] promoted ''[[Love Express]]'' more than this film although they both released at around the same time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2011 |title=Watch 'Love Express', 'Cycle Kick' on one ticket: Ghai |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/news/bollywood/watch-love-express-cycle-kick-on-one-ticket-ghai/41515/story.htm |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |via=Nowrunning}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;b&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' opined that &quot;On the whole, CYCLE KICK is a decent attempt, but the predicament is that it arrives with as good as zilch awareness&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;b&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=17 June 2011 |title=Cycle Kick Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/cycle-kick/critic-review/cycle-kick-movie-review/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subhash K. Jha wrote that &quot;'Cycle Kick' is not quite the kick-in-the-groin take on the non-urban youth's aspirations that &quot;[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]&quot; so successfully happened to be. But it has its heart in the right place. And it doesn't puts its foot in its mouth&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |date=17 June 2011 |title=Cycle Kick Hindi Movie |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3771/bollywood.hindi/cycle-kick/3155/review.htm |website=Nowrunning}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''Koimoi'' opined that &quot;Shashi’s screenplay attempts to do too much and ends up doing too little, that too, with hardly any finesse or competence&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nahta |first=Komal |date=17 June 2011 |title=Cycle Kick Review |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/cycle-kick-review/ |website=Koimoi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt1999857}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2011 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2011 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2010s sports drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2011 sports films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Sanjoy Chowdhury]]<br /> [[Category:Indian sports drama films]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagiroad&diff=464004 2026-03-06T04:05:01Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Jagiroad<br /> | other_name = জাগীৰোড<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = Jagiroad railway station.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = A picture of Jagiroad railway station<br /> | pushpin_map = India Assam#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.207815|N|92.406006|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 17739<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Tiwa language (India)|Tiwa]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]]<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Most spoken language<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 782410<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = +913678<br /> | registration_plate = AS 21<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jagiroad''' is a town in the state of Assam. It is located on the south bank of the [[Kolong river|Kolong River]], in the Mayong Subdivision of [[Marigaon district|Morigaon district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-guwahati-city-to-be-extended-jagiroad-palashbari.html<br /> |title= Assam: Guwahati city to be extended till Jagiroad in east &amp; Palashbari on west |website= nenow.in |access-date=20 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> It was earlier known as '''Nakhola''', but in [[British Rule of India]], it was changed due to frequent confusion with the name [[Noakhali]] of [[Bangladesh]]&lt;ref name=&quot;vikas&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://as.vikaspedia.in/education/9859b89ae9f0-9ac9c19f099e9cd99c9c0/9b89829959cd9b79bf9aa9cd9a4-9f09c19aa9a4-9ae9f09bf9979be981993-99c9bf9b29be9f0-9879a49bf9b99be9b8-9859a49c09a4-9869f09c1-9ac9f09cd9a49ae9be9a8|title= সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰুপত মৰিগাঁও জিলাৰ ইতিহাস, অতীত আৰু বৰ্তমান|last= |first= |date= |website=vikaspedia.in |publisher=|access-date=|quote=|language=as|trans-title=Brief history, past and present of Morigaon district}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=allen&gt;{{Cite book |last=allen |first=Basil Copleston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXAoAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=nakhola&amp;pg=PA173 |title=Assam District Gazetteers: Nowgong |date=1905 |publisher=Printed at the Baptist Mission Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In medieval times, there was a war between the Kacharis and [[Jungal Balahu]]. He was defeated and forced to retreat. The place where he stopped to drink the water of the [[Kolong River|Kolong river]], later became known as '''Raha'''. The place where he jumped into the Kolong and escaped is called '''Jagi''' and the road to Jagi, a place in Morigaon, passes through this place. Thus, the place known as Jagiroad.&lt;ref name=&quot;allen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Deo Langkhui]], Dr. Rita Choudhary, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another theory suggests that the name may have originated from the word '''Jaglau,''' which means impossible or improbable in Dimasa Language. This theory is based on the belief that the area was once known for its cultural and intellectual activities, and the name Jagiroad may have been a reflection of this. Regardless of the origin, the name Jagiroad has become an integral part of the town's identity and history.&lt;ref name=&quot;xobdo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.xobdo.org/dic/Jaglau|title=Jagalu &amp;#124; English-Assamese Dictionary |last= |first= |date= |website=xobdo.org |publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Jagiroad is a town located in the Morigaon district of Assam, India. It is situated on the southern bank of the [[Brahmaputra River]], approximately 55 kilometers east of the city of Guwahati.<br /> <br /> The town has an elevation of around 52 meters above sea level and is situated in a region that is characterized by low hills and valleys. The area is part of the Brahmaputra Valley, which is known for its fertile alluvial soil and is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the country.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The town has a rich history that dates back to ancient times. The area was once inhabited by various tribes and communities, including the Tiwas, the Kacharis, and the Karbis. In the medieval period, Jagiroad was part of the Tiwa kingdom, which was ruled by the Tiwa dynasty.&lt;ref name=&quot;vikas&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhimsingh’s writings provide valuable insights into the past of the present-day Morigaon town and its surrounding areas. In earlier times, this region was under the rule of six independent monarchs. During this era, two princes from Darrang, Supradhvaj and Makardhvaj, fled their native land due to internal strife. They crossed the vast Brahmaputra River and settled in Bahakajari. Supradhvaj eventually married the daughter of Mangalsingh, the ruler of Baghara. Following this marriage, Supradhvaj was appointed as the seventh ruler of the area, establishing his own autonomous kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://morigaon.gov.in/frontimpotentdata/district-profile|title= Morigaon District Profile|last= |first= |date= |website=morigaon.gov.in |publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the colonial period, Jagiroad was an important center for tea cultivation and trade. The British established several tea gardens in the area, which led to the growth of a tea-based economy. In addition to tea, the area was also known for its jute and silk industries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gopalkrishnatea.com/|title= Gopal Krishna Tea Estate |last= |first= |date= |website= gopalkrishnatea.com|publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jagiroad also played an important role in the [[Assam Movement]], which was a popular movement in the 1970s and 1980s that sought to protect the rights of the indigenous people of Assam. The town was a center of protests and demonstrations during this period.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author = |date = |title= নেলী গণহত্যাৰ সুবিচাৰ হ'বনে?|url=https://www.sangbadprahari.com/2019/02/blog-post_78.html?m=1 |work= |publisher=sangbadprahari.com |location= |access-date=|language=as|trans-title=Will the Neli genocide be justified?}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{As of|2011}} India census, Jagiroad had a population of 17,739. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. As of 2011 census there are 920 females per 1000 male in the census town. Jagiroad has an average literacy rate of 87%, male literacy is 91%, and female literacy is 74%. In Jagiroad, 10.3% of the population is under six years of age.<br /> <br /> Total geographical area of Jagiroad census town is 12&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, and it is the biggest census town by area in the sub district. Population density of the census town is 1431 persons per km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. There is only one ward in this census town which is Jagiroad Ward No 01.<br /> <br /> Jagiroad has 37% (6485) population engaged in either main or marginal works. 60% male and 11% female population are working population. 55% of total male population are main (full-time) workers and 5% are marginal (part-time) workers. For women 7% of total female population are main and 4% are marginal workers.<br /> <br /> ===Language===<br /> {{Pie chart <br /> |thumb = right<br /> |caption = Languages spoken in Jagi Road (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;censuslang&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Jagiroad Town &amp;#124; Census 2001|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX|website=censusindia.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> |value1 = 46.32<br /> |color1 = Red<br /> |label2 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]<br /> |value2 = 34.45<br /> |color2 = Yellow<br /> |label3 = [[Hindi]]<br /> |value3 = 13.48<br /> |color3 = orange <br /> |label4 = [[Lalung language|Tiwa (Lalung)]]<br /> |value4 = 2.44<br /> |color4 = green<br /> |label5 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br /> |value5 = 1.63 <br /> |color5 = blue<br /> |label6 = others <br /> |value6 = 1.68 <br /> |color6 = purple}}<br /> <br /> Bengali is the most spoken language at 8,217 speakers, followed by Assamese at 6,112, Hindi is spoken by 2,392 people, Tiwa (Lalung) at 433 and Nepali at 269.<br /> <br /> ==Politics==<br /> Jagiroad is an assembly constituency in the Morigaon district of Assam, India. It is a reserved seat for the Scheduled Caste category. The current MLA for Jagiroad is [[Pijush Hazarika]] of the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<br /> <br /> The Jagiroad constituency is part of the [[Nowgong (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. The current MP for Nowgong is Pradyut Bordoloi of the Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf <br /> |title=List of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies <br /> |accessdate=2008-10-06 <br /> |work=Assam <br /> |publisher=Election Commission of India <br /> |url-status=dead <br /> |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504181808/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf <br /> |archivedate=2006-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> ===Road===<br /> [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]], also known as AH 1 (Asian Highway 1), was built under the major [[North–South and East–West Corridor|East-West Corridor]] project of India’s National Highways. It starts in Porbandar (Gujarat) and ends in Silchar (Assam), passing through Jagiroad and connecting to the state capital, Guwahati (Dispur). It will also be linked to the newly proposed Guwahati Ring Road project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NHAI to Develop Guwahati Ring Road on BOT (Toll) Mode at a total Cost of Rs 5,729 Crore |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2118226 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410180308/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2118226 |archive-date=10 April 2025 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; as the area falls under [https://gdd.assam.gov.in/portlets/ascrda Assam State Capital Region]. It is also connected with [[Morigaon]] by another National Highway, i.e., [[National Highway 715A (India)|NH-715A]], with plans to extend it up to Bhutan via Morigaon and Bhairabkunda to connect Central Assam to Bhutan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-02-26 |title=Gadkari announces 80k-cr road infra projects in Assam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/gadkari-announces-80k-cr-road-infra-projects-in-assam/articleshow/118585630.cms |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There is also a road in Jagiroad that leads to Meghalaya. Meghalaya Chief Minister Conrad Sangma recently inaugurated the commencement of construction for the Umsning-Jagiroad highway.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/east/road-meghalaya-conrad/2803813.html|title=Meghalaya CM sets base for Umsning-Jagi Road|website=Uniindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Umsning to Jagiroad Highway is a significant roadway that begins at the 51&amp;nbsp;km mark of NH-6 in Umsning and stretches to Umsiang village on the Assam–Meghalaya border, covering a total distance of 80&amp;nbsp;km. The upgrade of this road is part of the Meghalaya Integrated Transport Project (MITP) and is funded by the World Bank.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://themeghalayan.com/cm-lays-base-for-umsning-jagi-road/|title=CM lays base for Umsning-Jagi road|first=|last=|publisher=|website=themeghalayan.com|date=17 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Rail===<br /> {{Main|Jagiroad railway station}}<br /> Jagiroad railway station is a double line fully electrified railway station which falls under NSG-5 category located in Station Road, Jagiroad town in Morigaon district, Assam, India. It is an important railway station, falls under the [[Guwahati–Lumding section|Guwahati-Lumding section]] of the [[Northeast Frontier Railway]]. The station constitutes with two railway platforms with a capacity to hold 22 coach railway rakes. Many long distance, intercity and passenger trains have stoppage in this station.<br /> <br /> The station serves as a transportation hub for the local community and facilitates rail travel within the Morigaon District. The station offers amenities such as parking, waiting rooms, retiring rooms, toilets, a multipurpose stall, RO drinking water, and an RPF complaint booth etc.<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> <br /> ===Colleges===<br /> * [[Jagiroad College]]<br /> * Jagiroad Junior College<br /> * Sriniwas Junior College<br /> <br /> ===High schools===<br /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br /> * Jyotiniwas High School<br /> * Vinayak Academy<br /> * Indus Academy<br /> * Shankardev Vidya Niketan, Jagiroad <br /> * Bapuji High School<br /> * Jagiroad Higher Secondary School<br /> * N. F. Railway High School<br /> * Sahid Lakhi Deka Higher Secondary School<br /> * Kendriya Vidyalaya, Jagiroad <br /> * Jagiroad Girl's High School<br /> * HPC High School<br /> * Nalanda Academy<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ===Lower primary schools (Prathamik Vidyalaya)===<br /> These schools provide education up to standard for:<br /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br /> * Jagiroad Hindi Prathmic Vidyalaya<br /> * Ghunusa Habi Prathamik Vidyalaya<br /> * Nokhula Grant Prathamik Vidyalaya<br /> * Bishnu Rava Nimna Buniyadi Prathamik Vidyalaya<br /> * Tarak Chandra Prathamik Vidyalaya<br /> * Indira Nagar Prathamik Vidyalaya<br /> * Bhanu bidya mandir<br /> * Century Play School<br /> * Bachpan Pre-School<br /> * Kidzee<br /> * Tegheria L.P. School<br /> * Guripathar L.P. School<br /> * Markang Kuchi L.P. School<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Industry==<br /> Jagiroad, located in the Morigaon district of Assam, is primarily known for its industrial activities. The Nagaon Paper Mill, which was one of the largest units of the Hindustan Paper Corporation, was situated in this town. The town also has several other small and medium-sized industries, including fertilizer manufacturing, a cement grinding unit, Railneer water bottling, a railway concrete sleeper workshop, and a furniture-making unit using bamboo pulp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://bansal-group.co.in|title=BG Sleeper Works &amp;#124; Bansal Group|last= |first= |date= |website=bansalgroup.co.in |publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition, there are several small-scale agro-based industries, such as rice mills and oil mills, dairy etc that cater to the local agricultural produce. Overall, Jagiroad's industrial sector plays a significant role in the region's economic development and provides employment opportunities for many people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://advantageassam.com/assets/front/pdf/shelf-of-projects/Industrial-Infrastructure/Multi-Sector-Industrial-Park-Jagiroad.pdf|title= Multi-sector Industrial Park |last= |first= |date= |website= advantageassam.com|publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Nagaon Paper Mill===<br /> {{Main|Nagaon Paper Mill}}<br /> Nagaon paper mill was a paper-making factory that was part of Hindustan Paper Corporation Ltd. and was established in 1985.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=Kamal Ramprit |title=North-east India: land, people and economy |last2=Dikshit |first2=Jutta K. |last3=Dikshit |first3=K. R. |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3 |series=Advances in Asian human-environmental research |location=Dordrecht}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is located on [[List of highways numbered 37|National Highway 37]] in [[Kagaznagar, Assam|Kagajnagar]], Jagiroad, [[Morigaon district]]. It is located approximately 55&amp;nbsp;km east of [[Guwahati]].<br /> <br /> It is the first paper mill in the world to produce Kraft pulp in Kamyr Continuous Digester with 100% bamboo as raw material.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hindpaper.in/mills/npm.htm |title=Nagaon Paper Mill |last= |first= |date= |website=hindpaper.in |publisher= |access-date= |quote= |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320070142/https://www.hindpaper.in/mills/npm.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; another of the two large HPC units ceased operations due to its inability to pay employees' salaries since 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://papermart.in/nclt-orders-liquidation-of-cachar-and-nagaon-paper-mills/|title=NCLT Orders Liquidation of Cachar and Nagaon Paper Mills |last= |first= |date= 26 June 2019|website=papermart.in |publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Assam Spun Silk Mill===<br /> Assam Spun Silk Mills Ltd was a public limited company located in Jagiroad, Assam, India. Incorporated on March 31, 1962, the mill was established to promote silk production in the region. It specialized in producing spun silk and played a crucial role in the local textile industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2020-04-02 |title=Pandemic may be last nail in Assam industrial town’s coffin |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pandemic-may-be-last-nail-in-assam-industrial-towns-coffin/article31241750.ece |access-date=2024-08-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sitajakhala Dugdha Utpadak Samabai Samiti===<br /> Sitajakhala Dugdha Utpadak Samabai Samiti Limited is a cooperative milk producers' society based in Amlighat, Jagiroad, Morigaon district, Assam. It is the only milk producers' cooperative society in central Assam. Established in 1958, the society was formed to provide a structured marketing system for local milk producers, ensuring they receive fair prices for their products.<br /> <br /> ===Alsthom Industries Limited===<br /> Alsthom Industries Limited (Subsidiary of Dalmia Cement Bharat Limited) is a 1000 TPD Cement grinding unit that was established in 2016 which is situated at Baghjap, Jagibhakatgaon in Jagiroad-Marigaon Road. It produces Cements with different grades and supplies across the states and also exports.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dalmiacement.com/contact-us|title= Contact us &amp;#124; Dalmia Cement |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher=dalmiacement.com|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cemnet.com/global-cement-report/facility/marigaon|title= Cement Plant Information &amp;#124; Baghjap, Morigaon District|last= |first= |date= |website=cement.com |publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Tourist places==<br /> * '''Mayong''' : [[Mayong, Assam|Mayong]] is historically significant and known for its connection to black magic and sorcery. Local legends tell stories of mysterious magical practices and people disappearing. Mayong is also mentioned in ancient texts like the Mahabharata and has a rich cultural heritage. It's linked to the character Ghatotkacha etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author = |date = |title=Mayong &amp;#124; The land of black magic, witchcraft and necromancy |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/mayong-the-land-of-black-magic-witchcraft-and-necromancy/articleshow/91669288.cms|work= |publisher=indiatimes.com |location= |access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author = |date = |title= Mayong &amp;#124; The Trivet of Black Magic|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/life/mayong-the-trivet-of-black-magic-618129 |work= |publisher=sentinelassam.com |location= |access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary''' : [[Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary]] is a protected area in Assam, known for having a large number of Indian one-horned rhinoceroses. It is located about 50 kilometers from Guwahati and is also home to other animals like wild boars, leopards, and various birds. Because it has so many rhinos in a small space, it's often called a mini-Kaziranga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author = |date = |title= Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary records increase in rhino population |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2022/03/23/rhino-population-census-conducted-at-pobitora-wildlife-sanctuary/ |work= |publisher= eastmojo.com|location= |access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Nizorapar''': Nizorapar, also known as Nijorapar, is a recreational area located in Natun Gaon, Jagiroad, Assam. The name is derived from the Assamese word &quot;nijora,&quot; which means &quot;waterfall,&quot; and &quot;par,&quot; which means &quot;the side area of that&quot;. The park, known for its scenery with a waterfall and a park with greenery, is visited by families and nature lovers.{{fact|date=April 2025}} It also has a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, which attracts visitors during Shivratri in August.<br /> * '''Deosal''': Deosal Shiva Temple is an ancient significant Hindu temple located in Deosal Village, near Amlighat in the town of Jagiroad. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is renowned for its historical and cultural importance. It is situated along National Highway 37, facilitating easy transportation.<br /> * '''Sita Jakhala''' : Sita Jakhala is an old temple complex in Morigaon district, Assam, India, located on the banks of the River Killing. According to Hindu mythology, the stone steps were built by the sage Valmiki to help Goddess Sita easily reach the river while she was living at the nearby Valmiki Ashram after being exiled by Lord Rama. The steps are called &quot;Sita Jakhala,&quot; which means &quot;Sita's steps&quot; in the local language.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author= |date= |title= Sitajakhala &amp;#124; Assam White Revolution |url= https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/07/31/sitajakhala-assams-white-revolution/ |work= |publisher= eastmojo.com |location= |access-date= }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Koina Kanda Pahar''' : Koina Kanda Pahar, also called Bride Crying Rock, is found in Baghara, Jagiroad, Assam. It is located approximately 10 kilometers from Jagiroad. According to local folklore, a bride died here during her wedding journey due to a hailstorm. Mostly on Tuesday and Saturday nights, or on the same day the incident occurred, people often hear crying sounds and other disturbances related to the bride and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://as.vikaspedia.in/education/9859b89ae9f0-9ac9c19f099e9cd99c9c0/9ae9f09bf9979be981993-99c9bf9b29be9f0-9f09c29aa-9f09c79969be|title= মৰিগাঁও জিলাৰ ৰূপ ৰেখা|last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher=Vikaspedia|access-date=|quote=|language=as|trans-title=The appearance of Morigaon district}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=The mystery surrounding Koina Konda Pahar in Morigaon and its curious folklore |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/lifestyle/story/the-mystery-surrounding-koina-konda-pahar-in-morigaon-and-its-curious-folklore-890128-2024-02-18 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Morigaon district]]<br /> [[Category:Morigaon district]]<br /> [[Category:Jagiroad]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_Constance_Bulwer-Lytton&diff=511519 2026-03-05T06:53:30Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|British suffragette (1869–1923)}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=February 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> |name = Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton<br /> |image = Lady Constance Lytton, 1908.jpg<br /> |image_size =<br /> |caption =<br /> |birth_name =<br /> |birth_date = {{birth date|1869|2|12|df=yes}}<br /> |birth_place = [[Vienna]], Austria<br /> |death_date = {{death date and age|1923|5|22|1869|1|12|df=yes}}<br /> |death_place = London, England&lt;ref name=&quot;ODNB&quot;&gt;{{Cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37705 |title=Lytton, Lady Constance Bulwer- |last=Harris |first=Jose |date=2011 |publisher=OUP |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/37705 |access-date=15 May 2014}} (Subscription or UK public library membership required)&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |restingplace = [[Lytton Mausoleum]], [[Knebworth Park]]&lt;ref name=&quot;mausoleum&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.mmtrust.org.uk/mausolea/view/76/Lytton_Mausoleum | title=Lytton Mausoleum | publisher=Mausolea and Monuments Trust | access-date=15 May 2014 | archive-date=30 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130205039/http://www.mmtrust.org.uk/mausolea/view/76/Lytton_Mausoleum | url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |other_names = Jane Warton<br /> |occupation = Suffragette<br /> |children =<br /> |parents = {{Nowrap|[[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Edith Villiers]]}}<br /> |website =<br /> |footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> '''Lady Constance Georgina Bulwer-Lytton''' (12 February 1869&lt;ref name=&quot;ODNB&quot;/&gt; – 22 May 1923), usually known as '''Constance Lytton''', was an influential British [[suffragette]] activist, writer, speaker and campaigner for [[prison reform]], [[votes for women]], and [[birth control]]. She used the name '''Jane Warton''' to avoid receiving special treatment when imprisoned for suffragist protests.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT1&quot;&gt;[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=980CE1D81730E233A25757C2A9679C946196D6CF New York Times, 24 January 1910, Monday, &quot;JANE WARTON&quot; RELEASED.; Home Office Acts on Learning She Is Lady Constance Lytton.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Timeline&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Although born and raised in the privileged [[ruling class]] of [[History of British society|British society]], Lytton rejected this background to join the [[Women's Social and Political Union]] (WSPU), the most militant group of [[Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom|suffragette]] activists campaigning for &quot;Votes for Women&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20030405003814/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/lytton_constance_georgina.shtml BBC History, Profile of Lady Constance Lytton]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;&gt;[http://www.knebworthhouse.com/people/constance.html Knebworth House, Lytton Family archives and History – Lady Constance Lytton and the Suffragettes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618210948/http://www.knebworthhouse.com/people/constance.html |date=18 June 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Timeline&quot;&gt;[http://www.knebworthhouse.com/people/constance_timeline.html Knebworth House – Lady Constance Lytton Timeline, The Principal Events of Lady Constance's Life] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202020304/http://www.knebworthhouse.com/people/constance_timeline.html |date=2 December 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She was subsequently imprisoned four times, including once in [[HM Prison Liverpool|Walton gaol]] in [[Liverpool]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Timeline&quot;/&gt; under the ''[[nom de guerre]]'' of Jane Warton, where she was [[force fed]] while on [[hunger strike]]. She chose the alias and disguise of ''Jane Warton'', an &quot;ugly London seamstress&quot;, to avoid receiving special treatment and privileges because of her family connections: she was the daughter of a viceroy and the sister of a member of the [[House of Lords]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Chambre&quot;/&gt; She wrote pamphlets on women's rights, articles in ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper,&lt;ref name=&quot;Timeline&quot;/&gt; and a book on her experiences, ''Prisons and Prisoners'', which was published in 1914.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Timeline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prisons &amp; Prisoners&quot;&gt;Constance Lytton and Jane Warton, Spinster, ''[https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/lytton/prisons/prisons.html Prisons and Prisoners, Some personal Experiences]'', in ''A Celebration of Women Writers'' (London: William Heinemann, 1914)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While imprisoned in [[HM Prison Holloway|Holloway]] during March 1909, Lytton used a piece of broken enamel from a hairpin to cut the letter &quot;V&quot; into the flesh of her breast, placed exactly over the heart. (The &quot;V&quot; came from &quot;Votes for Women&quot;, as she had planned to scratch the whole phrase &quot;beginning over the heart and ending it on [her] face&quot;.)&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Schama 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/05_may/09/victoria_sisters.shtml|work=BBC Press Office|title=Victoria and Her Sisters|first=Simon|last=Schama|date=4 June 2002|access-date=26 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prisons &amp; Prisoners Chapter 8&quot;&gt;Lytton (1914), chapter 8&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Lytton remained unmarried, because her mother refused her permission to marry a man from a &quot;lower social order&quot;, while she refused to contemplate marrying anyone else.<br /> <br /> Her [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]], stroke, and early death at the age of 54 have been attributed in part to the trauma of her hunger strike and [[Force-feeding|force feeding]] by the prison authorities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Timeline&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and family==<br /> [[File:Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton]]]]<br /> [[File:Edith Villiers, later Countess of Lytton by George Frederic Watts.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Edith Villiers]]]]<br /> Lytton was the third of seven children of [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton]] and [[Edith Villiers]]. She spent some of her early years in [[British India|India]], where her father was the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]]; it was he who made the proclamation that [[Queen Victoria]] was the [[British India|Empress of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;VotesfW&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=kioY9y-yDDQC&amp;dq=jane+warton&amp;pg=PA162 ''Votes for Women'' by June Purvis, Sandra Stanley Holton]&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Lytton's maternal grandparents were Edward Ernest Villiers (1806–1843) and Elizabeth Charlotte Liddell. Edward Ernest Villiers was a son of [[George Villiers (1759–1827)|George Villiers]] and Theresa Parker. Elizabeth Charlotte Liddell was a daughter of [[Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth]] and his wife Maria Susannah Simpson. George Villiers was a son of [[Thomas Villiers, 1st Earl of Clarendon]] and [[Charlotte Capell]]. Theresa Parker was a daughter of [[John Parker, 1st Baron Boringdon]] and his second wife Theresa Robinson. Maria Susannah Simpson was a daughter of John Simpson and Anne Lyon. Charlotte Capell was a daughter of [[William Capell, 3rd Earl of Essex]] and Lady Jane Hyde. Theresa Robinson was a daughter of [[Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham]] and Frances Worsley. Anne Lyon was a daughter of [[Thomas Lyon, 8th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne]] and [[Jean Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne|Jean Nicholsen]]. Lady Jane Hyde was a daughter of [[Henry Hyde, 4th Earl of Clarendon]] and Jane Leveson-Gower.{{pb}}<br /> <br /> Her paternal grandparents were the novelists [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton]] and [[Rosina Bulwer Lytton|Rosina Doyle Wheeler]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tartarus&quot;&gt;[http://www.tartaruspress.com/lytton.html Tartarus Press, Profile of Edward Bulwer-Lytton] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201170144/http://www.tartaruspress.com/lytton.html |date=1 December 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a florid, popular writer of his day, coining such phrases as &quot;the great unwashed&quot;, &quot;pursuit of the [[almighty dollar]]&quot;, &quot;[[the pen is mightier than the sword]]&quot;, and the infamous [[incipit]] &quot;[[It was a dark and stormy night]]&quot;. Constance Lytton's great-grandmother was the author and women's rights campaigner [[Anna Wheeler (author)|Anna Wheeler]].}} Her siblings were:<br /> *Edward Rowland John Bulwer-Lytton (1865–1871)<br /> *[[Betty Balfour, Countess of Balfour|Lady Elizabeth Edith &quot;Betty&quot; Bulwer-Lytton]] (12 June 1867 – 28 March 1942). Married [[Gerald Balfour, 2nd Earl of Balfour]], brother of the future [[Prime Minister]] [[Arthur Balfour]].<br /> *Henry Meredith Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1872–1874)<br /> *[[Lady Emily Lutyens|Lady Emily Bulwer-Lytton]] (1874–1964). Married the architect [[Edwin Lutyens]]. Associate and confidante of [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]].<br /> *[[Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton]] (1876–1947), married Pamela Chichele-Plowden, an early flame of Sir [[Winston Churchill]], who had met her while playing [[polo]] at [[Secunderabad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian 09&quot;&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/nov/09/booksnews.redbox The Guardian, Sunday 9 November 2003, by David Smith. Letters reveal heartbreak of young Winston]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Neville Bulwer-Lytton, 3rd Earl of Lytton]] (6 February 1879 – 9 February 1951)<br /> <br /> In the early years in India, Lytton was educated by a series of governesses and reportedly had a lonely childhood. She played the piano and wished to be a pianist.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison&quot;/&gt; She apparently met [[Winston Churchill]] while living in India,{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} where he was an unsuccessful rival to her brother Victor for the hand of Pamela Chichele-Plowden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian 09&quot;/&gt; She is reported to have said: &quot;The first time you see Winston Churchill you see all his faults, and the rest of your life you spend discovering his virtues.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.explore-parliament.net/nssMovies/05/0558/0558_.htm Lady Lytton, in Christopher Hassall, Edward Marsh.]&lt;/ref&gt;{{Unreliable source?|date=August 2022|reason=Hassall's book needs a full citation, and an indication that he was referring to Constance Lytton.}} Although she grew up in England surrounded by many of the great artistic, political and literary names of the day, she rejected the aristocratic way of life. After her father died, she retired from public view to care for her mother, rejecting attempts to interest her in the outside world.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Lytton remained unmarried until her death; in 1892 her mother refused her permission to marry a man from a &quot;lower social order&quot;. For several years she waited in vain for her mother to change her mind, while refusing to contemplate marrying anyone else.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}<br /> <br /> In 1897 her aunt, [[Theresa Earle]], published her gardening guide ''Pot-Pourri from a Surrey Garden''. She had been encouraged to write this by Lytton who typed some of the text.&lt;ref name=cobham&gt;{{Cite web|title=Godalming: Two Women of their Time – Earle and Jekyll|url=https://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/themes/places/surrey/waverley/godalming/godalming_two_women_of_their_time_earle_and_jekyll|access-date=2020-10-04|website=Exploring Surrey's Past|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; The book sold quickly and well and in one of the later editions Lytton added a section on Japanese flower arranging.&lt;ref name=oxbam&gt;{{Cite ODNB|title=Earle [née Villiers], (Maria) Theresa [known as Mrs C. W. Earle] (1836–1925), horticulturist|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-48832|access-date=2020-10-04|year = 2004|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/48832}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Lytton became a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] in 1902 and was an advocate of animal rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Leneman|first=Leah|date=June 1997|title=The awakened instinct: vegetarianism and the women's suffrage movement in Britain|journal=Women's History Review|volume=6|issue=2|pages=271–287|doi=10.1080/09612029700200144|s2cid=144004487 |issn=0961-2025|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl 2022&quot;&gt;Scholl; Lesa; Morris, Emily. (2022). ''The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Victorian Women's Writing''. Springer. p. 56. {{ISBN|978-3030783181}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Women's suffrage==<br /> The reclusive phase of Lytton's life started to change in 1905 when she was left £1,000 in the estate of her great-aunt/godmother, [[Georgiana Bloomfield, Baroness Bloomfield|Lady Bloomfield]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT LadyB&quot;&gt;[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=980DE1D91E3DE633A25750C2A9639C946497D6CF New York Times, 23 May 1905, Tuesday, Lady Bloomfield Dies, A Friend of Queen Victoria and a Well-Known Author.]&lt;/ref&gt; She donated this to the revival of [[Morris dancing]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1&quot;/&gt; and her family records state that &quot;Her brother Neville suggested that she gave it to the [[Esperance Club]], a small singing and dancing group for [[working class]] girls&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Timeline&quot;/&gt; where part of their remit was teaching Morris dancing. The Esperance club was founded by [[Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence]] and [[Mary Neal]] in response to distressing conditions for girls in the London dress trade.<br /> <br /> ===(1908) Conversion to suffragette cause===<br /> Between September 1908 and October 1909 Constance Lytton's conversion to the militant suffragette cause was complete. On 10 September 1908 she wrote to Adela Smith:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|I met some suffragettes down at the [Green Lady Hostel run by the Esperance&lt;ref name=&quot;Chambre&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LiZacra&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wo89DfZ-T6AC&amp;dq=Green+Lady+Hostel+esperance&amp;pg=PA361 Google Books, The Women's Suffrage Movement By Elizabeth Crawford]&lt;/ref&gt;] club in [[Littlehampton]]... They have come into personal first-hand contact with prison abuses. My hobby of [[prison reform]] has thereby taken on new vigour... I intend to interview the female inspector of Holloway prison, and will take part in the Suffragette breakfast with the next batch of released Suffrage prisoners on 16 September. I had a long talk with Mrs. Pethick-Lawrence. She mostly talked Woman Suffrage, about which, though I sympathise with the cause, she left me unconverted as to my criticisms of some of their methods.&lt;ref name=&quot;VotesFor Women2&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=kioY9y-yDDQC&amp;dq=adela+smith+lytton&amp;pg=PA179 Votes for Women By June Purvis, Sandra Stanley Holton. at Google Books.]&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Suffragette handbill.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Suffragette handbill]]<br /> She subsequently met other suffragettes, including [[Annie Kenney]] and Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, at the Green Lady Hostel and on a tour of [[Holloway prison]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Timeline&quot;/&gt; On 14 October 1908, she wrote to her mother:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|I went to the Suffragette Office to see Mrs. Lawrence and to congratulate her on the meeting of the day before, inquire the latest news, and finally say: &quot;You know my reservations as to some of your methods, but my sympathies are much more with you than with any of your opponents... I want to be of use if I can. Is there anything I can possibly do to help you?&quot; A good deal of talk ensued. She said, &quot;Yes,&quot; I could help them. Could I see to it that Herbert Gladstone was asked to treat the Suffragettes as political offenders, which they are, and not as common criminals, which they are not?}}{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}<br /> <br /> In ''Prison and Prisoners'', she stated: &quot;Women had tried repeatedly, and always in vain, every peaceable means open to them of influencing successive governments. Processions and petitions were absolutely useless. In January 1909 I decided to become a member of the [[Women's Social and Political Union]] (WSPU).&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prisons &amp; Prisoners&quot;/&gt; Working for the WSPU she made speeches throughout the country, and used her family connections to campaign in Parliament.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1&quot;/&gt; She wrote to the [[Home Secretary]] [[Herbert Gladstone]] asking for [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] and [[Christabel Pankhurst]] to be released from prison.&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|On Friday, 8th October 1909, Christabel Pankhurst and I were on our way to Newcastle. I had made up my mind that I was going to throw a stone. We went to the [[Haymarket, Newcastle|Haymarket]] [an area in Central Newcastle] where the car with Mr. [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]] [Chancellor of the Exchequer] would probably pass. As the motor appeared I stepped out into the road, stood straight in front of the car, shouted out, &quot;How can you, who say you back the women's cause, stay on in a government which refuses them the vote, and is persecuting them for asking it,&quot; and threw a stone at the car. I aimed low to avoid injuring the chauffeur or passengers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prisons &amp; Prisoners&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ===(1909) Imprisonment and self-injury in Holloway===<br /> [[File:Prisons &amp; Prisoners Manuscript Front.jpg|thumb|upright|Manuscript of ''Prisons and Prisoners'', annotated by Constance Lytton: &quot;I am aiming at a book of about 300 pages, to cost 2/6d. Sylvia's description of prison gates opening to a prisoner on outer cover. Portrait of me as Con. Another as Jane Warton on frontispiece.&quot;]]<br /> Lytton was imprisoned in [[Holloway prison]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1&quot;/&gt; twice during 1909, after demonstrating at the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], but her ill health (a weak heart) meant that she spent most of her sentence in the infirmary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;/&gt; When the authorities discovered her identity, the daughter of Lord Lytton, they ordered her release. The [[Her Majesty's Government|British government]] were also aware that her health problems and hunger striking could lead to martyrdom. Infuriated by such inequality of justice she wrote to the ''[[Liverpool Daily Post]]'' in October 1909 to complain about the favourable treatment she had received.&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 24 February 1909, Lytton wrote to her mother about prison and reform in ''Prisons and Prisoners'':<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|My Angel Mother... If you ever see this letter it will mean that after joining the deputation I have been arrested and shall not see you again until I have been to Holloway... Prisons, as you know, have been my hobby. What maternity there lurks in me has for years past been gradually awakening over the fate of prisoners, the deliberate, cruel harm that is done to them, their souls and bodies, the ignorant, exasperating waste of good opportunities in connection with them, till now the thought of them, the yearning after them, turns in me and tugs at me as vitally and irrepressibly as ever a physical child can call upon its mother.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prisons &amp; Prisoners&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> While she was imprisoned in [[Holloway Prison]] during March 1909 she started to deliberately injure her body. Her plan was to cut &quot;Votes for Women&quot; from her breast to her cheek, so that it would always be visible. But after completing the &quot;V&quot; on her breast and ribs she requested sterile dressings to avoid [[Bacteremia|blood poisoning]], and her plan was aborted by the authorities.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Schama 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prisons &amp; Prisoners Chapter 8&quot;/&gt; Lytton wrote of the [[Self-harm|self-injury]] action in ''Prisons and Prisoners'':<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|I had decided to write the words &quot;Votes for Women&quot; on my body, scratching it in my skin with a needle, beginning over the heart and ending it on my face. I proposed to show the first half of the inscription to the doctors, telling them that as I knew how much appearances were respected by officials, I thought it well to warn them that the last letter and a full stop would come upon my cheek, and be still quite fresh and visible on the day of my release.<br /> <br /> The next morning before breakfast I set to work in real earnest and, using each of these [needle and broken hatpin] in turn, I succeeded in producing a very fine V just over my heart. This was the work of fully twenty minutes, and in my zeal I made a deeper impression than I had intended. The scratch bled to a certain extent. I had no wish for a blood-poisoning sequel, and, fearing the contact with the coarse prison clothes, when the wardress came to fetch me for breakfast I asked her for a small piece of lint and plaster.<br /> <br /> I was taken down to the Senior Medical Officer...and the ward superintendent, who ushered me into his presence and exposed the scratched &quot;V&quot; for his inspection, were evidently much put out. I felt all a craftsman's satisfaction in my job. The V was very clearly and evenly printed in spite of the varying material of its background, a rib bone forming an awkward bump. As I pointed out to the doctor, it had been placed exactly over the heart, and visibly recorded the pulsation of that organ as clearly as a watch hand, so that he no longer need be put to the trouble of the stethoscope.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prisons &amp; Prisoners Chapter 8&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ===(1909) Imprisonment in Newcastle===<br /> In October 1909 Constance Lytton was arrested for a second time in Newcastle.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Henderson |first1=Tony |title=The Battle of Newcastle: How women took to city streets to fight for the vote in 1909 |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/history/battle-newcastle-how-women-took-14404964 |website=ChronicleLive |access-date=20 August 2021 |language=en |date=13 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; She had thrown a stone wrapped in paper bearing the message &quot;To Lloyd George – Rebellion against tyranny is obedience to God – Deeds, not words&quot;. Her message was in response to the government's new policy of force-feeding imprisoned suffragettes who were on hunger strike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chambre&quot;&gt;[http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConNarrative.144&amp;chapterId=928 E. Chambré Hardman Archive (PortCities Liverpool) National Trust, Lady Constance Lytton and the Campaign for Women's Suffrage on Merseyside, Force feeding suffragettes in prison] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201170633/http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConNarrative.144&amp;chapterId=928 |date=1 December 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; She was sentenced to one month in [[Newcastle Gaol]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://newcastlegaol.co.uk/blog/suffragettes-newcastle-gaol |title= Suffragettes in Newcastle Gaol|publisher=Newcastle Gaol|access-date=12 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===(1910) Jane Warton in Liverpool, Walton gaol===<br /> [[File:Jane Warton, 1910.jpg|thumb|right|Lytton posing as Jane Warton, a London seamstress, at a protest in Liverpool (1910)]]<br /> In January 1910, convinced that poorer prisoners were treated badly, Lytton travelled to Liverpool disguised as a working-class London seamstress named Jane Warton.&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;/&gt; In disguise she spoke at an event with [[Sarah Jane Baines|Jennie Baines]] and [[Patricia Woodlock]] and led a procession to the Prison Governor's house demanding the &quot;stain&quot; of force-feeding be removed from Liverpool.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; She was arrested after an incident of rocks being thrown at an MP's car,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1&quot;/&gt; imprisoned in Walton gaol for 14 days &quot;hard labour&quot; and force-fed eight times.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1&quot;/&gt; After her release, although desperately weak, she wrote accounts of her experience for ''[[The Times]]'' and ''[[Women's Social and Political Union#Campaigning|Votes for Women]]'' (the monthly journal of the WSPU, launched in 1907).&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;/&gt; She went on to lecture on the subject of her experience of the conditions which suffragette prisoners endured.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1&quot;/&gt; It is thought that her speeches and letters helped to end the practice of force-feeding.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Questia&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Jorgensen-Earp |first=Cheryl R |date=1999 |title=&quot;The Waning of the Light&quot;: The Forcible-Feeding of Jane Warton, Spinster |url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=JnSdCYx64pkMhxvYbTTMTBH1vgG1L2KzgN1QR1DmtxtZFMdr5K6q!-1487982390?docId=5001854042 |journal=Women's Studies in Communication |publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]] |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=125–151 |doi=10.1080/07491409.1999.10162418 |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202021640/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=JnSdCYx64pkMhxvYbTTMTBH1vgG1L2KzgN1QR1DmtxtZFMdr5K6q!-1487982390?docId=5001854042 |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Lytton wrote of the ''Jane Warton'' episode in ''Prisons and Prisoners'':<br /> {{blockquote|I joined the W.S.P.U. again, filling up the membership card as Miss Jane Warton. The choice of a name had been easy. When I came out of Holloway Prison, a distant relative, by name Mr. F. Warburton, wrote me an appreciative letter...but Warburton was too distinguished a name; that would at once attract attention. I must leave out the &quot;bur&quot; and make it &quot;Warton.&quot; &quot;Jane&quot; was the name of [[Joan of Arc]] (for Jeanne is more often translated into &quot;Jane&quot; than &quot;Joan&quot;) and would bring me comfort in distress.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prisons &amp; Prisoners Chapter 8&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|I accomplished my disguise in Manchester, going to a different shop for every part of it, for safety's sake. I had noticed several times while I was in prison that prisoners of unprepossessing appearance obtained least favour, so I was determined to put ugliness to the test. I had my hair cut short and parted, in early Victorian fashion, in smooth bands down the side of my face. This, combined with the resentful bristles of my newly-cut back hair, produced a curious effect. I wished to bleach my hair as well, but the hairdresser refused point-blank to do this, and the stuff that I bought for the purpose at the chemist's proved quite ineffective. A tweed hat, a long green cloth coat, which I purchased for 8s. 6d., a woollen scarf and woollen gloves, a white silk neck-kerchief, a pair of [[pince-nez]] spectacles, a purse, a net-bag to contain some of my papers, and my costume was complete. I had removed my own initials from my underclothing, and bought the ready-made initials &quot;J.W.&quot; to sew on in their stead, but to my regret I had not time to achieve this finishing touch.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prisons &amp; Prisoners Chapter 8&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|I returned to the house of my friends, selected from their garden small, flat stones in case of need, which I wrapped in paper, and snatched a hasty meal. My kind hostess had heard that I was a vegetarian, and had provided a most appetising dish of stewed white pears.<br /> <br /> The police then took hold of me. As for once it was my object above all else to get arrested and imprisoned, I began discharging my stones, not throwing them, but limply dropping them over the hedge into the Governor's garden. One of them just touched the shoulder of a man who had rushed up on seeing me arrested. I apologised to him. Two policemen then held me fast by the arms and marched me off to the police station.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prisons &amp; Prisoners Chapter 8&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Walton Gaol 1910.jpg|thumb|right|Walton Gaol, Liverpool (1910)&lt;ref name=&quot;Chambre&quot;/&gt;]]<br /> [[File:Suffragettes Lady Constance Lytton and Annie Kenney 1910.jpg|thumb|right|Lady Constance and [[Annie Kenney]] at the [[Eagle House (suffragette's rest)|Suffragettes Rest]] at [[Eagle House (suffragette's rest)|Eagle House]] in [[Batheaston]], Somerset. In 1910 the leading suffragettes planted an [[arboretum]] of circa fifty trees to commemorate their work, however all but one were destroyed by a 1960s house building project]]<br /> <br /> ====Force-feeding====<br /> {{blockquote|He said if I resisted so much with my teeth, he would have to feed me through the nose. The pain of it was intense and at last I must have given way for he got the gag between my teeth, when he proceeded to turn it much more than necessary until my jaws were fastened wide apart, far more than they could go naturally. Then he put down my throat a tube which seemed to me much too wide and was something like four feet in length. The irritation of the tube was excessive. I choked the moment it touched my throat until it had got down. Then the food was poured in quickly; it made me sick a few seconds after it was down and the action of the sickness made my body and legs double up, but the wardresses instantly pressed back my head and the doctor leant on my knees. The horror of it was more than I can describe. I was sick over the doctor and wardresses, and it seemed a long time before they took the tube out. As the doctor left he gave me a slap on the cheek, not violently, but, as it were, to express his contemptuous disapproval, and he seemed to take for granted that my distress was assumed... Before long I heard the sounds of the forced feeding in the next cell to mine. It was almost more than I could bear, it was Elsie Howey, I was sure. When the ghastly process was over and all quiet, I tapped on the wall and called out at the top of my voice, which wasn't much just then, &quot;No surrender,&quot; and there came the answer past any doubt in Elsie's voice, &quot;No surrender.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prisons &amp; Prisoners Chapter 8&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Lytton's health continued to deteriorate and she suffered a heart attack in August 1910,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1&quot;/&gt; and a series of strokes which paralysed the right side of her body.&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;/&gt; Undaunted, she used her left hand to write ''Prisons and Prisoners'' (1914), which became influential in prison reform.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prisons &amp; Prisoners&quot;/&gt; The book is also notable for making an explicit link between [[animal rights]] and women's rights.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl 2022&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 9 October 1909 Lytton was awarded a [[Hunger Strike Medal]] by the WSPU.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=News - Suffragettes Anniversary |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/videos/crgygjwz68yo |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=BBC Archive |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1911 onwards===<br /> In June 1911, Lytton's brother had a letter from [[Ellen Avery]], the local school headmistress, and forty-one other &quot;Suffrage women of Knebworth and Woolmer Green&quot;, thanking the Lyttons for having &quot;laboured for our Cause&quot; and &quot;for faith in us as Women&quot;: seventeen were [[Women's Social and Political Union|WSPU]] signatories, including Constance's own cook Ethel Smith, [[Dora Beedham|Dora Spong]], and nine who were in the non-militant suffragist [[National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies|NUWSS]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Rise up, women! : the remarkable lives of the suffragettes|last=Atkinson|first=Diane|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2018|isbn=9781408844045|location=London|pages=258–9|oclc=1016848621}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 1911 Lytton was imprisoned in Holloway for the fourth time, after breaking windows in the [[Houses of Parliament]], or of a post office in [[Victoria Street, London]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Chambre&quot;/&gt;{{Failed verification|date=August 2022}}{{Clarify|date=August 2022|reason=Is it not known which was the reason for her imprisonment? Why? Is it known which happened? What sources give these as reasons?}} However, conditions had improved, &quot;all was civility; it was unrecognisable from the first time I had been there&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Prisons &amp; Prisoners&quot;/&gt; and suffragettes were treated as [[political prisoner]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prisons &amp; Prisoners&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> After the WSPU ended its militant campaign at the outbreak of war in 1914, Lytton gave her support to [[Marie Stopes]]' campaign to establish [[birth control]] clinics.<br /> <br /> In January 1918 parliament passed a bill giving women over 30 the vote if they were married to a property owner or were one themselves.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death and commemoration==<br /> {{Quote box<br /> | quote = Endowed with a celestial sense of humour, boundless sympathy, and rare musical talent, she devoted the later years of her life to the political enfranchisement of women and sacrificed her health and talents in helping to bring victory to this cause.<br /> | source =Epitaph to Lady Constance Lytton in the family mausoleum in [[Knebworth Park]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;/&gt;<br /> | width =25%<br /> | align =right<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Constance Lytton never fully recovered from her prison treatment, heart attack and strokes, and was nursed at Knebworth by her mother. They lived at [[Homewood, Knebworth|Homewood]], a house designed by Constance's brother-in-law, [[Edwin Lutyens]]. She died in 1923, aged 54,&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;/&gt; only days after moving out of Homewood to a flat in [[Paddington]], London, in an attempt to restart an active life.&lt;ref&gt;Jenkins (2015), pp. 228–30.&lt;/ref&gt; At her funeral, the purple, white and green Suffragette colours were laid on her coffin.&lt;ref name=&quot;HertsLife&quot;&gt;[http://www.hertfordshirelife.co.uk/the-magazine-your-life-features-the-lady-and-the-vote--4618 Hertfordshire Life, Feature on Lady Constance Lytton, The Lady and the vote] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202023958/http://www.hertfordshirelife.co.uk/the-magazine-your-life-features-the-lady-and-the-vote--4618 |date=2 December 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Her ashes lie in the [[Lytton Mausoleum|family mausoleum]] in [[Knebworth House|Knebworth Park]].<br /> [[File:Mausoleum at Knebworth House Herts - geograph.org.uk - 476189.jpg|thumbnail]]<br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> Lytton appears as a character in the 1974 BBC television drama ''[[Shoulder to Shoulder]]''. She is played by [[Judy Parfitt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Shoulder to Shoulder, the TV classic about the suffragettes, is 50 years old – we speak to Dame Siân Phillips, Waris Hussein and Moira Armstrong|first=Patrick|last=Mulkern|work=[[Radio Times]]|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/shoulder-to-shoulder-sian-phillips-waris-hussein-moira-armstrong/|date=9 April 2024|access-date=26 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Timeline ==<br /> Edited extract from the Knebworth House memorial&lt;ref name=&quot;Knebworth1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Timeline&quot;/&gt;<br /> *1869 – Lady Constance Georgina Lytton born.<br /> *1880 – Family leaves India.<br /> *1887 – Sister Betty marries Gerald Balfour (Arthur's brother).<br /> *1897 – Sister Emily marries Edwin Lutyens, the architect.<br /> *1908 – Godmother Lady Bloomfield dies, leaving her £1000. Lytton subsequently meets Annie Kenny and Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence.<br /> *1909 – Becomes an official member of the WSPU.<br /> *1909 – Imprisoned for the first time in February 1909.<br /> *1909 – Her pamphlet &quot;No Votes for Women: A Reply to Some Recent [[Anti-suffragism|Anti-Suffrage]] Publications&quot; is published.<br /> *1909 – Imprisoned for 2nd time in Holloway in October 1909.<br /> *1910 – Disguises herself as Jane Warton and imprisoned for 3rd time in Walton Gaol, Liverpool, in terrible conditions. Force fed several times.<br /> *1910 – Writes about her experiences in ''The Times''.<br /> *1911 – Imprisoned for the 4th time, in Holloway in November 1911<br /> *1912 – Suffers a stroke from which she never fully recovers, but continues to write ''Prisons and Prisoners'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Prisons &amp; Prisoners&quot;/&gt; an account of her time in custody.<br /> *1914 – ''Prisons and Prisoners'' is published.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prisons &amp; Prisoners&quot;/&gt;<br /> *1918 – [[Representation of the People Act 1918]] gives the vote to all men, and to women over the age of 30.<br /> *1923 – Lytton dies aged 54.<br /> *1928 – [[Representation of the People Act 1928]] gives the vote to women on the same grounds as men.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[History of feminism]]<br /> *[[List of suffragists and suffragettes]]<br /> *[[Shoulder to Shoulder]] BBC/Warner Bros. Television drama, 1974<br /> <br /> ==Archives==<br /> A collection of &quot;Letters of Constance Lytton&quot; is held at [[The Women's Library]] at The London School of Economics and Political Science, ref [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/b96be6fd-cf69-4a44-81d0-7556c0ef5293 9/21].<br /> <br /> The historian [[Brian Harrison (historian)|Brian Harrison]] interviewed people with memories of Lytton in the 1970s as part of the Suffrage Interviews project, titled ''Oral evidence on the suffragette and suffragist movements: the Brian Harrison interviews''. These interviewees included: <br /> * Anne Lytton, born 1901 (daughter of Lytton’s brother [[Neville Bulwer-Lytton, 3rd Earl of Lytton|Neville]]). Interview 110<br /> * [[Elisabeth Lutyens]], born 1906 (daughter of Lytton's sister Emily). Interview 49<br /> * Mary Lutyens, born 1908 (daughter of Lytton's sister Emily). Interview 85 <br /> They describe their aunt’s appearance and personality as well as her relationships with other members of the family.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=London School of Economics and Political Science |title=The Suffrage Interviews |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/library/collection-highlights/the-suffrage-interviews |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=London School of Economics and Political Science |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> {{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|lcheading=Lytton, Constance, Lady, 1869-1923}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Lyndsey |title=Lady Constance Lytton: Aristocrat, Suffragette, Martyr |year=2015 |publisher=Biteback Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-84954-795-6 }}<br /> * Thomas, Sue. 'Scenes in the writing of &quot;Constance Lytton and Jane Warton, spinster&quot; : contextualising a cross-class dresser'. ''[[Women's History Review]]'', 12:1 (2003), 51–71. Publisher: Triangle Journals; Routledge. {{ISSN|0961-2025}}.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Wikiquote|Lady Constance Lytton}}<br /> {{Commons category|Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton}}<br /> * {{Librivox author |id=12328}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{Suffrage}}<br /> {{Feminism}}<br /> {{Eagle House}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bulwer-Lytton, Constance}}<br /> [[Category:1869 births]]<br /> [[Category:1923 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:English vegetarianism activists]]<br /> [[Category:English women activists]]<br /> [[Category:British women's rights activists]]<br /> [[Category:Burials at the Lytton Mausoleum]]<br /> [[Category:Daughters of British earls]]<br /> [[Category:Eagle House suffragettes]]<br /> [[Category:English suffragists]]<br /> [[Category:English feminists]]<br /> [[Category:English prisoners and detainees]]<br /> [[Category:Hunger Strike Medal recipients]]<br /> [[Category:Lytton family|Constance]]<br /> [[Category:People from Shimla]]<br /> [[Category:Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales]]<br /> [[Category:Women's Social and Political Union]]<br /> [[Category:British women civil rights activists]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Struggle_for_India%27s_Soul&diff=540715 2026-03-04T17:07:26Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Adding new data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2021 book by Shashi Tharoor}}<br /> {{Infobox book<br /> | author = [[Shashi Tharoor]]<br /> | publisher = [[Hurst Publishers]]<br /> | pub_date = 2021<br /> | image = File:The_Struggle_for_India's_Soul.jpg<br /> }}<br /> '''''The Struggle for India's Soul: Nationalism and the Fate of Democracy''''' is a book by [[Shashi Tharoor]] which was published on 26 November 2021 by [[Hurst Publishers]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tharoor |first=Shashi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRJSEAAAQBAJ |title=The Struggle for India's Soul: Nationalism and the Fate of Democracy |date=2021-11-26 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=978-1-78738-758-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Critical review ==<br /> [[Tunku Varadarajan]] of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' wrote &quot;Where Mr. Tharoor’s book is at its weakest is in its absence of clear remedies or solutions, beyond well-meaning but somewhat trite assertions that India needs “a rearmed liberalism, with a mass movement for the restoration of our civic nationalism.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Varadarajan |first=Tunku |title='The Struggle for India's Soul' Review: Nationalism in New Delhi |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-struggle-for-indias-soul-book-review-shashi-tharoor-narendra-modi-nationalism-in-new-delhi-11638546520 |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=[[WSJ]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reg Naulty of Rationale Magazine wrote &quot;this book contains much wisdom&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-09 |title=A review: The struggle for India's soul - Rationale Magazine |url=https://rationalemagazine.com/index.php/2022/04/09/a-review-the-struggle-for-indias-soul/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=rationalemagazine.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arushi Ganguly of [[Australian Institute of International Affairs]] wrote &quot;the book is enlightening for those who wish to gain critical insight into the ruling government of India.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Book Review: The Struggle for India's Soul: Nationalism and the Fate of Democracy |url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/book-review-the-struggle-for-indias-soul-nationalism-and-the-fate-of-democracy/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=[[Australian Institute of International Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Murali Kamma of New York Journal of Books wrote &quot;In his sobering yet compelling book, Tharoor shows how in today’s India, where Hindu nationalists are firmly in power, a majoritarian mindset has supplanted the democratic mindset.”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kamma |first=Murali |title=The Struggle for India's Soul: Nationalism and the Fate of Democracy |url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/struggle-indias-soul |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=New York Journal of Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; The book has been reviewed by Maximillian Morch of Asian Review of Books&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-11-05 |title=&quot;The Struggle for India's Soul: Nationalism and the Fate of Democracy&quot; by Shashi Tharoor |url=https://asianreviewofbooks.com/content/the-struggle-for-indias-soul-nationalism-and-the-fate-of-democracy-by-shashi-tharoor/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=Asian Review of Books |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Reg Naulty of ''[[The Friend (Quaker magazine)|The Friend]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=The Struggle for India's Soul: Nationalism and the fate of democracy, by Shashi Tharoor |url=https://thefriend.org/article/the-struggle-for-indias-soul-nationalism-and-the-fate-of-democracy-by-shash |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=thefriend.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Struggle for India's Soul}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2021 non-fiction books]]<br /> [[Category:C. Hurst &amp; Co. books]]<br /> [[Category:Books about politics of India]]<br /> [[Category:Books by Shashi Tharoor]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-book-stub}}</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Telugu_films_of_2021&diff=455770 2026-03-04T02:55:50Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: refined content to improve readability and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Telugu Movies Released in 2021}}<br /> {{Tollywood films}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}<br /> This is a list of [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language films produced in the [[Telugu cinema]] in India and were released in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-02|title=2021లో విడుదలైన చిత్రాలు|trans-title=Films released in 2021|url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/2021-realesed-movies-mrgs-navya-192201011134378|access-date=|website=[[Andhra Jyothy]]|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Box office collection ==<br /> The [[list of highest-grossing Telugu films]] released in 2021, by worldwide box office [[gross revenue]], are as follows:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikidiv&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#9fc;&quot;| *<br /> | Denotes films still running in cinemas worldwide<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot; margin:auto;&quot;<br /> |+Highest worldwide gross of 2021<br /> ! Rank<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Production company<br /> ! Worldwide gross<br /> ! Ref<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''<br /> | [[Mythri Movie Makers]]{{Br}}Muttamsetty Media<br /> |{{INR Convert|370|c|year=2021}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;pinkvilla.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=10 Feb 2022 |title=Box Office: Pushpa collections continue to Rise; Crosses 350 crores Worldwide |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-pushpa-collections-continues-rise-crosses-350-crores-worldwide-1008059%3famp |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |quote=It has grossed another Rs. 35 crores approx overseas, crossing Rs. 350 crores, for a total of Rs. 400 crores to date. |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702155405/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-pushpa-collections-continues-rise-crosses-350-crores-worldwide-1008059%3Famp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title='Pushpa: The Rise' completes 50 days at the box office; Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna's film grosses Rs 365 crore worldwide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/pushpa-the-rise-completes-50-days-at-the-box-office-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandannas-film-grosses-rs-365-crore-worldwide/articleshow/89341663.cms |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-29 |title=Highest grossing South Indian films worldwide - Kantara Ninth, RRR on rise after Japan release |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/highest-grossing-south-indian-films-worldwide-kantara-ninth-rrr-on-rise-after-japan-release-1201153 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Vakeel Saab]]''<br /> | [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]<br /> | {{INRConvert|137.65|c|lk=|year=2021}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=2021-04-21|title=Vakeel Saab: 11 Days Collections Report|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/vakeel-saab-11-days-collections-report-682878|access-date=2021-04-22|website=[[The Hans India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 3<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |''[[Akhanda]]''<br /> |Dwaraka Creations<br /> |₹133.20 (equivalent to ₹150 crore or US$19 million in 2023) <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=February 7, 2022 |title=Akhanda total worldwide Box office Collections |url=https://www.tollywood.net/akhanda-total-worldwide-box-office-collections/ |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Tollywood.net |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Uppena]]''<br /> |[[Mythri Movie Makers]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sukumar Writings]]<br /> |{{INRConvert|100|c|lk=|year=2021}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-23|title=Vakeel Saab, Krack and Master: South Indian films that revived the box office|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/vakeel-saab-master-and-krack-south-indian-movies-that-revived-box-office-business-7283338/|access-date=2022-01-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Krack (film)|Krack]]''<br /> | Saraswathi Films Division<br /> | {{INRConvert|70.6|c|lk=|year=2021}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 17, 2024 |title=Dhamaka', 'Raja the Great', 'Tiger Nageswara Rao': Top 5 action films of Mass Maharaja Ravi Teja to watch before 'Eagle' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dhamaka-raja-the-great-tiger-nageswara-rao-top-5-action-films-of-mass-maharaja-ravi-teja-to-watch-before-eagle/photostory/106933648.cms?picid=106933668 |access-date=April 18, 2024 |website=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 6<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''<br /> | [[Vyjayanthi Movies#Swapna Cinema|Swapna Cinema]]<br /> |<br /> {{INRConvert|70|c|lk=|year=2021}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 March 2021|title=''Jathi Ratnalu'' Final WW Box Office Verdict: Naveen Polishetty, Priyadarshi, Rahul Ramakrishna's film proves to be a blockbuster hit|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/jathi-ratnalu-final-ww-box-office-verdict-naveen-polishetty-priyadarshi-rahul-ramakrishnas-film-proves-to-be-a-blockbuster-hit/articleshow/82031901.cms|access-date=12 April 2021|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |7<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Love Story (2021 film)|Love Story]]''<br /> |[[Amigos Creations]]&lt;br /&gt;Sree Venkateswara Cinemas<br /> |{{INRConvert|62|c|lk=|year=2021}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=చిన్న 'బంగార్రాజు' సరికొత్త రికార్డు |trans-title=Chinna Bangarraju's latest record |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/naga-chaitanya-created-new-record-four-50-crores-movies-1428225 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=19 January 2022 |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |8<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]''<br /> |[[Geetha Arts|GA2 Pictures]]<br /> |{{INRConvert|51|c|1k=|year=2021}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Most Eligible Bachelor' hits half-century at Tollywood box office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/most-eligible-bachelor-hits-half-century-at-tollywood-box-office/articleshow/87481126.cms |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !9<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''<br /> |Niharika Entertainment<br /> |{{INRConvert|48-50|c|1k=|year=2021}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=H |first=Ethamukkala |date=March 21, 2023 |title=12 Highest-grossing movies of ‘Dasara’ actor Nani at the Tollywood Box-office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/12-highest-grossing-movies-of-dasara-actor-nani-at-the-tollywood-box-office/photostory/98860260.cms |access-date=July 27, 2024 |website=Times Of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 10<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Red (2021 film)|Red]]''<br /> | [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]]<br /> |{{INRConvert|35.64|c|lk=|year=2021}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Red Final Total Worldwide Collections |url=https://t2blive.com/red-the-film-total-worldwide-collections/ |access-date=July 27, 2024 |website=T2Blive}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == January – March ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#blue; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:6%;&quot; | Opening<br /> ! style=&quot;width:15%;&quot; | Title<br /> ! style=&quot;width:10%;&quot; | Director<br /> ! style=&quot;width:50%;&quot; | Cast<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; | Production company<br /> ! style=&quot;width:1%;&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}<br /> |- January!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffa07a;textcolor:#000;&quot; |'''J&lt;br /&gt;A&lt;br /&gt;N&lt;br /&gt;U&lt;br /&gt;A&lt;br /&gt;R&lt;br /&gt;Y'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;&quot; |'''9'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Krack (film)|Krack]]''|| [[Gopichand Malineni]]|| {{hlist|[[Ravi Teja]]|[[Shruti Haasan]]|[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]|[[Samuthirakani]]|[[P. Ravi Shankar]]|[[Chirag Jani (actor)|Chirag Jani]]|Devi Prasad|Mouryani}}|| Saraswathi Films Division<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-20|title=Ravi Teja's Krack confirmed for Sankranti release, director tweets release date|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ravi-teja-s-krack-confirmed-for-sankranti-release-director-tweets-release-date/story-LQCxvoaMMoyUSakGYg5YCK.html|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Krack Movie Review &amp; Rating {3/5} |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/krack-movie-review-rating-35-78061 |website=The Hans India|date=10 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;&quot; |'''12'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Mail (film)|Mail]]'' || Uday Gurrala || {{Hlist|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]|Harshith Malgireddy|Mani Aegurla|Gouripriya Reddy|Yennengee|Ravinder Bommakanti|Vannarn|Srikanth Palle|Anusha Netha}} || [[Swapna Dutt|Swapna Cinema]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-01-09|title='Mail' is director Uday Gurrala's ode to Telangana's Kambalapally of the mid-2000s|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/priyadarshi-starrer-mail-is-uday-gurralas-ode-to-telanganas-kambalapally/article33535605.ece|access-date=2021-01-20|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-01-13|title='Mail' movie review: A bittersweet tech story|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/mail-movie-review-priyadarshi-and-harshith-shine-in-director-uday-gurralas-story/article33566389.ece|access-date=2021-12-26|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;&quot; |'''14'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Red (2021 film)|Red]]''|| [[Kishore Tirumala]]|| {{hlist|[[Ram Pothineni]]|[[Nivetha Pethuraj]]|[[Malvika Sharma]]|[[Amritha Aiyer]]|[[Sampath Raj]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]|[[Sonia Aggarwal]]|[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]|[[Pavitra Lokesh]]|Narra Srinivas|[[Charandeep]]}}|| [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]] ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-05|title='Krack', 'Red' and other Telugu films hitting the screens for Sankranthi|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/krack-red-and-other-telugu-films-hitting-screens-sankranthi-140864|access-date=2021-01-08|website=The News Minute|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Red Movie Review: A thriller-romance-drama that tests your patience|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/red/movie-review/80265855.cms|access-date=2021-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Alludu Adhurs]]''|| Santhosh Srinivas|| {{hlist|[[Bellamkonda Sreenivas]]|[[Nabha Natesh]]|[[Anu Emmanuel]]|[[Sonu Sood]]|[[Prakash Raj]]}}|| Sumanth Movie Productions||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title='Alludu Adhurs' Trailer: Commercial Entertainer with a Horror Twist|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/alludu-adhurs-trailer-commercial-entertainer-with-a-horror-twist/articleshow/80116626.cms|access-date=2021-01-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;&quot; |'''15'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''Cycle''<br /> |Aatla Arjun Reddy<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Punarnavi Bhupalam]]|[[Mahat Raghavendra]]|Sudarshan|Swetha Varma|[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]]}}<br /> |Overseas Entertainment Network<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=సంక్రాంతి రేసులో పునర్నవి భూపాలం 'సైకిల్'.. బిగ్ బాస్ బ్యూటీ సర్‌ప్రైజ్|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/punarnavi-bhupalam-cycle-movie-releasing-on-january-15th/articleshow/80237386.cms|access-date=2021-01-13|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cycle (2021) {{!}} Cycle Movie {{!}} Cycle Telugu Movie Cast &amp; Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/cycle.html|access-date=2021-12-26|website=FilmiBeat|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;&quot; |'''22'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[Super Over (film)|''Super Over'']]<br /> | Praveen Varma<br /> | {{Hlist|[[Naveen Chandra]]|[[Chandini Chowdary]]|[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]|[[Harsha Chemudu]]|[[Rakendu Mouli]]|[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]}}<br /> | SAS Pictures<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=2021-01-17|title=Super Over to release on January 22|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/super-over-to-release-on-january-22-667162|access-date=2021-01-21|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;&quot; |'''23'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Bangaru Bullodu (2021 film)|Bangaru Bullodu]]''<br /> | P. V. Giri<br /> | {{Hlist|[[Allari Naresh]]|[[Pooja Jhaveri]]|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]|[[Ajay Ghosh]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]|[[Satyam Rajesh]]|[[Prudhvi Raj]]}}<br /> |AK Entertainments<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Allari Naresh's 'Bangaru Bullodu' scheduled for a Sankranthi release|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allari-nareshs-bangaru-bullodu-scheduled-for-a-sankranthi-release/articleshow/79868646.cms|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;&quot; |'''29'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[30 Rojullo Preminchadam Ela]]''<br /> |Munna<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Pradeep Machiraju]]|[[Amritha Aiyer]]|[[Harsha Chemudu]]|[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]|[[Hema (actress)|Hema]]|Bhadram|[[Hyper Aadi]]|[[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]]|Sruthi}}<br /> |SV Productions<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Pradeep Machiraju starrer 30 Rojullo Preminchadam Ela to hit screens on January 29|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pradeep-machiraju-starrer-30-rojullo-preminchadam-ela-to-hit-screens-on-january-29/articleshow/80215844.cms|access-date=2021-01-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''Amma Deevena''<br /> |Shiva Eturi<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Aamani]]| [[Posani Krishna Murali]]| [[Ajay Ghosh]]}}<br /> |Lakshmamma Productions<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Amma Deevena Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/amma-deevena/movieshow/80481564.cms|access-date=2021-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''Annapurnamma Gari Manavadu''<br /> |Narra Shiva Nageswara Rao<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Baladitya (actor)|Baladithya]]| [[Veda Sastry]]|Vikram Chary|Vijayendra}}<br /> |MNR Films<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-27|title=7 small movies to clash this Friday|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/7-small-movies-to-clash-this-friday.html|access-date=2021-02-14|website=123telugu.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''Cheppina Evaru Nammaru''<br /> |Aaryan Krishna<br /> |{{Hlist|Aaryan Krishna| Supyardee Singh|Vikram Chary|Vijayendra}}<br /> |SMS Art Productions<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''Jai Sena''<br /> |V. Samudra<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]]|[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]|Sreeram|[[Taraka Ratna]] |Preeti Sharma}}<br /> |Shiva Maha Teja Films<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-30|title=Jai Sena Telugu Movie Review|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/jai-sena-telugu-movie-review.html|access-date=2021-02-14|website=123telugu.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Mr &amp; Miss]]''<br /> |Ashok Reddy<br /> |{{Hlist|Sailesh Sunny|Gnaneswari Kandregula}}<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Mister and Miss', an unusual love flick|url=https://telanganatoday.com/mister-and-miss-an-unusual-love-flick|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''Kalaposhakulu''<br /> |Chalapathy Puvvula<br /> |{{Hlist|Vishva Karthikeya|Deepa|Gemini Suresh|Ananth|Krishnaveni}}<br /> |Sri Vennela Creations<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |- February!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;&quot; | '''F&lt;br /&gt;E&lt;br /&gt;B&lt;br /&gt;R&lt;br /&gt;U&lt;br /&gt;A&lt;br /&gt;R&lt;br /&gt;Y'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;&quot; |'''4'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''Madhura Wines''<br /> |Bandi Jayakishore<br /> |{{Hlist|Naveen Kumar Reddy|Sahasra Reddy|Tumuluri Sammohit|Kommuri Leela Venkatesh}}<br /> |RK Cine Talkies&lt;br /&gt;Karthik Cult Creations<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-04-22|title=What is this film's genre and what it's all about?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/i-am-a-big-fan-of-megastar-chiranjeevi-and-i-grew-up-watching-his-movies-says-madhura-wines-director-jayakishore-b/photostory/75292431.cms|access-date=2021-02-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;&quot; |'''5'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Zombie Reddy]]''<br /> |Prasanth Varma<br /> |{{Hlist|Sajja Teja|[[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]]|[[Harsha Vardhan]]|[[Raghu Babu]]|Daksha Nagarkar|[[Prudhvi Raj]]|[[Raghu Karumanchi]]|[[Kireeti Damaraju]]|[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]]|Vitta Mahesh}}<br /> |Apple Trees Studios<br /> |{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''Pranavum''<br /> |Kumar G<br /> |{{hlist|Sree Mangam|Avantika Hari|Gayatri Iyer|Gemini suresh|Shashank}}<br /> | CG Charitha And Gowtham Productions<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/pranavam/movieshow/80666834.cms|title=Pranuvam|website=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''G- Zombie''<br /> |Aryan&lt;br /&gt;Deepu<br /> |{{Hlist|Aryan Gowra|Divya Pandey}}<br /> |Sai Surya Productions<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-24|title=G-Zombie :ఆర్యాన్ గౌర హీరోగా &quot;జి- జాంబీ&quot; చిత్రం ప్రెస్ మీట్ - Hero Aryan Gowra G Zombie Movie Press Meet|url=https://tv9telugu.com/g-zombie-movie-press-meet-photo-gallery-398604.html|access-date=2021-01-25|website=TV9 Telugu|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Divya pandey At g zombie movie pre release|url=https://english.tupaki.com/photogallery/actress/Divya-pandey-At-g-zombie-movie-pre-release/16767|access-date=2021-01-25|website=english.tupaki.com|date=24 July 2013 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;&quot; |'''12'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Uppena]]''<br /> |Bucchi Babu Sana<br /> |{{Hlist|Panja Vaisshnav Tej|Krithi Shetty|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]}}<br /> |[[Mythri Movie Makers]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sukumar Writings]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='ఉప్పెన' విడుదల తేదీ ఖరారు.. వెండితెరపై మెరవనున్న మరో మెగా హీరో|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/panja-vaisshnav-tej-krithi-shetty-uppena-releasing-on-february-12th/articleshow/80467422.cms|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[FCUK: Father Chitti Umaa Kaarthik]]''<br /> |Vidya Sagar Raju<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Jagapathi Babu]]|[[Ammu Abhirami]]|Ram Karthik|Baby Sahrashita|[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]|[[Rajitha]]|[[Krishna Bhagavaan]]|[[Brahmaji]]|[[Raja (Tamil actor)|Raja]]|Ram Prasad}}<br /> |Sri Ranjith Movies<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-18|title=Actor Jagapathi Babu: జగపతి బాబు సినిమా రిలీజ్ డేట్ ఫిక్స్.. ఫ్యామిలీ ఎంటర్‏టైనర్‏తో రానున్న జగ్గుభాయ్.. - jagapatibabu movie fcuk release date fixed|url=https://tv9telugu.com/jagapatibabu-movie-fcuk-release-date-fixed-393313.html|access-date=2021-02-03|website=TV9 Telugu|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;&quot; |'''19'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Pitta Kathalu]]''<br /> | [[Nag Ashwin]],&lt;br /&gt;[[B. V. Nandini Reddy]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Tharun Bhascker]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Sankalp Reddy]]<br /> | {{Hlist|[[Shruti Haasan]]|[[Eesha Rebba]]|[[Amala Paul]]|[[Lakshmi Manchu]]|[[Jagapathi Babu]]|Saanve Megghana|[[Sanjith Hegde]]|[[Ashwin Kakumanu]]|[[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]]|[[Srinivas Avasarala]]|[[Anish Kuruvilla]]|[[Ashima Narwal]]|Thanmayi}}<br /> | [[RSVP Movies]]&lt;br /&gt;Flying Unicorn Entertainment<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Arikatla|first=Venkat|date=2021-01-20|title=Pitta Kathalu Teaser: Bold And Alluring|url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/pitta-kathalu-teaser-bold-and-alluring-110410|access-date=2021-01-20|website=greatandhra.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Naandhi]]''<br /> |Vijay Kanakamedala<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Allari Naresh]]|[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]] |[[Harish Uthaman]]|[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]}}<br /> |SV2 Pictures<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Allari Naresh's ''Naandhi'' release date announced|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allari-nareshs-naandhi-release-date-announced/articleshow/80701872.cms|access-date=2021-02-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Kapatadhaari]]''<br /> |Pradeep Krishnamoorthy<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Sumanth]]|[[Nandita Swetha]]|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]|[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]|[[Suman Ranganathan]] |[[J. Satish Kumar]]}}<br /> |Creative Entertainers<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/sumanth-kapatadhaari-releasing-in-advance-on-february-19th/articleshow/80711860.cms|title='కపటధారి' విడుదల తేదీ మార్పు.. అల్లరి నరేష్‌పై సుమంత్ సై|website=Samayam Telugu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;&quot; |'''26'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''A: Ad Infitium''<br /> | Ugandhar Muni<br /> |{{Hlist|Nithin Prasanna|[[Preethi Asrani]]|Baby Deevena|Rangadam|Krishna Veni|Bharadwaj}}<br /> |Avanthika Productions<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;A&quot; To Be Released Grandly On February 26th Through PVR Pictures|url=http://www.zeecinemalu.com/en/news-gossip/a-to-be-released-grandly-on-february-26th-through-pvr-pictures-184567/|access-date=2021-01-25|website=www.zeecinemalu.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Check (film)|Check]]''<br /> |[[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]]<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Nithiin]]|[[Rakul Preet Singh]]|[[Priya Prakash Varrier]]|[[Sampath Raj]]}}<br /> |[[Bhavya Creations]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-01-23|title=Nithiin, Rakul Preet Singh and Priya Prakash Varrier starrer Check gets a release date : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/nithiin-rakul-preet-singh-priya-prakash-varrier-starrer-check-gets-release-date/|access-date=2021-01-23|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[Akshara (film)|''Akshara'']]<br /> |B.Chinni Krishna<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Nandita Swetha]]|[[Ajay Ghosh]]|[[Shakalaka Shankar]]|[[K. Sivasankar]]|[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]|[[Madhunandan]]|}}<br /> |Cinema Hall Entertainments<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Akshara: Nandita Swetha starrer release date announced|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/akshara-nandita-swetha-starrer-release-date-announced/articleshow/80432263.cms|access-date=2021-01-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Ninnila Ninnila]]''<br /> |Ani I V Sasi<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Ashok Selvan]]|[[Nithya Menon]]|[[Ritu Varma]]|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]|[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]}}<br /> |[[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ninnila Ninnila Trailer: Ashok Selvan starrer is all about food, love and muscle spasm|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ninnila-ninnila-trailer-ashok-selvan-starrer-is-all-about-food-love-and-muscle-spasm/articleshow/80702637.cms|access-date=2021-02-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- March!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;15&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;&quot; | '''M&lt;br /&gt;A&lt;br /&gt;R&lt;br /&gt;C&lt;br /&gt;H'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;&quot; |'''5'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[A1 Express]]''<br /> | Dennis Jeevan Kanukolanu<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Sundeep Kishan]]|[[Lavanya Tripathi]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]|[[Murali Sharma]]|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]|[[Raghu Babu]]|[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]}}<br /> |People Media Factory&lt;br /&gt;Abhishek Agarwal Arts&lt;br /&gt;Venkatadri Talkies<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sundeep Kishan and Lavanya Tripathi starrer A1 Express to hit screens on March 5|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sundeep-kishan-and-lavanya-tripathi-starrer-a1-express-to-hit-screens-on-march-5/articleshow/81137504.cms|access-date=2021-02-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Shaadi Mubarak (film)|Shaadi Mubarak]]''<br /> | Padmasri<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Sagar (actor)|Sagar]]|Drushya Raghunath|[[Rahul Ramakrishna]]}}<br /> |[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shaadi Mubarak Movie Review: A rom com you can give a try for the laughs|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/shaadi-mubarak-movie-review-rom-com-you-can-give-try-laughs-632261|access-date=6 March 2021|website=Pinkvilla|date=5 March 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''April 28 Em Jarigindi''<br /> |Veera Swamy.G<br /> |{{Hlist|Raja Ranjith|Sherry Agarwal|[[Tanikella Bharani]]|[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]|[[Rajeev Kanakala]]|[[Chammak Chandra]]}}<br /> |V. G. Entertainment<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-02|title=ఏప్రిల్‌ 28న ఏం జరిగింది?|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/april-28th-em-jarigindi-movie-Updates|access-date=2021-02-14|website=Sakshi|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Power Play (2021 film)|Power Play]]''<br /> |Vijay Kumar Konda<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Raj Tarun]]|Hemal Ingle|[[Shamna Kasim]]|[[Prince Cecil]]|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]|[[Satyam Rajesh]]|[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]}}<br /> |Vanamalee Creations<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-06|title=Review : Power Play – Entertains in parts|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/power-play-telugu-movie-review.html|access-date=2021-07-13|website=123telugu.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Play Back]]''<br /> |Jakka Hari Prasad<br /> |{{Hlist|Dinesh Tej|Spandana Palli|Ananya Nagalla|Arjun Kalyan|[[Thagubothu Ramesh]]|[[Gautam Raju]]|TNR|[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]|[[Ananda Chakrapani]]|[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]|Karthikeya Krishna Malladi|Ashok Vardhan|Murthy Journalist}}<br /> |Sri Venkateswara Art Creations<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-06|title=Play Back Telugu Movie Review|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/play-back-telugu-movie-review.html|access-date=2021-07-13|website=123telugu.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;&quot; |'''11'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Sreekaram]]''<br /> |Kishore Reddy<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Sharwanand]]|[[Priyanka Mohan]]|[[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]|[[Murali Sharma]]|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]|[[Aamani]]|[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]|[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]}}<br /> |14 Reels Plus<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sharwanand and Priyanka Mohan's Sreekaram to hit theatres on March 11|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sharwanand-and-priyanka-mohans-sreekaram-to-hit-theatres-on-march-11/articleshow/80425008.cms|access-date=2021-01-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Gaali Sampath]]''<br /> |Anish Krishna<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Sree Vishnu]]|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]|Srikanth Aiyyangar|[[Raghu Babu]]|Mirchi Kiran|[[Karate Kalyani]]|[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]|[[Anish Kuruvilla]]|[[Rajitha]]}}<br /> |Imagespark Entertainment&lt;br /&gt;Shine Screens<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Jathi Ratnalu and Gaali Sampath to hit screens on March 11|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jathi-ratnalu-and-gaali-sampath-to-hit-screens-on-march-11/articleshow/80433426.cms|access-date=2021-01-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''<br /> |Anudeep K V<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Naveen Polishetty]]|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]|[[Rahul Ramakrishna]]|[[Murali Sharma]]|[[Brahmaji]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]|Faria Abdullah|Naresh VK}}<br /> |Swapna Cinema<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;&quot; |'''12'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Love Life &amp; Pakodi]]''<br /> |Jayanth Gali<br /> |{{Hlist|Bimal Kartheek Rebba|Sanchitha Poonacha|Krishna Hebbale|Anuradha Mallikarjun|Akarsh Raj Bagavatula}}<br /> |Color of My Ink Films<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-03-12|title='Love, Life &amp; Pakodi' movie review: From a non-judgemental space|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/love-life-pakodi-movie-review-from-a-non-judgemental-space/article34051883.ece|access-date=2021-04-05|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;&quot; |'''19'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Chaavu Kaburu Challaga]]''<br /> |Koushik Pegallapati<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Kartikeya Gummakonda]]|[[Lavanya Tripathi]]|[[Aamani]]|[[Srikanth Iyyengar]]}}<br /> |[[Geetha Arts|GA2 Pictures]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Kartikeya Gummakonda and Lavanta Tripathi starrer Chaavu Kaburu Challaga to hit screens on March 19|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kartikeya-gummakonda-and-lavanta-tripathi-starrer-chaavu-kaburu-challaga-to-hit-screens-on-march-19/articleshow/80614955.cms|access-date=2021-02-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''[[Mosagallu]]''<br /> |Jeffrey Gee Chin<br /> |{{hlist|[[Vishnu Manchu]]|[[Kajal Aggarwal]]|[[Suniel Shetty]]|[[Ruhi Singh]]|[[Navdeep]]}}<br /> |[[24 Frames Factory]]<br /> |{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}<br /> |- <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[Sashi (film)|''Sashi'']]<br /> |Nadikatla Srinivas Naidu<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Aadi (actor)|Aadhi Pudipeddi]]|[[Surbhi Puranik]]|[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]]|[[Harsha Chemudu]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]|Sudarshan|[[Rajeev Kanakala]]|[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]}}<br /> |Sri Hanuman Movie Makers<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-08|title=Telugu movies we can't wait to watch in 2021|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/8-telugu-films-we-cant-wait-to-watch-in-2021-7135807/|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;&quot; |'''26'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Rang De]]'' || [[Venky Atluri]]|| {{hlist|[[Nithiin]]|[[Keerthy Suresh]]|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]|[[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]]|[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]|[[Brahmaji]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]|[[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]]|[[Abhinav Gomatam]]}}||[[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2021-01-02|title=Nithiin, Keerthy Suresh's 'Rang De' in March|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rang-de-to-release-in-theatres-in-march-2021/article33479110.ece|access-date=2021-01-08|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Kaadan|Aranya]]''<br /> |[[Prabhu Solomon]]<br /> |{{hlist|[[Rana Daggubati]]|[[Vishnu Vishal]]|[[Raghu Babu]]|[[Zoya Hussain]]|[[Shriya Pilgaonkar]]|[[Sampath Ram]]|[[Ashvin Raja]]|[[Tinnu Anand]]}}<br /> |[[Eros International]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rana Daggubati's Aranya new release date out|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/06/rana-daggubatis-aranya-new-release-date-out-22116.html|access-date=2021-01-24|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=6 January 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;&quot; |'''27'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Thellavarithe Guruvaram]]''<br /> |Manikanth Gelli<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Sri Simha]]|[[Harsha Chemudu]]|[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]|[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]|[[Chitra Shukla]]|[[Rajeev Kanakala]]|[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]|Saranya Pradeep|Vajja Venkata Giridhar|Mourya}}<br /> |[[Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram]]&lt;br /&gt;Loukya Entertainments<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title='తెల్లవారితే గురువారం'.. ఏం జరిగింది?|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/thellavarithe-guruvaram-movie-release-date-announced-1343565|access-date=2021-02-14|website=Sakshi|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == April – June ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#blue; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:6%;&quot;| Opening<br /> ! style=&quot;width:15%;&quot;| Title<br /> ! style=&quot;width:10%;&quot;| Director<br /> ! style=&quot;width:50%;&quot;| Cast<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25%;&quot;| Production House<br /> ! style=&quot;width:1%;&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br /> |- April!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#F88379; textcolor:#000;&quot; |'''A&lt;br /&gt;P&lt;br /&gt;R&lt;br /&gt;I&lt;br /&gt;L'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#D88579;&quot; |'''2'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Wild Dog (film)|Wild Dog]]''<br /> |Ashishor Solomon<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]|[[Dia Mirza]]|[[Saiyami Kher]]}}<br /> |Matinee Entertainment<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akkineni Nagarjuna on why his film is called Wild Dog: 'The title suits my character'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/akkineni-nagarjuna-on-why-his-film-is-called-wild-dog-the-title-suits-my-character-7210805/|access-date=2 March 2021|website=The Indian Express|date=2 March 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''Y''<br /> |Baalu Adusumilli<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]]|[[Rahul Ramakrishna]]|Akshaya Chander|Gemini Suresh|[[Raghu Babu]]|Katthi Mahesh}}<br /> |Yerukonda Entertainments<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-03|title=OTT Review : Y – Telugu film on AHA|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/y-telugu-movie-review.html|access-date=2021-04-18|website=123telugu.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#D88579;&quot; |'''9'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''[[Vakeel Saab]]''<br /> |[[Venu Sriram]]<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Pawan Kalyan]]|[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]|[[Nivetha Thomas]]|Ananya Nagalla|[[Prakash Raj]]|[[Shruti Haasan]]|[[Mukesh Rishi]]|[[Vamsi Krishna]]|[[Ananda Chakrapani]]}}<br /> |[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pawan Kalyan's 'Vakeel Saab' to storm worldwide theaters from April 9th |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-vakeel-saab-to-storm-worldwide-theaters-from-april-9th/articleshow/80602896.cms |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=Time of India |date=30 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#D88579;&quot; |'''16'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[Deyyam (2021 film)|''Deyyam'']]<br /> |[[Ram Gopal Varma]]<br /> |{{hlist|[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]|[[Swathi Deekshith]]|[[Ahuti Prasad]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]}}<br /> |Mango Mass Media<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ram Gopal Varma's Horror Film 'Patta Pagalu' Trailer Released|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ram-gopal-varma039s-horror-film-039patta-pagalu039-trailer-released-546921|website=Ibtimes.|date=7 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- May<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #9ACD32; textcolor:#000;&quot; |'''M&lt;br /&gt;A&lt;br /&gt;Y'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#C5E384&quot;|'''7'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''[[Thank You Brother]]''<br /> |Ramesh Rapathi<br /> |{{hlist|[[Anasuya Bharadwaj]]|Viraj Ashwin|Archana Ananth|[[Anish Kuruvilla]]|[[Harsha Chemudu]]|[[Aadarsh Balakrishna]]|[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]]}}<br /> |Just Ordinary Entertainment<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Ardhashathabdham Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/ardhashathabdham/movieshow/73656611.cms|access-date=2021-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#C5E384&quot; |'''14'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''[[Cinema Bandi]]''<br /> |Praveen Kandregula<br /> |{{hlist|Vikas Vasishta|Sandeep Varanasi|Sindhu Sreenivasa Murthy|Sirivennela Yanamandhala|Munivenkatappa|Uma Yg|Rag Mayur|Ram Charan|Trishara}}<br /> |D2R Indie<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Entertainment|first=Quint|date=2021-04-30|title=Cinema Bandi Trailer: Everyone Is a Filmmaker at Heart|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/cinema-bandi-trailer-everyone-is-a-filmmaker-at-heart-raj-dk-film|access-date=2021-05-09|website=TheQuint|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''[[Battala Ramaswamy Biopikku]]''<br /> |Rama Narayanan<br /> |{{hlist|Altaf Hassan|Lavanya Reddy|Satvika Jay|Shanthi Rao|Bhadram|Siri Chandana}}<br /> |Seven Hills Productions<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Battala Ramaswamy Biopikku Review|url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/stream-it-or-skip-it-battala-ramaswamy-biopikku-review|access-date=2021-05-14|website=Telugu Cinema|date=14 May 2021 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#C5E384&quot; |'''27'''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|''[[Ek Mini Katha]]'' || Karthik Rapolu || {{hlist|Santosh Shoban|[[Kavya Thapar]]|[[Shraddha Das]]|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]|[[Brahmaji]]}} || UV Concepts&lt;br/&gt;Mango Mass Media || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ek Mini Katha: అమెజాన్‌లో 'మినీ కథ' - ek mini katha release in amazon|url=https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/ek-mini-katha-release-in-amazon/0201/121100179|access-date=2021-05-19|website=[[Eenadu]]|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- June!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;&quot; |'''J&lt;br /&gt;U&lt;br /&gt;N&lt;br /&gt;E'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;&quot; |'''11'''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|''[[Ardha Shathabdham]]''<br /> |Rawindra Pulle<br /> |{{hlist|[[Karthik Rathnam]]|[[Naveen Chandra]]|Krishna Priya|[[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]]|[[P. Sai Kumar]]|[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]|[[Pavitra Lokesh]]|[[Raja Ravindra]]|[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]}}<br /> |Rishitha Sree Creations&lt;br/&gt;24 Frames Celluloid<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chari|first=Venkata|date=2021-06-01|title=Aha Releases: జూన్‌లో 'ఆహా' అనిపించే సినిమాలు ఇవే...!|url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/4-movies-released-in-this-june-in-aha-65898|access-date=2021-06-05|website=www.hmtvlive.com|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;&quot; |'''12'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Pachchis]]''<br /> |Sri Krishna&lt;br/&gt;Rama Sai<br /> |{{hlist|Raamz|Swetaa Varma|Jay Chandra|Ravi Varma|Dayanand Reddy}}<br /> |Avasa Chitram&lt;br/&gt;Raasta Films&lt;br/&gt;Mango Mass Media<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pachchis trailer is finally out! Raamz, Swetaa Varma-starrer looks promising|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/article/pachchis-trailer-is-finally-out-raamz-swetaa-varma-starrer-looks-promising/768321|access-date=2021-06-12|website=www.zoomtventertainment.com|date=9 June 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == July – September ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#blue; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:6%;&quot; | Opening<br /> ! style=&quot;width:15%;&quot; | Title<br /> ! style=&quot;width:10%;&quot; | Director<br /> ! style=&quot;width:50%;&quot; | Cast<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; | Production House<br /> ! style=&quot;width:1%;&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br /> |- July!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;&quot; |'''J&lt;br /&gt;U&lt;br /&gt;L&lt;br /&gt;Y'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;&quot; |'''9'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Crrush]]''<br /> |[[Ravi Babu]]<br /> |{{Hlist|Krishna Burugula|Abhay Simha|Charan Sai|Ankita Manoj|Parree Pande|Sri Sudha}}<br /> |[[Flying Frogs]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ravi Babu's Crrush will release on ZEE5 on THIS day |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ravi-babus-crrush-will-release-on-zee5-on-this-day/763 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;&quot; |'''20'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Narappa]]''<br /> |[[Srikanth Addala]]<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]|[[Priyamani]]|[[Karthik Rathnam]]|[[Rajeev Kanakala]]|[[Vasishta N. Simha]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]|[[Brahmaji]]|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]|[[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]]}}<br /> |[[Suresh Productions]] &lt;br /&gt; V Creations<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=2021-07-12|title=Venkatesh's 'Narappa' to premiere July 20 on Amazon Prime|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/venkateshs-narappa-to-premiere-july-20-on-amazon-prime/article35279324.ece|access-date=2021-07-13|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;&quot; |'''30'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Thimmarusu]]''<br /> |Sharan Koppisetty<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]]|[[Priyanka Jawalkar]]|[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]|[[Brahmaji]]|[[Aadarsh Balakrishna]]|[[Harsha Chemudu]]|[[Ravi Babu]]}}<br /> |East Coast Productions&lt;br /&gt;S Originals<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Satyadev's Thimmarusu to release on July 30; First Telugu movie to hit theatres post lockdown|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/satyadevs-thimmarusu-release-july-30-first-telugu-movie-hit-theatres-post-lockdown-805412|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|date=8 July 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[Ishq (2021 film)|''Ishq'']]<br /> |S. S. Raju<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Sajja Teja]]|[[Priya Prakash Varrier]]}}<br /> |[[Super Good Films|Mega Super Good Films]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=థియేటర్లలోనే 'ఇష్క్‌'.. విడుదల అప్పుడే.. - ishq not a love story only in cinemas from july 30|url=https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/ishq-not-a-love-story-only-in-cinemas-from-july-30/0201/121147751|access-date=2021-07-21|website=www.eenadu.net|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- August!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#0ff;&quot; |'''A&lt;br /&gt;U&lt;br /&gt;G&lt;br /&gt;U&lt;br /&gt;S&lt;br /&gt;T'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#e0ffff;&quot; |'''6'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[SR Kalyanamandapam]]''<br /> | Sridhar Gade<br /> |{{hlist|[[Kiran Abbavaram]]|[[Priyanka Jawalkar]]|[[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]]|Anil Geela|Rajsekhar Aningi}}<br /> |Elite Entertainments<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Kiran Abbavaram and Priyanka Jawalkar's 'SR Kalyanamandapam' release date announced, check out the new poster|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kiran-abbavaram-and-priyanka-jawalkars-sr-kalyanamandapam-release-date-announced-check-out-the-new-poster/articleshow/84370919.cms|access-date=2021-07-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[Mugguru Monagallu (2021 film)|''Mugguru Monagallu'']]<br /> |Abhilash reddy<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Srinivasa Reddy]]|Dheekshith Shetty|Vennala Ramarao|[[Raja Ravindra]]|[[Thummala Narsimha Reddy]]|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]|Twisha Sharma|Swetha Varma|Gemini Suresh|Badram|Josh Ravi|Jabardasth Sunny |[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]}}<br /> |Chitra Mandhir Studio<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Mugguru Monagallu Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/mugguru-monagallu/movieshow/82705705.cms|access-date=2021-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''Merise Merise''<br /> |Pawan Kumar K<br /> |{{Hlist|Dinesh Tej|Shweta Avasthi|Sanjay Swarup|Guru Raj|Sandya Janak|Bindu|Mani|Sashank|Nanajee }}<br /> |Kothuri Entertainments LLP<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Merise Merise Movie Review: A no-nonsense flick that offers nothing fresh|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/merise-merise/movie-review/85098346.cms|access-date=2021-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''MAD''<br /> |Meneni Laxman<br /> |{{Hlist|Rajath Raghav|Spandana Palli|Madhav Chilukuri|Swetha Varma}}<br /> |Modella Talkies<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=''MAD'' trailer oozes freshness and looks like a modern-day fairy tale romance|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mad-trailer-oozes-freshness-and-looks-like-a-modern-day-fairy-tale-romance/articleshow/81172055.cms|access-date=2021-08-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#e0ffff;&quot; |'''14'''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Paagal]]''<br /> |Naresh Kuppili<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Vishwak Sen]]|Simran Choudary|[[Nivetha Pethuraj]]|[[Murali Sharma]]|[[Rahul Ramakrishna]]|Megha Lekha}}<br /> |[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]&lt;br/&gt;Lucky Media<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-08|title=Vishwak Sen's 'Paagal' gets theatrical release date for Telugu states|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vishwak-sen-s-paagal-gets-theatrical-release-date-telugu-states-153617|access-date=2021-08-08|website=The News Minute|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#e0ffff;&quot; |'''19'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Raja Raja Chora]]''<br /> <br /> |Hasith Goli<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Sree Vishnu]]|[[Megha Akash]]|[[Sunaina]]|[[Ravi Babu]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]|[[Srikanth Iyyengar]]|[[Ajay Ghosh]]|[[Gangavva]]|[[Vasu Inturi]]}}<br /> |Abhishek Agarwal Arts&lt;br /&gt;People Media Factory<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sree Vishnu's 'Raja Raja Chora' to release on August 19; actor announces with a new poster|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sree-vishnus-raja-raja-chora-to-release-on-august-19-actor-announces-with-a-new-poster/articleshow/85233746.cms|access-date=2021-08-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Kanabadutaledu]]''<br /> |Bala Raju M<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]|Vaishali Raj|[[Kancharapalem Raju]]|Sukranth Veerella|[[Himaja]]|Yugram|[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]|[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]|[[Kireeti Damaraju]]}}<br /> |SS Films&lt;br/&gt;Shade Studios&lt;br/&gt;Sree Padha Creations<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-11|title='Kanabadutaledu': Release date postponed|url=https://english.ntvtelugu.com/kanabadutaledu-release-date-postponed/|access-date=2021-08-19|website=English|language=en-US|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925002116/https://english.ntvtelugu.com/kanabadutaledu-release-date-postponed/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Crazy Uncles]]''<br /> |E Sathi Babu<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Sreemukhi]]|[[Raja Ravindra]]|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]|Bharani|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]|Giridhar|[[Raghu Karumanchi]]|Hema|Gayatri Bharghavi|Vijaya Murthy|Vaajpai |Mahendra Nath|Madhuri|Sindhuri |[[Bandla Ganesh]]|[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]}}<br /> |Good Cinema Group<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=2021-08-15|title=Telugu film 'Crazy Uncles' confirms theatrical release on 19 August|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/telugu-film-crazy-uncles-confirms-theatrical-release-on-19-august-11629009936085.html|access-date=2021-08-19|website=mint|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#e0ffff;&quot; |'''27'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Sridevi Soda Center]]''<br /> |Karuna Kumar<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Sudheer Babu]]|[[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]]|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]|[[Satyam Rajesh]]|||||}}<br /> |[[70mm Entertainments]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=2021-08-18|title=Telugu film 'Sridevi Soda Center' to release on 27 August|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/telugu-film-sridevi-soda-center-to-release-on-27-august-11629260780255.html|access-date=2021-08-19|website=mint|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu]]''<br /> |S Darshan<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Sushanth]]|[[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]|[[Abhinav Gomatam]]|[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]|Harish Koyalagundla|[[Venkat (Telugu actor)|Venkat]]|}}<br /> |AI Studios&lt;br/&gt;Shaastra Movies<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-17|title=Sushanth's Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu Censor Report|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/sushanths-ichata-vahanamulu-niluparadu-censor-report-141175|access-date=2021-08-19|website=Sakshi Post|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[Vivaha Bhojanambu (2021 film)|''Vivaha Bhojanambu'']]<br /> |Ram Abbaraju<br /> |{{hlist|[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]|[[Sundeep Kishan]]|Aarjavee|[[Srikanth Iyyengar]]|Sudarshan|[[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]]|[[Subbaraya Sharma]]|[[Harsha Chemudu]]}}<br /> |[[Anandi Art Creations]]&lt;br/&gt;Soldiers Factory&lt;br/&gt;Venkatadri Express<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=20 August 2021|title=Sundeep Kishan's 'Vivaha Bhojanambu' to stream on Sony LIV|work=[[The News Minute]]|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sundeep-kishan-s-vivaha-bhojanambu-stream-sony-liv-154185|access-date=27 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''House Arrest''<br /> |Shekher Reddy Erra<br /> |{{hlist|[[Srinivasa Reddy]]|[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]|[[Raghu Karumanchi|Adhurs Raghu]]|[[Ravi Prakash]]|[[Ravi Babu]]|[[Thagubothu Ramesh]]|Frustrated Sunaina|Kaushik}}<br /> |Primeshow Entertainment<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=సమీక్ష : 'హౌస్ అరెస్ట్' – సింగిల్ పాయింట్ తో సాగే స్లో కామెడీ డ్రామా ! |url=https://www.123telugu.com/telugu/reviews/house-arrest-movie-review-in-telugu.html |website=123Telugu |language=te |date=27 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- September!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#EFDECD;&quot; |'''S&lt;br /&gt;E&lt;br /&gt;P&lt;br /&gt;T&lt;br /&gt;E&lt;br /&gt;M&lt;br /&gt;B&lt;br /&gt;E&lt;br /&gt;R'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #FAEBD7;&quot; |'''3'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Dear Megha]]''<br /> |A. Sushanth Reddy<br /> |{{hlist|[[Megha Akash]]|[[Adith Arun]]|Arjun Somayajula|[[Pavitra Lokesh]]}}<br /> |Vedaansh Creative Works<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;sep&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=From 'Nootokka Jillala Andagadu' to 'Dear Megha,' 5 Telugu movies are set to release this week!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/from-nootokka-jillala-andagadu-to-dear-megha-5-telugu-movies-are-set-to-release-this-week/articleshow/85791328.cms|access-date=2021-09-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Nootokka Jillala Andagadu]]''<br /> |Rachakonda Vidyasagar<br /> |{{hlist|[[Avasarala Srinivas]]|[[Ruhani Sharma]]}}<br /> |[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]&lt;br /&gt;[[First Frame Entertainments]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;sep&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''Appudu - Ippudu''<br /> |Chalapathi Puvvula<br /> |{{hlist|Sujan|Tanishq Ranjan}}<br /> |M/s. UK Films<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;sep&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''Killer''<br /> |Chinna<br /> |{{hlist|Karthik Sai|Daly Shah|Neha Deshpandey}}<br /> |Yadav Production House<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;sep&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''Asmee''<br /> |Sesh Kartikeya<br /> |{{hlist|Rushika Raj|Raja Narendra|Keshav Deepakam|Indu Kusuma}}<br /> |Saachi Creations<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;sep&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #FAEBD7;&quot; |'''10'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[Net (film)|''Net'']]<br /> |Bhargav Macharla<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Rahul Ramakrishna]]|[[Avika Gor]]|Vishwadev Rachakonda|Praneeta Patnaik|||||}}<br /> |Tamada Media<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-09-10|title='NET' movie review: A telling tale of online voyeurism|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/net-movie-review-a-telling-tale-of-online-voyeurism/article36394012.ece|access-date=2021-09-11|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Tuck Jagadish]]''<br /> |[[Shiva Nirvana]]<br /> |{{hlist|[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]|[[Ritu Varma]]|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]|[[Jagapathi Babu]]|[[Daniel Balaji]]|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]|[[Thiruveer]]|[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]|[[Devadarshini]]|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]|[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]}}<br /> |Shine Screens<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;rd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=K.|first=Janani|date=27 August 2021|title=Nani's Tuck Jagadish to release on Amazon Prime Video on Sep 10. Watch promo|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nani-s-tuck-jagadish-to-release-on-amazon-prime-video-on-sep-10-watch-promo-1846019-2021-08-27|website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Seetimaarr]]''<br /> |[[Sampath Nandi]]<br /> |{{hlist|[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]]|[[Tamannaah]]|[[Digangana Suryavanshi]]|[[Bhumika Chawla]]|[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]|[[Tarun Arora]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]}}<br /> |Srinivasaa Silver Screen<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-28|title=Gopichand's Seetimaarr release date is pushed back|url=https://english.ntvtelugu.com/gopichands-seetimaarr-release-date-is-pushed-back/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=English|language=en-US|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828111147/https://english.ntvtelugu.com/gopichands-seetimaarr-release-date-is-pushed-back/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;&quot; |'''17'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Gully Rowdy]]''<br /> |[[G. Nageswara Reddy]]<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Sundeep Kishan]]|Neha Shetty|[[Bobby Simha]]|[[Harsha Chemudu]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]|[[Shakalaka Shankar]]|[[Mime Gopi]]}}<br /> |[[Kona Venkat|Kona Film Corporation]]&lt;br /&gt;[[M. V. V. Satyanarayana|M. V. V. Cinemas]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=4 September 2021|title=Sundeep Kishan and Neha Shetty's 'Gully Rowdy' new release date revealed|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sundeep-kishan-and-neha-shettys-gully-rowdy-new-release-date-revealed/articleshow/85919271.cms|access-date=13 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Maestro (2021 film)|Maestro]]''<br /> |[[Merlapaka Gandhi]]<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Nithiin]]|[[Tamannaah]]|[[Nabha Natesh]]|[[Jisshu Sengupta]]|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]|[[Sreemukhi]]|[[Ananya Nagalla]]|[[Mangli]]|Racha Ravi|[[Harsha Vardhan]]}}<br /> |Shresht Movies<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=4 September 2021|title=&quot;Nithiin, Tamannaah starrer Maestro to stream on OTT, release date announced&quot;.|work=The News Minute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nithiin-tamannaah-starrer-maestro-stream-ott-release-date-announced-154518|access-date=28 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #FAEBD7;&quot; |'''24'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Aakashavaani]]''<br /> | Ashwin Gangaraju<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Samuthirakani]]|[[Vinay Varma]]|Teja Kakumanu|Prashant|Mime Madhu|Shaking Seshu|[[Getup Srinu]]}}<br /> |AU&amp;I Studios<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=K.|first=Janani|date=21 September 2021|title=Prabhas shares Aakashavaani trailer, film to premiere on SonyLIV on September 24|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-shares-aakashavaani-trailer-film-to-premiere-on-sonyliv-on-september-24-1855295-2021-09-21|website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Alanti Sitralu]]''<br /> | [[Supreeth C Krishna]]<br /> |{{Hlist|Shwetta Parashar|Prawin Yendamuri|Yash Puri|Tanvi Akaanksha|Ajay Kumar Kathurvar}}<br /> | I&amp;I Arts, Cosmicray Productions<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=K.|first=Janani|date=23 September 2021|title=Movie Review: Alanti Sitralu is a One Time Watch|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/movie-review-alanti-sitralu-one-time-watch-143623|website=Sakshi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[Love Story (2021 film)|''Love Story'']]<br /> |[[Sekhar Kammula]]<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Naga Chaitanya]]|[[Sai Pallavi]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]|[[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]|[[Rajeev Kanakala]]|[[Easwari Rao]]|[[Satyam Rajesh]]|[[Thagubothu Ramesh]]|}}<br /> |[[Amigos Creations]]&lt;br/&gt;Sree Venkateswara Cinemas<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date= 10 September 2021|title=Naga Chaitanya-Sai Pallavi's Love Story gets new release date|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/naga-chaitanya-sai-pallavi-love-story-gets-new-release-date-7501109/|access-date=|website= The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''Maro Prastanam''<br /> | Johny<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Tanish]]|Masskan Sethi|Kabir Dulhan Singh|Ravi Kale|Bhanu Sri Mehta|Amit}}<br /> | Mirth Media<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 September 2021|title=Movie Review: Alanti Sitralu is a One Time Watch|url= <br /> https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/maro-prasthanam.html<br /> |website=filmibeat}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==October – December==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#blue; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:6%;&quot;| Opening<br /> ! style=&quot;width:15%;&quot;| Title<br /> ! style=&quot;width:10%;&quot;| Director<br /> ! style=&quot;width:50%;&quot;| Cast<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25%;&quot;| Production House<br /> ! style=&quot;width:1%;&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br /> |- October!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffba00; textcolor:#000;&quot; |'''O&lt;br /&gt;C&lt;br /&gt;T&lt;br /&gt;O&lt;br /&gt;B&lt;br /&gt;E&lt;br /&gt;R'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#fbec5d;&quot; |'''1'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''[[Republic (film)|Republic]]''|| [[Deva Katta]] ||{{hlist|[[Sai Dharam Tej]]|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]|[[Jagapathi Babu]]|[[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]]|[[Subbaraju]]|[[Aamani]]|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]}}<br /> ||JB Entertainments&lt;br /&gt;[[Zee Studios]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-15|title=Sai Dharam Tej and Aishwarya Rajesh starrer Republic gets a release date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sai-dharam-tej-and-aishwarya-rajesh-starrer-republic-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/85348791.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''The Rose Villa''|| Hemanth ||{{hlist|Dheekshith Shetty|Swetha Varma|[[Raja Ravindra]]}}||Chitra Mandhir Studios<br /> ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Rose Villa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/the-rose-villa/movieshow/86647271.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=1 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#fbec5d;&quot; |'''2'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''[[Idhe Maa Katha]]''|| Guru Pavan||{{hlist|[[Sumanth Ashwin]]|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]|[[Bhumika Chawla]]|[[Tanya Hope]]}}||Gurappa Parameswara Productions<br /> ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=అక్టోబర్ 2న 'ఇదే మా కథ' |url=https://www.manatelangana.news/idhe-maa-katha-release-on-october-2/|website=Mana Telangana|language=te|date=26 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#fbec5d;&quot; |'''8'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''[[Aaradugula Bullet]]''|| [[B. Gopal]]|| {{hlist|[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]]|[[Nayanthara]]|[[Prakash Raj]]|[[Abhimanyu Singh]]|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]|[[Brahmanandam]]|[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]]|[[Rama Prabha]]|[[Uttej]]}}|| Jaya Balaji Real Media<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Gopichand braces up for another actioner 'Aaradugula Bullet' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/gopichand-braces-up-for-another-actioner-aaradugula-bullet |date=2 October 2021 |work=Telangana Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''Itlu Amma''|| [[C. Umamaheswara Rao]]|| {{hlist|[[Revathi]]|Krishneshwara Rao|Ravi Kale|Prashanth, Mihira| Vineeth| Aruvi Bala}}|| Bommakku Creations<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title= SonyLiv release 'Itlu, Amma' wins awards, rewards: Makers<br /> |url=https://m.ragalahari.com/tollywood-news-2021-december/165093/sonyliv-release-itlu-amma-wins-awards-rewards-makers |author= Janani K |date= 11 October 2021 |access-date= 26 April 2022 |website=Raagalahari|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''[[Konda Polam]]''|| [[Krish (director)|Krish]]|| {{hlist|[[Panja Vaisshnav Tej]]|[[Rakul Preet Singh]]|[[Sai Chand]]|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]|[[Annapurna]]|[[Hema (actress)|Hema]]}}|| [[First Frame Entertainments]]<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title= Rakul Preet unveils her character Obulamma from director Krish's Konda Polam. Watch promo<br /> |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rakul-preet-unveils-her-character-obulamma-from-director-krish-s-konda-polam-watch-promo-1844127-2021-08-23 |author= Janani K |date= 23 August 2021 |access-date= 24 August 2021 |website=India Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#fbec5d;&quot; |'''14'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''[[Maha Samudram]]''<br /> |[[Ajay Bhupathi]]<br /> |{{hlist|[[Sharwanand]]|[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]|[[Aditi Rao Hydari]]|[[Anu Emmanuel]]|[[Jagapathi Babu]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]}}<br /> |[[Anil Sunkara|AK Entertainments]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;new&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=K.|first=Janani|date=27 August 2021|title=Sharwanand, Siddharth's Maha Samudram to release in theatres on October 14.|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sharwanand-siddharth-s-maha-samudram-to-release-in-theatres-on-october-14-new-poster-out-1845990-2021-08-27|website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#fbec5d;&quot; |'''15'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Pelli SandaD]]''<br /> |Gowri Ronanki<br /> |{{hlist|Roshan|[[Sree Leela]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]|[[Srinivasa Reddy]]|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]|[[Prakash Raj]]|[[Shakalaka Shankar]]|[[Fish Venkat]]}}<br /> |[[Arka Media Works]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Official:Pelli SandaD release date locked |url=https://www.tollywood.net/official-pelli-sandad-release-date-locked/ |website=Tollywood.net |date=1 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[Most Eligible Bachelor (film)|''Most Eligible Bachelor'']]<br /> |[[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]]<br /> |{{hlist|[[Akhil Akkineni]]|[[Pooja Hegde]]|[[Eesha Rebba]]|[[Aamani]]|[[Murali Sharma]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]|[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]|[[Pragathi]]|[[Amit Tiwari]]|[[Sudigali Sudheer]]}}<br /> |[[Geetha Arts|GA2 Pictures]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=K.|first=Janani|date=28 August 2021|title=Akhil Akkineni and Pooja Hegde's Most Eligible Bachelor to hit the theatres on October 8|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/akhil-akkineni-and-pooja-hegde-s-most-eligible-bachelor-to-hit-the-theatres-on-october-8-1846357-2021-08-28|website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#fbec5d;&quot; |'''22'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''[[Asalem Jarigandi]]''<br /> |Nuleti Veera Raghava<br /> |{{hlist|[[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]]|[[Sanchita Padukone]]}}<br /> | Exodus Media<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/asalem-jarigindi-release-on-october-22/0205/121210121|title = Tollywood: 'అస‌లేం జ‌రిగింది' తెలిసేది ఆ రోజే - asalem jarigindi release on october 22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''Heads and Tales''<br /> |Sai Krishna Enreddy<br /> |{{hlist|[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]|Srividya Maharshi|Divya Sripada|Chandni Rao|Arun|Kivish Kautilya}}<br /> |S. K. N.<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suspense drama Heads and Tales is all set to come out on Zee5 on this date|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/suspense-drama-heads-and-tales-is-all-set-to-come-out-on-zee5-on-this-date/a47637d69a648|access-date=2021-10-07|website=OTTPlay|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#fbec5d;&quot; |'''29'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[Family Drama (2021 film)|''Family Drama'']]|| Meher Tej ||{{hlist|[[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]]|Teja Kasarapu|Sruti Meher}}|| Chashma Films&lt;br /&gt;Noothana Bharathi Films<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[Romantic (film)|''Romantic'']]|| Anil Paduri ||{{hlist|[[Akash Puri]]|[[Ketika Sharma]]|[[Ramya Krishnan]]|[[Makarand Deshpande]]}}||Puri Connects&lt;br /&gt;[[Puri Jagannadh Touring Talkies]]||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|access-date=2021-09-27|title=Akash Puri's 'Romantic' is all set to release on November 4 as Diwali bonanza |url=https://telanganatoday.com/akash-puris-romantic-is-all-set-to-release-on-november-4-as-diwali-bonanza |date=4 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]''<br /> |Lakshmi Sowjanya<br /> |{{hlist|[[Naga Shaurya]]|[[Ritu Varma]]|[[Murali Sharma]]|[[Nadhiya]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]|[[Nadhiya]]|[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]|[[Harsha Vardhan]]|Vaishnavi Chaitanya}}<br /> |Sithara Entertainments<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Varudu Kaavalenu Movie update: దసరాకి వచ్చేస్తోన్న 'వరుడు కావలెను' |url=https://m.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/varudu-kaavalenu-movie-all-set-release-15th-october-theatres-1398518 |website=sakshi.com |date=28 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-November!<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#29AB87; textcolor:#000;&quot; |'''N&lt;br /&gt;O&lt;br /&gt;V'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;&quot; |'''4'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|''[[Manchi Rojulochaie]]''<br /> | [[Maruthi]] ||{{hlist|[[Santosh Sobhan]]|[[Mehreen Pirzada]]|[[Ajay Ghosh]]|[[Srinivasa Reddy]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]|Sudarshan|[[Satyam Rajesh]]|[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]|[[Rajitha]]|[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]|[[Harsha Chemudu]]}}||UV Concepts &lt;br /&gt;Mass Movie Makers Llp<br /> ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|access-date=2021-10-05|title=Director Maruthi announces the release date of his next film 'Manchi Rojulochaie'|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/director-maruthi-announces-the-release-date-of-his-next-film-manchi-rojulochaie/articleshow/86772315.cms|date=5 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;&quot; |'''12'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[Pushpaka Vimanam (2021 film)|''Pushpaka Vimanam'']]|| Damodara<br /> ||{{hlist|[[Anand Deverakonda]]|Saanve Megghana|Geeth Saini|[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]|[[Harsha Vardhan]]|[[Harsha Chemudu]]}}||Tanga productions llp&lt;br /&gt;King of the hill entertainment llp||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|access-date=2021-10-29|title=Pushpaka Vimanam 2021 on Theater: Release Date, Trailer, Starring and more|url=https://www.fantasymsinfo.com/2021/10/pushpaka-vimanam-2021-on-theater.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115916/https://www.fantasymsinfo.com/2021/10/pushpaka-vimanam-2021-on-theater.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 October 2021|date=29 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[Raja Vikramarka (2021 film)|''Raja Vikramarka'']]|| Sri Saripalli ||{{hlist|[[Kartikeya Gummakonda]]|[[Tanya Ravichandran]]|[[Sudhakar Komakula]]|[[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]]|[[Pasupathy]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]|[[Harsha Vardhan]]}}||Sree Chitra Movie Makers<br /> ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|access-date=2021-11-01|title=Nani reveals 'Raja Vikramarka' trailer: This Karthikeya starrer film will take on a laughter ride |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-reveals-raja-vikramarka-trailer-this-karthikeya-starrer-film-will-take-on-a-laughter-ride/articleshow/87467979.cms#:~:text=The%20film%20directed%20by%20Sri,to%20release%20on%20November%2012. |date=1 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;&quot; |'''19'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Adbhutham]]''|| Mallik Ram ||{{hlist|[[Teja Sajja]]|[[Shivani Rajashekar]]|[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]}}||S Originals<br /> ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|access-date=2021-11-08|title=Teja Sajja's Adbhutam Movie OTT Release Date, Rights|url=https://teluguaha.com/adbhutham-movie-ott-release-date/|website=TELUGU AHA|date=8 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;&quot; |'''25'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|''[[Drushyam 2|Drushyam 2: The Resumption]]''<br /> | [[Jeethu Joseph]] ||{{hlist|[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]|[[Meena (actress)|Meena]]|[[Kruthika Jayakumar]]|[[Esther Anil]]|[[Sampath Raj]]|[[Nadhiya]]|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]|[[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]]|[[Vinay Varma]]|[[Satyam Rajesh]]}}||[[Suresh Productions]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Aashirvad Cinemas]]&lt;br /&gt;RajKumar Theatres||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|access-date=2021-11-12|title=Venkatesh Daggubati's Drushyam 2 teaser out now. Film to release on November 25|website= IndiaToday|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/venkatesh-daggubati-s-drushyam-2-teaser-out-now-film-to-release-on-november-25-1875955-2021-11-12|date=12 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;&quot; |'''26'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|''[[Anubhavinchu Raja]]''<br /> | Sreenu Gavireddy ||{{hlist|[[Raj Tarun]]|Kashish Khan|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]|[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]|[[Ravi Krishna (actor)|Ravi Krishna]]|[[Aadukalam Naren]]|[[Sudharshan]]|[[Aadarsh Balakrishna]]|Temper Vamsi|Ariyana}}||[[Annapurna Studios|Annapurna Studios Pvt Ltd]] &lt;br /&gt;Sree Ventakeswara Cinemas LLP<br /> ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|access-date=2021-11-17|title=Nagarjuna Akkineni unveils trailer of Raj Tarun's Anubhavinchu Raja|website=[[The Indian Express]]| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nagarjuna-akkineni-raj-tarun-anubhavinchu-raja-trailer-7627421/|date=17 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''1997''|| Dr. Mohan ||{{hlist|[[Naveen Chandra]]|Dr. Mohan|[[Srikanth Iyengar]]}}||Eswar Parvathi Movies<br /> ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|access-date=2021-08-04|title=Teja Sajja's Adbhutam Movie OTT Release Date, Rights|url=https://www.lntrend.com/movies/telugu/1997-movie/|website=lntrend|date=4 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;11&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#F4CA16; textcolor:#000;&quot; |'''D&lt;br /&gt;E&lt;br /&gt;C'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;&quot; |'''2'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''[[Akhanda]]''<br /> |[[Boyapati Srinu]]<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]|[[Pragya Jaiswal]]|[[Jagapathi Babu]]|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]|[[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]]|[[Subbaraju]]|[[Ayyappa P. Sharma]]|Sravan|[[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]]}}<br /> |Dwaraka Creations&lt;br/&gt;[[Pen India Limited]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 September 2021|title=Did 'Akhanda' already make 57 crore even before announcement of release date?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/did-akhanda-already-make-57-crore-even-before-announcement-of-release-date/articleshow/86605659.cms|website=ETimes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;&quot; |'''4'''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Skylab (film)|Skylab]]''<br /> |Vishavak Khanderao<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Nithya Menen]]|[[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]]|[[Rahul Ramakrishna]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]|[[Tharun Bhascker]]}}<br /> |Byte Features&lt;br/&gt;Nithya Menen Company<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-06|title='Skylab' trailer: A dose of comedy makes the drama promising|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/skylab-trailer-a-dose-of-comedy-makes-the-drama-promising/articleshow/87564740.cms|access-date=2021-11-07|website=ETimes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;&quot; |'''10'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|''[[Lakshya (2021 film)|Lakshya]]''<br /> |Dheerendra Santhossh Jagarlapudi<br /> |{{hlist|[[Naga Shaurya]]|Ketika Sharma|[[Jagapathi Babu]]|[[Sachin Khedekar]]|[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]|[[Ravi Prakash]]}}<br /> |Sri Venkateswara Cinemas LLP&lt;br/&gt;Northstar Entertainment Private Limited<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|access-date=2021-11-24|date=24 November 2021|title='Lakshya' to release on December 10th|url=https://telugucinema.com/news/lakshya-to-release-on-december-10th&amp;|website=Telugu Cinema}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|''[[Gamanam (2021 film)|Gamanam]]''<br /> |Sujana Rao <br /> |{{hlist|[[Shriya Saran]]|[[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]]|[[Priyanka Jawalkar]]|Siva Kandukuri|[[Nithya Menen]]|[[Bithiri Sathi]]}}<br /> |Kria Film Corp&lt;br/&gt;Kali Productions<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shreya Saran's Gamanam to release on December 10|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2021/nov/22/shreya-sarans-gamanamto-release-on-december-10-27984.html|access-date=2021-12-10|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=22 November 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''Sundarangudu''<br /> |Vinay Babu<br /> |Krishna Sai, Mouryani, Isha, Mirchi Madhavi, [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]], [[Amit Tiwari]], Mahaboob Basha, Junior Relangi.<br /> |MSK Pramidha Shree Films<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=SundaranguduUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/sundarangudu/movieshow/96280615.cms |access-date=2024-12-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;&quot; |'''17'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''<br /> |[[Sukumar]]<br /> |{{Hlist|[[Allu Arjun]]|[[Fahadh Faasil]]|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]|6=[[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]]|7=[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]|9=[[Anasuya Bharadwaj]]|10=[[Sritej]]}}<br /> |[[Mythri Movie Makers]]&lt;br/&gt;Muttamsetty Media<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Palisetty|first=Ramya|date=3 August 2021|title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa The Rise to release on Christmas, new poster out|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-s-pushpa-the-rise-to-release-on-christmas-new-poster-out-1836142-2021-08-03|website=India Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;&quot; |'''24'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''<br /> |Rahul Sankrityan<br /> |{{hlist|[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]|[[Sai Pallavi]]|[[Krithi Shetty]]|[[Madonna Sebastian]]|[[Jisshu Sengupta]]|[[Murali Sharma]]|[[Rahul Ravindran]]|[[Abhinav Gomatam]]|[[Manish Wadhwa]]}}<br /> |Niharika Entertainment<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 October 2021|title=Nani plays Vasu in Shyam Singha Roy, film to release in December. See poster|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nani-plays-vasu-in-shyam-singha-roy-film-to-release-in-december-see-poster-1864777-2021-10-14|access-date=2021-10-15|website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|''[[WWW: Who Where Why]]''<br /> |K. V. Guhan<br /> |{{hlist|[[Adith Arun]]|[[Shivani Rajashekar]]|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]|[[Riyaz Khan]]|[[Harsha Chemudu]]|[[Satyam Rajesh]]|Divya Sripada}}<br /> |Ramantra creations<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=www movie announced|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/www/movieshow/80230486.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;&quot; |'''25'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''Gudaputani''<br /> |KM Kumar<br /> |{{hlist|[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]|[[Raghu Kunche]]|Ananth}}<br /> |SRR Productions<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ఈ నెల 25న సప్తగిరి 'గూడుపుఠాణి'!|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/sapthagiri-guduputani-movie-releasing-on-this-25th/|website=NTV Telugu|date=10 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;&quot; |'''31'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Arjuna Phalguna]]''<br /> |Teja Marni<br /> |{{hlist|[[Sree Vishnu]]|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]|[[Sivaji Raja]]|[[Subbaraju]]|Devi Prasad|Rangasthalam Mahesh|Raj Kumar Kasireddy|Chaitanya Garikipati}}<br /> |Matinee Entertainment<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 December 2021|title='Arjuna Phalguna' trailer: Sree Vishnu, Amritha Aiyer starrer promises to be a riveting action comedy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/arjuna-phalguna-trailer-sree-vishnu-amritha-aiyer-starrer-promises-to-be-a-riveting-action-comedy/articleshow/88472214.cms#:~:text=The%20trailer%20of%20Sree%20Vishnu,31%2C%20was%20unveiled%20on%20Friday.|access-date=2021-12-24|website=ETimes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Senapathi]]''<br /> |Pavan Sadineni<br /> |{{hlist|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]|Naresh Agastya|[[Harsha Vardhan]]|Gnaneswari Kandregula|[[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]]|Rakendu Mouli|Ravi Josh|A Jeevan Kumar|[[Pavani Reddy]]|Rocky}}<br /> |Gold Box Entertainment&lt;br /&gt;[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-12-29|title=Senapathi trailer: Rajendra Prasad's OTT debut promises an intense thriller|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/senapathi-trailer-rajendra-prasad-aha-7695832/|website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> {{Telugu cinema|horiz}}<br /> {{Indian film list}}<br /> {{2021 films}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|2021]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of 2021 films by language|Telugu]]<br /> [[Category:2021 in Indian cinema|Telugu]]<br /> [[Category:2021 Telugu-language films|*]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Aryan_languages&diff=451068 2026-03-03T09:41:57Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Improved wording and formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Branch of the Indo-Iranian languages}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox language family<br /> | name = Indo-Aryan<br /> | altname = Indic{{efn|name=indic&quot;}}<br /> | region = [[South Asia]], [[Europe]]<br /> | familycolor = Indo-European<br /> | protoname = [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]]<br /> | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]<br /> | child1 = [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central]]<br /> | child2 = [[Dardic languages|Dardic]]<br /> | child3 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]<br /> | child4 = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]<br /> | child5 = [[#Northwestern Zone|Northwestern]]<br /> | child6 = [[#Southern Zone|Southern]]<br /> | child7 = [[#Western Zone|Western]]<br /> | child8 = Unclassified:{{Indent|1}}{{*}} ''[[Bhariati]]''{{Indent|1}}{{*}}''[[Bazigar language|Bazigar]]''{{Indent|1}}{{*}} [[Chinali–Lahul languages|Chinali–Lahuli]]{{Indent|1}}{{*}} ''[[Sheikhgal]]''{{Indent|1}}{{*}}[[Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni|Mitanni]]<br /> | iso2 = inc<br /> | iso5 = inc<br /> | lingua = 59= (phylozone)<br /> | map = Indo-Aryan language map.svg<br /> | mapcaption = Present-day geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan language groups. [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Domari language|Domari]], [[Kholosi language|Kholosi]], [[Luwati language|Luwati]], [[Parya language|Parya]], [[Fiji Hindi]] and [[Caribbean Hindustani]] are outside the scope of the map. <br /> {{legend|#ffc0ec|[[Pashai languages|Pashai]] ([[Dardic languages|Dardic]])}}<br /> {{legend|#ffa1e6|[[Khowar language|Khowar]] (Dardic)}}<br /> {{legend|#FF54DE|[[Shina language|Shina]] (Dardic)}}<br /> {{legend|#ff81e0|[[Indus Kohistani|Kohistani]] (Dardic)}}<br /> {{legend|#e03eb9|[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] (Dardic)}}<br /> {{legend|#855ff8|[[Punjabi languages|Punjabi]] ([[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]])}}<br /> {{legend|#699fd0|[[Sindhi languages|Sindhi]] (Northwestern)}}<br /> {{legend|#69d762|[[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] ([[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western]])}}<br /> {{legend|#61b97d|[[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]] (Western)}}<br /> {{legend|#61b762|[[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]] (Western)}}<br /> {{legend|#a6e7b9|[[Bhili languages|Bhili]] (Western)}}<br /> {{legend|#d79662|[[Western Pahari languages|Western Pahari]] ([[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]])}}<br /> {{legend|#b9845a|[[Central Pahari languages|Central Pahari]] (Northern)}}<br /> {{legend|#9b7451|[[Eastern Pahari languages|Eastern Pahari]] (Northern)}}<br /> {{legend|#ff8d36|[[Western Hindi languages|Western Hindi]] ([[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central]])}}<br /> {{legend|#ffb736|[[Eastern Hindi languages|Eastern Hindi]] (Central)}}<br /> {{legend|#fff87c|[[Bengali-Assamese languages|Bengali-Assamese]] ([[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]])}}<br /> {{legend|#f8d836|[[Bihari languages|Bihari]] (Eastern)}}<br /> {{legend|#e0c036|[[Odia language|Odia]] (Eastern)}}<br /> {{legend|#AB8900|[[Halbic languages|Halbic]] (Eastern)}}<br /> {{legend|#e03e36|[[Marathi-Konkani languages|Marathi-Konkani]] ([[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern]])}}<br /> {{legend|#a13e36|[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]-[[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]] (Southern)}}<br /> (not shown: [[Kunar languages|Kunar]] (Dardic), [[Chinali-Lahul languages|Chinali-Lahuli]] (Unclassified))<br /> | ancestor = <br /> | glottorefname = Indo-Aryan<br /> | glotto = indo1321<br /> | speakers ={{est.}} 800 million<br /> | date = 2000's<br /> | ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;EB&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Indo-European topics}}<br /> The '''Indo-Aryan languages''' (or sometimes '''Indic languages'''{{efn|name=indic&quot;|In a colloquial context, the term &quot;'''Indic'''&quot; sometimes refers more generally to the [[languages of the Indian subcontinent]], thus including Dravidian and other non-Indo-Aryan languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Reynolds |first1=Mike |chapter=Indic languages |date=2007 |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/language-in-the-british-isles/indic-languages/8343FABC094E91986DBD68A492FFEA1B |title=Language in the British Isles |pages=293–307 |editor-last=Britain |editor-first=David |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-79488-6 |access-date=2021-10-04 |last2=Verma |first2=Mahendra}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Munshi |first=S |year=2009 |chapter=Indo-Aryan languages |editor1=Keith Brown |editor2=Sarah Ogilvie |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Language of the World |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Elsevier |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=F2SRqDzB50wC}} |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&amp;pg=PA522 522–528]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}) are a branch of the [[Indo-Iranian languages]] in the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]]. As of the early 21st century, there were 800 million speakers, primarily concentrated east of the [[Indus River]] in [[South Asia]], spread across Eastern [[Pakistan]], Northern [[India]], southern [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Maldives]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EB&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title= Overview of Indo-Aryan languages |url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indo-Aryan-languages|encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date= 8 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, apart from the [[Indian subcontinent]], large immigrant and expatriate Indo-Aryan–speaking communities live in [[Northwestern Europe]], [[Western Asia]], [[North America]], the [[Caribbean]], [[Southeast Africa]], [[Polynesia]] and [[Australia]], along with several million speakers of [[Romani language]]s primarily concentrated in [[Southeast Europe|Southeastern Europe]]. There are in the vicinity of 200 Indo-Aryan languages.&lt;ref&gt;Any count will depend on where the line is drawn between &quot;dialect&quot; and &quot;language&quot;. [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indo1321 Glottolog 5.2] lists 220 languages.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Proto-Indo-Aryan]] was very close to [[Vedic Sanskrit]], though some of the later [[Prakrit]]s retain features that had been lost from Vedic Sanskrit, showing that they had a separate descent from Proto-Indo-Aryan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Burde |first=Jayant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmXclYgJFiIC&amp;pg=PA3 |title=Rituals, Mantras, and Science: An Integral Perspective |date=2004 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-2053-1 |page=3 |language=en |quote=The Aryans spoke an Indo-European language sometimes called the Vedic language from which have descended Sanskrit and other Indic languages ... Prakrit was a group of variants which developed alongside Sanskrit.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jain |first1=Danesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA163 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last2=Cardona |first2=George |date=26 July 2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |page=163 |language=en |quote=... a number of their morphophonological and lexical features betray the fact that they are not direct continuations of R̥gvedic Sanskrit, the main base of 'Classical' Sanskrit; rather they descend from dialects which, despite many similarities, were different from R̥gvedic and in some regards even more archaic.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Chamber's Encyclopaedia, Volume 7 |date=1968 |publisher=International Learnings Systems |language=en |quote=Most Aryan languages of India and Pakistan belong to the Indo-Aryan family, and are descended from Sanskrit through the intermediate stage of Prakrit. The Indo-Aryan languages are by far the most important numerically and the territory occupied by them extends over the whole of northern and central India and reaches as far south as Goa.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Donkin2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Donkin |first1=R. A. |title=Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B4IFMnssyqgC |date=2003 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=9780871692481 |language=en |page=60 |quote=The modern, regional Indo-Aryan languages developed from Prakrt, an early 'unrefined' (''prakrta'') form of Sanskrit, around the close of the first millennium A.D.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The largest such languages in terms of [[First language|first-speakers]] are [[Hindustani language|Hindustani (Hindi/Urdu)]] ({{Circa|330 million}}),&lt;ref name=ethnologue&gt;Standard Hindi first language: 260.3 million (2001), as second language: 120 million (1999). Urdu L1: 68.9 million (2001–2014), L2: 94 million (1999): ''Ethnologue'' 19.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (242 million),&lt;ref&gt;Bengali or Bangla-Bhasa, L1: 242.3 million (2011), L2: 19.2 million (2011), ''Ethnologue''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (about 150 million),&lt;ref name=NE2&gt;{{cite web |title=Världens 100 största språk 2010 |language=sv |trans-title=The world's 100 largest languages in 2010 |url=http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010 |work=Nationalencyclopedin |publisher=[[Government of Sweden]] publication |access-date=30 August 2013 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111051518/http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=WorldData.info&gt;{{cite web|title= Punjabi speaking countries |url= https://www.worlddata.info/languages/punjabi.php |work=WorldData.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (112 million), and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] (60 million). A 2005 estimate placed the total number of native speakers of the Indo-Aryan languages at nearly 900 million people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Edwin Francis |last1=Bryant |first2=Laurie L. |last2=Patton |title=The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHYnGde4BS4C |year=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-7007-1463-6 |pages=246–247}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other estimates are higher, suggesting a figure of 1.5 billion speakers of Indo-Aryan languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;epgp.inflibnet.ac.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000022LS/P001756/M023413/ET/1506322131Lings-P7-M21.pdf|title=Development team|website=inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=9 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> === Theories ===<br /> [[File:Indo-Aryan Languages Tree.png|thumb|Classification tree of the Indo-Aryan languages|class=skin-invert-image]]<br /> The Indo-Aryan family as a whole is thought to represent a [[dialect continuum]], where languages are often transitional towards neighbouring varieties.{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=25}} Because of this, the division into languages vs. dialects is in many cases somewhat arbitrary. The classification of the Indo-Aryan languages is controversial, with many transitional areas that are assigned to different branches depending on classification.{{sfnp|Masica|1991|pp=446–463}} There are concerns that a [[tree model]] is insufficient for explaining the development of New Indo-Aryan, with some scholars suggesting the [[wave model]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kogan&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kogan |first1=Anton I. |title=Genealogical classification of New Indo-Aryan languages and lexicostatistics |journal=Journal of Language Relationship |date=2016 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=227–258 |doi=10.31826/jlr-2017-143-411 |s2cid=212688418 |url=https://www.jolr.ru/files/(190)jlr2016-14-3-4(227-258).pdf |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Subgroups ====<br /> The following table of proposals is expanded from {{harvtxt|Masica|1991}} (from Hoernlé to Turner), and also includes subsequent classification proposals. The table lists only some modern Indo-Aryan languages.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align: center; font-size: 80%;&quot;<br /> |+ Indo-Aryan subgroups<br /> ! Model !! [[Odia language|Odia]]!! [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–&lt;br /&gt;Assamese]]!! [[Bihari languages|Bihari]]!! [[Eastern Hindi languages|E. Hindi]]!! [[Western Hindi languages|W. Hindi]]!! [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]!! [[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]]!! [[Pahari languages|Pahari]]!! [[Punjabi dialects#Eastern_Punjabi|E. Punjabi]]!! [[Lahnda|W. Punjabi]]!! [[Sindhi languages|Sindhi]]!! [[Dardic languages|Dardic]]!! [[Marathi–Konkani languages|Marathi–&lt;br /&gt;Konkani]]!! [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]–&lt;br /&gt;[[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]]!! [[Romani language|Romani]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Rudolf Hoernlé|Hoernlé]] (1880)<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffcd00;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|E]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff9a54;&quot;| E~W<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| W<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c97234;&quot;| [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|N]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot;| W<br /> | {{dunno}}<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot;| W<br /> | {{dunno}}<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c93434;&quot;| S<br /> | {{dunno}}<br /> | {{dunno}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson]] (−1927)<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffcd00;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| E<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff9a54;&quot;| C~E <br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot;| [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|C]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:#2525ff;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| NW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff81e6;&quot;| non-IA<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c93434;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| S<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff81e6;&quot;| non-IA<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji|Chatterji]] (1926)<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffcd00;&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot;| E<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot;| Midland<br /> | style=&quot;background:#28a128;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| SW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c97234;&quot;| N<br /> | style=&quot;background:#2525ff;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| NW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff81e6;&quot;| non-IA<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c93434;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| S<br /> | style=&quot;background:#2525ff;&quot;| NW<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Grierson (1931)<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffcd00;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| E<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff9a54;&quot;| Inter.<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot;| Midland<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff9a54;&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot;| Inter.<br /> | style=&quot;background:#2525ff;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| NW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff81e6;&quot;| non-IA<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c93434;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| S<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff81e6;&quot;| non-IA<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Sumitra Mangesh Katre|Katre]] (1968)<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffcd00;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| E<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot;| C<br /> | style=&quot;background:#2525ff;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| NW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff81e6;&quot;| Dardic<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c93434;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| S<br /> | {{dunno}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[R. C. Nigam|Nigam]] (1972)<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffcd00;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| E<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot;| C<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot;| C (+NW)<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| C<br /> | {{dunno}}<br /> | style=&quot;background:#2525ff;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| NW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff81e6;&quot;| N<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c93434;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| S<br /> | {{dunno}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[George Cardona|Cardona]] (1974)<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffcd00;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| E<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot;| C<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c93434;&quot;| (S)W<br /> | style=&quot;background:#2525ff;&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot;| NW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c93434;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| (S)W<br /> | {{dunno}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Turner (−1975)<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffcd00;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| E<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot;| C<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c93434;&quot;| SW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c97234;&quot;| C &lt;small&gt;(C.)&lt;/small&gt;~NW &lt;small&gt;(W.)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;background:#2525ff;&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot;| NW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c93434;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| SW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot;| C<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Ernst Kausen|Kausen]] (2006)<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffcd00;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| E<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| C<br /> | style=&quot;background:#28a128;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| W<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c97234;&quot;| N<br /> | style=&quot;background:#2525ff;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| NW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff81e6;&quot;| Dardic<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c93434;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| S<br /> | style=&quot;background:#35d4ce;&quot;| Romani<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Anton I. Kogan|Kogan]] (2016)<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffcd00;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| E<br /> | {{dunno}}<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot;| C<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot;| C~NW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#2525ff;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| NW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c97234;&quot;| C~NW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot;| C<br /> | style=&quot;background:#2525ff;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| NW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff81e6;&quot;| non-IA<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c93434;&quot;| S<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ec4b4b;&quot;| Insular<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot;| C<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Ethnologue]] (2020)&lt;ref name=&quot;ethnologue23&quot;&gt;{{Ethnologue23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffcd00;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| E<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff9a54;&quot;| EC<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot;| C<br /> | style=&quot;background:#28a128;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| W<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c97234;&quot;| EC &lt;small&gt;(E.)&lt;/small&gt;~W &lt;small&gt;(C., W.)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;background:#28a128;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| W<br /> | style=&quot;background:#2525ff;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| NW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c93434;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| S<br /> | style=&quot;background:#28a128;&quot;| W<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Glottolog]] (2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{Glottolog|indo1321|Indo-Aryan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffcd00;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| E<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot;| Midland<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c97234;&quot;| N<br /> | style=&quot;background:#2525ff;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| NW<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ff81e6;&quot;| Dardic<br /> | style=&quot;background:#c93434;&quot;| S<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ec4b4b;&quot;| Dhivehi-Sinhala<br /> | style=&quot;background:#f60;&quot;| Midland<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[Anton I. Kogan]], in 2016, conducted a [[lexicostatistical]] study of the New Indo-Aryan languages based on a 100-word [[Swadesh list]], using techniques developed by the [[Glottochronology|glottochronologist]] and [[Comparative linguistics|comparative linguist]] [[Sergei Starostin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kogan&quot;/&gt; That grouping system is notable for Kogan's exclusion of Dardic from Indo-Aryan on the basis of his previous studies showing low lexical similarity to Indo-Aryan (43.5%) and negligible difference with similarity to Iranian (39.3%).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kogan |first1=Anton I. |title=Dardskie yazyki. Geneticheskaya kharakteristika |trans-title=Dardic language. Genetic characteristic |date=2005 |publisher=Vostochnaya literatura |location=Moskva |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also calculated Sinhala–Dhivehi to be the most divergent Indo-Aryan branch. Nevertheless, the modern consensus of Indo-Aryan linguists tends towards the inclusion of Dardic based on morphological and grammatical features.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}<br /> <br /> ==== Inner–Outer hypothesis ====<br /> {{Main|Inner–Outer hypothesis}}<br /> The '''Inner–Outer hypothesis''' argues for a core and periphery of Indo-Aryan languages, with Outer Indo-Aryan (generally including Eastern and Southern Indo-Aryan, and sometimes Northwestern Indo-Aryan, [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] and [[Pahari language|Pahari]]) representing an older stratum of Old Indo-Aryan that has been mixed to varying degrees with the newer stratum that is Inner Indo-Aryan. It is a contentious proposal with a long history, with varying degrees of claimed phonological and morphological evidence. Since its proposal by [[Rudolf Hoernlé]] in 1880 and refinement by [[George Abraham Grierson|George Grierson]] it has undergone numerous revisions and a great deal of debate, with the most recent iteration by [[Franklin Southworth]] and [[Claus Peter Zoller]] based on robust linguistic evidence (particularly an Outer past tense in ''-l-''). Some of the theory's sceptics include [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] and [[Colin P. Masica]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}<br /> <br /> === Groups ===<br /> The below classification follows {{harvcoltxt|Masica|1991}}, and {{harvcoltxt|Kausen|2006}}.<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |label1=[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (Hindi/Urdu)<br /> |value1=25.4<br /> |label2=[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> |value2=20.7<br /> |label3=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br /> |value3=9.4<br /> |label4=[[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> |value4=5.6<br /> |label5=[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br /> |value5=3.8<br /> |label6=[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |value6=3.1<br /> |label7=[[Maithili language|Maithili]]<br /> |value7=2.6<br /> |label8=[[Odia language|Odia]]<br /> |value8=2.5<br /> |label9=[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]<br /> |value9=1.9<br /> |caption=Percentage of Indo-Aryan speakers by native language:<br /> |other=yes}}<br /> <br /> ==== Dardic ====<br /> {{main|Dardic languages}}<br /> <br /> The '''Dardic languages''' (also Dardu or Pisaca) are a group of Indo-Aryan languages largely spoken in the northwestern extremities of the Indian subcontinent. Dardic was first formulated by [[George Abraham Grierson]] in his [[Linguistic Survey of India]] but he did not consider it to be a subfamily of Indo-Aryan. The Dardic group as a genetic grouping (rather than areal) has been scrutinised and questioned to a degree by recent scholarship: Southworth, for example, says &quot;the viability of Dardic as a genuine subgroup of Indo-Aryan is doubtful&quot; and &quot;the similarities among [Dardic languages] may result from subsequent convergence&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;southworth&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Southworth |first=Franklin C. |title=Linguistic archaeology of South Asia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-33323-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|149}}<br /> <br /> The Dardic languages are thought to be transitional with Punjabi and Pahari (e.g. Zoller describes Kashmiri as &quot;an interlink between Dardic and West Pahāṛī&quot;),&lt;ref name=&quot;zoller&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zoller |first1=Claus Peter |title=Outer and Inner Indo-Aryan, and northern India as an ancient linguistic area |journal=Acta Orientalia |date=2016 |volume=77 |pages=71–132 |url=https://journals.uio.no/actaorientalia/article/download/5355/4695}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|83}} as well as non-Indo-Aryan [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]]; and are renowned for their relatively conservative features in the context of [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]].<br /> <br /> * '''Kashmiri''': [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Kishtwari language|Kishtwari]], [[Pogali|Poguli]];<br /> * '''Shina''': [[Brokskad language|Brokskad]], [[Kundal Shahi language|Kundal Shahi]], [[Shina language|Shina]], [[Ushojo language|Ushojo]], [[Kalkoti language|Kalkoti]], [[Palula language|Palula]], [[Sawi language (Dardic)|Savi]];<br /> * '''Chitrali''': [[Kalasha-mun|Kalasha]], [[Khowar language|Khowar]];<br /> * '''Kohistani''': [[Bateri language|Bateri]], [[Chilisso language|Chilisso]], [[Gowro language|Gowro]], [[Indus Kohistani language|Indus Kohistani]], [[Kalami language|Kalami]], [[Tirahi language|Tirahi]], [[Torwali language|Torwali]], [[Wotapuri-Katarqalai language|Wotapuri-Katarqalai]];<br /> * '''[[Pashayi languages|Pashayi]]'''<br /> * '''Kunar''': [[Dameli language|Dameli]], [[Gawar-Bati language|Gawar-Bati]], [[Nangalami language|Nangalami]], [[Shumashti language|Shumashti]].<br /> <br /> ==== Northern Zone ====<br /> {{main|Northern Indo-Aryan languages}}<br /> <br /> The '''Northern Indo-Aryan languages''', also known as the '''Pahari''' ('hill') languages, are spoken throughout the Himalayan regions of the subcontinent.<br /> <br /> * '''Eastern Pahari''': [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Jumli language|Jumli]], [[Doteli]];<br /> * '''Central Pahari''': [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]];<br /> * '''[[Western Pahari]]''': [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Kangri language|Kangri]], [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]], [[Churahi]], [[Bhateali]], [[Bilaspuri]], [[Chambeali]], [[Gaddi language|Gaddi]], [[Pangwali]], [[Mandeali language|Mandeali]], [[Mahasu Pahari language|Mahasu Pahari]], [[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]], [[Kullui language|Kullui]], [[Pahari Kinnauri language|Pahari Kinnauri]], [[Hinduri language|Hinduri]], [[Sarazi language|Sarazi]], [[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]].<br /> <br /> ==== Northwestern Zone ====<br /> '''Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages''' are spoken in the northwestern region of India and eastern region of Pakistan. [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is spoken predominantly in the [[Punjab region]] and is the official language of [[Punjab, India|the northern Indian state of Punjab]], in addition to being the most widely-spoken language in Pakistan. [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and its variants are spoken natively in the Pakistani province of [[Sindh]] and neighbouring regions. Northwestern languages are ultimately thought to be descended from [[Shauraseni Prakrit]], with influence from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]].&lt;ref&gt;Sigfried J. de Laet. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&amp;dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&amp;pg=PA734 ''History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century''] UNESCO, 1994. {{ISBN|9231028138}} p 734&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * '''[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]'''<br /> ** '''''[[Majhi dialect|Central]]''''': [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]]<br /> ** '''''[[Punjabi language#Eastern Punjabi|Eastern]]''''': [[Doabi dialect|Doabi]], [[Malwai dialect|Malwai]], [[Puadhi language|Puadhi]]<br /> ** '''''[[Lahnda|Western]]''''': [[Inku language|Inku]], [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] ([[Multani script|Multani]], [[Riasti]], [[Derawali]]), [[Dhanni dialect|Dhanni]], [[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangvi]], [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]], [[Thali dialect|Thali]]<br /> ** '''''[[Lahnda|North-Western]]''''': [[Hindko]] ([[Kohati]], [[Ghebi dialect|Ghebi]], [[Awankari dialect|Awankari]], [[Chachhi dialect|Chachhi]], [[Peshawari dialect|Peshawari]], [[Hazarvi]]), [[Pahari-Pothwari]]<br /> * '''[[Sindhi languages|Sindhi]]''': [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Jadgali language|Jadgali]], [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]], [[Luwati language|Luwati]], [[Memoni language|Memoni]], [[Khetrani language|Khetrani]], [[Kholosi language|Kholosi]].<br /> <br /> ==== Western Zone ====<br /> '''Western Indo-Aryan languages''' are spoken in central and western India, in states such as [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]], in addition to contiguous regions in Pakistan. Gujarati is the official language of [[Gujarat]], and is spoken by over 50 million people. In Europe, various [[Romani languages]] are spoken by the [[Romani people]], an itinerant community who historically migrated from India. The Western Indo-Aryan languages are thought to have diverged from their northwestern counterparts, although they have a common antecedent in [[Shauraseni Prakrit]].<br /> <br /> *'''[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]''': [[Bagri language|Bagri]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Mewati language|Mewati]], [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]], [[Harauti language|Harauti]], [[Mewari language|Mewari]], [[Shekhawati language|Shekhawati]], [[Dhatki language|Dhatki]], [[Malvi language|Malvi]], [[Nimadi language|Nimadi]], [[Gujari language|Gujari]], [[Goaria language|Goaria]], [[Loarki language|Loarki]], [[Bhoyari]]/[[Pawari]], [[Kanjari language|Kanjari]], [[Od language|Od]], [[Lambadi]];<br /> * '''[[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]]''': [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Jandavra language|Jandavra]], [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]], [[Aer language|Aer]], [[Vaghri language|Vaghri]], [[Parkari Koli language|Parkari Koli]], [[Kachi Koli]], [[Wadiyara Koli]];<br /> * '''[[Bhil languages|Bhil]]''': [[Kalto language|Kalto]], [[Vasavi language|Vasavi]], [[Wagdi]], [[Gamit language|Gamit]], [[Vaagri Booli language|Vaagri Booli]];<br /> ** Northern Bhil: [[Bauria language|Bauria]], [[Bhilori language|Bhilori]], [[Magari language|Magari]];<br /> ** Central Bhil: [[Bhili language|Bhili proper]], [[Bhilali language|Bhilali]], [[Chodri language|Chodri]], [[Dhodia language|Dhodia]], [[Dhanki language|Dhanki]], [[Dubli language|Dubli]];<br /> ** Bareli: [[Palya Bareli language|Palya Bareli]], [[Pauri Bareli language|Pauri Bareli]], [[Rathwi Bareli language|Rathwi Bareli]], [[Pardhi language|Pardhi]];<br /> * '''[[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]]'''<br /> * '''[[Domaaki language|Domaaki]]'''<br /> * '''[[Domari language|Domari]]'''<br /> * '''[[Romani language|Romani]]''': [[Carpathian Romani]], [[Balkan Romani]], [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], [[Baltic Romani]]; <br /> ** [[Northern Romani dialects|Northern Romani]]<br /> *** British Romani: [[Angloromani language|Angloromani]], [[Welsh Romani language|Welsh Romani]]<br /> *** Northwestern Romani: [[Sinte Romani]], [[Finnish Kalo language|Finnish Kalo]]<br /> <br /> ==== {{vanchor|Central}} Zone ====<br /> {{main|Central Indo-Aryan languages}}<br /> <br /> Within India, [[Central Indo-Aryan languages]] are spoken primarily in the western [[Gangetic plains]], including [[Delhi]] and parts of the [[Central Highlands (India)|Central Highlands]], where they are often transitional with neighbouring lects. Many of these languages, including [[Braj]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], have rich literary and poetic traditions. [[Urdu]], a Persianised derivative of [[Dehlavi]] descended from [[Shauraseni Prakrit]], is the official language of [[Pakistan]] and also has strong [[Dakhini|historical]] connections to [[India]], where it also has been designated with official status. [[Hindi]], a standardised and Sanskritised register of [[Dehlavi]], is the official language of the [[Government of India]] (along with [[English language|English]]). [[Hindustani language|Together with Urdu]], it is the third most-spoken language in the world.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Western Hindi]]''': [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (including [[Hindi|Standard Hindi]] and [[Standard Urdu]]), [[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]], [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]], [[Kannauji language|Kannauji]], [[Parya language|Parya]], [[Sansi language|Sansi]]. <br /> * '''[[Eastern Hindi]]''': [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], [[Surgujia language|Surgujia]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] ([[Fiji Hindi]], [[Caribbean Hindustani]]).<br /> <br /> ==== Eastern Zone ====<br /> {{main|Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}<br /> <br /> The '''Eastern Indo-Aryan''' languages, also known as '''Magadhan''' languages, are spoken throughout the [[Eastern South Asia|eastern subcontinent]], alongside other regions surrounding the northwestern Himalayan corridor. [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the seventh most-spoken language in the world, and has a strong literary tradition; the [[national anthem]]s of [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] are written in Bengali. [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Odia language|Odia]] are the official languages of [[Assam]] and [[Odisha]], respectively. The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Magadhan [[Apabhraṃśa]]&lt;ref name=Ray2007/&gt; and ultimately from [[Magadhi Prakrit]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|contribution=The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=[[Routledge]] |place=London |year=2003 |series=Routledge language family series |isbn=0-7007-1130-9 |pages=46–66}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Claus2003&gt;{{cite book|title=South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia |chapter=Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India |first1=Peter J. |last1=Claus |first2=Sarah |last2=Diamond |first3=Margaret Ann |last3=Mills |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2003 |pages=203}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Ray2007&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ray |first1=Tapas S. |date=2007 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA444 |chapter=Eleven: &quot;Oriya&quot; |editor1-last=Jain |editor1-first=Danesh |editor2-last=Cardona |editor2-first=George |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=445 |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eastern Indo-Aryan languages display many morphosyntactic features similar to those of [[Munda languages]], which are largely absent in western Indo-Aryan languages. It is suggested that &quot;proto-Munda&quot; languages may have once dominated the eastern [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], and were then absorbed by Indo-Aryan languages at an early date as Indo-Aryan spread east.&lt;ref&gt;Peterson, John (2017). &quot;[http://southasiabibliography.de/uploads/Peterson.pdf The prehistorical spread of Austro-Asiatic in South Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025821/http://southasiabibliography.de/uploads/Peterson.pdf |date=11 April 2018 }}&quot;. Presented at ICAAL 7, Kiel, Germany.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ivani |first1=Jessica K. |last2=Paudyal |first2=Netra |last3=Peterson |first3=John |date=1 September 2020 |title=Indo-Aryan – a house divided? Evidence for the east–west Indo-Aryan divide and its significance for the study of northern South Asia |journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=287–326 |doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2029 |issn=2196-078X|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''[[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]'''<br /> ** Bengali-Gauda: [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ([[Bangali dialect|Bangali]], [[Rarhi dialect|Rarhi]], [[Sundarbani dialect|Sundarbani]], [[Varendri dialect|Varendri]], [[Manbhumi dialect|Manbhumi]], [[Dhakaiya Kutti]], [[Mymensinghi language|Mymensinghi]], [[Dobhashi]], [[Noakhali language|Noakhali]], [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]], [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]), [[Goalpariya dialects|East Goalpariya]], [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]], [[Hajong language|Hajong]], [[Chakma language|Chakma]], [[Tanchangya language|Tanchangya]], [[Thar language|Thar]], [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]];<br /> ** Kamarupic: [[Assamese language|Assamese]] ([[Kamrupi dialects|Kamrupi]]) [[Rangpuri language|Kamtapuri]], [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]], [[Rajbanshi language (Nepal)|Rajbanshi]];<br /> <br /> * '''[[Bihari languages|Bihari]]''':<br /> ** [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Caribbean Hindustani]], [[Fiji Hindi]];<br /> ** [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]];<br /> ** [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Angika]], [[Bajjika]], [[Thēthi|Thethi]], Dehati;<br /> ** [[Sadanic languages|Sadanic]]: [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali (Panchpargania)]];<br /> ** [[Tharu languages|Tharu]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{glottolog|thar1284|Tharuic}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kochila Tharu]], [[Rana Tharu language|Rana Tharu]], [[Kathariya Tharu]], [[Sonha language|Sonha Tharu]], [[Dangaura Tharu]], Chitwania [[Buksa language|Buksa]], [[Majhi language|Majhi]], [[Musasa language|Musasa]];<br /> ** [[Kumhali language|Kumhali]], Kuswaric:&lt;ref&gt;{{glottolog|kusw1234|Kuswaric}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Danwar language|Danwar]], [[Bote-Darai language|Bote-Darai]]; <br /> * '''[[Halbic languages|Halbic]]''': [[Halbi language|Halbi]], [[Kamar language|Kamar]], [[Bhunjia language (Halbic)|Bhunjia]], [[Nahari language|Nahari]];<br /> * '''[[Odia language|Odia]]''': [[Baleswari Odia|Baleswari]], Kataki, [[Ganjami Odia|Ganjami]], [[Sundargadi Odia|Sundargadi]], [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]], [[Desia language|Desia]];<br /> ** [[Bodo Parja language|Bodo Parja]], [[Bhatri language|Bhatri]], [[Reli language|Reli]], [[Kupia language|Kupia]];<br /> <br /> ==== Southern Zone ====<br /> Marathi-Konkani languages are ultimately descended from [[Maharashtri Prakrit]], whereas Insular Indo-Aryan languages are descended from [[Elu|Elu Prakrit]] and possess several characteristics that markedly distinguish them from most of their mainland Indo-Aryan counterparts. Insular Indo-Aryan languages (of [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Maldives]]) started developing independently and diverging from the continental Indo-Aryan languages from around 5th century BCE.&lt;ref name=&quot;kogan&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> * '''[[Marathi-Konkani languages|Marathi-Konkani]]'''<br /> ** Marathic: [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Varhadi dialect|Varhadi]], [[Andh language|Andh]], [[Agri dialect|Agri]], Zadi Boli, [[Thanjavur Marathi (language)|Thanjavur]], [[Berar-Deccan Marathi]], [[Phudagi language|Phudagi]], [[Judeo-Marathi|Judeo]], [[Katkari language|Katkari]], [[Varli language|Varli]], [[Kadodi language|Kadodi]];<br /> ** Konkanic: [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Karnataki Konkani]], [[Maharashtrian Konkani]].<br /> * '''Insular Indo-Aryan'''<br /> ** [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]: [[Vedda language|Vedda]]<br /> ** [[Maldivian language|Maldivian]]: [[Dhivehi (Addu)|Dhivehi]]<br /> <br /> ==== Unclassified ====<br /> The following languages are otherwise unclassified within Indo-Aryan:<br /> <br /> * '''[[Chinali-Lahuli languages|Chinali–Lahul Lohar]]''':&lt;ref&gt;{{glottolog|chin1491|Chinali–Lahul Lohar}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chinali language|Chinali]], [[Lahul Lohar language|Lahul Lohar]].<br /> * [[Bazigar language|Bazigar]]<br /> * [[Sheikhgal]]<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{more citations needed section|date=February 2017}}<br /> <br /> === Indian subcontinent ===<br /> {{See also|Linguistic history of India}}<br /> Dates indicate only a rough time frame.<br /> * '''[[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]]''' (before 1500 BCE, reconstructed)<br /> * '''Old Indo-Aryan''' ({{circa|1500}}–300 BCE)<br /> ** early Old Indo-Aryan: includes [[Vedic Sanskrit]] ({{circa|1500}} to 500 BCE)<br /> ** late Old Indo-Aryan: [[Epic Sanskrit]], [[Classical Sanskrit]] ({{circa|200 CE}} to 1300 CE)<br /> ** [[Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni|Mitanni Indo-Aryan]] ({{circa|1400 BCE}})<br /> * '''[[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan]]''' or '''[[Prakrit]]s''' ({{circa|300 BCE}} to 1500 CE) <br /> ** early Jain and Buddhist texts ({{circa|6th}} or 5th century BCE)<br /> ** early Middle Indo-Aryan: e.g. Ashokan Prakrits, [[Pali]], [[Gandhari language|Gandhari]], ({{circa|300 BCE}} to 200 BCE)<br /> ** middle Middle Indo-Aryan: e.g. [[Dramatic Prakrit]]s, [[Elu]] ({{circa|200 BCE}} to 700 CE)<br /> ** late Middle Indo-Aryan: e.g. [[Abahattha]] ({{circa|700 CE}} to 1500 CE)<br /> * '''Early Modern Indo-Aryan''' (Late Medieval India): e.g. early [[Dakhini]] and emergence of the [[Dehlavi dialect]]<br /> [[File:Indo-European migrations.jpg|thumb|350px|Early [[Indo-European migrations]] from the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]]]]<br /> <br /> ==== Proto-Indo-Aryan ====<br /> {{main|Proto-Indo-Aryan language}}<br /> <br /> Proto-Indo-Aryan (or sometimes Proto-Indic{{efn|name=indic&quot;}}) is the [[Linguistic reconstruction|reconstructed]] [[proto-language]] of the Indo-Aryan languages. It is intended to reconstruct the language of the [[Indo-Aryan peoples#History|pre-Vedic Indo-Aryans]]. Proto-Indo-Aryan is meant to be the predecessor of [[#Old Indo-Aryan|Old Indo-Aryan]] (1500–300 BCE), which is directly attested as [[Vedic Sanskrit|Vedic]] and [[Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni|Mitanni-Aryan]]. Despite the great archaicity of Vedic, however, the other Indo-Aryan languages preserve a small number of [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language#Differences from Vedic|conservative features lost in Vedic]].<br /> <br /> ==== Mitanni-Aryan hypothesis ====<br /> {{main|Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni}}<br /> <br /> Some theonyms, proper names, and other terminology of the Late [[Bronze Age]] [[Mitanni]] civilisation of [[Upper Mesopotamia]] exhibit an Indo-Aryan superstrate. While what few written records left by the Mittani are either in [[Hurrian language|Hurrian]] (which appears to have been the predominant language of their kingdom) or [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] (the main [[diplomatic language]] of the Late Bronze Age Near East), these apparently Indo-Aryan names suggest that an Indo-Aryan elite imposed itself over the [[Hurrians]] in the course of the [[Indo-Aryan migration|Indo-Aryan expansion]]. If these traces are Indo-Aryan, they would be the earliest known direct evidence of Indo-Aryan, and would increase the precision in dating the split between the Indo-Aryan and Iranian languages (as the texts in which the apparent Indicisms occur can be dated with some accuracy).<br /> <br /> In a treaty between the [[Hittites]] and the Mitanni, the deities [[Mitra]], [[Varuna]], [[Indra]], and the [[Ashvins]] ([[Nasatya]]) are invoked. [[Kikkuli]]'s horse training text includes technical terms such as ''aika'' (cf. Sanskrit ''eka'', &quot;one&quot;), ''tera'' (''tri'', &quot;three&quot;), ''panza'' (''panca'', &quot;five&quot;), ''satta'' (''sapta'', seven), ''na'' (''nava'', &quot;nine&quot;), ''vartana'' (''vartana'', &quot;turn&quot;, round in the horse race). The numeral ''aika'' &quot;one&quot; is of particular importance because it places the superstrate in the vicinity of Indo-Aryan proper as opposed to Indo-Iranian in general or early Iranian (which has ''aiva'').&lt;ref&gt;Paul Thieme, The 'Aryan' Gods of the Mitanni Treaties. JAOS 80, 1960, 301–17&lt;/ref&gt; Another text has ''babru'' (''babhru'', &quot;brown&quot;), ''parita'' (''palita'', &quot;grey&quot;), and {{transliteration|mis|pinkara}} (''pingala'', &quot;red&quot;). Their chief festival was the celebration of the [[solstice]] (''vishuva'') which was common in most cultures in the ancient world. The Mitanni warriors were called ''marya'', the term for &quot;warrior&quot; in [[Sanskrit]] as well; note ''mišta-nnu'' (= ''miẓḍha'', ≈ Sanskrit ''mīḍha'') &quot;payment (for catching a fugitive)&quot; (M. Mayrhofer, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen'', Heidelberg, 1986–2000; Vol. II:358).<br /> <br /> Sanskritic interpretations of Mitanni royal names render [[Artashumara]] (''artaššumara'') as ''Ṛtasmara'' &quot;who thinks of [[Ṛta]]&quot; (Mayrhofer II 780), Biridashva (''biridašṷa, biriiašṷ''a) as ''Prītāśva'' &quot;whose horse is dear&quot; (Mayrhofer II 182), Priyamazda (''priiamazda'') as ''Priyamedha'' &quot;whose wisdom is dear&quot; (Mayrhofer II 189, II378), Citrarata as ''Citraratha'' &quot;whose chariot is shining&quot; (Mayrhofer I 553), Indaruda/Endaruta as ''Indrota'' &quot;helped by [[Indra]]&quot; (Mayrhofer I 134), Shativaza (''šattiṷaza'') as ''Sātivāja'' &quot;winning the race price&quot; (Mayrhofer II 540, 696), Šubandhu as ''Subandhu'' &quot;having good relatives&quot; (a name in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], Mayrhofer II 209, 735), Tushratta (''tṷišeratta, tušratta'', etc.) as *tṷaiašaratha, Vedic [[Tvastar]] &quot;whose chariot is vehement&quot; (Mayrhofer, Etym. Wb., I 686, I 736).<br /> <br /> ==== {{Anchor|Old Indo-Aryan}}Old Indo-Aryan ====<br /> The earliest evidence of the group is from [[Vedic Sanskrit]], which is used in the ancient preserved texts of the [[Indian subcontinent]], the foundational canon of the [[Hindu synthesis]] known as the [[Veda]]s. The [[Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni]] is of similar age to the language of the [[Rigveda]], but the only evidence of it is a few proper names and specialised loanwords.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and The Indus Civilization |last=Parpola |first=Asko |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While Old Indo-Aryan is the earliest stage of the Indo-Aryan branch, from which all known languages of the later stages Middle and New Indo-Aryan are derived, some documented Middle Indo-Aryan variants cannot fully be derived from the documented form of Old Indo-Aryan (on which Vedic and Classical Sanskrit are based), but betray features that must go back to other undocumented dialects of Old Indo-Aryan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Oberlies |first=Thomas |year=2007 |chapter=Chapter Five: Aśokan Prakrit and Pāli |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA161 |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Danesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge |page=179 |isbn=9781135797119}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From Vedic Sanskrit, &quot;[[Sanskrit]]&quot; (literally 'put together, perfected, elaborated') developed as the prestige language of culture, science and religion, as well as the court, theatre, etc. Sanskrit of the later Vedic texts is comparable to [[Classical Sanskrit]], but is largely [[mutually unintelligible]] with Vedic Sanskrit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Gombrich |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA24 |title=Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo |date=14 April 2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-90352-8 |page=24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Middle Indo-Aryan (Prakrits) ====<br /> {{Main|Middle Indo-Aryan languages}}<br /> <br /> Outside the learned sphere of Sanskrit, vernacular dialects ([[Prakrit]]s) continued to evolve. The oldest attested Prakrits are the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Jainism|Jain]] canonical languages [[Pali]] and [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit]], respectively. Inscriptions in [[Ashokan Prakrit]] were also part of this early Middle Indo-Aryan stage, developing into [[Gandhari Prakrit]] and [[Monumental Prakrit]].<br /> <br /> By medieval times, the Prakrits had diversified into various [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages]]. ''[[Apabhraṃśa]]'' is the conventional cover term for transitional dialects connecting late Middle Indo-Aryan with early modern Indo-Aryan, spanning roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. Some of these dialects showed considerable literary production; the ''Śravakacāra'' of Devasena (dated to the 930s) is now considered to be the first book written in Hindi.<br /> <br /> The next major milestone occurred with the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]] in the 13th–16th centuries. Under the flourishing [[Turco-Mongol tradition|Turco-Mongol]] [[Mughal Empire]], [[Persian language in the Indian subcontinent|Persian]] became very influential as the language of prestige of the Islamic courts due to adoption of the foreign language by the Mughal emperors.<br /> <br /> The largest languages that formed from Apabhraṃśa were [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<br /> <br /> ==== New Indo-Aryan ====<br /> ===== Medieval Hindustani =====<br /> {{Main|Hindustani language}}<br /> <br /> {{See also|History of Hindustani}}<br /> In the [[Central Zone (Hindi)|Central Zone Hindi]]-speaking areas, for a long time the [[prestige dialect]] was [[Braj Bhasha]], but this was replaced in the 13th century by [[Dehlavi dialect|Dehlavi]]-based [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]. Hindustani was strongly influenced by [[Persian language|Persian]], with these and later Sanskrit influence leading to the emergence of Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard [[Urdu]] as [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]]s of the Hindustani language.&lt;ref name=&quot;KulshreshthaMathur2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kulshreshtha |first1=Manisha |last2=Mathur |first2=Ramkumar |title=Dialect Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity: A Case Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHmARyhRoNYC&amp;pg=PA16|date=24 March 2012 |publisher=[[Springer Science &amp; Business Media]] |isbn=978-1-4614-1137-6 |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nunley1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Cultural Landscape an Introduction to Human Geography |first1=Robert E. |last1=Nunley |first2=Severin M. |last2=Roberts |first3=George W. |last3=Wubrick |first4=Daniel L. |last4=Roy |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-13-080180-7 |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wQAOGMJOqIC |quote=... Hindustani is the basis for both languages ...}}&lt;/ref&gt; This state of affairs continued until the division of the British Indian Empire in 1947, when Modern Standard Hindi became the official language in India and Modern Standard Urdu became official in Pakistan. Despite the different script the fundamental grammar remains identical, the difference is more [[sociolinguistics|sociolinguistic]] than purely linguistic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://india_resource.tripod.com/Urdu.html |title=Urdu and its Contribution to Secular Values |publisher=South Asian Voice |access-date=26 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111145027/http://india_resource.tripod.com/Urdu.html |archive-date=11 November 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mesa.ucdavis.edu/academics/languages-1/hindu-urdu |title=Hindi/Urdu Language Instruction |publisher=[[University of California]], Davis |access-date=3 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103095430/http://mesa.ucdavis.edu/academics/languages-1/hindu-urdu |archive-date=3 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ethnologue Report for Hindi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=hin |title=Ethnologue Report for Hindi |publisher=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=26 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today it is widely understood/spoken as a second or third language throughout South Asia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Otto |last=Zwartjes |title=Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550–1800 |publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing]] |date=2011 |isbn=978-9027283252}}&lt;/ref&gt; and one of the most widely known languages in the world in terms of number of speakers.<br /> <br /> === Outside the Indian subcontinent ===<br /> ==== Domari ====<br /> {{main|Domari language}}<br /> <br /> [[Domari language|Domari]] is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by older [[Dom people]] scattered across the Middle East. The language is reported to be spoken as far north as [[Azerbaijan]] and as far south as central Sudan.&lt;ref name=Matras&gt;*Matras, Y. (2012). ''A grammar of Domari''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton (Mouton Grammar Library).&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1}} Based on the systematicity of sound changes, linguists have concluded that the ethnonyms ''Domari'' and ''[[Romani people|Romani]]'' derive from the Indo-Aryan word ''ḍom''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/whatis/language/origins.shtml|title=History of the Romani language|access-date=16 July 2016|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006040538/https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk//whatis/language/origins.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Lomavren ====<br /> {{main|Lomavren language}}<br /> <br /> [[Lomavren]] is a nearly extinct [[mixed language]], spoken by the [[Lom people]], that arose from [[language contact]] between a language related to [[Romani language|Romani]] and [[Domari language|Domari]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.iranica.com/articles/gypsy-ii |title=GYPSY ii. Gypsy Dialects – Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=25 March 2015 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100935/https://www.iranica.com/articles/gypsy-ii |archive-date=2 April 2015 }} Encyclopædia Iranica&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Armenian language]].<br /> <br /> ==== Parya ====<br /> {{main|Parya language}}<br /> <br /> [[Parya language|Parya]] is spoken in [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]] by the descendants of migrants from the Indian subcontinent. The language retains many features similar to Punjabi and the Western Hindi dialects, while also bearing some influence from Tajik Persian.&lt;ref name=&quot;tiwari&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Tajuzbeki|last=Tiwari|first=Bholanath|publisher=National Publishing House|url=https://archive.org/details/Tajuzbeki-Dr.BholanathTiwari|year=1970}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Romani ====<br /> {{main|Romani language}}<br /> <br /> The Romani language is usually included in the Western Indo-Aryan languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Romani (subgroup) |work=Ethnologue |publisher=[[SIL International]] |date=n.d. |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/romani |access-date=15 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Romani varieties, which are mainly spoken throughout Europe, are noted for their relatively conservative nature; maintaining the Middle Indo-Aryan present-tense person concord markers, alongside consonantal endings for nominal case. Indeed, these features are no longer evident in most other modern Central Indo-Aryan languages. Moreover, Romani shares an innovative pattern of past-tense person, which corresponds to Dardic languages, such as Kashmiri and Shina. This is believed to be further indication that proto-Romani speakers were originally situated in central regions of the subcontinent, before migrating to northwestern regions. However, there are no known historical sources regarding the development of the Romani language specifically within India.<br /> <br /> Research conducted by nineteenth-century scholars Pott (1845) and Miklosich (1882–1888) demonstrated that the Romani language is most aptly designated as a New Indo-Aryan language (NIA), as opposed to Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA); establishing that proto-Romani speakers could not have left India significantly earlier than AD 1000.<br /> <br /> The principal argument favouring a migration during or after the transition period to NIA is the loss of the old system of nominal case, coupled with its reduction to a two-way nominative-oblique case system. A secondary argument concerns the system of gender differentiation, due to the fact that Romani has only two genders (masculine and feminine). Middle Indo-Aryan languages (named MIA) generally employed three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), and some modern Indo-Aryan languages retain this aspect today.<br /> <br /> It is suggested that loss of the neuter gender did not occur until the transition to NIA. During this process, most of the neuter nouns became masculine, while several became feminine. For example, the neuter ''aggi'' &quot;fire&quot; in Prakrit morphed into the feminine ''āg'' in Hindustani, and ''jag'' in Romani. The parallels in grammatical gender evolution between Romani and other NIA languages have additionally been cited as indications that the forerunner of Romani remained on the Indian subcontinent until a later period, possibly as late as the tenth century.<br /> <br /> ==== Sindhic migrations ====<br /> [[Kholosi]], [[Jadgali]], [[Luwati language|Luwati]], Maimani and Al Sayigh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jahdhami |first=Said Humaid Al |date=31 July 2022 |title=Maimani Language and Lawati Language: Two Sides of the Same Coin? |url=https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JML/article/view/27667 |journal=Journal of Modern Languages |language=en |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=37–57 |doi=10.22452/jml.vol32no1.3 |issn=2462-1986|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; represent offshoots of the [[Sindhi languages|Sindhic]] subfamily of Indo-Aryan that have established themselves in the [[Persian Gulf]] region, perhaps through sea-based migrations. These are of a later origin than the Rom and Dom migrations which represent a different part of Indo-Aryan as well.<br /> <br /> ==== Indentured labourer migrations ====<br /> The use by the [[British East India Company]] of indentured labourers led to the transplanting of Indo-Aryan languages around the world, leading to locally influenced lects that diverged from the source language, such as [[Fiji Hindi]] and [[Caribbean Hindustani]].<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> <br /> ==== Stop positions ====<br /> The normative system of New Indo-Aryan stops consists of five [[places of articulation]]: [[Labial consonant|labial]], [[Dental consonant|dental]], &quot;[[Retroflex consonant|retroflex]]&quot;, [[palatal consonant|palatal]], and [[velar consonant|velar]], which is the same as that of Sanskrit. The &quot;retroflex&quot; position may involve retroflexion, or curling the tongue to make the contact with the underside of the tip, or merely retraction. The point of contact may be [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] or [[postalveolar]], and the distinctive quality may arise more from the shaping than from the position of the tongue. Palatal stops have [[affricate consonant|affricate]]d release and are traditionally included as involving a distinctive tongue position (blade in contact with hard palate). Widely transcribed as {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=94}} claims {{IPA|[cʃ]}} to be a more accurate rendering.<br /> <br /> Moving away from the normative system, some languages and dialects have alveolar affricates {{IPA|[ts]}} instead of palatal, though some among them retain {{IPA|[tʃ]}} in certain positions: before [[front vowel]]s (esp. {{IPA|/i/}}), before {{IPA|/j/}}, or when [[geminate]]d. Alveolar as an ''additional'' point of articulation occurs in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Konkani people|Konkani]] where dialect mixture and others factors upset the aforementioned complementation to produce minimal environments, in some West Pahari dialects through internal developments ({{IPA|*t̪ɾ}}, {{IPA|t̪}} &gt; {{IPA|/tʃ/}}), and in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]. The addition of a [[Voiceless retroflex affricate|retroflex affricate]] to this in some [[Dardic languages]] maxes out the number of stop positions at seven (barring borrowed {{IPA|/q/}}), while a reduction to the inventory involves *ts &gt; {{IPA|/s/}}, which has happened in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]], [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] (though there have been other sources of a secondary {{IPA|/ts/}}), and Southern Mewari.<br /> <br /> Further reductions in the number of stop articulations are in Assamese and [[Romani language|Romani]], which have lost the characteristic dental/retroflex contrast, and in Chittagonian, which may lose its labial and velar articulations through [[spirantisation]] in many positions (&gt; {{IPA|[f, x]}}).<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|pp=94–95}}&lt;/ref&gt; /q x ɣ f/ are restricted to Perso-Arabic loanwords in most IA languages but they occur natively in Khowar.{{sfnp|Cardona|Jain|2003|p=932}} According to Masica (1991) some dialects of Pashayi have a /θ/ which is unusual for IA languages. Domari which is spoken in the Middle East and had high contact with Middle Eastern languages has /q ħ ʕ ʔ/ and emphatic consonants from loanwords.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=8 | Stops<br /> ! rowspan=2 | Languages<br /> |-<br /> ! {{IPAslink|p}} !! {{IPAslink|t̪}} !! {{IPAslink|ʈ}} ~ {{IPAslink|t}} !! {{IPAslink|ʈ͡ʂ}} !! {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} ~ {{IPAslink|t͡ɕ}} !! {{IPAslink|t͡s}} !! {{IPAslink|k}} !! {{IPAslink|q}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || &lt;small&gt;Khowar, Shina, Bashkarik, Kalasha&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || &lt;small&gt;Gawarbati, Phalura, Shumashti, Kanyawali, Pashai&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || &lt;small&gt;Marathi, Konkani, certain W. Pahari dialects (Bhadrawahi, Bhalesi, Mandeali, Padari, Simla, Satlej, maybe Kulu), Kashmiri, E. and N. dialects of Bengali (parts of Dhaka, Mymensingh, Rajshahi)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || &lt;small&gt;Hindustani, Punjabi, Dogri, Sindhi, Gujarati, Sinhala, Odia, Standard Bengali, dialects of Rajasthani (except Lamani, NW. Marwari, S. Mewari), Sanskrit,&lt;ref&gt;In Sanskrit, probably /cɕ/ is a more correct representation. Sometimes, only for representation, /c/ is also used.&lt;/ref&gt; Prakrit, Pali, Maithili, Magahi, Bhojpuri&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || &lt;small&gt;Romani, Domari, Kholosi&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || &lt;small&gt;Nepali, dialects of Rajasthani (Lamani and NW. Marwari), Northern Lahnda's Kagani, Kumauni, many West Pahari dialects (not Chamba Mandeali, Jaunsari, or Sirmauri)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || &lt;small&gt;Rajasthani's S. Mewari&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || &lt;small&gt;Assamese&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || &lt;small&gt;Chittagonian&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || &lt;small&gt;Sylheti&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Nasals ====<br /> Sanskrit was noted as having five [[nasal stop|nasal-stop]] articulations corresponding to its oral stops, with the palatal and velar nasals only appearing in homorganic clusters.<br /> <br /> Among modern Indo-Aryan languages, Dogri, Kacchi, Kalasha, Rudhari, Shina, Saurashtri, and Sindhi have been analysed as having this full set of phonemic nasals {{IPAslink|m}} {{IPAslink|n}} {{IPAslink|ɳ}} {{IPAslink|ɲ}} {{IPAslink|ŋ}}, with the last two generally as the result of the loss of the stop from a [[homorganic]] nasal + stop cluster ({{IPA|[ɲj]}} &gt; {{IPA|[ɲ]}} and {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} &gt; {{IPA|[ŋ]}}), though there are other sources as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|pp=95–96}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In languages that lack phonemic nasals at some places of articulation, they can still occur allophonically from place assimilation in a nasal + stop cluster, e.g. Hindustani {{IPA|/nɡ/}} &gt; {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}}. Furthermore, some nasals are restricted to certain positions as a merger of several sounds, e.g. {{IPA|[ŋ]}} being the realization of any nasal in final position in Sinhala and Dhivehi. These allophonic and derived examples are not included in the following table.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=5 | Nasals<br /> ! rowspan=2 | Languages<br /> |-<br /> ! {{IPAslink|m}} !! {{IPAslink|n}} !! {{IPAslink|ɳ}} !! {{IPAslink|ɲ}} !! {{IPAslink|ŋ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || &lt;small&gt;Dogri, Kacchi, Kalasha, Rudhari, Shina, Saurashtri, Sindhi, Saraiki&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || &lt;small&gt;Kalami, Odia, Dhundhari, Pashayi, Marwari&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || &lt;small&gt;Addu Dhivehi&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || &lt;small&gt;Sinhala, Malé Dhivehi{{efn|Unclear status of /ɲ/}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || &lt;small&gt;Gujarati, Kashmiri, Marathi, Punjabi, Marwari, Hindi&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || &lt;small&gt;Nepali&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || &lt;small&gt;Sylheti, Assamese, Bengali&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || &lt;small&gt;Urdu, Romani, Domari&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Aspiration and breathy-voice ====<br /> Most Indo-Aryan languages have contrastive [[Aspirated consonant|aspiration]] ({{IPA|/ʈ/ ~ /ʈʰ/}}), and some retain historical [[breathy voice]] on voiced consonants ({{IPA|/ɖ/ ~ /ɖʱ/}}). Sometimes both phenomena are analysed as a single aspiration contrast. The places and manners of articulation which allow contrastive aspiration vary by language; e.g. Sindhi permits phonemic {{IPA|/mʱ/}}, but the phonemic status of this sound in Hindustani is uncertain, and many &quot;Dardic&quot; languages lack aspirated retroflex sibilants despite having unaspirated equivalents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|pp=101–102}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In languages that have lost breathy-voice, the contrast has often been replaced with tone.<br /> <br /> ==== Regional developments ====<br /> Some of these are mentioned in {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|pp=104–105}}.<br /> <br /> * '''[[Implosive consonant|Implosives]]''': Languages in the [[Sindhi languages|Sindhic]] subfamily, as well as [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], western [[Marwari language|Marwari]] dialects, and some dialects of Gujarati have developed implosive consonants from historical intervocalic geminates and word-initial stops. Sindhi has a full implosive series except for the dental implosive: {{IPA|/ɠ ʄ ᶑ ɓ/}}. It has been claimed that [[Wadiyari Koli]] has the dental implosive too. Other languages have less complete implosive series, e.g. Kacchi has just {{IPA|/ᶑ ɓ/}}.<br /> * '''[[Prenasalized stops]]''': Sinhala and Maldivian (Dhivehi) have a series of prenasalised stops covering all places except for palatal: {{IPA|/ᵐb ⁿd ᶯɖ ᵑɡ/}}.<br /> * '''[[Palatalization (phonetics)|Palatalization]]''': Kashmiri (natively) and some Romani dialects (from contact with Slavic languages) have contrastive palatalisation.<br /> * '''[[ɬ|Voiceless lateral]]''' In Gawarbati, some Pashai dialects, partly Bashkarik and some Shina dialects have /ɬ/ from clusters of tr kr or sometimes pr; dr gr and br merged with /l/ in these languages.<br /> * '''[[Lateral affricate]]s''': [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]] has an unusual series of lateral retroflex affricates ({{IPA|/ʈ͡ꞎ ɖ͡ɭ ɖ͡ɭʱ/}} derived from historical {{IPA|/Cɾ/}} clusters.<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> Vowel typologies are varied across Indo-Aryan due to diachronic mergers and (in some cases) splits, as well as different accounts by linguists for even the widely-spoken languages. Vowel systems per {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|pp=108–113}} are listed below. Many languages also have phonemic nasal vowels.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! <br /> ! Vowels<br /> ! Languages<br /> |-<br /> | 16 || {{IPA|/iː i eː e ɨː ɨ əː ə aː a ɔː ɔ oː o uː u/}} || Kashmiri<br /> |-<br /> | 14 || {{IPA|/ɪ iː ʊ uː e eː ə~ɐ əː o oː æ~ɛ a aː ɔ/}} || Maithili<br /> |-<br /> | 13 || {{IPA|/iː i eː e æː æ aː a ə oː o uː u/}} || Sinhala<br /> |-<br /> | 10 || {{IPA|/i ɪ e ɛ &amp;middot; a ə &amp;middot; ɔ o ʊ u/}} || Hindustani, Punjabi, Sindhi, Kacchi, Hindko, Rajasthani (most varieties)<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | 9 || {{IPA|/i ɪ e æ~ɛ &amp;middot; a ə &amp;middot; o ʊ u/}} || W. Pahari (Dogri, Rudhari, Mandeali, Pangwali, Khashali, Churahi), Saraiki<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/i ɪ e &amp;middot; a ə &amp;middot; ɔ o ʊ u/}} || W. Pahari (Shodochi, Surkhuli)<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/i ɪ e ɛ &amp;middot; a &amp;middot; ɔ o ʊ u/}} || W. Pahari (Jaunsari, Shoracholi, Kullui)<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | 8 || {{IPA|/i e ɛ &amp;middot; a ə &amp;middot; ɔ o u/}} || Gujarati<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/i e ɛ a &amp;middot; ɒ ɔ o u/}} || Assamese<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/i ɪ e &amp;middot; a ə &amp;middot; o ʊ u/}} || Halbi, Bhatri, W. Pahari (Garhwali, Chameali, Gaddi)<br /> |-<br /> | 7 || {{IPA|/i e æ &amp;middot; a &amp;middot; ɔ o u/}} || Bengali<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | 6 || {{IPA|/i e a &amp;middot; ɔ o u/}} || Odia, Bishnupriya Manipuri<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/i e &amp;middot; a ə &amp;middot; o u/}} || Marathi, Lambadi, Sadri/Sadani<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|/i e &amp;middot; a ʌ &amp;middot; o u/}} || Nepali<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || {{IPA|/i e &amp;middot; a &amp;middot; o u/}} || Romani (European dialects)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[Sylheti language]] is one of the few [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal]] Indo-Aryan languages, others being Punjabi and a few Dardic languages. The vowels of Sylheti language listed below.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mahanta |first1=Shakuntala |last2=Gope |first2=Amalesh |date=1 September 2018 |title=Tonal polarity in Sylheti in the context of noun faithfulness |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0388000117302851 |journal=Language Sciences |language=en |volume=69 |pages=81 |doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2018.06.010 |s2cid=149759441 |issn=0388-0001|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! <br /> ! Vowels<br /> ! Languages<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || {{IPA|/i e &amp;middot; a &amp;middot; ɔ u/}} || Sylheti<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Charts ===<br /> The following are consonant systems of major and representative New Indo-Aryan languages, mostly following {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|pp=106–107}}, though here they are in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]. Parentheses indicate those consonants found only in loanwords: square brackets indicate those with &quot;very low functional load&quot;. The arrangement is roughly geographical.<br /> <br /> {|<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center;&quot; <br /> |<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px solid black&quot;<br /> |+ Romani<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|(ts)}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|pʲ}} || {{IPA|tʲ}} || {{IPA|kʲ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|(dz)}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}} || {{IPA|bʲ}} || {{IPA|dʲ}} || {{IPA|ɡʲ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|tʰ}} || || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || {{IPA|nʲ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|(f)}} || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|(fʲ)}} || {{IPA|sʲ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|(z)}} || || {{IPA|ʒ}} || {{IPA|ɦ}} || {{IPA|vʲ}} || {{IPA|zʲ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|ɾ}} || {{IPA|l}} || || || || {{IPA|lʲ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || || || {{IPA|j}}<br /> |}<br /> |<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px solid black&quot;<br /> |+ Shina<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|tʂ}} || {{IPA|k}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɖʐ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|tʂʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} || || {{IPA|ɲ}} || || {{IPA|ŋ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|(f)}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|ʂ}} || || {{IPA|ɕ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || || {{IPA|ʑ}} || || {{IPA|ɦ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɽ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|w}} || || || || {{IPA|j}}<br /> |}<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px solid black&quot;<br /> |+ Kashmiri<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|pʲ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʲ}} || {{IPA|ʈʲ}} || {{IPA|tsʲ}} || {{IPA|kʲ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}} || {{IPA|bʲ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɖʲ}} || || {{IPA|ɡʲ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}} || {{IPA|pʲʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʲʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʲʰ}} || {{IPA|tsʲʰ}} || {{IPA|kʲʰ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || || || {{IPA|ɲ}} || || {{IPA|mʲ}} || {{IPA|nʲ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|s}} || || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || || {{IPA|sʲ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|z}} || || || || {{IPA|ɦ}} || || {{IPA|zʲ}} || || || {{IPA|ɦʲ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ɾʲ lʲ}} ||<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|w}} || || || || {{IPA|j}} || || {{IPA|wʲ}}<br /> |}<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center;&quot; <br /> |<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px solid black&quot;<br /> |+ Saraiki<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dʒʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|ɓ}} || || {{IPA|ɗ}} || {{IPA|ʄ}} || {{IPA|ɠ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} || {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|mʱ}} || {{IPA|nʱ}} || {{IPA|ɳʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|(ʃ)}} || {{IPA|(x)}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|(z)}} || || || {{IPA|(ɣ) ɦ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɽ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|ɾʱ lʱ}} || {{IPA|ɽʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|w}} || || || {{IPA|j}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|wʱ}}<br /> |}<br /> |<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px solid black&quot;<br /> |+ Punjabi<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|pʼ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʼ}} || {{IPA|ʈʼ}} || {{IPA|tʃʼ}} || {{IPA|kʼ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} || {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|(f)}} || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|(z)}} || || || {{IPA|ɦ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɽ ɭ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|[w]}} || || || {{IPA|[j]}}<br /> |}<br /> |<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px solid black&quot;<br /> |+ Nepali<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|k}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dz}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dzʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|s}} || || || || {{IPA|ɦ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|ɾ l}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|[w]}} || || || {{IPA|[j]}}<br /> |}<br /> |<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px solid black&quot;<br /> |+ Sylheti&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference |url=https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0630.pdf |title=An Acoustic Analysis of Sylheti Phonemes |last1=Gope |first1=Amalesh |last2=Mahanta |first2=Shakuntala |date=2015 |location=Glasgow |conference=ICPhS 2015 |access-date=11 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || ||<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || || {{IPA|ɡ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|ɸ}} || {{IPA|s}} || || {{nbsp}}ʃ{{nbsp}} || {{IPA|x}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|z}} || || || {{IPA|ɦ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|r l}} || <br /> |-<br /> | || || || <br /> |}<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center;&quot; <br /> |<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px solid black&quot;<br /> |+ Sindhi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Pandey |first=Anshuman |title=Proposal to Encode the Sindhi Script in ISO/IEC 10646 |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n3871.pdf |access-date=11 November 2022 |date=10 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dʒʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|ɓ}} || || {{IPA|ɗ}} || {{IPA|ʄ}} || {{IPA|ɠ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} || {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|mʱ}} || {{IPA|nʱ}} || {{IPA|ɳʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|(f)}} || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|(ʃ)}} || {{IPA|(x)}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|(z)}} || || || {{IPA|(ɣ) ɦ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɽ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || || {{IPA|ɾʱ lʱ}} || {{IPA|ɽʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|w}} || || || {{IPA|j}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|wʱ}}<br /> |}<br /> |<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px solid black&quot;<br /> |+ Marwari<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dʒʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|ɓ}} || {{IPA|ɗ̪}} || {{IPA|ɗ}} || || {{IPA|ɠ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|mʱ}} || {{IPA|nʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|s}} || || || {{IPA|ɦ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɽ ɭ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|w}} || || || {{IPA|j}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|wʱ}}<br /> |}<br /> |<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px solid black&quot;<br /> |+Hindustani<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}}<br /> |{{IPA|(q)}}|| {{IPA|k}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}}<br /> |{{IPA|(ɣ)}}<br /> | {{IPA|ɡ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}}<br /> |{{IPA|(x)}}|| {{IPA|kʰ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dʒʱ}}<br /> | || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}}<br /> |{{IPA|(ɳ)}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|(f)}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|(ʂ)}}<br /> | {{IPA|ʃ}}<br /> |{{IPA|(ʒ)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|(z)}} || || <br /> | || {{IPA|ɦ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|[r] ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɽ}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | || || {{IPA|ɽʱ}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|ʋ}}<br /> {{IPA|[w]}}<br /> | || || {{IPA|j}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> |<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px solid black&quot;<br /> |+ Assamese<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|k}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|g}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|tʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|dʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}<br /> |-<br /> || || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|x}}<br /> |-<br /> || || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ɦ}}<br /> |-<br /> || || {{IPA|ɹ l}} || <br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|[w]}}<br /> |}<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center;&quot; <br /> |<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px solid black&quot;<br /> |+ Bengali<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dʒʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|[s]}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}}|| {{IPA|ɦ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|[z]}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɽ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || || {{IPA|[ɽʱ]}}<br /> |-<br /> | || || || {{IPA|[j]}}<br /> |}&lt;!--<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center;&quot; --&gt;<br /> |<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px solid black&quot;<br /> |+ Gujarati<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dʒʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|mʱ}} || {{IPA|nʱ}} || {{IPA|ɳʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ɦ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɭ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|ɾʱ lʱ}} || || <br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|w}} || || || {{IPA|j}}<br /> |}<br /> |<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px solid black&quot;<br /> |+ Marathi<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dz}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dzʱ}} || {{IPA|dʒʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|mʱ}} || {{IPA|nʱ}} || {{IPA|ɳʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|s}} || || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ɦ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɭ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|ɾʱ lʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|w}} || || || {{IPA|j}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|wʱ}}<br /> |}<br /> |<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px solid black&quot;<br /> |+ Odia<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dʒʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|s}} || || || {{IPA|ɦ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|[ɽ] ɭ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || || {{IPA|[ɽʱ]}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|[w]}} || || || {{IPA|[j]}}<br /> |}<br /> |<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; border:1px solid black&quot;<br /> |+ Sinhala<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|ᵐb}} || {{IPA|ⁿ̪d}} || {{IPA|ᶯɖ}} || || {{IPA|ᵑɡ}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || || {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|s}} || || || {{IPA|ɦ}}<br /> |-<br /> | || {{IPA|ɾ l}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|w}} || || || {{IPA|j}}<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Sociolinguistics ==<br /> <br /> === Register ===<br /> In many Indo-Aryan languages, the literary register is often more archaic and utilises a different lexicon (Sanskrit or Perso-Arabic) than spoken vernacular. One example is Bengali's high literary form, [[Sadhu bhasha|Sādhū bhāṣā]], as opposed to the more modern [[Calita bhasa|Calita bhāṣā]] (Cholito-bhasha).{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=57}} This distinction approaches [[diglossia]].<br /> <br /> === Language and dialect ===<br /> In the context of South Asia, the choice between the appellations [[Language or dialect|&quot;language&quot; and &quot;dialect&quot;]] is a difficult one, and any distinction made using these terms is obscured by their ambiguity. In one general colloquial sense, a language is a &quot;developed&quot; dialect: one that is standardised, has a written tradition and enjoys [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|social prestige]]. As there are degrees of development, the boundary between a language and a dialect thus defined is not clear-cut, and there is a large middle ground where assignment is contestable.<br /> There is a second meaning of these terms, in which the distinction is drawn on the basis of linguistic similarity. Though seemingly a &quot;proper&quot; linguistics sense of the terms, it is still problematic: methods that have been proposed for quantifying difference (for example, based on [[mutual intelligibility]]) have not been seriously applied in practice; and any relationship established in this framework is relative.{{sfn|Masica|1991|pp=23–27}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Indo-Aryans]]<br /> * [[Iranic languages]]<br /> * [[Proto-Vedic Continuity]]<br /> * [[Brahmic scripts|The family of Brahmic scripts]]<br /> * [[Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil]]<br /> * [[Dravidian languages]]<br /> * [[Languages of Bangladesh]]<br /> * [[Languages of India]]<br /> * [[Maldives#Languages|Languages of Maldives]]<br /> * [[Languages of Nepal]]<br /> * [[Languages of Pakistan]]<br /> * [[Languages of Sri Lanka]]<br /> * [[Languages of South Asia]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> *Morgenstierne, Georg. &quot;Early Iranic Influence upon Indo-Aryan.&quot; Acta Iranica, I. série, Commemoration Cyrus. Vol. I. Hommage universel (1974): 271–279.<br /> * [[John Beames]], ''A comparative grammar of the modern Aryan languages of India: to wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, and Bangali''. Londinii: Trübner, 1872–1879. 3 vols.<br /> * Madhav Deshpande (1979). ''Sociolinguistic attitudes in India: An historical reconstruction''. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers. {{ISBN|0-89720-007-1}}, {{ISBN|0-89720-008-X}} (pbk).<br /> * [[Byomkes Chakrabarti|Chakrabarti, Byomkes]] (1994). ''A comparative study of Santali and Bengali''. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi &amp; Co. {{ISBN|81-7074-128-9}}<br /> * Erdosy, George. (1995). ''The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity''. Berlin: [[Walter de Gruyter]]. {{ISBN|3-11-014447-6}}.<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://homepages.fh-giessen.de/kausen/klassifikationen/Indogermanisch.doc |first=Ernst |last=Kausen |date=2006 |title=Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)}}<br /> * Kobayashi, Masato.; &amp; [[George Cardona]] (2004). ''Historical phonology of old Indo-Aryan consonants''. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. {{ISBN|4-87297-894-3}}.<br /> * {{Citation |last=Masica |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Masica |year=1991 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |place= Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&amp;q=indo-aryan+languages}}.<br /> * Misra, Satya Swarup. (1980). ''Fresh light on Indo-European classification and chronology''. Varanasi: Ashutosh Prakashan Sansthan.<br /> * Misra, Satya Swarup. (1991–1993). ''The Old-Indo-Aryan, a historical &amp; comparative grammar'' (Vols. 1–2). Varanasi: Ashutosh Prakashan Sansthan.<br /> * Sen, Sukumar. (1995). ''Syntactic studies of Indo-Aryan languages''. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Foreign Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.<br /> * Vacek, Jaroslav. (1976). ''The sibilants in Old Indo-Aryan: A contribution to the history of a linguistic area''. Prague: Charles University.<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/19991007065656/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/1335/Lang/prakrit.html The Indo-Aryan languages], 25 October 2009<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141029054109/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20Indo-Aryan%20Languages_Masica.pdf The Indo-Aryan languages] Colin P.Masica <br /> * [http://web.mit.edu/rbhatt/www/24.956/l1.pdf Survey of the syntax of the modern Indo-Aryan languages] (Rajesh Bhatt), 7 February 2003.<br /> <br /> {{Indo-European languages}}<br /> {{Indo-Iranian languages}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Indo-Aryan Languages}}<br /> [[Category:Indo-European languages]]<br /> [[Category:Indo-Aryan languages| ]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mullapudi_Venkata_Ramana&diff=457387 2026-02-27T19:09:32Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: update references based on references and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian writer}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Family name hatnote|Mullapudi|lang=Telugu}}<br /> {{infobox writer<br /> | name = Mullapudi Venkata Ramana<br /> | image = Mullapudi Award.jpg<br /> | caption = Mayor [[Sabbam Hari]] (left) presenting Raja-Lakshmi Award to Mullapudi (centre) in 1995<br /> | birth_date = 28 June 1931<br /> | birth_place = [[Rajahmundry]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]&lt;br/&gt;(present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2011|2|24|1931|6|28}}<br /> | death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | occupation = Writer<br /> | years_active = 1960-2011<br /> }}<br /> '''Mullapudi Venkata Ramana''' (28 June 1931 – 24 February 2011) was an Indian writer known for his work in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language. Noted for his humorous and metaphorical style of writing, Mullapudi received [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]] from the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] in 1986 for his contributions to [[Telugu cinema]] and he also won six [[Nandi Awards]].<br /> <br /> Mullapudi is noted for his association with [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]], who both worked together as Bapu–Ramana. The director–writer duo went onto make many successful films such as ''[[Bangaru Pichika]]'' (1968), [[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|''Andala Ramudu'']] (1973), [[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1971 film)|''Sampoorna Ramayanam'']] (1973), ''[[Mutyala Muggu]]'' (1975), ''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]'' (1993), ''[[Mister Pellam]]'' (1995), and ''[[Radha Gopalam]]'' (2005). He is also an essayist and [[cartoonist]] who is known for creating [[Budugu]], a character considered as a corner stone for Telugu [[children's literature]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-03-13|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 – 2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 – 2008)|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|access-date=3 January 2021|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information &amp; Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|page=74|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Mullapudi Venkata Ramana was born in middle-class traditional family and his childhood mostly spent in a tiny village called [[Dowleswaram]] near [[Rajahmundry]], Andhra Pradesh. Mullapudi had one elder sister and a younger brother. It was a happy family with no troubles until his father expired when Mullapudi was 9 years old.&lt;ref&gt;[http://telugu.greatandhra.com/mbs/nov2010/edharu_part3_1.php Ramana's stories by MBS Prasad]&lt;/ref&gt; This turned their status upside down and they shifted to [[Chennai]] (called [[Madras]] in those days) for better opportunities. Mullapudi's mother Mrs. Adilakshmi took all the pains to raise the family in such situation. Mullapudi's education and career happened in Madras. During his study days, he had shown penchant for literature in Telugu and inclination in writing up short, effective storylines.<br /> <br /> During the same period, he got a good friend in [[Bapu (director)|'Bapu']]. Their friendship was unconditional and mutually expending talents as Mullapudi is good at write-ups whereas Bapu is good at painting and caricature drawing. Soon they excelled in their talents and gave some of the most admirable Telugu films later in their life.<br /> <br /> ''Katha Ramaneeyam' Part-1'' having around 40 stories off 8 chapters each of them representing one of Navarasams (Nine emotions each human has). Some of them were made Films later viz. Seetha Kalyanam, Bhogimanta, Swayamvaram etc..<br /> <br /> ''Katha Ramaneeyam' Part-2'' having about 45 stories some of which representing Indian middle-class' tryst with life in hilarious way. While others pointing out the superstitions in our society, treatment of underprivileged in society which are definitely thought provoking.<br /> <br /> ''Runanandalahiri'' is representation of average Indians, leading life in the times of inflation, joblessness, less privileged society and their tryst with their lives' problems. Mullapudi himself suffered such upsets in his life and even frank enough that some characters inspired from his own sufferings but dealt with in a humorous way.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> After completing SSLC in Madras, Mullapudi had to do many odd jobs before starting as a reporter for then-popular newspaper ''[[Andhra Patrika]]'' in 1953.&lt;ref&gt;[http://telugu.greatandhra.com/mbs/nov2010/vikra_part1.php Vikramarkudi marku simhasanam kathalu preview by MBS Prasad]&lt;/ref&gt; Here he got the opportunity to interact with eminent writers of Telugu literature like [[Nanduri Ramamohana Rao]], [[Pilaka Ganapati Sastri]], [[Surampudi Seetaram]] etc. who were working for the same newspaper.<br /> <br /> Sri. Mullapudi was first working for the &quot;Daily&quot; section of the newspaper and then shifted to &quot;Weekly&quot; section. While working here, his stories for children in the name of 'Budugu' (lil kid) were published and became very popular. He authored these stories to present the views of the little kids off their elders in the family. These stories are humorous, informative, knowledgeable to children and at the same time helping the elderly to know the thought process of their kids. Later, these stories were published in the form of a book, which was well received.<br /> <br /> While writing for the &quot;Cinema Page&quot; section in the paper, Mullapudi's short and crisp writing helped him to gain popularity for his film reviews. That was the same time when he got introduced to film industry and befriended the famous stars of film fraternity. He got introduced to some great directors of those times, Adurthi SubbaRao and Dundi, who encouraged him to work for films. ''RakthaSambandam'' was his first break as a writer; since then he never lagged in his progress as story, screenplay, dialogue writer.<br /> <br /> ===Films===<br /> <br /> Mullapudi's writing talent highlighted with his movie reviews and stories he wrote for films. Some of the initial films for story, screenplay dialogue ''Velugu needalu'', ''Kanney manasulu'' were runaway hits, that has kept Mullapudi in good stead. ''Mooga manasulu'', ''Bharya Bharthalu'', ''Velugu Needalu'' and ''Teney manasulu'' have firmly established him as story writer. Some of these films had ANR (Akkineni NageswarRao) in the lead and their association brought their talent to the fore.<br /> <br /> Soon, he became sought after film story writer and gave up his journalist job at ''Andhra Patrika''. He partnered with his childhood friend Bapu and co-produced their first film ''Sakshi'' featuring actor Krishna which got accolades for its storyline and direction.<br /> <br /> ''Bhakta Kannappa'' (great disciple of 'Lord Siva') with actor Krishnam Raju, who was till then doing villain roles, was a huge hit and gave him stardom. However, the milestone in his career is ''Sampurna Ramayanam'' (Ramayan epic) which featured Shoban Babu as Lord Rama turned out to be a major hit and is a masterpiece of Telugu films which is the best representation of the epic 'Ramayana' till today. The music of this film is ever popular and is played in festivals and functions.<br /> <br /> ===Association with Bapu===<br /> <br /> Mullapudi's association with [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] has a 60-year career plan. They first met in 1942 in P.S. High School, Madras where they studied V and VI level and then continued schooling at Kesari High School. Mullapudi's first short story &quot;Amma Maata Vinakapothe&quot; was published in 1945 in ''Bala'', a children's magazine published by Radio Annayya (Nyayapathi Raghava Rao). He was 14 then. Bapu illustrated the story. His paintings were liked and that was the beginning of their long-standing association.<br /> <br /> While Bapu achieved much of his fame sticking to a subtle style of artistic elegance, Mullapudi announced his entry through a bunch of talkative characters, who try to make no sense out of the sensible world around them, because of their askew point of view. Beginning as an illustrator-story writer team and then turning into a film-director-writer duo, they have contributed immensely to the enrichment of Telugu cultural ethos through literature and cinema<br /> <br /> Mullapudi provided an able foil, providing script/dialogue that suited Bapu's visuals and this celebrated friendship and professional association made some very meaningful social films that were decent hits like ''Radha Kalyanam'', ''Vamsa Vruksham'', ''Pelli Pustakam'', ''Mr. Pellam'', ''Sundarakanda'', and ''Radhaagopalam''.<br /> <br /> ''MuthyalaMuggu'' is one of the path-breaking films of yesteryear as the characters and story are even relevant today. This film launched Ravu Gopalarao in a negative role who soon became most sought-after actor in negative roles for next 20 years. The dialogues by Mullapudi were a runaway hit with all generations alike and popular even now.<br /> <br /> Mullapudi translated the [[Thiruppavai]] written by the Tamil Vaishnavite saint [[Andal]] into Telugu as ''Melupalukula Melukolupu.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan|date=2019-12-27|title=Telugu touch to Thiruppavai goes digital|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-hindu-friday-review/article30413239.ece|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; This translation used Bapu's illustrations for each translated verse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> <br /> During the years 1985–90, Mullapudi and Bapu made videos for school subjects for children on television. At the behest of then the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh Dr. N.T RamaRao, Bapu-Ramana made these education videos which were aired by Doordarshan in Telugu were very popular. The same were later dubbed and aired by National Doordarshan. A.R. Rahaman, the present day music maestro, was then an upcoming drummer, providing background music for few of these videos.<br /> <br /> In this millennium, the magic of the Bapu-Ramana combination provided their expertise for the mega mythology serial ''Bhagavatham'' on ETV. Etv Sri Bhagavatam serial cast : Arun Govil as Dasavatara and Maha Vishnu, Sunil Kumar Sharma as Rama and Krishna, Gargi Roy Chaudhury as Sita and Rukhmini, Sharmilee Raj as SatyaBhama and Bhudevi, Bhavana as Jambavati, Sana as Yashodha, AVS as Narada, etc.,. It was well received by audience and firmly scaled up TRPs for the channel. Also directed Sri Venkateswara Vaibhavam for SVBC-TTD Channel by Bapu Ramana with SaiKiran, Mounica, Ashmita.<br /> <br /> ==Autobiography==<br /> <br /> ''Kothi Kommachi'', ''Inkothi Kommachi'' and ''Mukkothi Kommachi'' are Mullapudi's three-volume autobiography in books and audio forms. Just like the titles, the story keep hopping timelines and incidents. To put it in Mullapudi's own words, &quot;it is like a monkey hopping from one branch to another branch.&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> <br /> Though Mullapudis' career has many faces – journalist, story teller, film critic, film story writer, dialogue writer and a popular film personality who represented a genre that produced the finest work in film arts, literature, journalism – many are dissatisfied that he has not been nominated for Padma awards, instituted by Government of India. His humble background and disinclination to associate with any political party could have been the reason for this.<br /> <br /> However, he received endless appreciation of the Telugu people for his excellent work and has made a respectable place in their hearts. He is one of those who kept the flag of Telugu pride flying high.<br /> <br /> * He was felicitated with [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]] for excellence in Films in 1986 instituted by the state of A.P.<br /> * Received Honorary Doctorate awarded by Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati.<br /> * He was awarded the [[Raja-Lakshmi Literary Award]] for 1995 from [[Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation]], Chennai.<br /> <br /> ;[[Nandi Awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information &amp; Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Second Best Story Writer]] – [[Poola Rangadu (1967 film)|Poola Rangadu]] (1967) <br /> * [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Best Story Writer]] – [[Kathanayakudu (1969 film)|Kathanayakudu]] (1969) <br /> * [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Second Best Story Writer]] – [[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]] (1973)<br /> * [[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]] – [[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pusthakam]] (1991)<br /> * [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film – Silver]] – [[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pusthakam]] (1991)<br /> * [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Second Best Story Writer]] – [[Mister Pellam]] (1993)<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Mullapudi died of old-age related illness in Chennai on 24 February 2011. At the time of the death, he just completed the work for another mythological film ''Sri RamaRajyam''.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> This is partial list of his films. Kindly help expanding it.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Credits<br /> |-<br /> | 1960 || ''[[Rakta Sambandham (1962 film)|Rakta Sambandham]]'' || Dialogues<br /> |-<br /> | 1961 || ''[[Iddaru Mitrulu (1961 film)|Iddaru Mitrulu]]'' || Dialogues<br /> |-<br /> | 1963 || ''[[Mooga Manasulu]]'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1964 || ''[[Velugu Needalu]]'' || Dialogues<br /> |-<br /> | 1964 || ''Daagudu Mootalu'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1965 || ''[[Preminchi Choodu (1965 film)|Preminchi Choodu]]'' || Dialogues <br /> |-<br /> | 1965 || ''[[Tene Manasulu]]'' || Story and Dialogues <br /> |-<br /> | 1966 || ''Kanne Manasulu'' || Story and Dialogues<br /> |-<br /> | 1966 || ''[[Navarathri]]'' || Dialogues<br /> |-<br /> | 1967 || ''[[Poola Rangadu (1967 film)|Poola Rangadu]]'' || Story<br /> |-<br /> | 1967 || ''Prana Mitrulu'' || Story and Dialogues <br /> |-<br /> | 1967 || ''[[Sakshi (1967 film)|Saakshi]]'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1968 || ''[[Bangaru Pichika]]'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1969 || ''[[Buddhimantudu]]'' || Story and Screenplay<br /> |-<br /> | 1969 || ''[[Kathanayakudu (1969 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' || Story <br /> |-<br /> | 1970 || ''[[Balaraju Katha]]'' || Dialogues<br /> |-<br /> | 1971 || ''Bhale Rangadu'' || Story<br /> |-<br /> | 1971 || ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1971 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1972 || ''[[Kathanayakudu (1972 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' || Story<br /> |-<br /> | 1973 || ''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]''|| Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1975 || ''[[Muthyala Muggu]]'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1976 || ''[[Bhakta Kannappa]]'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1976 || ''[[Seetha Kalyanam (1976 film)|Seetha Kalyanam]]'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1978 || ''[[Gorantha Deepam]]'' || Story, Screenplay and Dialugues<br /> |-<br /> | 1978 || ''[[Mana Voori Pandavulu]]'' || Dialogues<br /> |-<br /> | 1980 || ''Kaliyuga Ravanaasurudu'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1980 || ''Rajadhi Raju'' || Story, Screenplay and Dialogues<br /> |-<br /> | 1980 || ''[[Vamsa Vruksham]]'' || Screenplay and Dialogues<br /> |-<br /> | 1981 || ''[[Radha Kalyanam (1981 film)|Radha Kalyanam]]'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1981 || ''[[Tyagayya (1981 film)|Tyagayya]]'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1982 || ''[[Pelleedu Pillalu]]'' || Story and Dialogues <br /> |-<br /> | 1983 || ''[[Manthrigari Viyyankudu]]'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1985 || ''[[Bullet (1985 film)|Bullet]]'' || Story, Screenplay and Dialogues<br /> |-<br /> | 1985 || ''Jackie'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1986 || ''Kalyana Tamboolam'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1991 || ''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pusthakam]]'' || Dialogues, Screenplay and Dialogues<br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || ''[[Mr. Pellam]]'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || ''[[Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhowmudu]]'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || ''Pelli Koduku'' || Writer<br /> |- <br /> | 1996 || ''[[Rambantu]]'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 1999 || ''[[Panchadara Chilaka]]'' || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 2004 || ''[[Xtra (film)|Xtra]]'' || Music director<br /> |-<br /> | 2005 || ''[[Radha Gopalam]]'' || Story, Screenplay and Dialogues<br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || ''[[Sundarakanda (2008 film)|Sundarakanda]]'' || Story, Screenplay and Dialogues<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'' || Story and Dialogues<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Bapu-ramana/134126756633596]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080905072824/http://www.bapubomma.com/bapuramana.htm Bapu Ramana]<br /> * {{IMDb name|0611971}}<br /> * [http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/realstars/bapu-ramana.html Idlebrain Article]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170921035947/http://kothikommachi.com/ Kothi Kommachi]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{Raghupathi Venkaiah Award Recipients}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ramana, Mullapudi Venkata}}<br /> [[Category:1931 births]]<br /> [[Category:2011 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from East Godavari district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian humorists]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu writers]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film critics]]<br /> [[Category:Indian journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:People from East Godavari district]]<br /> [[Category:People from Rajahmundry]]<br /> [[Category:People from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cartoonists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian essayists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian children's writers]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=KSR_Bangalore%E2%80%93Bhagat_Ki_Kothi_Express_(via_Ballari)&diff=507148 2026-02-27T00:59:04Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Done!</p> <hr /> <div>{{One source<br /> | date = January 2021<br /> }}<br /> {{Short description|Train in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | name = Bhagat Ki Kothi–KSR Bengaluru Express<br /> | image =<br /> | caption =<br /> | type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br /> | locale = [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]] &amp; [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | first =<br /> | last =<br /> | operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]<br /> | ridership =<br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Bhagat Ki Kothi}} (BGKT)<br /> | stops = 29<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|KSR Bengaluru}} (SBC)<br /> | distance = {{convert|2177|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 47 hours 40 mins<br /> | frequency = Weekly<br /> | class = AC 1 tier, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack =<br /> | catering = Pantry car, &lt;br&gt; E-catering, &lt;br&gt; On-board catering<br /> | observation = Large windows<br /> | entertainment =<br /> | baggage =<br /> | otherfacilities =<br /> | stock = [[LHB coach]]<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br /> | electrification =<br /> | trainnumber = 16533 / 16534<br /> | speed = {{convert|46|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average with halts<br /> | map =<br /> | map_state =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The 16533 / 16534 '''KSR Bengaluru–Bhagat Ki Kothi Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[South Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Bhagat Ki Kothi}} and {{stnlnk|KSR Bengaluru}} in India.<br /> <br /> It operates as train number 16533 from KSR Bengaluru to Bhagat Ki Kothi and as train number 16534 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;dcd=7724&amp;id=0,5,268], ''South Central Railways'', 14 September 2016&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Coach composition==<br /> <br /> The train has LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130&amp;nbsp;km/h. The train consists of 26 coaches:<br /> * 1 AC First Class<br /> * 3 AC II Tier<br /> * 4 AC III Tier<br /> * 11 Sleeper coaches<br /> * 1 Pantry Car<br /> * 4 General Unreserved<br /> * 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake<br /> <br /> As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| Loco<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 1<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 2<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 3<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 4<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 5<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 6<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 7<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 8<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 9<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 10<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 11<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 12<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 13<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 14<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 15<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 16<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 17<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 18<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 19<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 20<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 21<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 22<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 23<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 24<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 25<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;| 26<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||SLR||GEN||GEN||H1||A1||A2||A3||B1||B2||B3||B4||S1||S2||PC||S3||S4||S5||S6||S7||S8||S9||S10||S11||GEN||GEN||SLR<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Service==<br /> * 16533/ Bhagat Ki Kothi–KSR Bengaluru Express covers the distance of {{convert|2177|km|0|abbr=on}} in 47 hours 35&amp;nbsp;mins (46&amp;nbsp;km/h).<br /> * The 16534/ KSR Bengaluru–Bhagat Ki Kothi Express covers the distance of {{convert|2177|km|0|abbr=on}} in 47 hours 50&amp;nbsp;mins (46&amp;nbsp;km/h).<br /> <br /> As the average speed of the train is lower than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge.<br /> <br /> ==Routing==<br /> <br /> The 16533 / 34 Bhagat Ki kothi-KSR Bengaluru Express runs from Bhagat Ki Kothi via {{stnlnk|Luni Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Marwar Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bharuch Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Surat}}, {{stnlnk|Vasai Road}}, {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Belagavi}}, <br /> [[Hubballi Junction railway station|Hubballi Junction]], {{stnlnk|Ballari Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Guntakal Junction}}<br /> {{stnlnk|KSR Bengaluru}}<br /> <br /> ==Schedule==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival Day<br /> |-<br /> | 16533 || JU || Jodhpur Junction || 06:20 AM || Wed || [[KSR Bengaluru]] || 02:30 AM || Fri<br /> |-<br /> | 16534 || SBC || [[KSR Bengaluru]] || 17:00 PM || Sun || Jodhpur Junction || 14:15 PM || Tue<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Rake sharing ==<br /> <br /> The train shares its rake with;<br /> * 16573/16574 [[Yesvantpur–Puducherry Weekly Express]],<br /> * 16507/16508 KSR Bengaluru–Jodhpur Express (via Davangere),<br /> * 16505/16506 Gandhidham–KSR Bengaluru Express,<br /> * 16531/16532 Ajmer - KSR Bengaluru Garib Nawaz Express.<br /> <br /> ==Traction==<br /> <br /> Earlier this train run with [[WDP-4B]]. As the route is fully electrified, a [[Diesel &amp; Electric Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive pulls the train to its destination.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/2013 16533/Bhagat Ki Kothi–Bangalore City Express] at India Rail Info<br /> * [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/2014 16534/Bangalore City–Bhagat Ki Kothi Express] at India Rail Info<br /> <br /> {{Railways in Northern India}}<br /> {{Railways in Western India}}<br /> {{Railways in Southern India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bangalore City-Bhagat Ki Kothi Express}}<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Jodhpur]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-express-train-stub}}</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khamti_language&diff=470211 2026-02-17T18:16:48Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: brief reworked citations for clarity and corrected details for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Kra–Dai language spoken in India and Myanmar}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Khanty languages}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox language<br /> | name = Khamti<br /> | nativename = {{lang|kht|(တဲး)ၵမ်းတီႈ / (တဲး)ၵံးတီႈ}}&lt;br&gt;(Tai) Khamti<br /> | region = [[India]], [[Myanmar]]<br /> | ethnicity = [[Khamti people|Khamti]]<br /> | speakers = 13,000<br /> | date = 2000–2007<br /> | ref = e18<br /> | familycolor = Kradai<br /> | fam2 = [[Tai languages|Tai]]<br /> | fam3 = [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern]]<br /> | fam4 = Northwestern<br /> | iso3 = kht<br /> | glotto = kham1290<br /> | glottorefname = Khamti<br /> | script = [[Burmese script]]&lt;br /&gt;(Khamti variation, &lt;br /&gt;called Lik-Tai)&lt;ref name=diller&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Diller |first1=Anthony |title=Tai languages in Assam: Daughters or Ghosts |date=1992 |pages=16|journal=Papers on Tai Languages, Linguistics and Literatures}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | map = Khamti language.jpg<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Tai Khampti diorama.JPG|thumb|Diorama and [[wax figures]] of Khamti people in [[Jawaharlal Nehru Museum, Itanagar]].]]<br /> <br /> The '''Khamti language''' is a [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern Tai language]] spoken in India and Myanmar by the [[Khamti people]]. It is closely related to the [[Shan language]].<br /> <br /> ==Name==<br /> ''Khamti'' has been variously rendered ''Hkamti'', ''Khampti'', ''Kam Ti'', ''Kamti'', ''Tai Kam Ti'', ''Tai-Khamti'', ''Khamti Shan'', ''Khampti Shan'', ''Khandi Shan'', ''Hkampti Shan'', and ''Khampti Sam'' ({{langx|my|ခန္တီးရှမ်းလူမျိုး}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Khamti Language Meta Data&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Khamti |url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1425 |website=Endangered Languages Project |access-date=2 May 2015 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613084215/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1425 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The name &quot;Khamti&quot; translates to &quot;place of gold&quot;, from ''kham'' 'gold' and ''-ti'' 'place'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Tai-Khamti Phonology and Vocabulary |first=Alfons |last=Weidert |date=1977 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=44, 61}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> In Burma, Khamti is spoken by 3,500 near [[Myitkyina]] and by 4,500 in Putao District, [[Kachin State]] (both reported in 2000). In India, it is spoken by 5,000 in [[Assam]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]], in the [[Dikrong River|Dikrong Valley]], [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]], and north bank of the [[Brahmaputra]] (reported in 2007).{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}<br /> <br /> Three dialects of Khamti are known: North Burma Khamti, Assam Khamti, and Sinkaling Khamti. All speakers of Khamti are bilingual, largely in Assamese and Burmese.&lt;ref name=&quot;Khamti Language Meta Data&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Possibly, there are also some Khamti in some parts of [[China]] (5,000 people).<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The language seems to have originated around [[Mongkawng|Mogoung]] in Upper Burma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Khamti&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Khamti|url=http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/phaseI/languages/khamti.htm|website=Khamti - A Language of Siamese-Chinese sub-family|access-date=7 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mung Kang was captured, a large group of Khamtis moved to the north and east of [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]. In the year 1850, 300–400 Khamtis settled in Assam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Government Printing, Burma&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Needham|first1=J.F.|title=Outline Grammar of the Khamti Language|date=1894|publisher=Government Printing, Burma|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081855326;view=1up;seq=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> ===Initial consonants===<br /> Khamti has the following initial consonants:&lt;ref name=diller/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;inglis2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Inglis |first1=Douglas |title=Myanmar-based Khamti Shan Orthography |date=2017 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34791306| journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Weidert |first=Alfons |title=Tai-Khamti phonology and vocabulary |publisher=Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner |year=1977}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | <br /> ! [[Labial consonant|Bilabial]]<br /> ! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br /> ! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br /> ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br /> ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br /> | {{IPA link|m}}<br /> | {{IPA link|n}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ɲ}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ŋ}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Plosive]]<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;[[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|p}}<br /> | {{IPA link|t}}<br /> | {{IPA link|c}}<br /> | {{IPA link|k}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ʔ}}<br /> |-<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;[[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|pʰ}}<br /> | {{IPA link|tʰ}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|kʰ}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fricative]]<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|s}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|h}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|l}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|r}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Semi-vowel]]<br /> | {{IPA link|w}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|j}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |}<br /> /c/ can be heard as [c] or [tʃ] across dialects. /s/ can also be heard as [ʃ].<br /> <br /> Note: only the variety found in Myanmar uses the palatal nasal /ɲ/ and the rhotic /r/.&lt;ref name=&quot;inglis2017&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Final consonants===<br /> Khamti has the following final consonants:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | <br /> ! [[Labial consonant|Bilabial]]<br /> ! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br /> ! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br /> ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br /> ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br /> | {{IPA link|m}}<br /> | {{IPA link|n}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|ŋ}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! [[Plosive]]<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;[[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|p}}<br /> | {{IPA link|t}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|k}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ʔ}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Semi-vowel]]<br /> | {{IPA link|w}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|j}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> -[w] occurs after front vowels and [a]-, -[j] occurs after back vowels and [a]-.&lt;ref name=diller/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> The Khamti language uses the following vowels:&lt;ref name=inglis2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> ! colspan=1 rowspan=3 |<br /> ! colspan=2 | [[Front vowel|Front]]<br /> ! colspan=4 | [[Back vowel|Back]]<br /> |- class=small<br /> ! colspan=2 | [[Unrounded vowel|unr.]]<br /> ! colspan=2 | [[Unrounded vowel|unr.]]<br /> ! colspan=2 | [[Rounded vowel|rnd.]]<br /> |- class=small<br /> ! [[Short vowel|short]]<br /> ! [[Long vowel|long]]<br /> ! [[Short vowel|short]]<br /> ! [[Long vowel|long]]<br /> ! [[Short vowel|short]]<br /> ! [[Long vowel|long]]<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Close vowel|Close]]<br /> | {{IPA link|i}}<br /> | {{IPA link|iː}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ɯ}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ɯː}}<br /> | {{IPA link|u}}<br /> | {{IPA link|uː}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br /> | {{IPA link|e}}<br /> | {{IPA link|eː}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ɤ}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA link|o}}<br /> | {{IPA link|oː}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Open vowel|Open]]<br /> | {{IPA link|ɛ}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ɛː}}<br /> | {{IPA link|a}}<br /> | {{IPA link|aː}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ɔ}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ɔː}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Diphthong]]<br /> | {{IPA|ia}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA|aɯ}}<br /> | <br /> | {{IPA|ua}}<br /> | <br /> |}<br /> /ɤ/ only appears in the dialect in Myanmar.&lt;ref name=&quot;inglis2017&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Tones===<br /> Khamti uses five tones, namely: low falling /21/, mid rising /34/, mid falling /42/, high falling /53/~[33], and high level /55/~[44].&lt;ref name=&quot;inglis2017&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Grammar==<br /> ===Syntax===<br /> Unlike other Tai languages that display SVO word order, Khamti has SOV word order.&lt;ref&gt;Wilaiwan Kanittanan. 1986. Kamti Tai: From an SVO to an SOV language. In Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (ed.), South Asian Languages: Structure, Convergence and Diglossia, 174-178. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns.&lt;ref name=&quot;inglis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Inglis |first1=Douglas |title=Nominal Structure in Tai Khamti |date=2007 |website=www.academia.edu |url=https://www.academia.edu/35155172 |access-date=13 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Common nouns====<br /> Common nouns can pluralized by adding {{tone superscript|/nai1 khau/}} behind the noun. Common nouns are class categorized by using classifiers such as the generic {{tone superscript|/an3/, /ko1/}} for people and {{tone superscript|/to1/}} for animals.&lt;ref name=&quot;inglis&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Proper nouns====<br /> People's names and place names are classified as proper nouns. Khamti prefixes people's names, depending on the social class or status of that person. These prefixes are gender specific. The prefix for Miss is {{tone superscript|/na:ng4/}} and the prefix for Mr is {{tone superscript|/tsa:i3/}}. A prefix for Mr used to respectfully address a male of higher status is {{tone superscript|/tsau2/}} or {{tone superscript|/tsau2 nuai/}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;inglis&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Pronouns===<br /> Khamti uses a triparte pronoun system, consisting of singular, dual and plural forms. The dual form and the first person plural form are further divided between inclusive and exclusive forms. The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in the Khamti language:&lt;ref name=&quot;inglis&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> ! singular<br /> ! dual<br /> ! plural<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1st person<br /> ! {{small|inclusive}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{tone superscript|/kau3/}}<br /> | {{tone superscript|/ha:4/}}<br /> | {{tone superscript|/haw1/}}<br /> |-<br /> ! {{small|exclusive}}<br /> | {{tone superscript|/hang4 khe:u/}}<br /> | {{tone superscript|/tu:3/}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2nd person<br /> | {{tone superscript|/maeu4/}}<br /> | {{tone superscript|/suang khe:u/}}<br /> | {{tone superscript|/su3/}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 3rd person<br /> | {{tone superscript|/man4/}}<br /> | {{tone superscript|/suang kha:/}}<br /> | {{tone superscript|/khau/}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Demonstratives===<br /> Khamti uses the following demonstratives:&lt;ref name=&quot;inglis&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Demonstratives<br /> !<br /> ! singular<br /> ! plural<br /> |-<br /> ! near<br /> | {{tone superscript|/an3 nai1/}}&lt;br&gt;'this'<br /> | {{tone superscript|/an3 nai1 nai1 khau/}}&lt;br&gt;'these'<br /> |-<br /> ! approximate<br /> | {{tone superscript|/amaeu4 nai1/}}&lt;br&gt;'that near you'<br /> | {{tone superscript|/amaeu4 nai1 khau/}}&lt;br&gt;'those by you'<br /> |-<br /> ! distal<br /> | {{tone superscript|/an3 pu:n nai1/}}&lt;br&gt;'that over there'<br /> | {{tone superscript|/an3 pu:n nai1 nai1 khau/}}&lt;br&gt;'those over there'<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Writing system==<br /> {{See also|Mon–Burmese script}}<br /> The Tai Khamtis have their own writing system called 'Lik-Tai', which they share with the [[Tai Phake people]] and [[Tai Aiton people]].&lt;ref name=diller/&gt; It closely resembles the Northern [[Shan script]] of Myanmar, which is a variant of the [[Mon–Burmese script]], with some of the letters taking divergent shapes.&lt;ref name=inglis2017/&gt; Their script is evidently derived from the [[Lik Tho Ngok]] script since hundreds of years ago. There are 35 letters including 17 consonants and 14 vowels. The script is traditionally taught in monasteries on subjects like [[Tripitaka]], [[Jataka tales]], code of conduct, doctrines and philosophy, history, law codes, astrology, and palmistry etc. The first printed book was published in 1960. In 1992 it was edited by the Tai Literature Committee, Chongkham. In 2003 it was again modified with tone marking by scholars of Northern Myanmar and Arunachal Pradesh.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable letters-table&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=က|iso=ka|ipa=k}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၵ|iso=kha|ipa=kʰ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩠ|iso=ga|ipa=ɡ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၷ|iso=gha|ipa=ɡʱ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=င|iso=nga|ipa=ŋ}} <br /> |-<br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩡ|iso=ca|ipa=c}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩢ|iso=cha|ipa=cʰ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩣ|iso=ja|ipa=ɟ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩤ|iso=jha|ipa=ɟʱ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩥ|iso=nya|ipa=ɲ}} <br /> |-<br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩦ|iso=ṭa|ipa=ʈ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩧ|iso=ṭha|ipa=ʈʰ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩨ|iso=ḍa|ipa=ɖ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩩ|iso=ḍha|ipa=ɖʱ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၼ|iso=ṇa|ipa=ɳ}} <br /> |-<br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=တ|iso=ta|ipa=t}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ထ|iso=tha|ipa=tʰ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၻ|iso=da|ipa=d}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩪ|iso=dha|ipa=dʱ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩫ|iso=na|ipa=n}} <br /> |-<br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ပ|iso=pa|ipa=p}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၸ|iso=pha|ipa=pʰ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၿ|iso=ba|ipa=b}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၹ|iso=bha|ipa=bʱ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=မ|iso=ma|ipa=m}} <br /> |-<br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ယ|iso=ya|ipa=j}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch1=ꩳ|ch2=ရ|iso=ra|ipa=r~ɹ|notes=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20162-notes-khamti.pdf |website=20162-notes-khamti.pdf |access-date=26 January 2021 |title=Notes on Khamti |author=Ben Mitchell}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=လ|iso=la|ipa=l}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ဝ|iso=wa|ipa=w~v}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩬ|iso=sa|ipa=s}} <br /> |-<br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩭ|iso=ha|ipa=h}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩮ|iso=ḷa|ipa=ɭ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩯ|iso=fa|ipa=f}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩲ|iso=za|ipa=z}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩱ|iso=xa|ipa=x}} <br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩴ|iso=oay|ipa=oaʲ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩵ|iso=qn|ipa=qⁿ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩶ|iso=hm|ipa=mʰ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ဢ|iso=a|ipa=ʔ}} <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable letters-table&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ႊ|iso=a|ipa=a}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၢ|iso=ā|ipa=aː}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ႃ|iso=ā|ipa=aː}} <br /> |-<br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ိ|iso=i|ipa=i}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ီ|iso=ī|ipa=iː}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ု|iso=u|ipa=u}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ူ|iso=ū|ipa=uː}} <br /> |-<br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ေ|iso=e|ipa=eː}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ူဝ်|iso=o|ipa=oː}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ဲ|iso=ai|ipa=ai|notes=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn11/UTN11_4.pdf |access-date=12 March 2024 |title=Representing Myanmar in Unicode: Details and Examples Version 4 |website=Unicode |first=Martin |last=Hosken}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၢဲ|iso=aai|ipa=aːi}} <br /> |-<br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ဝ်|iso=au|ipa=au}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=်ွ|iso=au|ipa=au}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၢဝ်|iso=aau|ipa=aːu}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ံ|iso=aṁ|ipa=(a)ŋ̊|notes=&lt;ref name=&quot;Khamti alphabet and language&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Khamti alphabet and language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khamti.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=26 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> |-<br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ႄ|iso=ae|ipa=ɛ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ေႃ|iso=aw|ipa=ɔ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ွ|iso=aw|ipa=ɔ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch= ိဝ်|iso=iu|ipa=iu}} <br /> |-<br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ႅ|iso=ia|ipa=ia}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ႅဝ်|iso=iau|ipa=iau}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ျႃ|iso=iaa|ipa=iaː}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ိူ|iso=oe|ipa=ɤ}} <br /> |-<br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ွဲ|iso=oi|ipa=oi}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch= ွ|iso=ua|ipa=ua}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ဴွ|iso=uai|ipa=uai}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ွႃ|iso=uaa|ipa=uaː}} <br /> |-<br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ေူ|iso=ui|ipa=ui}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ို|iso=ue|ipa=ɯ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ိုဝ်|iso=uee|ipa=ɯː|notes=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=INGLIS |first1=Douglas |title=Myanmar-based Khamti Shan Orthography |url=https://www.academia.edu/34791306 |journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |date=January 2017 |access-date=8 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ုဝ်|iso=uo|ipa=wo}}<br /> |- <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ႂ်|iso=aue|ipa=aɯ}} <br /> | {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ိုဝ်|iso=uea|ipa=ɯa}} <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Tones and other diacritics===<br /> &lt;div lang=kht&gt;<br /> Displaying with the dummy letter ဢ,<br /> <br /> * tone 1 [21]:<br /> ** for checked syllable, including single consonant — ဢႉ<br /> ** for else — ဢႇ<br /> * tone 2 [34] — ဢႛ<br /> * tone 3 [42] — ဢႈ<br /> * tone 4 [53] — ဢး — In speaking, it may become [33].<br /> * tone 5:<br /> ** for short open syllable — ဢႚ [44] (rare usage)<br /> ** for else — ဢ [55] (unmarked)<br /> * ဢ် — [[Virama|asat]] — final consonant, silences inherent vowel&lt;ref name=&quot;Khamti alphabet and language&quot;/&gt;<br /> * ꩰ — duplication<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190420224836/http://www.iitg.ac.in/rcilts/phaseI/languages/khamti.htm Thai Khamti Grammar]<br /> * {{cite thesis |title=A Grammar of Things and Situations in Tai Khamti |last=Borgohain |first=Trisha |publisher=Tezpur University |date=2019 |hdl=10603/460828 |type=Doctor of Philosophy |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/460828}}<br /> * {{Cite thesis |title= A descriptive Grammar of Tai Khamti |last=Das |first=Bishakha |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |date=2014 |hdl=10603/602434 |type=Doctor of Philosophy |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/602434}}<br /> * Inglis, Douglas. (forthcoming) Khamti Shan anti-ergative construction: a Tibeto-Burman influence? Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 40(2).<br /> * Inglis, Douglas. 2014. [https://www.academia.edu/9831142/PhD_dissertation._This_here_thing_Specifying_Morphemes_an3_nai1_mai2_in_Tai_Khamti_Reference-point_Constructions This here thing: Specifying Morphemes an3, nai1, and mai2 in Tai Khamti Reference-point Constructions]. PhD Dissertation. The University of Alberta.<br /> * Inglis, Douglas. 2013. [https://www.academia.edu/7152890/Oral_stop_consonants_in_Tai_Khamti_An_acoustic_study_in_voice_onset_time Oral stop consonants in Tai Khamti: An acoustic study in voice onset time]. Paper presented at ISCTLL46. Dartmouth College.<br /> * Inglis, Douglas. 2013. [https://www.academia.edu/12925697/Deictic_mai2_here_as_an_object_marker_in_Khamti_Shan_A_Tibeto-Burman_influence_in_TaiDeictic_mai2 Deictic mai2 'here' as an object marker in Khamti Shan: A Tibeto-Burman influence in Tai?]. Paper presented at ISCTLL46. Dartmouth College.<br /> * Inglis, Douglas. 2004. [https://www.academia.edu/7152885/Preliminary_report_Khamti_Shan_wordlist_and_lexicostatistical_results Preliminary report: Khamti Shan wordlist and lexicostatistical results]. Payap University. Chiang Mai.<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Morey |first=Stephen |chapter=The Tai Languages of Assam |title=The Tai-Kadai languages |editor1=Anthony V. N. Diller |editor2=Jerold A. Edmondson |editor3=Yongxian Luo |series=Routledge language family series |publisher=Routledge |date=2008 |pages=207–253}}<br /> * {{Cite book |title=Tai-Khamti Phonology and Vocabulary |first=Alfons |last=Weidert |date=1977 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://omniglot.com/writing/khamti.htm The Khamti language] at Omniglot<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHlwxaXNUd0&amp;index=18&amp;list=PLm4JemopK8s7TBsVCx8ceivISNr9-c11C Mung huw Tai Khamti Song]<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSKwfipAIZ0&amp;index=10&amp;list=PLm4JemopK8s7TBsVCx8ceivISNr9-c11C Tai-Khamti Song - Tai-Khamti Girls]<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qt2yyKqIQks&amp;list=PLm4JemopK8s7TBsVCx8ceivISNr9-c11C&amp;index=9 Tai-Khamti Talk]<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUsvfPoI214 Words of Life Khamti People/Language Movie Trailer]<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulZqwsFXG6s Tai Khamti Song - Mung hau]<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgwjrhDojgs Tai Khamti Song - panlong sau]<br /> <br /> {{Tai-Kadai languages}}<br /> {{Languages of Burma}}<br /> {{Languages of Northeast India}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Southwestern Tai languages]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Myanmar]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Assam]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prem_Raj&diff=448493 2026-02-10T02:33:47Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Article updated with latest changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian film director}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Prem Raj<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date =<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | other_names = Prem Soni<br /> | known_for = <br /> | occupation = [[Film director|Bollywood Film Director]], [[Screenwriter]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Prem Raj''', also known as '''Prem Soni''', is an Indian [[film director]]. He has directed <br /> ''[[Main Aurr Mrs Khanna]]'' (2009) and ''[[Ishkq in Paris]]'' (2013).&amp;lt;ref name=Salman&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-12/news-interviews/39187104_1_ishkq-salman-khan-preity-zinta|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121639/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-12/news-interviews/39187104_1_ishkq-salman-khan-preity-zinta|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2013|accessdate=13 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]| title=Salman supported when I was battling cancer: Prem Soni|date=12 May 2013}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> *''[[Main Aurr Mrs Khanna]]'' (2009)<br /> *''[[Ishkq in Paris]]'' (2013)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Prem}}<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._P._S._Mahalwar&diff=506970 2026-02-07T23:12:22Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Stub!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian legal education administrator (born 1955)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = K.P.S. Mahalwar<br /> | image = Professor K.P.S. Mahalwar delivering lecture at MDU, Rohtak.jpg<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1955}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | birthname = &lt;!-- only if different than name --&gt;<br /> | party = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | partner = &lt;!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--&gt;<br /> | relations = <br /> | children = <br /> | parents = <br /> | education = {{Ubl<br /> | [[M.D. University]], Rohtak | (Ph.D., 1987)<br /> | [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]], [[Meerut]] | (LL.M., 1978)<br /> | [[Meerut University]], Meerut | (LL.B. 1976)<br /> | ''Other'' | (B.Sc. 1973)<br /> }}<br /> | title = Professor<br /> | occupation = Legal education administrator<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> '''Krishan Pal Singh Mahalwar''' (born 1955&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=|first=|title=LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n89144864.html|website=The Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is an Indian legal education administrator, jurist presently working in [[National Law University, Delhi]] as visiting professor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahalwar58&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prof. K.P.S.Mahalwar|url=http://nludelhi.ac.in/pep-fac-new-pro.aspx?Id=58|access-date=2021-04-07|website=nludelhi.ac.in|archive-date=25 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925215922/http://nludelhi.ac.in/pep-fac-new-pro.aspx?Id=58|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> Mahalwar was awarded a Ph.D. in 1987 by [[M.D. University]] (Rohtak). He receive a post-graduate LL.M. in 1978 from [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] ([[Meerut]]) an undergraduate LL.B. in 1976 from [[Meerut University]] (Meerut) and a B.Sc. in 1973 (institution unknown).&lt;ref name=&quot;mdurohtak_profile&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Mahalwar has worked as a chair professor, Justice [[Bodh Raj Sawhney]] Chair on Professional ethics in NLU Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Workshop on Ethics in Teaching|url=http://www.nludelhi.ac.in/UploadedImages/1994f1dd-d9dc-4760-a94c-d93c612225f9.pdf|access-date=2019-07-17|website=www.nludelhi.ac.in|archive-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419132846/http://www.nludelhi.ac.in/UploadedImages/1994f1dd-d9dc-4760-a94c-d93c612225f9.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahalwar58&quot;/&gt; He has previously worked as Head&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Handbook of Information Session 2010-11|url=http://www.mdurohtak.ac.in/pdf/Handbook_of_Information_Session_2010_11.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041633/http://www.mdurohtak.ac.in/pdf/Handbook_of_Information_Session_2010_11.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=8 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Dean&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Telephone Directory (New Campus)|url=http://mduonline.net/pdf/Telephone_Directory_MDUold_2010.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073448/http://mduonline.net/pdf/Telephone_Directory_MDUold_2010.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=8 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; of the Law Department, [[Maharishi Dayanand University]], [[Rohtak]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=December 2013|title=Panel of Referees|url=http://iuu.ac/download-pdf/LawDec2013.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Pragyaan: Journal of Law|volume=3|issue=2|page=3|issn=2278-8093|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510075035/http://iuu.ac/download-pdf/LawDec2013.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2017|access-date=8 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MDULawDept&quot;/&gt; He has been distinguished invitees, Chief Guest, Guest of honor&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-12-03|title=National Seminar Human Rights Day|url=http://bareillycollege.org/2013_BCB_LawSEMINAR.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423124328/http://bareillycollege.org/2013_BCB_LawSEMINAR.pdf|archive-date=23 April 2016|access-date=8 April 2016|website=Bareilly College}}&lt;/ref&gt; in various universities.{{Failed verification|date=April 2021}} He was appointed lecturer MDU, Rohtak in 1979. In 1990 as a Reader and Professor in 1999. He has been the Director of National Law College Gurgaon also in 2001–2002. He had been Proctor at MDU Rohtak. He has been associated with UGC, UPSC, various universities of India in various capacities.&lt;ref name=&quot;mdurohtak_profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prof. K.P.S.Mahalwar|url=http://mdurohtak.ac.in/pdf/faculty_profile/law/K%20P%20S%20Mahlwar.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510074112/http://mdurohtak.ac.in/pdf/faculty_profile/law/K%20P%20S%20Mahlwar.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2017|access-date=16 April 2021|website=mdurohtak.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> Mahalwar has been awarded with the ''Life Time Achievement'' award by AILTC in December 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahalwar58&quot;/&gt; Haryana Government has also appointed him as a member of the Haryana State Higher Education Council.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Pradeep|date=2019-03-15|title=RSS ideologue heads state higher education council|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/rss-ideologue-heads-state-higher-education-council-743828|access-date=2021-04-07|website=tribuneindia.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Research ==<br /> Mahalwar has published two books and 65 research papers and book reviews.&lt;ref name=&quot;MDULawDept&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=20 February 2003|title=MDU Law Dept has distinguished profs &amp; eminent alumni|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030221/ncr2.htm|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Failed verification|date=April 2021|reason=Source says one book and 40 papers.}} He has participated and organised many seminars and conferences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sici.org.in/uploads/Legal%20Conference%20Proceedings.pdf |title=Legal conference |website=www.sici.org.in |access-date=2019-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mplaw.org/Download/MPLCA_News_Letter_2013.pdf |title=Newsletter |date=2013 |website=mplaw.org |access-date=2019-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Published works ==<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Mahalwar|first=K. P. S.|title=Medical negligence and the law|date=1991|publisher=Deep &amp; Deep Publications|isbn=81-7100-298-6|location=New Delhi|ref=none}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mahalwar, K.P.S.}}<br /> [[Category:1955 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Deans of law schools in India]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian academic administrators]]<br /> [[Category:Indian legal scholars]]<br /> [[Category:Scholars of medical law]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polur&diff=525829 2026-01-18T06:36:25Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: stub.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Market town in Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Other uses|Polur (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Polur<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = ta<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = gateway of Eastern ghats<br /> | settlement_type = City <br /> | image_skyline =<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Lakshmi Narasimhaswamy Temple<br /> | pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|12|30|43|N|79|07|33|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 171<br /> | population_total = 55000<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = 2500<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 606803<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 04181<br /> | registration_plate = TN 97<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Body<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = Special grade Town Panchayat<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> '''Polur''' is a scenic town and a Religious site for [[Lord Narasimha]] called [[Sampathgiri]], divisional headquarters and a market center in [[Tiruvannamalai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. Located at the foothills of Javvadhi hills, a popular section of [[Eastern Ghats]], Polur is often regarded as ''Gateway of Eastern ghats''. Polur was once an eminent center of Tamil Jainism. The town is home to Dharani sugars, chemicals and fertiliser Pvt., Ltd, and number of agro based industries including coir industries. The famous [[Chittoor]] - [[Cuddalore]] road (C.C. Road) passes through the town. The town is located 29 Kilometres north of city of [[Tiruvannamalai]] and 45 kilometres south of [[Vellore]] Metropolis.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Polur is located at {{Coord|12.5|N|79.13|E|}}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Polur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Polur]&lt;/ref&gt; It has an average elevation of 171&amp;nbsp;metres (561&amp;nbsp;ft).<br /> <br /> Along with many places of worship, Polur has a huge mountain temple dedicated to Lord [[Narasimha]]. This mountain temple was historically referred to as [[Sampathgiri]], which in Sanskrit means &quot;mountain of wealth&quot;. From the top of the hill, one can have a clear view of the [[Arunachalesvara Temple|Tiruvannamalai Arunachala Hill]]. A small hill named [[Kunnathur, Tiruvannamalai|Kunnathur Hill]] is also seen on the outskirts of Polur. The same term was referred to in Tamil as &quot;Porulur&quot;, literally translating to ''Porul'' ''oor'' (place of wealth), now referred to as Polur. It is situated in the [[Tiruvannamalai District]], it takes around 30 minutes to reach the [[Tiruvannamalai]] and Silk City of [[Arani, Tiruvannamalai District|Arani]]. It takes about 1 hour to reach [[Vellore]].<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> ===Population===<br /> As of 2001 India [[census]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polur had a population of 43,492. Males constituted 49% of the population and females 51%. Polur had an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 79%, and female literacy was 65%. In Polur, 11% of the population were under 6 years of age.<br /> <br /> {{Historical populations<br /> |align = right<br /> |state=<br /> |1901|9767<br /> |1911|9946<br /> |1921|12330<br /> |1931|13098<br /> |1941|13967<br /> |1951|15212<br /> |1961|16441<br /> |1981|23462<br /> |1991|30196<br /> |2001|41376<br /> |2011|55278<br /> |footnote=Sources:&lt;br/&gt;<br /> * 1951&amp;nbsp;– 2001&lt;ref name=2011census&gt;{{cite web|title=Population Details|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_population.htm|publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227113738/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_population.htm|archive-date=27 February 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2011&lt;ref name=2011census/&gt; <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> <br /> The nearest Village is Kelur which is situated on the [[Vellore]]-[[Tiruvannamalai|Thirvannamalai]] Highway.<br /> <br /> The town is about 193&amp;nbsp;km from Chennai and there are frequent buses (TNSTC - Villupuram) from the Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus [[CMBT]], plying on Route # 148 (Chennai - Polur) via Tambaram, Chengalepat, Utthiramerur, Vandavasi, Chetpet. The nearest airport is at Chennai.<br /> [[File:Parvathamalai 1.jpg|thumb|Parvathamalai as seen from the foothills]]<br /> [[File:Plour Main Road Overview.jpg|thumb|Polur Road overview]]<br /> The remote village [[Sothukanni]] is 8&amp;nbsp;km east of Polur. It is famous for Kanum Pongal.<br /> <br /> Kalambur town is 17 km away and is famous for rice production.<br /> <br /> Polur Railway Station is on the Vellore-Thiruvannamalai rail route. The station is served by the Southern Railway. The station is located about 35&amp;nbsp;km from Thiruvannamalai. Going north, Vellore Cantonment Railway Station is the main station next to Polur. Traveling south, Thiruvannamalai Railway Station is the nearest major station.<br /> <br /> The original name (with diacritics) of the town is Polūr.<br /> <br /> Airports nearest to Polur are sorted by the distance to the airport from the city centre.<br /> <br /> *Vellore Airport (45&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> *Pondicherry Airport (94&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> *Neyveli Airfield (110&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> *Tambaram Airfield (120&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> *[[Chennai International Airport]] (130&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> <br /> ==Arahanthgiri Jain Math==<br /> {{Main|Arahanthgiri Jain Math}}<br /> Arahanthgiri Jain Math is a Jain [[Matha|Math]] that was established at the ancient [[Jain]] site of [[Tiruvannaamalai]] in August 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/index.php/donations/to-jain-tirths/111-arihantagiri-tirumalai|title=Arihantagiri - Tirumalai|access-date=10 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107091818/http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/index.php/donations/to-jain-tirths/111-arihantagiri-tirumalai|archive-date=7 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The complex includes three Jain caves, four [[Jain temples]] and a 16 meter high sculpture of [[Neminatha]] thought to date from the 12th century that is the tallest Jain image in Tamil Nadu.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West South|Polur, Tamil Nadu|Arni Road (Kalambur), Tamil Nadu|Agaram Sibbandi|48|190.95}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruvannamalai district]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Era&diff=545825 2026-01-17T19:50:32Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Adding details - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian women's magazine published in English}}<br /> {{for|the 19th-century American newspaper|The Woman's Era}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox magazine<br /> | title = Woman's Era<br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_size = &lt;!-- default is 180px --&gt;<br /> | image_file = Magazine-Women's-Era.jpg<br /> | image_size = 265px<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = ''May 2018 edition's cover, of magazine''<br /> | editor = Divesh Nath<br /> | editor_title = &lt;!-- up to |editor_title5= --&gt;<br /> | previous_editor = <br /> | staff_writer = <br /> | photographer = <br /> | category = Women's interest<br /> | frequency = Fortnightly<br /> | format = <br /> | circulation = <br /> | publisher = <br /> | paid_circulation = <br /> | unpaid_circulation = <br /> | circulation_year = <br /> | total_circulation = <br /> | founder = Vishwanath<br /> | founded = 1973<br /> | firstdate = &lt;!-- {{Start date|year|month|day}} --&gt;<br /> | finaldate = <br /> | finalnumber = <br /> | company = Delhi Press<br /> | country = India<br /> | based = <br /> | language = English<br /> | website = {{URL|womansera.com}}<br /> | issn = <br /> | oclc = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Woman's Era''''' is an [[India|Indian]] fortnightly women interest magazine, published in [[English language|English]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://resources.afaqs.com/index.html?id=642&amp;category=Publications |title=Office Finder |publisher=resources.afaqs.com |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-date=8 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185301/http://resources.afaqs.com/index.html?id=642&amp;category=Publications |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2011/04/grihshobha-and-womans-era-unveil-the-biggest-magazine-cover/ |title=Grihshobha and Woman’s Era unveil the Biggest Magazine Cover |publisher=bestmediainfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-of-recipes-and-g-spots-on-india-s-magazine-era-2105879 |title=Of recipes and G-spots: On India's 'magazine era' |publisher=dnaindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.vitabiotics.in/our-vp-directors-exclusive-qa-session-womens-era-magazine/ |title=Our VP / Director’s exclusive Q&amp;A session Woman’s Era Magazine |publisher=vitabiotics.in |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215123242/http://www.vitabiotics.in/our-vp-directors-exclusive-qa-session-womens-era-magazine/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.netexpress.co.in/yellowpages/details-l-case/women-s-era/karnataka/bangalore/59265/details.aspx |title=Women's Era |publisher=netexpress.co.in |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621191448/https://www.netexpress.co.in/yellowpages/details-l-case/women-s-era/karnataka/bangalore/59265/details.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was started in 1973&lt;ref name=&quot;dana&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Dana McLachlin|author2=Tara Dhakal|author3=Pramada Menon|title=For All the Women You Are&quot;: National Identity, Gender, and Tradition/Modernity in Indian Women’s Magazines|url=http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2573&amp;context=isp_collection|work=School for International Training India|accessdate=26 July 2016|date=Spring 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Amrita Madhukalya|title=Of recipes and G-spots: On India's 'magazine era'|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-of-recipes-and-g-spots-on-india-s-magazine-era-2105879|accessdate=25 September 2016|work=dna|date=19 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; by Vishwanath under his publishing house, the [[Delhi Press]]. The magazine is owned by the Delhi Press.&lt;ref name=&quot;dana&quot;/&gt; Divesh Nath has been the managing editor of the magazine since 2002.<br /> <br /> ''Woman's Era'' covers diverse topics including fashion, cookery, movie and book review, health, relationships, beauty, lifestyle, travel and technology, with comments on [[socialite]]s and current events. It includes poems and short stories. It is the second most popular women's magazine after ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]'', with an All India Index of 80 as surveyed by the [[Indian Readership Survey]] (IRS).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www1.ximb.ac.in/users/fac/MNT/mnt.nsf/.../$FILE/media.ppt |accessdate=30 September 2015|title=Indian Readership Survey}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://womansera.com/ Official website]<br /> <br /> [[Category:1973 establishments in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Biweekly magazines published in India]]<br /> [[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]<br /> [[Category:Magazines established in 1973]]<br /> [[Category:Magazines published in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Women's magazines published in India]]<br /> [https://www.expertreviewdecisions.com/the-8-best-lifestyle-magazine-sites-on-the-internet/ The 8 Best Lifestyle Magazine Sites on the Internet]<br /> {{womens-mag-stub}}</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Radical_in_Ambedkar&diff=540653 2026-01-14T07:32:08Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Adding page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2018 non-fiction book}}<br /> {{Infobox book<br /> | name = The Radical in Ambedkar: Critical Reflections<br /> | image = The-radical-in-ambedkar.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | editor = [[Suraj Yengde]]&lt;br&gt;[[Anand Teltumbde]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = English<br /> | subject = [[B. R. Ambedkar]], Dalit movement, social justice<br /> | genre = Non-fiction, edited volume<br /> | publisher = Penguin Random House India<br /> | published = 10 December 2018<br /> | media_type = Print (hardcover)<br /> | pages = 520<br /> | isbn = 978-0-670-09041-9<br /> | isbn_note = <br /> | oclc = <br /> | dewey = <br /> | congress = <br /> | preceded_by = <br /> | followed_by = <br /> | notes = <br /> | exclude_cover = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''The Radical in Ambedkar: Critical Reflections''''' is a 2018 non-fiction book edited by [[Suraj Yengde]] and [[Anand Teltumbde]], published by [[Penguin Random House India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Firstpost&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maitreya |first=Yogesh |date=20 December 2018 |title=The Radical in Ambedkar studies Babasaheb in context of global resistance but is limited by privileged perspectives |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/the-radical-in-ambedkar-studies-babasaheb-in-context-of-global-resistance-but-is-limited-by-privileged-perspectives-5822721.html |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FinancialExpress&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 February 2019 |title=Book Review: The Radical in Ambedkar, Critical Reflections; Analysis of many divergent personas of Ambedkar |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-book-review-the-radical-in-ambedkar-critical-reflections-analysis-of-many-divergent-personas-of-ambedkar-1489929/ |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a collection of essays examining [[B. R. Ambedkar]]’s radical philosophy and contributions to the Dalit movement and social justice in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;FinancialExpress&quot; /&gt; The book analyzes Ambedkar’s critique of caste oppression through his 1936 work ''[[Annihilation of Caste]]'' and connects his ideas to global resistance movements.&lt;ref name=&quot;York&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019 |title=The Radical in Ambedkar: Critical Reflections: Three Moments in the Annihilation of Caste |url=https://www.yorku.ca/laps/soci/publication/the-radical-in-ambedkar-critical-reflections-three-moments-in-the-annihilation-of-caste-ambedkar/ |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=[[York University]] |publisher=Department of Sociology}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Firstpost&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> The book is a collection of essays exploring [[B. R. Ambedkar]]’s contributions to India’s social justice movements.&lt;ref name=&quot;FinancialExpress&quot; /&gt; It focuses on his critique of caste oppression in his 1936 text ''Annihilation of Caste'', analyzing three key moments in its development.&lt;ref name=&quot;York&quot; /&gt; The essays highlight Ambedkar’s roles as a philosopher, activist, and jurist, and his work as the architect of the Indian Constitution.&lt;ref name=&quot;FinancialExpress&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DeccanChronicle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 January 2019 |title=Ambedkar most powerful advocate of equality |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/030119/ambedkar-most-powerful-advocate-of-equality.html |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It draws parallels between Ambedkar’s anti-caste activism and global movements, such as the African-American struggle for racial equality, and critiques privileged perspectives in Ambedkar scholarship that may not fully reflect Dalit experiences.&lt;ref name=&quot;Firstpost&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Development and release ==<br /> ''The Radical in Ambedkar: Critical Reflections'' was edited by Suraj Yengde, a Dalit scholar, and Anand Teltumbde, a civil rights activist and academic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Firstpost&quot; /&gt; Published by Penguin Random House India in 2018, the book aims to reframe Ambedkar’s legacy by connecting his ideas to global resistance movements.&lt;ref name=&quot;FinancialExpress&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Firstpost&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Critical reception ==<br /> The book was praised for its scholarly analysis. Yogesh Maitreya, in ''[[Firstpost]]'', commended its effort to place Ambedkar’s work in the context of global resistance movements, such as the African-American struggle, but noted that some essays are limited by privileged perspectives that may not fully capture Dalit experiences.&lt;ref name=&quot;Firstpost&quot; /&gt; ''[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]'' highlighted the book’s analysis of Ambedkar’s diverse roles as a philosopher, activist, and jurist.&lt;ref name=&quot;FinancialExpress&quot; /&gt; ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' emphasized Ambedkar’s role as a powerful advocate for equality, noting the book’s focus on his contributions to India’s Constitution.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeccanChronicle&quot; /&gt; Chinnaiah Jangam, in ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]'', praised the book for portraying Ambedkar as a philosopher who reshaped India’s social discourse.&lt;ref name=&quot;EPW&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jangam |first= Chinnaiah|date=11 December 2021 |title=Ambedkar as Philosopher |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2021/50/review-article/ambedkar-philosopher.html |access-date=21 May 2025 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=56 |issue=50}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[York University]] publication appreciated the book’s focus on three key moments in ''Annihilation of Caste'', though it suggested a need for more Dalit-centered perspectives.&lt;ref name=&quot;York&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Google Books |id=LfVyDwAAQBAJ}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2018 non-fiction books]]<br /> [[Category:Books about B. R. Ambedkar]]<br /> [[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]<br /> [[Category:Dalit history]]<br /> [[Category:Penguin Random House books]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=GSAT-32&diff=499516 2026-01-03T17:42:16Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: added initial article needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Draft article}}<br /> {{Short description|None}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox spaceflight<br /> | name = GSAT-32<br /> | image = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | image_size = 290px<br /> | mission_type = [[Communications satellite|Communication]]<br /> | operator = [[ISRO]]<br /> | COSPAR_ID = <br /> | SATCAT = <br /> | website = <br /> | mission_duration = 15 years (planned)<br /> | spacecraft_bus = I-4K<br /> | manufacturer = [[U. R. Rao Satellite Centre]]<br /> | dry_mass = <br /> | launch_mass = ~{{convert|4000|kg}}<br /> | power = &lt;!-- [[watt]]s --&gt;<br /> | launch_date = Q2 2026<br /> | launch_rocket = [[LVM3]]<br /> | launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]<br /> | launch_contractor = [[ISRO]]<br /> | entered_service = <br /> | disposal_type = <br /> | deactivated = <br /> | orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]<br /> | orbit_regime = [[Geostationary orbit]]<br /> | orbit_longitude = <br /> | orbit_slot = <br /> | apsis = gee<br /> | trans_band = <br /> | trans_frequency = <br /> | trans_bandwidth = <br /> | trans_capacity = <br /> | trans_coverage = <br /> | trans_TWTA = <br /> | trans_EIRP = <br /> | trans_HPBW = <br /> | programme = [[GSAT|GSAT-N Series]]<br /> | previous_mission = [[GSAT-20|GSAT-N2]]<br /> | next_mission = <br /> | programme2 = [[GSAT]]<br /> | previous_mission2 = [[GSAT-7R]]<br /> | next_mission2 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''GSAT-32''' (also known as '''GSAT-N3''') is an Indian geostationary communications satellite developed by [[ISRO]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GSAT-32 Satellite |url=https://www.satnow.com/launch-mission-details/gsat-32 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=www.satnow.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GSAT |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/india/gsat.htm |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GSAT-32 (GSAT-N3) {{!}} LVM-3 {{!}} Next Spaceflight |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/2024/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=nextspaceflight.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> In 2021, GSAT-32 was announced as one of five new [[GSAT]] satellites under the GSAT-N Series, other four being [[GSAT-20]], [[GSAT-22|22]], [[GSAT-23|23]], and [[GSAT-24|24]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-10-05 |title=Space PSU NSIL to launch 4 more demand-driven communication satellites |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/space-psu-nsil-to-launch-4-more-demand-driven-communication-satellites/articleshow/86790835.cms |access-date=2025-11-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The satellite is planned to serves as a replacement for the [[GSAT-6A]] satellite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-08-12 |title=ISRO to launch GSAT-32 in Oct 2019 to replace GSAT-6A which went incommunicado days after launch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-to-launch-gsat-32-in-oct-2019-to-replace-gsat-6a-which-went-incommunicado-days-after-launch/story-J3AUAarCjeEUcF1Jpb8KMO.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GSat 32 |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gsat-32.htm |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Spaceflight}}<br /> * [[GSAT-7A]]<br /> * [[GSAT]]<br /> * [[Indian National Satellite System]]<br /> * [[List of Indian satellites]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{GSAT Satellites}}<br /> {{Indian spacecraft}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:GSAT satellites]]<br /> [[Category:2026 in spaceflight]]<br /> [[Category:2026 in India]]<br /> <br /> {{Communications-satellite-stub}}</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=4th_Vijay_Awards&diff=463385 2025-12-27T09:07:09Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film awards ceremony in 2010}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=August 2012}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br /> [[Vijay TV]] presented the fourth consecutive edition of Univercell Vijay Awards powered by Rin this time even grand than its last three years; an event to recognize the excellence of professionals in the Tamil film industry, for movies released in the year 2009. The year 2009 saw 131 films released. Winners from 32 various categories like Best Film, Best Actor Male/Female, Best Supporting Actor Male/Female, Best Comedian, Best Villain, Best Playback Singer Male/Female, Best Debut Actor Male/Female, Best Choreographer, Best Film Editor, Best Lyricist, Best Art Director, Best Dress Designer, Best Dialogue Writer are few of the awards that would be selected by the Jury members.<br /> <br /> ==Jury members==<br /> The Jury members for the Fourth Annual Vijay Awards are Director [[A. R. Murugadoss]], Cinematographer Ravi, K. Chandran, Actress [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], Film Critic/Cartoonist [[Madhan (writer)|Madan]] and Popular Writer/Director/Producer [[Sam Anderson]].<br /> <br /> ==Honorees==<br /> The following won awards for the categories they were nominated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Admin |date=2010-06-29 |url=http://imovies4you.com/watch-star-vijay-awards-2010-videos-online |title=IMovies4You - Watch Star Vijay Awards 2010 Videos Online |work=imovies4you |access-date=2012-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801090449/http://imovies4you.com/watch-star-vijay-awards-2010-videos-online/ |archive-date=2012-08-01 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Best Movie''' – Nadodigal<br /> <br /> '''Best Director of the year''' – Director Pandiaraj<br /> <br /> '''Best crew of the year ''' – Pasanga<br /> <br /> '''Best Actor''' – Prakash Raj (Kaanjevaram)<br /> <br /> '''Best Actor Female''' – Pooja(Naan kadavul)<br /> <br /> '''Best Villain''' – Rajendran(Naan kadavul)<br /> <br /> '''Best Director''' – Bala(Naan kadavul)<br /> <br /> '''Best Entertainer''' – Surya (for Ayan &amp; Aadhavan)<br /> <br /> '''Sivaji Ganesan award'''- Rajinikanth<br /> <br /> '''Best Supporting actor''' – Jayaprakash( Pasanga)<br /> <br /> '''Best Supporting actress''' – Abinaya (Nadodigal)<br /> <br /> '''Best Newcomer Male''' – Vimal (Pasanga)<br /> <br /> '''Best Newcomer Female''' – Ananya (Nadodigal)<br /> <br /> '''Best Comedian''' – Santhanam (SMS)<br /> <br /> '''Best Music Director''' – Harris Jayaraj (Aadhavan)<br /> <br /> '''Best Story Screenplay''' – Arivazhagan (Eeram)<br /> <br /> '''Best Cinematographer''' – Manoj Prahamasa (EerAM)<br /> <br /> '''Best Art Director''' – Pokkisham<br /> <br /> '''Best Editing''' – Yavarum Nalam<br /> <br /> '''Best Choreographer''' -Shobi (Aathichudi)<br /> <br /> '''Best Lyricist'''- N.A.Muthukumar (Oru kal oru kannadi)<br /> <br /> '''Best Female Singer''' – Chinmayi (Varayo Varayo)<br /> <br /> '''Best Male Singer''' – Karthik (Hasili Fisile)<br /> <br /> '''Best Welfare Provider''' – Surya (Agaram foundation)<br /> <br /> '''Best costume Designer''' – Anu Vardhan (Sarvam)<br /> <br /> '''Best Makeup Artist ''' – Sasi and Das ( Naan Kadvul)<br /> <br /> ==Public voting categories==<br /> '''Favourite Song of the Year''' – Oru Chinna Thamarai (Vettaikaran)<br /> <br /> '''Favourite Heroine''' – Anushka(Vettaikaran)<br /> <br /> '''Favourite Hero''' – vijay(vettaikaran)<br /> <br /> '''Favourite Film''' – Ayan<br /> <br /> '''Favourite Director'''- Samuthirakani(Nadodigal)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2009 Indian film awards]]<br /> [[Category:Vijay Awards]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oshiwara_metro_station&diff=523194 2025-12-17T16:22:57Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Yellow Line 2A metro station}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Oshiwara<br /> | native_name = {{white|{{nobold|ओशिवरा}}}}<br /> | style = Mumbai Metro<br /> | style2 = Yellow<br /> | image = <br /> | image_upright = 1.3<br /> | image_caption = <br /> | address = Anand Nagar, Jogeshwari West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400047<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|19.1460351|N|72.8339520|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}<br /> | line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 2A|croute}}<br /> | other = <br /> | structure = [[Elevated]]<br /> | platform = 2 [[side platforms]]<br /> | owned = [[File:MMRDA logo cropped.svg|22px]] [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]<br /> | operator = {{rint|Mumbai|m}} Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd.<br /> | depth = <br /> | code = '''&lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|2A}}; color:#000&quot;&gt;215&lt;/span&gt;'''<br /> | parking = Yes (paid)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Parking Facility To Be Introduced Near 5 Metro Stations In Mumbai |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/civic/mumbai-parking-facility-near-5-metro-stations-77653 |website=mumbailive.com |access-date=15 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | bicycle = <br /> | opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|January|19}}<br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = <br /> | accessible = <br /> | zone = <br /> | smartcardname = <br /> | smartcardstatus = <br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_rank = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | mpassengers = <br /> | services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro|line=2A|right=Goregaon (West)|left=Lower Oshiwara}}<br /> | route_map = {{MM Line 2}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-marker = rail<br /> | mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 2}}<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Oshiwara''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line 2A]] of [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. This station is located in [[Jogeshwari]] West, Mumbai. This station is owned by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA), and was inaugurated on 19 January 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Metro: Line 2A, Line 7 launched, check routes, station details here |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-launches-check-routes-station-details-here-3018021 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Mumbai Metro: These 2 lines to get operational today. Check route, other details |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-metro-rail-lines-2a-7-to-get-operational-today-check-route-other-details-11674107578757.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Live Mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=Mumbai Metro's 2A &amp; 7 Lines to Cover Andheri to Dahisar in Just 75 Minutes {{!}} Know Fare, Routes as Ops Begin Today |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mumbai-metros-2a-7-lines-to-cover-andheri-to-dahisar-in-just-75-minutes-know-fare-routes-as-ops-begin-today-6877861.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Trial runs on section of 2A from [[Dahanukarwadi metro station|Dahanukarwadi]] to Dahisar East has started from 31 May 2021. Dahisar East commercial operations began on 3 April 2022 with First phase of [[Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)|Line 2A]].<br /> <br /> == Station layout ==<br /> {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;&quot; rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=50 height=45|'''&lt;span style=background-color:#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|yellow}}&gt;Platform 1&lt;/span&gt;'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Right}} {{small|([[Goregaon (West) metro station|Goregaon (West)]])}} → <br /> |-<br /> | height=45|&lt;span style=background-color:#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|yellow}}&gt;'''Platform 2'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> | ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Left}} {{small|([[Lower Oshiwara metro station|Lower Oshiwara]])}}<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|'''1st Floor'''<br /> |style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|Mezzanine<br /> |style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top&quot; width=50 |'''Ground'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top&quot; width=100 |Street level<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top&quot; width=420 |Exit/Entrance<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Power and signaling system ===<br /> Like all other stations and railways of [[Mumbai Metro]], Oshiwara station also uses 25,000 volt AC power system by [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]] to operate the trains.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> {{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 2=yes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]<br /> [[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telugu_Thalli&diff=455488 2025-12-03T23:38:25Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Female personification of the Telugu people}}[[File:Telugu talli bomma.JPG|thumb|Statue of Telugu Thalli (తెలుగు తల్లి)|200px]]'''Telugu Thalli''' ({{Langx|te|తెలుగుతల్లి}}; {{Literal translation|Mother Telugu}})&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Oonk |first=Gijsbert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkwsMTyShi8C&amp;dq=Telugu+Thalli&amp;pg=PA114 |title=Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory |date=2007 |publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] |isbn=978-90-5356-035-8 |page=114 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is the [[personification]] of the [[Telugu people]] and their [[Telugu people#Culture|culture]], depicted as a goddess symbolizing prosperity, tradition, and the importance of the Telugu language.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} Represented holding a harvest in her left hand to signify the region's agricultural abundance and prosperity, she carries a ''kalasam'' in her right hand, symbolizing the blessings and good fortune she brings to her people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Prof Katta Narasimha Reddy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsOqEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Telugu+Thalli&amp;pg=PA353 |title=Kalyana Mitra: Volume 11: Contemporary History and Diaspora |last2=Prof E. Siva Nagi Reddy |last3=Prof K. Krishna Naik |date=February 2023 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |page=353 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> {{main article|Maa Telugu Thalliki}}<br /> The patriotic song &quot;[[Maa Telugu Thalliki|Mā Telugu Talliki]]&quot; (&quot;To Our Mother Telugu&quot;) is the official state song of [[Andhra Pradesh]], whose lyrics were written by [[Sankarambadi Sundaraachari|Sankarambāḍi Sundarācāri]] for the 1942 [[Telugu film]] ''Deena Bandhu'', which starred [[V. Nagayya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.lyricalbeast.com/2019/12/yenti-yenti-song-lyrics-geetha-govindam.html | title=Surya Kumari | date=18 May 2005 | newspaper=The Guardian | first=Bill | last=Harpe | access-date=28 June 2019 | archive-date=30 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230092442/https://www.lyricalbeast.com/2019/12/yenti-yenti-song-lyrics-geetha-govindam.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.vijayavipanchi.org/ViewFile.aspx?FileID=106 |title=Maa Telugu Thalliki |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=22 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122161110/http://vijayavipanchi.org/ViewFile.aspx?FileID=106 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tnilive.com/2019/05/13/telugu-kids-story-maa-telugu-thalli-poet-sankarambadi-sundarachari/|title=&quot;మా తెలుగు తల్లికి...&quot; రచయిత శంకరంబాడి సుందరాచారి|website=Tnilive.com|date=13 May 2019|access-date=29 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> [[File:Telugutalli flyover.jpg|thumbnail|[[Telugu Thalli Flyover]] in [[Visakhapatnam]]]]<br /> A remix of the original song was used in the 2010 film ''[[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]]'', composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/musicreview/11769.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091117180945/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/musicreview/11769.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = November 17, 2009| title = Telugu Cinema News {{!}} Telugu Movie Reviews {{!}} Telugu Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Telugu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Bangamata]]<br /> * [[Bharat Mata]]<br /> * [[Sri Lanka Matha]]<br /> * [[Tamil Thai]]<br /> * [[Telangana Thalli]]<br /> * [[Siam Devadhiraj]]<br /> * [[Janani Janmabhumishcha Swargadapi Gariyasi]]<br /> * [[Vande Mataram]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Telugu people]]<br /> [[Category:Personifications of country subdivisions]]<br /> [[Category:Personifications]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_between_Western_Europe_and_the_Mughal_Empire_in_the_17th_century&diff=471144 2025-11-27T12:02:37Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: fixed references after review and cleaned formatting to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{more citations needed|date=December 2019}}<br /> When [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal dynasty]] conquered northern India in 1526, the wealth of the country already largely depended on foreign trade, exporting India's enormous production of many types of commodities,&lt;ref&gt;Keay, 320-321&lt;/ref&gt; in particular textiles. These left India by land and by sea, the latter in relatively small ships making relatively short voyages from the east and west coasts, as they had done for centuries.&lt;ref&gt;Keay, 118-128&lt;/ref&gt; By the time Indian commodities reached Western Europe, normally after passing through several intermediary traders, they were enormously expensive.<br /> <br /> During the 17th century the [[Mughal Empire]] ruling nearly all the subcontinent was still a confident superpower with huge military strength. European countries wanted to access Indian goods, both processed natural products such as spices, and [[indigo]] dye, and manufactured products, above all textiles. The Europeans tried to interest the Indian market in European products with very little success, apart from a small demand for furs and luxury products such as clocks for India's royal courts. Europeans therefore needed to pay for their purchases with gold. <br /> <br /> == Attitude of the Mughal empire to the trade ==<br /> [[File:Portrait of a European.jpg|thumb|Portrait of a European painted by Mughal artists, Ca.1590]] <br /> Contact between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire was put into practice at the very beginning of the 17th century. The Portuguese, English, and later on, the Dutch were the ones to trade with the Mughal Empire. As the first Islamic power on the Indian subcontinent, the Mughal empire was more interested in assimilating the land, studying the history, customs and religion of the people occupying this area, and communicating with the other two Islamic empires – the [[Safavid]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]s. <br /> <br /> The Mughal Empire had strong leaders, however, very different in approach and strategy. [[Akbar]] was known for his tolerance towards unorthodox Muslims and Hindus. The [[Akbarnama]], a book written by Abu’l Fazl on the life and rule of Akbar, gives a lot of evidence on how [[Hinduism]] was viewed and explained by the Muslims. Along with being tolerant towards his Hindu and Muslim subjects, Akbar welcomed Portuguese [[Jesuits]], which allowed Portugal to enter the trade with Indian goods. At the very end of his rule, the British, Dutch, and Portuguese started to trade with the Mughal Empire as well. Even though the trade started during the reign of Akbar the Great, his son [[Jahangir]] was the one to strengthen this economic activity in the Indian subcontinent.<br /> <br /> == Main agreements ==<br /> <br /> The English and Dutch were granted 21-year permission of monopoly in the “[[East Indies]]”, which was followed by the retorted answer from the Indian kings – they encouraged the establishment of coastal posts for trade. Half a century afterwards, the competition for trade in the [[Indian Ocean]] was increased by the establishment of the [[Louis XIV's East India Company| French East India Company]] in 1664. It followed [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]]'s doctrine of [[mercantilism]] that claimed to keep the national exports greater than the imports. As France's First Minister of State, he had enormous influence in directing this strategy. In his Memorandum on English Alliances and Memorandum to the King on Finances written in 1669 and 1670 respectively, Jean-Baptiste Colbert defended his theory and tried to figure out a way to undercut the Dutch trade. This document gave evidence of the strength of the [[Netherlands]]’ trade in the 17th century not only in India but also in the [[Caribbean]]. Moreover, it gave the precise numbers of the Dutch superiority over both the British and the French – 15,000 to 16,000 vessels per year versus 3,000 to 4,000 for the British and 500 to 600 for the French. The British managed to increase the trade in textiles to 22.7 million square meters over a period of just twenty years. They did that in the same year that France intervened in the Indian trade.<br /> <br /> == The implementation of trade on the local level in India and the various trading posts ==<br /> <br /> The trade in India was implemented mainly on the coast. During the 17th century there were two big Islamic empires between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire – the [[Safavid]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]s – their trade was implemented only by ships. Therefore, the main ports were on the coast of both the [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]] with the small exception of [[Calcutta]], located on the bank of the river [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], yet still accessible by water. [[Bombay]] and [[Surat]] on the Arabian sea coast and [[Madras]] (today’s [[Chennai]]) or - as the British named it - [[Fort St. George]], were the four main locations of Indo-European trade during the 17th century. Trade as a tool for the Early World globalization was very prosperous and profitable for both the European and the Indian merchants. <br /> <br /> The sudden and completely unexpected collapse of Mughal power in a few years after the death of [[Aurangzeb]] in 1707 led to a very different situation in the following century, as local rulers formed autonomous or semiautonomous states. Eventually the European trading companies took part in Indian political conflicts and processes; by 1800 the British [[East India Company]] had become the most powerful force in the sub-continent. <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> *[[Alfred J. Andrea|Andrea, Alfred J.]] and James H. Overfield. ''The Human Record: Sources Of Global History'' (selections from primary sources): Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.<br /> *Chatterjee, Prasun. The Lives of Alcohol in Pre-colonial India: The Medieval History Journal 2005; 8; 189.<br /> *“East India Company Factory Records”. Adam Matthew Publications Ltd. Pelham House, London Road, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 2AA, England, [http://www.ampltd.co.uk/collections_az/EIC-Factory-1/description.aspx East India Company Factory Records]<br /> * [[John Keay|Keay, John]], ''India, a History'', 2000, HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0002557177}}<br /> *''Worlds Entangled: 1600-1750''. 21, 22.<br /> <br /> [[Category:17th century in the Mughal Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Early modern period]]<br /> [[Category:17th century in India]]<br /> [[Category:17th century in Europe]]<br /> [[Category:Age of Sail]]<br /> [[Category:Foreign trade of India]]<br /> [[Category:Economic history of India]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prakasam&diff=526288 2025-11-27T07:01:09Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: stub.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Wikt|प्रकाश}}<br /> <br /> '''Prakasam''' may refer to:<br /> <br /> == Concept ==<br /> * [[Prakāśa]], concept in Indian philosophy, meaning &quot;light&quot;<br /> <br /> == Individuals ==<br /> * [[A. S. Prakasam]], Indian film director, screenwriter, and playwright<br /> * [[D. M. Prakasam]] (born 1957), fourth bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nellore]]<br /> * [[Jameela Prakasam]] (born 1957), Indian politician<br /> * [[L. Prakasam]] (died 1998), Indian pastor<br /> * [[Tanguturi Prakasam]] (1872-1957), Indian anti-colonial activist and politician<br /> <br /> == Locations ==<br /> * [[Prakasam Barrage]], named after Tanguturi Prakasam<br /> * [[Prakasam district]], named after Tanguturi Prakasam<br /> * [[Prakasam Stadium]], named after Tanguturi Prakasam<br /> <br /> == Other uses ==<br /> * [[Prakasha]], village in Maharashtra, India<br /> * [[Prakasarao]], Indian male given name<br /> <br /> {{Disambig|surname}}<br /> &lt;!-- Long comment to prevent listing on Special:Shortpages..........................................................................--&gt;</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangalore_rural_district&diff=476772 2025-10-31T13:20:20Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: made new place w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Bengaluru North district]] {{R from other capitalisation}}</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991_in_Kerala&diff=482003 2025-10-16T15:51:51Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: creating a data - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Year in Kerala}}Events in the year '''1991''' in '''Kerala'''.<br /> <br /> == Incumbents ==<br /> [[List of governors of Kerala|'''Governor of Kerala''']] -<br /> <br /> * [[B. Rachaiah]]<br /> <br /> [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|'''Chief ministers of Kerala''']] – <br /> <br /> * [[E. K. Nayanar]] till June<br /> * [[K. Karunakaran]] from June<br /> <br /> == Events ==<br /> <br /> * 5 April - [[Kerala High Court]] upholds ban on [[Entry of women to Sabarimala|entry of women between a certain age to Sabarimala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sabarimala Verdict: A Timeline of Temple Entry Issue |url=https://thewire.in/law/sabarimala-review-petition-verdict |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 18 April - In a formal event presided by [[E. K. Nayanar]] ''Chelakkodan Ayisha'' declares [[Kerala]] as a 100% [[Literacy in India|literate state]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2012-06-23 |title=Icon of Kerala's literacy drive draws a lesson for herself |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/icon-of-keralas-literacy-drive-draws-a-lesson-for-herself/articleshow/14348190.cms |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 15 May - [[Thomas Chazhikadan|Babu Chazhikadan]],[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] candidate for [[Ettumanoor Assembly constituency]] died due to [[Lightning strike]] during election campaign.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=babu.ramachandran |title=ഇടിമിന്നലിന്റെ ഇടപെടലിൽ പാതിവഴി നിന്നുപോയ ഒരു തെരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/special-election/an-election-halted-half-way-by-a-lightning-story-of-babu-chazhikadan-pok90y |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 18 June - [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] held.<br /> * 6 July - The hanging of [[Ripper Chandran]], the last [[capital punishment]] in [[Kerala]] (as of 2024).<br /> * 15 December - Mepparamba firing incident claims one life in [[Palakkad district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shaji |first=Lakshmi Priya,Sukanya |date=2024-01-20 |title=Remembering Sirajunnisa, a child shot dead by Kerala police during Ayodhya movement |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/remembering-sirajunnisa-a-child-shot-dead-in-kerala-during-ayodhya-movement |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Deaths ==<br /> <br /> * 24 January - [[Padmarajan]], director (b.1945)<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[History of Kerala]]<br /> * [[1991 in India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}{{Commons category-inline}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:1991 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Years in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:1990s in Kerala]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man,_Vikramgad&diff=515624 2025-09-20T08:15:02Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: made a post</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Man<br /> | other_name = Maan<br /> | native_name =<br /> | native_name_lang =<br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline =<br /> | image_alt =<br /> | image_caption =<br /> | etymology =<br /> | pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|19.78318046|N|73.08255672|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | coordinates_footnotes =<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Palghar]]<br /> | established_title =<br /> | established_date =<br /> | founder =<br /> | seat_type = [[Panchayat]]<br /> | seat =<br /> | leader_party =<br /> | leader_title =<br /> | leader_name =<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_total_km2 =<br /> | elevation_m = 53<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_total = 1263<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym =<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code =<br /> | area_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]] --&gt;<br /> | area_code =<br /> | blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = 551804<br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> '''Man''', also known as '''Maan''', is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> <br /> According to the [[2011 census of India]], Man has 206 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 76.99%.&lt;ref name=&quot;census_2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Demographics (2011 Census)&lt;ref name=&quot;census_2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! !! Total !! Male !! Female<br /> |-<br /> | Population || 1263 || 605 || 658<br /> |-<br /> | Children aged below 6 years || 159 || 80 || 79<br /> |-<br /> | [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0<br /> |-<br /> | [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1237 || 593 || 644<br /> |-<br /> | Literates || 850 || 436 || 414<br /> |-<br /> | Workers (all) || 509 || 260 || 249<br /> |-<br /> | Main workers (total) || 466 || 246 || 220<br /> |-<br /> | Main workers: Cultivators || 98 || 56 || 42<br /> |-<br /> | Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 324 || 167 || 157<br /> |-<br /> | Main workers: Household industry workers || 5 || 1 || 4<br /> |-<br /> | Main workers: Other || 39 || 22 || 17<br /> |-<br /> | Marginal workers (total) || 43 || 14 || 29<br /> |-<br /> | Marginal workers: Cultivators || 5 || 1 || 4<br /> |-<br /> | Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 17 || 4 || 13<br /> |-<br /> | Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0<br /> |-<br /> | Marginal workers: Others || 20 || 8 || 12<br /> |-<br /> | Non-workers || 754 || 345 || 409<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Vikramgad taluka}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanger&diff=508171 2025-09-14T14:16:26Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Done!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Earthen pot used by Kashmiris against cold}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> [[File:Kashmiri Kangri.jpg|thumb|A commonly used Kashmiri Kanger]]<br /> A '''kanger''' ({{IPA|ks|kãːɡɨr}}; also known as '''kangri''', '''kangid''', or '''kangir''')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=History of Srinagar, 1846-1947 |last=Khan |first=Mohammad Ishaq |year=1978 |publisher=Aamir Publications |oclc=5220131 |page=85 }}&lt;/ref&gt; is a traditional Kashmiri portable heater consisting of an earthen pot encased in wicker, filled with hot embers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Cultural Heritage of Kashmir |last=Qadri |first=M. Afzal |author2=G̲h̲ain He Gūrkū |year=1997 |publisher=[[University of Kashmir]] |oclc=39292540 |page=31 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The kanger is considered not only a practical device for warmth but also a work of craft and art.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Geography of Jammu and Kashmir |last=Raina |first=A. N. |year=1981 |publisher=[[National Book Trust]] |oclc=9260048 |page=144 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is typically carried inside the [[pheran]], a traditional Kashmiri cloak,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Occupational Tumors and Allied Diseases |last=Hueper |first=Wilhelm C. |year=1942 |publisher=C. C. Thomas |oclc=5639833 |page=293 }}&lt;/ref&gt; or wrapped in a blanket.&lt;ref name=mayer&gt;{{cite book |title=Medical Geography |last=Mayer |first=Ishtiaq Ahmad |year=2007 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0268-2 |page=24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Its primary use is during the cold winter period known as [[Chillai Kalan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.risingkashmir.com/home/news_description/370924/Chillai-Kalan|title=Kashmir News, News, Srinagar News, Jammu News, Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir, Risng Kashmir, Kashmir Newspaper|access-date=26 December 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222032152/http://risingkashmir.com/home/news_description/370924/Chillai-Kalan|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; When used with modern clothing such as jackets, it may also function as a [[hand warmer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Vale of Kashmir |last=Isaac |first=John |author2=Art Davidson |year=2008 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton]] |isbn=978-0-393-06525-1 |page=75 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Typical kangers measure approximately {{convert|6|in|cm}} in diameter and can reach temperatures of around {{convert|150|F|C}}. They are produced in various sizes, including smaller versions for children and larger ones for adults.<br /> ==Background==<br /> [[File:Kashmiri Kanger.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Kashmiri Ornamental Kanger]]<br /> After the earthen pots are moulded and fired, the artisans complete the [[wickerwork]] around them,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Symbolism of the East and West |url=https://archive.org/details/symbolismeastan00birdgoog |last=Murray-Aynsley |first=Harriet Georgiana Maria Manners-Sutton |author2=George Christopher Molesworth Birdwood |year=1900 |publisher=Redway |oclc=60177010 |page=208 }}&lt;/ref&gt; by erecting two arms to handle the pot, propping the back side with strong wicker sticks, and colour it (optionally) to give an aesthetically delicate shape.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Basketry in India |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |year=1993 |publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)]] |oclc=30361817 |page=28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> It is generally believed that Kashmiris learned the use of the ''kanger'' from the Italians who were in the retinue of the [[Mughal emperor]]s and usually visited the Valley during summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |author=India Quarter Master General's Dept. |year=1991 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-0104-9 |page=476 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In Italy (where a similar device was known as a ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scaldino scaldino]'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Central Asia |last=MacGregor |first=Charles Metcalfe |author2=F. Maisey |author3=Charles Ellison Bates |year=1995 |publisher=Barbican |isbn=978-1-900056-30-4 |page=38 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and Spain, [[brazier]]s were made in a great variety of shapes and were profusely ornamented. Historical data, however, contradict the claim that ''kanger'' came to Kashmir from Italy, but it is known that it was used in the time of the [[Mughal Empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Kashmir under the Mughals, 1586-1752 |last=Mattoo |first=A. Majid |year=1988 |publisher=Golden Horde Enterprises |oclc=19811895 |page=137 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Those visiting Kashmir for the first time during the winter season are surprised to find people carrying fire pots in their hands or in their laps&lt;ref name=Vigne&gt;{{cite book |title=Travels in Kashmir, Ladak, Iskardo, the Countries Adjoining the Mountain-course of the Indus, and the Himalaya, North of the Panjab ...: With Map. |last=Vigne |first=G. T. |year=1844 |publisher=[[Henry Colburn]] |oclc= 5970833 |page=317 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3noOAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=%22Ai+kangri%21+ai+kangri%22&amp;pg=PA317 }}&lt;/ref&gt; but every Kashmiri knows how to handle the apparatus with care. It is a part of Kashmiri tradition and even in modern times it sees a huge demand, and is even used in public or private offices during winters.<br /> <br /> ==Current use==<br /> Kanger are widely used in Kashmir. Its use is most prevalent in the countryside where power cuts during winters are frequent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fayaz |first=Aiman |date=2023-12-24 |title=Video: Kashmir Kangri Survives The Modernity Shift, Still a Big Business |url=https://kashmirlife.net/video-kashmir-kangri-survives-the-modernity-shift-still-a-big-business-336201/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Generally, everyone in the household has one. In some urban households, other devices, such as hot water bottles, blowers and electric blankets, have taken their place.<br /> <br /> Aromatic seeds, such as isband ([[Peganum harmala]]), are often burnt in a kanger for ceremonial purposes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071202/spectrum/main3.htm |title= Warm up to kangri <br /> |author= Rajesh Bhat |date= 2 December 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Beyond Kashmir, people of the erstwhile Hill states of Himachal, Uttarakhand, and some parts of Nepal also use other local variants of kanger.<br /> <br /> In 2015, a shopkeeper in [[Srinagar]] commissioned a kanger, described as [[List of largest roadside attractions|the world's largest]], to attract customers to his textile shop. ''[[Kashmir Life]]'' reported that the size, over a metre long, posed technical challenges to the wicker-weavers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Aafaq|first1=Zafar|title=The 'Biggest Kanger' and the Sales Thereof|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/the-biggest-kanger-and-the-sales-thereof-94510/|access-date=10 November 2016|agency=KL NEWS NETWORK|publisher=Kashmir Life|date=17 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Manufacturing ==<br /> Kangeris are weaved by small scaled farmers known as kanile. <br /> <br /> [[Charari Sharief]] town is the most famous for a peculiar kind of kanger called &quot;'''charar kangir'''&quot;. [[Anantnag]] is also another major producer. The sector is not organized but is covered under different government schemes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/business/in-line-with-cm-s-direction-jk-bank-launches-micro-finance-initiative-adopts-village-in-kulgam/235470.html|title=Greater Kashmir|last=Kashmir|first=Greater|date=6 December 2016|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221000219/https://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/business/in-line-with-cm-s-direction-jk-bank-launches-micro-finance-initiative-adopts-village-in-kulgam/235470.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/10/stories/2003111001730300.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Kangri under threat of extinction|date=2003-11-10|access-date=2019-02-21}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Popular culture==<br /> This Kashmiri proverb, &quot;what [[Layla and Majnun|Laila was on Majnun’s]] bosom (Legendary Lovers), so is the Kanger to a Kashmiri&quot;, sums up the relationship between a Kashmiri and the Kanger and its cultural importance, which is also shown by this verse:&lt;ref name=Vigne/&gt;<br /> <br /> :''Ai kangri! ai kangri!''<br /> :''Kurban tu Hour wu Peri!''<br /> :''Chun dur bughul mi girimut''<br /> :''Durd az dil mi buree.''<br /> :''(Oh, kangri! oh, kangri!''<br /> :''You are the gift of Houris and Fairies;''<br /> :''When I take you under my arm''<br /> :''You drive fear from my heart.)''<br /> <br /> ==Medical hazards==<br /> Regular use of the kanger can cause a specific skin cancer known as [[kangri cancer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Cancer |last=Raven |first=Ronald William |year=1957 |publisher=Butterworth |oclc=2730378 |page=277 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This effect was first studied by W. J. Elmslie in 1866 and was thought to be caused by burns,&lt;ref name=mayer/&gt; but it is now thought to be the result of a carcinogenic distillation product of woodcoal.&lt;ref name=nrc&gt;{{cite book |title=Particulate Polycyclic Organic Matter |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_mVwrAAAAYAAJ |author=National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants |year=1972 |publisher=[[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] |isbn=978-0-309-02027-5 |page=193}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Contradictory inline|article=Cancer|section=Physical agents|date=March 2016}}<br /> <br /> ==World Kangri Day==<br /> The tourism department of [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] (AJK) has finalised to celebrate '[[Pheran]] and Kangri Day’ on Feb 19 to promote Kashmiri culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Naqash|first=Tariq|date=2020-02-13|title=Arrangements finalised to mark day promoting Kashmiri culture|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1534134|access-date=2021-01-08|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Phiran]]<br /> *[[Chillai Kalan]]<br /> *[[Hand warmer]]<br /> *[[Kangri cancer|Kangri Cancer]]<br /> *[[Pulhoer]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> {{Kashmir Valley}}<br /> {{Jammu and Kashmir}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Culture of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmiri culture]]<br /> [[Category:Heating]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friends_Volleyball_Club&diff=473441 2025-09-11T08:02:05Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: general corrected layout to improve readability and cleaned formatting after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{More sources needed|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> <br /> '''Friends Volleyball Club''' is a [[volleyball]] club based in [[Puduvayal]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It was founded in 1986 by Jayakumar Krishnan. He studied in Ramanathan Chettiar Higher Secondary School in [[Puduvayal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Friends Volleyball Club - JungleKey.in Wiki |url=http://www.junglekey.in/wiki/definition.php?terme=Friends_Volleyball_Club |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.junglekey.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; This club is promoting [[volleyball]] and [[Sport|athletics]] in this region. This club conducts state level volleyball [[tournament]]s every year. Some of the best players in the country participated in these tournaments and represented this prestigious club.<br /> <br /> ==List of international players who represented the club==<br /> #[[Solaimalai R]] (Senior India)<br /> #[[Natarajan J]] (Senior India)<br /> #[[Sivabalan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-03-06 |title=The Hindu : Sport / Volleyball : IOB (Chennai) claims men's title |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/03/stories/2008030371361800.htm |access-date=2024-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306001011/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/03/stories/2008030371361800.htm |archive-date=6 March 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (Senior India)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2004-07-28 |title=The Hindu : Steering towards success |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/09/stories/2003010900570400.htm |access-date=2024-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040728222459/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/09/stories/2003010900570400.htm |archive-date=28 July 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> #Kumaran (Senior India)<br /> #Sundaram (Senior India)<br /> #Ramamoorthy ([[Beach Volleyball]])<br /> #Nickson (Beach Volleyball)<br /> #Sayee Krishnan (Senior India)<br /> #Manoharan (Senior India)<br /> <br /> ==List of players who represented the club and Tamil Nadu state==<br /> #Ilamaran (Represented [[Indian Railways]] for World Railways Games)<br /> #Uma Rajan<br /> #Prakash (Representing Indian Army team currently and played for Tamil Nadu youth Team)<br /> #Merline (Represented Tamil Nadu for [Rurals, SGFI, Women's] nationals for three times)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Volleyball in India}}<br /> {{Tamil Nadu Sports}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Club, Friends Volleyball}}<br /> [[Category:Volleyball clubs in India]]<br /> [[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Volleyball-team-stub}}<br /> {{India-sport-stub}}</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirusulam_railway_station&diff=541541 2025-08-24T19:50:27Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: Adding post - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Railway station in Chennai, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Tirusulam<br /> | type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] station<br /> | style = Indian Railways<br /> | image = Tirusulam railway station (June 2025).jpg<br /> | image_caption = Tirusulam railway station as of June 2025<br /> | address = [[Grand Southern Trunk Road]], Tirusulam, [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|12|58|23|N|80|10|12|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | line = [[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South]] and [[South West Line, Chennai Suburban|South West]] lines of [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]<br /> | other = <br /> | structure = Standard on-ground station<br /> | platform = 4 ({{cvt|280|m}})<br /> | depth = <br /> | levels = <br /> | tracks = 4<br /> | parking = Available<br /> | bicycle = <br /> | opened = <br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = <br /> | accessible = <br /> | code = TLM<br /> | owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | zone = [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railways]]<br /> | former = South Indian Railway<br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | mpassengers = <br /> | services = {{adjacent stations|system1=Chennai Suburban|line1=South|left1=Meenambakkam|to-left=Chennai Beach|right1=Pallavaram|to-right1=Tambaram or Chengalpattu Junction or Villupuram Junction}}<br /> | route_map = {{South Line, Chennai Suburban}}<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-marker = rail<br /> | mapframe-marker-color = #16A117<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Tirusulam Railway Station''' is one of the railway stations of the [[Chennai Beach]]–[[Chengalpattu]] section of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]]. It serves the neighbourhood of [[Tirusulam]], a suburb of [[Chennai]] where the city's [[Chennai Airport|airport]] is located. It is located at a distance of {{cvt|21|km}} from Chennai Beach terminus and is situated on the [[GST Road]] across the airport, with an elevation of {{cvt|20|m}} above [[Mean sea level|sea level]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The station was opened in the year 1985.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} The station lies in the Chennai Beach–Tambaram section of the Chennai Suburban Railway Network, the first suburban section of the city. With the completion of track-lying work in March 1931, which began in 1928, the suburban services were started on 11 May 1931 between Beach and Tambaram, and was electrified on 15 November 1931, with the first MG EMU services running on 1.5&amp;nbsp;kV&amp;nbsp;DC.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRFCA_ElectricTraction1&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> | title = Electric Traction - I<br /> | publisher = IRFCA.org<br /> | url = http://irfca.org/faq/faq-elec.html#vol<br /> | access-date = 17 Nov 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The section was converted to 25&amp;nbsp;kV&amp;nbsp;AC traction on 15 January 1967.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> | title = IR Electrification Chronology up to 31.03.2004<br /> | work = History of Electrification<br /> | publisher = IRFCA.org<br /> | url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html<br /> | access-date = 17 Nov 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Layout==<br /> The station has two suburban platforms and another [[island platform]] for long-distance mainline trains. Since mainline trains do not halt at the station, the island platform remains unused. The platform is 280&amp;nbsp;m long and has been considered to be extended to 575&amp;nbsp;m as there are plans to halt long-distance trains at the station.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news<br /> | title = Soon long distance trains may halt at Tirusulam stn<br /> | newspaper = The Times of India<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | publisher = The Times Group<br /> | date = 23 May 2012<br /> | url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&amp;Type=text/html&amp;Locale=english-skin-custom&amp;Path=TOICH/2012/05/23&amp;ID=Ar00804<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074432/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&amp;Type=text/html&amp;Locale=english-skin-custom&amp;Path=TOICH/2012/05/23&amp;ID=Ar00804<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 4 March 2016<br /> | access-date = 15 Dec 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The platforms are connected by [[Subway (underpass)|subways]]. These platforms are built to accumulate 24 coaches express train. The platforms are equipped with modern facility like display board of arrival and departure of trains. This is the first station and only till date that has subways to enter and exit the station. All other stations in Chennai have only foot overbridge. Initially, the subways were only up to G.S.T. road (station side). In 2006, the subway was extended inside the Thirusoolam airport complex.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}<br /> <br /> === Station layout ===<br /> {| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30&quot; style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; |'''G'''<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;85&quot; style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; |Street level<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; |Exit/Entrance &amp; ticket counter<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=&quot;50&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |'''P1'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; |[[Foot overbridge|&lt;small&gt;FOB&lt;/small&gt;]]&lt;small&gt;, [[Side platform]]&lt;nowiki&gt; | Doors will open on the left&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | width=&quot;85&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px white;&quot; |&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|South}}&gt;'''Platform 1'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> | width=&quot;500&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px white;&quot; |Towards → [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' [[Meenambakkam railway station|Meenambakkam]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; |[[Foot overbridge|&lt;small&gt;FOB&lt;/small&gt;]]&lt;small&gt;, [[Island platform]]&lt;nowiki&gt; | &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''P1'''&lt;nowiki&gt; Doors will open on the left/right | &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''P2''' Doors will open on the right&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | width=&quot;85&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 5px gray;&quot; |&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|South}}&gt;'''Platform 2'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> | width=&quot;500&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 5px gray;&quot; |Towards ← [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]] / [[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpattu Jn]] / [[Viluppuram Junction railway station|Villuppuram Jn]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' [[Pallavaram railway station|Pallavaram]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | width=&quot;85&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px white;&quot; |&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|South}}&gt;'''Platform 3'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px white;&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; |Towards → [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]]<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; |[[Foot overbridge|&lt;small&gt;FOB&lt;/small&gt;]]&lt;small&gt;, [[Island platform]]&lt;nowiki&gt; | &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''P3 and P4'''&lt;nowiki&gt; | &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''''(Express Lines)'''''&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | width=&quot;85&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; |&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|South}}&gt;'''Platform 4'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; |Towards ← [[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpattu Junction]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=&quot;50&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |'''P1'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=&quot;50&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> | style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=&quot;50&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Developments==<br /> [[File:Tirusulam Railway Station.jpg|thumb]]<br /> The station is connected to the Chennai airport by means of a subway.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_SafetyTrumpsUseOfSubway&quot;&gt;{{Cite news<br /> | last = Sekar<br /> | first = Sunitha<br /> | title = Safety trumps use of Tirusulam subway<br /> | newspaper = The Hindu<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | date = 30 November 2012<br /> | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/safety-trumps-use-of-tirusulam-subway/article4147718.ece<br /> | access-date = 15 Dec 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite being situated at the entrance of the airport, the station does not cater to the needs of the air travellers due to the lack of proper approach corridors and other facilities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_AirportLinkPlanned&quot;&gt;{{Cite news<br /> | last = Sreevatsan<br /> | first = Ajai<br /> | title = Airport-railway station link planned<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | date = 23 April 2011<br /> | url = http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/23/stories/2011042364760300.htm<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110426115013/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/23/stories/2011042364760300.htm<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 26 April 2011<br /> | newspaper = [[The Hindu]]<br /> | access-date = 15 Dec 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the modernisation of Chennai Airport in 2012, several renovation processes are underway in the station.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_LackOfCoordination&quot;&gt;{{Cite news<br /> | title = Lack of coordination mars attempts to revamp Tirusulam station<br /> | newspaper = The Hindu<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | date = 7 August 2012<br /> | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3735396.ece<br /> | access-date = 15 Dec 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also plans to connect the station with the [[Chennai International Airport metro station|Metro Rail Station]] at the airport.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news<br /> | last = Janardhanan<br /> | first = Arun<br /> | title = Corridor to connect airport with stations<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | date = 23 September 2011<br /> | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Corridor-to-connect-airport-with-stations/articleshow/10086673.cms<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130516055535/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-23/chennai/30193229_1_metro-rail-airport-metro-cmrl<br /> | url-status = live<br /> | archive-date = 16 May 2013<br /> | newspaper = [[The Times of India]]<br /> | access-date = 15 Dec 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> * [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]<br /> * [[Railway stations in Chennai]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/tirusulam-tlm/9243 Tirusulam railway station on IndiaRailInfo.com]<br /> * [http://erail.in/ChennaiSubUrbanTrains.htm# Local Train timings from/to Tirusulam]<br /> <br /> {{Chennai - Suburban Railway, South West|Tirusulam|Meenambakkam| Pallavaram |14|24}}<br /> {{Chennai - Suburban Railway, South| Tirusulam| Meenambakkam |Pallavaram|14|24}}<br /> {{Chennai Topics|left}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]<br /> [[Category:Airport railway stations in India]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Chengalpattu district]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haryana_State_Election_Commission&diff=502325 2025-08-22T14:18:30Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Electoral agency of Haryana, India}}<br /> '''Haryana State Election Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[statutory]] body constituted in [[India]]n state of [[Haryana]] for ensuring that elections are conducted in free, fair and unbiased way. [[Constitution of India]] with provisions as per Article 324 ensures creation and safeguarding of the powers of Election Commission. Haryana State Election Commission is responsible for conducting elections for [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]] like [[Municipality|Municipalities]], [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]], [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]s and any other specified by [[Election Commission of India]]. Haryana State Election Commissioner is appointed by [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of Haryana.<br /> <br /> == History and Administration ==<br /> <br /> Haryana State Election Commission was formed in year 1966.&lt;ref name=&quot;hec ref3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Haryana Election Commission- its history, functions and officers |url=https://www.elections.in/election-commission/haryana.html |access-date=7 December 2021 |publisher=Elections in India}}&lt;/ref&gt; State Election Commission in India for respective states were formed in accordance with powers of Election Commission of India, which was constituted in year 1950&lt;ref name=&quot;sec ref1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=WHAT IS ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (ECI)? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-election-commission-of-india#collapse |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India}}&lt;/ref&gt; to supervise state level elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;sec ref3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=State election panels: Independent of central EC, with similar powers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/state-election-panels-independent-of-central-ec-with-similar-powers-5132220/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2018 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haryana State Election commissioner is appointed by Governor.&lt;ref name=&quot;sec ref2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India Code: Section Details |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_18_21_00005_199426_1517807320414&amp;sectionId=42788&amp;sectionno=98&amp;orderno=98 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.indiacode.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sec ref6&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=State Election Commissioner Conditions of Service Rules, 1994 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.bareactslive.com |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113835/http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; To ensure the autonomy of the position the state election commissioner cannot be removed from office except on the grounds and manner specified for [[judge]] of [[High courts of India|High Court]].<br /> <br /> In year 2016, Haryana State Election Commission had introduced and released E-Dashboard, a web based online application for conducting elections to Urban Local Bodies and Panchayat Institutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;hec ref2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rahul |first1=Jain |title=Haryana:Message from State Election Commissioner Haryana for NIC Haryana {{!}} Informatics |url=https://informaticsweb.nic.in/news/haryanamessage-state-election-commissioner-haryana-nic-haryana |access-date=7 December 2021 |publisher=informaticsweb.nic.in |date=16 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Powers and Responsibilities ==<br /> <br /> Haryana State Election Commission is responsible for the following:&lt;ref name=&quot;hec ref1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sec ref1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sec ref7&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Election Commission directs all state electoral officers to immediately redress all pending voter applications |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/election-commission-directs-state-electoral-officers-immediately-redress-pending-voter-applications-1503026387.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The Statesman |date=23 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.<br /> * Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.<br /> * Laying guidelines for persons eligible to contest in elections for Municipal panchayats in State.&lt;ref name=&quot;hec ref4&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=No Panchayat Elections in Haryana For Now, Supreme Court Rules |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-panchayat-elections-in-haryana-for-now-supreme-court-rules-1220261 |access-date=7 December 2021 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=22 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Laying guidelines for persons eligible to contest in elections for Municipal Corporations in State.<br /> * Model code of conduct are following in elections for local bodies.<br /> * Laying guidelines for voters voting in elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;hec ref6&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Polling underway in municipal body elections in Haryana |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/polling-underway-in-municipal-body-elections-in-haryana/2000029 |access-date=7 December 2021 |publisher=www.outlookindia.com/ |date=27 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Updating Electoral rolls with new additions.<br /> * Updating Electoral rolls with removals, if any.<br /> <br /> == Composition ==<br /> <br /> Haryana State Election Commission consists of Chief Commissioner&lt;ref name=&quot;sec ref3&quot; /&gt; and as many members and staff specified as are required by the Acts of respective state Governments. State Election Commissioners are independent persons not holding position or office in any Central or State Government organisations.&lt;ref name=&quot;sec ref5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=State election commissioners should be independent, says SC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/state-election-commissioners-should-be-independent-says-sc/cid/1809411 |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=13 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dhanpat Singh, a retired civil servant of 1985 batch is the current Chief Commissioner of Haryana State Election Commission.&lt;ref name=&quot;hec ref1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Dhanpat Singh is Haryana state election commissioner |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/dhanpat-singh-is-haryana-state-election-commissioner-101617880174419.html |access-date=7 December 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=8 April 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He will serve for a period of four years.<br /> <br /> == Constitutional Requirements ==<br /> <br /> Haryana State Election Commission was formed after amendment of Constitution with 73rd and 74th declaration&lt;ref name=&quot;sec ref4&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India State Election - Find information of all State elections in India |url=https://www.elections.in/state-elections.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the objective of supervision and guiding preparation of electoral rolls for local governing body and to conduct elections in municipalities and panchayats . State Election Commissions were formed as per Article 243K of the Constitution, similar to setting up of Election commission of India as per Article 324.&lt;ref name=&quot;sec ref3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Election Commission of India]]<br /> * [[State election commission (India)]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references. --&gt;<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.secharyana.gov.in/ official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209105831/https://www.secharyana.gov.in/ |date=2021-12-09 }}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Categories --&gt;<br /> [[Category:State election commissioners of India]]<br /> [[Category:Elections in Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Local government in Haryana]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bapunagar&diff=452934 2025-08-08T18:22:58Z

<p>PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: cleanup section to improve readability and fixed typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=April 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Bapunagar<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Ahmedabad#India Gujarat<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|23.038350|N|72.630528|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = Ahmadabad<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = 382330<br /> | registration_plate =GJ 01 and GJ 27<br /> | website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}} <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Bapunagar''' is a neighbourhood in [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India. It is in the eastern part of the city, in the Bpunagr ward. Its name derives from the word ''bapu'', which refers to [[Gandhi]], who was popularly called ''bapu'', or 'father'.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Bapunagar was established in the early 1960s as a residential area for the poor mill workers, when Ahmedabad was a flourishing textile centre. Many of these mills had closed by the late 1980s, reducing the now unemployed mill workers to home businesses, such as making incense sticks or candles. The present day detergent giant [[Nirma]] began as just one such home industry; the owner started by making household detergents and selling them door to door.<br /> <br /> == Industry and business ==<br /> In the early 1990s, diamond cutting arose as an industry in the absence of the [[textile mill]]s. At present, Bapunagar ranks second in India as a diamond cutting centre, after only [[Surat]]. Diamond cutting has absorbed many of the workers who used to be employed by textile mills, and attracted additional people from the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]]. This influx of new residents caused a resultant increase in the housing sector and construction is causing a second more recent employment boom. Bapunagar Darpan is local bi-weekly newspaper operated from Bapunagar, [[Ahmedabad]].<br /> <br /> == Landmarks ==<br /> Maleksaban, or Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, was the first sports stadium in Ahmedabad, but due to insufficient use and funding, it was converted into a sports complex, Sardar Patel Stadium. It is occasionally used for military drills and informal cricket games.<br /> <br /> Built in the 1450s, Malik Saban [[Rauza|Roza]] is now home to many. Encroachers have connected sandstone pillars with brick walls to demarcate their spaces, robbing the roza of its magnificent beauty.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Crying Roza |url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&amp;sectname=News%20-%20City&amp;sectid=3&amp;contentid=201011252010112502111831050180307 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202105913/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&amp;sectname=News%20-%20City&amp;sectid=3&amp;contentid=201011252010112502111831050180307 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=25 November 2010 |newspaper=Ahmedabad Mirror }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Vijay Chowk is a square which divides the old and new portions of Bapunagar, and serves as a site for political gatherings and speeches, particularly when election campaigns are underway.<br /> <br /> The city also serves as a source of agricultural products such as mangoes and chilis.<br /> <br /> ==Diversity==<br /> Bapunagar has a diverse population, but is nicknamed &quot;''Mini-Saurashtra''&quot;, as majority of its population have roots in the Amreli, Bhavnagar, Junagadh, Jamnagar and other districts of the Saurashtra region of Gujarat{{cn|date=February 2017}}. The area is considered communally sensitive and has witnessed some of the worst post-independence violence, primarily struggles between the Hindu majority and the Muslim minority. The [[1969 Gujarat riots|1969 riots]] were the worst riots of that period, with about 1,100 lives lost, and the [[2002 Gujarat violence|2002 riots]] also took about 300 lives.<br /> <br /> The VHP leader [[Pravin Togadia]] started his professional as well as political career from here.<br /> <br /> Bapunagar also has multi-specialty hospital units like Sardar Hospital and Kakadia Hospital. The ESIC (Employees State Insurance Corporation) hospital is situated on Stadium Road.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rs. 126 crore centrally AC ESIC hospital opened in Ahmedabad| url=http://deshgujarat.com/2011/06/03/rs-126-crore-centrally-ac-esic-hospital-opened-in-ahmedabad/|access-date=3 June 2011|newspaper=Deshgujarat}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Ahmedabad}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in Ahmedabad]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Ahmedabad district]]</div>

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI