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List of Indian Bengali films of 1980

2026-05-08T10:10:55Z

PANModesto: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1980s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Election Commission of India

2026-05-07T04:58:02Z

PANModesto: updated article and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Election regulatory body of India}}
{{About|the body which oversees elections in India|similar bodies in other jurisdictions|Election commission}}
{{Distinguish|Election Commissioner of India|State election commission (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox government agency
| nativename_a =
| seal_caption =
| logo = Election Commission of India Logo.svg
| logo_width = 120px
| logo_caption = Official logo<ref>{{cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://presentations.gov.in/logos/election-commission-of-india/|access-date=21 March 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=14 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414134428/https://presentations.gov.in/logos/election-commission-of-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| formed = {{Start date and age|1950|01|25|df=yes}} (celebrated as [[National Voters' Day]])
| jurisdiction = India
| headquarters = Nirvachan Sadan, Ashoka Road, [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/contact-us|title=Contact Us|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111095117/https://www.eci.gov.in/contact-us|url-status=live}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{Coordinates|28|37|26|N|77|12|40|E|display=inline, title}}
| chief1_position = [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]]
| chief1_name = [[Gyanesh Kumar]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Who is Gyanesh Kumar, the new Chief Election Commissioner|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-is-gyanesh-kumar-the-new-chief-election-commissioner/article69232457.ece|access-date=18 February 2024|date=18 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=18 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218061159/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-is-gyanesh-kumar-the-new-chief-election-commissioner/article69232457.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| chief2_name = [[Sukhbir Singh Sandhu]]<ref name="ECC">{{cite news|date=15 March 2024|title=Gyanesh Kumar, Sukhbir Singh Sandhu take charge as Election Commissioners|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gyanesh-kumar-sukhbir-singh-sandhu-take-charge-as-election-commissioners-9215260/|access-date=17 March 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=17 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317023939/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gyanesh-kumar-sukhbir-singh-sandhu-take-charge-as-election-commissioners-9215260/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| chief2_position = [[Election Commissioner of India]]
| chief3_name = [[Vivek Joshi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gyanesh-kumar-named-new-chief-election-commissioner-101739805476783.html|title=Gyanesh Kumar appointed next chief election commissioner|access-date=18 February 2024|date=18 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=17 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217181931/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gyanesh-kumar-named-new-chief-election-commissioner-101739805476783.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| chief3_position = [[Election Commissioner of India]]
| website = {{URL|eci.gov.in}} {{link note|note=only accessible in India}}
| name = Election Commission of India
| seal =
| seal_size =
| employees = ~300<ref name="ECI"/>
| budget =
| type = [[Constitution of India|Constitutional Body]]
}}

{{Politics of India}}
{{Elections}}
The '''Election Commission of India''' ('''ECI''') is a [[constitutional body]] that is empowered to conduct free and fair elections in India. Established by the [[Constitution of India]], it is headed by a [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|chief election commissioner]] and consists of two other [[Election Commissioner of India|election commissioner]]s as constituent members. The commission is headquartered in [[New Delhi]].

The election commissioners are appointed by the [[president of India]] on the recommendation of a selection committee headed by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]. The term of the chief election commissioner (CEC) can be a maximum of six years provided they do not attain the age of sixty-five years before the expiry of the term. CEC can only be removed by impeachment in the [[Parliament of India|parliament]], while election commissioners can be removed by the president on the recommendation of the CEC.

The election commission decides the dates for the filing of nominations, voting, counting and announcement of results for all the elections. At the states and union territories, the elections are supervised by a chief electoral officer, under the direction of the Election Commission. At the district and constituency levels, election related work is carried out by the district election officers, electoral registration officers and returning officers. The commission carries out the registration and recognition of political parties in the country. It prepares electoral rolls, and issues identification for eligible voters. It is also responsible for scrutinizing candidates, allotting ballot symbols, issuing a model code of conduct to be followed by the political parties and candidates, and monitoring election spends.

== Structure ==
{{See also|Chief Election Commissioner of India|Election Commissioner of India}}
In 1950, the Election Commission of India was established as a single member body. As per ''The Election Commissioner Amendment Act, 1989'', the commission was made a multi-member body headed by a [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|chief election commissioner]] and two other [[Election Commissioner of India|election commissioner]]s, who were appointed to the commission for the first time on 16 October 1989. On 1 January 1990, it reverted back to a single member body after the post of election commissioner was abolished, before being restored to the three member structure on 1 October 1993.<ref name="CEC"/><ref name="ECI"/> The commission is headed by the chief election commissioner and consists of two other election commissioners.<ref name="ECI"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Polity|last=Laxmikanth|first=M|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2017|isbn=978-9-35260-363-3|pages=42}}</ref> The chief election commissioner does not have overruling powers and any decision is taken by the opinion of the majority among the three.<ref name="ECI"/><ref>{{cite web|title=The Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991 (Act No. 11 of 1991)|date=25 January 1991|publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/P-ACT/1991/The%20Election%20Commission%20(Conditions%20of%20Service%20of%20Election%20Commissioners%20and%20Transaction%20of%20Business)%20Act,%201991.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329161649/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/P-ACT/1991/The%20Election%20Commission%20(Conditions%20of%20Service%20of%20Election%20Commissioners%20and%20Transaction%20of%20Business)%20Act,%201991.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> The commission is assisted by directors generals, principal secretaries, and other officers. The commission is headquartered at Nirvachan Sadan in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="ECI"/>

At the [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]], the elections are supervised by a chief electoral officer appointed by the Election Commission. At the district and constituency levels, election related work is carried out by the district election officers, electoral registration officers and returning officers.<ref name="ECI"/>

== Appointment and term of office ==
The appointment and term of the election commissioner is prescribed in the [[Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023]]. As per the Section 7 of the act, an election commissioner is appointed by the [[president of India]] on the recommendation of a selection committee headed by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]] and consisting of the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|leader of the opposition]] in [[Lok Sabha]] and a member of the [[Union Council of Ministers]] to be nominated by the Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sc-refuses-to-stay-new-law-on-appointment-of-cec-ecs-by-panel-excluding-cji-issues-notice/articleshow/107659220.cms?from=mdr|title=SC refuses to stay new law on appointment of CEC and ECs, issues notice to Centre|date=13 February 2024|access-date=1 April 2024|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=4 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504233103/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sc-refuses-to-stay-new-law-on-appointment-of-cec-ecs-by-panel-excluding-cji-issues-notice/articleshow/107659220.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> They were earlier appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister. In March 2023, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled that the appointments shall be made by a committee consisting of the prime minister, leader of opposition and the [[Chief Justice of India|chief justice of India]] and the process would be in place until a new law is enacted with regard to the same.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-says-committee-of-pm-leader-of-opposition-cji-should-appoint-election-commissioners|title=Supreme Court Says Committee of PM, Leader of Opposition, CJI Should Appoint Election Commissioners|date=2 March 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=The Wire|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603084002/https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-says-committee-of-pm-leader-of-opposition-cji-should-appoint-election-commissioners|url-status=live}}</ref> The new law enacted in 2023, replaced the chief justice with a member appointed by the prime minister in the selection committee,<ref>{{cite news|date=14 March 2024|title=Supreme Court agrees to hear plea against law dropping CJI from committee to select CEC, ECs|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/supreme-court-agrees-to-hear-plea-against-law-dropping-cji-from-committee-to-select-cec-ecs-9213094/|access-date=3 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603071538/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/supreme-court-agrees-to-hear-plea-against-law-dropping-cji-from-committee-to-select-cec-ecs-9213094/|url-status=live}}</ref> thus giving the ruling government a dominant role in the appointment of election commissioners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2025 |title=Supreme Court puts off hearing pleas challenging law on CEC appointment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-postpones-hearing-of-pleas-challenging-cec-appointment-law/article69237757.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219101449/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-postpones-hearing-of-pleas-challenging-cec-appointment-law/article69237757.ece |archive-date=19 February 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The term of the CEC can be a maximum of six years from the date on which they assume their office. However, the CEC retires from office if they attain the age of sixty-five years before the expiry of the term.<ref name="CEC">{{cite web|url=https://www.ceoandaman.nic.in/election/gfaq.php|title=Election, FAQ|publisher=Government of India|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=2 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302175339/https://www.ceoandaman.nic.in/election/gfaq.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> While the CEC can only be removed by office through the process of impeachment requiring two-thirds majority of the Lok Sabha and the [[Rajya Sabha]] to be present and voting for the same, election commissioners can be removed by the President on the recommendation of the CEC.<ref name="CEC"/>

==Powers and functions==
{{See also|Election Commission of India's Model Code of Conduct}}
The Election Commission of India is a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections to the [[Parliament of India|national]], the [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Legislative Assemblies]], [[State legislative councils of India|State Legislative Councils]] and the offices of the [[President of India|president]] and [[Vice-President of India|vice-president]].<ref name="ECI"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/HandBooks/The_Presidential_and_Vice-Presidential_Elections_Act-1952.pdf|title=The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952 (Act No. 31 of 1952)|date=14 March 1952|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009064851/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/HandBooks/The_Presidential_and_Vice-Presidential_Elections_Act-1952.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> The Election Commission operates under the powers granted by [[Part XV of the Constitution of India|Article 324]] of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] and subsequently enacted [[Representation of the People Act (India)|Representation of the People Act]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(21).pdf|title=Part XV of the Constitution of India – Elections – Article 324|publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203131609/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(21).pdf|archive-date=3 December 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/election/volume%201/representation%20of%20the%20people%20act,%201951.pdf|title=The Representation of the People Act, 1951|publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501024716/http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/election/volume%201/representation%20of%20the%20people%20act,%201951.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> The [[State election commission (India)|State Election Commissions]] are independent constitutional bodies vested with the responsibility of conducting elections to the [[Local government in India|local bodies]] in their respective at the [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]].<ref name="CEC" /> The election commission decides the dates for the filing of nominations, voting, counting and announcement of results.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2017-dates-announced-by-election-commission-get-schedule-of-polling-and-results-of-up-state-elections-2017-1737457/|title=UP poll dates announced, results on March 11|last=Iqbal|first=Aadil Ikram Zaki|date=4 January 2017|work=India|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053034/https://www.india.com/news/india/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2017-dates-announced-by-election-commission-get-schedule-of-polling-and-results-of-up-state-elections-2017-1737457/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/gujarat-himachal-get-dates-for-assembly-polls-274363.html|title=Gujarat, Himachal get dates for Assembly polls|last=Sharma|first=Test|date=10 October 2007|work=[[News18]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053047/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/gujarat-himachal-get-dates-for-assembly-polls-274363.html|url-status=live }}</ref>

It issues a [[Election Commission of India's Model Code of Conduct|Model Code of Conduct]] for political parties and candidates to ensure that the elections are conducted in a free and fair manner.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/model-code-conduct-and-2014-general-elections|title=Model Code of Conduct and the 2014 General Elections|author=Joyita|date=14 April 2014|work=[[PRS Legislative Research]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128035201/http://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/model-code-conduct-and-2014-general-elections|url-status=live }}</ref> The Code of Conduct was issued for the first time in 1971 for the [[Indian general election, 1971|5th Lok Sabha elections]] and has revised it from time to time. It lays down guidelines for the conduct of political parties and candidates during an election period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/election-commission-enforces-model-code-of-conduct-in-manipur/story-aIc1xuwpRIrzlcAE9gqrwM.html|title=Election Commission enforces model code of conduct in Manipur|date=5 January 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225052944/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/election-commission-enforces-model-code-of-conduct-in-manipur/story-aIc1xuwpRIrzlcAE9gqrwM.html|url-status=live }}</ref> Instances of violation of the code by various political parties and misuse of official machinery by the candidates are dealt according to the law.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/model-code-is-only-moral-code-but-carries-weight/|title=Model Code is only moral code, but carries weight|last=Chhibber|first=Maneesh|date=5 November 2015|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053020/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/model-code-is-only-moral-code-but-carries-weight/|url-status=live }}</ref>

A law for the registration process for political parties was enacted in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/Registration_of_Political_Party.pdf|title=Registration of political parties under section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951|date=23 March 1992|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014194712/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/Registration_of_Political_Party.pdf|archive-date=14 October 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> The registration ensures that the political parties are recognized as national, state and regional parties. The election commission has the right to allot symbols to the political parties depending on the status. The same symbol cannot be allocated to two political parties even if they do not contest in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/HandBooks/HANDBOOK%20OF%20SYMBOLS.pdf|title=Handbook of Symbols, 2004|date=2004|publisher=Election Commission of India|at=Clause 9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111174305/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/HandBooks/HANDBOOK%20OF%20SYMBOLS.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref>

The commission prepares electoral rolls and updates the voter list. To prevent electoral fraud, Electors Photo Identity Cards (EPIC) were introduced in 1993. However certain legal documents such as [[Ration card (India)|ration cards]] have been allowed for voting in certain situations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/when-using-ration-card-as-identity-proof-entire-family-should-vote/|title=When using ration card as identity proof, entire family should vote|date=8 October 2009|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225052956/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/when-using-ration-card-as-identity-proof-entire-family-should-vote/|url-status=live }}</ref>

The commission is empowered to prohibit the dissemination or publication of voting trends that seek to influence voters by [[opinion polls]] or [[exit polls]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/instruction/recent/media/pnxitpoll_FINAL.html|title=Subject - Guidelines for Publication and Dissemination of Results of Opinion Polls/Exit Polls.|date=20 January 1998|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106015453/http://eci.nic.in/archive/instruction/recent/media/pnxitpoll_FINAL.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/election-commission-bans-exit-polls-in-election-bound-states/articleshow/56856902.cms|title=Election Commission bans exit polls in election-bound states|date=29 January 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225052946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/election-commission-bans-exit-polls-in-election-bound-states/articleshow/56856902.cms|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/exit-polls-and-why-they-are-restricted-by-the-panel-dainik-jagran-editor-arrest-4527055/|title=Exit polls and why they are restricted by the panel: All your questions answered|last=Chopra|first=Ritika|date=16 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053038/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/exit-polls-and-why-they-are-restricted-by-the-panel-dainik-jagran-editor-arrest-4527055/|url-status=live }}</ref>

The Election Commission is responsible for scrutinizing and accepting the applications of the candidates willing to contest in the elections. A person can be disqualified from contesting the elections if incorrect or incomplete information is provided in the affidavits and if they have been convicted by any court in India in which a jail term of two or more years has been awarded.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/a-person-is-disqualified-to-contest-elections-if-conviction-not-stayed-sc-3161558.html|title=A Person is Disqualified to Contest Elections if Conviction Not Stayed: SC|work=News18|date=9 December 2020|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509222837/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/a-person-is-disqualified-to-contest-elections-if-conviction-not-stayed-sc-3161558.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, the Election Commission supported the case for a lifetime ban on convicted felons from contesting elections in an affidavit filed in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ec-supports-lifetime-ban-on-convicts-from-contesting-4577960/|title=Election Commission supports lifetime ban on convicts from contesting|last=Anand|first=Utkarsh|date=21 March 2017|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=9 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225052952/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ec-supports-lifetime-ban-on-convicts-from-contesting-4577960/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lifetime-ban-on-convicted-netas-supreme-court-seeks-center-election-commissions-views/articleshow/54338187.cms|title=Lifetime ban on convicted netas: Supreme Court seeks Center, Election Commission's views|last=Rautray|first=Samanwaya|date=15 September 2016|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053049/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lifetime-ban-on-convicted-netas-supreme-court-seeks-center-election-commissions-views/articleshow/54338187.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Election Commission sets limits on poll related expenditure by the candidates during election campaigns. The commission appoints officers of [[Indian Revenue Service]] from the Income Tax Department as election observers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rk-nagar-byelection-observers-appointed/articleshow/57796448.cms|title=RK Nagar byelection: Observers appointed|last=Kumar|first=Pradeep|date=23 March 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053105/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rk-nagar-byelection-observers-appointed/articleshow/57796448.cms|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/mar/31/deployment-of-observers-in-rk-nagar-a-new-national-record-election-commission-1588080.html|title=Deployment of observers in RK Nagar a new national record: Election Commission|date=31 March 2017|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053044/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/mar/31/deployment-of-observers-in-rk-nagar-a-new-national-record-election-commission-1588080.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The commission takes details of the candidate's assignment in an affidavit at the time of submitting the nomination paper, and they are also required to give details of their expenditure within 30 days of the declaration of results.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/the_function.aspx#campaign|title=The Function (Electoral System)|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053027/http://eci.nic.in/error.html?aspxerrorpath=%2Feci_main1%2Fthe_function.aspx#campaign|url-status=live }}</ref>

The election commission operates various electronic media including [[website]]s and [[mobile applications]] for enabling various functions such as addressing grievances, checking electoral rolls, disseminating information on candidates, announcement of results and monitoring of assigned tasks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/a-tech-touch-to-politics/article19296095.ece|title=The technocrats, reinvented|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 July 2017|last1=Varma|first1=Nikhil|access-date=24 September 2021|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924112058/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/a-tech-touch-to-politics/article19296095.ece|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/ludhiana-district-administration-develops-mobile-app-for-election-commission-of-india/articleshow/56298504.cms|title=Election Commission of India: Ludhiana district administration develops mobile app for Election Commission of India|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 January 2017|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531051412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/ludhiana-district-administration-develops-mobile-app-for-election-commission-of-india/articleshow/56298504.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Voting ==
{{further|Electronic voting in India}}
[[File:EVM_VVPAT.jpg|thumb|[[Electronic voting machines]] (EVMs) with [[Voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT)]]
Voting in India is done using [[electronic voting machines]] (EVMs) and there are provisions for [[Postal voting#India|postal voting]] and special arrangements for the disabled.<ref name="ECI"/>

Electronic voting machines (EVM) were introduced by the Election Commission to reduce malpractices and improve efficiency. The EVMs were first trialed in 1982 in the by-election to [[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]] assembly constituency in [[Kerala]] in a limited number of polling stations.<ref name="Intro">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/history-of-electronic-voting-machine-evms-in-india/article68015562.ece|title=A brief history of EVMs in India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=|access-date=1 September 2023|archive-date=8 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408072413/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/history-of-electronic-voting-machine-evms-in-india/article68015562.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> After successful testing and legal inquiries, the commission decided to introduce these voting machines on a large scale.<ref name="ECI">{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/about-eci|title=A Constitutional Body|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=5 January 2012}}</ref>

EVMs are manufactured by two [[public sector undertakings]], [[Bharat Electronics]] and [[Electronics Corporation of India Limited]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/evms-vvpats-designed-manufactured-indigenously-by-2-psus-government-123031701024_1.html|title=EVMs, VVPATS designed, manufactured indigenously by 2 PSUs: Government|date=17 March 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Business Standard|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507011647/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/evms-vvpats-designed-manufactured-indigenously-by-2-psus-government-123031701024_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT) was introduced on a trail basis in a by-poll in September 2013 in [[Noksen (Assembly Constituency)]] in [[Nagaland]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-04/news/41765831_1_npf-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-vvpat|title=VVPAT used or the first time in Noksen bypolls|last=Singh|first=Bikash|date=4 September 2013|website=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412002416/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-04/news/41765831_1_npf-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-vvpat|url-status=dead }}</ref> It was later used in various [[State Assembly elections in India|legislative elections]] and in eight Lok Sabha constituencies in [[2014 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/473723-india-devises-flawless-ballot-mechanism|title=India devises flawless ballot mechanism|date=19 December 2013|work=[[The News International]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053023/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/473723-india-devises-flawless-ballot-mechanism|url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:NOTA Option Logo.svg|thumb|left|NOTA Voting Symbol in India]]

In 2014, [[none of the above]] (NOTA) was also added as an option on the voting machines which is now a mandatory option to be provided in any election.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/election-commission-okays-nota-option/article5231871.ece|title=Election Commission okays NOTA option|last=Joshua|first=Anita|date=13 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225052954/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/election-commission-okays-nota-option/article5231871.ece|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NOTA-to-be-provided-in-general-elections/articleshow/31469556.cms|title=NOTA to be provided in general elections|date=5 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305193206/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NOTA-to-be-provided-in-general-elections/articleshow/31469556.cms|archive-date=5 March 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> The specific symbol for NOTA, a ballot paper with a black cross across it, was introduced on 18 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-now-nota-has-a-political-symbol-too-2126476|title=Now, 'NOTA' has an electoral symbol too|date=18 September 2015|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053012/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-now-nota-has-an-electoral-symbol-too-2126476|url-status=live }}</ref> Photo electoral rolls with photographs of the candidates on the EVMs were first introduced in the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Now-photos-of-candidates-on-EVMs-to-weed-out-dummies/articleshow/46739479.cms|title=Now, photos of candidates on EVMs to weed out 'dummies'|last=Shivadekar|first=Sanjeev|date=30 March 2015|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Now-photos-of-candidates-on-EVMs-to-weed-out-dummies/articleshow/46739479.cms|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/contesting-the-bihar-polls-dummy-candidates-are-no-more-a-worry|title=Contesting the Bihar Polls? Dummy Candidates Beware|last=Virk|first=Aviral|date=21 September 2015|work=[[The Quint]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225052947/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/contesting-the-bihar-polls-dummy-candidates-are-no-more-a-worry|url-status=live }}</ref>

Election Commission organised an open hackathon on 3 June 2017 encouraging people to attempt hacking of EVMs used by the commission in various Indian elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aap-calls-ecs-evm-challenge-farce-begins-registration-for-its-hackathon/articleshow/58975280.cms|title=AAP calls EC's EVM challenge 'farce', begins registration for its hackathon|date=3 June 2017|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910050017/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aap-calls-ecs-evm-challenge-farce-begins-registration-for-its-hackathon/articleshow/58975280.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> While none of them participated, functioning of the EVM and VVPAT machines were demonstrated in the event.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-commission-evm-challenge-today-aap-hackathon-too-10-points-1707370|title=The EVM (Vote Machine) 'Hackathons' That Weren't: 10 Points|last=Prabhu|first=Sunil|date=3 June 2017|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=9 September 2017|editor-last=Tikku|editor-first=Aloke|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225052942/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-commission-evm-challenge-today-aap-hackathon-too-10-points-1707370|url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Postal voting#India|Postal voting in India]] is done only through electronically transmitted postal ballot papers (ETPB). Ballot papers are distributed to the registered eligible voters who return the votes by post. Postal votes are counted first before the counting of votes from the EVM. Only certain categories of people are eligible to register as postal voters. Employees working in the union armed forces and state police as well as their spouses, and those working for the [[Government of India]] who are officially posted abroad can register for the postal vote. People in [[preventive detention]] can use postal vote while prisoners are not allowed to vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/postal-ballots-how-to-vote-if-you-live-away-from-home_in_5c3c3d91e4b0e0baf53ec910|title=Maharashtra, Haryana Elections 2019: Can You Vote By Postal Ballot If You Aren't Living At Home?|access-date=30 July 2020|work=Huffington Post|date=26 September 2019|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730172124/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/postal-ballots-how-to-vote-if-you-live-away-from-home_in_5c3c3d91e4b0e0baf53ec910|url-status=live}}</ref> The Election Commission of India has granted permission for individuals aged 80 and above and those with physical challenges to cast their votes from their homes.<ref>{{cite news|title=EC provides facility to voters above 80 years of age & Divyanga to vote from home|work=News On AIR|date=13 November 2023|url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=EC-provides-facility-to-voters-above-80-years-of-age-%26-Divyanga-to-vote-from-home&id=470919|access-date=13 November 2023|archive-date=13 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113210133/https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=EC-provides-facility-to-voters-above-80-years-of-age-&-Divyanga-to-vote-from-home&id=470919|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Election Commission of India did not have data with regard to disabilities of voters as ascertained by a [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] application filed in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Polls-near-but-no-data-of-voters-with-disabilities/articleshow/29432418.cms|title=Polls near, but no data of voters with disabilities|last=Gohain|first=Manash Pratim|date=27 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Polls-near-but-no-data-of-voters-with-disabilities/articleshow/29432418.cms|url-status=live }}</ref> The commission offered sign language support to assist voters with speech and hearing impairment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/karnataka-election-commission-offers-sign-language-assistance-to-voters-101667644841341.html|title=Election commission offers sign language assistance to voters|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=9 November 2022|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=6 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406190217/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/karnataka-election-commission-offers-sign-language-assistance-to-voters-101667644841341.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[2025 Indian electoral controversy]]
*[[2026 West Bengal election controversies]]
*[[History of democracy#Indian subcontinent|History of democracy in the Indian-subcontinent]]
*[[Special Intensive Revision]]
*[[State election commission (India)|State Election Commission]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.eci.gov.in Election Commission of India] – official portal
* [https://www.nvsp.in/ National Voters Service Portal]

{{Indian commissions}}
{{Indian elections}}
{{National election commissions}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Election Commission of India| ]]
[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1950]]
[[Category:Election commissions|India]]

Lalasar

2026-05-01T20:40:40Z

PANModesto: starting details

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lalasar
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.7803|N|73.6505|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Assembly Constituency]]
| subdivision_name4 =
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 34.04
| population_total = 1901
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=26 October 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}
'''Lalasar''' is a village located in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil within the [[Bikaner]] district of [[Rajasthan|Rajasthan, India]].
Inhabitants majorly rely on Agriculture, both irrigated and non-irrigated farming.

==Demographics==
The total population of this village is 1901, out of which, 1027 are males and 874 are females. Literacy rate of this village is 50.13%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of Lalasar Village |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69599-lalasar-rajasthan.html |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>

PIN Code of this village is 334202.

==Transportation==
In this village, the road transport facility is in good condition, but there're no railway transportation facilities available at the time.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Karandighi Assembly constituency

2026-04-30T18:52:20Z

PANModesto: Creating new info

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{About|the assembly constituency in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake village|Karandighi, Uttar Dinajpur|2 its namesake community development block|Karandighi}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Karandighi
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Karandighi.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Karandighi Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Goutam Paul]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| constituency_no = 32
| established = 1951
| electors = 262,583
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Karandighi Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 32 Karandighi Assembly constituency covers [[Dalkhola Municipality]] and Altapur I, Altapur II, Dalkhola II, Domhana, Karandighi I, Karandighi II, Lahutara I, Lahutara II, SIMA Anandapur, Raniganj, Rasakhowa I and Rasakhowa II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Karandighi (Community development block)|Karandighi]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

Karandighi Assembly constituency is part of No. 5 [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Mohinuddin Mokhtar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan="2"|Phanis Chandra Sinha
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Haji Sajjad Hussain
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Suresh Chandra Sinha
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="3"|Haji Sajjad Hussain
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="2"|Suresh Chandra Singha
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Haji Sajjad Hussain
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Suresh Chandra Singha
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="3"|Gokul Roy
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|Manodeb Singha
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Goutam Paul
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Karandighi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Haji Sahabuddin
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Goutam Paul]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Adv Biraj Biswas
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Murshid Alam
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the 2021 elections, Goutam Paul of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival, Subhas Chandra Sinha of BJP.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Karandighi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Goutam Paul]]
|votes = 116,597
|percentage = 54.70
|change = +25.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Subhas Chandra Sinha
|votes = 79,968
|percentage = 37.52
|change = +21.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Md. Hafizul Iqbal
|votes = 9,146
|percentage = 4.29
|change = -23.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,449
|percentage = 1.15
|change = -1.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Benoy Kumar Das
|votes = 1,269
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Harun Rashid
|votes = 1,139
|percentage = 0.53
|change = -2.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Subhas Chandra Sinha
|votes = 693
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abdullah
|votes = 632
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dinesh Chandra Singha
|votes = 537
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Biswajit Sinha
|votes = 271
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Santhapan Hasdak
|votes = 231
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Shanti Lal Singha
|votes = 207
|percentage = 0.10
|change = -0.36
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 213,136
|percentage = 81.17
|change = -0.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 elections, Manodeb Singha of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival, Gokul Behari Roy of AIFB.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Karandighi constituency}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Manodeb Singha
|votes = 54,599
|percentage = 29.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Gokul Behari Roy
|votes = 51,367
|percentage = 27.69
|change = -10.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sk. Samsul
|votes = 35,547
|percentage = 19.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Abdul Jalil
|votes = 28,978
|percentage = 15.62
|change = +12.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nirod Bandhu Biswas
|votes = 4,762
|percentage = 2.57
|change = -0.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 4,376
|percentage = 2.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Abdul Mahid Hossain
|votes = 2,030
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sushanta Kumar Das
|votes = 1,628
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rehena Khatun
|votes = 1,357
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Shanti Lal Singha
|votes = 846
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 185,490
|percentage = 81.63
|change = -0.61
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = All India Forward Bloc
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, Gokul Behari Roy of AIFB defeated his nearest rival Subhas Goswami of Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Karandighi constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=32| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130606112212/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=32| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 6 June 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Karandighi| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Gokul Behari Roy
|votes = 57,023
|percentage = 37.99
|change = -7.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subhas Goswami
|votes = 51,245
|percentage = 34.14
|change = -8.13
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md. Hafizul Iqbal
|votes = 24,272
|percentage = 16.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nirod Bandhu Biswas
|votes = 4,355
|percentage = 2.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arshad Alam
|votes = 4,020
|percentage = 2.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bablu Soren
|votes = 2,437
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Muktar Ahamed
|votes = 2,232
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Hem Ranjan Mandal
|votes = 1,605
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Binoy Kumar Das
|votes = 1,124
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dinesh Chandra Singha
|votes = 972
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Purna Chandra Singha
|votes = 815
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 150,100
|percentage = 82.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Forward Bloc
|swing = 1.05
}}
{{Election box end}}
===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]<ref name="vidhansabha2006">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 2001<ref name="vidhansabha2001">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> state assembly elections, Gokul Roy of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the Karandighi assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Haji Sajjad Hussain of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Contests in most elections were among multiple candidates but only winners and runners-up are being mentioned. Suresh Chandra Singha of Forward Bloc defeated Haji Sajjad Hussain of Congress in 1996.<ref name="vidhansabha1996">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Haji Sajjad Hussain of Congress defeated Suresh Chandra Singha of Forward Bloc in 1991.<ref name="vidhansabha1991">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Suresh Chandra Singha of Forward Bloc defeated Haji Sajjad Hussain of Congress in 1987<ref name="vidhansabha1987">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1982.<ref name="vidhansabha1982">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Haji Sajjad Hussain of Congress defeated Amarendra Nath Singha of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name="vidhansabha1977">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp30.htm | title = 30 - Karandighi Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 29 August 2009}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Haji Sajjad Hussain of Congress won in 1972<ref name="vidhansabha1972">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Suresh Chandra Sinha of Forward Bloc won in 1969.<ref name="vidhansabha1969">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> H.S. Hussain of [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] won in 1967.<ref name="vidhansabha1967">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Phanis Chandra Sinha of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]<ref name="vidhansabha1962">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name="vidhansabha1957">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> In independent India's first election in 1951 the area was part of Bihar and Mohinuddin Mokhtar of Congress won the Karandighi seat.<ref name="bharvidhansabha1951">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_BIHAR.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data – Constituency No. 194 |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttar Dinajpur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Spooky College

2026-04-26T22:03:15Z

PANModesto: new...

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language psychological horror thriller film}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Spooky College
| image = Spooky College poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Bharath G.
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = [[H. K. Prakash]]
| starring = Vivek Simha [[Kushee Ravi]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Manohar Joshi
| editing = [[Srikanth Gowda|Srikanth]]
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| studio = Shree Devi Entertainers
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|1|6}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Spooky College''''' is a 2023 Indian Kannada-language psychological horror thriller film<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/spooky-college-is-a-go-to-movie-for-students-kushee-ravi/articleshow/96716307.cms|title=Spooky College is a go-to movie for students: Kushee Ravi|first=Sridevi|last=S|work=The Times of India}}</ref> directed by Bharath GB and starring Vivek Simha and [[Kushee Ravi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/spooky-college-is-an-edge-of-the-seat-thriller-with-great-narration-h-k-prakash/articleshow/96765413.cms|title=Spooky College is an edge-of-the-seat thriller with great narration: H K Prakash|first=Vinay|last=Lokesh|date=6 January 2023|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Vivek Simha as Rishikumar
*[[Kushee Ravi]] as Khushi
*Prithvi Rashtrakuta
*[[Prakash Belawadi]]
*Raghu Ramanakoppa
*[[Vijay Chendoor]]
*Hanumante Gowda
*[[Aravind Bolar]]
*[[Sharanya Shetty]]
*Sudhindra
*Sidlingu Sridhar as Lobo<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/jan/05/horror-is-not-about-jump-scaresdirector-bharath-g-2534729.html|title=Horror is not about jump scares: Director Bharath G|date=5 January 2023|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*[[Reeshma Nanaiah]] (special appearance in the song "Mellisure Savigana")<ref name="song">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/when-comic-horror-and-dj-vu-collide-in-spooky-college/articleshow/96739036.cms|title=When comic-horror and déjà vu collide in Spooky College|first=Vinay|last=Lokesh|date=5 January 2023|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in 2020 at a college in [[Dharwad]] and a forest in [[Dandeli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kushee-ravi-completes-80-of-her-film-spooky-college/articleshow/79835663.cms|title=Kushee Ravi completes 80% of her film, Spooky College|date=21 December 2020|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=V |first1=The New Indian Express |title='Dia' heroine Kushee Ravi takes spooky course |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/dec/17/dia-heroine-kushee-ravi-takes-spooky-course-2237193.html |access-date=17 December 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=17 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="N"/>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]. The song "Mellusire Savigana" from ''[[Veera Kesari]]'' (1963) was recreated for this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBTD6AkaIHw|title=Mellusire - Video Song ...|date=14 November 2022|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was initially scheduled to release on 25 November 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/spooky-college-to-release-on-november-25/articleshow/95376274.cms|title=Spooky College to release on November 25|date=8 November 2022|work=The Times of India}}</ref> and was rescheduled to 6 January 2023.

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "The film is recommended only if you are into a guessing game".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/spooky-college/movie-review/96797101.cms|title=Spooky College Movie Review : Spooky College is not so spooky, after all|first=Harish|last=Basavarajaiah|date=6 January 2023|work=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Spooky College would have worked better as a decent dive into exploring young minds, however, the film doesn’t just shine that bright a light on this pertinent issue".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/jan/10/spooky-college-movie-review-questions-mystery-among-youthful-minds-2536229.html|title='Spooky College' movie review: Questions mystery among youthful minds|date=10 January 2023|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[HT Media|OTT Play]]'' wrote that "And even as a surface-level horror film, the film fails from evoking scares - unless you have a lot of time to kill, consider giving the film giving a miss".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/spooky-college-review-kushee-ravis-horror-thriller-is-excruciatingly-caricaturish-incoherent/a4e8d6d0c7484|title=Spooky College Review: Kushee Ravi's horror thriller is excruciatingly caricaturish & incoherent|date=6 January 2023|work=OTT Play|first=Swaroop|last=Kodur}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
[[Category:2023 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological horror films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Kannada-language films]]

Srikanth Odela

2026-04-26T05:14:32Z

PANModesto:

{{Short description|Indian film director, writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox director
| name = Srikanth Odela
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Godavarikhani]], [[Telangana]] (now in [[Telangana]]), India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{Hlist | Film director|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2016{{ndash}}present
| known_for =
}}

'''Srikanth Odela''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/prabhas-to-join-hands-with-dasara-fame-director-srikanth-odela-8655557.html | title=Prabhas to Join Hands with Dasara Fame Director Srikanth Odela? | website=[[news 18]] | date=9 November 2023 | access-date=25 July 2024 | archive-date=16 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116194418/https://www.news18.com/movies/prabhas-to-join-hands-with-dasara-fame-director-srikanth-odela-8655557.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/sandeep-reddy-vanga-dasara-director-srikanth-odela-meet-chiranjeevi-after-receiving-padma-vibhushan-1503264049.html | title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga, 'Dasara' director Srikanth Odela meet Chiranjeevi after receiving Padma Vibhushan | website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] | date=28 January 2024 | access-date=25 July 2024 | archive-date=28 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128103508/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/sandeep-reddy-vanga-dasara-director-srikanth-odela-meet-chiranjeevi-after-receiving-padma-vibhushan-1503264049.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/buzz-nani-and-janhvi-kapoor-to-share-screen-for-first-time-in-formers-33rd-film-directed-by-dasaras-srikanth-odela-1328869 | title=BUZZ: Nani and Janhvi Kapoor to share screen for first time in former's 33rd film directed by Dasara's Srikanth Odela|website=[[Pinkvilla]] | date=17 July 2024}}</ref> He made his directorial debut with ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'', which emerged as a commercial success at the box office, grossing over ₹121 crore worldwide.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://topmovierankings.com/box-office/dasara-hit-or-flop | title=Dasara Hit or Flop: A Box Office Analysis of Nani's Latest Telugu Movie! | date=9 May 2023 | access-date=20 July 2023 | archive-date=20 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720163352/https://topmovierankings.com/box-office/dasara-hit-or-flop | url-status=live }}</ref> He won a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] and a [[SIIMA Awards|SIIMA Award]] for the film.

== Career ==

Odela worked as an assistant director for [[Sukumar]] in ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'' (2016) and ''[[Rangasthalam]]'' (2018).<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/do-you-know-about-nanis-block-buster-hit-movie-dasara-director-srikanth-odela-biography-au55-923261.html | title=Srikanth Odela: తొలి సినిమాతోనే బాక్సాఫీస్ వద్ద సత్తా చాటాడు.. ఇంతకీ ఎవరీ శ్రీకాంత్ ఓదెల ? |language=Telugu | trans-title= He showed his power at the box office with his first movie.. Who is Srikanth Odela?|website=[[TV9 Telugu]]| date=31 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/dasara-director-srikanth-odela-more-than-collections-my-focus-is-to-tell-a-story-as-genuinely-as-possible/3a12f9e2c0576 | title=Dasara director Srikanth Odela: More than collections, my focus is to tell a story as genuinely as possible |website=[[HT Media]]}}</ref> He later directed his first feature, ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'' starring [[Nani (actor)|Nani]]. The film garnered critical acclaim and became a box office success, crossing the ₹100 crore mark and becoming the highest-grossing film in Nani's career.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/srikanth-odela-creates-an-unbelievable-record-with-dasara | title=Srikanth Odela creates an unbelievable record with Dasara | website=[[Telangana Today]] | date=11 April 2023 | access-date=25 July 2024 | archive-date=11 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411073037/https://telanganatoday.com/srikanth-odela-creates-an-unbelievable-record-with-dasara | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/dasara-box-office-nani-blockbuster-grosses-rs-100-crore-worldwide-8541917/ | title=Dasara box office: Nani's blockbuster grosses Rs 100 crore worldwide, becomes actor's biggest ever hit as leading man | website=[[The Indian Express]] | date=6 April 2023 | access-date=26 July 2024 | archive-date=1 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601210742/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/dasara-box-office-nani-blockbuster-grosses-rs-100-crore-worldwide-8541917/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, Odela announced his second film with Nani again, titled ''The Paradise''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-03-31 |title=Nani to reunite with 'Dasara' director Srikanth Odela |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2024/Mar/31/nani-to-reunite-with-dasara-director-srikanth-odela-2 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701013730/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2024/Mar/31/nani-to-reunite-with-dasara-director-srikanth-odela-2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/nani-teams-up-with-srikanth-odela-again-a-year-after-dasaras-release-calls-the-film-madness-101711804146803.html |title=Nani teams up with srikanth odela again a year after dasara release|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/nani-to-reunite-with-dasara-director-srikanth-odela | title=Nani to Reunite with 'Dasara' Director Srikanth Odela |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]]| date=31 March 2024 }}</ref> In December the same year, he announced his third film with [[Chiranjeevi (actor)|Chiranjeevi]], tenatively titled ''Mega157'', which is being presented by Nani and produced again by Sudhakar Cherukuri, under SLV Cinemas.

== Personal life ==
Srikanth tied the knot on 31 May 2023 in a traditional ceremony held in his hometown of [[Godavarikhani]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dasara-director-srikanth-odela-ties-the-knot-nani-showers-love-and-blessings-2387400-2023-06-01 | title=Dasara director Srikanth Odela ties the knot, Nani showers love and blessings | website=[[India Today]] | date=June 2023 | access-date=25 July 2024 | archive-date=2 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602022643/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dasara-director-srikanth-odela-ties-the-knot-nani-showers-love-and-blessings-2387400-2023-06-01 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/dasara-director-srikanth-odela-married-a-girl-at-godavari-khani-karimnagar-104548 | title=Srikanth Odela: సైలెంట్ గా పెళ్లి చేసేసుకున్న శ్రీకాంత్ ఓదెల.. అమ్మాయి ఎవరో తెలుసా? |website=[[Zee News]]| date=31 May 2023 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]''
|Directorial debut
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/nani-to-reunite-with-dasara-director-srikanth-odela-for-a-new-feature-film/cid/2010364 |title=Nani to reunite with dasara director srikanth odela|website=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Mar/30/nani-reunites-with-director-srikanth-odela-for-his-next | title=Nani reunites with director Srikanth Odela for his next | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=30 March 2024 | access-date=25 July 2024 | archive-date=8 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408174853/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Mar/30/nani-reunites-with-director-srikanth-odela-for-his-next | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2026
|{{pending film|[[The Paradise (film)|The Paradise]]}}
|Filming
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nani-and-srikanth-odela-set-to-deliver-second-blockbuster-with-nani-33/article68012454.ece | title=Nani and Srikanth Odela set to deliver second blockbuster with 'Nani 33' | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=31 March 2024 | access-date=25 July 2024 | archive-date=5 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405132455/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nani-and-srikanth-odela-set-to-deliver-second-blockbuster-with-nani-33/article68012454.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/nani-joins-hands-with-dasara-director-srikanth-odela-for-his-upcoming-action-drama-nani33-1290891 | title=Nani 33 Big Update: Nani joins hands with Dasara director Srikanth Odela for his upcoming action drama | website=[[Pinkvilla]] | date=30 March 2024 | access-date=25 July 2024 | archive-date=16 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416073817/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/nani-joins-hands-with-dasara-director-srikanth-odela-for-his-upcoming-action-drama-nani33-1290891 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{pending film|[[Chiranjeevi filmography|ChiruOdela]]}}
|Announced
|
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Work
! scope="col"| Result
|{{Tooltip|'''Ref.'''|References}}
|-
|[[69th Filmfare Awards South]]
| Best Debut Director
| rowspan="3" |''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2024_-67634.amp |title= Winner of filmfare awards south telugu 2024|website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=SIIMA Winners List 2024 (Telugu, Kannada): Nani, Rakshit Shetty Win Best Actor; Mrunal Best Actress |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/siima-winners-list-2024-telugu-kannada-nani-rakshit-shetty-win-best-actor-mrunal-thakur-best-actress-9051458.html |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director – Telugu|Best Debut Director – Telugu]]
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/siima-awards-2024-full-list-of-nominees-dasara-jailer-kaatera-2018-top-the-list-101721228225405.html|title=Siima awards 2024 Nominations list|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=25 July 2024|archive-date=17 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717183923/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/siima-awards-2024-full-list-of-nominees-dasara-jailer-kaatera-2018-top-the-list-101721228225405.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm9577930}}
*{{instagram|srikanthodela__}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Srikanth, Odela}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Telangana]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian directors]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]

Dharmraj Nishad

2026-04-24T20:06:29Z

PANModesto: Adding some post first draft

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dharmraj Nishad
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Katehari Assembly constituency|Katehari]]
| predecessor = [[Lalji Verma]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2019 – present)
| profession = Politician
| 1blankname2 = [[List of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname2 = Ministry & Department's
| term_start2 = 11 June 2008
| term_end2 = 15 March 2012
| office2 = Cabinet Minister [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1namedata2 = *[[Mayawati]]
| 2namedata2 = *Fisheries
| other_party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (1984-2019)
| term_end1 = 8 March 2012
| term_start1 = 17 October 1996
| constituency1 = [[Katehari Assembly constituency|Katehari]]
| predecessor1 = Ram Dev Verma
| successor1 = [[Shankhlal Majhi]]
}}
'''Dharmraj Nishad''' is an Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh. He is a [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] since 2024, representing [[Katehari Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/up-bypolls-bjp-s-dharmraj-nishad-wins-katehari-seat-defeats-sp-s-shobhawati-varma/2008990 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-11-23 |title=UP bypolls: BJP's Dharmraj Nishad wins Katehari seat, defeats SP's Shobhawati Varma |url=https://theprint.in/india/up-bypolls-bjps-dharmraj-nishad-wins-katehari-seat-defeats-sps-shobhawati-varma/2370812/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmraj Nishad(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KATEHARI : BYE ELECTION ON 20-11-2024(AMBEDKAR NAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/UttarPradeshBye2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=24 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Katehari By Election Result: भाजपा के धर्मराज ने रचा इतिहास, करीब 33 हजार मतों से सपा प्रत्याशी को दी पटखनी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/ambedkar-nagar/bjp-candidate-dharamraj-nishad-won-katehari-by-election-by-about-30-thousand-votes-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Katehari Assembly constituency|Katehari assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nishad, Dharmraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Akbar Ahmad Dumpy

2026-04-18T20:07:27Z

PANModesto: added first stub w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|Akbar Ahmed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Akbar Ahmad Dumpy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|06|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Azamgarh]], [[United Provinces (1937-50)|United Provinces]], [[Dominion of India|India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[The Doon School]] [[Canning College]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]] of [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Azamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azamgarh]]
| term_start = 2008
| predecessor = [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]
| term_end = 2009
| successor = [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]
| constituency1 = [[Azamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azamgarh]]
| term_start1 = 1998
| predecessor1 = [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]
| term_end1 = 1999
| successor1 = [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]
| party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| spouse = [[Naina Balsavar]]
| children =
}}

'''Akbar Ahmad Dumpy''' (born 30 June 1948) is an Indian politician and was member of the 12th and 14th [[Lok Sabha]] (1998–99) from [[Azamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azamgarh Constituency]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4248&lastls=14 | title=Members : Lok Sabha }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/biodata_1_12/3835.htm |title=Biographical Sketch of Member of 12th Lok Sabha |publisher=164.100.47.132 |accessdate=2012-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726204747/http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/biodata_1_12/3835.htm |archive-date=26 July 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/node/106513 |title=Azamgarh MP Akbar Ahmad Dumpy visits Jamia Nagar |publisher=TwoCircles.net |date= 24 September 2008|accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Akbar Ahmad Dumpy completed his schooling from [[The Doon School]] and later went to [[Canning College]]. He was elected as Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in 1980 from Haldwani as member of Indira Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/doon-squad/464930/ |title=Doon squad |publisher=Indian Express |date=2009-05-24 |accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref> He was Sanjay Gandhi's friend and known as 'Dumpy' in his circle. When rivalry developed between Rajiv Gandhi and Maneka Gandhi's factions after Sanjay Gandhi's death in 1980, Indira Gandhi suspended Akbar Ahmad Dumpy, who was in Maneka camp, from Congress in 1982.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/19/world/family-rivalry-flares-in-india-politics.html | title=Family Rivalry Flares in India Politics | newspaper=The New York Times | date=19 March 1982 | last1=Kaufman | first1=Michael T. }}</ref> When Maneka Gandhi launched [[Rashtriya Sanjay Manch|Sanjay Vichar Manch]] in 1982, she appointed Akbar Ahmed as its convenor.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830115-release-of-book-on-maneka-gandhi-stalled-but-damage-already-done-770378-2013-07-26 | title=Release of book on Maneka Gandhi stalled, but damage already done }}</ref>

In 1987 ''Dumpy'' again got elected to [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in a by-election from [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Kashipur Vidhan Sabha Constituency]]. As a candidate of [[Rashtriya Sanjay Manch|Sanjay Vichar Manch]], of [[Maneka Gandhi]] Dumpy defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Ammar Rizvi.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870415-congressi-suffers-shocking-defeat-in-kashipur-at-the-hands-of-opposition-candidate-799834-1987-04-15 | title=Congress(I) suffers shocking defeat in Kashipur at the hands of opposition candidate }}</ref>

Akbar Ahmad Dumpy was elected to the 12th [[Lok Sabha]] in 1998 from [[Azamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azamgarh Constituency]] on a [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] ticket. Dumpy again got elected from [[Azamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azamgarh Constituency]] on a [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] ticket.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4248&lastls=14 | title=Members : Lok Sabha }}</ref>

He is the second husband of actor [[Naina Balsavar]].<ref name="Miss India turned-model Naina Balsaver weds Congress(I) MP Akbar Ahmed">{{cite news |date=15 January 1991 |title=Miss India turned-model Naina Balsaver weds Congress(I) MP Akbar Ahmed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19910115-miss-india-turned-model-naina-balsaver-weds-congressi-mp-akbar-ahmed-813870-1991-01-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615064053/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19910115-miss-india-turned-model-naina-balsaver-weds-congressi-mp-akbar-ahmed-813870-1991-01-14 |archivedate=15 June 2025 |accessdate=15 June 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120726204747/http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/biodata_1_12/3835.htm Twelfth Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile - Ahmad, Akbar]
* [http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4248&lastls=14]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dumpy, Akbar Ahmad}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) politicians]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Politicians from Azamgarh district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Carr, Tagore and Company

2026-04-10T23:36:52Z

PANModesto: Adding initial entry from scratch

{{Short description|Managing agency and holding company in the Company Raj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Carr, Tagore and Company
| logo =
| type = Managing Agency
| slogan =
| foundation = {{start date|1834}}
| location = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Dwarakanath Tagore]]|William Carr}}
| num_employees =
| industry = Indigo and opium trade, shipping, coal mining
| products =
| revenue =
| }}
'''Carr, Tagore and Company''' (also written as '''Carr, Tagore & Co.''') was the first equal partnership between European and Indian businessmen and the initiator of the managing agency system in India. The company was launched in 1834 by [[Dwarakanath Tagore]] in partnership with William Carr, an indigo trader of Kolkata (then known as Calcutta). Dwarakanath played a leading role in the company, providing its capital, selecting its partners and directing its investment strategy throughout his life.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol48_3_4_SSarkar.pdf| title = Bengali Entrepreneurs and Western Technology in the Nineteenth Century: A Social Perspective| first = Suvobrata| last = Sarkar| publisher = Indian Journal of History of Science, 48.3 (2013) 447-475| accessdate = 2 August 2018| archive-date = 2 August 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180802132050/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol48_3_4_SSarkar.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>

==Backdrop==
The period starting from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century was one of great change. The [[Industrial Revolution]] was having a great impact on power equations across the world. The British were reworking their strategy in India. The [[Charter Act 1813]] ended the monopoly of the [[East India Company]] in India’s overseas trade, except for some items. It opened a flood gate of opportunities for many people. In such an environment Carr, Tagore and Company was a kind of modern day [[holding company]], which promoted many of Dwarakanath’s pioneering efforts. Soon after its formation, the company became a market leader in [[Indigo dye|indigo]] trade. Trading in [[History of opium in China|opium]], then the currency of world trade, was in the hands of the Europeans and only non-Europeans allowed to handle the contraband material were [[Parsi]]s. Dwarakanath managed to get an entry into the trade as something like a middle level sub-agent. In capital starved India, the inflow of cash from it gave Dwarkanath an opportunity to toy with a new idea. Carr, Tagore and Company entered the fledgling coal business.<ref name= dwarakanath>{{cite web| url = https://www.livehistoryindia.com/snapshort-histories/2018/04/10/dwarakanath-tagore---indias-industrious-pioneer| title = Dwarakanath Tagore – India's Industrious Pioneer| publisher = Live History India| accessdate = 2 August 2018| archive-date = 2 August 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162548/https://www.livehistoryindia.com/snapshort-histories/2018/04/10/dwarakanath-tagore---indias-industrious-pioneer| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.tagorecentre.org.uk/dwarkanath-tagore-sumit-mitra/ | title = Dwarakanath Tagore Lecture presented by Mr. Sumit Mitra | work = 27 September 2015 | date = 27 September 2015 | publisher = The Tagore Centre UK | accessdate = 2 August 2018 | archive-date = 2 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162559/https://www.tagorecentre.org.uk/dwarkanath-tagore-sumit-mitra/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141130/jsp/calcutta/story_19088637.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141202212653/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141130/jsp/calcutta/story_19088637.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2 December 2014 | title = Businessman called Tagore | publisher = The Telegraph, 30 November 2014 | accessdate = 2 August 2018}}</ref>

==Coal==
In 1770, [[Suetonius Grant Heatly]] and John Sumner teamed up to get permission of the [[East India Company]] to mine coal. The permission was not granted and they tried again in 1774 and succeeded in getting permission. Miners were brought in from England but they fell sick and died. The problem could be solved by engaging local miners but transportation proved a bottleneck. The [[Damodar River|Damodar]] had enough water only few months of the year for transporting coal and so the coal mined had to be stacked for a long time. That degraded its quality. A test carried out in 1778, showed that Indian coal was only half as effective as imported British coal. That sealed the efforts of Heatly and Sumner.<ref name=coal>{{cite web | url = https://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/onmyplate/coal-dust-in-the-tagore-album/ | title = Coal Dust in the Tagore Album | work = Author: Vikram Doctor, Editor, Special Features for The Economic Times | date = 20 September 2012 | publisher = The Economic Times, Blogs, 20 September 2012 | accessdate = 2 August 2018 | archive-date = 19 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150919223221/http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/onmyplate/coal-dust-in-the-tagore-album/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

The coal front was quiet for some time, but as the demand for coal picked up in Kolkata, in 1814 the economics of mining Indian coal made sense again. The East India Company sponsored William Jones for mining coal in Bardhaman (then Burdwan). He took land on lease from the Rani of Bardhaman and named it Raniganj in her honour. Jones mined coal but incurred persistent losses. In 1821, Alexander & Company, which had secured the loans taken by Jones, took over and started mining. They performed better, raised production and even earned profits for some time, but the company failed in 1832. It was subsequently taken over by Carr, Tagore and Company.<ref name=coal/>

In his biography, ''Partner in Empire: Dwarakanath Tagore and the Age of Enterprise in Eastern India'', Blair B. King says, "The purchase of Raniganj was the most important single transaction of Dwarakanth’s business transactions." King opines that the firm had managerial and technical expertise, plenty of capital and vital ability to handle both the Kolkata officials and the local powers. In C. D. Taylor they had a very effective mine manager at site. There were two troublesome rivals: Jeremiah Homfray, who had a mine at [[Narayankuri|Naraincoory]], and the Erskine brothers, with a mine at Munglepore. Carr, Tagore and Company fought with them on many fronts and tried to establish themselves as the sole supplier of coal in the region. In 1843, Homfray’s mine was taken over by Carr, Tagore and Company to form Bengal Coal Company, whose first action was to close Homfray’s mine. The British authorities were not happy with the near-monopoly of Carr, Tagore and Company in the field of coal mining. They tried to break it but failed. Bengal’s industrial development started taking off, powered by Bengal Coal Company’s coal. After the formation of Bengal Coal Company, the coal industry started getting regularised, but Dwarakanath Tagore, the prime mover, started losing interest in it.<ref name=coal/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Dr Mohitosh Gayen & Subhajit |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Paschimbanger_jela_bhittik_gabeshana_gra/gVHXEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0++%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0&pg=PT373&printsec=frontcover |title=Paschimbanger jela-bhittik gabeshana grantha part - III |date=2023-09-03 |publisher=Barnashram Publishing House |isbn=978-93-91281-38-0 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Railways==
Dwarakanath was fascinated by steam engines, which had fuelled the Industrial Revolution in Europe. He dreamt of revolutionising Indian industry with the steam engine. He imported steam engines from England for use in his business ventures. Having seen the earliest railways in Europe he was convinced about their utility in India.<ref name= dwarakanath/>

With the objective of building a railway from Kolkata to Raniganj, that would carry all his coal to Kolkata, he registered the Great Western of Bengal Railway Company in 1845 and appointed Carr, Tagore and Company its agent. Dwarakanath tried his best to have a deal with the then newly formed [[East Indian Railway Company]] but never succeeded.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://puronokolkata.com/2015/10/28/great-western-of-bengal-railway-company-calcutta-1845-1847/ | title = Great Western of Bengal Railway Company | date = 28 October 2015 | publisher = Puronokolkata | accessdate = 2 August 2018 | archive-date = 3 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180803134036/https://puronokolkata.com/2015/10/28/great-western-of-bengal-railway-company-calcutta-1845-1847/ | url-status = live }}</ref> East India Company flatly refused to allow him to build a railway because it felt that it was inappropriate to have railways ‘under the control of natives’.<ref name= dwarakanath/> The first steam engine of the East Indian Railway Company chugged into Raniganj in 1855.<ref name=timeline>{{cite web |url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |title=Indian Railway History timeline |author=R.P. Saxena |publisher=[[IRFCA]] |access-date=2012-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archive-date=14 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Dwarakanath was dead and gone, but the railways did carry to Kolkata coal mined by the company he had founded. That really was a great chapter in the annals of Indian business marking the beginning of systematic coal mining in India.

==See also==
* [[Coal mining in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coalfields}}

[[Category:1834 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Mining in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1834]]
[[Category:Mining companies of India]]

Battle of Colachel

2026-03-29T13:04:01Z

PANModesto: formatting fix

{{Short description|1741 battle of the Travancore-Dutch War}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2010}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Colachel
| partof = the [[Travancore-Dutch War]]
| image = Lannoy7.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| caption = [[Eustachius De Lannoy]] surrendering to Raja [[Marthanda Varma]] at the Battle of Colachel.
| date = 10 August 1741
| place = [[Colachel]], [[Travancore]], [[Malabar Coast]]
(present-day [[India]], [[Tamil Nadu]])
| result = Travancore victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Former Travancore flag-Martanda Varma.png}} [[Travancore]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Dutch Republic]]
* {{flagicon|Dutch East India Company}} [[Dutch East India Company]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Former Travancore flag-Martanda Varma.png}} [[Marthanda Varma]] {{flagicon image|Former Travancore flag-Martanda Varma.png}} [[Ramayyan Dalawa]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Dutch East India Company}} [[Eustachius De Lannoy]]{{POW}} {{flagicon|Dutch East India Company}} Donadi{{POW}} {{flagicon|Dutch East India Company}} Duyvenschot{{POW}}
| casualties1 = Negligible
| casualties2 = 24 officials were taken as [[POWs]] 
* Muskets, swords, and cannons were captured
| coordinates = {{Coord|8.17|N|77.24|E|display=inline}}
}}
{{Keralahistory}}
The '''Battle of Colachel''' (or The '''Battle of Kolachel''') was fought on {{OldStyleDate|10 August 1741||31 July 1741}}<ref name="mod_2004_samachar">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090416184423/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/april15-04/body.html Ministry of Defence, Newsletter "Sainik Samachar", 15 April 2004]</ref><ref name="thehindu_colachel_anniv">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Army-celebrates-anniversary-of-Colachel-battle/article16217159.ece The Hindu, "Army celebrates anniversary of Colachel battle", 31 July 2010]</ref>
between the [[India]]n kingdom of [[Travancore]] and the [[Dutch East India Company]]. During the [[Travancore-Dutch War]], King [[Marthanda Varma]]'s (1729–1758) forces defeated the Dutch East India Company's forces led by Admiral [[Eustachius De Lannoy]] on 10 August 1741.{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|pages=70–}}
Travancore triumphed in the war with the military efforts of the Travancore army at land and fishermen community at sea. The war marked the beginning of the long-standing conflicts and negotiations that later became known as the [[Travancore–Dutch War]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Could Marthanda Varma have won the Colachel War without the fishermen |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/10/04/fishermen-role-in-colachel-war-marthanda-varma.html}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{main|Travancore–Dutch War#Causes|Chanda Sahib invasion of Travancore}}
In the early 18th century, the [[Malabar Coast]] region of present-day [[Kerala]] was divided among several smaller kingdoms. In the 1730s, [[Marthanda Varma]], the ruler of [[Travancore]], adopted an expansionist policy, and conquered several territories from these small states. This threatened the interests of the [[Dutch East India Company]]'s [[Dutch Malabar|command at Malabar]], whose [[spice trade]] depended on procurement of spices from these states.{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=375}} Marthanda Varma and his vassals refused to honor the monopoly contracts that the Dutch had with the states annexed by Travancore, adversely affecting the Dutch trade in Malabar.{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|pp=58-59}}

In January 1739, [[Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff]], the Dutch Governor of [[Dutch Ceylon|Ceylon]], visited Kochi, and in a July report, he recommended military action to save the Dutch colonization of Malabar.{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=376}} Later that year, the Dutch organized an alliance of the rulers of Kochi, [[Thekkumkur]], Vadakkumkur, [[Purakkad]], Kollam, and [[Odanad|Kayamkulam]].{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|p=60}} Van Imhoff personally met Marthanda Varma to negotiate peace, threatening to wage war against Travancore if the Dutch terms were not accepted, but Marthanda Varma dismissed the threat, and replied that he had been thinking about invading [[Holland|Europe]] some day.{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|p=61}}{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=376}}

In late 1739, the Dutch command at Malabar declared war on Travancore, without obtaining permission or waiting for reinforcements from Batavia.{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|pp=61-62}} The Dutch deployed a detachment of soldiers from Ceylon against Travancore, under the command of Captain Johannes Hackert. They and their allies achieved several military successes in the initial campaign. In November, the allied army forced the Travancore army stationed near Kollam to retreat, and advanced up to [[Tangasseri]].{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|pp=62-63}} The British [[East India Company]] chief at [[Anchuthengu]] congratulated the Dutch on their victory, and requested them to leave their establishment at [[Edava]] in peace.{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|p=63}}
[[File:The-capture-of-Cochin-and-victory-of-the-Dutch-VOC-over-the-Portuguese-in-1656.-Atlas-van-der-Hagen.-No-Copyright.jpg|thumb|266x266px|Dutch East India Company]]
By early December, the Dutch and their allies marched towards [[Attingal]] and [[Varkala]].{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|p=63}} When the [[Nair Brigade|Travancore army]] withdrew to check an invasion by [[Chanda Sahib]] of [[Arcot State|Arcot]] in the south, the allies achieved further military successes.{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=376}}{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|pp=64-65}} However, the Dutch decided to wait for reinforcements from Ceylon before waging further war against Travancore.{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=376}}

In November 1740, the Dutch command in Malabar asked for reinforcements from Ceylon, and launched a second campaign against Travancore. The Travancore force turned against the Dutch possessions, captured Dutch outposts in Travancore, attacked the factories, and took possession of the goods stored.{{sfn|Menon|1878|p=133}} While matters were thus in the north, small reinforcement forces numbering 105 and 70, which the Dutch Governor had called from Ceylon, effected a landing at Colachel.{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=376}}

== Dutch occupation of Colachel ==
On 26 November, the Dutch sent two large ships and three [[sloop]]s to [[Colachel]], bombarding the coast.{{sfn|Menon|1878|pages=136–137}} The Dutch soldiers fortified a place near the port with wooden posts and garrisoned a portion of the Dutch force in it. The rest proceeded and attacked the Travancore outposts on the coast, such as [[Thengapattanam]], [[Midalam]], Kadiapattinam and advanced to [[Eraniel]]. On 29 November, the Dutch commander Van Gollenesse announced a complete blockade of the Travancore coast around Colachel, directing his forces to seize all ships bound for the coast, with the exception of the [[East India Company|English]] ships carrying goods to [[Edava]].{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|p=66}}

On 13 January 1741, the Dutch ship ''Maarseveen'' was sent southwards, to be anchored between Thengapattanam and Colachel. On 10 February, another Dutch expedition comprising seven large ships and several smaller vessels landed just north of Colachel.

To effectively control the newly conquered territories, the Dutch were expecting reinforcements to arrive from [[Dutch Ceylon|Ceylon]] and [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], but the Company Government at Batavia could not spare any reserve forces because of the [[Java War (1741–1743)|Java War]].{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|pp=67-68}} Faced with an acute shortage of Dutch soldiers in Malabar, Van Gollenesse requested at least 300-400 men from the [[Dutch Ceylon]], and meanwhile, sent a section of the Dutch army to Kanyakumari to attack Travancore.

The Marakayars played a major role in defeating the Dutch East India company entering into Colachel port.<ref>{{cite journal| title = MUKKUVAR MODERNITY: DEVELOPMENT AS A CULTURAL IDENTITY| url=https://wcfia.harvard.edu/files/wcfia/files/885_subramanianregional.pdf| website = wcfia.harvard.edu }}</ref> De Lannoy's research text from the University of Leiden in Netherlands has records of Marakayar community and their people who played a major role in defeating the Dutch Ships and taking Dutch soldiers hostage.<ref name="onmanorama.com">{{Cite web |title=Could Marthanda Varma have won the Colachel War without the fishermen |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/10/04/fishermen-role-in-colachel-war-marthanda-varma.html |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=thiruththamizhththevanaar |url=http://archive.org/details/17401741 |title=குளச்சல் போர் ( 1740 1741) |date=2019-06-01}}</ref>

== Siege of Colachel ==
When Marthanda Varma reached [[Kalkulam]], he adopted measures to counteract the progress of the Dutch, who had captured almost all the villages between [[Colachel]] and [[Kottar]], and were intending to attack [[Padmanabhapuram]], the capital of Travancore.{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|pp=66-67}}{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|p=66}} The [[Raja]] raised a levy of 2000 [[Nair]]s to reinforce the regular infantry already in service in that part of the country.{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|p=66}}{{sfn|Menon|1878|pages=136–137}} Marthanda Varma strongly remonstrated with the Dutch Governor of Cochin and wrote to the Government in Batavia a letter of remonstrance and complaint.{{sfn|Menon|1878|p=133}}

King Marthanda Varma sought help in the war from the local Mukkuvar leaders. They agreed to the king's request, and many sea divers in Mukkuvars were used at night to sink the few Dutch ships which were anchored in Colachel. After the victory of the Colachel war, a local fishing village was named Marthandam Thura, and King Marthanda Varma helped to construct a new church there.<ref name="onmanorama.com"/><ref name="THEVANAAR">{{Cite book |last=THEVANAAR |first=THIRU TAMIL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85W4DwAAQBAJ |title=குளச்சல் போர் |publisher=Thiru Tamizh Thevanaar |language=ta}}</ref>

De Lannoy's research text from the University of Leiden in Netherlands had references to the Mukkuvar in Colachel. First, he made it clear that however much the Dutch tried, the 'mukkuvars' did not betray the Travancore king. As the Dutch approached the shore, the Travancore army had made a retreat, and the locals fled the area. It was not enough for the Dutch to simply bombard a place and then barge in; to continue the war they required fortifications, trenches, and makeshift sheds and storerooms. The Dutch captain wanted his generals to talk to the Mukkuvar community in the most peaceful manner and get them on their side. They wanted the 'mukkuvars' for the work on the fortifications, and also for local support. Pots of money were offered, but the fishermen refused. The Dutch then approached the local [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] priests to get the fishermen on board. De Lannoy writes that the Jesuits told the Dutch point blank that the fishermen would not betray their king.<ref name="onmanorama.com"/><ref name="THEVANAAR"/>

In retaliation, the Jesuit church in Colachel was bombarded by the Dutch. A priest was killed, and three were abducted and taken to a Dutch ship to be tortured. The second reference reveals how members of the 'mukkuvar' community delayed Dutch reinforcements from reaching Colachel. A small mail boat with an officer and a few mukkuvar men was sent to the Kanyakumari Dutch camp to fetch reinforcements. De Lannoy writes that the fisherman toppled the boat and took the officer to the Travancore camp. The fishermen were also instrumental in tricking many unsuspecting Dutch soldiers who were shipped in as reinforcements to march straight into the mouth of the Travancore army. It were some of these trapped Dutch soldiers who gave the Travancore army tips about Dutch strategy.<ref name="onmanorama.com"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=thiruththamizhththevanaar |url=http://archive.org/details/20200327_20200327_0456 |title=குளச்சல் போர் கட்டுக் கதைகளும் கற்பனைக் குதிரைகளும் |date=2018-08-31}}</ref><ref name="THEVANAAR"/>

== Surrender of the Dutch ==
On 5 August, a cannonball fired by the Travancore army fell into a barrel of gunpowder inside the Dutch garrison, and the resulting fire destroyed the entire rice supply of the stockade. Consequently, the Dutch were forced to surrender on 7 August.{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=377}}{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|pp=69-70}} While the Dutch records mention the date of the surrender as 7 August, some later sources give different dates for the Dutch surrender:{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|pp=377-378}}
* 31 July 1741 (31 Āḍi 916 [[Malayalam calendar|ME]]) according to P. Shungoonny Menon ''A History of Travancore'',{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=377}} and T. K. Velu Pillai's ''[[Travancore State Manual]]'' Volume II.{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=378}}
* 31 July 1741 (15 Karkadakam 916 ME) according to [[V. Nagam Aiya]]'s ''Travancore State Manual'' Volume I. Aiya's conversion of the ME date to CE is wrong: the correct corresponding date would be 15 July 1741.{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=378}}
* 10 August 1741 [[K. M. Panikkar]]'s ''A History of Kerala''.{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=378}}

The court chronicle (''Rajyakaryam Churuna'') of Marthanda Varma simply states the date as Āḍi 916 ME, without mentioning any specific day. Historian A. P. Ibrahim Kunju takes the Dutch date (7 August 1741 CE) to be correct.{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=378}}

The Dutch soldiers at Colachel surrendered on the condition that they would be allowed to go to Kanyakumari with their weapons. However, Marthanda Varma did not honor the agreement, and imprisoned them as soon as they came out of the fort.{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|p=70}} The Travancore forces captured a large number of muskets and some cannons from the Dutch garrison at Colachel. They imprisoned 24 Europeans, who were imprisoned at the [[Udayagiri Fort]] in [[Puliyoorkurichi]].{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=378}}{{sfn|Menon|1996|p=287}} Later, Marthanda Varma gave them their weapons back, and asked them to join the Travancore army.{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|p=70}} Several European prisoners, including [[Eustachius De Lannoy]] and Duyvenschot accepted the offer and served Marthanda Varma.{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=378}} Twenty-eight high level Dutch officers, including Admiral D'Lannoy, were captured. The defeat of the Dutch in Colachel was the turning point of the Travancore-Dutch War. D'Lannoy went on to serve the Travancore kingdom for the next two decades and was promoted to the post of the Valiya Kappithan (Senior Admiral) of the Travancore forces. He modernized the Travancore army, and built the Nedumkottai, a line of fortifications in the north of the kingdom, which held up the army of [[Tipu Sultan]] in 1789, during his [[Battle of the Nedumkotta|invasion of Travancore]]. [[Eustachius De Lannoy|De Lannoy]] is buried in the [[Udayagiri Fort]], also known as Dillanai kottai (D'Lannoy's fort).

== Impact ==
De Lannoy organized the Travancore army on European standard introduced gunpowder and firearms, hitherto not used in the kingdom, and increased the regiments and improved defense fortifications significantly.

Captain De Lannoy was a skilled military strategist. His military skills, combined with the tactics of the [[Dewan]] of Travancore, [[Ramayyan Dalawa]], and statesmanship of [[Maharaja Marthanda Varma]], proved very effective in the future military expeditions and annexations of the Northern kingdoms up to [[Cochin]] over a period of time. They defeated and annexed [[Quilon]], [[Kayamkulam]], [[Kottarakkara]], [[Pandalam]], [[Ambalapuzha]], Edappalli, [[Thekkumkoor]] and Vadakkumkoor with [[Travancore]].<ref name=":0" />

The Dutch threat to Travancore was not eliminated after Marthanda Varma's success at Colachel, as is evident by the fact that the Dutch continued to wage war against Travancore in northern Malabar. They also maintained their position at Kanyakumari, hoping to receive reinforcements from Ceylon.{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=378}} However, a 5,000-strong army dispatched by Marthanda Varma prevented them from advancing towards the capital of Travancore.{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|p=69}} They also sent 150 soldiers to reinforce their advance posts at [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] and [[Ayiroor, Pathanamthitta|Ayiroor]]. The Dutch gave up their position at Kanyakumari only in October. They also abandoned [[Attingal]], after the soldiers of their ally Deshinganad abandoned them.{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=379}}

Travancore's victory at Colachel had greatly decreased Dutch morale, and in a 26 October report to Batavia, the Dutch command at Kochi mentioned that the native chiefs now believed that the Dutch East India Company could be driven off the Malabar coast.{{sfn|A. P. Ibrahim Kunju|1975|p=378}} However, by February 1742, the Dutch had captured a small fort near Attingal.{{sfn|M. O. Koshy|1989|p=73}}

In addition to the destruction of the Dutch East India Company's designs in the Malabar coast, the capture of the leaders of the expedition, [[Eustachius De Lannoy]] and his second in command Donadi, was very beneficial to the kingdom of Travancore. When De Lannoy and Donadi were paroled, they took up service with Travancore and modernized the Travancore Army (which, till then, had been armed mainly with melee weapons) into an effective fighting force. De Lannoy was initially entrusted with the training of a few companies of the Maharajah's bodyguards and he did this with such an excellence that he was entrusted with modernizing the entire Travancore army.{{sfn|Menon|1878|pp=136–137}} De Lannoy modernized the existing firearms and introduced better artillery and, more importantly, trained the Travancore army in the European style of military drill and military tactics. He carried out his orders with such sincerity and devotion that he rapidly rose through the ranks, eventually becoming the "Valia Kapitaan" (Commander in Chief) of the Tranvancore military and was given the [[Udayagiri Fort]], locally known as the "Dillanai kotta" (De Lannoy's fort), near Padmanabhapuram, to reside. He was one of the commanders of the Tranvancore army during the decisive [[Battle of Changanassery|battle of Ambalapuzha]] where the Dutch, his erstwhile employers, were fighting on behalf of Cochin and her allies. Following Travancore's victory over Cochin and her allies, the Dutch signed a peace treaty with Travancore and later sold their forts which were incorporated by De Lannoy into the Northern Lines (the [[Nedumkotta]]) that guarded the northern border of Travancore. The Travancore military that De Lannoy was instrumental in modernizing, went on to conquer more than half of the modern state of Kerala, and the Nedumkotta forts that De Lannoy had designed, held up the advance of [[Tipu Sultan]]'s French trained army during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1791 AD till the [[British East India Company]] joined the war in support of Travancore. Donadi ended up as an officer in the Travancore army and it seems that the rest of the Dutch prisoners took up service with the Maharajah's forces and their descendants were present up to 1878 in Travancore.{{sfn|Menon|1878|p=136}}

Another direct outcome of the event at Kulachal was the takeover of the [[black pepper]] trade by the state of Travancore. This development was to have serious repercussions on the Dutch and the trading world of Kerala at large. In 1753 the Dutch signed the [[Treaty of Mavelikkara]] agreeing not to obstruct the Raja's expansion, and in turn, to sell to him arms and ammunition.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Aiya|first=V. Naga|title=Travancore Manual|year=1906}}</ref> This marked the beginning of the end of Dutch influence in India.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A.P Ibrahim Kunju|year=1975|pages=378}}</ref>

== Tributes ==
[[File:Victory Pillar Colachal.jpg|alt=Victory Pillar Colachal|thumb|221x221px|Victory pillar, in remembrance of victory against the Dutch Navy in 1741]]
* The Indian government has built a pillar of victory in Kulachal to commemorate the event.
* The Indian Post Department released a Rupee 5 stamp on 1 April 2004 to commemorate the tercentenary (300th anniversary) of the raising of the 9th Battalion of Madras Regiment.
* The Parade Ground of Pangode Military Camp is named as Kulachal Ground.

== See also ==
* [[Battle of the Nedumkotta|Battle of Nedumkotta]]
* [[Siege of Chale|Siege of Chaliyam]]

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=A. P. Ibrahim Kunju |title=The Battle of Kuḷaccal (1741) and the defeat of Dutch on the Malabar Coast |journal=Journal of Kerala Studies |volume=2 |issue=3 |year=1975 |editor=T. K. Ravindran |publisher=University of Kerala |pages=375–386 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280419/page/n113/mode/2up?view=theater}}
* {{cite book |author=M. O. Koshy |title=The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro8SLhyAc9AC&pg=PA57 |year=1989 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-136-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=P. Shungoonny |title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times |date=1878 |publisher=Higginbotham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YdCAAAAIAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |first=A. Sreedhara |last=Menon |title=A survey of Kerala History |publisher=Viswanathan |location=Madras |year=1996}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* Iyer, S. Krishna. ''Travancore-Dutch Relations'', Nagercoil: CBH Publications, 1994, 164 pgs. {{ISBN|81-85381-42-9}}
* Menor, Sheela. ''Military History of Travancore with special reference to the Nayar Brigade'', Ethiraj College for Women, 1995
* Menon, Sreedhara. '' A survey of Kerala history'', S. Viswanathan Printers and Publishers, 1996.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040904221619/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2004/07/24/stories/2004072401210200.htm]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121109023844/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/01/stories/2010080154870200.htm]
* {{Cite book |last1=Galetti |first1=A. |url=https://archive.org/details/selectionsfromre13madr/page/24/mode/2up?view=theater&q=colletje |title=Selections from the records of the Madras government. Dutch records |last2=Groot |first2=P. |publisher=Superintendent Government Press |year=1911 |location=Madras |pages=24–25 |access-date=5 June 2022}}

== External links ==
* https://archive.org/details/17401741
* https://archive.org/details/20200327_20200327_0456
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20051024011429/http://www.tanap.net/content/about/first_steps.cfm TANAp-a National Archives of Netherlands project]}}
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/jan/14raj.htm Rediff.com]
* [http://keralaletter.blogspot.in/2014/07/some-thoughts-on-historic-battle-of.html]

{{Kerala topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colachel 1741}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1741|Battle of Colachel]]
[[Category:18th-century naval battles]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving the Dutch East India Company]]
[[Category:Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Battles involving Travancore]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Dutch East India Company]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving Travancore]]
[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1741 in India]]
[[Category:Dutch Malabar]]

Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam

2026-03-27T18:37:47Z

PANModesto: fixed article as per guidelines for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
[[File:0 Madurai Teppakulam illuminated.jpg|thumb|Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam]]
'''Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam''' (Tamil:வண்டியூர் மாரியம்மன் தெப்பக்குளம்) is a [[temple tank]] located near to [[Vandiyur Mariamman Temple]] and situated at a distance of about 2 km from the [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]]. Literally, ''Teppakulam'' means temple pond mainly used for devotional festivals.

The tank is connected to Vaigai River through an ingenious system of underground Channels. It has total of 12 long stairs (steps) made of granite on all four sides. The temple as well as the stairs was built by the King Thirumalai Nayak. In the centre of the tank there is a Madapam called Maiya Mandapam (Central Mandapam) with [[Vinayakar]] temple and garden.<ref>[http://www.madurai.org.uk/tourist-attractions/mariamman-teppakulam.html Madurai.org]</ref>

[[File:TEPPAKULAM - TEMPLE VIEW.jpg|thumb|TEPPAKULAM - TEMPLE VIEW]]

== Vandiyur Mariamman Temple ==

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Vandiyur Mariamman Temple
| image = Vandiyur Mariamman Temple 34.jpg
| alt = Vandiyur Mariamman Temple
| image_upright =
| caption = Vandiyur Mariamman Temple in 2011
| coordinates = {{coord|9.9104|78.1480|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Madurai]]
| location = Vandiyur
| elevation_m =
| deity = Goddess [[Mariamman]]
| festivals= Teppa Thiruvizha on [[Thaipusam]]
| temple_tank = Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Vandiyur Mariamman Temple''' (Tamil:வண்டியூர் மாரியம்மன் திருக்கோயில்) is located in east of the temple city [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu, India and is dedicated to [[Mariamman]], the [[Hindu]] goddess of rain. It is near the river [[Vaigai]] about 3 km from the [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tn.ellamey.com/madurai/Vandiyur.html |title=Check PNR status|PNR status-madurai|irctc-madurai |access-date=28 March 2012 |archive-date=18 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418061624/http://tn.ellamey.com/madurai/Vandiyur.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Madurai]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Madurai]]
[[Category:Temple tanks in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mariamman temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1645]]
[[Category:Water Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Temple tanks in India]]

Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation

2026-03-26T09:03:19Z

PANModesto: formatting fix

{{Short description|Local civic body in Kalyan-Dombivli, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Kalyan Dombivli Municipal Corporation (KDMC)
| coa_pic = Headquarter Of Kalyan Dombivli Muncipal Corporation.jpg
| coa_res =
| coa_alt = Headquarters of the KDMC
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Kalyan-Dombivli
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = Harshali Chaudhari
| party1 = [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Rahul Damle
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader3_type = Municipal commissioner & Administrator
| leader3 = Mr. Abhinav Goel ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| members = 122
| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
| next_election1= 2031
| website = [https://kdmc.gov.in https://kdmc.gov.in]
| structure1 = KDMC2026.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government(103)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (53)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (50)

'''Opposition (19)'''
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|11}}
:*{{Party legend|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|5}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|2}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|1}}
}}

'''Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation (KDMC)''' is the governing body of the city of [[Kalyan-Dombivli]], located in the [[Thane district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. The [[Municipal Corporations in India|municipal corporation]] consists of elected members from each municipal ward of the city, knowns as councillors, and is headed by a [[mayor]] and in his/her absence, by a deputy mayor, elected from amongst the councillors. The municipal corporation administers the city's infrastructure, public services, and transport.

== Areas under Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation ==
# [[Kalyan]]
# [[Ambivli]]
# [[Titwala]]
# [[Vithalwadi]]
# [[Dombivli]]
# [[Thakurli]]

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Ka11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ka12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ka13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== List of Mayor ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!#
!Name
! colspan="3" |Tenure
!Election
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|
|Pundalik Mhatre
|10 Nov 2005
|7 May 2008
|
| rowspan="2" |2005
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (pre–2023)}}" |
|-
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-rickshaw driver is new Kalyan mayor {{!}} MumbaiVotes.com |url=https://mumbaivotes.com/articles/2725/ |access-date= |website=mumbaivotes.com}}</ref>
|Ramesh Jadhav
|8 May 2008
|11 November 2010
|{{Age in years and days|8 May 2008|11 November 2010}}
| rowspan="5" |[[Shiv Sena]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|-
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-11-12 |title=Sena's Vaijayanti Gholap becomes new Mayor of KDMC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Senarsquos-Vaijayanti-Gholap-becomes-new-Mayor-of-KDMC/article15684168.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=}}</ref>
|[[Vaijayanti Gholap]]
|12 November 2010
|10 May 2013
|{{Age in years and days|12 November 2010|10 May 2013}}
| rowspan="2" |2010
|-
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-12 |title=Kalyan-Dombivli gets new mayor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Kalyan-Dombivli-gets-new-mayor/articleshow/20009418.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|Kalyani Patil
|11 May 2013
|10 November 2015
|{{Age in years and days|11 May 2013|10 November 2015}}
|-
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-12 |title=Shiv Sena's Rajendra Devlekar elected KDMC mayor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/shiv-senas-rajendra-devlekar-elected-kdmc-mayor/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|[[Rajendra Devlekar]]
|11 November 2015
|8 May 2018
|{{Age in years and days|11 November 2015|8 May 2018}}
| rowspan="2" |2015
|-
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-10 |title=Sena candidate wins KDMC mayoral elections |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/sena-candidate-wins-kdmc-mayoral-elections/story-GEQVrE8cAGRAwXBbQCydsM.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |work=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|Vinita Rane
|9 May 2018
|10 November 2020
|{{Age in years and days|9 May 2018|10 November 2020}}
|-
|23
|Harshali Chaudhari
|3 February 2026
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|3 February 2026}}
|2026
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena (SHS)]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}" |
|}

==List of Deputy Mayor==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

== Election results 2026 ==
=== Political performance in Election 2026 ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2| Party
!Seats
!+/-
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| 53
|{{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 50
| {{increase}} 8
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}"|
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS)
| 5
| {{decrease}} 4
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 2
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 1
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}"|
| [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]] (SS(UBT))
| 11
|New
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}"|
| Others
| 0
| {{decrease}}7
|-
|}

== Electoral Performance in 2015 ==
=== Political performance in Election 2015 ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2| Party
!Seats
!+/-
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[Shiv Sena]] (SS)
| 52
| {{increase}} 21
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 42
| {{increase}} 33
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}"|
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS)
| 9
| {{decrease}} 16
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 4
| {{decrease}} 11
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 2
| {{decrease}} 13
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}"|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
| 4
| {{increase}} 4
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
|
| Others
|7
| {{decrease}} 19
|-
|}

==Electoral Performance in 2010==

=== Political performance in Election 2010 ===
The results of the 2010 election are shown below.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=4 April 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095752/http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party name !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Corporators
|-
| 01 || [[Shiv Sena]] (SS) || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|50px]] || 31
|-
| 02 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) |||| 09
|-
| 03 || [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) || [[File:NCP-flag.svg|50px]] || 15
|-
| 04 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || || 15
|-
| 05 || [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS) || [[File:Flag of Maharashtra Navnirman Sena.svg|50px]] || 26
|-
| 06 || Independents || [[File:No flag.svg|50px]] || 21
|-
|}

The corporation implemented an e-governance scheme in 2002, which is being replicated across [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="egov">{{cite news|title=Delivering services the Kalyan-Dombivli way|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/delivering-services-the-kalyandombivli-way/795194|first=Isher|last=Ahluwalia|date=25 May 2011|agency=[[Indian Express]]|accessdate=2012-10-15}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041016193019/http://www.kdmc.gov.in/kdmc/ Kalyan-Dombivali Municipal Corporation]
* [http://www.Twitter.com/WeAreDombivli KDMC Election updates on Twitter]

{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kalyan-Dombivli]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Mary Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Countess of Minto

2026-03-25T18:37:18Z

PANModesto: starting a post

{{Short description|British aristocrat and Vicereine of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = The Countess of Minto
| image = Countess Minto LCCN2014700583.jpg
| honorific_prefix = [[Her Excellency]] [[The Right Honourable]]
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|CI|DStJ}}
| birth_date = 13 November 1858
| birth_place = [[Windsor Castle]], Berkshire, England<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Biography – GREY, MARY CAROLINE (Elliot, Viscountess MELGUND and Countess of MINTO) – Volume XVI (1931-1940) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/grey_mary_caroline_16E.html |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.biographi.ca}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1940|7|14|1858|11|13|df=y}}
| death_place = London, England
| parents = Hon. [[Charles Grey (British Army officer)|Charles Grey]] Caroline Farquhar
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Viscount Melgund]] |1883}}
| resting_place_coordinates = [[Minto, Scottish Borders]]
| children = 5, including [[Victor Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 5th Earl of Minto|Victor]]
| office = [[Vicereine of India|Viceregal-Consort of India]]
| term_start = 18 November 1905
| term_end = 23 November 1910
| monarch = [[Edward VII]] [[George V]]
| governor-general = [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|The Earl of Minto]]
| predecessor = [[Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston|The Lady Curzon of Kedleston]]
| successor = [[Winifred Hardinge, Baroness Hardinge of Penshurst|The Lady Hardinge of Penshurst]]
}}

'''Mary''' '''Caroline Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,''' '''Countess of Minto''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CI|DStJ|sep=,|size=100%}} (''née'' '''Grey'''; 13 November 1858 – 14 July 1940) was a British aristocrat, [[Governor-General of India|Vicereine of India]], and [[courtier]] to [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]]. She was a prominent healthcare campaigner in Canada and India, respectively.

== Early life and family ==
She was born Mary Caroline Grey on 13 November 1858, the youngest of five children of General [[Charles Grey (British Army officer)|Charles Grey]], courtier to [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Albert]] and [[Queen Victoria]], and his wife, Caroline, ''née'' Farquhar. She was a granddaughter of Prime Minister [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey]]. She was raised at the [[Court of St James's|Court of St James's]] in Windsor and [[St James's Palace|St James's Palace]], London.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Biography – GREY, MARY CAROLINE (Elliot, Viscountess MELGUND and Countess of MINTO) – Volume XVI (1931-1940) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/grey_mary_caroline_16E.html |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.biographi.ca}}</ref> Her brother was [[Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey]].

On 28 July 1883, she married [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound]], becoming countess of Minto when her husband succeeded to his father's title in 1891. They had five children: Eileen, Ruby, [[Violet Astor, Baroness Astor of Hever|Violet]], [[Victor Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 5th Earl of Minto|Victor]] and Gavin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kynynmound [née Grey], Mary Caroline Elliot-Murray-, countess of Minto (1858–1940), courtier, vicereine, and nursing association and hospital founder |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-369131 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |date=2019 |language=en |doi=10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.369131 |last1=Groppo |first1=Martha |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8}}</ref>

== Canada ==
[[File:Lady Minto and her family dressed for the winter, 1901 (51262833536).jpg|thumb|Lady Minto and her five children dressed for winter in Ottawa, 1901|left]]
In 1898, Lady Minto's husband was appointed governor-general of Canada. Her projects during their six-year stay in Canada included instituting a Queen Victoria memorial fund to raise money for rural cottage hospitals with the [[Victorian Order of Nurses]]. Several hospitals were founded in her name, including the [[Lady Minto Hospital]] in Ontario and the Lady Minto wing at the Ottawa Maternity Hospital.<ref name=":0" /> She and her husband appeared on the Canadian four-dollar bill in 1902.<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 Dollars Type 1902 "4 on top" {{!}} Canada - The banknote Numizon catalog |url=https://www.numizon.com/en/banknote/4-dollars-type-1902-canada-4-on-top/can-p26/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.numizon.com}}</ref>

==Vicereine of India==
The Mintos were appointed viceroy and vicereine of India from 1905 to 1910. She became involved with the [[Countess of Dufferin Fund]] for the improvement of women's healthcare, using her connections to secure government funding for it, and launched the Lady Minto Indian Nursing Association, which built on the work of [[Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston|Mary Curzon]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sehrawat |first=Samiksha |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198096603.001.0001 |title=Colonial Medical Care in North India |date=2013-10-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809660-3 |pages=120; 149|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198096603.001.0001 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Negotiating the boundaries of gender and empire : Lady Curzon, Vicereine of India, 1898-1905 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:045b96cb-ebdf-4b49-88cd-c89e64c946e1 |publisher=University of Oxford |date=2001 |degree= |language=en |first=N. |last=Thomas}}</ref> As part of a two-week [[fête]] that she held in 1907 to fundraise for the Association, she launched a set of three [[postage stamp]]s depicting herself and her husband.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=Feb 1985 |title=Lady Minto's Fete |journal=Stamps Magazine}}</ref>[[File:The Viceroy of India, the Earl of Minto with Lady Minto.jpg|thumb|Lady Minto, as Vicereine of India]]

== Later life ==
On her return to England, Lady Minto was appointed [[Lady of the Bedchamber|lady of the bedchamber]] to Queen Mary, and continued her involvement in healthcare programmes, serving on the board of the [[Territorial Army Nursing Service]]. In 1934 she used her journals and her husband's correspondence as the basis for her book, ''India, Minto and Morley'', and she also contributed to [[Margot Asquith]]’s ''Myself When Young'' and to [[John Buchan]]'s biography of her husband''.''<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Buchan |first=John |title=Lord Minto: a Memoir |year=1924 |pages=iii}}</ref>

Predeceased by her husband and two of her children, including the death of her son Gavin in the [[World War I|First World War]], she died at her home at Hambleton, Godalming, on 14 July 1940.<ref name=":1" />

Lady Minto was a [[ice hockey|hockey]] fan and a keen [[Figure skating|figure-skater]], co-founding the [[Minto Skating Club]] with her husband in Ottawa in 1903/4.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=General |first=Office of the Secretary to the Governor |date=2017-03-03 |title=The Earl of Minto |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/governor-general/former-governors-general/earl-minto |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=The Governor General of Canada}}</ref>

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Minto, Mary Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Countess}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:Viceregal consorts of India]]
[[Category:1900s in British India]]
[[Category:19th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:Court of Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:Ladies of the Bedchamber]]
[[Category:Mary of Teck]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British countesses by marriage]]
[[Category:Grey family|Mary]]
[[Category:Dames of the Order of St John]]

Jait Re Jait

2026-03-25T11:11:20Z

PANModesto: correct article after review for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jait Re Jait
| image = Jait Re Jait.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Jabbar Patel]]
| producer = [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
| writer = [[Satish Alekar]] Anil Joglekar
| based_on = {{based on|''Jait re Jait''|[[Gopal Nilkanth Dandekar|G. N. Dandekar]]}}
| starring = [[Mohan Agashe]] [[Smita Patil]] [[Nilu Phule]]
| music = [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]
| cinematography = [[Binod Pradhan]]
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor = Mahalakshmi Chitra
| released = {{Film date|1977|11|09|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Jait Re Jait''''' (English: ''Win, Win'') is 1977 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] film directed by [[Jabbar Patel|Dr. Jabbar Patel]] and produced by [[Usha Mangeshkar]] and [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]], under the banner of Mahalakshmi Chitra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-07 |title=Dread of 'Jait Re Jait' is really the reality {{!}} 'जैत रे जैत' चे भयाण वास्तव {{!}} Lokmat.com |url=https://www.lokmat.com/navi-mumbai/dread-jait-re-jait-really-reality/ |access-date= |website=LOKMAT |language=mr}}</ref> The film stars [[Mohan Agashe]] and [[Smita Patil]] in the lead roles. The film won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|President's silver medal for Best Feature Film in Marathi]] at the [[National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=25th National Film Awards |url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/92_25thNfacatalogue.pdf}}</ref>

It is considered to be one of the greatest [[musical film|musical]] hits of all time in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[Film|cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Happy Birthday, Dr Mohan Agashe: A look at the best Marathi movies of veteran star |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/happy-birthday-dr-mohan-agashe-a-look-at-the-best-marathi-movies-of-veteran-star/photostory/84671378.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is based on a book by [[Gopal Nilkanth Dandekar|G. N. Dandekar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jait Re Jait - जैत रे जैत By G. N. Dandekar - Buy Marathi Books Online At Sahyadri Books, Film Based On Jait Re Jait Novel |url=https://sahyadribooks.com/jait-re-jait/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> Though the music achieved all-time hit status, the film was a box office disaster.

==Plot==
Jait re jait is a story that revolves around Nagya, a thakar tribal drummer who develops a passion for being “punyavanta” [pious one] while growing up listening to his father. He desperately wants to see the “devimashi” [queen bee]. His father, during Negaya's childhood, piqued his interest in it unknowingly. Chindi, a girl who had left her husband because she deems him useless, falls madly in love with Nagya and becomes pregnant with his child. Once, when Nagya was cutting wood in the jungle, bees attacked him. Nagya seeks revenge and wants to kill them, especially the queen bee. However, the queen bee has some religious role in Nagya's tribe. Despite this, Nagya being stubborn, sets out to destroy the beehives with his wife. He does manage to destroy the hives, but in the process his wife gets killed. During the time Nagya is attacked by the bees, he does not play the drum. However, after destroying the hives, he restlessly picks up the drum and starts playing it like a mad man. He does not show any care for his dead wife. This is a classic paradox, where he succeeds (Jait re jait, means WIN-WIN) in his revenge, but loses his wife.

==Cast==
* [[Mohan Agashe]] as Nagya
* [[Smita Patil]] as Chindhi
* [[Nilu Phule]] as Nagya's father
* [[Sulabha Deshpande]] as Nagya's mother
* [[Siddharth Ray]] as Young Nagya
* Narayan Pe
* Manjiri Paranjpae
* Meena Arjunwadkar
* Seema Dharmadhikari
* Shriram Ranade
* Chandrakant Kale
* Kamini
* [[Bal Karve]]
* Shriram Pendse
* Anant Kulkarni
* Dilip Mangalvedhekar
* Arvind Thakar

==Crew==
* Story - G. N. Dandekar
* Dialogues - Satish Alekar and Anil Joglekar
* Playback - Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Usha Mangeshkar, Varsha Bhosle, Ravindra Sathe and Chandrakant Kale
* Art - Desai
* Colour - Nivrutri Dalvi
* Make Up - Suresh Basale
* Stills - Rao and Rao
* Assistants:
Music - Amar
Direction - Prasad Subhedar and Shrinivas Bhange
Camera - [[Rajan Kothari]] and Rajesh Joshi
* Director of Photography - Binod Pradhan
* Director - Dr. Jabbar Patel

==Production==
The film's shooting began on 25 April 1977, and ended on 14 July 1977. Most of part was shot in the [[Karnala Bird Sanctuary|Karnala]] area near [[Panvel]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=KARNALA |url=https://durgbharari.in/karnala/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Durgbharari |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was also shot on locations of [[Maharashtra]] in [[Khalapur]], Kumbhavali and Thakarwadi in [[Raigad district|Raigad District]]. The titles appeared after 15 minutes after the start of the film and the popular song "Mee Raat Takli"—appeared after 50 minutes after the start of the film.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=कुलकर्णी |first=धनंजय |date=2023-01-16 |title=Jait Re Jait : जांभुळ पिकल्या झाडाखाली ढोल कुणाचा वाजं जी ... |url=https://kalakrutimedia.com/jambhul-pikalya-jhadakhali-dhol-kunacha-wajan-ji-marathi-info/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Kalakruti Media |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Music==
The popular songs of the film are composed by [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar|Pt. Hridaynath Mangeshkar]], with most of the lyrics by [[N. D. Mahanor]] and performed by [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Ravindra Sathe]] and Chandrakant Kale. Poet [[Arati Prabhu]] contributed to the lyrics of the song "Me Raat Takli".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Damini |date=2017-01-29 |title=Picture the song: Love, sensuality and Smita Patil in 'Me Raat Takli' |url=https://scroll.in/article/827965/picture-the-song-love-sensuality-and-smita-patil-in-me-raat-takli?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17310051999855&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://scroll.in/reel/827965/picture-the-song-love-sensuality-and-smita-patil-in-me-raat-takli |access-date= |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar|Pt. Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]
| all_lyrics = N. D. Mahanor
| lyrics_credits =
| title1 = Gorya Dehavarti | extra1 = [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Ravindra Sathe]] | lyrics1 = | length1 = 03:58
| title2 = Nabh Utaru Aala, Chimba Tharthar Valla | extra2 = [[Asha Bhosle]] | lyrics2 = | length2 = 05:32
| title3 = Jambhul Piklya Zaadakhali | extra3 = Asha Bhosle, Ravindra Sathe | lyrics3 = | length3 = 04:03
| title4 = Lingobacha Dongur | extra4 = Ravindra Sathe, Chandrakant Kale | lyrics4 = | length4 = 01:23
| title5 = Wadi Varlya Waata | extra5 = | lyrics5 = | length5 = 01:37
| title6 = Ha Doliya | extra6 = | lyrics6 = | length6 = 02:45
| title7 = Mee Raat Taakli, Me Kaat Taakli | extra7 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Ravindra Sathe, Chandrakant Kale| lyrics7 = | length7 = 04:30
| title8 = Dongar Kathadi Thakarwadi | extra8 = Ravindra Sathe, Chandrakant Kale | lyrics8 = | length8 = 01:48
| title9 = Kunya Raajan Raajan | extra9 = Smita Patil, Asha Bhosle | lyrics9 = | length9 = 02:32
| title10 = Aamhi Thakar Thakar | extra10 = Ravindra Sathe, Chandrakant Kale | lyrics10 = | length10 = 04:19
| title11 = Pik Karpal | extra11 = Ravindra Sathe | lyrics11 = | length11 = 04:01
| title12 = Hee Dusryachi Baael | extra12 = | lyrics12 = | length12 = 02:40
}}

==Awards==
The songs from this film are popular in Maharashtra. The film earned actress [[Smita Patil]] and Jabbar Patel Filmfare Awards. [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] for [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Director|Best Direction]] was also presented to Patel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Rekha |title=Marathi Chitrapatsrushticha Samgra Itihas |date=2014 |publisher=[[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)]] |edition=1st |location=Mumbai |pages=Marathi}}</ref> The [[25th National Film Awards]] held in April 1978 honoured the film with President's silver medal for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]].{{blockquote|"Consistently transferring to the film medium a successful fictional work (Jait re Jait by G. N. Dandekar); for high lightening the mutual inconsistencies of love, of the fear of God and of superstition in a simple, innocent community of tribal, for the memorable use of the drum in evoking presence of the God and expressing the inexorable demands of love for a cinematic form which captures the lyricism, the cadence and the lilt of folk culture."<ref name="25thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25thNFAAward.aspx|title=25th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|accessdate=4 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010041511/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=10 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="25thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/25th_nff_1977.pdf|title=25th National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=4 October 2011}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0251151|title=Jait Re Jait}}
*[http://www.geetmanjusha.com/marathi/movie/324.html Lyrics of the songs from ''Jait Re Jait'']

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Marathi}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jabbar Patel]]
[[Category:Marathi-language musical films]]
[[Category:1970s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Best Marathi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-19T14:41:07Z

PANModesto: Enhanced and reorganized content

{{Short description|Election to the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{For|Lok Sabha election|1996 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1991
| next_election = 2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2001
| election_date = 2 May 1996
| seats_for_election = All 234 seats in the [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]
| majority_seats = 118
| turnout = 66.95%
({{increase}} 3.11%)
| image_size = 130px
| party1 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=M._Karunanidhi_.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=2}}
| leader1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| alliance1 = [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]
| seats1 = '''221'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 219
| popular_vote1 ='''14,600,748'''
| percentage1 = '''60.77%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 30.72%

| party2 = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=J Jayalalithaa.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=2}}
| leader2 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]] ''(lost)''
| alliance2 = Congress alliance
| seats2 = 4
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 216
| popular_vote2 = 7,354,723
| percentage2 = 27.08%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 32.71%

| map_image = 1996 tamil nadu legislative election map.png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = 1996 election map (by constituencies)
| title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|CM]]
| map2_image = Tamil Nadu Assembly Alliance Result 1996.svg
| map2_size = 300px
| map2_caption = Alliance wise Result
| before_election = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| before_party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| after_election = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| after_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
}}
The '''eleventh legislative assembly election''' of [[Tamil Nadu]] was held on 2 May 1996 to elect members from 234 constituencies for the state legislature. The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) led front won the election securing 221 seats in the 234 seat [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], and its leader [[M. Karunanidhi]], became the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]].

In the tenth Tamil Nadu assembly, [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) held the majority with its leader [[J. Jayalalithaa]] as the chief minister. The elections resulted in a landslide defeat for the incumbent government, with the AIADMK winning only four seats. Outgoing chief minister Jayalalithaa lost the election from the [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]], and became the first incumbent chief minister since [[M. Bakthavatsalam]] in [[1967 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1967]] to lose the elections.

==Background==

===Anti-Incumbency===
The [[J. Jayalalithaa]] led [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) government, which had been in power since 1991 was beset with corruption scandals and public discontent. A series of corruption scandals, a growing reputation for high handedness and an extravagant public wedding for Jayalalithaa's foster son Sudhakaran all combined to erode the AIADMK support base and the goodwill she had enjoyed with the electorate in the [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991 elections]].<ref name="bhagat">{{cite news| last =Bhagat| first =Rasheeda| title =Advantage Jayalalitha?| date =4 April 2001| url =http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/04/04/stories/040455ju.htm| work =[[Business Line]]| access-date =2010-01-18| archive-date =27 January 2016| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160127151105/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/04/04/stories/040455ju.htm| url-status =live}}</ref><ref name="outlook1">{{cite news | last=Panneerselvan | first=A. S. | title=JJ & Her Technicolor Cape | date=28 May 2001 | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211761 | work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] | access-date=2010-01-18 | archive-date=21 October 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021231959/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211761 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="indiatoday1">{{cite news|last=Ram |first=Arun. |title=Fostering Ill-will |date=25 June 2001 |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010625/state-tn.shtml |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=2010-01-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211121122/http://india-today.com/itoday/20010625/state-tn.shtml |archive-date=11 February 2009 }}</ref>

===Formation of TMC===
The AIADMK's alliance with [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), which had helped it to win the 1991 elections ran into trouble midway through the AIADMK's term. J. Jayalalithaa terminated the alliance and Congress served as the principal opposition party in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. When the 1996 elections drew closer, it was expected that the Congress would contest the elections in alliance with the DMK. However against the wishes of the Tamil Nadu state unit of the Congress, the national congress leader (and then Indian prime minister) [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] announced that the Congress would ally with the AIADMK. This led to a split in the Tamil Nadu Congress with a majority of the party workers and cadre forming the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (TMC) led by [[G. K. Moopanar]]. The TMC contested the elections in alliance with the DMK.<ref name="fontline2">{{cite news| last= Subramanian| first= T. S.| title= Crusading Congressman| date= 15 September 2001| url= http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1617/16170180.htm| work= [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]| access-date= 2010-01-18| archive-date= 7 November 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121107064055/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1617/16170180.htm| url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="palanithurai"/>

===Formation of MDMK===
In 1993, the DMK suffered a split when one of its more prominent second rung leaders, [[Vaiko]] was expelled from the party membership. The next year Vaiko floated a new party – the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK).<ref name="frontline1">{{cite news| last= Subramanian| first= T. S.| title= Hurdles in Tamil Nadu| date= 14 August 1999| url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1819/18191180.htm| work= [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]| access-date= 2010-01-18| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080915160945/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1819/18191180.htm| archive-date= 15 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="express1">{{cite news| last= Menon| first= Jaya| title= Vaiko's MDMK formally snaps ties with UPA| date= 17 March 2007| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/vaikos-mdmk-formally-snaps-ties-with-upa/25881/| work= [[Indian Express]]| access-date= 2010-01-18| archive-date= 20 January 2024| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240120184044/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/vaikos-mdmk-formally-snaps-ties-with-upa/| url-status= live}}</ref>

===Coalitions===
There were four main coalitions in the 1996 elections. The DMK-TMC front which also included the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) and the AIADMK-Congress front were the main political groupings in the state. Both fronts had a number of smaller parties as constituents. The [[Indian National League]] and the [[All India Forward Bloc]] were part of the DMK front, while the AIADMK front also had Muslim Leagues, Forward Block, All India Republic Party, Uzhavar Uzhaippalar Katchi and United Communist Party. Apart from these two fronts, there was a MDMK led coalition which included the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM), the [[Janata Dal]] (JD) and the [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|Samajwadi Janata Party]] (SJP). The alliance between [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) and [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]] (Tiwari Congress) led by [[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy|''Vazhappady'' Ramamurthy]] was the fourth coalition that contested the elections. Initially, before the TMC was formed, the DMK put together a seven party alliance comprising itself, PMK, CPI, Tiwari Congress and a few other parties. However, this alliance fell through when the Tiwari Congress and PMK left the front after differences between Karunanidhi and Ramamurthy. After this, [[Cho Ramaswamy]] (editor of ''[[Thuglak]]'') played a vital role in bringing together the DMK-TMC coalition and obtaining actor Rajinikanth's support for it.<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news | title= "Nenjukku Neethi" resumes | date= 5 May 2008 | url =http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/05/stories/2008050560331000.htm| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080508173318/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/05/stories/2008050560331000.htm| url-status =dead| archive-date =8 May 2008| work =[[The Hindu]]| access-date = 2010-01-21}}</ref><ref name="outlook5">{{cite news | last=Anand | first=S. | title=A Dash Of Saffron In His Broth | date=15 April 2002 | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?215225 | work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] | access-date=2010-01-18 | archive-date=29 October 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029081110/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?215225 | url-status=live }}</ref> There were a few other smaller political formations and parties contesting the election – the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) contested the elections alone; [[Subramanian Swamy]]'s [[Janata Party]] contested in alliance with the caste organisation Devendra Kula Velalar Sangam led by Dr. [[K. Krishnasamy]].<ref name="palanithurai">{{Cite book| last =Palanithurai| first =Ganapathy| title =Perception of grass root democracy and political performance| year =1998| pages =169–180| isbn =978-81-7533-068-9| publisher =M.D. Publications| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm9p_VPDZCgC&pg=PA160| access-date =20 October 2016| archive-date =20 January 2024| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20240120184037/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm9p_VPDZCgC&pg=PA160#v=onepage&q&f=false| url-status =live}}</ref><ref name="hindu3">{{cite news | last= Vimalkumar| first=R.| title= It remains backward despite having scope | date= 19 April 2006 | url =http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/19/stories/2006041906110300.htm| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20060503074227/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/19/stories/2006041906110300.htm| url-status =dead| archive-date =3 May 2006| work =[[The Hindu]]| access-date = 2010-01-18}}</ref><ref name="tehelka">{{cite news| last= Vinoj Kumar| first= P. C| title= Will Wit's Warhorse Win ?| date= 18 January 2010| url= http://www.tehelka.com/story_main17.asp?filename=Ne041506up_close.asp| work= [[Tehelka]]| access-date= 2010-01-18| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110607050238/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main17.asp?filename=Ne041506up_close.asp| archive-date= 7 June 2011| url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="businessline2">{{cite news|last=Dorairaj |first=S |title=Can PMK convert support base into votes in TN? |date=7 April 2009 |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2009/04/07/stories/2009040750080400.htm |work=[[Business Line]] |access-date=2010-01-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412065848/http://www.blonnet.com/2009/04/07/stories/2009040750080400.htm |archive-date=12 April 2009 }}</ref><ref name="fontline3">{{cite news| last= Subramanian| first= T. S.| title= Messages from the States| date= 21 March 1998| url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1506/15060370.htm| work= [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]| access-date= 2010-01-18| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100102051514/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1506/15060370.htm| archive-date= 2 January 2010| url-status= dead}}</ref>

===Rajinikanth's support===
The DMK-TMC alliance enlisted the popular [[Tamil Cinema|Tamil film]] actor [[Rajinikanth]] to campaign against the AIADMK in the elections. Rajinikanth declared his support for the DMK-TMC combine and members of his numerous fan clubs campaigned for the DMK front across Tamil Nadu. In a widely watched campaign appearance broadcast in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], he declared "even God cannot save Tamil Nadu if AIADMK returns to power".Rajinikanth's support gave enormous victory to DMK<ref name="asiantribune">{{cite news| last=Ethiraj| first=Gopal| title=Sunday Celebrity: Rajini is simple, stylish, spiritual, that explains his uniqueness| date=14 December 2009| url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2009/12/14/sunday-celebrity-rajini-simple-stylish-spiritual-explains-his-uniqueness| work=Asian Tribune| access-date=2010-01-18| archive-date=15 December 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215034339/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2009/12/14/sunday-celebrity-rajini-simple-stylish-spiritual-explains-his-uniqueness| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="outlook2">{{cite news | last=Anand | first=S. | title=Bhagwan Rajni | date=26 August 2002 | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?216985 | work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] | access-date=2010-01-18 | archive-date=24 October 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024200301/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?216985 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="outlook3">{{cite news| last =Panneerselvan| first =A. S.| title =Fanning Voter Passions| date =8 May 1996| url =http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?201340| work =[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]| access-date =2010-01-18| archive-date =23 January 2011| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110123160656/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?201340| url-status =live}}</ref>

== Seat allotments ==

===DMK-TMC Front===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! No.
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
|1. || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50x50px]]
| [[M. Karunanidhi]] || style="text-align:center;"|176
|- style="height: 55px;"
|2. || {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50x50px]] || [[G.K. Moopanar]] || style="text-align:center;"|41
|- style="height: 55px;"
|3. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50x50px]] || [[R. Nallakannu|R.Nallakannu]]|| style="text-align:center;" |13
|- style="height: 55px;"
|4. || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|70px]] || [[L. Santhanam]]|| style="text-align:center;" |1
|- style="height: 55px;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|Unrecognized party, whose candidates ran under the DMK ticket
|- style="height: 55px;"
|5. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National League}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50x50px]] || Janab || style="text-align:center;"|5
|}

===AIADMK-INC Front===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! No.
! scope="col" style="width:300px;" colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
|1. || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50x50px]]
| [[J. Jayalalithaa]] || style="text-align:center;"|167
|- style="height: 55px;"
|2. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50x50px]] || [[Kumari Anandan]] || style="text-align:center;"|64
|- style="height: 55px;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|Unrecognized party, whose candidates ran under the AIADMK ticket
|- style="height: 55px;"
| 3.
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50x50px]]
|| [[K. M. Kader Mohideen|Kader Mohideen]]|| style="text-align:center;" |1
|}

===People's Democratic Front===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! No.
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| 1. || {{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Umberlla.png|50x50px]]
|| [[Vaiko]] || style="text-align:center;"|177
|- style="height: 55px;"
|2. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50x50px]]
| [[N. Sankaraiah|N.Sankaraiah]]|| style="text-align:center;" |40
|- style="height: 55px;"
|3. || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Janata Dal symbol.svg|50x50px]]
||[[Vishwanath Pratap Singh|V. P. Singh]]|| style="text-align:center;"|16
|}

===PMK-Tiwari Congress Front===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! No.
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
|1. || {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50x50px]]
|| [[Dr. Ramdoss]] || style="text-align:center;"|116
|- style="height: 55px;"
|2. || {{Full party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|dab=yes}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:No flag.svg|50x50px]] || [[Vazhappady Ramamurthy]] || style="text-align:center;"|46
|}

==List of Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |[[DMK-led Alliance|DMK+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK+]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
! 1
| [[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[R. Mathivanan]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[D. Jayakumar]]
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Mohan
|-

! 2
| [[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Earnest Paul
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| H. Basheer Ahamed
|-

! 3
| [[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. R. K. Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. P. Sarkunam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. M. D. Raveendran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. V. Siva
|-

! 4
| [[Park Town Assembly constituency|Park Town]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Rajhendherr
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. V. Shankar
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Kootharasan
|-

! 5
| [[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Chengaisivam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Neelakandan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| R. Sarala
|-

! 6
| [[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|Purasawalkam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| B. Ranganathan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| J. Gnanam Kathipara
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| G. Ethirajan
|-

! 7
| [[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| I. Ellam Vazhuthi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| N. Lakshmi
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Kanniappan
|-

! 8
| [[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Arcot Veeraswami
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Balasubramanian
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. Varadarajan
|-

! 9
| [[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Theagaraya Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| A. Chellakumar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Vijayan
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| K. Jagaveera Pandian
|-

! 10
| [[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. K. Stalin
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Zeenath Sheriffdeen
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Thiyagarajan
|-

! 11
| [[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Karuna Nidhi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| N. S. S. Nellai Kannan
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| S. K. Doraiswamy
|-

! 12
| [[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Nanjil Manoharan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Wahab
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| O. Sundaram
|-

! 13
| [[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. P. Ramajayam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. K. Sampath
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| K. S. Srinivasan
|-

! 14
| [[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Saidai Kittu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Saidai Duraisamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. R. Panneerselvam
|-

! 15
| [[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipundi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Venu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. S. Munirathinam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Natarajan
|-

! 16
| [[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Sundaram
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Gunasekaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Krishnamoorthy
|-

! 17
| [[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. C. Vijayan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| B. Balraj
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| A. Soundararajan
|-

! 18
| [[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| J. M. Haroon Rasheed
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| M. G. Mohan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Venugopal
|-

! 19
| [[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Shanmugam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Purushothaman
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Vijaya Thayanban
|-

! 20
| [[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. A. Vaidyalingam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. B. Madhavan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Somasundaram
|-

! 21
| [[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Tirupporur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Chokkalingam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. K. Loganathan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. Sathiyaseelan
|-

! 22
| [[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Tamilmani
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. V. N. Kumarasamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Radhakrishnan
|-

! 23
| [[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Maduranthakam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. K. Venkatesan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. D. U. Kamchand
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. R. Veeraraghavan
|-

! 24
| [[Acharapakkam Assembly constituency|Acharapakkam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Mathivanan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Bhuvaraghamoorthy
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| A. V. Nagarajan
|-

! 25
| [[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Sundar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. K. Gnanasekaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. P. Janakiraman
|-

! 26
| [[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Murugesan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. S. Thirunavukarasu
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Y. M. Narayanasamy
|-

! 27
| [[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. Kothandam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. N. Chinnandi
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Sampath
|-

! 28
| [[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| D. Sudarsanam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| P. Krishnamoorthy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Anarias @ Anthridoss
|-

! 29
| [[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Tiruvallur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Subramani @ C. S. Mani
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Kanagaraaj
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Gajendran
|-

! 30
| [[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. A. P. Sivaji
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Hari
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Narasimhan
|-

! 31
| [[Pallipattu Assembly constituency|Pallipet]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| E. S. S. Raman
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| B. Thangavel
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. S. Athyaraj
|-

! 32
| [[Arakkonam Assembly constituency|Arkonam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Thamizh Chelvan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| D. Yasodha
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Kesavan
|-

! 33
| [[Sholinghur Assembly constituency|Sholinghur]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| A. M. Munirathinam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Jayababu
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Shanmugham
|-

! 34
| [[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Gandhi
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Masilamani
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| J. Hassain
|-

! 35
| [[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. N. Subramani
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. V. Ramadoss
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. S. Natarajan
|-

! 36
| [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Duraimurugan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Pandurangan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| T. R. Purushothaman
|-

! 37
| [[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyatham]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. G. Dhanapal
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. Ramgopal
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Panneer
|-

! 38
| [[Pernambut Assembly constituency|Pernambut (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Govindan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| I. Tamizharasan
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| R. S. J. Ashok Ilayaraja
|-

! 39
| [[Vaniayambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniayambadi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Abdul Latheef
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. Kuppusamy
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| K. Jayapal
|-

! 40
| [[Natrampalli Assembly constituency|Natrampalli]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Mahendran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| H. D. Hanumanthan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Rajendran
|-

! 41
| [[Tiruppattur Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Shanmugam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. G. Mani
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. C. Alagiri
|-

! 42
| [[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. V. Nannan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. K. Thamizharasan
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| M. Settu
|-

! 43
| [[Thandarambattu Assembly constituency|Thandarambattu]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| K. Manivarma
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. P. Kuppusamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Jhayabal
|-

! 44
| [[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Pitchandi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. Arunachalam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Elango
|-

! 45
| [[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. S. Thiruvengadam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| M. Sundarasami
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Arivalagan
|-

! 46
| [[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Rajendran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Agri. S. Krishnamoorthy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Karthikeyan
|-

! 47
| [[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaicut]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Gopu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. M. Suryakala
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. M. Murugesan
|-

! 48
| [[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| C. Gnanasekaran
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. B. Bhaskaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Subramani
|-

! 49
| [[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Sivanandam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Chinnakulamdai
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Dhakshinamoorthy
|-

! 50
| [[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Anbalagan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Chandran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Ramalingam
|-

! 51
| [[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Bala Anandan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Gunaseelan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Rajagopal
|-

! 52
| [[Peranamallur Assembly constituency|Peranamallur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Pandurangan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Srinivasan
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-

! 53
| [[Melmalayanur Assembly constituency|Melmalayanur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Gnanasekar
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Dharmarasan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Panchatcharan
|-

! 54
| [[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Natarajan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| T. N. Muruganandam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Ramachandran
|-

! 55
| [[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Sedunathan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| D. Rajaram
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Masilamani
|-

! 56
| [[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Marimuthu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. P. Erasendiran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Manjini
|-

! 57
| [[Kandamangalam Assembly constituency|Kandamangalam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Alaguvelu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Subramaniyan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Venkatachalapathy
|-

! 58
| [[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Deivasigamani @ Ponmudy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. S. Panneerselvam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Panneerselvam
|-

! 59
| [[Mugaiyur Assembly constituency|Mugaiyur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. G. Sampath
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. M. Arangarathan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Rajagopal
|-

! 60
| [[Thirunavalur Assembly constituency|Thirunavalur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. J. Manikkannan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. G. P. Gnanamoorthy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. V. Balasubramaniyan
|-

! 61
| [[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpet (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Mani
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Anandan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Angamuthu
|-

! 62
| [[Nellikuppam Assembly constituency|Nellikuppam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Mani
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. C. Dhamodaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Krishnamoorthi
|-

! 63
| [[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. Pugazhendhi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. V. Rajendiran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Padmanaban
|-

! 64
| [[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Ramaswamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Rajendran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Nandagopalakrishnan
|-

! 65
| [[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. R. K. Panneerselvam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Pandarinathan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. Balakrishnan
|-

! 66
| [[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. V. Abdul Naser
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. M. Rasavel
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Anbarasan
|-

! 67
| [[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. Ramalingam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Kousalya
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Kanagasabai Muthu
|-

! 68
| [[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| S. Azhagiri
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. Radhakrishnan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Durai Krishnamoorthy
|-

! 69
| [[Vridhachalam Assembly constituency|Vridhachalam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Kuzhandai Tamizharasan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Ramanathan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. M. Srinivasan
|-

! 70
| [[Mangalore, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Mangalore (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| S. Puratchimani
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| V. M. S. Saravanakumar
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Soundararajan
|-

! 71
| [[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| S. Sivaraj
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Annadurai
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Durairaj
|-

! 72
| [[Chinnasalem Assembly constituency|Chinnasalem]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Mookkappan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Mohan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Venkatapathy
|-

! 73
| [[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Udhayasuriyan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Saruvar Kasim
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| M. Chinnappa
|-

! 74
| [[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| T. Venkatareddy
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. Gopinath
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| B. Venkatasamy
|-

! 75
| [[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| S. Raja Reddi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Venkatarama Reddi
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| M. Lagumiah
|-

! 76
| [[Kaveripattinam Assembly constituency|Kaveripattinam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. V. S. Venkatesan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. P. Munusamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. C. Govindasamy
|-

! 77
| [[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Kanchana Kamalanathan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. P. Kathavarayan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. R. Pandiyan
|-

! 78
| [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. G. Sugavanam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| J. Jayalalitha
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Viswanathan
|-

! 79
| [[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Vedammal
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| J. Natesan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| P. Shanmugam
|-

! 80
| [[Morappur Assembly constituency|Morappur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Mullaiventhan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Singaram
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Ravanan
|-

! 81
| [[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. L. Venkatachalam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Gopal
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. V. Madhaiyan
|-

! 82
| [[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Manokaran
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Mase Harur
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Devarajan
|-

! 83
| [[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| M. Arumugam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Anbalagan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. E. Sekar
|-

! 84
| [[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Gopal
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Soundram
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| M. Rajagopal
|-

! 85
| [[Taramangalam Assembly constituency|Taramangalam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Elavarasan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Palanisamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Kandasamy
|-

! 86
| [[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| R. R. Sekaran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Krishnan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Sundaram
|-

! 87
| [[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud (ST)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Perumal
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Gunasekaran
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| R. Kuppusamy
|-

! 88
| [[Salem – I Assembly constituency|Salem-I]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. R. G. Dhanapalan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. T. Natarajan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Ravikrishnan
|-

! 89
| [[Salem – II Assembly constituency|Salem-II]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. L. Thangavel
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Semmalai
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. S. V. Thamarai Kannan
|-

! 90
| [[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Arumugam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Arjunan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Anbu Rajendran
|-

! 91
| [[Panamarathupatty Assembly constituency|Panamarathupatty]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. R. Sivalingam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Vijayalakshmi Palanisamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. Manickam
|-

! 92
| [[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. M. Ramasamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. K. Murugesan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Manoharan
|-

! 93
| [[Talavasal Assembly constituency|Talavasal (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| K. Rani
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. Kaliaperumal
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Singaravel
|-

! 94
| [[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. R. Damayandhi
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. R. Sundaram
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| B. A. R. Elangovan
|-

! 95
| [[Sendamangalam Assembly constituency|Sendamangalam (ST)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Chandrasekaran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Kalavathi
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Thennavan
|-

! 96
| [[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Veisamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Anbaiagan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Mayavan
|-

! 97
| [[Kapilamalai Assembly constituency|Kapilamalai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. K. Veerappan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Rajalingam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Kandasamy
|-

! 98
| [[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengode]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. P. Arumugam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Chinnusamy
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| A. Athi Narayanan
|-

! 99
| [[Sankari Assembly constituency|Sankari (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Muthu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. K. Ramasamy
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| C. Duraisamy
|-

! 100
| [[Edapadi Assembly constituency|Edapadi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. A. Murugesan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Anbumathi Selvan
|-

! 101
| [[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| B. Arunkumar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Doraiswamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. T. Arangasamy
|-

! 102
| [[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Elango
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Thiagarajan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Shanmuga Sundharam
|-

! 103
| [[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. R. Ramachandran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Malaravan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| U. K. Vellingiri
|-

! 104
| [[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Palaniswamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Duraisamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Kannappan
|-

! 105
| [[Coimbatore West Assembly constituency|Coimbatore West]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. T. Dhandapani
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Raja Thangavel
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Govindharajan
|-

! 106
| [[Coimbatore East Assembly constituency|Coimbatore East]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| V. K. Lakshmanan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. S. Velan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. C. Karunakaran
|-

! 107
| [[Perur Assembly constituency|Perur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Natarasan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Thirumalaisamy
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| N. Amirtham
|-

! 108
| [[Kinathukkadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukkadavu]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Shanmugham
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. M. Mylswamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Kandasamy
|-

! 109
| [[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Raju
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Jayaraman
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Andu @ Nachimuthu
|-

! 110
| [[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. P. Singaravelu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Kurichimanimaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Tamilvanan
|-

! 111
| [[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalpet]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Selvaraj
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Shanmugavel
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. T. Mariappan
|-

! 112
| [[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Saraswathy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Easwaramurthi
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Mayavan
|-

! 113
| [[Vellakoil Assembly constituency|Vellakoil]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. P. Saminathan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Dhurai Ramaswamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. N. Shanmugam
|-

! 114
| [[Pongalur Assembly constituency|Pongalur]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| P. Mohan Kandaswamy
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Thalapathy Murugesan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. R. Selvaraj
|-

! 115
| [[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. S. Ponmudi
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. S. Duraimurugan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Ku. Palanisamy
|-

! 116
| [[Tiruppur Assembly constituency|Tiruppur]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| K. Subbarayan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Sivasamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Duraisamy
|-

! 117
| [[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. S. Rajkumar Manraadiar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Ramasamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Periyasamy
|-

! 118
| [[Modakurichi Assembly constituency|Modakurichi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Subbulakshmi Jegadeesan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. N. Kittusamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Elanchezhian
|-

! 119
| [[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| N. Periyasamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Periyasamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. M. Kandasamy
|-

! 120
| [[Erode Assembly constituency|Erode]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. K. K. Periasamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Muthusamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Genashamurthy
|-

! 121
| [[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| S. N. Balasubramanian
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. S. Manivannan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| P. Palanisamy
|-

! 122
| [[Andhiyur Assembly constituency|Andhiyur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Selvarasu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Subramaniam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Eradha Rukmani
|-

! 123
| [[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. P. Venkidu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. A. Sengottayan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. R. Kalathinathan
|-

! 124
| [[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. A. Andamuthu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. K. Chinnasamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. K. Subramaniam
|-

! 125
| [[Sathyamangalam Assembly constituency|Sathyamangalam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. K. Rajendran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. R. Attiannan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| A. M. Kadar
|-

! 126
| [[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Thangavel
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Karuppusamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Selvaraj
|-

! 127
| [[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Ootacamund]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Gundan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| H. M. Raju
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| N. Chickiah
|-

! 128
| [[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| B. M. Mubarak
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. R. Raju
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| N. Vasu
|-

! 129
| [[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Poovendhan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Karuppuchamy
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| A. Nagarajan
|-

! 130
| [[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Sakkarapani
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Sellamuthu
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Mohan
|-

! 131
| [[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| L. Mookaiah
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. M. Kader Mohideen
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| O. Rajangam
|-

! 132
| [[Theni Assembly constituency|Theni]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| N. R. Alagaraja
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Ponnu Pillai
|-

! 133
| [[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakkanur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Sudalaimuthu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. P. Jeyakumar
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Subramani
|-

! 134
| [[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| O. R. Ramachandran
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. A. Somasundaram
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| S. Dharmaraj
|-

! 135
| [[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Aasiyan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Muthiah
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Sekar @ Balasundaram
|-

! 136
| [[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Thalapathi
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Muthiah
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Pon Muthuramalingam
|-

! 137
| [[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Muthuramalingam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Andithevar
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Saminathan
|-

! 138
| [[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
| {{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
| P. N. Vallarasu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Veluchamy
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-

! 139
| [[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| A. S. Ponnammal
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. Rasu
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Arivazhaghan
|-

! 140
| [[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| L. Santhanam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. M. Paramasivan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. S. Manian
|-

! 141
| [[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Tirupparankundram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Ramachandran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. V. Shanmugam
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. Kandasamy
|-

! 142
| [[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Muthusamy
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| K. John Moses
|-

! 143
| [[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| A. Deivanayagam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| T. Thangaraj
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| N. Nanmaran
|-

! 144
| [[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Velusamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. R. Janardhanan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Muniyandi
|-

! 145
| [[Samayanallur Assembly constituency|Samayanallur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Selvaraj
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Raja Selvaraj
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Pandiammal
|-

! 146
| [[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| K. V. V. Rajamanickam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| C. R. Sundararajan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Veera Ilavarasan
|-

! 147
| [[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| M. Andi Ambalam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. Asai Alangaram
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Chellam
|-

! 148
| [[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Manimaran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Marutharaj
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| R. S. Rejendran
|-

! 149
| [[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| I. Periasamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Chinnamuthu
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. Nagalakshmi
|-

! 150
| [[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. V. Krishnan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Gandhirajan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. P. Balasubramanian
|-

! 151
| [[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. S. Mohammed Ismail
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. K. Duraisamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Monjanur Ramasamy
|-

! 152
| [[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Vasuki Murugesan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Chinnasamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Palanisamy
|-

! 153
| [[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Nagarathinam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Arivalagan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| S. Thirunavukkarasu
|-

! 154
| [[Marungapuri Assembly constituency|Marungapuri]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| B. M. Senguttuvan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Solairaj
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Durairaj
|-

! 155
| [[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Selvam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Pappasundaram
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Pugalendhi
|-

! 156
| [[Thottiam Assembly constituency|Thottiam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Kannaiyan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Nedumaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. P. Rathinam
|-

! 157
| [[Uppiliapuram Assembly constituency|Uppiliapuram (ST)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Karuppusami
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Saroja
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Rajendran
|-

! 158
| [[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. N. Jothi Kannan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Mallika Chinnasamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Selvaraj
|-

! 159
| [[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. N. Nehru
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| J. Logambal
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Pon. Pandian
|-

! 160
| [[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Devarajan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Murugesan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Vibushnan
|-

! 161
| [[Varahur Assembly constituency|Varahur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Duraisamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Palanimuthu
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| M. Palanimuthu
|-

! 162
| [[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| D. Amaramoorthy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Elavarasan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Chinnappah
|-

! 163
| [[Andimadam Assembly constituency|Andimadam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Sivasubramaniyan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Arthur Hellar
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Ramalingam
|-

! 164
| [[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. C. Ganesan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| N. Masilamani
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Dhana Sekhar
|-

! 165
| [[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. P. Mayavan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Paranjothi
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Perur Dharmalingam
|-

! 166
| [[Tiruchirappalli – I Assembly constituency|Tiruchirapalli-I]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| B. Baranikumar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Pa. Krishnan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Malaramannan
|-

! 167
| [[Tiruchirappalli – II Assembly constituency|Tiruchirapalli-II]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Anbil Poyyamozhi
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Selvaraj
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| G. Vijayalakshmi
|-

! 168
| [[Thiruverambur Assembly constituency|Thiruverambur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Durai
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Rathinavel
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Mohamed Ali
|-

! 169
| [[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkali (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Panneerselvam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Bharathi
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Senthilselvan
|-

! 170
| [[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Mohanadasan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Vijayabalan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. M. Samsudeen
|-

! 171
| [[Mayiladuturai Assembly constituency|Mayuram]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| [[M. M. S. Abul Hassan]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Rama Chidambaram
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Mahalingam
|-

! 172
| [[Kuttalam Assembly constituency|Kuttalam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Kalayanam Kuttalam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Rajendran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Rajamanickam
|-

! 173
| [[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| Padma
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Gopal
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| P. Thangaiyan
|-

! 174
| [[Tiruvarur Assembly constituency|Tiruvarur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Asohan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| P. Arumuga Pandian
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| S. Veerasamy
|-

! 175
| [[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Nizamudeen
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Jeevanantham
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| V. Marimuthu
|-

! 176
| [[Vedaranyam Assembly constituency|Vedaranyam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. K. Vedarathinam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| P. C. V. Balasubramaniam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Meenakshisundaram
|-

! 177
| [[Thiruthuraipoondi Assembly constituency|Tiruthuraipundi (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| G. Palanisami
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. Gopalsami
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| P. N. Thangarasu
|-

! 178
| [[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| V. Sivapunniam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Kaliyaperumal
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Tamilarasan
|-

! 179
| [[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Balasubramanian
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Seeni Baskaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Renganathan
|-

! 180
| [[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| V. Thirugnanasambandam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. Sakthivel
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. K. Lenin
|-

! 181
| [[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanad]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Rajamanickam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Suriyamoorthy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| L. Ganesan
|-

! 182
| [[Thiruvonam Assembly constituency|Thiruvonam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Ramachandran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Thangamuthu
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Durai Balakrishnan
|-

! 183
| [[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. N. M. Ubayadullah
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. D. Somasundaram
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Veluchamy
|-

! 184
| [[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Tiruvaiyaru]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Chandrasekaran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Subramanian
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| V. Jeevakumar
|-

! 185
| [[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| N. Karuppanna Odayar
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Arumugham
|-

! 186
| [[Valangiman Assembly constituency|Valangiman (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Gomathi Srinivasan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Vivekanandan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| M. Malathi
|-

! 187
| [[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. S. Mani
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Erama Eramanatham
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Kaliaperumal
|-

! 188
| [[Thiruvidamarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidaimarudur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Ramalingam
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| T. R. Loganathan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Murugan
|-

! 189
| [[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| V. Chinnaiah
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Regupathy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Pavanan
|-

! 190
| [[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Selvaraj Alias Kavithaipithan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Karuppayee
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Gunasekaran
|-

! 191
| [[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Periannan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. C. Swaminathan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. N. Mani
|-

! 192
| [[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| S. Erasasekaran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. P. Raman
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Chandrasekaran
|-

! 193
| [[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Arantangi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Shanmugam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Thirunavukkarasu
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. B. R. Janardhanan
|-

! 194
| [[Tiruppattur Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Sivaraman
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Kannappan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Sevanthiappan
|-

! 195
| [[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| N. Sundaram
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Raju
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. R. Asokan
|-

! 196
| [[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| Kr. Ramasamy
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| D. Sakthivel
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Mangaleswaran
|-

! 197
| [[Ilayangudi Assembly constituency|Ilayangudi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Tamilkudimagan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. D. Nadarajan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Malaikannan
|-

! 198
| [[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Tha. Kiruttinan Pasumpon
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. R. Muruganandam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Peri Krishnan
|-

! 199
| [[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| K. Thangamani
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Gunasekaran
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. Balasubramanian
|-

! 200
| [[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| U. Thisaiveeran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Sundararaj
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. K. Siraimeetan
|-

! 201
| [[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Rahmankhan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. K. G. Sekar
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Singaraj
|-

! 202
| [[Kadaladi Assembly constituency|Kadaladi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. P. Thangavelan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Sathiyamoorthy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Piraanavanathan
|-

! 203
| [[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| S. Balakrishnan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Nagalingam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Villi Thevar
|-

! 204
| [[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Thangapandian
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Sundarapandian
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. M. Shanmugasundaram
|-

! 205
| [[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. M. Vijayakumar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Gnanaprakasam
|-

! 206
| [[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. R. R. Seenivasan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| G. Karikolraj
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| B. Boopathirajaram
|-

! 207
| [[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| R. Chokkar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Alagarsamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Gnanadoss
|-

! 208
| [[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| T. Ramasamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Thamaraikkani
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Sivasubramanian
|-

! 209
| [[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. P. Rajan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Prabakar
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Sadhan Thirumalikumar
|-

! 210
| [[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Ravisankar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. K. Perumal
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Vai. Gopalsamy
|-

! 211
| [[Pottapidaram Assembly constituency|Pottapidaram (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Sundaram
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Paulraj
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. S. Ganesan
|-

! 212
| [[Kovilpatti Assembly constituency|Koilpatti]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| L. Ayyalusamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| L. Radhakrishnan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. S. Radhakrishnan
|-

! 213
| [[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankaranayanarkoil (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Rasiah @ Raja
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Karuppasamy
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Thangavelu
|-

! 214
| [[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| R. Eswaran
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| P. Suresh Babu
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| R. Krishnan
|-

! 215
| [[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Naina Mohamed
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. M. Gani
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Sanjeevi
|-

! 216
| [[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| K. Ravi Arunan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Aladi Sankaraiya
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Asan Ibrahim
|-

! 217
| [[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Aladi Aruna
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| M. S. Kamaraj
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. P. Murugiah
|-

! 218
| [[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. L. Subramanian
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Karuppasamy Pandian
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Achiyur Mani
|-

! 219
| [[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamcottai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Mohamed Kodar Maideen
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Dharmalingam
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. S. Sudarsan
|-

! 220
| [[Cheranmahadevi Assembly constituency|Cheranmahadevi]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| P. Veldurai
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. R. Janarthanan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| S. K. Palanichamy
|-

! 221
| [[Ambasamudram Assembly constituency|Ambasamudram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Avudaiappan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Murugaiah Pandian
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Meena Zacharias
|-

! 222
| [[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| S. V. Krishnan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. S. A. Karunakaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Vamadevan
|-

! 223
| [[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| M. Appavu
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. K. Chandrasekaran
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Raymond
|-

! 224
| [[Sathankulam Assembly constituency|Sattangulam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| S. S. Mani Nadar
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| B. Kasianantham
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| P. S. Sivasubramanian
|-

! 225
| [[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Jennifer Chandran
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Thamotharan
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Ramachandran
|-

! 226
| [[Srivaikuntam Assembly constituency|Srivaikuntam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. David Selwyn
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. Danielraj
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| P. Sampath @ Thirugnana Sambantham
|-

! 227
| [[Tuticorin Assembly constituency|Tuticorin]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Periasamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Henry
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. S. M. Sampath Kumar
|-

! 228
| [[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Suresh Rajan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Thanu Pillai
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Ramiah Pillai
|-

! 229
| [[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| M. Moses
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| V. Seluvai Antony
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Retnaraj
|-

! 230
| [[Colachel Assembly constituency|Colachel]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Era. Bernard
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. Pauliah
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Sambath Chandra
|-

! 231
| [[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Bala Janathipathy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Lawrance
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| S. Noor Mohamed
|-

! 232
| [[Thiruvattar Assembly constituency|Thiruvattar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Alban
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| J. Hema Chandran
|-

! 233
| [[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Thankaraj
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| M. Sundaradas
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| D. Mony
|-

! 234
| [[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyoor]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| Kumaradas
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. Selvaraj
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| Mano Thangaraj
|-

|}

* Constituency 75 (Thalli): In addition to the CPI(M) candidate listed, there was also a JD candidate, B. Ramachandra Reddi, who secured the 6th position in MDMK-led alliance

==Opinion poll trends==
In the 1996 election, strong anti-incumbency against Jayalalithaa and the strength of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam – Tamil Maanila Congress alliance made their victory predictable. A poll by [[India Today]] with [[Prannoy Roy]] and Dorab R. Sopariwala projected 11–37 seats for the AIADMK, but it won only four.<ref>{{cite news |title=தமிழ்நாட்டில் தேர்தல் கருத்துக் கணிப்புகள் எந்த அளவுக்கு சரியாக இருந்துள்ளன?|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/cgee9xznre8o|access-date=4 June 2024 |work=BBC tamil|date=3 June 2024|language=ta}}</ref>

A survey conducted by the [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies|CSDS]] in collaboration with [[NDTV]] and Frontline found that 60% of the electorate was “not satisfied at all” with then incumbent Jayalalithaa regime, while only 13% reported being “very satisfied.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30274449.ece|title=A matter of arithmetic|date=26 May 2001|work=Frontline|access-date=2001-05-26}}</ref>

==Voting and results==
Polling took place on 2 May 1996 and results were announced on 12 May. The turnout among registered voters was 66.95%. The assembly elections were held simultaneously along with the [[1996 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1996 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite web
| last = Election Commission of India
| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report
| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf
| access-date = 19 April 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf
| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>

===Results by Pre-Poll Alliance===
[[File:1996 tamil nadu legislative election map by parties.png|thumb|Election map of results based on parties. Colours are based on the results table on the left]]
{{Election table|title=Summary of the 1996 June Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election results}}
!colspan=10|[[File:India Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 1996.svg]]
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Alliance/Party
!style="width:4px" |
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Popular Vote
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote %
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Adj. %‡
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|DMK+ Alliance
! style="background-color: {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|'''221'''
|'''+214'''
|'''14,600,748'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 |'''53.77%'''
|-
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
! style="background-color: #FF0000" |
|173
| +171
|11,423,380
|42.07%
|54.04%
|-
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]]
! style="background-color: #008080" |
|39
| +39
|2,526,474
|9.3%
|55.21%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
! style="background-color: #0000FF" |
|8
| +7
|575,570
|2.12%
|42.95%
|-
|[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
! style="background-color: #800000" |
|1
| +1
|75,324
|0.28%
|76.18%
|-
! style="background-color:#009900; color:white"|AIADMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: {{party color|AIADMK}}" |
|'''4'''
|'''-221'''
|'''7,354,723'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 |'''27.08%'''
|-
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
! style="background-color: #008000" |
|4
| -160
|5,831,383
|21.47%
|29.24%
|-
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
|0
| -60
|1,523,340
|5.61%
|21.09%
|-

! style="background-color:#ff2a00 ; color:black"|MDMK+ alliance
! style="background-color:#ff2a00 |
|'''2'''
|'''0'''
|'''2,143,141'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 |'''7.89%'''
|-
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
! style="background-color: #ff2a00" |
|0
|0
|1,569,168
|5.78%
|7.6%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
! style="background-color: #000080" |
|1
|0
|456,712
|1.68%
|9.57%
|-
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}} " |
|1
|0
|117,801
|0.43%
|7.31%
|-
! style="background-color:yellow; color:black"|PMK+ Alliance
! style="background-color:yellow" |
|'''4'''
|'''+3'''
|'''1,252,275'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 |'''4.61%'''
|-
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
! style="background-color: #800080" |
|4
| +3
|1,042,333
|3.84%
|7.61%
|-
|[[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|AIIC(T)]]
! style="background-color: " |
|0
|0
|209,942
|0.77%
|4.23%
|-
! style="background-color:gray; color:white"|Others
! style="background-color:gray" |
|'''3'''
|'''+1'''
|'''1,662,926'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''6.12%'''
|-
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|1
| +1
|490,453
|1.81%
|2.93%
|-
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|1
| +1
|150,134
|0.55%
|2.51%
|-
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
! style="background-color: " |
|1
|0
|1,022,339
|3.76%
|3.8%
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Total'''
! style="background-color: " |
| '''234'''
| –
|'''27,154,721'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''100%'''
|-
|}

==Constituency wise results==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
|Era. Mathivanan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,893
|57.78
|D. Jayakumar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|27,485
|35.37
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17,408
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.41
|-

!2
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
|K. Anbazhagan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|39,263
|70.57
|Earnest Paul
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|9,007
|16.19
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30,256
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|54.38
|-

!3
|[[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|S.P. Sarkunam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|75,125
|62.12
|R.M.D. Raveendran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,044
|26.50
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|43,081
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35.62
|-

!4
|[[Park Town Assembly constituency|Park Town]]
|T. Rajhendherr
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,565
|68.43
|S.V. Shankar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|15,086
|23.17
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,479
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|45.26
|-

!5
|[[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur (SC)]]
|Chengaisivam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|90,683
|67.29
|V. Neelakandan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,332
|23.99
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|58,351
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|43.30
|-

!6
|[[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|Purasawalkam]]
|B. Ranganathan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|98,157
|70.61
|J. Kathipara Gnanam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25,543
|18.37
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|72,614
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|52.24
|-

!7
|[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore (SC)]]
|I. Ellam Vazhuthi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|51,061
|72.57
|N. Lakshmi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|13,876
|19.72
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37,185
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|52.85
|-

!8
|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
|N. Arcot Veeraswami
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,03,819
|67.05
|R. Balasubramanian
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|34,802
|22.48
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|69,017
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44.57
|-

!9
|[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Theagaraya Nagar]]
|A. Chellakumar
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|76,461
|67.16
|S. Vijayan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|27,463
|24.12
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|48,998
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|43.04
|-

!10
|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
|M.K. Stalin
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|66,905
|69.72
|Zeenath Sheriffdeen
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|22,028
|22.95
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44,877
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|46.77
|-

!11
|[[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]
|M. Karunanidhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,097
|77.05
|N.S.S. Nellai Kannan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10,313
|17.24
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,784
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|59.81
|-

!12
|[[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]
|K. Nanjil Manoharan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|50,401
|70.10
|A. Wahab
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|15,390
|21.41
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,011
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|48.69
|-

!13
|[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
|N.P. Ramajayam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|79,736
|67.25
|T.K. Sampath
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|27,932
|23.56
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|51,804
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|43.69
|-

!14
|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
|K. Saidai Kittu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|76,031
|58.10
|S. Saidai Duraisamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|46,178
|35.29
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,853
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.81
|-

!15
|[[Gummidipundi Assembly constituency|Gummidipundi]]
|K. Venu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|61,946
|49.69
|R.S. Munirathinam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|40,321
|32.34
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,625
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.35
|-

!16
|[[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri (SC)]]
|K. Sundaram
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|87,547
|61.72
|G. Gunasekaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,156
|29.72
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|45,391
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.00
|-

!17
|[[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
|T.C. Vijayan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,15,939
|64.19
|B. Balraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|40,917
|22.65
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|75,022
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41.54
|-

!18
|[[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]
|J.M. Haroon Rasheed
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|1,94,471
|70.24
|M.G. Mohan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|46,724
|16.88
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|1,47,747
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|53.36
|-

!19
|[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]
|C. Shanmugam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,17,545
|66.23
|K. Purushothaman
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|41,551
|23.41
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|75,994
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42.82
|-

!20
|[[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
|M.A. Vaidyalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,66,401
|64.91
|K.B. Madhavan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|52,442
|20.46
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1,13,959
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44.45
|-

!21
|[[Tirupporur Assembly constituency|Tirupporur (SC)]]
|G. Chokkalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|62,414
|50.77
|N.K. Loganathan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|30,518
|24.82
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,896
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.95
|-

!22
|[[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]
|V. Tamilmani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|66,443
|57.53
|C.V.N. Kumarasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|29,638
|25.66
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,805
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.87
|-

!23
|[[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Maduranthakam]]
|S.K. Venkatesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|53,563
|49.79
|S.D. U. Kamchand
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,970
|39.94
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10,593
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9.85
|-

!24
|[[Acharapakkam Assembly constituency|Acharapakkam (SC)]]
|S. Mathivanan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|54,558
|56.15
|A. Bhuvaraghamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|29,187
|30.04
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,371
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.11
|-

!25
|[[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]
|K. Sundar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|66,086
|52.84
|N.K. Gnanasekaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,994
|26.38
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33,092
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.46
|-

!26
|[[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
|P. Murugesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|77,723
|55.90
|S.S. Thirunavukarasu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|45,094
|32.43
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32,629
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.47
|-

!27
|[[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur (SC)]]
|E. Kothandam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|71,575
|58.72
|K.N. Chinnandi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|35,139
|28.83
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,436
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29.89
|-

!28
|[[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee]]
|D. Sudarsanam
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|75,731
|53.20
|P. Krishnamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25,220
|17.72
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|50,511
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|35.48
|-

!29
|[[Tiruvallur Assembly constituency|Tiruvallur]]
|C.S. Mani @ Subramani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|65,432
|60.78
|G. Kanagaraaj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,178
|29.89
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33,254
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.89
|-

!30
|[[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]]
|E.A.P. Sivaji
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,049
|53.90
|G. Hari
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,507
|26.47
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,542
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27.43
|-

!31
|[[Pallipet Assembly constituency|Pallipet]]
|E.S.S. Raman
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|79,848
|67.03
|B. Thangavel
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|21,356
|17.93
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|58,492
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|49.10
|-

!32
|[[Arkonam Assembly constituency|Arkonam (SC)]]
|R. Thamizh Chelvan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|70,550
|58.13
|R. Elumalai
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|23,730
|19.55
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|46,820
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.58
|-

!33
|[[Sholinghur Assembly constituency|Sholinghur]]
|A.M. Munirathinam
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|65,361
|54.33
|S. Shanmugham
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|31,431
|26.13
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|33,930
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|28.20
|-

!34
|[[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
|R. Gandhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|71,346
|50.80
|M. Masilamani
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,219
|26.50
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34,127
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.30
|-

!35
|[[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]
|P.N. Subramani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|62,974
|58.74
|K.V. Ramadoss
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|36,567
|34.11
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,407
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.63
|-

!36
|[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
|Duraimurugan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|75,439
|61.20
|K. Pandurangan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,432
|27.93
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41,007
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.27
|-

!37
|[[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyatham]]
|V.G. Dhanapal
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,837
|48.62
|S. Ramgopal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|19,701
|19.61
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,136
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29.01
|-

!38
|[[Pernambut Assembly constituency|Pernambut (SC)]]
|V. Govindan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,655
|58.36
|I. Tamizharasan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,481
|29.78
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,174
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.58
|-

!39
|[[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniayambadi]]
|M. Abdul Latheef
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|74,223
|67.36
|K. Kuppusamy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|26,970
|24.48
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|47,253
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42.88
|-

!40
|[[Natrampalli Assembly constituency|Natrampalli]]
|R. Mahendran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|50,118
|39.65
|T. Anbazhagan
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|46,897
|37.10
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3,221
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2.55
|-

!41
|[[Tiruppattur Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
|G. Shanmugam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|66,207
|53.44
|P.G. Mani
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,549
|27.89
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,658
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.55
|-

!42
|[[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam (SC)]]
|K.V. Nannan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,958
|59.11
|C.K. Thamizharasan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,325
|32.41
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,633
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.70
|-

!43
|[[Thandarambattu Assembly constituency|Thandarambattu]]
|K. Manivarma
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|72,636
|62.96
|A.P. Kuppusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,822
|28.45
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|39,814
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|34.51
|-

!44
|[[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|K. Pitchandi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|83,731
|66.55
|A. Arunachalam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|30,753
|24.44
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|52,978
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42.11
|-

!45
|[[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]
|P.S. Thiruvengadam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|72,177
|59.12
|M. Sundarasami
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|37,647
|30.83
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34,530
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.29
|-

!46
|[[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
|A. Rajendran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,070
|55.45
|Agri. S. Krishnamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,917
|32.78
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,153
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.67
|-

!47
|[[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaicut]]
|C. Gopu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,982
|55.79
|C.M. Suryakala
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|27,366
|25.89
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,616
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29.90
|-

!48
|[[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
|C. Gnanasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|82,339
|70.86
|S.B. Bhaskaran
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|21,451
|18.46
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|60,888
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|52.40
|-

!49
|[[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni]]
|R. Sivanandam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,014
|51.29
|M. Chinnakulamdai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|44,835
|36.49
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,179
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14.80
|-

!50
|[[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]
|V. Anbalagan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|71,416
|61.24
|P. Chandran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|33,930
|29.09
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37,486
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.15
|-

!51
|[[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi (SC)]]
|Bala Anandan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|65,775
|59.97
|V. Gunaseelan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|26,029
|23.73
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39,746
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36.24
|-

!52
|[[Peranamallur Assembly constituency|Peranamallur]]
|N. Pandurangan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|57,907
|52.17
|C. Srinivasan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|30,114
|27.13
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,793
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.04
|-

!53
|[[Melmalayanur Assembly constituency|Melmalayanur]]
|A. Gnanasekar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|50,905
|45.68
|Dharmarasan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|22,491
|20.18
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28,414
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.50
|-

!54
|[[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]
|T. Natarajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|51,327
|42.60
|T.N. Muruganandam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25,893
|21.49
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,434
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.11
|-

!55
|[[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]]
|R. Sedunathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|45,448
|45.40
|M. Karunanithi
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|20,068
|20.05
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,380
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.35
|-

!56
|[[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur (SC)]]
|A. Marimuthu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,966
|50.23
|S.P. Erasendiran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|35,024
|29.84
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,942
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.39
|-

!57
|[[Kandamangalam Assembly constituency|Kandamangalam (SC)]]
|S. Alaguvelu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|64,256
|54.32
|V. Subramaniyan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,261
|28.96
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,995
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.36
|-

!58
|[[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]
|Deivasigamani @ Ponmudy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|74,891
|58.24
|S.S. Panneerselvam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|33,305
|25.90
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41,586
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.34
|-

!59
|[[Mugaiyur Assembly constituency|Mugaiyur]]
|A.G. Sampath
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|68,215
|61.77
|T.M. Arangarathan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|26,619
|24.10
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41,596
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37.67
|-

!60
|[[Thirunavalur Assembly constituency|Thirunavalur]]
|A.J. Manikkannan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|43,983
|41.28
|K.G.P. Gnanamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,547
|29.61
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12,436
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11.67
|-

!61
|[[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpet (SC)]]
|A. Mani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|67,088
|54.34
|M. Anandan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|46,113
|37.35
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,975
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16.99
|-

!62
|[[Nellikuppam Assembly constituency|Nellikuppam]]
|A. Mani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|57,977
|53.84
|M.C. Dhamodaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,594
|30.27
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,383
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.57
|-

!63
|[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
|E. Pugazhendhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|74,480
|62.27
|K.V. Rajendiran
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25,853
|21.62
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|48,627
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|40.65
|-

!64
|[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
|V. Ramaswamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|68,021
|57.32
|R. Rajendran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,891
|24.35
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39,130
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.97
|-

!65
|[[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]
|M.R.K. Panneerselvam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|67,152
|54.99
|N. Pandarinathan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,139
|23.04
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39,013
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.95
|-

!66
|[[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
|A.V. Abdul Naser
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|49,457
|43.80
|P.D. Elangovan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|30,112
|26.67
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,345
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.13
|-

!67
|[[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil (SC)]]
|E. Ramalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,978
|45.83
|L. Elayaperumal
|{{Party color cell|Human Rights Protection Party}}
|[[Human Rights Protection Party|HRPI]]
|37,159
|36.25
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,819
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9.58
|-

!68
|[[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]
|S. Azhagiri
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|52,066
|50.52
|A. Radhakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|23,050
|22.37
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|29,016
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|28.15
|-

!69
|[[Vridhachalam Assembly constituency|Vridhachalam]]
|Tamizharasan M.A.B.L. Kuzhandai
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|49,103
|37.42
|R. Govindasamy
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|42,218
|32.18
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6,885
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|5.24
|-

!70
|[[Mangalore Assembly constituency|Mangalore (SC)]]
|S. Puratchimani
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|50,908
|42.71
|V.M.S. Saravanakumar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|31,620
|26.53
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|19,288
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|16.18
|-

!71
|[[Rishivandiam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiam]]
|S. Sivaraj
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|65,230
|61.34
|P. Annadurai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|25,166
|23.66
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|40,064
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|37.68
|-

!72
|[[Chinnasalem Assembly constituency|Chinnasalem]]
|R. Mookkappan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|66,981
|59.83
|P. Mohan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|35,336
|31.56
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,645
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.27
|-

!73
|[[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]
|T. Udhayasuriyan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|62,673
|53.68
|A. Saruvar Kasim
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|40,515
|34.70
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22,158
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.98
|-

!74
|[[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]
|B. Venkatasamy
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|41,456
|34.89
|T. Venkatareddy
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|39,719
|33.43
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|1,737
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|1.46
|-

!75
|[[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]
|S. Raja Reddi
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|26,427
|28.78
|Venkatarama Reddi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|18,938
|20.63
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|7,489
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|8.15
|-

!76
|[[Kaveripattinam Assembly constituency|Kaveripattinam]]
|P.V.S. Venkatesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|72,945
|62.52
|K.P. Munusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,086
|31.78
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,859
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.74
|-

!77
|[[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|Kanchana Kamalanathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|67,849
|64.11
|K.P. Kathavarayan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,238
|30.46
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,611
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.65
|-

!78
|[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
|E.G. Sugavanam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,148
|50.71
|J. Jayalalitha
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|50,782
|43.54
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8,366
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.17
|-

!79
|[[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur (SC)]]
|Vedammal
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|70,561
|55.59
|J. Natesan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|34,158
|26.91
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,403
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.68
|-

!80
|[[Morappur Assembly constituency|Morappur]]
|V. Mullaiventhan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,518
|53.98
|K. Singaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,244
|28.34
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28,274
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.64
|-

!81
|[[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]
|G.L. Venkatachalam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,917
|49.74
|C. Gopal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,844
|30.45
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22,073
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.29
|-

!82
|[[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|K. Manokaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,973
|55.28
|Mase Harur
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|26,951
|23.29
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37,022
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.99
|-

!83
|[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
|G.K. Mani
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|34,906
|31.63
|M. Arumugam
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|34,500
|31.26
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|406
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|0.37
|-

!84
|[[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
|P. Gopal
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|50,799
|43.97
|R. Balakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|30,793
|26.65
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,006
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.32
|-

!85
|[[Taramangalam Assembly constituency|Taramangalam]]
|P. Govindan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|50,502
|44.19
|P. Elavarasan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|25,795
|22.57
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|24,707
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|21.62
|-

!86
|[[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]
|R.R. Sekaran
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|41,523
|40.62
|C. Krishnan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|33,593
|32.86
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|7,930
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|7.76
|-

!87
|[[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud (ST)]]
|V. Perumal
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|38,964
|45.15
|R. Gunasekaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|29,570
|34.26
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,394
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10.89
|-

!88
|[[Salem-I Assembly constituency|Salem-I]]
|K.R.G. Dhanapalan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|67,566
|58.82
|A.T. Natarajan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|37,299
|32.47
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30,267
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.35
|-

!89
|[[Salem-II Assembly constituency|Salem-II]]
|A.L. Thangavel
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,588
|54.93
|S. Semmalai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|36,097
|31.18
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,491
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.75
|-

!90
|[[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
|S. Arumugam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|75,563
|54.34
|K. Arjunan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|54,412
|39.13
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,151
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.21
|-

!91
|[[Panamarathupatty Assembly constituency|Panamarathupatty]]
|S.R. Sivalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,330
|49.76
|P. Vijayalakshmi Palanisamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|43,159
|38.12
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13,171
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11.64
|-

!92
|[[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]]
|A.M. Ramasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,353
|57.17
|A.K. Murugesan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,057
|35.69
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22,296
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.48
|-

!93
|[[Talavasal Assembly constituency|Talavasal (SC)]]
|K. Rani
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|63,132
|57.71
|K. Kaliaperumal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|35,750
|32.68
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|27,382
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|25.03
|-

!94
|[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]]
|P.R. Sundaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,294
|37.93
|R.R. Damayandhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|41,840
|37.52
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|454
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|0.41
|-

!95
|[[Sendamangalam Assembly constituency|Sendamangalam (ST)]]
|C. Chandrasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,673
|56.14
|K. Kalavathi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|38,748
|37.08
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,925
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.06
|-

!96
|[[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal (SC)]]
|K. Veisamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|76,860
|62.15
|S. Anbaiagan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|38,795
|31.37
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38,065
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.78
|-

!97
|[[Kapilamalai Assembly constituency|Kapilamalai]]
|K.K. Veerappan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|64,605
|56.00
|R. Rajalingam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,895
|30.25
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,710
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.75
|-

!98
|[[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengode]]
|T.P. Arumugam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|96,456
|58.10
|S. Chinnusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|53,836
|32.43
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42,620
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.67
|-

!99
|[[Sankari Assembly constituency|Sankari (SC)]]
|V. Muthu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|64,216
|54.43
|K.K. Ramasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,880
|36.35
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,336
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.08
|-

!100
|[[Edapadi Assembly constituency|Edapadi]]
|I. Ganesan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|49,465
|37.68
|P.A. Murugesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|40,273
|30.68
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|9,192
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|7.00
|-

!101
|[[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]
|B. Arunkumar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|71,954
|55.60
|K. Doraiswamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|41,202
|31.84
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30,752
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.76
|-

!102
|[[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi (SC)]]
|G. Elango
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|66,006
|56.53
|M. Thiagarajan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|39,549
|33.87
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,457
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.66
|-

!103
|[[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]
|C.R. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,13,025
|60.23
|T. Malaravan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|50,888
|27.12
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|62,137
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.11
|-

!104
|[[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
|N. Palaniswamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|92,379
|60.15
|R. Duraisamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|33,967
|22.12
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|58,412
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.03
|-

!105
|[[Coimbatore West Assembly constituency|Coimbatore West]]
|C.T. Dhandapani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|51,652
|62.47
|Raja Thangavel
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|13,353
|16.15
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38,299
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|46.32
|-

!106
|[[Coimbatore East Assembly constituency|Coimbatore East]]
|V.K. Lakshmanan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|61,860
|68.81
|R.S. Velan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|14,174
|15.77
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|47,686
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|53.04
|-

!107
|[[Perur Assembly constituency|Perur]]
|A. Natarasan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|96,507
|61.01
|R. Thirumalaisamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|38,934
|24.61
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|57,573
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36.40
|-

!108
|[[Kinathukkadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukkadavu]]
|M. Shanmugham
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|49,231
|49.42
|K.M. Mylswamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|35,267
|35.40
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13,964
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14.02
|-

!109
|[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
|S. Raju
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,709
|49.20
|V. Jayaraman
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|36,895
|30.92
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,814
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.28
|-

!110
|[[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai (SC)]]
|V.P. Singaravelu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|55,284
|59.50
|Kurichimanimaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|30,012
|32.30
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,272
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27.20
|-

!111
|[[Udumalpet Assembly constituency|Udumalpet]]
|D. Selvaraj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|69,286
|52.53
|C. Shanmugavel
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|44,966
|34.09
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,320
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.44
|-

!112
|[[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram (SC)]]
|R. Saraswathy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|62,027
|55.49
|P. Easwaramurthi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|38,989
|34.88
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,038
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.61
|-

!113
|[[Vellakoil Assembly constituency|Vellakoil]]
|M.P. Saminathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|57,467
|49.37
|Dhurai Ramaswamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|50,553
|43.43
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6,914
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|5.94
|-

!114
|[[Pongalur Assembly constituency|Pongalur]]
|P. Mohan Kandaswamy
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|51,827
|53.25
|Thalapathy Murugesan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|29,886
|30.71
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|21,941
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|22.54
|-

!115
|[[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]
|S.S. Ponmudi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|73,901
|55.64
|K.S. Duraimurugan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|41,361
|31.14
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32,540
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.50
|-

!116
|[[Tiruppur Assembly constituency|Tiruppur]]
|K. Subbarayan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|1,01,392
|50.56
|C. Sivasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|60,337
|30.09
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|41,055
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|20.47
|-

!117
|[[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]
|N.S. Rajkumar Manraadiar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,801
|56.67
|N. Ramasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,792
|33.57
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,009
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.10
|-

!118
|[[Modakurichi Assembly constituency|Modakurichi]]
|Subbulakshmi Jegadeesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|64,436
|54.97
|R.N. Kittusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|24,896
|21.24
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39,540
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.73
|-

!119
|[[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]
|N. Periyasamy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|60,587
|49.79
|P. Periyasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|43,036
|35.36
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|17,551
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|14.43
|-

!120
|[[Erode Assembly constituency|Erode]]
|N.K.K. Periasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,04,726
|59.80
|S. Muthusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|56,889
|32.48
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|47,837
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27.32
|-

!121
|[[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]
|S.N. Balasubramanian
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|57,256
|51.23
|K.S. Manivannan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,427
|25.43
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|28,829
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|25.80
|-

!122
|[[Andhiyur Assembly constituency|Andhiyur (SC)]]
|P. Selvarasu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|52,535
|52.97
|M. Subramaniam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|27,541
|27.77
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,994
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.20
|-

!123
|[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
|G.P. Venkidu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,983
|53.86
|K.A. Sengottayan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|45,254
|40.63
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14,729
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13.23
|-

!124
|[[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]]
|V.A. Andamuthu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,483
|54.89
|V.K. Chinnasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|40,032
|34.62
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,451
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.27
|-

!125
|[[Sathyamangalam Assembly constituency|Sathyamangalam]]
|S.K. Rajendran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|50,885
|48.65
|T.R. Attiannan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,101
|40.25
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8,784
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8.40
|-

!126
|[[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor (SC)]]
|N. Thangavel
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,919
|64.27
|S. Karuppusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,404
|28.56
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,515
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35.71
|-

!127
|[[Ootacamund Assembly constituency|Ootacamund]]
|T. Gundan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|69,636
|70.25
|H.M. Raju
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|22,456
|22.65
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|47,180
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|47.60
|-

!128
|[[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]]
|B.M. Mubarak
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|73,565
|59.43
|K.R. Raju
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|27,660
|22.35
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|45,905
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37.08
|-

!129
|[[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani (SC)]]
|T. Poovendhan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|68,246
|57.87
|P. Karuppuchamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,586
|26.79
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,660
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.08
|-

!130
|[[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
|R. Sakkarapani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|66,379
|58.57
|K. Sellamuthu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|29,556
|26.08
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,823
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.49
|-

!131
|[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]]
|L. Mookaiah
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|53,427
|46.75
|K.M. Kader Mohideen
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,520
|27.58
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,907
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.17
|-

!132
|[[Theni Assembly constituency|Theni]]
|N.R. Alagaraja
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|77,522
|62.76
|V.R. Nedunchezhiyan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,378
|22.97
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|49,144
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|39.79
|-

!133
|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakkanur]]
|A. Sudalaimuthu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|54,893
|51.26
|S.P. Jeyakumar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,806
|26.90
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,087
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.36
|-

!134
|[[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
|O.R. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|58,628
|54.66
|R.T. Gopalan
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|22,888
|21.34
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|35,740
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|33.32
|-

!135
|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
|P. Aasiyan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|50,736
|44.90
|A. Muthiah
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,035
|32.77
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13,701
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12.13
|-

!136
|[[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]]
|G. Thalapathi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,899
|49.69
|R. Muthiah
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|38,698
|39.33
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10,201
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10.36
|-

!137
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|M. Muthuramalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,950
|53.41
|S. Andithevar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,025
|26.28
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28,925
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27.13
|-

!138
|[[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
|P.N. Vallarasu
|{{Party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|75,324
|76.18
|P. Veluchamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|19,421
|19.64
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|55,903
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|56.54
|-

!139
|[[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai (SC)]]
|A.S. Ponnammal
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|59,541
|54.48
|A. Rasu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|27,538
|25.20
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|32,003
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|29.28
|-

!140
|[[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]]
|L. Santhanam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|52,151
|49.29
|A.M. Paramasivan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|33,343
|31.52
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,808
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.77
|-

!141
|[[Tirupparankundram Assembly constituency|Tirupparankundram]]
|C. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|99,379
|60.75
|S.V. Shanmugam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,970
|23.21
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|61,409
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37.54
|-

!142
|[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]
|P.T.R. Palanivel Rajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|61,723
|62.42
|R. Muthusamy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|17,465
|17.66
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44,258
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44.76
|-

!143
|[[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
|A. Deivanayagam
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|38,010
|46.69
|V.S. Chandraleka
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|20,069
|24.65
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|17,941
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|22.04
|-

!144
|[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
|V. Velusamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|39,478
|46.24
|T.R. Janardhanan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|20,181
|23.64
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,297
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.60
|-

!145
|[[Samayanallur Assembly constituency|Samayanallur (SC)]]
|S. Selvaraj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,01,807
|60.01
|R. Raja Selvaraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|46,159
|27.21
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|55,648
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.80
|-

!146
|[[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]
|K.V.V. Rajamanickam
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|73,999
|62.21
|C.R. Sundararajan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|29,258
|24.60
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|44,741
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|37.61
|-

!147
|[[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
|M. Andi Ambalam
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|62,527
|57.33
|S. Asai Alangaram
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|26,891
|24.66
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|35,636
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|32.67
|-

!148
|[[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
|R. Manimaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|94,353
|65.53
|V. Marutharaj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|29,229
|20.30
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|65,124
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|45.23
|-

!149
|[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
|I. Periasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|82,294
|64.09
|C. Chinnamuthu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,002
|24.92
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|50,292
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39.17
|-

!150
|[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
|S.V. Krishnan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|60,639
|43.98
|S. Gandhirajan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|39,870
|28.92
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,769
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.06
|-

!151
|[[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
|S.S. Mohammed Ismail
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|41,153
|38.36
|V.K. Duraisamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,059
|29.89
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,094
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8.47
|-

!152
|[[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
|Vasuki Murugesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|79,302
|53.87
|M. Chinnasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|47,294
|32.13
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32,008
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.74
|-

!153
|[[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram (SC)]]
|S. Nagarathinam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|57,638
|50.35
|A. Arivalagan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,461
|37.09
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15,177
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13.26
|-

!154
|[[Marungapuri Assembly constituency|Marungapuri]]
|B.M. Senguttuvan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,380
|46.86
|K. Solairaj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|49,986
|41.54
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6,394
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|5.32
|-

!155
|[[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]
|R. Selvam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|60,521
|49.19
|A. Pappasundaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,771
|34.76
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17,750
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14.43
|-

!156
|[[Thottiam Assembly constituency|Thottiam]]
|K. Kannaiyan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|74,903
|65.22
|N. Nedumaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|33,921
|29.54
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|40,982
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35.68
|-

!157
|[[Uppiliapuram Assembly constituency|Uppiliapuram (ST)]]
|T. Karuppusami
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|70,372
|62.20
|R. Saroja
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|35,804
|31.65
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34,568
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.55
|-

!158
|[[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
|M.N. Jothi Kannan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|67,319
|51.04
|C. Mallika Chinnasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|39,551
|29.99
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,768
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.05
|-

!159
|[[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
|K.N. Nehru
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|84,113
|68.47
|J. Logambal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|24,609
|20.03
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|59,504
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|48.44
|-

!160
|[[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur (SC)]]
|M. Devarajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|64,918
|55.07
|S. Murugesan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|41,517
|35.22
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,401
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.85
|-

!161
|[[Varahur Assembly constituency|Varahur (SC)]]
|Duraisamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,076
|51.97
|A. Palanimuthu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,925
|32.37
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,151
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.60
|-

!162
|[[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]
|D. Amaramoorthy
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|62,157
|53.19
|A. Elavarasan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,263
|31.89
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|24,894
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|21.30
|-

!163
|[[Andimadam Assembly constituency|Andimadam]]
|Rajendiran @ Deeran
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|49,853
|47.48
|Sivasubramaniyan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|36,451
|34.72
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|13,402
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|12.76
|-

!164
|[[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]
|K.C. Ganesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|52,421
|42.93
|Gurunathan Alias Guru
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|39,931
|32.70
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12,490
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10.23
|-

!165
|[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
|T.P. Mayavan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|73,371
|55.74
|M. Paranjothi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|43,512
|33.06
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,859
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.68
|-

!166
|[[Tiruchirapalli-I Assembly constituency|Tiruchirapalli-I]]
|B. Baranikumar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,045
|63.47
|Pa. Krishnan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|20,535
|27.13
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,510
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36.34
|-

!167
|[[Tiruchirapalli-II Assembly constituency|Tiruchirapalli-II]]
|Anbil Poyyamozhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|71,058
|68.24
|P. Selvaraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|26,229
|25.19
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44,829
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|43.05
|-

!168
|[[Thiruverambur Assembly constituency|Thiruverambur]]
|K. Durai
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|78,692
|62.60
|T. Rathinavel
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,939
|25.41
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|46,753
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37.19
|-

!169
|[[Sirkali Assembly constituency|Sirkali (SC)]]
|M. Panneerselvam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,975
|59.25
|V. Bharathi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,281
|31.75
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,694
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27.50
|-

!170
|[[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]
|G. Mohanadasan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|51,285
|49.88
|N. Vijayabalan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,872
|31.97
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,413
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.91
|-

!171
|[[Mayuram Assembly constituency|Mayuram]]
|M.M.S. Abul Hasan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|60,522
|58.50
|Rama Chidambaram
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25,918
|25.05
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|34,604
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|33.45
|-

!172
|[[Kuttalam Assembly constituency|Kuttalam]]
|P. Kalayanam Kuttalam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|60,940
|54.14
|M. Rajendran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|35,219
|31.29
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,721
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.85
|-

!173
|[[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam (SC)]]
|Padma
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|66,773
|61.37
|K. Gopal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|30,800
|28.31
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|35,973
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|33.06
|-

!174
|[[Tiruvarur Assembly constituency|Tiruvarur (SC)]]
|A. Asohan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|69,212
|60.03
|P. Arumuga Pandian
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|24,845
|21.55
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44,367
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.48
|-

!175
|[[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]
|G. Nizamudeen
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,533
|43.68
|R. Jeevanantham
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|26,805
|25.16
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,728
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.52
|-

!176
|[[Vedaranyam Assembly constituency|Vedaranyam]]
|S.K. Vedarathinam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|54,185
|46.92
|P.C.V. Balasubramaniam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|31,393
|27.19
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22,792
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.73
|-

!177
|[[Tiruthuraipundi Assembly constituency|Tiruthuraipundi (SC)]]
|G. Palanisami
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|79,103
|63.39
|K. Gopalsami
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25,415
|20.37
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|53,688
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|43.02
|-

!178
|[[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]
|V. Sivapunniam
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|71,803
|59.80
|K. Kaliyaperumal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,969
|26.62
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|39,834
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|33.18
|-

!179
|[[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]
|P. Balasubramanian
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|69,880
|59.51
|Seeni Baskaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|36,259
|30.88
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33,621
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.63
|-

!180
|[[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]
|V. Thirugnanasambandam
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|70,112
|58.68
|K. Sakthivel
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|30,472
|25.50
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|39,640
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|33.18
|-

!181
|[[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanad]]
|P. Rajamanickam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|68,213
|57.24
|V. Suriyamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,864
|31.77
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30,349
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.47
|-

!182
|[[Thiruvonam Assembly constituency|Thiruvonam]]
|N. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|72,403
|57.36
|K. Thangamuthu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|40,853
|32.37
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,550
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.99
|-

!183
|[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]
|S.N.M. Ubayadullah
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|79,471
|65.82
|S.D. Somasundaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,389
|28.48
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|45,082
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37.34
|-

!184
|[[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Tiruvaiyaru]]
|D. Chandrasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|57,429
|56.32
|M. Subramanian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|30,418
|29.83
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,011
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.49
|-

!185
|[[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
|N. Karuppanna Odayar
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|58,757
|56.60
|R. Thirunavukkarasu
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|20,415
|19.67
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|38,342
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|36.93
|-

!186
|[[Valangiman Assembly constituency|Valangiman (SC)]]
|Gomathi Srinivasan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,019
|50.78
|V. Vivekanandan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|27,508
|29.09
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,511
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.69
|-

!187
|[[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]
|K.S. Mani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|69,849
|61.69
|Erama Eramanatham
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,539
|30.51
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,310
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.18
|-

!188
|[[Thiruvidaimarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidaimarudur]]
|S. Ramalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|70,500
|59.67
|T.R. Loganathan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|28,559
|24.17
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41,941
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35.50
|-

!189
|[[Thirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
|V. Chinnaiah
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|53,552
|47.35
|S. Regupathy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|41,664
|36.84
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|11,888
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|10.51
|-

!190
|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur (SC)]]
|Selvaraj Alias Kavithaipithan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|72,706
|54.88
|A. Karuppayee
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|48,550
|36.65
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,156
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.23
|-

!191
|[[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
|A. Periannan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|79,205
|56.66
|S.C. Swaminathan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|36,422
|26.05
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42,783
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.61
|-

!192
|[[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]
|A. Venkatachalam
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Independent politician|IND]]
|35,345
|25.58
|S. Erasasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|34,693
|25.11
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|652
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|0.47
|-

!193
|[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Arantangi]]
|S. Thirunavukkarasu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|70,260
|50.10
|S. Shanmugam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,028
|39.95
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14,232
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10.15
|-

!194
|[[Tiruppattur Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
|R. Sivaraman
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,925
|56.76
|S. Kannappan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|39,648
|38.19
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,277
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.57
|-

!195
|[[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
|N. Sundaram
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|76,888
|62.98
|M. Raju
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|26,504
|21.71
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|50,384
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|41.27
|-

!196
|[[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]
|Kr. Ramasamy
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|68,837
|61.77
|D. Sakthivel
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|17,437
|15.65
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|51,400
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|46.12
|-

!197
|[[Ilayangudi Assembly constituency|Ilayangudi]]
|M. Tamilkudimagan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|43,080
|49.37
|V.D. Nadarajan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,276
|32.40
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14,804
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16.97
|-

!198
|[[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
|Tha. Kiruttinan Pasumpon
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|64,438
|60.65
|K.R. Muruganandam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,437
|29.59
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33,001
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.06
|-

!199
|[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai (SC)]]
|K. Thangamani
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|49,639
|49.82
|M. Gunasekaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,869
|31.99
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|17,770
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|17.83
|-

!200
|[[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi (SC)]]
|U. Thisaiveeran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,472
|43.18
|K. Muniasamy
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|25,571
|24.83
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,901
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.35
|-

!201
|[[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|A. Rahmankhan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,794
|51.22
|S.K.G. Sekar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|23,903
|20.47
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,891
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.75
|-

!202
|[[Kadaladi Assembly constituency|Kadaladi]]
|S.P. Thangavelan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,031
|53.23
|V. Sathiyamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|36,061
|34.26
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,970
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.97
|-

!203
|[[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]]
|S. Balakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|41,850
|44.71
|V. Bose
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|19,322
|20.64
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|22,528
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|24.07
|-

!204
|[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]
|V. Thangapandian
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|45,081
|43.70
|K. Sundarapandian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,716
|27.84
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16,365
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.86
|-

!205
|[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
|K.M. Vijayakumar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,972
|43.20
|K.K.S.S.R. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|49,608
|36.34
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,364
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6.86
|-

!206
|[[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|A.R.R. Seenivasan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|47,247
|41.53
|G. Karikolraj
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|23,760
|20.88
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,487
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.65
|-

!207
|[[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]
|R. Chokkar
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|61,322
|40.14
|N. Alagarsamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,590
|27.88
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|18,732
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|12.26
|-

!208
|[[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]]
|R. Thamaraikkani
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|49,436
|38.50
|T. Ramasamy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|40,769
|31.75
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8,667
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6.75
|-

!209
|[[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam (SC)]]
|V.P. Rajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|49,984
|38.62
|P. Prabakar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|31,045
|23.99
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,939
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14.63
|-

!210
|[[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]
|K. Ravisankar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|30,190
|32.10
|Vai. Gopalsamy
|{{Party color cell|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|29,556
|31.43
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|634
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|0.67
|-

!211
|[[Pottapidaram Assembly constituency|Pottapidaram (SC)]]
|K. Krishnasamy
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|24,585
|27.32
|S. Paulraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|23,437
|26.05
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,148
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1.27
|-

!212
|[[Koilpatti Assembly constituency|Koilpatti]]
|L. Ayyalusamy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|39,315
|35.19
|K.S. Radhakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|31,828
|28.49
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|7,487
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|6.70
|-

!213
|[[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankarankoil (SC)]]
|C. Karuppasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,933
|33.94
|S. Rasiah @ Raja
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|37,333
|33.41
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|600
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|0.53
|-

!214
|[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur (SC)]]
|R. Eswaran
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|32,693
|32.50
|P. Suresh Babu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|32,077
|31.89
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|616
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|0.61
|-

!215
|[[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur]]
|K. Naina Mohamed
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|49,641
|46.58
|A.M. Gani
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|32,949
|30.92
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16,692
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.66
|-

!216
|[[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]
|K. Ravi Arunan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|60,758
|52.82
|Aladi Sankaraiya
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|29,998
|26.08
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|30,760
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|26.74
|-

!217
|[[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]
|Aladi Aruna
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|53,374
|46.10
|M.S. Kamaraj
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|29,038
|25.08
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,336
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.02
|-

!218
|[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|A.L. Subramanian
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,914
|52.48
|V. Karuppasamy Pandian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|36,590
|32.05
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,324
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.43
|-

!219
|[[Palayamcottai Assembly constituency|Palayamcottai]]
|Mohamed Kodar Maideen
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|71,303
|62.98
|P. Dharmalingam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|26,939
|23.80
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44,364
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39.18
|-

!220
|[[Cheranmahadevi Assembly constituency|Cheranmahadevi]]
|P. Veldurai
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|39,004
|39.41
|P.H. Pandian
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|26,897
|27.18
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|12,107
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|12.23
|-

!221
|[[Ambasamudram Assembly constituency|Ambasamudram]]
|R. Avudaiappan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,116
|48.89
|R. Murugaiah Pandian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|26,427
|28.02
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,689
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.87
|-

!222
|[[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]
|S.V. Krishnan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|37,342
|40.27
|A.S.A. Karunakaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|34,193
|36.87
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|3,149
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|3.40
|-

!223
|[[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]
|M. Appavu
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|45,808
|46.60
|S.K. Chandrasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|16,862
|17.15
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|28,946
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|29.45
|-

!224
|[[Sattangulam Assembly constituency|Sattangulam]]
|S.S. Mani Nadar
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|44,376
|54.51
|B. Kasianantham
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|19,140
|23.51
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|25,236
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|31.00
|-

!225
|[[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]
|S. Jennifer Chandran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,206
|59.22
|T. Thamotharan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|28,175
|28.18
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,031
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.04
|-

!226
|[[Srivaikuntam Assembly constituency|Srivaikuntam]]
|S. David Selwyn
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|36,917
|42.57
|S. Danielraj
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|23,708
|27.34
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13,209
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.23
|-

!227
|[[Tuticorin Assembly constituency|Tuticorin]]
|N. Periasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,511
|38.16
|J.L.P. Bono Venture Roche
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|35,140
|23.73
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,371
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14.43
|-

!228
|[[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
|N. Suresh Rajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|42,755
|43.63
|S. Thanu Pillai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|20,892
|21.32
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,863
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.31
|-

!229
|[[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]
|M. Moses
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|51,086
|48.40
|S. Velpandian
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|22,608
|21.42
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|28,478
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|26.98
|-

!230
|[[Colachel Assembly constituency|Colachel]]
|Era Bernard
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|41,217
|42.85
|S.P. Kutty
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|33,791
|35.13
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7,426
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.72
|-

!231
|[[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]
|C. Velayuthan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|27,443
|31.76
|Bala Janathipathy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|22,903
|26.51
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|4,540
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|5.25
|-

!232
|[[Thiruvattar Assembly constituency|Thiruvattar]]
|V. Alban
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|37,523
|41.23
|J. Hema Chandran
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|25,169
|27.66
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12,354
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13.57
|-

!233
|[[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]
|D. Mony
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|42,867
|43.35
|V. Thankaraj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|21,585
|21.83
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|21,282
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|21.52
|-

!234
|[[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyoor]]
|Kumaradas
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|33,227
|41.24
|C. Santhakumar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|22,810
|28.31
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|10,417
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|12.93
|-
|}

==Impact==
AIADMK suffered a rout in the elections. Most of sitting ministers of the AIADMK government, including the chief minister Jayalalithaa lost their seats. Jayalalithaa lost to DMK's [[E. G. Sugavanam]] by a margin of 8,366 votes in the [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur constituency]]. A year after the election, the AIADMK split, when a faction led by the [[Arantanki Assembly constituency|Arantaki]] MLA [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]] broke away from the party. The MDMK which was contesting its first statewide elections since its formation in 1994 drew a blank. MDMK leader Vaiko was defeated in both the [[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency]] and the [[Sivakasi Lok Sabha constituency|Sivakasi parliamentary constituency]]. This election also saw the PMK electing four members to the assembly. The massive victory of the DMK-TMC-CPI combine in the assembly elections spilled over to the [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1996|parliamentary elections]]. The coalition was able to win all 39 parliamentary seats in Tamil Nadu and the lone parliamentary seat in the nearby [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. This tally of 40 seats enabled the DMK-TMC combine to be part of the [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front government]] during 1996–98.<ref name="bhagat"/><ref name="tehelka"/><ref name="businessline2"/><ref name="outlook4">{{cite news| last =Panneerselvan| first =A. S.| title =MGR's Foot-Soldiers| date =4 June 1997| url =http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?203657| work =[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]| access-date =2010-01-18| archive-date =29 October 2010| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101029085750/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?203657| url-status =live}}</ref>

==Cabinet==
{| class="wikitable"
!S.no
!Name
!Designation
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Party
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]'''
|-
|1.
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|[[Chief Minister]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| width="1px" style="background-color: {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|2.
|[[K. Anbazhagan]]
|Minister for Education
| rowspan="32" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| rowspan="32" width="1px" style="background-color: {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|-
|3.
|[[Arcot N. Veerasamy]]
|Minister for Health and Electricity
|-
|4.
|[[Nanjil K. MANOHARAN]]
|Minister for Revenue
|-
|5.
|[[Ko. Si. Mani]]
|Minister for Rural Development and Local Administration
|-
|6.
|[[Veerapandy S. Arumugam|Veerapandi S. Arurmugam]]
|Minister for Agriculture
|-
|7.
|[[Duraimurugan]]
|Minister for Public Works
|-
|8.
|[[K. Ponmudy]]
|Minister for Transport
|-
|9.
|[[Dr M.Tamizhkudimagan ]]
|Minister for Tamil Language & Culture
|-
|10.
|[[K. N. Nehru|K.N. Nehru]]
|Minister for Food, PDS and Co-operation
|-
|11.
|[[K. Sundaram]]
|Minister for Milk
|-
|12.
|[[A. Rahman Khan]]
|Minister for Labour
|-
|13.
|[[Aladi Aruna]]
|Minister for Law
|-
|14.
|[[V. Thangapandian ]]
|Minister for Co-operation
|-
|15.
|[[N.K.K.Periyasamy]]
|Minister for Handlooms
|-
|16
|[[M. R. K. Panneerselvam|M.R.K. Panneerselvam]]
|Minister for Backward Classes
|-
|17.
|[[Pongalur N. Palanisamy]]
|Minister for Animal Husbandry
|-
|18.
|[[K. Pitchandi]]
|Minister for Housing
|-
|19.
|[[I. Periasamy]]
|Minister for Rural Industries and Registration
|-
|20.
|[[V.Mullaivendan]]
|Minister for Information
|-
|21.
|[[Pulavar Senguttuvan]]
|Minister for Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments
|-
|22.
|[[S. P. Sarkuna Pandian|S.P. Sarkuna Pandian]]
|Minister for Social Welfare
|-
|23.
|[[Samayanallur S. Selvarasu]]
|Minister for Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare
|-
|24.
|[[N. Suresh Rajan]]
|Minister for Tourism
|-
|25.
|[[P. Selvarasu|Andhiyur P. Selvarasu]]
|Minister for Khadi & Printing
|-
|26.
|[[S. Jennifer Chandran]]
|Minister for Fisheries
|}
| After the death of the minister Thiru V.Thangapandian there is a Inclusion of Thiru Pasumpon Tha Kirittinan as Minister for Highways and seniority changes done he is placed in No 9 in ministers list and the cabinet re-designated several changes shuffling done.

== See also ==
* [[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://eci.nic.in/ Election Commission of India]

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1990s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1996 State Assembly elections in India|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:May 1996 in India]]
[[Category:1996 in Indian politics]]

International airport

2026-03-11T10:22:28Z

PANModesto: update

{{Short description|Airport with facilities for international travel (border control and customs)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
[[File:02-NOV-2023 - KC910 ICN-ALA (EI-KEB - B767-300) (03) (cropped).jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|right|[[Incheon International Airport]] in November 2023, with departure gates radiating out from the [[Airport terminal|terminal building]], [[aerobridge]]s, [[Airport apron|apron]] and parked [[Airplane|planes]]]]

An '''international airport''' is an [[airport]] with [[customs]] and [[border control]] facilities, enabling passengers to travel between [[country|countries]] around the world. International airports are usually larger than [[domestic airport]]s, and feature longer [[runway]]s and have facilities to accommodate heavier aircraft such as the [[Boeing 747]], [[Boeing 777]], and the [[Airbus A380]] commonly used for international and intercontinental travel. International airports often host [[domestic flight]]s, which helps feed both passengers and cargo into international ones (and vice versa).

[[File:2019 Santa Marta - Aeropuerto Internacional Simón Bolívar.jpg|thumb|Renovated [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Colombia)|Simón Bolívar International Airport]] (Santa Marta, Colombia) in October 2019]]

Buildings, operations, and management have become increasingly sophisticated since the mid-20th century, when international airports began to provide infrastructure for international civilian flights. Detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure safety and common [[Airline codes|coding systems]] implemented to provide global consistency. The physical structures that serve millions of individual passengers and flights are among the most complex and interconnected in the world. By the second decade of the 21st century, over 1,200 international{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} airports existed with around 3.8 billion<ref>{{Cite web |title=The world's airports – the state of the industry in Jan-2023 in 11 numbers |url=https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/the-worlds-airports-the-state-of-the-industry-in-jan-2023-in-11-numbers-635413 |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=CAPA - Centre for Aviation |language=en}}</ref> international passengers as of January 2023 along with 50 million{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} metric tonnes of cargo passing through them annually.

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== History ==
[[File:Flying boats at Rose Bay.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25| ''[[Qantas Empire Airways]]'' International [[Short Empire]] flying boat services arriving at [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]], Sydney ({{Circa|1939}})]]
In August 1919, [[Hounslow Heath Aerodrome]], in [[London]], [[England]], was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services. It was closed and supplanted by [[Croydon Airport]] in March 1920.<ref name="bluffield">{{cite book|last1=Bluffield|first1=Robert|title=Imperial Airways: the birth of the British airline industry 1914–1940|date=2009|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Hersham [England]|isbn=978-1-906537-07-4}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=A history of Croydon Airport | author1=Learmonth, Bob | author2=Cluett, Douglas | author3=Nash, Joanna | year=1977 | publisher=Sutton Libraries and Arts Services }}</ref> In the United States, [[Douglas Municipal Airport (Arizona)|Douglas Municipal Airport]] in [[Arizona]] became the first international airport of the Americas in 1928.<ref name="douglas">{{cite web|title=Eleanor Roosevelt's trip to Douglas remembered|last1=Blaskey|first1=Larry|work=Douglas Dispatch|date=6 June 2008|access-date=6 October 2014|url=http://www.douglasdispatch.com/news/article_2cf96a31-c9a1-5334-a30d-87f564c96b36.html|archive-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014044131/https://www.douglasdispatch.com/news/article_2cf96a31-c9a1-5334-a30d-87f564c96b36.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The precursors to international airports were airfields or [[aerodrome]]s. In the early days of [[international flight]]s, infrastructure was limited, "although if engine problems arose there were plenty of places where aircraft could land".<ref name="stackhouse">{{cite book|last1=Stackhouse|first1=John|title=--from the dawn of aviation : The Qantas Story, 1920-1995|date=1995|publisher=Focus Pub.|location=Double Bay, NSW|isbn=1-875359-23-0|pages=57, 66–71}}</ref> Since four-engined land planes were unavailable for over-water operations to international destinations, flying boats became part of the solution. At the far end of the longest international route (which became the [[Kangaroo Route]]), on-water landing areas were found in places such as [[Surabaya]] and in the open sea off [[Kupang]]. In [[Sydney]], [[Rose Bay, New South Wales]], was chosen as the flying-boat landing area.<ref name="stackhouse" />

International airports sometimes serve military as well as commercial purposes and their viability is also affected by technological developments. [[Canton Island Airport]], for example, in the [[Phoenix Islands]] ([[Kiribati]]), after serving as a military airport during [[World War II]], was used as a refuelling stop by commercial aircraft such as [[Qantas]] which stationed ground crew there in the late 1950s.<ref>Walker, Howell. "Air Age Brings Life to Canton Island". The [[National Geographic Magazine]]: January 1955, pp. 117-132.</ref> The advent in the early 1960s of jet aircraft such as the [[Boeing 707]] with the range to fly non-stop between [[Australia]] or [[New Zealand]] and [[Hawaii]], meant that a mid-Pacific stop was no longer needed and the airport was closed to regular commercial use. Other international airports, such as [[Kai Tak Airport]] in [[Hong Kong]], have been decommissioned and replaced when they reached capacity or technological advances rendered them inadequate.<ref name=Hafer>{{cite journal|last1=Hafer|first1=JR|title=Kai Tak Airport Hong Kong|journal=20th Century Aviation Magazine|url=http://20thcenturyaviationmagazine.com/jr-hafer-2/kai-tak-airport-hong-kong/|access-date=20 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723130756/http://20thcenturyaviationmagazine.com/jr-hafer-2/kai-tak-airport-hong-kong/|archive-date=23 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/199807/06/0706023.htm Farewell speech for Kai Tak (6 July 1998)]</ref>

== Design and construction ==
[[File:OH-LVC (33096652903).jpg|thumb|[[Finnair]] [[Airbus A319]] at the [[Helsinki Airport]] in [[Vantaa]], [[Finland]]. Terminal expansion construction site in the background.]]
The [[construction]] and operation of an international airport depends on a complicated set of decisions that are affected by technology, politics, economics and geography as well as both local and international law.<ref name=Feldman>{{cite book|last1=Feldman|first1=Elliot J. and Jerome Milch|title=Technology versus democracy: the comparative politics of international airports|date=1982|publisher=Auburn House Pub. Co.|location=Boston, Massachusetts|isbn=0-86569-063-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/technocracyversu0000feld1982}}</ref><ref name=Regs>{{cite book|title=Regulatory implications of the allocation of flight departure and arrival slots at international airports|date=2001|publisher=International Civil Aviation Organization|location=Montreal, Canada}}</ref><ref name=Salter>{{cite book|last1=Salter|first1=Mark B.|title=Politics at the airport|date=2008|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|isbn=978-0-8166-5014-9|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Developing strategies for the modern international airport : East Asia and beyond | author1=Williams, Alan | publisher=Ashgate Pub. Co}}</ref>{{fcn|date=February 2026}} Designing an airport even for domestic traffic or as "non-hub" has, from the beginning, required extensive co-ordination between users and interested parties – architects, engineers, managers and staff all need to be involved.<ref name=Planning>{{cite web|title=Planning and design of airport terminal building facilities at nonhub locations|url=http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS111114|publisher=United States Federal Aviation Administration|access-date=30 September 2014|year=1980}}</ref><ref name=QC>{{cite web|title=Quality control of construction for airport grant projects|url=http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS111170|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration|access-date=1 October 2014|year=2007}}</ref> Airports may also be regarded as emblematic of national pride and so the design may be architecturally ambitious. An example was the planned [[New Mexico City international airport]], intended to replace an airport that has reached capacity.<ref name=Luhnow>{{cite news|last1=Luhnow|first1=David|title=Mexico Plans New $9.2 Billion Airport|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/mexico-plans-new-9-2-billion-airport-1409676782|access-date=6 December 2014|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=2 September 2014|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Airports can be towered or [[non-towered airport|non-towered]], depending on air traffic density and available funds. Because of high capacity and busy [[airspace]], many international airports have air traffic control located on site.

Some international airports require construction of additional [[infrastructure]] outside of the airport, such as at the [[Hong Kong International Airport]], which included the construction of a high-speed railway and automobile [[Controlled-access highway|expressway]] to connect the airport to the urban areas of Hong Kong. Construction of the expressway included the construction of two bridges (the Tsing Ma suspension bridge and Kap Shui Mun cable bridge) and the Ma Wan [[viaduct]] on Ma Wan island to connect the bridges. Each bridge carries rail and automobile traffic.<ref name="ICEpage3">{{cite tech report |first=Thomas |last=Telford|title=Hong Kong International Airport| entry=transport links |volume=Supplement of Volume 126|edition=Special Issue 2|publisher=Journals Leon Heward-Mills for Institution of Civil Engineers |date=1 November 1998}}</ref>

== Operations and management ==
[[File:Display Screen At A Paris Airport.jpg|thumb|A [[flight information display system]] screen at [[Charles de Gaulle Airport]]'s Terminal 2 showing flight arrivals]]
International airports have commercial relationships with and provide services to airlines and passengers from around the world. Many also serve as [[Airline hub|hubs]], or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers may switch planes, while others serve primarily direct [[Point-to-point transit|point-to-point]] flights. This affects airport design factors, including the number and placement of terminals as well as the flow of passengers and baggage between different areas of the airport. An airport specializing in point-to-point transit can have international and domestic terminals, each in their separate building equipped with separate [[Baggage handling system|baggage handling facilities]]. In a hub airport, however, spaces and services are shared.<ref name="Janic2010">{{cite book| title = Airport Analysis, Planning and Design: Demand, Capacity, and Congestion| last = Janić| first = Milan| pages = 51–52, 248| publisher = [[Nova Science Publishers]]| location = New York| date = February 2010| isbn = 978-1-61761-560-3}}</ref>

Airport management have to take into account a wide range of factors, among which are the performance of airlines, the technical requirements of aircraft, airport-airline relationships, services for travelling customers, security and environmental impacts.<ref name=Graham>{{cite book|last1=Graham|first1=Anne|title=Managing airports – an international perspective|date=2003|edition=2|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Oxford, UK and Burlington, US|isbn=0-7506-5917-3}}</ref>

=== Standards ===
Technical standards for safety and operating procedures at international airports are set by international agreements. The [[International Air Transport Association]] (IATA), formed in 1945, is the association of the airline companies. The [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) is a body of the [[United Nations]] succeeding earlier international committees going back to 1903. These two organizations served to create regulations over airports which the airports themselves had no authority to debate. This eventually sparked an entire subject of air travel politics. In January 1948, 19 representatives from various US commercial airports met for the first time in New York City to seek resolution to common problems they each faced, which initiated the formation of the [[Airport Operators Council]], which later became [[Airports Council International]] – North America (ACI-NA). This group included representatives from [[Baltimore]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Cleveland]], [[Dallas]], [[Denver]], [[Detroit]], [[Jacksonville]], [[Kansas City]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Miami]], [[Minneapolis-Saint Paul]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[St. Louis]], [[San Francisco]] and [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]].<ref name=iata>{{cite web|title=History of Airports Council International-North America|url=http://www.aci-na.org/content/history-airports-council-international-north-america|publisher=[[Airports Council International]] – North America|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207083711/http://www.aci-na.org/content/history-airports-council-international-north-america|archive-date=7 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Flight logistics ===
International airports have extensive operations in managing flight [[logistics]], such as [[air traffic control]]. The latter service is provided by ground-based [[Air traffic controller|controllers]] who coordinate and direct aircraft on the ground and through controlled airspace. Air traffic control also provides advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled airspace.<ref name=ARTE>{{cite web|last1=Reddy|first1=Arun|title=The Science and Technology of Air Traffic Control|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2010/03/the-science-and-technology-of-air-traffic-control/|website=Ars Technica|publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=3 October 2014|date=3 March 2010}}</ref>

=== Customs and immigration ===
[[File:DublinAirport31mar2007-01.jpg|thumb|[[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] [[Border checkpoint|Passport inspection]] at [[Dublin Airport]] (2007)]]
[[File:CBP International Travel Preclearance Operations in Canada (26003271678).jpg|thumb|US and Canadian custom agents]]
Airports with international flights have customs and [[immigration]] facilities, which allow right of entry. These change over time but are generally designated by law.<ref name=Bennett>{{cite web|last1=Bennett|first1=David L.|title=Designated US International airports|url=http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS110152|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration|date =1996|access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> However, as some countries have agreements that allow connecting flights without customs and immigrations, such facilities do not define an international airport.

=== Security and safety ===
[[File:Shannon1.jpg|thumb|At [[Shannon Airport]], travelers to the United States can "[[United States border preclearance|pre-clear]]" U.S. immigration (2008)]]
The current trend of enhancing [[airport security|security]] at the cost of passenger and baggage handling efficiency at international airports is expected to continue in the future.<ref name=St.John>{{cite book|last1=St. John|first1=Peter|author-link=Peter St John, 9th Earl of Orkney|title=Air piracy, airport security, and international terrorism: winning the war against hijackers|date=1991|publisher=Quorum Books|location=New York|isbn=0-89930-413-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/airpiracyairport00stjo}}</ref><ref name=Moore>{{cite book|last1=Moore|first1=Kenneth C.|title=Airport, aircraft, and airline security|date=1991|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Boston|isbn=0-7506-9019-4|edition=2nd}}</ref> This places financial burden on airports, risks the flow of servicing processes, and has implications for the privacy of passengers.<ref name="Janic2010" /> International flights often require a higher level of physical security than [[domestic airports]] do, although in recent years, many countries have adopted the same level of security for both.

Most international airports feature a "sterile lounge", an area after security checkpoints within which passengers are free to move without further security checks. This area can have services such as duty-free shops that sell goods that have been selected and screened with safety in mind, so that purchasing and bringing them on board flights poses no security risks. In addition to employees, only processed passengers with a valid ticket are allowed inside the sterile lounge. Admittance into the sterile area is done in centralized security checkpoints in contrast to e.g. individual checkpoints at each [[Gate (airport)|gate]]. This allows for more efficient processing of passengers with fewer staff, as well as makes it possible to detect both delays and security threats well ahead of [[Boarding (transport)|boarding]].<ref name="Wallis2003">{{cite book|author=Rodney Wallis|title=How Safe are Our Skies?: Assessing the Airlines' Response to Terrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epE200ufFu0C&pg=PA90|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97847-1|pages=90–91}}</ref>

To ensure the viability of airport operations, new and innovative security systems are being developed. For instance, the old security checkpoints can be replaced by a "total security area" encompassing an entire airport, coupled with automatic surveillance of passengers from the moment they enter the airport until they embark on a plane.<ref name="Janic2010" />

Passengers connecting to domestic flights from an international flight generally must take their checked luggage through customs and re-check their luggage at the domestic airline counter, requiring extra time in the process. In some cases in [[Europe]], luggage can be transferred to the final destination even if it is a domestic connection.

In some cases, travelers and the aircraft can clear customs and immigration at the departure airport. An example of this would be that some airports in [[Canada]] and [[Ireland]], along with several other countries, have [[United States border preclearance]] facilities. This allows flights from those airports to fly into US airports that do not have customs and immigration facilities. Luggage from such flights can also be transferred to a final destination in the U.S. through the [[airport of entry]].

A crucial safety aspect of international airports is medical facilities and practices. In particular, controlling [[transmissible disease]], such as [[SARS]], is deemed important at international airports.<ref name="mult_WHO-">{{Cite AV media| title = IHR implementation at ports, airports and groundcrossings – video| work = multimedia.who.int| publisher = [[WHO]]| access-date = 1 October 2014| url = http://multimedia.who.int/webm/WHO-PROD_International_health_regulations_02OCT2012_en.webm| format = WEBM| type = Video| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071208/http://multimedia.who.int/webm/WHO-PROD_International_health_regulations_02OCT2012_en.webm| archive-date = 6 October 2014| url-status = dead}}</ref> While these standards are regulated by [[ICAO]] [[Standards And Recommended Practices]] (SARPs) and [[WHO]]'s [[International Health Regulations]] (IHR), local authorities have considerable say in how they are implemented.<ref name="ICAOFAQ">{{cite web| title =FAQ: What are the ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices ... at international airports?| publisher=ICAO|access-date = 1 October 2014| url = http://www.icao.int/safety/aviation-medicine/Pages/medFAQ_en.aspx#anchor06}}</ref>

=== Transportation ===

Among the most important airport services are further transportation connections, including rail networks, taxi and shuttle services at curbside pick-up areas, and public buses.<ref name="SFIPTA" /> Large areas for automobile [[parking]], often in co-located [[multi-storey car park]]s, are also typical to find at airports. Some airports provide shuttle services to parking garages for passengers and airport employees.<ref name="SFIPTA" /> Due to the very large scale of international airports, some have constructed shuttle services to transport passengers between terminals.<ref name="Johnson" /> Such systems operate for example, in [[Singapore Changi Airport]] and [[Zurich Airport]].

At some U.S. international airports, such as [[O'Hare International Airport]] in Chicago, some seating and waiting areas are located away from the terminal building, with passengers being shuttled to terminals.<ref name="SFIPTA" /> These areas may be referred to as ground transportation centers or intermodal centers.<ref name="SFIPTA" /> Amenities at ground transportation centers typically include restrooms and seating, and may also provide ticket counters, food and beverage sales and retail goods such as magazines.<ref name="SFIPTA" /> Some ground transportation centers have heating and air conditioning and covered boarding areas<ref name="SFIPTA" /> (to protect passengers from the elements).

<gallery class="center" widths="220" heights="150">
File:Madrid 5.JPG|An internal motorized [[Moving walkway|moving footway]] to transport passengers within [[Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport]], Spain
File:CairoIntlAirportTerminal3.jpg|Curbside passenger pick up area at Terminal 3 [[Cairo International Airport]], Egypt
File:Cdgval val208 gareTGV 3.jpg|Rail service at Terminal 2 of [[Charles de Gaulle Airport]] in France
</gallery>

=== Services and amenities ===
Standard amenities include public restrooms, passenger waiting areas and retail stores for dining and shopping,<ref name="Johnson" /> including [[duty-free shop]]s. Dining establishments may be consolidated in [[food court]]s. Some international airports may offer retail sales of [[luxury goods]] at duty-free stores. [[Wi-Fi]] service and access, offices for [[Bureaux de change|bureau de change]] ([[currency]] exchange) and [[tourism]] advice are common, although the availability of service varies across airports. Some international airports provide secure areas for stranded passengers to rest and sleep. The more usual service is hotels that are available on the premises.

<gallery class="center" caption="" widths="220px" heights="150px">
File:Tel Aviv, Ben Gurion Airport, Departure Hall.jpg|Duty-free shops at [[Ben Gurion Airport|Ben Gurion International Airport]] in [[Tel Aviv]], Israel (2012)
File:Cots for stranded passengers - O'Hare International Airport.jpg|For passengers stranded overnight, secure area at O'Hare International Airport with dimmed lights, cots, pillows, blankets, and toiletries (2008)<ref>{{cite web | title = Traveler Services | publisher = Chicago Department of Aviation | url = http://www.flychicago.com/OHare/EN/AtAirport/Facilities/TravelerServices/Pages/Traveler-Services.aspx | access-date = September 29, 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140603170609/http://www.flychicago.com/OHare/EN/AtAirport/Facilities/TravelerServices/Pages/Traveler-Services.aspx | archive-date = 3 June 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
File:Hong Kong International Airport, Terminal 1, Food Court in the Restricted Area (Hong Kong).jpg|The food court in the restricted area of Terminal 1 at Hong Kong International Airport (2013)
</gallery>

==== Customer satisfaction awards ====
The World Airport Awards are voted by consumers in an independent global customer satisfaction survey. [[Changi Airport|Singapore Changi Airport]] was the first-place winner in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Karla Cripps|title=The world's best airports for 2020, according to Skytrax|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/skytrax-world-best-airports-2020/index.html|access-date=2021-01-01|website=CNN|date=11 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Other winners include [[Incheon International Airport]] (South Korea) and [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] (The Netherlands).<ref name=WAA>{{cite web|title=World Airport Awards|url=http://www.worldairportawards.com/index.htm|access-date=29 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921174031/http://www.worldairportawards.com/index.htm|archive-date=21 September 2014}}</ref>

== Airport names ==
[[File:Hartsfield-Jackson overview.jpg|thumb|Birds-eye view of [[Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport]] in October 2004.]]
[[File:KSIA-Passenger-Terminal.jpg|thumb|The front view of the [[King Shaka International Airport]]'s main terminal building in May 2010.]]
[[File:Denver concourse B west ramp (29657388588).jpg|thumb|Outside view of Terminal B of [[Denver International Airport]] in July 2018.]]
[[Toponymy]] is one of the most common sources for the naming of airports. A number of areas close to them have lent their names, including villages, estates, city districts, historical areas and regions, islands and even a waterfall. Sometimes the toponym is combined with or renamed to incorporate another name from another source such as from one of the following:
* '''Athletes''' such as [[George Best Belfast City Airport]] in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
* '''Aviators''' such as pilots (civil and military) and others who played a role in the development of aviation- like [[Jorge Chavez International Airport]] in Lima, Peru, named after Peruvian-French pilot [[Jorge Chavez]], [[Sydney Kingsford Smith Airport]], named after Australian aviator [[Charles Kingsford Smith]], or [[Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen International Airport|Sabiha Gökçen International Airport]] named after Turkish Female Pilot [[Sabiha Gökçen]]
* '''Cultural leaders''' (poets, artists, writers, musicians) - like the [[Liverpool John Lennon Airport|John Lennon Airport]] in the English city of [[Liverpool]], where [[John Lennon]] and [[The Beatles]] came from, [[Rafael Hernandez Airport]] in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, named for Puerto Rican singer and actor [[Rafael Hernández Marín|Rafael Hernandez]], and [[Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport]] in [[New Orleans|New Orleans, Louisiana]], named for jazz artist [[Louis Armstrong]].
* '''Ethnic groups''', such as [[Minangkabau International Airport]] in Padang, Indonesia, named after the local [[Minangkabau people]].
* '''Ideals''' in combination with toponyms, such as [[Newark Liberty International Airport]].
* '''Mythology and religion''', such as heroes of epics and myths, church hierarchs and saints and similar names. A notable example of this is [[El Dorado International Airport]].
* '''Politicians and statesmen''' such as the [[O. R. Tambo International Airport]] in [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]] which was named after [[Oliver Tambo|O.R. Tambo]] who was a South African anti-[[apartheid]] politician and [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport]] in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]] to honour the former [[Senator of the Philippines]], [[Benigno Aquino Jr.]] who was [[Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.|assassinated]] at the exact airport in 1983. Some airports have been named after dictators during their dictatorship; such is the case of the [[Robert Mugabe International Airport]] in Harare, Zimbabwe, named after [[Robert Mugabe]], and, in the past [[Saddam International Airport]] in [[Baghdad, Iraq]], so named after [[Saddam Hussein]]. Some airports were formerly International, for example [[Atatürk Airport|Atatürk International Airport]], named from founding father of the [[Turkey|Republic of Türkiye]]'s [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. More notable examples are two of the three New York City airports: [[LaGuardia Airport]] (named after Mayor [[Fiorello LaGuardia]]) and [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] (named after [[John F. Kennedy|the 35th President of the United States]]). In addition, the world's busiest airport, [[Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport]], was named after two former mayors: [[William B. Hartsfield]] and [[Maynard Jackson]].
* '''Public figures''' (advocates, engineers, doctors, teachers, journalists or sportspeople), such as [[John Wayne Airport]], named after [[John Wayne|an actor]].
*'''Royalty''' (kings, queens) such as [[King Shaka International Airport]] in [[Durban]], [[South Africa]] which was named after [[Shaka|King Shaka]] who was one of the most influential [[monarch]]s of the Zulu Kingdom.
* '''Scientists''' such as [[Pisa International Airport|Galileo Galilei Airport]] in Pisa which was named after [[Galileo Galilei]].
A study found that 44 percent of the world's international airports are named by toponyms: named for politicians (thirty percent), aviators (seven percent), mythology and religion (three percent), public figures (two percent), people of science (two percent) and other (one percent).<ref name=peskov>{{cite journal|last1=Peskov|first1=Denis|title=Naming of International Airports|url=https://www.academia.edu/2459453|access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref>

Airports also use an [[IATA airport code|IATA]]-3 letter code for identification. Some airports are nicknamed after these codes, such as [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|JFK]], [[Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport|BWI]], [[Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport|DFW]], [[Los Angeles International Airport|LAX]], [[Pearson International Airport|YYZ]], [[Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport|FCO]], and [[Charles de Gaulle International Airport|CDG]].

An "international airport" can be named as such by providing customs and border control facilities to enable international flights, regardless of whether international flights currently operate to or from the airport. For example, a [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] facility has been in place at [[Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport]] since July 1, 2012, but no scheduled international flights have been inaugurated to or from Bozeman since.

== Notable airports ==

=== By historical event ===
* '''1919''' (August) [[Hounslow Heath Aerodrome]] begins operating scheduled international commercial services from England to France.
* '''1933''' [[Bisbee Douglas International Airport|Douglas International Airport]] in [[Arizona]] is honored by [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] as "the first international airport of the Americas", having reached this capacity in 1928.<ref name="douglas"/>

=== By passenger numbers ===
* {{As of|2018}}, [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]] had the greatest number of travelers of all international airports with 107 million passengers, more than Beijing Capital International with 100 million passengers.<ref name="ACI">{{cite web|url=https://aci.aero/news/2019/03/13/preliminary-world-airport-traffic-rankings-released/|title=Preliminary World Airport Rankings|publisher=Airports Council International|access-date=23 May 2019|date=13 March 2019|archive-date=17 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517082213/https://aci.aero/news/2019/03/13/preliminary-world-airport-traffic-rankings-released/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Los Angeles International Airport]] is considered to have the greatest number of passengers who start or end their travel there as opposed to continuing on to a connecting flight. Overall, LAX is considered to be the 7th busiest airport in the world.<ref name=lax-stats>{{cite web|title=(LAX) Los Angeles International Airport Overview|url=http://www.flightstats.com/go/Airport/airportDetails.do?airportCode=LAX|website=Flight Stats|publisher=FlightStats, Inc.|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207141622/https://www.flightstats.com/go/Airport/airportDetails.do?airportCode=LAX|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Dubai International Airport]] is the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic, with 83,105,798 international passengers. Dubai is the third busiest airport worldwide.

=== Other ===
* [[Svalbard Airport]] in [[Svalbard]], [[Norway]] is the northernmost airport to which tourists can book tickets. It is primarily used for transporting miners to and from a cluster of islands with a heavy mining industry.<ref name="strange9">{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/4346192#slide-9|title=The World's 18 Strangest Airports": Svalbard, Norway|last1=Sweeney|first1=Chris|work=Popular Mechanics|date=17 February 2010}}</ref>
* [[King Fahd International Airport]] in [[Dammam]], [[Saudi Arabia]] is the largest airport in the world, encompassing over {{convert|300|sqmi|sqkm}}.<ref name="strange15">{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/4346192#slide-15|title=The World's 18 Strangest Airports: Dammam, Saudi Arabia|last1=Sweeney|first1=Chris|work=Popular Mechanics|date=17 February 2010}}</ref>
* The world's longest active scheduled passenger flight by [[great-circle distance]] operates between [[Changi Airport]] (in [[Singapore]]) and [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] (in [[New York City|New York City, United States]]); the great-circle distance between the two airports is {{convert|15349|km|mi nmi|0|abbr=}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pallini |first=Thomas |title=Inside the new world's longest flight: What it's like to fly on Singapore Airlines' new route between Singapore and New York |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-the-new-worlds-longest-flight-singapore-airlines-a350-tour-2020-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125002148/https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-the-new-worlds-longest-flight-singapore-airlines-a350-tour-2020-11 |archive-date=November 25, 2021 |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Great Circle Map Distance SIN-JFK |url=http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=sin%E2%80%93JFK |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008043742/http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=SIN%E2%80%93JFK |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=www.gcmap.com }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Aviation|Transport}}
* [[List of busiest airports by aircraft movements]]
* [[List of busiest airports by cargo traffic]]
* [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic]]
* [[List of the busiest airports]]
* [[List of the busiest airports in Europe]]
* [[List of the busiest airports in the Nordic countries]]
* [[List of international airports by country]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="SFIPTA">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFqG_osrblsC&pg=PA81 | title=Strategies for Improving Public Transportation Access to Large Airports | publisher=Transportation Research Board | year=2002 | pages=81–84 | isbn=0-309-06764-2}}</ref>
<ref name="Johnson">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1aOGzrnvpAC&pg=PT15 | title=International Air Flights | publisher=Clinton Gilkie | author=Johnson, Josie J.}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|At the airport}}
* [http://www.airport-world.com/ Airport World] – published by Airports Council International
* [https://myfun-1292.appspot.com/worldairports World Airport in the map] - provided by chaoo13
{{Subject bar |commons=y |commons-search=International airports |n=y |wikt=y |b=y |q=y |s=y |v=y |voy=y}}

{{Commercial air travel}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Airports by type]]
[[Category:International air transport| ]]

Cultural identity

2026-03-09T11:47:25Z

PANModesto: updated page

{{Short description|Identity or feeling of belonging to a group}}
{{Tone|date=June 2023}}
[[File:Three friends 2009.jpg|thumb|right|''Cultural'' identity can be expressed through certain styles of clothing or other aesthetic markers.]]

'''Cultural identity''' is a part of a person's [[identity (social science)|identity]], or their self-conception and [[self-perception]], and is related to [[nationality]], [[ethnicity]], [[religion]], [[social class]], [[generation]], [[Locality (settlement)|locality]], [[gender]], or any kind of social group that has its own distinct [[culture]]. In this way, cultural identity is both characteristic of the [[individual]] but also of the culturally identical group of members sharing the same cultural identity or upbringing. Cultural identity is an unfixed process that is continually evolving within the discourses of social, cultural, and historical experiences. Some people undergo more cultural identity changes as opposed to others, those who change less often have a clear cultural identity. This means that they have a dynamic yet stable integration of their culture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Usborne |first1=Esther |last2=Sablonniere |first2=Roxane |date=December 2014 |title=Understanding My Culture Means Understanding Myself: The Function of Cultural Identity Clarity for Personal Identity Clarity and Personal Psychological Well-Being. |journal=Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=436 |doi=10.1111/jtsb.12061 }}</ref>

There are three pieces that make up a person's cultural identity: cultural knowledge, category label, and social connections. Cultural knowledge refers to a person's connection to their identity through understanding their culture's core characteristics. Category label refers to a person's connection to their identity through indirect membership of said culture. Social connections refers to a person's connection to their identity through their social relationships. Cultural identity is developed through a series of steps. First, a person comes to understand a culture through being immersed in those values, beliefs, and practices. Second, the person then identifies as a member of that culture dependent on their rank within that community. Third, they develop relationships such as immediate family, close friends, coworkers, and neighbors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wan |first1=Ching |last2=Chew |first2=Pony Yuen-Ga |date=2013-09-04 |title=Cultural knowledge, category label, and social connections: Components of cultural identity in the global, multicultural context |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajsp.12029 |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=247–259 |doi=10.1111/ajsp.12029 |issn=1367-2223|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Culture is a term that is highly complex and often contested, with academics recording about 160 variations in meaning. Underpinning the notion of culture is that it is dynamic and changes over time and in different contexts resulting in many people today identifying with one or more cultures and many different ways.

It is a defining feature of a person's identity, contributing to how they see themselves and the groups with which they identify.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Anthony P. |date=1993 |title=Culture as Identity: An Anthropologist's View |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/469278 |journal=New Literary History |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=195–209 |doi=10.2307/469278 |jstor=469278 |issn=0028-6087|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A person's understanding of their own and other's identities develops from birth and is shaped by the values and attitudes prevalent at home and in the surrounding community.

==Description==
[[File: Child With Flag.jpg|thumb|Child with flag and a firearm]]
Various modern [[cultural studies]] and [[social theories]] have investigated cultural identity and understanding. In recent decades, a new form of identification has emerged that breaks down the understanding of the individual as a coherent whole subject into a collection of various cultural identifiers. These cultural identifiers may be the result of various conditions including: [[Location (geography)|location]], [[Gender role|sex]], [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], [[history]], [[nationality]], [[language]], [[sexual orientation|sexuality]], [[religious beliefs]], [[ethnicity]], [[aesthetics]], and [[food]].<ref>Stefanie Siebenhütter: ''The multilingual profile and its impact on identity: Approaching the difference between multilingualism and multilingual identity or linguistic identity''. Ampersand. 10 (2023) 100123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2023.100123.</ref><ref>Stefanie Siebenhütter: ''Sociocultural Influences on Linguistic Geography: Religion and Language in Southeast Asia.'' In: Brunn, S., Kehrein, R. (eds) Handbook of the Changing World Language Map (pp. 1–19). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73400-2_84-1.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://doi.org/10.25358/openscience-9151 | doi=10.25358/openscience-9151 | date=2023 | last1=Siebenhütter | first1=Stefanie |journal=[[Johannes Gutenberg University|JGU]] Gutenberg Open Science | title=Multiple identities of multilingual minorities? How religious values and other extralinguistic practices influence the social, national and personal identity formation }}</ref> As one author writes:<ref>{{Cite journal | year= 2015 | last1= James | first1= Paul | s2cid= 142378403 | author-link1= Paul James (academic) | title= Despite the Terrors of Typologies: The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity | url=https://www.academia.edu/11768378 | journal= Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 174–195 | doi=10.1080/1369801x.2014.993332}}</ref>

When talking about identity, we generally define this word as the series of physical features that differentiate a person. Thus at birth, our parents declare us and give us a name with which they will identify us based on whether we are a boy or a girl. Identity is not only a right that declares the name, sex, time, and place that one is born; the word identity goes beyond what we define it. Identity is a function of elements that portrays one in a dynamic way, in constant evolution, throughout the stages of life identity develops based on personal experiences, tastes, and choices of a sexual and religious nature, as well as the social environment, these being some of the main parameters that influence and transform the day to day and allow us to discover a new part of ourselves.

{{blockquote|Categorizations about identity, even when codified and hardened into clear typologies by processes of colonization, state formation, or general modernizing processes, are always full of tensions and contradictions. Sometimes these contradictions are destructive, but they can also be creative and positive}}

The divisions between cultures can be very fine in some parts of the world, especially in rapidly changing cities where the population is ethnically diverse and social unity is based primarily on locational contiguity.

As a "historical reservoir," culture is an important factor in shaping identity.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Nicola |last=Pratt |s2cid=55401396 |title=Identity, Culture and Democratization: The Case of Egypt |journal=New Political Science |volume=27 |issue=1 |year=2005 |pages=69–86 |doi=10.1080/07393140500030832 |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1099/1/WRAP_Pratt_Pratt_revised.pdf }}</ref> Since one of the main characteristics of a culture is its "historical reservoir," many if not all groups entertain revisions, either consciously or unconsciously, in their historical record in order to either bolster the strength of their cultural identity or to forge one which gives them precedent for actual reform or change.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shindler|first1=Michael|title=A Discussion On The Purpose of Cultural Identity|url=http://theapollonianrevolt.com/structure-purpose-cultural-identity/|publisher=The Apollonian Revolt|access-date=10 April 2015|date=June 9, 2014 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419090905/http://theapollonianrevolt.com/structure-purpose-cultural-identity/|archive-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>
Some critics of cultural identity argue that the preservation of cultural identity, being based upon difference, is a divisive force in society and that [[cosmopolitanism]] gives individuals a greater sense of shared citizenship.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_A6qIkbYB_kC ''The Limits of Nationalism''] by Chaim Gans. {{ISBN|978-0-521-00467-1}}</ref> When considering practical association in international society, states may share an inherent part of their 'make up' that gives common ground and an alternative means of identifying with each other.<ref>C Brown (2001) ''Understanding International Relations''. Hampshire, Palgrave</ref> Nations provide the framework for cultural identities called external cultural reality, which influences the unique internal cultural realities of the individuals within the nation.<ref>Terrence N Tice. The Education Digest, vol. 64, issue 9, May 1999, p. 43.</ref>

There is a relationship between cultural identity and [[new media]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = C. L. | year = 2010 | title = New media and cultural identity | url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/New+media+and+cultural+identity.-a0219656567 | journal = China Media Research | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | page = 86 }}</ref>

Rather than necessarily representing an individual's interaction within a certain group, cultural identity may be defined by the social network of people imitating and following the [[agenda setting|social norms as presented by the media]]. Accordingly, instead of learning [[behavior]] and knowledge from cultural/religious groups, individuals may be learning these social norms from the media to build on their cultural identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insanbilimleri.com/ojs/index.php/uib/article/view/406|title=Media and cultural identity – Mora – International Journal of Human Sciences|website=insanbilimleri.com|access-date=2012-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429191519/http://www.insanbilimleri.com/ojs/index.php/uib/article/view/406|archive-date=2014-04-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A range of cultural complexities structures the way individuals operate with the cultural realities in their lives. [[Nation]] is a large factor of the cultural complexity, as it constructs the foundation for an individual's identity, but it may contrast with one's cultural reality. Cultural identities are influenced by several different factors such as ones [[religion]], ancestry, skin color, language, [[Class (social)|class]], education, profession, skill, family and political [[Propositional attitude|attitudes]]. These factors contribute to the development of one's [[Identity politics|identity]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Holliday|first=Adrian|s2cid=143655965|title=Complexity in cultural identity|journal=Language and Intercultural Communication|date=May 2010|volume=10|issue=2|page=177|doi=10.1080/14708470903267384}}</ref>

==History==
The history of cultural identity develops out of the observations of a number of social scientists. A history of cultural identity is important because it outlines the understanding of how our identities provide a way to see ourselves in relation to the world in which we live. "Cultural identities...are the natural, and most fundamental, constitutive elements of individual and collective identity."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lecours |first=André |date=2000 |title=Theorizing Cultural Identities: Historical Institutionalism as a Challenge to the Culturalists |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3232580 |journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=499–522 |doi=10.1017/S0008423900000172 |jstor=3232580 |issn=0008-4239|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Franz Boas]] is an important figure in the creation of the idea of cultural identity. Boas is known for challenging ideas about culture. Boas promoted the importance of viewing a culture from within its own perspective and understanding, not from the outsider's view point.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stocking |first=George W. |date=August 1966 |title=Franz Boas and the Culture Concept in Historical Perspective 1 |url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00010 |journal=American Anthropologist |language=en |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=867–882 |doi=10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00010 |issn=0002-7294|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This was a somewhat radical perspective at the time. Additionally, Myron Lustig is credited with contributing the concept of [[cultural identity theory]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jia |first=Yanli |chapter=Cultural Identity Construction of EFL Learners |date=July 2019 |title=Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2019) |chapter-url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/iccessh-19/125912043 |language=en |publisher=Atlantis Press |pages=1287–1291 |doi=10.2991/iccessh-19.2019.284 |isbn=978-94-6252-752-2|doi-access=free }}</ref>

A number of contemporary theorists continue to contribute to the concept of cultural identity. For instance, contemporary work completed by [[Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)|Stuart Hall]] is considered essential to understand cultural identity. According to Hall, identity is defined by at least two specific actions, which are similarity and difference.<ref name="Hall 1989 68–81">{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Stuart |date=1989 |title=Cultural Identity and Cinematic Representation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44111666 |journal=Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media |issue=36 |pages=68–81 |issn=0306-7661 |jstor=44111666}}</ref> Specifically, in settings of slavery and colonization, identity provides a connection to the past as well as disintegration from a shared origination.

Theorists' questions about identity include "whether identity is to be understood as something internal that persists through change or as something ascribed from without that changes according to circumstance."<ref name=pg>{{Cite journal |last=Gleason |first=Philip |date=March 1983 |title=Identifying Identity: A Semantic History |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1901196 |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=910–931 |doi=10.2307/1901196 |jstor=1901196 |issn=0021-8723|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Whatever the case may be, Gleason advocates for "sensitivity to the intrinsic complexities of the subject matter with which it deals, and careful attention to the need for precision and consistency in its application.<ref name=pg/> Cultural identity can also become a marker of difference that requires sensitivity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnett |first=Rachel D. |date=September 2023 |title=Uniting Through Difference: Rich Cultural-Identity Expression as a Conduit to Inclusion |url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/orsc.2022.1648 |journal=Organization Science |language=en |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=1887–1913 |doi=10.1287/orsc.2022.1648 |issn=1047-7039|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Kuper presents concepts on cultural identity within the framework of a power dynamic. He writes, "The privileged lie and mislead, but the oppressed come gradually to appreciate their objective circumstances and formulate a new consciousness that will ultimately liberate them."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kuper |first=Adam |date=September 1994 |title=Culture, Identity and the Project of a Cosmopolitan Anthropology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2804342 |journal=Man |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=537–554 |doi=10.2307/2804342|jstor=2804342 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The consciousness is a facet of their identity. Similarly, identity plays a role in mediating between a human being and the environment in which they exist.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paleczny |first=Tadeusz |date=2008 |title=Cultural Identity: A Sociological Analysis of the Phenomenon |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24919310. |journal=Institute of Regional Studies |issue=10/1 |pages=353–372 |jstor=24919310 }}</ref>

The identity of a person is "a result of socialization and customs" that promotes the maintenance of distinct cultural identities from generation to generation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Assmann |first1=Jan |last2=Czaplicka |first2=John |date=1995 |title=Collective Memory and Cultural Identity |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/488538 |journal=New German Critique |issue=65 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.2307/488538 |jstor=488538 |issn=0094-033X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Additionally, identity can be considered that which forms cultures and results in "dictated appropriate behavior."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Anthony P. |date=1993 |title=Culture as Identity: An Anthropologist's View |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/469278 |journal=New Literary History |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=195–209 |doi=10.2307/469278|jstor=469278 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Put another way, identity may dictate behavior that results in the reification of identity with the individual as a "replicate in miniature of the larger social and cultural entity.<ref name=":1" /> Another way to consider cultural identity is that it is "the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings in the practice of social history."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jia |first=Yanli |chapter=Cultural Identity Construction of EFL Learners |date=2019 |title=Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2019) |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-19.2019.284. |doi=10.2991/iccessh-19.2019.284 |isbn=978-94-6252-752-2 }}</ref>

[[Globalization]] is connected to influences in economics, politics, and society. Accordingly, globalization has an impact on cultural identity. As societies become even more connected, there are concerns that cultural identities will become homogenized through the increased level of connection and communication. However, there are alternative perspectives on this issue.<ref name="Wright 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Craig S |date=2022 |title=The Changes to Cultural Identity in a Global World |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4001611 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |language=en |doi=10.2139/ssrn.4001611 |issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For instance, Wright theorizes that "The spread of global culture and globalised ideas has led to many movements designed to embrace the uniqueness and diversity of an individual's particular culture."<ref name="Wright 2022"/>

==Cultural arena==
It is also noted that an individual's "[[Social environment|cultural arena]]," or place where one lives, impacts the culture that person abides by. The surroundings, environment, and people in these places play a role in how one feels about the culture they wish to adopt. Many immigrants find the need to change their culture in order to [[Acculturation|fit into the culture]] of most citizens in the country. This can conflict with an immigrant's current [[World view|belief in their culture]] and might pose a problem, as the immigrant feels compelled to choose between the two presenting cultures.

Some might be able to adjust to the various cultures in the world by [[Biculturalism|committing to two or more cultures]]. It is not required to stick to one culture. Many people socialize and interact with people in one culture in addition to another group of people in another culture. Thus, cultural identity is able to take many forms and can change depending on the cultural area. The impact of the cultural arena has changed with the advent of the Internet, bringing together groups of people with shared cultural interests who before would have been more likely to integrate into their real-world cultural arena. This adaptability is what allows people to feel a part of society and culture wherever they go.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Holliday | first1 = A | s2cid = 143655965 | year = 2010 | title = Complexity in cultural identity | journal = Language and Intercultural Communication | volume = 10 | issue = 2| pages = 165–177 | doi = 10.1080/14708470903267384 }}</ref>

==Language==
[[Language]] allows for people in a group to communicate their values, [[Belief|beliefs]], and customs, all of which contribute to creating a cultural identity. It was for a long time believed that if children lose their languages, they lose part or all of their cultural identity. When students who are [[Non-native English speaker|non-native English speakers]], go to classes where they are required to speak only English, they feel that their native language has no value. Some studies found, that this leads to loss of their culture and language altogether and this can lead to either a massive change in cultural identity, or they find themselves struggling to understand who they are.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mercuri |first=Sandra |date=November 6, 2012 |title=Understanding the Interconnectedness between Language Choices, Cultural Identity Construction and School Practices in the Life of a Latina Educator. |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1062590.pdf |journal=Gist Education and Learning Research Journal |volume=6 |pages=12–43 |via=ERIC}}</ref> Language also includes the way people speak with peers, [[family members]], authority figures, and [[Stranger|strangers]], including the tone and familiarity that is included in the language. The learning process can also be affected by cultural identity via the understanding of specific words, and the preference for specific words when learning and using a [[Multilingualism|second language]]. Since many aspects of a person's cultural identity can be changed, such as citizenship or influence from outside cultures, language is a major component of cultural identity. However, more recent research could show, that language may be not a crucial part of a person's identity or cultural identity.<ref>Stefanie Siebenhütter: The multilingual profile and its impact on identity: Approaching the difference between multilingualism and multilingual identity or linguistic identity. Ampersand. 10 (2023) 100123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2023.100123</ref>

==Education==
Cultural identity is often not discussed in the classroom or learning environment where an instructor presides over the class. This often happens when the instructor attempts to discuss cultural identity and the issues that come with it in the classroom and is met with disagreement and cannot make forward progress in the conversation. Moreover, not talking about cultural identity can lead to issues such as prohibiting growth of education, development of a sense of self, and social competency. In these environments there are often many different cultures and problems can occur due to different worldviews that prevent others from being able to think outwardly about their peers' values and differing backgrounds. If students are able to think outwardly, then they can not only better connect with their peers, but also further develop their own [[worldview]]. In addition to this, instructors should take into account the needs of different students' backgrounds in order to best relay the material in a way that engages the student.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Altugan |first=Arzu Sosyal |date=May 2015 |title=The Relationship Between Cultural Identity and Learning |journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=186 |pages=1159–1162 |doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.161 |issn=1877-0428|doi-access=free }}</ref>

When students learn that knowledge and truth are relevant to each person, that instructors do not know everything, and that their own personal experiences dictate what they believe they can better contextualize new information using their own experiences as well as taking into account the different cultural experiences of others. This in turn increases the ability to critically think and challenge new information which benefits all students learning in a classroom setting. There are two ways instructors can better elicit this response from their students through active communication of cultural identity. The first is by having students engage in class discussion with their peers. Doing so creates community and allows for students to share their knowledge as well as question their peers and instructors, thereby, learning about each other's cultural identity and creating acceptance of differing worldviews in the classroom. The second way is by using active learning methods such as "forming small groups and analyzing case studies". Through engaging in active learning students learn that their cultural identity is welcomed and accepted.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ortiz |first=Anna M. |date=2000 |title=Expressing Cultural Identity in the Learning Community: Opportunities and Challenges |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/tl.8207?saml_referrer |journal=New Directions for Teaching and Learning |volume=2000 |issue=82 |pages=67–79 |doi=10.1002/tl.8207 |issn=0271-0633|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Cultural identity and immigrant experience ==
Identity development among immigrant groups has been studied across a multi-dimensional view of [[acculturation]]. Acculturation is the phenomenon that results when groups or individuals from different cultures come into continuous contact with one another and adopt certain values and practices that were not originally their own.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Migration, distress and cultural identity |url=https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/69/1/129/523340 |access-date=2024-02-05 |journal=British Medical Bulletin|date=2004 |doi=10.1093/bmb/ldh007 |last1=Bhugra |first1=D. |volume=69 |pages=129–141 |pmid=15226202 }}</ref> Acculturation is unique from assimilation. Dina Birman and Edison Trickett (2001) conducted a [[qualitative study]] through informal interviews with first-generation Soviet Jewish refugee adolescents looking at the process of acculturation through three different dimensions: language competence, behavioral acculturation, and cultural identity. The results indicated that "acculturation appears to occur in a linear pattern over time for most dimensions of acculturation, with acculturation to the American culture increasing and acculturation to the Russian culture decreasing. However, Russian language competence for the parents did not diminish with length of residence in the country" (Birman & Trickett, 2001).

In a similar study, Phinney, Horencyzk, Liebkind, and Vedder (2001) focused on a model, which concentrates on the interaction between immigrant characteristics and the responses of the majority society to understand the psychological effects of immigration. The researchers concluded that most studies find that being bicultural, the combination of a strong ethnic and a strong national identity, yields the best adaptation in the new country of residence. An article by LaFromboise, L. K. Colemna, and Gerton, reviews the literature on the impact of being bicultural. It showed that it is possible to have the ability to obtain competence within two cultures without losing one's sense of identity or having to identity with one culture over the other. (LaFromboise Et Al. 1993) The importance of ethnic and national identity in the educational adaptation of immigrants indicates that a bicultural orientation is advantageous for school performance ([[Alejandro Portes|Portes]] & [[Rubén G. Rumbaut|Rumbaut]], 1990). Educators can assume their positions of power in beneficially impactful ways for immigrant students, by providing them with access to their native cultural support groups, language classes, after-school activities, and clubs in order to help them feel more connected to both native and national cultures. It is clear that the new country of residence can impact immigrants' identity development across multiple dimensions. Biculturalism can allow for a healthy adaptation to life and school. With many new immigrant youth, a school district in Alberta, Canada, has gone as far as to partner with various agencies and professionals in an effort to aid the cultural adjustment of new Filipino immigrant youths.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://bild-lida.ca/journal/volume_2_2_2018/supporting-reconnecting-immigrant-families-with-english-language-learners-in-rural-schools-an-exploratory-study-of-filipino-arrivals-to-alberta/|title=Supporting Reconnecting Immigrant Families with English Language Learners in Rural Schools: An Exploratory Study of Filipino Arrivals to Alberta |first1=Gregory|last1=Tweedie|first2=Anja|last2=Dressler|first3=Cora-Leah|last3=Schmidt|date=12 November 2018 | access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref> In the study cited, a combination of family workshops and teacher professional development aimed to improve the language learning and emotional development of these youths and families.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bild-lida.ca/journal/volume_2_2_2018/supporting-reconnecting-immigrant-families-with-english-language-learners-in-rural-schools-an-exploratory-study-of-filipino-arrivals-to-alberta/|title=Supporting Reconnecting Immigrant Families with English Language Learners in Rural Schools: An Exploratory Study of Filipino Arrivals to Alberta |first1=Gregory|last1=Tweedie|first2=Anja|last2=Dressler|first3=Cora-Leah|last3=Schmidt|date=12 November 2018 | access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref>

==School transitions==
How great is "Achievement Loss Associated with the Transition to Middle School and High School"? John W. Alspaugh's research is in the September/October 1998 ''Journal of Educational Research'' (vol. 92, no. 1), 2026. Comparing three groups of 16 school districts, the loss was greater where the transition was from sixth grade than from a K-8 system. It was also greater when students from multiple elementary schools merged into a single middle school. Students from both K-8 and middle schools lost achievement in transition to high school, though this was greater for middle school students, and high school dropout rates were higher for districts with grades 6-8 middle schools than for those with K-8 elementary schools.<ref name="Copyright Prakken Publications, Inc. May 1999">{{cite book|last=Terrence N|first=Tice|title=Cultural Identity|year=1999|publisher=Prakken Publications, Inc.|pages=43–44|id={{ProQuest|218180019}}}}</ref>

The Jean S. Phinney Three-Stage Model of Ethnic Identity Development is a widely accepted view of the formation of cultural identity. In this model cultural Identity is often developed through a three-stage process: unexamined cultural identity, cultural identity search, and cultural identity achievement.

Unexamined cultural identity: "a stage where one's cultural characteristics are taken for granted, and consequently there is little interest in exploring cultural issues." This for example is the stage one is in throughout their childhood when one doesn't distinguish between cultural characteristics of their household and others. Usually, a person in this stage accepts the ideas they find on culture from their parents, the media, community, and others.

An example of thought in this stage: "I don't have a culture I'm just an American." "My parents tell me about where they lived, but what do I care? I've never lived there."

Cultural identity search: "is the process of exploration and questioning about one's culture in order to learn more about it and to understand the implications of membership in that culture." During this stage a person will begin to question why they hold their beliefs and compare it to the beliefs of other cultures. For some this stage may arise from a turning point in their life or from a growing awareness of other cultures. This stage is characterized by growing awareness in social and political forums and a desire to learn more about culture. This can be expressed by asking family members questions about heritage, visiting museums, reading of relevant cultural sources, enrolling in school courses, or attendance at cultural events. This stage might have an emotional component as well.

An example of thought in this stage: "I want to know what we do and how our culture is different from others." "There are a lot of non-Japanese people around me, and it gets pretty confusing to try and decide who I am."

Cultural identity achievement: "is characterized by a clear, confident acceptance of oneself and an internalization of one's cultural identity." In this stage people often allow the acceptance of their cultural identity play a role in their future choices such as how to raise children, how to deal with stereotypes and any discrimination and approach negative perceptions. This usually leads to an increase in self-[[confidence]] and positive psychological adjustment.<ref>http://www.niusileadscape.org/docs/FINAL_PRODUCTS/NIUSI/toolkit_cd/4%20%20Implementing%20Change/OnPoints/OP_cultural_identity.pdf{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

There is a set of phenomena that occur in conjunction between [[Cyberculture|virtual culture]] – understood as the modes and norms of behavior associated with the [[internet]] and the [[online world]] – and [[youth culture]]. While we can speak of a duality between the virtual (online) and [[Reality|real]] sphere (face-to-face relations), for youth, this frontier is implicit and permeable. On occasions – to the annoyance of parents and teachers – these spheres are even superposed, meaning that young people may be in the real world without ceasing to be connected.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002475/247577E.pdf|title=Youth and changing realities: Rethinking secondary education in Latin America|last1=López|first1=Néstor|last2=Opertti|first2=Renato|last3=Vargas Tamez|first3=Carlos|publisher=UNESCO|year=2017|isbn=978-92-31 00204-5|pages=44–45}}</ref>

In the present techno-cultural context, the relationship between the real world and the virtual world cannot be understood as a link between two independent and separate worlds, possibly coinciding at a point, but as a [[Moebius Strip|Moebius strip]] where there exists no inside and outside and where it is impossible to identify limits between both. For new generations, to an ever-greater extent, digital life merges with their home life as yet another element of nature. In this naturalizing of digital life, the learning processes from that environment are frequently mentioned not just since they are explicitly asked but because the subject of the internet comes up spontaneously among those polled. The ideas of [[active learning]], of [[googling]] 'when you don't know', of recourse to tutorials for learning a program or a game, or the expression 'I learnt English better and in a more entertaining way by playing' are examples often cited as to why the internet is the place most frequented by the young people polled.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Políticas TIC en los Sistemas Educativos de América Latina. Informe sobre tendencias sociales y educativas en América Latina|last=SITEAL, IIPE-UNESCO y OEI|publisher=Buenos Aires, IIEP-UNESCO Regional Office in Buenos Aires.|year=2014}}</ref><ref name=":02" />

The internet is becoming an extension of the expressive dimension of the youth condition. There, youth talk about their lives and concerns, design the content that they make available to others and assess others' reactions to it in the form of optimized and electronically mediated social approval. Many of today's youth go through processes of affirmation procedures and is often the case for how youth today grow dependent on peer approval. When connected, youth speak of their daily routines and lives. With each post, [[image]] or [[video]] they [[upload]], they have the possibility of asking themselves who they are and to try out profiles differing from those they assume in the 'real' world. The connections they feel in more recent times have become much less interactive through personal means compared to past generations. The influx of new technology and access has created new fields of research on effects on teens and young adults. They thus negotiate their identity and create senses of belonging, putting the acceptance and censure of others to the test, an essential mark of the process of [[Identity formation|identity construction]].<ref name=":02" />

Youth ask themselves about what they think of themselves, how they see themselves personally and, especially, how others see them. On the basis of these questions, youth make decisions which, through a long process of trial and error, shape their identity. This experimentation is also a form through which they can think about their insertion, membership and sociability in the 'real' world.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Los adolescentes y las redes sociales|last1=Morduchowicz|first1=R.|last2=Marcon|first2=A.|last3=Sylvestre|first3=A.|last4=Ballestrini|first4=F.|year=2010}}</ref><ref name=":02" />

From other perspectives, the question arises on what impact the internet has had on youth through accessing this sort of 'identity laboratory' and what role it plays in the shaping of youth identity.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Life on the screen: Identity in the age of the Internet|last=Turkle|first=S.|publisher=New York, Simon & Schuster|year=1995}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The psychology of the Internet|last=Wallace|first=P.|publisher=Cambridge, Cambridge University Press|year=1999}}</ref> On the one hand, the internet enables young people to explore and perform various roles and [[personification]]s while on the other, the virtual forums – some of them highly attractive, vivid and absorbing (e.g. [[video game]]s or virtual games of personification) – could present a risk to the construction of a stable and viable personal identity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zegers|first1=B.|last2=Larraín|first2=M.E.|year=2011|title=El impacto de la Internet en la definición de la identidad juvenil: una revisión|url=http://www.psykhe.cl/index.php/psykhe/article/view/469/448|journal=Psykhe|volume=11|issue=1|access-date=2018-09-07|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030014055/http://www.psykhe.cl/index.php/psykhe/article/view/469/448|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":02" />

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Collective identity]]
* [[Conflict theories]]
* [[Cultural diversity]]
* [[Cultural identity theory]]
* [[Diaspora politics]]
* [[Globalization]]
* [[Human rights education]]
* [[Intercultural competence]]
* [[Multiculturalism]]
* [[Nationalism]]
* [[Need for affiliation]]
* [[Pan-nationalism]]
* [[Place identity]]
* [[Cultural pluralism|Pluralism]]
* [[Progressive politics]]
* [[Self-concept]]
* [[Self-determination]]
* [[Self-discovery]]
* [[Social identity]]
* [[Social identity theory]]
* [[Transculturation]]
}}

== Sources ==
{{Free-content attribution
| title = Youth and changing realities: rethinking secondary education in Latin America
| author = López, Néstor; Opertti, Renato; Vargas Tamez, Carlos
| publisher = UNESCO
| page numbers = 44-45
| source = UNESCO
| documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002475/247577E.pdf
| license statement URL = http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=247577&set=0058CBE9E2_0_396&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1
| license = CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=60em}}
* [[Gad Barzilai]], ''Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities'' University of Michigan Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-472-03079-8}}
* Tan, S.-h. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8dPUZLYFcE8C ''Challenging citizenship: group membership and cultural identity in a global age'']. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. {{ISBN|0-7546-4367-0}}
* Bunschoten, R., Binet, H., & Hoshino, T. (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VP29ku7Li-0C ''Urban flotsam: stirring the city''] : Chora. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers. {{ISBN|90-6450-387-7}}
* Mandelbaum, M. (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=qoHQ3OgU8bMC ''The new European diasporas: national minorities and conflict in Eastern Europe'']. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press
* Houtman, G. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=bV3shLzx0B4C ''Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy'']. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. ([https://resolver.library.cornell.edu/misc/art5122 library.cornell.edu]). {{ISBN|4-87297-748-3}}
* Sagasti, F. R., & Alcalde, G. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=acDBLdzR9kMC ''Development cooperation in a fractured global order: an arduous transition'']. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. {{ISBN|0-88936-889-9}}
* Crahan, M. E., & Vourvoulias-Bush, A. (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=uJQFm1ciG3gC ''The city and the world: New York's global future'']. New York: Council on Foreign relations. {{ISBN|0-87609-208-3}}
* Hall, S., & Du Gay, P. (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=i_w9eYtlsrsC ''Questions of cultural identity'']. London: Sage. {{ISBN|0-8039-7883-9}}
* Cable, V. (1994). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2JwbRkLA85AC The world's new fissures]: identities in crisis''. London: Demos. {{ISBN|1-898309-35-3}}
* Berkson, I. B. (1920).[https://books.google.com/books?id=7YsVAAAAIAAJ ''Theories of Americanization a critical study''], with special reference to the Jewish group. New York City: Teachers College, Columbia University.
* Mora, Necha. (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140429191519/http://www.insanbilimleri.com/ojs/index.php/uib/article/view/406]
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Cultural identity}}
* Anderson, Benedict (1983). ''Imagined Communities''. London: Verso.
* Balibar, Renée & Laporte, Dominique (1974). ''Le français national: Politique et pratique de la langue nationale sous la Révolution''. Paris: Hachette.
* {{cite journal | year = 1980 | title = L'identité et la représentation | journal = [[Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales]] | volume = 35 | pages = 63–70 | doi = 10.3406/arss.1980.2100 | last1 = Bourdieu | first1 = Pierre }}
* ([http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-7/ full-text IDENTITIES: how Governed, Who Pays?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404195424/http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-7/ |date=2023-04-04 }})
* de Certeau, Michel; Julia, Dominique; & Revel, Jacques (1975). ''Une politique de la langue: La Révolution française et les patois''. Paris: Gallimard.
* Evangelista, M. (2003). "Culture, Identity, and Conflict: The Influence of Gender," in ''Conflict and Reconstruction in Multiethnic Societies'', Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press [http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10879&page=81]
* [[Joshua Fishman|Fishman, Joshua A.]] (1973). ''Language and Nationalism: Two Integrative Essays''. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Güney | first1 = Ü. | s2cid = 144184123 | year = 2010 | title = We see our people suffering: the war, the mass media and the reproduction of Muslim identity among youth | journal = Media, War & Conflict | volume = 3 | issue = 2| pages = 1–14 | doi = 10.1177/1750635210360081 }}
* Gellner, Ernest (1983). ''Nations and Nationalism''. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
* Gordon, David C. (1978). ''The French Language and National Identity (1930–1975)''. The Hague: Mouton.
* {{Cite journal | year= 2015 | last1= James | first1= Paul | s2cid= 142378403 | author-link1= Paul James (academic) | title= Despite the Terrors of Typologies: The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity | url= https://www.academia.edu/11768378 | journal= Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 174–195 | doi=10.1080/1369801x.2014.993332}}
* Milstein, T. & Castro-Sotomayor, J. (2020). "Routledge Handbook of Ecocultural Identity". London, UK: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351068840
* Robyns, Clem (1995). "Defending the national identity". In Andreas Poltermann (Ed.), ''Literaturkanon, Medienereignis, Kultureller Text''. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag {{ISBN|3-503-03727-6}}.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Robyns | first1 = Clem | year = 1994 | title = Translation and discursive identity | url = https://kuleuven.academia.edu/ClemRobyns/Papers/692295/Translation_and_discursive_identity | journal = Poetics Today | volume = 15 | issue = 3| pages = 405–428 | doi=10.2307/1773316| jstor = 1773316 }}
* Sparrow, Lise M. (2014). Beyond multicultural man: Complexities of identity. In Molefi Kete Asante, Yoshitaka Miike, & Jing Yin (Eds.), ''The global intercultural communication reader'' (2nd ed., pp. 393–414). New York, NY: Routledge.
* Stewart, Edward C., & Bennet, Milton J. (1991). ''American cultural patterns: A cross-cultural perspective'' (Rev. ed.). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
* Woolf, Stuart. "Europe and the Nation-State". ''EUI Working Papers in History'' 91/11. Florence: European University Institute.
* {{Cite journal | year= 2018 | last1= Yin | first1= Jing | s2cid= 149705264 | title= Beyond Postmodernism: A Non-Western Perspective on Identity | journal= Journal of Multicultural Discourses | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 193–219 | doi=10.1080/17447143.2018.1497640}}

{{Culture}}
{{Ethnicity}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cultural Identity}}
[[Category:Identity politics|*]]
[[Category:Anthropology]]
[[Category:Cultural geography]]
[[Category:Cultural concepts]]
[[Category:Sociology of culture|Identity]]
[[Category:Cross-cultural psychology]]

Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T01:00:52Z

PANModesto: reworked lead further and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Government department of Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a =
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection, [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name = '''अन्न, नागरी पुरवठा आणि ग्राहक व्यवहार मंत्रालय महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| seal = Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]'''
| minister1_pfo = Cabinet Minister for Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection
| deputyminister1_name = '''[[Yogesh Kadam]]'''
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = '''Vikas Patil''' ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contacts|url=http://mahafood.gov.in/website/english/Sampark2.aspx|access-date=2021-06-29|website=mahafood.gov.in}}</ref>
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection''' is a ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. The ministry is responsible for [[consumer protection]] and regulating food and civil supply issues in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="history">{{Cite web|title=About The Department|url=http://mahafood.gov.in/website/english/Dept_info.aspx|access-date=2021-06-29|website=mahafood.gov.in}}</ref>

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection (Maharashtra)
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection}} '''अन्न, नागरी पुरवठा आणि ग्राहक व्यवहार मंत्री '''
|image=File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg
| incumbent = [[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
| incumbentsince = 23 May 2025
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]], 
[[Maharashtra Legislature]]
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' On The Advice Of The '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''[[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor = '''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' 
(2025-2025)(Additional Charge)
| deputy =
* '''[[Yogesh Kadam]]'''
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Sultan. G. Kazi''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Local Authorities Constituency No. 14 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 22 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 22 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 22 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Keshavraoji_Sonawane.png|75px]]
|'''[[Keshavrao Sonawane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Anant Namjoshi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Girgaon Assembly constituency|Girgaon Constituency No. 185]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Dr Ratnappa kumbhar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Ratnappa Kumbhar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol Constituency No. 280]]- [[Kolhapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Shankarrao Gedam''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Katol Assembly constituency|Katol Constituency No. 48]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''Jagannathrao Jadhav''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sangameshwar Constituency No. 173]]- [[Ratnagiri District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:B J Khatal-Patil, Mar 2008.jpg|80px]] 
|'''[[B. J. Khatal-Patil|Bhikajirao Jijaba Khatal-Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner Constituency No. 217]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[V. Subramaniam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|South Mumbai Constituency No. 121]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:SHRI SHIVAJIRAO BAPUSAHEB DESHMUKH.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 18 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[V. Subramanian]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|South Mumbai Constituency No. 121]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Datta Meghe]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 15 - [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|01|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|01|25|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Sarawan Parate''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 14 - [[Kolhapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Shobha Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 82]]- [[Chandrapur district]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Shobha Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 82]]- [[Chandrapur district]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Mahadeo Shivankar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon Constituency No. 66]]- [[Gondia district]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|1999|10|27}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Datta Meghe]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 15 - [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|27|2003|01|16}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South Constituency No. 251]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Sunil Tatkare in 2014.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Sunil Tatkare]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Mangaon Constituency No. 194]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''Ramesh Bang''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Hingna Assembly constituency|Hingna Constituency No. 50]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Anil Deshmukh.png|75px]]
| '''[[Anil Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Katol Assembly constituency|Katol Constituency No. 48]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Balasaheb Thorat]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner Constituency No. 217]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Vishnu Savara]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vikramgad Assembly constituency|Vikramgad Constituency No. 129]]- [[Palghar district|Palghar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|04 December}} 2014
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2014|12|04}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="5" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Minister of Food and Civil Supplies, Maharashtra, Shri Girish Bapat meeting the Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Shri Prakash Javadekar, in New Delhi on October 14, 2016 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Girish Bapat]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth Constituency No. 215]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 2014
|{{small|04 June}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|12|05|2019|06|04}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) Additional Charge
|{{small|04 June}} 2019
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|06|04|2019|06|16}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Sambhaji_Patil_Nilangekar.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Sambhaji Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|06|16|2019|11|12}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Jayant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur Constituency No. 283]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
| [[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla Constituency No. 119]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Ravinchav.png|75px]]
|'''[[Ravindra Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Dombivli Assembly constituency|Dombivli Constituency No. 143]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2023|07|14}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|46
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
| [[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla Constituency No. 119]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2023|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|47
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="5" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|48
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Dhananjay Munde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Parli Assembly constituency|Parli Constituency No. 233]]- [[Beed District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|{{small|04 March}} 2025
!{{ayd|2024|12|21|2025|03|04}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|49
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) Additional Charge
|{{small|04 March}} 2025
|{{small|06 March}} 2025
!{{ayd|2025|03|04|2025|03|06}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|50
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
| [[File:Ajit Pawar.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 March}} 2025
|{{small|23 May}} 2025
!{{ayd|2025|03|06|2025|05|23}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|51
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
| [[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla Constituency No. 119]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|23 May}} 2025
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2025|05|23}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:240916-vishwajeet-kadam.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vishwajeet Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| [[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant '''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Ravindra Chavan]] (2022 - 2023)
*[[Chhagan Bhujbal]] (2023 – 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|
|'''[[Yogesh Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli Constituency No. 263]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| {{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| '''[[Third Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis III]]'''
|
* [[Dhananjay Munde]] (2024 – 2025)
* [[Devendra Fadnavis]] Additional Charge (2025 – 2025)
* [[Ajit Pawar]] (2025 – 2025)
* [[Chhagan Bhujbal]] (2025 – Present)
| rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==List of principal secretary==
Pranab (2000-2004)

{{Empty section|date=July 2022}}

==History==
Food and Civil Supplies department came into existence in March 1965. Before 1965, Food and Civil Supply came under ''Agriculture, Food and Cooperation Department''.<ref name="history"/>

==Jurisdiction==
Ministry looks after [[Maharashtra]]. Department works in alignment with the ''Essential Commodities Act, 1955.''<ref name="history"/>

==Consumer protection==
Department is further divided into following offices for administrative purpose.<ref name="history"/>

'''State and District level consumer protection :<ref name="grahak">{{Cite web|title=Consumer Protection|url=http://mahafood.gov.in/website/english/GharakSanrakshan.aspx|access-date=2021-06-29|website=mahafood.gov.in}}</ref> '''
*Consumer Welfare Advisory Committee<ref>{{Cite news|title=Maharashtra to soon have its 'consumer policy': Arun Deshpande|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/maharashtra-to-soon-have-its-consumer-policy-arun-deshpande/articleshow/54382075.cms|access-date=2021-06-29}}</ref>
*District Consumer Protection Councils
*State Consumer Protection Council
*Jurisdiction of the State Commission & District Forum
*District Fora
*Circuit Bench
*State Commission<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Neha|title=Plea in Bombay High Court challenges validity of Consumer Protection Rules 2020 governing appointments to Consumer Dispute Redressal Commissions|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/consumer-protection-challenged-rules-members-appointments-commissions-bombay-high-court|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|language=en}}</ref>

'''Composition of State Commission'''
 The State Commission consists of <ref name="grahak"/>
* five Members
# one President (sitting or retired High Court Judge)
# one is judicial member (sitting or retired District Court Judge)
# and one is lady member.
# two members with adequate knowledge of consumer protection laws

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://mahafood.gov.in/}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Consumer protection in India]]

Bhoi dynasty

2026-03-05T20:48:29Z

PANModesto: page fix

{{short description|Medieval Odia Hindu dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Bhoi dynasty
| common_name = Bhoi dynasty
| era = [[Medieval India]] [[Early modern period]]
| status =
| event_start =
| life_span = {{plainlist|
* 1541–1560
* 1568–1947}}
| year_start = 1541
| year_end = 1947
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| event_end =
| p1 = Gajapati dynasty
| flag_p1 =
| flag_p2 =
| s1 = Mughal Empire
| flag_s1 =
| s2 = Maratha Empire
| flag_s2 =
| s3 = British Empire
| flag_s3 =
| s4 = India
| flag_s4 =
| image_flag =
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| image_map = Khurda kingdom map.png
| image_map_caption = Extent of the Khurda Kingdom in 18th century (c. 1720s – 1740s)
| capital = [[Cuttack]] (1541–1560) [[Khurda]] (1568–1804) [[Puri]] (1809–1947)
| common_languages = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| leader1 = [[Govinda Vidyadhara]]
| year_leader1 = 1541–1548
| leader2 = Chakrapratapa
| year_leader2 = 1548–1557
| leader3 = Narsimha Ray Jena
| year_leader3 = 1557–1558
| leader4 = Raghuram Ray Chotaraya<ref name="Raghuram Ray Chotaraya">{{Cite book |last=Sundaram |first=Kandarpa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12_RAAAAMAAJ&q=chakrapratapa |title=The Simhachalam Temple |date=1969 |publisher=Simhachalam Devasthanam |language=en}}</ref>
| year_leader4 = 1558–1560
| title_leader = [[Gajapati (title)|Gajapati]]
| today = [[Odisha]], [[India]]
}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
The '''Bhoi dynasty'''<ref name="Das2018">{{cite book|author=J P Das|title=A Time Elsewhere|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXFyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT299|date=13 October 2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-340-6|pages=299–}}</ref><ref name="Das1985">{{cite book|author=H. C. Das|title=Cultural Development in Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w80dAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhoi+Dynasty+%281542-1549%29|year=1985|publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref> or the '''Yaduvamsa''' ([[IAST]]: '''Yaduvaṃśa''') dynasty<ref name="Madala">{{cite book|author=[[Artaballabha Mohanty]]|title=Madala Panji|url=https://drive.google.com/uc?export=download&id=1PufMulK66QLlUA3a9-Ard7vI9N8A-wIm|date=1932|publisher=Odisha Sahitya Academy|page=41|access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Mohapatra1982">{{cite book|author=Gopinath Mohapatra|title=Jagannātha in History & Religious Traditions of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH4cAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhoi+dynasty+Yadu+vamsa|year=1982|publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref>
were a [[Medieval India|medieval]] [[Hindu]] dynasty from the [[Indian subcontinent]], which originated in the region of [[Odisha]] that reigned from 1541 to 1560 CE. [[Govinda Vidyadhara]] had usurped the throne from the later weaker Suryavamsa [[Gajapati Empire]] rulers as the kingdom started weakening but had a short-lived reign as ruling chiefs of [[Odisha]] as the ensuing internal rivalries and constant threats of invasions rendered them weak and were eventually overthrown by [[Mukunda Deva]] of [[Eastern Chalukyas|Chalukya Dynasty]] in 1560.<ref name="gazetteer">{{cite book|author=L.S.S. O'malley|title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Puri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwD0-YV2LCYC&pg=PA30|date=1 January 2007|access-date=2 February 2021|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-138-8|pages=30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=Ramesh Chandra |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |editor2-last=Pusalker |editor2-first=A. D. |editor3-last=Majumdar |editor3-first=A. K. |date=1960 |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/370/mode/2up |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People Volume=VI: The Delhi Sultanate |location=Bombay |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=370|access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref>

Under [[Ramachandra Deva I]], the dynasty shifted its capital to [[Khurda]] as [[Mukunda Deva]] lost his throne in 1568 to the [[Bengal Sultanate|Sultans of Bengal]] who eventually lost to the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1576. During that period, the Bhoi dynasty and the feudatory Garhjat states of Odisha became autonomous states in their own right and came under the Mughal imperial authority till 1717. Later they became vassals of the [[Maratha Empire]] who conquered Odisha by 1741 and were later defeated by the [[Company rule in India|British East India Company]] in 1803. The kingdom was eventually annexed to the [[British Empire]] after the King led a failed rebellion against the British in 1804 but later reinstated at Puri in 1809.<ref name="Khurda"/> Later, the British granted him the management of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] which the nominal heads of the dynasty retained to this day. In other words, the Bhoi dynasty still has the administrative control over one of the holiest shrines in [[Hinduism]], which is the Jagannath Temple at Puri.<ref name=govt2>{{cite web|title=History|url=https://khordha.nic.in/history/|publisher=Government of Orissa|access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
"Bhoi" or "Bhoimul" title was used by writers and accountants of the [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] community of the ruling dynasties.<ref name="India 1901"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Nihar Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&dq=bhoi+karan+caste&pg=PA155 |title=Economic History of Orissa |date=1997 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-075-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohapatra |first=Gopinath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH4cAAAAMAAJ&q=accountant |title=Jagannātha in History & Religious Traditions of Orissa |date=1982 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===As Gajapatis of Odisha===
With the death of [[Prataparudra Deva]] of the Suryavamsa [[Gajapati Empire]] in 1540 and a succession of weak rulers lead to the rise of political instability in the kingdom as there was a rise in internal squabbles, economic decline and increasing threats of invasions from both south and northern parts of the subcontinent. In the political chaos, the [[Gajapati Empire]] started weakening as Prataprudra Deva's successors were unable to maintain political authority. Taking de facto control of the situation, the general and minister of the kingdom, [[Govinda Vidyadhara]] decided to take the opportunity by murdering the successors of the [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati King]] and usurped the throne of [[Cuttack]], thus laying the foundation of the Bhoi Dynasty.

Under his reign, the kingdom was still undergoing political upheaval as there were rebellions in different provinces and conflicts with the neighbouring [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] rulers of the [[Golconda Sultanate]]. His 7 year reign came to an end in 1548 and was succeeded by his son Chakrapratapa whose 8 year reign came to an end when he was killed by his son Narasimha Ray in 1557. Around the same time, the influence of Mukunda Deva of the Chalukya dynasty began to grow at the court. He assassinated Narasimha Ray Jena and placed the King's younger brother, Raghuram Ray Chotaraya on the throne, making him his puppet ruler while also simultaneously fending off the influence of his rival, Janardhan Danai Vidyadhara, general and minister of [[Govinda Vidyadhara]] . The short-lived nearly two decade old reign of Bhoi dynasty as the ruling Kings of Odisha finally came to an end when Mukunda Deva assassinated Raghuram Ray Chotaraya and crowned himself in 1560.<ref name="India 1901"/><ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYhKAQAAIAAJ&q=Chotraya |title=Cultural Heritage of [Orissa]: pts. 1-2. Katak |date=2002 |publisher=State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad |isbn=978-81-902761-5-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ODISHA">{{citation |title=History of Odisha From 1435 to 1803 AD |publisher=DDCE Utkal University |url=http://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper-17.pdf |author=Manas Kumar Das |date= }}</ref><ref name="CROSSROADS" />

===Restoration and establishing the Khurda kingdom===
[[File:Forts map of the Khurda kingdom.png|thumb|300px|Forts located in the Khurda kingdom]]
With the defeat of the Chalukya king [[Karrani conquest of Orissa|Mukunda Deva at Cuttack in 1568]] at the hands of the [[Bengal Sultanate|Sultans of Bengal]] who subsequently lost to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in 1576, the fragmentation of territories of former Odra kingdom was well underway as the territories and the [[Barabati fort]] at Cuttack came under Mughal imperial control while the native feudatory Kings had become autonomous and vassals to the imperial rule. Meanwhile the surviving scion of the Bhoi dynasty led by the son of Danai Vidyadhara, Ramachandra Rautraya Mahapatra who took the regnal title as [[Ramachandra Deva I]] restored Bhoi rule by shifting the power centre by establishing the Khurda kingdom with their capital at [[Khurda]].<ref>{{citation |title=Temple Administration - Past and Present|publisher=Orissa Review |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/july2006/engpdf/28-35.pdf |author=Nilakantha Mishra |date=July 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0B5uAAAAMAAJ&q=ramachandra+mahapatra |title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal |date=1982 |publisher=Superintendent, Research and Museum, Orissa |language=en}}</ref> The extent of the kingdom ranged from Mahanadi river in the north to Khimidi in the South, while ranging from Khandapara-Daspalla in the west to the coasts of [[Puri]] in the east. He also retained control of the Jagannath Temple at Puri. The temple's status as the residing place of Lord [[Jagannath]], the patron deity of Odia people, enabled Ramachandra Dev and the Bhoi dynasty to continue the nominal status and legacy of retaining the regnal titles of the historical ruling Kings of Odisha.<ref>{{citation |title=Remaking Tradition: The State Government and Martial Arts Competition in Orissa, India |publisher=Journal of Asian and African Studies |url=http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/21813/1/jaas048009.pdf |page=225 |author=Akio Tanabe |date=January 1995 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Gajapati Rama Chandra Dev I as Abhinav Indradyumna |publisher=Odisha Review |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2017/April/engpdf/Gajapati_Rama_Chandra_Dev.pdf |author=Bhaskar Mishra |date=April 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Legitimacy of the Maharaja of Puri Relating to Feudatories and the Car Festival |publisher=Odisha Review |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2012/June/engpdf/40-43.pdf |author=Abhimanyu Dash |date=June 2012 }}</ref> Hence the Bhoi dynasty lays the foundation and legitimation of a political institution through the possession of a sacred temple-city thus deriving its legitimacy from an older imperial tradition.<ref name="Khurda"/><ref name="CROSSROADS">{{citation |title=Kingdom at the Crossroads: Geopolitics of Khurda Kingdom in Early Modern Orissa |publisher=Journal of South Asian Studies |url=https://www.academia.edu/11786306 |author=Brundaban Mishra |date=3 January 2015 }}</ref>

Under Ramachandra Deva I, the patronage and pilgrimage of Jagannath temple at Puri resumed as he assumed its administrative control. He also constructed the [[Sakshigopal Temple]] at Sakhigopal near Puri. He also patronised Odia literature and arts as stability returned during his reign in the region following a spate of invasions. His successors continued to rule the kingdom as autonomous vassals to the Mughal Empire while fending off influence of the Mughal governor at Cuttack and continuing patronage of arts, culture and literature. This period coincides with the [[Odia literature#Age of Upendra Bhanja|Riti Yuga]], which is an important phase in Odia literature considering the evolution of language from middle Odia of Sarala and [[Odia literature#Panchasakhas|Panchasakhas]] Yuga to modern Odia.

===Independence from Mughal Empire===
Towards the late 17th and early 18th century, with the weakening of the Mughal Empire after its conflicts with the Marathas in the [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], the Mughal imperial authority over Odisha region started weakening as a result. King Divyasingha Deva I managed to defeat the Subahdar of the Mughal Governor of Bengal in 1707 thereby reducing their influence over the kingdom which eventually became independent of the Mughal sovereign authority by 1717 under his successor Harekrushna Deva.<ref name="CROSSROADS" /><ref name="ODISHA" />

The Bhois also maintained minor maritime and international trade links, albeit much reduced from the heydays of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] and [[Gajapati Empire]]. This is noted from the Manchu language memorials and edicts depicting contacts under the reign of [[Qing dynasty]] in China, when the [[Qianlong Emperor]] received a gift from the Brahmin (Ch. Polomen 婆羅門, Ma. Bolomen) envoy of a ruler whose Manchu name was Birakišora han of Utg’ali (Ch. Wutegali bilaqishila han 烏特噶里畢拉奇碩拉汗), who is described as a ruler in Eastern India. Hence referring to Birakisore Deva I of Khurda (1736–1793) who styled himself as Gajapati, the ruler of Utkala. Many of the [[gosains]] entering Tibet from China passed through his territory when visiting the Jagannath temple at Puri.<ref>{{Cite book|author1-link=Anne Cheng|last1=Cheng |first1=Anne |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanchit |url=https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en |title=Indian Mendicants in Ming and Qing China: A Preliminary Study by Matthew W. Mosca in ''India-China: Intersection Universalities'' |page=19 |publisher=Collège de France |date=2020 |isbn=9782722605367|language=en}}</ref>

===Under Maratha Empire===
The [[Maratha Empire]] under the [[Peshwa]]s were rapidly expanding over most of the Indian subcontinent and by 1741 had brought most of Odisha and the [[Barabati fort]] under their control<ref name="ODISHA" /> and also brought the Khurda kingdom under Birakesari Deva I under their vassalage. The Bengal Nawab's control over the Northern coast lasted until 1741 when [[Maratha Empire]] led by general [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]] of the [[Nagpur kingdom]], led the Maratha expeditions against the Nawabs of Bengal and during the reign of Birakesari Deva I, [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]] took place. In 1751 CE, Alivardi Khan signed a peace treaty and ceded the de jure control of the Northern coast from [[Cuttack]] up to the river [[Subarnarekha River|Suvarnarekha]], following which all of Odisha formally became a part of the Maratha Empire, thus ending the last remaining vestiges of Islamic rule over Odisha.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath |title=An Advanced History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA1941-IA82|year=2010|page=15|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=978-0-230-32885-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKOqA9lgtbwC|edition=4th Vol. I|year=1991|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-1149-1|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jaques|first1=Tony|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O|date=2007|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=9780313335389|page=516|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&pg=PA516|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ODISHA"/>

The Aruna Stamba at the ruined [[Konark Temple]] was also brought over to the Jagannath Temple at Puri during the reign of Divyasingha Deva II. Under the reign of his son Mukundeva Deva II, the British started making inroads into the region and emerged as the strongest contenders after conquering the regions of Bengal, Awadh and much of Southern India. Eventually after the Maratha defeat in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], the British ultimately took over the region following the Treaty of Deogoan in 1803 and created the Orissa division within the [[Bengal Presidency]]. Conflicts with the British led Mukundeva Deva II to plot rebellions with the Paik leaders and local chieftains. The rebellion was discovered and suppressed and the kingdom was eventually annexed to the Orissa division in 1804. The kingdom's minister [[Jayi Rajaguru]] was executed for his role in the rebellion and following petitions, Mukunda Deva II was released and exiled to Cuttack and Midnapore but later was reinstated in 1809 and was allowed to retain his title.<ref name="ODISHA"/><ref name="Paṭṭanāẏaka1979">{{cite book|author=Praphulla Kumāra Paṭṭanāẏaka|title=A Forgotten Chapter of Orissan History: With Special Reference to the Rajas of Khurda and Puri, 1568–1828|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzA-AAAAIAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref>

===Colonial period and shift to Puri===
Following the 1804 rebellion of Mukunda Deva II, the British decided to take control of the administration of the Khurda kingdom which was hence annexed to the Orissa division. However due to uncertainties regarding the administration of the temple and other religious endowments, Mukunda Deva II was allowed to return but was pensioned off to Puri in 1809 to remain as a titular head of the dynasty albeit reduced to the status of a Zamindar.<ref name="Khurda"/> He was however successful in persuading the British to allow him to retain control of the administration of the Jagannath temple in the sacred temple-city of Puri as it was an important socio-political institution in the Orissa region. Thus as Rajas of Puri, the Bhoi dynasty managed to compensate for the loss of political power by building a religious institution through the superintendence of the hereditary temple of the Gajapati kings of Orissa.<ref name="Khurda">{{citation |title=Kings without a kingdom: The rajas of Khurda and the Jagannatha cult |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856407408730688 |author=Hermann Kulke |journal= South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |pages=60–77 |date=1974 |volume= 4 |doi= 10.1080/00856407408730688 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Post Independence===
This remained the case until independence when the Indian Constitution brought in a republican system of government following which the [[Government of Odisha|Odisha government]] through the [[Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955]] formally took over the management and affairs of the temple. The Gajapati was retained as the Chairman of the Temple Managing Committee which the current head of the dynasty, [[Dibyasingha Deb]] fulfils along with the members of the committee appointed by the govt of Odisha.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Choudhury|first1=Dr. D.P.|title=Administrative Arrangements of Shree Jagannath Temple|issue=June 2009|pages=94–98|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2009/June/engpdf/94-98.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mishra|first1=Dr. Nilakantha|title=Temple Administration : Past and Present|issue=June–July, 2007|pages=96|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june_july-2007/engpdf/June_july_2007.pdf}}</ref>

===Dhenkanal branch===
{{main|Dhenkanal State}}
Another brother of [[Govinda Vidyadhara]], Harisingh Vidyadhara had conquered the Dhenkanal region during the rule of [[Prataparudra Deva]] during the [[Gajapati Empire]] rule in 1530 CE and laid the foundation of [[Dhenkanal State]]. The princely state acceded to India and merged into the state of [[Odisha]] following independence in 1947.<ref>{{citation |title=Odisha District Gazetteers Dhenkanal |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Dhenkanal_Gazetteer.pdf |pages=21–37 |date=2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=History |publisher=Govt of Odisha |url=https://dhenkanal.nic.in/history/ }}</ref>

==Rulers==
===Gajapati of Odisha===
* [[Govinda Vidyadhara]] (1541–1548)
* Chakrapratapa (1548–1557)
* Narasimha Ray Jena (1557–1558)
* Raghuram Ray Chotaraya (1558–1560)<ref name="Raghuram Ray Chotaraya"/>

Bhoi dynasty's reign as rulers of Odisha lasted nearly two decades, as they were deposed by Mukunda Deva in 1560. The dynasty then shifted its power centre to Khurda where they continued as Rajas of Khurda led by Vidyadhara's minister's son Ramachandra Deva I.<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="India 1901">{{Cite book |last=India) |first=Asiatic Society (Kolkata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFoyAQAAMAAJ&dq=govinda+vidyadhara+writer&pg=PA187 |title=Journal |date=1901 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Traditional Role of Gajapati Maharaja in Shri Jagannath Temple |publisher=Orissa Review |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/july/engpdf/27-30.pdf |author=Bhaskar Mishra |date=July 2011 |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704020135/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/july/engpdf/27-30.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Khurda kingdom===
* [[Ramachandra Deva I]] (Abhinav Indradyumna) (1568–1600)
* Purusottam Deva (1600–1621)
* Narasingha Deva (1621–1647)
* Balabhadra Deva (1647–1657)
* Mukunda Deva I (1657–1689)
* Divyasingha Deva I (1689 – 1716)
* Harekrushna Deva (1716–1720)
* Gopinath Deva (1720–1727)
* Ramachandra Deva II (1727–1736)
* Birakesari Deva I (Bhagirathi Deva) (1736–1793)
* Divyasingha Deva II (1793–1798)
* Mukundeva Deva II (1798–1804) (''titular till 1809'')

The Rajas of Khurda continued to rule the region well into the early 1800s but by then their power had diminished. Then the Raja of Khurda along with other local chieftains led a series of rebellions against the British in 1804 which was suppressed. The Raja of Khurda was exiled but later reinstated and shifted to Puri.<ref name="Khurda"/>

===Puri Estate===
{{main|Puri Estate}}
* Mukundeva Deva II (1809–1817) (''reinstated and continues as Raja of Puri'')
* Ramchandra Deva III (1817–1854)
* Birakesari Deva II (1854–1859)
* Divyasingha Deva III (1859–1882)
* Mukundeva Deva III (1882–1926)
* Ramchandra Deva IV (1926–1956)
* Birakisore Deva III (1956–1970)
* [[Dibyasingha Deba|Divyasingha Deva IV]] (1970–present, Current Raja of Puri and Titular Gajapati)

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Konark palm leaf manuscript.jpg|Konark temple sketch from an early 17th cen. palm leaf manuscript
File:Shree Gopalaji Temple.jpg|Sakhigopal temple
File:Satyabadi gopinath temple.jpg|Satyabadi Gopinath temple
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Gajapati Empire]]
* [[List of rulers of Odisha]]
* [[Dhenkanal State]], a branch of Bhoi Dynasty in Dhenkanal
* [[Ramachandra Deva I]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=PANIGRAHI |first=KRISHNA CHANDRA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0mkEAAAQBAJ&dq=ramachandra+deva&pg=PT185 |title=History of Orissa: (HINDU PERIOD) |date=2023-01-05 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-68586-798-0 |language=en}}</ref> founder of Bhoi Dynasty of [[Khordha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Odisha}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1541]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Odisha]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:1541 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:16th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Vassal and tributary states of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1560s]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1947]]

Excuse Me (2003 film)

2026-03-03T21:41:29Z

PANModesto: basic corrected lead after review additionally and added references for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Excuse Me
| image = Excuse Me (2003 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Prem (director)|Prem]]
| writer = Prem Malavalli Sai Krishna (dialogue)
| producer = N. M. Suresh
| starring = [[Sunil Raoh]] [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] [[Ajay Rao]]
| music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| cinematography = M. R. Seenu
| editing = Sanjeev - Lakshman
| studio = Sri Thulaja Bhavani Creations
| released = {{film date|2003|12|5|df=yes}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
}}

'''''Excuse Me''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] starring [[Sunil Raoh]], [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] and [[Ajay Rao]] in the lead roles. The film is directed by [[Prem (director)|Prem]] of the blockbuster ''[[Kariya (film)|Kariya]]'' fame. The music was composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]]. The film was praised for its interesting storyline and its music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/valentines-special-kannada-films-that-show-the-dark-side-of-love/photostory/80786591.cms?picid=80803847|title=Valentine's Special: Kannada films that show the dark side of love|last=Kodur|first=Swaroop|date=30 March 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ajay is a young boy who lives with his mother Parvati. He plays a musical instrument, sarangi very well. Looking at his music skills, a couple from the same village who now live in Bangalore take Ajay with them with Parvati's permission so that he could have better opportunities there. They also take the village head's spoilt son, Sunil along with them. Now, both the boys are grown up. While Ajay is a calm, innocent, humble man, Sunil, although being good at heart, is self-willed. Ajay, one day composes a tune all by himself. This is overheard by Madhu, a college student who immediately grows fond of it.

Madhu begins to like the one who played the tune and Ajay begins to like the girl (Madhu) who expressed her feelings for the composer of thua tune. Various instances take place which connect both Madhu and Ajay who then love each other without actually looking at each other's faces nor even knowing each other'sidentity. One day Sunil sees Madhu, falls in love with her and pretends to be the one who originally composed that tune which Madhu was admiring. Madhu believes this and later they get engaged to each other after convincing their families. On the other hand, Ajay keeps on searching for the girl who admired his composition but in vain. In the climax, Ajay plays his tune in a South Indian music competition as his own composition which angers Madhu. She urges Sunil to reveal to everybody that he is the real creator of that tune. Ultimately Sunil's caretakers reveal to Madhu that Sunil doesn't know anything about music but Ajay indeed composed that tune. Heartbroken Madhu then goes to Ajay as he was her true love.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sunil Raoh]] as Sunil<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/its-17-years-since-the-ajai-rao-ramya-and-sunil-raoh-film-excuse-me-released/articleshow/79589707.cms|title=It's 17 years since the Ajai Rao, Ramya and Sunil Raoh film Excuse Me released|date=6 December 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] as Madhu<ref name="T"/>
* [[Ajay Rao]] as Ajay<ref name="T"/>
* [[Sumalatha]] as Parvati, Ajay's mother
* [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] as Madhu's father
* [[Thulasi Shivamani]] as Madhu's mother
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Sunil's father
* Mico Nagaraj
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]]
* [[Sanketh Kashi]] as college principal
* [[Kishan Shrikanth]] as Kishan
* [[Bullet Prakash]]
* [[Nanda Kishore]]
* [[Tarun Sudhir]]
* [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
* Navya
* Rekha
* Ushakiran
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| all_lyrics = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Excuse Me
| extra1 = [[R. P. Patnaik]], [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| length1 = 4:49
| title2 = Brahma Vishnu Shiva
| extra2 = [[Prem (director)|Prem]], Chorus
| length2 = 5:14
| title3 = Sorry Sorry
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Nanditha
| length3 = 4:15
| title4 = Preethi Yeke Bhoomi Melide
| extra4 = [[R. P. Patnaik]], [[Usha (singer)|Usha]]
| length4 = 5:19
| title5 = Thottilu Thugolige
| extra5 = [[Prem (director)|Prem]], Madhukar
| length5 = 1:39
| title6 = O Priyatama
| extra6 = Nanditha
| length6 = 3:58
| title7 = Preethige Janma
| extra7 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length7 = 5:14
| title8 = Preethige Janma
| extra8 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length8 = 5:14
| title9 = Preethse Antha
| extra9 = [[Bombay Jayashree]]
| length9 = 4:48
| title10 = Roadigili Radhika
| extra10 = [[Gurukiran]], R. P. Patnaik
| length10 = 5:05
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was originally scheduled to be released on the second week of November.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_excuseme.asp|title=Excuse Me - film by Prem all set to hit the screen|work=Viggy}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Chitraloka]]'' wrote that "Let any film strike to your mind ‘Excuse Me’ is refreshing. Go Watch it".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2790-excuse-me-review.html|title=Excuse Me Movie Review|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|date=7 December 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419023119/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2790-excuse-me-review.html|archive-date=19 April 2023}}</ref> A critic from ''Viggy'' wrote that "Overall, is a good entertainer with a message - 'Love never dies but lover may'!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_excuse_me.asp|title=Excuse Me film review|work=Viggy}}</ref> ''Indiainfo'' wrote "There is no connection between the title of the film and the story. A good effort by Prem though".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/excuseme.html|title=Indiainfo: Kannada: EXCUSE ME|access-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040607141529/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/excuseme.html|archive-date=7 June 2004}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film ran for more than 220 days and became a blockbuster.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nm-suresh-celebrates-10-years-in-sandalwood/articleshow/26838379.cms | title=NM Suresh celebrates 10 years in Sandalwood - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/news/kannada/excuse-me-exceeds-all-expectations-kannada-top-films/949/story.htm|title='Excuse Me' exceeds all expectations - Kannada Top Films|last=Vijayasarathy|first=R. G.|date=17 July 2004|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning}}</ref> The film ran for almost thirty-five weeks in Kapali Theatre in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-prem-on-raaj-the-showman/20090813.htm|title=Directing Raaj, the Showman|date=13 August 2009|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|11698512}}

{{Prem (director)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Excuse Me (2003 film)}}
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prem]]
[[Category:2003 musical films]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{romantic-musical-film-stub}}

Sidlingu 2

2026-03-03T12:14:19Z

PANModesto: pg

{{Short description|2025 Indian comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sidlingu 2
| image = Sidlingu 2 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vijaya Prasad]]
| producer = {{Ubl| Srihari
| Raju Shereghar}}
| writer = Vijaya Prasad
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]]
* [[Sonu Gowda]]
* [[Suman Ranganathan]]
}}
| music = [[J. Anoop Seelin]]
| cinematography = Prasanna Guralakere
| editing = Akshay P. Rao
| studio = Niharika Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2025|2|14|df=yes}}
| runtime = 150 minutes<ref name=":THR" />
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Sidlingu 2''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy drama film]] written and directed by [[Vijaya Prasad]]. It is a sequel to the 2012 film ''[[Sidlingu]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Duniya Vijay Backs Nephew Yogesh in Sidlingu 2 Song Unveiling |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/duniya-vijay-backs-nephew-yogesh-in-sidlingu-2-song-unveiling/articleshow/118156339.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=12 February 2025 |archive-date=18 February 2025 |access-date=17 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218110108/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/duniya-vijay-backs-nephew-yogesh-in-sidlingu-2-song-unveiling/amp_articleshow/118156339.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> starring [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] reprising his role from the original, alongside [[Sonu Gowda]] and [[Suman Ranganathan]].

The film was released on 14 February 2025 coinciding with Valentine's Day to mixed reviews.

== Plot ==
Sidlingu (Yogesh), once consumed by his obsession with vintage cars, now a rural schoolteacher who has lost nearly everything—his beloved car, his love interests Mangala and Andalamma, and much of his self‑belief. Feeling adrift and financially unstable, he accepts a lifeline from his boss, Arumugam, who gifts him a second‑hand car and a modest place to stay. As Sidlingu settles into this new chapter, he encounters Seethamma (Padmaja Rao), a compassionate grave‑digger, her family and her young daughter. Through small gestures—like offering Seethamma her favorite meal and ensuring proper rites for the departed—Sidlingu begins to rediscover empathy and responsibility, which slowly rebuild his character.

Parallel to this, he meets Niveditha (Sonu Gowda), an earnest government school teacher whose presence rekindles memories of Mangala. A romantic connection builds between them. However, destiny complicates matters when Sidlingu learns that the second‑hand car he now values so deeply actually belongs to Niveditha’s father, Tiger Prabhakar (B. Suresha)—an obstacle that threatens both the romantic bond and his emotional resurgence.

The film accelerates into its climax with Sidlingu’s internal conflict: will he reclaim the car and preserve his newfound meaning, or will he sacrifice material desire for emotional maturity? Along this journey, he also finds a religious turning point—unearthing an Ayyappa idol in the graveyard—which strengthens his resolve and provides spiritual clarity amid the legal and emotional turmoil. In the finale, Sidlingu’s decisions reflect his transformed values: he balances his longing for the car with responsibility toward others—particularly Seethamma’s daughter—and embraces a more grounded path of contentment alongside Niveditha. The car remains a potent metaphor for old desires, but through personal redemption, Sidlingu finds that deeper happiness lies beyond mere possessions.

== Cast ==
''Source''<ref name=":BMR" />
* [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] as Sidlingu
* [[Sonu Gowda]] as Nivedita
* [[Suman Ranganathan]]
* Manjunath Hegde as Seethamma's husband
* [[B. Suresha]] as Nivedita's father
* Seetha Kote
* [[Padmaja Rao]] as Seethamma

== Production ==
In September 2023, it was confirmed that Vijaya Prasad and Yogesh would collaborate on the sequel to ''Sidlingu'', titled ''Sidlingu 2''. Yogesh reportedly underwent a physical transformation, growing a beard and hair and gaining weight, to portray the role of Sidlingu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yogi gears up for a transformation for Sidlingu 2 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Sep/04/yogi-gears-up-for-atransformation-forsidlingu-2-2611382.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=GN |first1=Ramyashree |title='ಸಿದ್ಲಿಂಗು 2' ಗಾಗಿ ಸಜ್ಜಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಲೂಸ್ ಮಾದ ಯೋಗಿ; ರಮ್ಯಾ ಪಾತ್ರದ ಕುರಿತು ವಿಜಯ್ ಪ್ರಸಾದ್ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದೇನು? |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2023/Sep/04/yogi-gears-up-for-a-transformation-for-vijaya-prasads-sidlingu-2-501713.html |work=[[Kannada Prabha]] |date=2 September 2023 |language=kn}}</ref> In March 2024, it was reported that [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] would not be joining the cast of ''Sidlingu 2'', as the role of Sumne didn't fit the story's narrative.<ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Ramya Won't Be A Part Of Sidlingu 2, Says Director Vijay Prasad |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-ramya-wont-be-a-part-of-sidlingu-2-says-director-vijay-prasad-8826000.html |work=News18 |date=23 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2024 |access-date=17 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404215425/https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-ramya-wont-be-a-part-of-sidlingu-2-says-director-vijay-prasad-8826000.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sidlingu 2
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[J. Anoop Seelin]]
| released = 2025
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 8:13
| language = Kannada
| label = MRT Music
| producer =
| chronology = [[J. Anoop Seelin]]
| prev_title = [[Gana (film)|Gana]]
| prev_year = 2025
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
The film has soundtrack composed by [[J. Anoop Seelin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Katheyondu Kaadide |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sidlingu-2/KaWwjgKYyzE_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=1 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Churmuri Tinkondu (From "Sidlingu - 2") (Full Song) |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/churmuri-tinkondu-from-sidlingu-2/QgY-RU1XQkM |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=10 February 2025}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Katheyondu
| length1 = 4:05
| lyrics1 = Arasu Anthare
| extra1 = [[J. Anoop Seelin]]
| title2 = Churmuri Tinkondu
| length2 = 4:08
| lyrics2 = Nagarjun Sharma
| extra2 = [[Ananya Bhat]], Karibasava Tadakal
| total_length = 8:13
}}

== Release ==
''Sidlingu 2'' was released theatrically on 14 February 2025, coinciding with [[Valentine's Day]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sidlingu 2 on February 14 - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/sidlingu-2-on-february-14/articleshow/117927491.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=5 February 2025 |archive-date=18 February 2025 |access-date=17 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218124158/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/sidlingu-2-on-february-14/amp_articleshow/117927491.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Sidlingu 2' to release this Valentines Day |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/04/sidlingu-2-to-release-this-valentines-day |work=The New Indian Express |date=4 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=17 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219085856/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/04/sidlingu-2-to-release-this-valentines-day |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote, "Despite some loose ends in the climax’s court scene and a few forced political and celebrity references, ''Sidlingu 2'' offers an emotional rollercoaster, meditating on the nature of desires, materialism, and the deeper meaning of life."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Yogi's maturity evolves as Sidlingu in Vijaya Prasad's satirical sequel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Feb/15/yogis-maturity-evolves-as-sidlingu-in-vijaya-prasads-satirical-sequel |work=The New Indian Express |date=1 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Y. Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave the film three out of five stars and wrote, "Vijaya Prasad has managed to keep this movie clean with no dirty dialogues."<ref name=":BMR">{{cite news |title=Movie Review: Sidlingu 2: A clean family entertainer - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-sidlingu-2-a-clean-family-entertainer/articleshow/118261042.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=15 February 2025 |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=17 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215032558/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-sidlingu-2-a-clean-family-entertainer/amp_articleshow/118261042.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "There are a few moments that evoke memories of 2012 ''Sidlingu'', but overall, the sequel’s car story remains stuck in second gear for most of the journey, failing to offer anything truly exciting."<ref>{{cite news |title='Sidlingu 2' Movie Review: The Sequel To The Car Story Remains Stuck In Second Gear! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/sidlingu-2-movie-review-the-sequel-to-the-car-story-remains-stuck-in-second-gear-review-118220714 |work=Times Now |date=14 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Sridevi S. of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "While ''Sidlingu 2'' has flashes of brilliance and strong performances, its uneven screenplay and tonal inconsistency prevent it from reaching its full potential."<ref>{{cite news |title=Sidlingu 2 Movie Review : Sidlingu 2 : Yogi shines in this quirky sequel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/sidlingu-2/movie-review/118268470.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 February 2025 |archive-date=8 March 2025 |access-date=17 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308031820/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/sidlingu-2/movie-review/118268470.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Jagadish Angadi of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave it two out of five stars and wrote, "After a promising start, the screenplay loses steam, and the narration becomes flawed. The story is dragged down by unnecessary elements, putting the audience’s patience to the test."<ref>{{cite news |title='Sidlingu 2' movie review: Lukewarm sequel to a blockbuster hit |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/sidlingu-2-movie-review-lukewarm-sequel-to-a-blockbuster-hit-3406854 |work=Deccan Herald |date=15 February 2025 |language=en |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=17 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215144336/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/sidlingu-2-movie-review-lukewarm-sequel-to-a-blockbuster-hit-3406854 |url-status=live }}</ref> Vivek M. V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The background score, shot compositions, and production value resemble a television serial. Time and again, cinema has proven that it’s difficult for directors to bank on their past success. ''Sidlingu 2'' is yet another example."<ref name=":THR">{{cite news |last1=M.V |first1=Vivek |title='Sidlingu 2' movie review: A bland sequel devoid of the refreshing quality of the original |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sidlingu-2-movie-review-yogi-vijaya-prasad/article69219461.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=14 February 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]

Sapta Saagaradaache Ello: Side A

2026-03-03T12:11:16Z

PANModesto: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Short description|2023 Kannada-language Romantic drama movie}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sapta Saagaradaache Ello poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Hemanth M. Rao]]
| producer = [[Rakshit Shetty]]
| writer = Gundu Shetty Hemanth M. Rao
| starring = [[Rakshit Shetty]] [[Rukmini Vasanth]]
| cinematography = Advaitha Gurumurthy
| editing = Sunil S. Bharadwaj Hemanth M. Rao
| music = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| studio = [[Paramvah Studios]]
| distributor = [[KVN Productions]]
| runtime = 142 minutes
| released = {{Film date|2023|09|01|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INR|20 crore}} (shared with ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello: Side B|Side B]]'')
| gross = {{INR|20–26}} crore<ref name="bo">{{Cite web|title=After a record 2022, Kannada cinema saw a STEEP decline in box office numbers in 2023; not a SINGLE film crossed even the Rs. 70 cr. mark; footfalls down from 8.1 cr. to 3.2 cr.|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/record-2022-kannada-cinema-saw-steep-decline-box-office-numbers-2023-not-single-film-crossed-even-rs-70-cr-mark-footfalls-8-1-cr-3-2-cr/|access-date=20 April 2024|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=31 January 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Sapta Saagaradaache Ello: Side A'''''{{efn|stylized as ''Sapta Saagaradaache Ello (Side-A)''}} ({{translation|"Somewhere Beyond the Seven Seas (Side A)"}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[action drama film]] directed by [[Hemanth M. Rao]] and produced by [[Rakshit Shetty]]. It stars Rakshit Shetty and [[Rukmini Vasanth]] in lead roles. The music was composed by [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]], the cinematography was handled by Advaitha Gurumurthy and edited by Sunil S. Bharadwaj and Hemanth M. Rao.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hemanth Rao announces his next movie "Sapta Saagaradaache Ello"|url=https://udayavani.com/article/hemanth-rao-announces-his-next-movie-sapta-sagaradaache-yello/809233|date=19 March 2020|accessdate=6 August 2023|newspaper=Udayavani}}</ref>

''Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A'' was released on 1 September 2023 to positive reviews from critics. A sequel titled ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello: Side B]]'' was released on 17 November 2023.

== Plot ==
Manu and Priya's ardent love story unfolds, delving into the depths of their emotions. Manu goes to great lengths to fulfill his promise, and their love faces a profound transformation when destiny triggers an unexpected turn.

Manu is an innocent, simple man and a car driver to a business tycoon Shankregouda. His lover is a college student, Priya. She has a passion for singing and she dreams of living in a beachside house with Manu and her family. Manu wants to fulfill his lady love's dream.

One day, Preetam, the son of Shankregouda, drinks and drives, resulting in the death of a man. To save his reputation, Shankregouda requests Manu to take the blame on himself and admit the same in the court trials. In return, Shankregouda would bail Manu out and give him anything he desires.

Thinking that he could make enough money for the beachside house if he does according to Shankregouda, Manu accepts before the judge that he is guilty, much to Priya’s disapproval and plea. With the assistance of Shankregouda's lawyers, efforts are made to bail Manu out. One morning, Shankregouda dies of a heart attack. His manager, Prabhu, who is greedy and corrupt, suggests to Shankregouda's wife that she not waste money on Manu as it was Shankregouda who had promised to help Manu, to which she agrees.

Now Manu has neither the money nor the power to help himself. Meanwhile, Priya, desperate to free Manu tries contacting Shankregouda's wife, lawyer, and Prabhu. But everybody ignores her. She sells some of her ornaments, hires a new lawyer for Manu's case. She even quits her education to earn money. In the jail, Manu is being beaten up by Soma and his gang because he doesn’t have anyone (Shankregounda) to back him up anymore. Because of this, he has a tough time. He later joins Patila and his team in weaving.

There are subtle moments of love expressed between the couple in jail through cassette tapes and meetings. Though Priya seems fine whenever she meets Manu in jail, she was slowly losing herself and getting depressed to the point where she stopped singing. Seeing this, Priya’s mum visits Manu in jail and tells him to let Priya move on. Guilty, Manu writes a letter requesting Priya to let go of him and marry someone else as it was not possible for him to be released anytime sooner, and to never stop singing. Priya, in denial, kept visiting the jail to meet Manu but he never showed up. After an emotional turmoil, Priya gives up and agrees to marry someone else. Without knowing this Manu, not being able to take it longer without Priya, somehow ends up calling her only for her brother to pick up the phone and let Manu know that Priya is getting married. On her wedding day, Soma gang break the radio that Manu used to listen to Priya’s cassette messages. Having given up everything, Manu revolts back and gets severely beaten up.

Towards the end, there is a teaser shown of the sequel movie where Manu gets out of jail 10 years later. Here he goes out for revenge and to find Priya again.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rakshit Shetty]] as Manu
*[[Rukmini Vasanth]] as Priya
*[[Achyuth Kumar]] as Prabhu
*[[Pavitra Lokesh]] as Priya's mother
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Shankre Gowda
*[[Sharath Lohithaswa]] as Patila
*Ramesh Indira as Soma
*Gopal Krishna Deshpande as a prisoner
*Arjun Kaje as Preetham
*Ashok Sharma as a prisoner
*Ashwin Hassan as a prisoner
*Sunil Kulkarni as a prisoner
*Rajesh S Rao as Priya's father
*Anup Davann as a prisoner(Manu's alter ego)
*Havish Sreenath as Andy, assistant to music director Bhargava..

}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| alt =
| released = 2023
| recorded = 2023
| venue =
| studio = 2bq Studios, Audiokraft Studios
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 23:16
| label = Paramvah Music
| producer = Charan Raj
| chronology = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]] soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Head Bush]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 =
{{YouTube|g3ml4U9MHBM|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
{{Singles
| name = Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Horaata
| single1date = July 20, 2023
| single2 = Sapta Saagaradaache Ello Title Track
| single2date = Aug 08, 2023
| single3 = Kadalanu
| single3date = Sep 07, 2023
}}
}}

Charan Raj composed the soundtrack and background score.<ref>{{cite news|title='Horaata', The First single from Rakshith Shetty's 'Sapta Saagaradaache Ello' Out|url=https://m.udayavani.com/article/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-new-song/1505704|date=21 June 2023|accessdate=6 August 2023|newspaper=Udayavani|archive-date=6 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806064813/https://m.udayavani.com/article/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-new-song/1505704|url-status=live}}</ref> The background score enhanced the output of the movie and all the songs of the movie were well received.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Nishanth |date=2023-11-16 |title=A Charan Raj Musical: The Aural Poetry Of A Unique Kannada Musician |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/kannada-features/a-charan-raj-musical-the-aural-poetry-of-a-unique-kannada-musician-sapta-sagaradaache-ello-side-b-rakshit-shetty-hemanth-rao |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>

===Songs===
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Horaata
| extra1 = MC Bijju, Keerthan Holla
| length1 = 03:12
| lyrics1 = MC Bijju, Kiran Kaverappa

| title2 = Sapta Saagaradaache Ello Title Track
| extra2 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| length2 = 04:19
| lyrics2 = Dhananjay Ranjan
| title3 = Kadalanu
| extra3 = Srilakshmi Belmannu
| length3 = 01:44
| lyrics3 = Nagarjuna Sharma
| title4 = Kaala Kaayiso Kade
| extra4 = Charan Raj
| length4 = 04:50
| lyrics4 = Dhananjay Ranjan
| title5 = Kanmareya Kaade
| extra5 = [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], Narayana Sharma
| length5 = 03:48
| lyrics5 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| title6 = Saagaradaache
| extra6 = Arun Kamath, Karthik Rao
| length6 = 05:01
| lyrics6 = Dhananjay Ranjan
}}

== Release ==
''Sapta Saagaradaache Ello - Side A'' released on 1 September 2023, while the dubbed [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version titled ''Saptha Sagaralu Dhaati - Side A'' was released on 22 September 2023.

=== Home media ===
The film premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 29 September 2023 in Kannada with dubbed versions of Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Hindi languages.

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The film was reported to have grossed {{INR|2.3 - 2.6 crore}} on its first day and {{INR|2 crore}} on its second day.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sapta Sagaradaache Ello Day 1 box office: Rakshit Shetty film off to a good start, but can it sustain the momentum? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-day-1-box-office-rakshit-shetty-film-off-to-a-good-start-but-can-it-sustain-the-momentum/5d5a905efb112 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903021454/https://www.ottplay.com/news/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-day-1-box-office-rakshit-shetty-film-off-to-a-good-start-but-can-it-sustain-the-momentum/5d5a905efb112 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film went on to gross {{INR|1.29 crore}} on its 4th day and {{INR|1.39 crore}} on its 5th day.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-06 |title='Sapta Sagaradaache Ello' box office collection day 5: Rakshit Shetty and Rukmini Vasanth starrer gains momentum, collects Rs 10.73 crore |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-box-office-collection-day-5-rakshit-shetty-and-rukmini-vasanth-starrer-gains-momentum-collects-rs-10-73-crore/articleshow/103427553.cms |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907034109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-box-office-collection-day-5-rakshit-shetty-and-rukmini-vasanth-starrer-gains-momentum-collects-rs-10-73-crore/articleshow/103427553.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During its theatrical run, the film grossed {{INR}}20 crore at the box office.

=== Critical reception ===
''Sapta Saagaradaache Ello - Side A'' received critical acclaim for its storytelling, acting, cinematography and technical aspects. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=5|average=7.3|ref=yes}}

Priyanka Sundar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 4/5 stars and called the film "Poignant, immersive and heart wrenching."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-04 |title=Rakshit Shetty and Rukmini Vasanth's Sapta Sagaradaache Ello (Side A) movie review |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-side-a-movie-review-poignant-immersive-and-heart-wrenching-deserving-of-nothing-but-love-13073202.html |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904154948/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-side-a-movie-review-poignant-immersive-and-heart-wrenching-deserving-of-nothing-but-love-13073202.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sridevi. S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "SSE is an amalgamation of fine performances and rich technical values, which makes it a must-watch."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sapta Sagaradaache Ello Movie Review : SSE - Side A review: Hemanth Rao weaves a heart-stirring poetry on canvas |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/sapta-sagaradaache-ello/movie-review/103230168.cms |access-date=2023-09-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923152108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/sapta-sagaradaache-ello/movie-review/103230168.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

A Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "A profound portrait of love. Its an intense love story with a poetic narrative and this film is a sincere love story, there is no attempt to force songs into it. There is simplicity in the dialogue that accentuates the depth of the lines."<ref>{{cite web |title='Sapta Sagaradaache Ello' review: A profound portrait of Love |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/sep/02/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-review-a-profound-portrait-of-love-2610869.html |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=newindianexpress |date=2 September 2023 |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904154948/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/sep/02/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-review-a-profound-portrait-of-love-2610869.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

M. Vivek of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Sapta Sagaradaache Ello is a film that doesn’t end in theatres; the epic love story offers an immersive experience that keeps you wanting more."<ref>{{Cite news |last=M.V |first=Vivek |date=2023-08-31 |title='Sapta Sagaradaache Ello (Side A)' movie review: Rakshit Shetty, Rukmini Vasanth anchor a haunting love story |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-side-a-movie-review-rakshit-shetty-rukmini-vasanth-anchor-a-haunting-love-story/article67256021.ece |access-date=2023-09-20 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922140804/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-side-a-movie-review-rakshit-shetty-rukmini-vasanth-anchor-a-haunting-love-story/article67256021.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] told in his review that "’Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A’ is a beautifully understated and very real romance, with dashes of a very real kind of poetry."

== See also ==
*''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello: Side B]]''

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|11992424}}

{{Hemanth M. Rao}}
{{Paramvah Studios}}

[[Category:2023 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films released in separate parts]]

Jeroo Billimoria

2026-03-03T03:22:34Z

PANModesto: Creating new stub

{{Short description|Indian businesswoman (born 1965)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jeroo Billimoria
| image = Jeroo Bilimoria, 28 Nov 2019.jpg
| image size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|07|20}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], India
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]] ([[Bachelor of Commerce|BComm]]) [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) [[The New School for Social Research]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])
| occupation = Social entrepreneur
}}

'''Jeroo Billimoria''' (born 20 July 1965) is an Indian [[social entrepreneur]] and the founder of several international [[NGO]]s. Her work has been featured in several books.<ref>"The Power of Unreasonable People," John Elkington and Pamela Hartigan, Harvard Business Press, 5 February 2008. Jeroo is profiled as a leading social entrepreneur.</ref><ref>"How to Change the World," David Bornstein, Oxford University Press, 2004. Chapter on Jeroo's life and work with Childline India.</ref><ref name="Rippling">"Rippling: How Social Entrepreneurs Spread Innovation Throughout the World," Beverly Schwartz, Jossey Bass, 2012.</ref> Her most recent initiatives include [[Child and Youth Finance International]] (CYFI), which [[Jeroo]] founded in 2011, [[Aflatoun]] (Child Savings International), [[Childline India Foundation]] and [[Child Helpline International]]. Her most recent initiative is [[Catalyst Now]], (formerly Catalyst 2030).

==Early life and education==
Billimoria was born in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], India to an accountant and a social worker. Raised in a family strongly committed to social service, her father's early death caused her to dedicate herself to social causes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ashoka.org/fellow/Jeroo-Billimoria |title=Jeroo Billimoria | Ashoka | Everyone a Changemaker |publisher=Ashoka |date= |access-date=2017-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111013651/http://www.ashoka.org/fellow/jeroo-billimoria |archive-date=11 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Billimoria received a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] from the [[University of Mumbai]] (formerly the [[University of Bombay]]) in 1986, an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in Social Work from India's [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] in 1988 and an [[Master of Science|M.S]]. in Non-Profit Management from [[The New School for Social Research]] in [[New York City]] in 1992. From 1991 to 1999, she was a [[professor]] at the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.ashoka.org/fellow/jeroo-billimoria|title=Jeroo Billimoria {{!}} Ashoka - India|website=india.ashoka.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309053951/http://india.ashoka.org/fellow/jeroo-billimoria|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Social entrepreneurship ===
In 1989 [[Bilimora|Billimoria]] travelled for a six months before going back to [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] and there becoming an instructor. A number of her graduate students were placed as [[Social Workers Union|social workers]] in Bombay's shelters.

As she became aware of the need for an organisation which could co-ordinate the multiple children's agencies in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] to efficiently and quickly contact and assist the children, she tried to persuade these services to work with each other. After several failed attempts and having found very little enthusiasm for the idea, she decided to drop her convincing labour.<ref name="Bornstain 2007">{{cite book|last=Bornstain|first=David|title=How to Change the World|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc.}}</ref>

Instead in 1991, she founded an organisation called Meljol (Coming Together) to bring together children from diverse background to work, side by side, on projects with tangible social benefits. This organisation seeks to develop [[children's citizenship]] skills by focusing on their rights and responsibilities and providing them opportunities to contribute positively to their environment. [[Equal Rights, Opportunities and Respect for all,]] forms the basis of Meljol's philosophy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meljol Website|url=http://meljol.net/india/|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115151750/http://meljol.net/india/|archive-date=15 January 2013|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

In 1996, Billimoria created [[Childline India Foundation]], a 24-hour emergency telephone service for children, based on her work with children living on the streets of India. Eventually all phones available for public use could dial Childline toll free in order to help children find aid in places where an emergency shelter may not be located.<ref>[[David Bornstein (author)|David Bornstein]], ''How to Change the World'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 82</ref> In June 1998, Childline held an event, inviting the government and other people from 29 different cities in India to help spread the Childline phone service. [[Anand Bordia]], joint secretary of India's [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]], had been in contact with [[Bilimora|Billimoria]] about expanding Childline across the country. Following the presentation, Bordia, along with [[A. K. Singh|A. P. Singh]], deputy secretary of the Ministry of Justice and Social Empowerment, offered to help expand Childline to ten cities. A month later, [[Maneka Gandhi]], India's minister of social justice and empowerment, talked to Billimoria, stating that Childline should be expanded further, offering service to children in all of India's largest cities (totaling more than 1 million in population).<ref>David Bornstein, ''How to Change the World'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 83-84</ref> In 2002, Childline had expanded to 43 cities in India, with 12 more soon to be added.<ref name="World' 2007">David Bornstein, ''How to Change the World'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 90</ref>

Billimoria founded [[Child Helpline International]], an international network of emergency telephone service providers for children. To date this network has answered over 140 million calls across 133 countries.<ref name="Rippling"/> By compiling information on the types of emergencies the children experienced, CHI is able to identify and communicate trends to governmental and non-governmental organisations,<ref name="Rippling"/> allowing emergency assistance to be tailored to fit the specific demands of each community.

After compiling data through the helplines, it became clear that many of the distress calls could be traced to poverty.<ref>Jeroo Billimoria, "ChildLine/ ChildFinance" TEDxHamburg [video], posted by TEDx Talks, accessed February 5, 2024, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8ppaYLGtEk.</ref> To address this concern, Billimoria created [[Aflatoun]], a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit]] organisation focused on teaching children their economic rights and responsibilities as well as promoting basic financial management skills and habits. Today her organisation has reached 8 million children in 101 countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Results to Date|url=http://aflatoun.org/story/story-selected/results-to-date|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309182447/http://aflatoun.org/story/story-selected/results-to-date|archive-date=9 March 2013|access-date=2013-03-02|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In July 2011, Billimoria founded [[Child and Youth Finance International]], a global network of states, financial entities and educational institutions dedicated to increasing the financial capabilities and financial inclusion of children and youth through collaboration and resource-sharing.<ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.childandyouthfinanceinternational.org/about-us|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708194358/http://www.childfinanceinternational.org/about-us|archive-date=8 July 2013|access-date=2013-03-02|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Recently, Billimoria joined the advisory board of Deedmob, a social startup that is transforming the volunteering sector.<ref>Deedmob [https://www.deedmob.com/team Advisory Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227120736/https://www.deedmob.com/team |date=27 February 2019 }}</ref>

Billimoria is now founder of One Family Foundation, a small private foundation, which incubates social innovations and applies the systems change methodology to help organizations scale. In collaboration with a large group of social entrepreneurs, she is one of the founding members of the Catalyst 2030 movement which aims at accelerating the UN's Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 and working toward changing systems at all levels.<ref>[https://www.onefamilyfoundation.one/ OneFamilyFoundation]</ref> The organization was later renamed Catalyst Now.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catalyst Now MENA |url=https://micromentor.org/catalystnowmena |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=Micromentor |language=en-US}}</ref>

You can read her views and thoughts about social innovation on her blog: ''[https://www.onefamilyfoundation.one/blog Jeroo is Politically Incorrect]''

=== Childline ===
Billimoria is the founder of Childline, a hot-line for children homeless Indian children. The organization was aimed at helping children who had been abused, lost, or sick. From 1996 to 2002 when Jeroo retired, Childline received 2.7 million calls. Jeroo was also able to connect with the local police force and hospitals. She was able to put medical booths in areas where many calls were coming in reporting sick children, and even trained police officers to be more aware of children on the streets around them.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Borstein|first1=David|title=How to Change the World|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-533476-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/howtochangeworld00born_0/page/128 128]|url=https://archive.org/details/howtochangeworld00born_0/page/128}}</ref> This ethical fiber is often influenced by a relative who has strong morals and makes an impact on an entrepreneur's early life.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bornstein|first1=David|title=How to Change the World|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-533476-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/howtochangeworld00born_0/page/245 245]|url=https://archive.org/details/howtochangeworld00born_0/page/245}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bornstein|first1=David|title=How to Change the World|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-533476-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/howtochangeworld00born_0/page/77 77–78]|url=https://archive.org/details/howtochangeworld00born_0/page/77}}</ref>

Jeroo Billimoria began Childline as a leveraged nonprofit.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elkington|first1=John|title=The Power of Unreasonable People|date=2008|publisher=Harvard Business Press|location=Boston|isbn=978-1-4221-0406-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/powerofunreasona0000elki/page/31 31]|url=https://archive.org/details/powerofunreasona0000elki/page/31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bornstein|first1=David|title=How to Change the World|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-533476-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/howtochangeworld00born_0/page/84 84]|url=https://archive.org/details/howtochangeworld00born_0/page/84}}</ref> As her employees she hired young men and women who had once been street children themselves. These employees could easily spread the word about Childline to the children and understand how best to serve them. Many of her policies were influenced by listening to what the children thought they needed. She also pointed to India's laws to gain government support for Childline.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bornstein|first1=David|title=How to Change the World|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-533476-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/howtochangeworld00born_0/page/80 80–84]|url=https://archive.org/details/howtochangeworld00born_0/page/80}}</ref>

=== Child and Youth Finance International ===

Billimoria established Child and Youth Finance International (CYFI) as a system change organizations focused on furthering financial literacy and financial inclusion policies and program for young people. In 2019, CYFI the work of CYFI was concluded after having achieved its social mission, and worked with 64,000 partners in 175 countries. It's key initiatives were handed to global institutions.
CYFI had four key initiatives, [[Global Money Week]] (GMW), Ye! for Young Entrepreneurs, SchoolBank and the Global Inclusion Awards. [[Global Money Week]] (GMW) was handed over to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Ye! to the International Trade Centre, SchoolBank to Aflatounand the Global Inclusion Awards to the Alliance for Financial Inclusion.

==Recognition and awards==

In April 2018, Jeroo Billimoria received a Royal Honor from the King of the [[Netherlands]] by being appointed Officer of the Order of [[House of Orange-Nassau|Orange-Nassau]]. The Order of Orange-Nassau ([[Orde van Oranje-Nassau]]) is a Dutch civilian order of chivalry awarded to persons who have committed outstanding service to society. As an Officer of the Order, Jeroo is now ranked among renowned Dutch politicians, artists and scientists. This Honor recognizes Jeroo's contribution to global society, having established and led multiple international non-governmental organizations based in the Netherlands.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Billimoria is a speaker and advocate of economic empowerment for children.<ref name="skollfoundation.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.skollfoundation.org/entrepreneur/jeroo-billimoria/ |title=Skoll | Aflatoun |publisher=Skollfoundation.org |date=2013-03-07 |access-date=2017-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413110204/http://www.skollfoundation.org/entrepreneur/jeroo-billimoria/ |archive-date=13 April 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has been a speaker at the [[World Economic Forum]], the [[Skoll World Forum]] for [[Social entrepreneurship|Social Entrepreneurship]] and several international corporations and universities. Additional awards include:
*Billimoria is listed as #4 in the 2015 edition of "De Dikke Blauwe Top 100" Philanthropy Year Guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://childfinanceinternational.org/8-homepage/2-child-youth-finance-international.html|title=Child & Youth Finance International|website=childfinanceinternational.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231945/https://childfinanceinternational.org/8-homepage/2-child-youth-finance-international.html|archive-date=8 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Billimoria is ranked 3rd in the charity and non-profit category of Opzij's Top 100 Influential Women 2015<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://childfinanceinternational.org/news-and-events/news-blog/entry/cyfi-s-founder-recognized-as-top-influential-woman.html|title=CYFI's founder recognized as Top Influential Woman|access-date=2018-03-08|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232037/https://childfinanceinternational.org/news-and-events/news-blog/entry/cyfi-s-founder-recognized-as-top-influential-woman.html|archive-date=8 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
*CYFI listed among Global Journal's Top 100 NGOs (2015) and highlighted as "Most Promising New NGO" (2013)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theglobaljournal.net/photo/view/1453/ |title=Most Promising NGOs |publisher=The Global Journal |date= |access-date=2017-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601024744/http://theglobaljournal.net/photo/view/1453/ |archive-date=1 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Aflatoun]] named to Global Journal's Top 100 NGOs (2012 and 2013)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theglobaljournal.net/top100NGOs/ |title=Top 100 NGOs | the Global Journal |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326235426/http://theglobaljournal.net/top100NGOs/ |archive-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Innovators for the Public Fellowship awarded by [[Ashoka: Innovators for the Public]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ashoka.org/node/2835 |title=Ashoka Fellows |access-date=26 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612071138/http://www.ashoka.org/node/2835 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Schwab Fellowship for Social Entrepreneurs<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schwabfound.org/sf/SocialEntrepreneurs/Profiles/index.htm?sname=117770&sorganization=0&sarea=0&ssector=0&stype=0 |title=Schwab Social Entrepreneurs |access-date=26 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926063411/http://www.schwabfound.org/sf/SocialEntrepreneurs/Profiles/index.htm?sname=117770&sorganization=0&sarea=0&ssector=0&stype=0 |archive-date=26 September 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*2012 Outstanding Social Entrepreneur<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schwabfound.org/pdf/schwabfound/SchwabFoundation_ProfilesBrochure2012.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913103649/http://www.schwabfound.org/pdf/schwabfound/SchwabFoundation_ProfilesBrochure2012.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*[[Skoll Award for Social Entrepreneurship|Skoll Award]] for Social Entrepreneurship<ref name="skollfoundation.org"/>
*One of the Phoenix 50 for her work with Aflatoun<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.volans.com/lab/projects/phoenix/the-phoenix-50/ |title=Volans / The Phoenix 50 |access-date=2013-03-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511025516/http://www.volans.com/lab/projects/phoenix/the-phoenix-50/ |archive-date=11 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*Union of Arab Banks Award for her work with CYFI<ref>{{cite web |url=http://menaen.childfinanceinternational.org/index.php/session-summary-day-1/honoring-ceremony-2012 |title=Honoring Ceremony |website=menaen.childfinanceinternational.org |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917003440/http://menaen.childfinanceinternational.org/index.php/session-summary-day-1/honoring-ceremony-2012 |archive-date=17 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Organizations founded==
*Telephone Helplines Association
*Credibility Alliance
*Meljol
*[[Childline India Foundation]]
*[[Child Helpline International]]
*[[Aflatoun|Aflatoun International]]
*Child and Youth Finance International
*Catalyst Now (formerly Catalyst 2030)<ref>{{Cite web |title=OUR GOVERNANCE |url=https://catalystnow.net/our-governance/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=Catalyst Now |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Published works==
*Children & Change and Partners for Change (2009)
*''Twinkle Star (Std. I to Std. IV)'' value education textbooks.
*''Explorer Series (Std. V to Std. IV)'' value education textbooks.
*''Childline Across India'' series:
**Listening to children: An overview to Childline
**Laying the Foundation: Getting Started and Taking Off
**Childline at my finger tips: A resource book
**Spreading the word: Childline awareness strategies
**Recording children's concerns: Documenting Childline
*''The National Initiative for Child Protection''
*''Voices from the streets'': Life stories of children who have called Childline
*Her Blog: [https://www.onefamilyfoundation.one/blog ''Jeroo is Politically Incorrect'']

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091209054650/http://sic.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail3505.html Podcast Interview with Jeroo Billimoria] Social Innovation Conversations, 21 December 2007
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091031012958/http://summit09.operationhope.org/about-the-summit Global Financial Literacy Summit] Operation HOPE, June 2009. Minutes: 09:00 – 14:22
* [https://www.ashoka.org/fellow/Jeroo-Billimoria Ashoka profile on Jeroo Billimoria]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Billimoria, Jeroo}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Indian women company founders]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Social Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:The New School alumni]]

Raj Comics

2026-02-10T08:59:50Z

PANModesto: quick update content per sources also and fixed typos after review

{{short description|Indian comic book publisher company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox publisher
| name = Raj Comics
| image = Raj Comics logo - English (new).jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = New logo of Raj Comics in English
| founder = *Rajkumar Gupta
*Manoj Gupta
*Sanjay Gupta
| parent = [[Raja Pocket Books]]
| keypeople = {{plainlist| *Rajkumar Gupta
*Sanjay Gupta
*[[Manoj Gupta]]
*[[Anupam Sinha]]
*Jolly Sinha
*Bedi
*[[Tarun Kumar Wahi]]}}
| publications = {{plainlist|
*[[Comics]]
*[[Book]]s}}
| company_slogan =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1984}}
| country = [[India]]
| headquarters = 330/1 Main Road [[Burari]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| status = Active
| genre = * [[Superhero fiction|Superhero]]
* [[Science fiction]]
* [[Fantasy]]
* [[Action fiction|Action]]
* [[Adventure fiction|Adventure]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.rajcomics.net}}
}}
{{multiple image
|perrow = 2
|total_width=300
| image1 = Raj Comics logo - Hindi (old).jpg
| image2 = Raj Comics logo - Hindi (new).png
| footer = Logos of Raj Comics.
}}

'''Raj Comics''' is an [[Indian comics|Indian comic book]] [[publishing|publisher]] based in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. It had published a line of [[Indian comics|Indian comic books]] through Raja Pocket Books since its foundation in 1984 by Rajkumar Gupta, [[Manoj Gupta]], and [[Sanjay Gupta (comics)|Sanjay Gupta]].<ref>[http://www.rajcomics.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1726&Itemid=23 Raj Comics: About Us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115053303/http://rajcomics.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1726&Itemid=23 |date=2013-01-15 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Raj Comics for the Hard Headed : s a r a i|url = http://sarai.net/raj-comics-for-the-hard-headed/|website = sarai.net| date=10 April 2008 |access-date = 2016-02-02}}</ref> Some of its most well known characters include [[Nagraj]], [[Super Commando Dhruva]], [[Bhokal]], [[Doga (comics)|Doga]], [[Parmanu]], Tiranga, [[Bankelal]], [[Shakti (comics)|Shakti]], [[Inspector Steel]], Ashwaraj, [[Bheriya]] and [[Anthony (comics)|Anthony]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Why Nagraj, Dhruva, Doga aren't finding space on big screen? (view pics)|url = http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/nagraj-dhruva-doga-raj-comics-superhero-hindi-film-17760.html|website = India TV News|date = 16 October 2014|access-date = 2016-02-02|language = en-US}}</ref> Raja Pocket Books is a leading comic book distributor in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Raj Comics now in regional flavor|url = http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1174230/Raj-Comics-now-in-regional-flavor|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160202171403/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1174230/Raj-Comics-now-in-regional-flavor|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2 February 2016|website = Bollywood Hungama|date = 23 July 2009|access-date = 2016-02-02}}</ref>

Raja Pocket Books is a partnership firm based in Burari, Delhi. It is the holding company for the intellectual property rights of multiple eminent Indian Brands such as Raj Comics, King Comics, Tausi Comics, etc. Raja Pocket Books was established in the 1980s. It is a family owned enterprise. There are various litigations ongoing in respect to the assets of this company between the owners of the firm, due to which business operations of the same have been disrupted.
Raja Pocket Books initially published pulp-fiction books. They had a highly-successful run and published critically acclaimed authors like [[Surender Mohan Pathak]], [[Ved Prakash Sharma]], Anil Mohan and Raja. At their peak, the books sold up to 1 million copies each. While Rajkumar Gupta always had a passion for crime-thrillers, his sons [[Sanjay Gupta (comics)|Sanjay Gupta]], and [[Manoj Gupta]] were always thrilled with the idea of creating original Indian Superheroes. One evening, while discussing the same, Rajkumar Gupta walked in on the conversation of the three brothers and thus, Raj Comics was born.

The company mainly publishes four types of comics; [[medieval fantasy]], [[Horror comics|horror]], [[Mystery fiction|mystery]], and superhero comics, with a predominant focus on superhero content.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Illustrating Asia: Comics, Humor Magazines, and Picture Books|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SSM4r36KjuQC|publisher = University of Hawaii Press|date = 2001-01-01|isbn = 9780824824716|language = en|first = John A.|last = Lent|pages = 58–59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eashportsbook.com/best-of-raj-comics-superheros/|title=Best moments of Raj Comics Superheroes|date=1 November 2018|website=eashportsbook.com|access-date=26 November 2018|archive-date=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126221547/https://www.eashportsbook.com/best-of-raj-comics-superheros/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Their comics are usually published in [[Hindi]], with only a few titles and special editions in English. It has produced close to 35,000 comics to date and has been read by people in India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|title = After a hiatus, Indian comic book industry growing steadily|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-after-a-hiatus-indian-comic-book-industry-growing-steadily-1437725|website = DNA India|date = 14 September 2010|access-date = 2016-02-02|language = en-US}}</ref> The company also publishes an online exclusive web series named ''Raj Rojana'', with a new page uploaded every day.

Raj Comics publishes in multiple formats, which include e-book, print, and [[motion comic]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Raj Comics to launch motion-comics|url = http://www.bollywood.com/raj-comics-launch-motion-comics|website = Bollywood.com News|access-date = 2016-02-02}}</ref> The company also sells hardcovers of their old and new comics, as well as bundled collections of their characters.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Super-heroic ventures|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/work/superheroic-ventures/article5943979.ece|website = The Hindu Business Line|access-date = 2016-02-02|first = Rashmi|last = Pratap| date=25 April 2014 }}</ref>

In 2008, Raj Comics was the focus of a research project conducted through [[The Sarai Programme at CSDS|The Sarai Programme at CSDS's]] Sarai Media Lab. The resulting research was published as a free PDF on the Sarai website.<ref name=":0" />

== Team ==
* Raj Gupta (Founder & Chairman)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pratap |first=Rashmi |date=2014-04-25 |title=Super-heroic ventures |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/work/superheroic-ventures/article5943979.ece |access-date=2017-05-17 |work=The Hindu Business Line |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Manoj Gupta]] (Partner)
* [[Sanjay Gupta]] (Co-Founder, Partner)
* Vivek Mohan (Editor)
* [[Anupam Sinha]] (Creative Director)
* [[Tarun Kumar Wahi]] (Chief Writer)
* Jolly Sinha (Writer)
* Ajit Singh (Territory Manager)
* Parul Gupta (Partner)
* Meenu Gupta (Partner)
* Prem Lata Gupta (Partner)

== Characters ==
[[Image:Raj Comics.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Heroes of Raj Comics Drawn by Lalit Singh, color by Pradeep Sherawat]]

=== Members of team Brahmand Rakshak (Protectors of the Universe) ===
* [[Bheriya]]
* [[Nagraj]]
* [[Super Commando Dhruva]]
* [[Doga (comics)|Doga]]
* [[Parmanu]]
* [[Shakti (comics)|Shakti]]
* [[Inspector Steel]]
* [[Tiranga (comics)|Tiranga]]
* [[Super Indian]]
* [[Pret Uncle]]
* [[Ashwaraj]]
* [[Bhokal]]
* [[Anthony (comics)|Anthony]]
*[[yodha]]

=== Members of team Research and Investigation Paranormalism [RIP] ===
* [[Gagan (comics)|Gagan]]
* [[Vinashdoot (comics)|Vinashdoot]]
* [[Monty (comics)|Monty]]
* [[Tahira (comics)|Tahira]]
[[File:Nagraj, Raj Comics, Manoj Gupta.jpg|alt=Illustration of Nagraj based on a design by Manoj Gupta and illustrated by Pratap Mullick.|thumb|Illustration of Nagraj based on a design by [[Manoj Gupta]] and illustrated by Pratap Mullick.]]

=== Characters based in ancient times ===
* [[Bhokal]]
* Gojo - the host for 7 mystical beings with various powers.
* Ashwaraj
* Yoddha
* Tilismadev
* Prachanda
* Shukral
* Adig

=== Comedy characters ===
* [[Bankelal]]
* [[Gamraj (comics)|Gamraj]]
* Fighter Toads

===Chhota Nagraj and Amazing Friends of Nagraj===
*Vishaank/Chhota Nagraj
*Sillu/Cybro
*Shama/Flemina
*Durdamya Sena Panchnaag- Naagdev, Sarpraj, Naagpreti, Sinhanaag and Naagarjun
*Shooldharini Saudangi
*Amar Yoddha Kaaldoot
*Nag Veerangana Visarpi

=== Kids Series characters (Defunct)===
*Bobby
*Tuffy
*Cherry
*Damru
*Anadi

=== Member of Vistrit Rakshak (Extended Protectors of the Universe) ===
*Ninjadev Kirigi
*Nakshatra
*Samri
*Dhananjay
*Chandika
*Jingaalu
*Faceless
*Visarpi
*Kaaldoot
*Blackcat
*Pralayanka
*Cancer

=== Members of W.A.R (World Allied Rescuers) ===
*Badman
*Nakshatra
*Kali Vidhwa
*Inspector Cheetah
*Sheena
*Black Cat
*Lomri
*Madam X
*Kirtiman
*Adrishya Hatyara
*Vanputra
*Doctor Vargis

===Member of P.V.N (Paralaukik Vigyan Nayakgan)===
*Vedacharya
*Facelace (Bharti)
*Kapalkundli
*Nostradamus
*Lori
*Kishore
*Saza (Venu)
*Red Letter (Vikram)
*Baby
*Iri

=== Superheroes from Different World ===
* Narak Nashak Nagraj
* Krodh Ketu Kobi
* Danadan Doga
* Doga Reborn
* Swatantrata Senani Dhruva
* Show Stopper Dhruva
* Ant henn Anthony

=== Newest characters ===
* Sanju (10 Deadliest)
* Yugam (Sarvnayak Series) (Akhri Series)
* Adig (Sarvnayak Series) (Akhri Series)
* Paryaava (Sarvnayak Series) (Akhri Series)
* Aghori (Sarvnayak Series) (Aghori Agyat)
* Narakputra raksh (Sarvnayak Series)

=== Inactive characters ===
* Hunter Sharks
* Khayali Ram
* Raja
* Johar
* Barrister Vishwanath
* Aglu Pichlu
* Khaleel Khan
* Anadi

=== Inactive characters who came after a long time ===
* Bobby
* Tuffy
* Cherry
* Damru
* Abhedya
* Blind Death
* Liza
* Vega
* Jasoos Topichand
* Piddi Pahalwan
* Sanju (10 Deadliest)
* Fighter Toads
* Pret Uncle
* Tausi
* Bhootnaath (Nutan Comics) (Sarvaayudh by Manoj Gupta)
* Raka (Nutan Comics) (Sarvaayudh by Manoj Gupta)
* Goldheart
* Jaadugar
* Vakra (After HUM HONGEY KAMYAB)
* Meghdoot

=== TV show-based characters ===
* [[Shaktimaan]]
* Viraat

== History ==
[[File:Raj Comics logo - English (old).jpg|175px|thumb|Original logo of Raj Comics in English]]
Raj Comics was founded in 1986 by Raj Kumar Gupta, Sanjay Gupta, and [[Manoj Gupta]]. Raj Comics's first superhero was [[Nagraj]]. Later, they launched other popular superheroes like Dhruva, [[Doga (comics)|Doga]], [[Parmanu]], and [[Tiranaga|Tiranga]].

=== Origins ===
{{expand section|date=May 2017}}
In 1985, Manoj Gupta came up with the idea of creating a superhero centered around snakes as snakes hold a religious and mythological significance in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-29 |title=Indian Epics Inspire our Superhero Comics: Manoj Gupta |url=https://www.indicasoftpower.com/indian-epics-inspire-our-superhero-comics/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Center for Soft Power |language=en-US}}</ref> Later, the team started working on the concept and finally created Nagraj.

=== The Golden Age ===
In 1997, an advertisement for Nagraj featuring [[Sonu Sood]] aired on TV.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/buzz/blast-from-the-past-watch-sonu-sood-play-nagraj-in-this-raj-comics-ad-1244247.html|title=Blast From The Past: Watch Sonu Sood Play 'Nagraj' in This Raj Comics Ad|date=2016-05-17|work=News18|access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref> During this era, Raj Comics reportedly sold over a million copies a year, making it one of the most widespread publications of that time period. It has sold more than 100 million copies since then.
{{expand section|date=May 2017}}

=== Modern Age ===
{{expand section|date=May 2017}}
Raj Comics has now expanded to multiple different publication streams, with TriColor and other various business entities taking steps in penetrating the Indian book market. Discussions with studio heads have been disclosed to the public about the possibility of live feature films based on comic universe. However, nothing has come to fruition.

In 2015, Raj Comics released an [[Android (operating system)|Android]] app for the general public. It has since garnered a massive following and has an average rating of 4.5+ stars.

In 2017, Raj Comics released a concept trailer for Nagraj on its official [[YouTube]] channel. It has since garnered over 1.5 million views.<ref>{{Citation|title=Nagraj Concept Trailer {{!}} Raj Comics {{!}} Indian Comics Superhero| date=3 November 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DmYkiVM6LM|language=en|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref>

In 2018, Raj Comics released a short feature film named Aadamkhor, partially self-produced and crowdfunded on YouTube.<ref>{{Citation|title=Aadamkhor {{!}} A Raj Comics Web Film| date=24 May 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noF_3DepbJg|language=en|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref>

In or around 2019, Raj Comics released a short feature film named 'Doga - Mumbai Ka Rakhwala', self-produced on Youtube.

==Series==

===King Comics===
King Comics was a monthly line of comics published through Raja Pocket Books. While the division was initially successful, its popularity declined and the line went defunct after only about 2–5 years of activity. It was intended that many of King Comic's characters would be merged into Raj Comics, but only Gamraj was successfully merged. During its run, the division published six monthly comics. {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

=== Past and current series ===
* Kaliyug (Shakti, Nagraj & Dhruva)
* ''Tune Mara doga ko'' (Doga)
* ''Thrill-Horror-Suspense Series''
* ''Huoooo-Series''
* ''X-Series''
* ''Friendy Series''
* ''[[Goldheart]] Series''
* ''Kaal Series'' (Ashwaraj, Gojo, Bhokal, TilismDev, Parmanu, Ins. Steel, Super Indian)
* ''[[Nagayan]] Series'' (Nagraj-Super Commando Dhruv)
* ''AmarPrem Series'' (Kobi-Bheriya-Bhokal)
* ''Japan Series'' (Atankharta Nagraj)
* ''City Without A Hero'' (Multistar)
* ''Khazana series'' (vishwa Rakshak Nagraj)
* ''Trifana Series'' (Nagraj)
* ''Maharavan Series'' (Bhokal)
* ''Dracula Series'' (Multistar)
* ''Narak Nashak Nagraj origin Series'' (Narak Nashak Nagraj)
* ''Crow Series'' (Anthony)
* ''Born In Blood Series'' (Doga)
* ''Express Way Series'' (Doga)
* ''Aatankawadi nagraj series'' (Multistarrer)
* ''Chamatakari bhokal series'' (Bhokal)
* ''Mard aur murda series'' (Doga-antony)
* ''Mahanagayan series''
* ''Parmatma series'' (Parmanu)
* ''Raktadaan series'' (Doga)
* ''Jalyash series'' (Bankelal)
* ''Tilismi olympic series'' (Bhokal)
* ''Raj 20'' (Amazing friends of nagraj)
* ''Nagraj ke badd series'' (Nagraj)
* ''Swarna nagri'' (Nagraj-Super Commando Dhruv- fighter toads)
* ''Belmunda ka khajana series'' (Nagraj-Super Commando Dhruv- Fighter Toads)
* ''Genius series'' (Super commando dhurva)
* ''Aadamkhoro ka swaraga series'' (Super commando dhurva)
* ''Axe series'' (Super commando dhurva)
* ''Aakhri dhurva series'' (Super commando dhurva)
* ''Pagal nagraj series'' (Nagraj)
* ''Made in India series'' (Ins.Steel)
* ''Wafa series'' (Doga)
* ''Doga diries series'' (Doga)
* ''Doga collection series'' (Doga)
* ''Mritiyjivi series (Narak nashak nagraj)''
* ''Makbara series (Narak nashak nagraj-gagan-Vinashdoot-tahira- Monty)''
* ''Kar Bura ho Bhala series (Bankelal)''
* ''Aag series (Tiranga)''
* ''Tandoor series (Doga)''
* ''Bankelal lok se lok series (bankelal)''
* ''Bankelal nagar se nagar series (Bankelal)''
* ''Nagina series (Nagraj)''
* ''Nahi bachega nagraj series (Nagraj)''
* ''Rajnagar rakshak series (Super commando dhurva- Ins. Steel)''
* ''Curfew series (Doga)''
* ''Aarambha series (Yoddha)''
* ''Hedron series (Nagraj-Super Commando Dhurva)''
* ''Champion killer series (Super commando dhurva)''
* ''Guru bhokal series (Bhokal)''
* ''Game over series (Super commando dhurva)''
* ''Andhi maut series (Super commando dhurva)''
* ''Aagraj series (Nagraj)''
* ''Doga Hindu Hai Series (Doga)''
* ''Khoon series (Doga-Super Indian)''
* ''Palra series (Multistarrer)''
* ''Mai hu bheriya series (Bheriya- Nagraj-Super Commando Dhruv - Doga- Parmanu)''
* ''Ins.chetta series (Doga)''
* ''Nikal pada doga series (Doga)''
* ''Nagraj hai na series (Nagraj)''
* ''Lavva series (Nagraj)''
* ''Hatyara kaun series (Super commando dhurva)''
* ''Candakaal series (Super commando dhurva)''
* ''Khoni khandan series (Super commando dhurva)''
* ''Aab marega parmanu series (Parmanu)''
* ''Lakshya purusha series (Doga)''
* ''Ek katora au Do Ktora Khoon series (Thrill-Horror-Suspense)''
* ''Chamatakari bhokal series (Bhokal)''
* ''Jalyash series (Bankelal)''
* ''Germany series (Aatakharta nagraj)''
* ''Italy series (Aatakharta nagraj)''
* ''Raktabeej series (Multistarrer)''
*Doga unmulan series (Doga)
* ''Rajnagar Rakshak'' (Super Commando Dhruva, Inspector Steel)
* ''Akhiri-Last Survivors''(Multistarrer)
* ''Balcharit'' (Origin Series of Super Commando Dhruva)
* Shaktiroopa (Follow up to Super Commando Dhruva's Balcharit)

=== Ongoing series ===
* ''Sarvanayak'' (Nearly all major RC characters)
* ''Sarvanayak Vistar'' (Multistarrer)
* ''Kshatipoorti'' (Aatankharta Nagraj)
* ''Sarpsatra'' (Vishwarakshak Nagraj)
* ''Naag Granth'' (Narak Nashak Nagraj and Krodh Ketu Kobi)
* ''पुनरूत्थान'' (Multistarrer)
* ''महा-नागायण'' (Multistarrer)
* ''Shuddhikaran'' (Kobi - Bhediya)

=== Upcoming series ===
* ''Prem Granth'' (Super Commando Dhruva)
* ''Sins of the father'' (Anthony-Multistarrer)
* ''Adharmeshwar'' (Multistarrer)
* '' अगड़म-बगड़म'' (Bankeylal, Nagraj, Dhruv)
* ''फाइटर फोर्स'' (Fighter Toads)
* ''डेड गॉड्स'' (Multistarrer)

=== Social Comics ===

* Nagraj Strikes: The Attack of the Coronaman
* Super Commando Dhruva: The Struggle with Depression

== Jubilee and Kalpana-lok awards ==
In 2010, Raj Comics celebrated its Silver Jubilee by launching the [[Comics Fest India#Kalpana Lok Awards|Kalpana-lok Awards]] to honor comics artists. Participants are nominated by editors at Raj Comics and can be voted on by readers and fans on the Raj Comics website.

== Raj Comics films ==
In 2014, [[Anurag Kashyap]] had spoken about making a film on [[Doga (comics)|Doga]]—a vigilante killing machine in the style of [[Marvel Comics]]’ [[Punisher|The Punisher]]—but the project was shelved after his ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'' flopped.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150519/entertainment-bollywood/article/%E2%80%98doga-depends-bombay-velvet%E2%80%99|title='Doga depends on Bombay Velvet' says Anurag Kashyap |date=May 19, 2015}}</ref> In 2016, Raj Comics co-founder and studio head Sanjay Gupta said "Bollywood is yet to warm up to the idea of licensing comic book characters that come with detailed universes and visuals ready for the screen. We want to start with animated Web series first. We are expecting to make our first live-action film the year after.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vMe55AvdjgR0uPZB2nhUqI/In-search-of-the-Indian-superhero.html|title=In search of the Indian superhero |date=2016-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/nagraj-dhruva-doga-raj-comics-superhero-hindi-film-17760.html|title=Why Nagraj, Dhruva, Doga aren't finding space on big screen? (view pics)|access-date=2017-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> In December 2017, Raj Comics organized special screening of their horror film Aadamkhor at Nagraj Janmotsav event, Delhi. Aadamkhor is based on comic of the same name published by Raj Comics in 1992.
Raj comics released Aadamkhor on [[YouTube]] on 24 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noF_3DepbJg|title=Aadamkhor | A Raj Comics Web Film|website=[[YouTube]] |date=24 May 2018 }}</ref>

In December 2019, [[Manoj Gupta]] said that he was in negotiations with [[Ranveer Singh]] to play Nagraj in a film produced by [[Karan Johar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranveer-singh-may-play-nagraj-in-film-on-the-comic-series-produced-by-karan-johar/story-hg5pPoCKRBrU8prdfBPerK.html|title=Ranveer Singh may play Nagraj in film on the comic series produced by Karan Johar |date= December 11, 2019}}</ref>

== Digital distribution ==
Raj Comics are available in digital form through their android app.
The Raj Comics official android app has reached over 100k+ downloads at the time of this article.
Free Services: In 2017, Raj Comics started free comics from their android app.

Paid Services: [[Google Play]] in 2017. RC Android app crossed 100,000 downloads within 6 months of its launch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.rajcomics.comicsreader|title=Raj Comics (Hindi हिंदी) - Android Apps on Google Play|website=play.google.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref>

== Legal history ==
In 1996, delivered by the Delhi High Court under docket Raja Pocket Books (Plaintiff) v. Radha Pocket Books, Raj Comics won this intellectual property case with a ruling of "prima facie infringement of the plaintiff’s character."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spicyip.com/2009/02/copyright-in-characters-iii-indian.html|title = Copyright in Characters- III (Indian Decision)| date=19 February 2009 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Amitabh|title=Raj Comics for the Hard Headed|date=2008|publisher=Sarai|url=http://sarai.net/raj-comics-for-the-hard-headed/}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.rajcomics.com/}}
* {{Gcdb publisher|id=7514|title=Raj Comics}}

{{Raj Comics}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Raj Comics| ]]
[[Category:1986 comics debuts]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Delhi]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1986]]
[[Category:Comics magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Comic book publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Superhero comics]]
[[Category:Indian comics titles]]

Tenughat Dam

2026-02-04T23:06:53Z

PANModesto:

{{Infobox dam
| name = Tenughat Dam
| name_official = Tenughat Dam
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = India Jharkhand
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|23|43|48|N|85|49|55|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Bokaro District]], [[Jharkhand]]
| status = Functional
| construction_began = 1973
| opening = 1978 (year of completion)
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner = Government of Jharkhand
| dam_type = earthen with concrete spillway
| dam_height = {{convert|55|m}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation = 50.61 meters
| dam_length = {{convert|6494|m}}
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses = [[Damodar River]]
| spillway_count = 1
| spillway_type = ogee type
| spillway_capacity = 15989 cubic meters/s
| res_name = Tenughat Reservoir
| res_capacity_total = 1.021 cubic kms (36.06 tmcft)
| res_capacity_active = 1.00 cubic km (35.32 tmcft)
| res_capacity_inactive =
| res_catchment = 4480 sq km
| res_surface =
| res_elevation = 268m
| res_max_depth = 44m
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines = 0
| plant_capacity = 0
| plant_annual_gen = 0
| website =
| extra =
| purpose = industries ,drinking,irrigation
}}

'''Tenughat Dam''' is an earthfill dam with composite masonry cum concrete spillway across the [[Damodar River]] at [[Tenu]]ghat in [[Petarwar block]] of [[Bokaro district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]]. It is the one of the biggest dam of Jharkhand in terms of storage capacity of water(1020 million cubic meters)(36 Tmcft)<ref>Govt.of India Central water commission, New Delhi, National Register of Large Dams, June 2019 Ed. PIC number:JH05HH0022</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=610| height=330| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|41|0|N|86|4|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Bokaro district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Factory, A: Coal Mining Area Abbreviation used: TPS – Thermal Power Station Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|41|2|N|86|22|26|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Amlabad | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Amlabad]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|38|39|N|86|26|46|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2= Bhojudih| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Bhojudih]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|48|55|N|85|53|3|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Bokaro (Thermal)| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Bokaro (Thermal)]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|48|0|N|85|55|22|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Kurpania| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Kurpania]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|47|10|N|85|57|0|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Bermo| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bermo]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|45|30|N|85|55|40|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Jaridih Bazar| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Jaridih Bazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|49|12|N|86|7|31|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Telo| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Telo, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|47|50|N|86|6|35|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Narra| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Narra, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|45|30|N|86|7|50|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Chandrapura| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Chandrapura]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|46|16|N|86|3|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Termi| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Termi]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|45|52|N|86|8|44|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11= Bursera| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Bursera, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|46|10|N|86|9|40|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Sijhua| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Sijhua]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|45|30|N|86|9|32|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Dugda| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Dugda]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|40|12|N|86|9|0|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Bokaro Steel City| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Bokaro Steel City]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|37|12|N|86|9|8|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Bandhgora| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Bandhgora]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|48|48|N|85|49|23|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Gomia| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Gomia]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|46|53|N|85|48|18|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Hasir| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Hasir]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|43|50|N|85|43|40|E}} | label-pos18=bottom|label18= Lalpania| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Lalpania]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|47|10|N|85|49|25|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Saram| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Saram, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|44|50|N|85|50|39|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Tenudam-cum-Kathara| numbered20=CT| mark-title20 =[[Tenudam-cum-Kathara]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|39|55|N|86|0|58|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Bandh Dih| numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Bandh Dih]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|40|48|N|86|1|12|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Jena| numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Jena, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|40|38|N|86|3|23|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23= Tanr Balidih| numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Tanr Balidih]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|52|57|N|86|6|29|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bhandra| numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bhandra]] (CT)
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|44|0|N|85|51|10|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Tenu| numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Tenu]] (CT)
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|38|44|N|86|10|25|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Chas| numbered26=M| mark-title26= [[Chas, Bokaro|Chas]] (M) |label-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|46|22|N|86|0|24|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Phusro| numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Phusro]] (M) |label-size27=12 |label-color27=#800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|47|55|N|85|58|18|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= CCL B&K Area | numbered28=A| mark-title28= [[Bokaro and Kargali Area]] (A) | label-size28=12|label-color28=#AA6666
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|47|10|N|85|58|38|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= CCL Dhori Area| numbered29=A| mark-title29= [[Dhori Area]] (A) | label-size29=12|label-color29=#AA6666
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|45|50|N|85|53|12|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30= CCL Kathara Area| numbered30=A| mark-title30= [[Kathara Area]] (A) |label-size30=12|label-color30=#AA6666
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|43|50|N|85|44|40|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Tenughat TPS| numbered31=F| mark-title31= [[Tenughat Thermal Power Station]] |shape-color31=#967117
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|48|0|N|85|52|48|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Bokaro B TPS| numbered32=F| mark-title32= [[Bokaro Thermal Power Station B]] |shape-color32=#967117
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|38|50|N|86|7|40|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Bokaro Steel Plant| numbered33=F| mark-title33= [[Bokaro Steel Plant]] |shape-color33=#967117
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|34|41|N|86|21|35|E}} | label-pos34=left|label34= Chandankiyari| numbered34=R|mark-title34=[[Chandankiyari]] (R) |shape-color34= #C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|38|2|N|86|18|16|E}} | label-pos35=left|label35= Siyaljori| numbered35=R|mark-title35=[[Siyaljori]] (R) |shape-color35= #C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|30|56|N|86|12|9|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Pindrajora| numbered36=R|mark-title36=[[Pindrajora]] (R) |shape-color36= #C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|42|9|N|85|40|6|E}} | label-pos37=right|label37= Mahuatand| numbered37=R|mark-title37=[[Mahuatand]] (R) |shape-color37= #C40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|36|44|N|85|56|6|E}} | label-pos38=right|label38= Kasmar| numbered38=R|mark-title38=[[Kasmar]] (R) |shape-color38= #C40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|51|32|N|86|2|31|E}} | label-pos39=left|label39= Nawadih| numbered39=R|mark-title39=[[Nawadih]] (R) |shape-color39= #C40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|37|17|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos40=top|label40= Petarwar| numbered40=R|mark-title40=[[Petarwar]] (R) |shape-color40= #C40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|44|0|N|85|50|10|E}}| label41= Tenughat|labela41= Dam| label-angle41=0| label-pos41=left| mark-size41=12| numbered41=D|mark-title41 =Tenughat Dam|shape-color41=black| label-size41=13|label-color41=black 
|mark-coord42={{coord|23|42|40|N|86|7|0|E}} |label42= Damodar River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42=9| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|51|30|N|85|49|0|E}} |label43= Konar |labela43= River|label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= 60| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|47|50|N|85|43|0|E}} |label44= Bokaro |labela44= River|label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 10| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|30|0|N|86|24|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-75| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Tenughat Dam is located at {{coord|23|43|48|N|85|49|55|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}.

==Overview==
[[File:Damodar Map.jpg|thumb|300px|Damodar Basin]]
The Damodar River Valley Project on the Damodar River and its principal tributary, the [[Barakar River]], is located in eastern India. The four main multipurpose dams located at [[Tilaiya]], [[Konar Dam|Konar]], [[Maithon]] and [[Panchet]] were commissioned during 1953–1959. In addition, a single purpose reservoir on the main stream, the Damodar, at Tenughat (with live storage 224 million m3 and without provision for flood storage) was constructed later in 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://iahs.info/redbooks/a230/iahs_230_0095.pdf | title = Regulation of a multipurpose reservoir system: Damodar Valley, India |author1=Debasri Roy |author2=Sandip Mukherjee |author3=Balaram Bose | access-date = 2010-06-08 }}</ref> While the four earlier dams are controlled by [[Damodar Valley Corporation]], Tenughat Dam is controlled by the Government of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.apfm.info/publications/casestudies/cs_india_full.pdf | title = Integrated Flood Management Case Study1 India: Flood Management – Damodar River Basin |publisher = World Meteorological Organization | access-date = 2010-06-08 }}</ref>

==The dam==
The {{convert|6|km}} long, {{convert|55|m}} high earthfill embankment dam with composite masonry cum concrete spillway and under-sluice structures, concrete diaphragm cut-off wall, rock excavation in foundation, diversion channel, coffer dam and appurtenant works at Tenughat was built for supply of water to [[Bokaro Steel Plant]] and the Bokaro industrial area.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.angelfire.com/bc/nihhrrc/documents/fresh.html | title = Fresh Water Resources: A Perspective | first=C.P. |last=Kumar | access-date = 2010-06-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cclindia.com/expertise/Tenughat%20Dam%20Project.htm |title = Expertise |access-date = 2010-06-08 |archive-date = 2011-05-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516064623/http://www.cclindia.com/expertise/Tenughat%20Dam%20Project.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.india9.com/i9show/Tenughat-Dam-49898.htm | title = Tenughat Dam |publisher =india9 | access-date = 2010-06-08 }}</ref>

==Tourism==
Union tourism ministry's proposal to boost tourism in each district, Bokaro district has zeroed in on the Tenughat dam area to be developed into a tourist centre.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/tenughat-set-get-a-facelift-rs-142-crore-tourism-proposal-sent-centre | title = Tenughat set to get a facelift - Rs 1.42 crore tourism proposal sent to Centre | access-date = 2010-06-08 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Jharkhand}}
{{Damodar Valley}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Bokaro district]]
[[Category:Dams in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Masonry dams]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Itkhori

2026-02-03T22:34:23Z

PANModesto: Creating new post

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Itkhori
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.298744|N|85.162432|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chatra district|Chatra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7121
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Itkhori block#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 825408
| area_code_type = Telephone/ STD code
| area_code = 06547
| registration_plate = JH 13
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chatra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chatra]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = <nowiki>[[Simaria (Vidhan Sabha) Assembly constituency</nowiki>
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[(Vidhan Sabha constituency){{!}}]]
| website = {{URL|chatra.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Itkhori''' is a village and [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Itkhori block|Itkhori]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Chatra subdivision]] of the [[Chatra district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=400| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|5|0|N|84|59|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Chatra district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, P: power plant, T: tourist centre Abbreviation used - TPS: thermal power station Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|17|40|N|85|2|0|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Chiridiri | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Chiridiri]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|10|45|N|85|1|27|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Gidhour| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Gidhour]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|25|10|N|84|49|0|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Hunterganj| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Hunterganj]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|17|55|N|85|9|44|E}} | label-pos4=bottom|label4= Itkhori| numbered4=R| mark-title4=Itkhori (R)|shape-color4=black| label-size4=13|label-color4=black 
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|12|35|N|84|39|19|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Kunda| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Kunda, Chatra]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|9|2|N|84|39|40|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Lawalong| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Lawalong, Chatra]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|17|35|N|85|14|33|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Mayurhand| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Mayurhand]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|7|37|N|85|4|8|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Pathalgada| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Pathalgada]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|42|0|N|85|2|20|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Piparwar| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Piparwar, Chatra]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|17|45|N|84|38|0|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Pratappur| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Pratappur, Chatra]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|17|35|N|85|0|27|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Rajpur| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Rajpur, Chatra]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|3|42|N|84|56|11|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Simaria| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Simaria, Chatra]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|52|45|N|85|1|51|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Tandwa| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Tandwa]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|12|16|N|84|52|37|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14=Chatra| numbered14=M| mark-title14= [[Chatra, Jharkhand]] (M) |label-size14=13 |label-color14=#800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|5|50|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Bachra| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Bachra]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|23|34|N|84|51|51|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Kauleshwari |labela16=Temple| numbered16=H| mark-title16=[[Kauleshwari Temple]] (H) | shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|7|30|N|84|39|26|E}} | label-pos17=bottom|label17=Lawalong|labela17=Wildlife|labelb17= Sanctuary| numbered17=T|shape-color17= #74C365| mark-title17= [[Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|51|20|N|85|0|44|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= North Karanpura TPS | numbered18=P| mark-title18= [[North Karanpura Thermal Power Station]] |shape-color18=#967117
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|42|50|N|85|4|0|E}} | label-pos19=top|label19=CCL Piparwar Area |numbered19=0 | mark-title19=[[Piparwar Area]] | label-size19=12| shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|49|40|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=CCL Magadh|labela20= Sanghamitra Area |numbered20=0 | mark-title20=[[Magadh Sanghamitra Area]] | label-size20=12| shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|53|50|N|85|0|1|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21=CCL Amrapali |labela21=& Chandragupta Area |numbered21=0 | mark-title21=[[Amrapali & Chandragupta Area]] | label-size21=12| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|41|30|N|85|17|0|E}} |label22= Damodar|labela22= River|label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22= 0| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|16|0|N|84|51|0|E}} |label23= Lilajan|labela23= River|label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= -90| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|19|0|N|85|9|0|E}} |label24= Mohana|labela24= River|label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24= -90| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|56|0|N|84|39|0|E}} |label25= Amanat|labela25= River|label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25= -10| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|25|0|N|84|58|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-60| arc-gapA=12.5| arc-radiusA=0.25}}

===Location===
Itkhori is located at {{coord|24.298744|N|85.162432|E|display=inline}}.
It is 35 km from [[Chatra, Jharkhand|Chatra]] and 16 km from [[Chauparan]] on [[National Highway 19 (India)|National Highway 19]] (old number NH2/ [[Grand Trunk Road]]).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jharkhanddarshan.nic.in/package-details.php?pkgid=5&pkgTypId=2| title = Maa Bhardraklali Mandir| publisher = Jharkhand Darshan| access-date = 12 January 2021| archive-date = 27 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201127202151/https://jharkhanddarshan.nic.in/package-details.php?pkgid=5&pkgTypId=2| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows that the forests (mark the light shading), covering around 60% of Chatra district, are evenly spread across the district. It is a [[plateau]] area with an elevation of about {{convert|450|m|ft|0}} above mean sea level.<ref name="blocks">{{cite web | url = http://chatra.nic.in/blocks.html | title = Chatra - the official website | work = Blocks, Circles & Panchayats – List of villages under Panchayats | publisher = Chatra district authority | access-date = 15 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160627231221/http://chatra.nic.in/blocks.html | archive-date = 27 June 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Efforts are on to get the first unit of the [[NTPC Limited]]’s [[North Karanpura Thermal Power Station]] (3x660 MW), ready in 2021.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/pandemic-delays-ntpcs-mega-project-in-chatra/articleshow/78004765.cms|title = Pandemic delays NTPC's Karanpura mega project in Chatra | publisher= The Times of India, 9 September 2020 | access-date = 15 January 2021}}</ref>[[North Karanpura Coalfield]] of [[Central Coalfields Limited]], spread over {{convert|1230|km2}} in the southern part of the district, with spill over to neighbouring districts, and having coal reserves of 14 billion tonnes is among the biggest in India. The map provides links to three CCL operational areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sinclairenvironmental.com/karanpura/coalfields.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150516093809/http://sinclairenvironmental.com/karanpura/coalfields.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2015 |title=The North Karanpura Coalfields |work=Jharkhand |publisher=sinclair-environmental |access-date=15 January 2021 }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Itkhori (location code 349000) had a total population of 7,121, of which 3,568 (50%) were males and 3,553 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,141. The total number of literate persons in Itkhori was 4,742 (79.30% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url =https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2002_PART_B_DCHB_CHATRA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Chatra, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 168: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 12 January 2021}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Itkhori police station serves Itkhori CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://jhpolice.gov.in/chatra | title= District Police Profile – Chatra | work= Contact Number | publisher= Jharkhand Police | access-date= 12 January 2021 | archive-date= 17 January 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210117060335/https://jhpolice.gov.in/chatra | url-status= dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
Headquarters of Itkhori CD block is at Itkhori village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ff4d5fbbafdf976cfdc032e3bde78de5/uploads/2017/06/2018030936.jpg | title= Administrative Boundary Map, Chatra District, Jharkhand|publisher= Chatra district administration| access-date = 12 January 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Bhadrakali College was established at Itkhori in 1979. Affiliated with the [[Vinoba Bhave University]] it offers courses in arts, science and commerce streams.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.boardunivresult.in/2013/09/bhadrakali-college-itkhori-results.html | title= Bhadrakali College, Itkhori |publisher= Board Univ Result| access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[Gautama Buddha]] once stayed here for some time. His maternal aunt failed to disturb him in his meditation. She left the place with the comment "Iti khoi" which in [[Pali]] means "I lost him here". Later, the place came to be known as Itkhori. There are various Buddhist relics at Itkhori dating from 200 BC to 1200 AD. There is a ‘stupa’ like structure with 104 [[Bodhisattva]]s and four principal Buddhas sculpted on each side. Buddhist and Jain monks from different countries visit Itkhori round the year.<ref name="incredible">{{cite web | url = https://incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/ranchi/itkhori.html | title = Itkhori | publisher = Incredible India | access-date = 12 January 2021 | archive-date = 17 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191017181745/https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/ranchi/itkhori.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/cop-picket-plan-for-temple/cid/1341266 | title= Cop picket plan for temple |publisher= The Telegraph, 21 November 2017| access-date = 12 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="jharkhand">{{cite web| url = http://www.jharkhand.org.in/itkhori| title= Itkhori, Jharkhand |publisher=Jharkhand | access-date = 12 January 2021}}</ref>

Itkhori has the footprint of the 10th Jain [[tirthankara]], [[Shitalanatha]]. Plans are afoot for a Jain temple at Itkhori.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/chatra-jain-temple-to-be-build-at-itkhori-17756279.html | title= नवरात्र में शुरू होगा तीर्थंकर के मंदिर का निर्माण {Construction of Tirthankar's temple will start from Navaratri)| work= in Hindi |publisher= Jagaran, 31 March 2018 | access-date = 12 January 2021}}</ref>

The Ma Bhadrakali temple, built in the 9th century, has several ancient deities that includes the Hindu deity [[Bhadrakali]] and the Buddhist deity [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]].<ref name="incredible"/><ref name="jharkhand"/> Itkhori Mahotsav is organised annually in February.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jharkhandtourism.gov.in/eventsFestivalsDetails/36 | title = Event Content | work = Itkhori Mahotsav 2018 | publisher = Jharkhand Tourism | access-date = 12 January 2021 | archive-date = 1 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191101015449/http://jharkhandtourism.gov.in/eventsFestivalsDetails/36 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

It is believed that Siddhārtha Gautama travelled from Itkhori to [[Bodh Gaya]] where he attained enlightenment. Numerous Buddhist and Hindu sculptures have been unearthed at a village called Bihari, near Itkhori. It is also near [[Kauleshwari Temple]]. Many other sculptures have been found while digging wells etc. in the region. There are some valuable sculptures in the Bhadrakali Mandir Museum.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/deciphering-the-past/article23840307.ece | title= Deciphering the past |publisher= The Hindu, 11 May 2018| access-date = 12 January 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chatra District}}

[[Category:Villages in Chatra district]]

Ulhas (actor)

2026-01-28T12:30:21Z

PANModesto:

{{short description|Indian character actor}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ulhas
| image = Ulhas in Basant.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Ulhas in ''[[Basant (film)|Basant]]'', {{circa|1942}}
| birth_name = M. N. Kaul
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1913}}
| birth_place = [[Ajmer]], [[Ajmer-Merwara]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1969|07|14|1913||}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| known_for =
| years_active = 1937–1969
| parents =
| relatives = [[Indira Gandhi]] (first cousin)
}}

'''Ulhas''' (born '''M. N. Kaul'''; 1913 – 14 July 1969) was an Indian actor, who played [[character role]]s in [[Hindi cinema]] from the late 1930s to the early 1980s. However, since he died in 1969, many of his films were released after his death.

==Personal life==
Ulhas was born as M N Kaul at [[Ajmer-Merwara|Ajmer]] in a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family in the year 1913 to Chand Bahadur Kaul, who in turn was the brother of [[Kamla Nehru]]. This makes Ulhas, the first cousin of [[Indira Gandhi]] who was the third [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref name="HindiRadio">{{cite web|title=Old actor Ulhas|via=YouTube|date=1 January 2024|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCeRQ0Z7iGA|time=2:52|access-date=6 April 2024|website=youtube.com}}</ref> He was also distantly related to actor [[Prem Adib]]. After completing his formal education, Ulhas left for [[Pune|Poona]] with the help of Prem Adib to try his luck in the Hindi film industry.

==Career==
[[Image:Mumtaz Shanti, Madhubala et Ullhas dans Basant (1942).jpg|thumb|upright|Ulhas (right) in ''[[Basant (film)|Basant]]'']]
Ulhas came to [[Pune|Poona]] in search of work in 1935. After the initial struggle, he soon got his first film titled ''Wahan'', with the help of fellow actor [[Chandra Mohan (Hindi actor)|Chandra Mohan]], who also happened to be another Kashmiri Pandit. ''Wahan'' was being made under the banner of [[Prabhat Film Company]] headed by [[V. Shantaram]] and directed by K Narayan Kale. Ulhas came into prominence with ''[[Basant (film)|Basant]]'' (1942) in which he was cast opposite [[Mumtaz Shanti]]. Coincidentally, another Mumtaz was signed in the film who played the role of Ulhas's daughter. This Mumtaz went on to become legendary actress [[Madhubala]].<ref name="Dawn">{{Cite web |last=Noorani |first=Asif |author-link=Asif Noorani |date=10 February 2019 |title=Flashback: Fifty Years Without Madhubala |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1462968 |access-date=16 June 2021 |work=Dawn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2010 |title=Box Office 1942 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=147&catName=MTk0Mg== |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2021 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205043708/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=147&catName=MTk0Mg== |archive-date=5 February 2010}}</ref>

Even after being cast as the leading hero, Ulhas continued playing supporting roles. Some of his prominent films are ''[[Parbat Pe Apna Dera]], [[Do Bhai (1947 film)|Do Bhai]], [[Jhansi Ki Rani (1953 film)|Jhansi Ki Rani]], Laila Majnu, [[Amar (1954 film)|Amar]], [[Nastik (1954 film)|Nastik]], [[Mirza Ghalib (film)|Mirza Ghalib]]'' and ''[[Kundan (film)|Kundan]]''. For his performance in ''Kundan'', he was also nominated in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor category]] at the [[3rd Filmfare Awards]]. A regular feature in [[V. Shantaram]]'s films, he appeared in ''[[Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani]], [[Dahej (film)|Dahej]], [[Surang]], [[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]], [[Navrang]]'' and ''[[Sehra (film)|Sehra]]''. His filmography also has films like ''[[Guide (film)|Guide]], [[Sunghursh]], [[Prince (1969 film)|Prince]], [[Prem Pujari]]'' and ''[[Heer Ranjha (1970 film)|Heer Ranjha]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2023 |title=TAG ARCHIVES: ULHAS |url=https://madhulikaliddle.com/tag/ulhas/|access-date=6 April 2024 |website=Madhulika Liddle |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Death==
Ulhas died in 1969 when many of his films were pending for their release. The film ''[[Prem Pujari]]'' refers to him as "Late Ulhas" in its credits.<ref name="PremPujari">{{cite web|title=Prem Pujari|via=YouTube|date=28 January 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_w1cnFOYnUk|time=1:23|access-date=6 April 2024|website=youtube.com}}</ref> Ulhas's final film was ''[[Sawaal (film)|Sawaal]]'' which released almost 13 years after his untimely death.

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#154365"|{{font color|#FFFFFF|Year}}
! style="background:#154365"|{{font color|#FFFFFF|Title}}
! style="background:#154365"|{{font color|#FFFFFF|Category}}
! style="background:#154365"|{{font color|#FFFFFF|Work}}
! style="background:#154365"|{{font color|#FFFFFF|Result}}
! style="background:#154365"|{{font color|#FFFFFF|{{Refh}}}}
|-
| [[3rd Filmfare Awards|1956]]
! style="background:#FAEB86"|[[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]]
| [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award|Best Supporting Actor]]
| ''[[Kundan (film)|Kundan]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! {{Refh}}
|-
| 1955
| ''[[Baap Re Baap (1955 film)|Baap Re Baap]]''
|Colonel Jung Bahadur
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|0880419}}
* [https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000245/1956 3rd Filmfare awards]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ulhas}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Kashmiri male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Ajmer]]
[[Category:Nehru–Gandhi family]]

Bobbili veena

2025-12-23T20:40:35Z

PANModesto: Adding initial post basic info

{{Short description|Instrument}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
[[File:Bobbili Veena 07.jpg|thumb|Bobbili Veena]]
[[File:BobbiliVeenaToy1.jpg|thumb|Bobbili Veena, in a glass case for decorative purpose.]]
'''Bobbili veena''' is a large plucked [[string instrument]] used in [[Carnatic classical music]]. The Veena is named after [[Bobbili]], a place where it was invented. In 2011 the musical instrument got a [[Geographical Indication]] tag from the [[Government of India]].<ref name="GI">{{cite web|title=GIR Search|url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GirPublic/index.aspx|website=ipindiaservices.gov.in|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508144957/http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GirPublic/index.aspx|archive-date=8 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GIlist">{{cite web|title=State Wise Registration Details of G.I Applications (15 September 2003 – Till Date)|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/News/283_1_REGISTRATION_DETAILS_OF_GI_TILL_DATE_March_2012_Till_Date.pdf|website=Geographical Indication Registry|access-date=5 May 2017|page=6}}</ref><ref name="Bobbili veena gets special GI tag">{{cite news|title=Bobbili veena gets special GI tag|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Bobbili-veena-gets-special-GI-tag/articleshow/11311650.cms|website=The Times of India|date=31 December 2011 |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title=Bobbili touch keeps veena alive|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/bobbili-touch-keeps-veena-alive/article5910200.ece|access-date=25 January 2016|work=The Hindu|date=14 April 2014|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bogadhi |first=Neelima |orig-date=July 24, 2025 |title=How artisans use IP to protect traditional instrument-making in India |url=https://www.wipo.int/web/wipo-magazine/article-details/?assetRef=74866&title=how-artisans-use-ip-to-protect-traditional-instrument-making-in-india |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=WIPO Magazine |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Bobbili Veena is considered to be invented in [[Bobbili]] of [[Vizianagaram district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The making of the Veena started in the 17th century during the reign of [[Pedda Rayudu]]. At that time, playing Veena was a common practice in India, specially South India. The entire development process of the Veena took more than three centuries. Bobbili kingdom rulers were fond of music, and many of them learned to play Veena.<ref name="RanjanRanjan2009">{{cite book|last1=Ranjan|first1=Aditi|last2=Ranjan|first2=M. P.|title=Handmade in India: A Geographic Encyclopedia of Indian Handicrafts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixhJAQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Abbeville Press|isbn=978-0-7892-1047-0|page=281}}</ref> In the Bobbili kingdom, the Veena used to be supplied by Sarwasiddi community craftsmen. These craftsmen were from [[Gollapudi, Krishna district|Gollapalli]]. The craftsmen community who make this musical instrument are known as "Bobbili Veena sampradayam" (Bobbili Veena community).<ref name=Gaatha>{{cite web|title=Craft of making Bobbili Veena, Carnatic music, India, Tanjore | url=http://gaatha.com/bobbili-veena/|publisher=Gaatha|access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref>

== Description ==
A Bobbili Veena is carved from a single piece of jack wood.<ref name=lepakshihandicrafts>{{cite web|title=Lepakshi Bobbili Veena|url=http://www.lepakshihandicrafts.gov.in/bobbiliveena.html|publisher=lepakshihandicrafts|access-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131120612/http://www.lepakshihandicrafts.gov.in/bobbiliveena.html|archive-date=31 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has a bowl called kunda, which is hollowed out and covered with a wooden plate. The neck, called dandi, is typically 51 inches long. Bobbili Veena is a instrument of seven cords.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Chordophones]]
[[Category:Carnatic music]]
[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:String instruments]]

Gopika Cave Inscription

2025-11-25T11:44:53Z

PANModesto: Adding new pg initial version

{{Short description|Sanskrit inscription in the Barabar Caves, Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox artifact
|image = Barabar Nagarjuni Caves, Anantavarman Inscription Sanskrit.jpg
|name = Gopika Cave Inscription
|image_caption = Gopika Shaktism-related Sanskrit inscription
|material = Cave rock
|size =
|writing = Sanskrit, Gupta script
|created =
|period = [[Maukharis of Gaya]]
|place = Nagarjuni hill, Barabar Caves
|discovered = Gaya district, Bihar
|discovered_coords = {{coord|25|00|23.2|N|85|03|52.3|E|display=inline,title}}
|location = Gopika Cave
| map =
{{Location map
| India
| float = center
| relief = yes
| label = Nagarjuni-Barabar Caves
| lat_deg = 25.00951
| lon_deg = 85.07862
}}
|id =
|registration =
}}
__NOTOC__
The '''Gopika Cave Inscription''', also called the '''Nagarjuni Hill Cave Inscription II of Anantavarman''' or formerly the '''Gya inscription''' (referring to the nearby city of [[Bodh Gaya|Gaya]]),<ref>"I have thought it necessary to send a copy of part of the Gya inscription, which has been translated, together with the modern character written beneath it, as given by Dr. Wilkins" in {{cite book |last1=Prinsep |first1=James |title=The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Ed. by James Prinsep |date=1834 |publisher=Bapt. Miss. Press |page=111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IV9CxKZ0Nq4C&pg=PA111}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilkins |first1=Charles |title=Asiatic Researches |date=1788 |publisher=London : Printed for J. Sewell [etc.] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/asiaticresearche01asia_0/page/n336 276]-281 |url=https://archive.org/details/asiaticresearche01asia_0}}</ref> is a 5th- or 6th-century CE [[Sanskrit]] inscription in Late Brahmi found in the Nagarjuni hill cave of the [[Barabar Caves]] group in Gaya district, [[Bihar]], India.{{sfn|DR Bhandarkar| BC Chhabra| GS Gai|1981|pp=226-228}}<ref name="RS202"/>

The inscription is from the [[Shaktism]] tradition of Hinduism. It is notable for its dedicatory verse to [[Durga]] and for including the symbol for [[Om]] in the Gupta era. The inscription states that king Anantavarman is dedicating a statue of the goddess Katyayani (Durga-Mahishasuramardini) to the cave. The statue was missing when the caves came to the attention of archaeologists in the late 18th century.{{sfn|DR Bhandarkar| BC Chhabra| GS Gai|1981|pp=226-228}}<ref name="Bakker2014p43"/>

==History==
The Gopika Cave, also called ''Gopi ka Kubha'', is one of three caves found in the Nagarjuni Hill cluster near the [[Barabar Caves]] in Bihar. The other two are Vapiyaka Cave and Vadathika Cave, also called ''Vapiya ka Kubha'', and ''Vadathi ka Kubha'' respectively.<ref name=cunningham43>{{cite book|author=Sir Alexander Cunningham|title=Four Reports Made During the Years, 1862-63-64-65|url=https://archive.org/details/fourreportsmade01cunngoog |year=1871|publisher=Government Central Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fourreportsmade01cunngoog/page/n141 43]–52|quote={{PD-notice}}}}</ref> These are near the [[Lomas Rishi Cave]], the earliest known cave excavated in the 3rd century BCE and gifted by Ashoka to the [[Ajivikas]] monks. The Nangarjuni Caves were excavated in 214 BCE from a granite hill by the grandson of Ashoka.<ref name=cunningham43/> They are about {{convert|16|mi}} north of [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].<ref name=cunningham43/>

According to Arthur Basham, the motifs carved in these groups of caves as well as inscriptions help establish that the Nagarjuni and Barabar Hill caves are from the 3rd century BCE.<ref name="Basham1951p153">{{cite book|author=Arthur Llewellyn Basham|title=History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas, a Vanished Indian Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiGQzc5lRGYC |year=1951|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1204-8|pages=153–159}}</ref> The original inhabitants of these were the Ajivikas, a non-Buddhist Indian religion that later became extinct. They abandoned the caves at some point.<ref name="Basham1951p153"/> Then the Buddhists used these caves because there are the Bodhimula and Klesa-kantara inscriptions found here.<ref name=cunningham43/> Centuries later, a Hindu king named Anantavarman, of Maukhari dynasty, dedicated Hindu ''[[murti]]'' (images) of [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaivism]] and [[Shaktism]] in three of these caves in the 5th or 6th century.<ref name="Bakker2014p43">{{cite book|author=Hans Bakker|title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |year=2014|publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=978-90-04-27714-4|pages=43–44 with footnotes}}</ref> To mark the consecration, he left inscriptions in Sanskrit. These inscriptions are in then prevalent Gupta script and these have survived.<ref name=cunningham43/><ref name="Basham1951p153"/><ref name="Balcerowicz2015p335">{{cite book|author=Piotr Balcerowicz|title=Early Asceticism in India: Ajivikism and Jainism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PKPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT335|year=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-53852-3|pages=335–336}};For more on Maukhari dating, see: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maukhari-dynasty Maukhari dynasty], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> After the 14th-century, the area was occupied by Muslims, as a number of tombs are nearby.<ref name=cunningham43/>

The Gopika Cave, literally "milkmaid's cave", is the largest of the three caves in the Nagarjuni hill. It is found on the southern side of the hill, with an entrance facing south. The other two caves (the Vadathika and Vapiyaka caves) are on the northern side of the same hill.<ref name=cunningham43/> The cave is approached by a flight of steps also carved in stone. When Alexander Cunningham visited the cave in the 1860s, he wrote, "the cave was concealed partly by a tree and by an Idgah wall" built by Muslims. The cave is about {{convert|46.5|ft}} long by {{convert|19.16|ft}} broad, with semi-circular ends.<ref name=cunningham43/> It has one entrance. Over the entrance is an inscription by the grandson of [[Ashoka]], [[Dasaratha Maurya]], dedicating the cave to the [[Ajivika]] ascetics, which dates the cave to the end of the 3rd-century BCE. This smaller inscription, as translated by James Prinsep starts with "The Gopi's Cave, an abode....", which gives the cave its name.<ref name=cunningham43/>

The Gopika Cave inscription of Anantavarman, inside the entrance corridor on the left handside, was first noticed in 1785 by J. H. Harrington, then reported to scholars in the 1788 issue of ''Asiatic Researches, Volume 1''.{{sfn|DR Bhandarkar| BC Chhabra| GS Gai|1981|pp=226-228}}<ref name="Harrington">{{cite book|author=J. H. Harrington|title=Asiatick Researches, Or, Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for Inquiring Into the History and Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences, and Literature of Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fJYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA276|year=1799|publisher=BMO Press|pages=276–279}}</ref> Harrington stated that Muslims were living near these caves. He speculated that these once were "religious temples" because he saw three defaced images in them.<ref name="Harrington"/> The inscription, in [[Gupta script|Late Brahmi]], was copied by Harrington and first deciphered in 1785 by [[Charles Wilkins]], who published an essentially correct translation.<ref name="RS202">{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy |pages=[https://archive.org/details/RichardSalomonIndianEpigraphyAGuideToTheBookZa.org/page/n228 206]-207 |url=https://archive.org/details/RichardSalomonIndianEpigraphyAGuideToTheBookZa.org |date=1998 |language=English}}</ref> Wilkins seems to have relied essentially on the similarities with later [[Brahmic scripts]], such as the script of the [[Pala Empire|Pala period]] and early forms of [[Devanagari]].<ref name="RS202"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilkins |first1=Charles |title=Asiatic Researches |date=1788 |publisher=London : Printed for J. Sewell [etc.] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/asiaticresearche01asia_0/page/n338 278]-281 |url=https://archive.org/details/asiaticresearche01asia_0}}</ref> Wilkins also correctly identified the inscription to be related to Hinduism.<ref name="Harrington"/> Another translation was published by Kamalakanta Vidyalankar with James Prinsep in 1837. John Fleet published another revised translation in 1888.{{sfn|DR Bhandarkar| BC Chhabra| GS Gai|1981|pp=226-228}}

==Description==
[[File:Barabar Caves Gopika Cave Inscription of Anantavarman 5th- or 6th-century CE Sanskrit in Gupta script.jpg|thumb|The inscription (left half).]]
[[File:Barabar Caves - Cave Entrance with Dorjee (9227649922).jpg|thumb|Entrance corridor of the Gopika cave, with the Gopika Cave Inscription of Anantavarman on the polished granite wall to the right.]]
The inscription is carved on the wall inside the entrance corridor, and is about {{convert|4.92|ft}} by {{convert|2|ft}} in surface. It has ten lines in [[Gupta script]], with letters approximately {{convert|1|in}} tall. It is one of the earliest Indian inscriptions that uses full [[matras]] (horizontal bar above each letter).{{sfn|DR Bhandarkar| BC Chhabra| GS Gai|1981|pp=226-227}} The inscription is well preserved except for the name of the village gifted by the king for the maintenance of the Durga temple. The missing part is in the 10th line, which seems intentionally damaged by someone.{{sfn|DR Bhandarkar| BC Chhabra| GS Gai|1981|p=226}}

==Significance==
The inscription is a Shakti inscription. It mentions that a Katyayani (synonym of Durga) statue was consecrated in this cave, as well as the donation of a village's revenue to the maintenance and operation of the Bhavani temple (synonym of Durga).<ref name="Bakker2014p43"/><ref name="Thaplyal1985p135">{{cite book|author=Kiran Kumar Thaplyal|title=Inscriptions of the Maukharīs, Later Guptas, Puṣpabhūtis, and Yaśovarman of Kanauj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5svAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research|pages=135–138}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Fleet states that the inscription may be considered to belong to Shaivism or Shaktism. It is dedicated to the wife of Shiva, using two of her common names – Katyayani and Bhavani.{{sfn|DR Bhandarkar| BC Chhabra| GS Gai|1981|p=226}}}} The inscription starts with Om, just prior to the first line just like the [[Vadathika Cave Inscription]], signifying its importance in 5th-century Hindu theology.{{sfn|DR Bhandarkar| BC Chhabra| GS Gai|1981|pp=226-228}}

==See also==
*[[Lakulisa Mathura Pillar Inscription]]
*[[Vadathika Cave Inscription]]
*[[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book| author1=DR Bhandarkar|author2= BC Chhabra|author3= GS Gai| year=1981|title= Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings by JF Fleet, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume III, 3rd Edition | publisher= Archaeological Survey of India |oclc= 606389410}}
*{{cite book|author=Dineschandra Sircar|title=Select Inscriptions Bearing on Indian History and Civilization, Volume 1, 2nd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1hmAAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc= 785763290}}

==External links==
*[http://siddham.uk/inscription/in00154 Gopika Cave Inscription] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420102000/http://siddham.uk/inscription/in00154 |date=2021-04-20 }}, Siddham, United Kingdom

{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Bihar]]

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Debut Actor

2025-11-02T04:47:34Z

PANModesto: starting a info

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Debut Actor
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader =
| awarded_for = Debut Actor in a Marathi film
| sponsor = [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
| firstawarded = 2015
| lastawarded = 2023
| reward =
| former name =
| holder_label =
| holder =
| award1_type = First winner
| award1_winner = [[Gashmeer Mahajani]]
| award2_type = Latest winner
| award2_winner = Deepak Joil
| award3_type =
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Debut Actor''' is an award, presented annually at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] of India to an actor for their debut performance in a [[Marathi cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Government Resolution No. 202507301117049823" |url=https://gr.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Government%20Resolutions/Marathi/202507301117049823.pdf}}</ref>

== Winners ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Actress
!Film
!Ref.
|-
|2015
|[[Gashmeer Mahajani]]
|''[[Carry On Maratha]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-06-07 |title=National Award winning Marathi film Ringan set for theatrical release |url=https://www.landmarcfilms.com/national-award-winning-marathi-film-ringan-set-for-theatrical-release/ |access-date= |website=Landmarc Films |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Sangram Samel
|''Brave Heart''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-30 |title=54th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards {{!}} 54 व्या महाराष्ट्र राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कारांची घोषणा {{!}} Lokmat.com |url=https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/54th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=LOKMAT |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|[[Lalit Prabhakar]]
|''[[Chi Va Chi Sau Ka]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=राज्य पुरस्कारांसाठी दहा चित्रपटांमध्ये चुरस |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/55th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-festival-2018-nomination/articleshow/63617065.cms |access-date= |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|Firoz Shaikh
|''[[Tendlya]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-27 |title=56 व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळ्यात Carol Littleton चा मराठमोळा अंदाज ठरला लक्ष्यवेधी; 'भोंगा' ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट {{!}} 🎥 LatestLY मराठी |url=https://marathi.latestly.com/entertainment/marathi/56th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-winners-list-39172.html |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=LatestLY मराठी |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Ajit Khobragade
|''[[Zollywood]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |title=57 व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्काराचे वितरण, 'वाय' ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/57th-state-marathi-film-awards-y-adjudged-the-best-film-maharashtra-entertainment-news-1258896 |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|Ruturaj Wankhede
|''[[Jayanti (film)|Jayanti]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळयात 'बापल्योक'चा डंका, ७ पुरस्कारांवर पाडली छाप |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/marathi-movie-bapalyok-won-7-awards-at-the-58th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-610638.html |access-date= |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Yogesh Khilare
|''International Falamfok''
|-
|2022
|Jaydeep Kodolikar
|''Hya Goshtila Navach Nahi''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=जगताप |first=नामदेव |title=राज्य चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा; हिंदी, मराठी सिनेसृष्टीतील कलाकारांचा सन्मान; पाहा संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/maharashtra-state-film-awards-diamond-jubilee-held-in-mumbai-see-all-winners-list-kajol-bhimrao-panchale-anupam-kher-mukta-barve-bollywood-news-1375148 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|Deepak Joil
|''Bhera''
|}
==See also==
* [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actor]]
* [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Debut Actor]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2015]]

Govind Singh Bisht

2025-10-15T07:24:58Z

PANModesto: Adding some bio w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

{{Infobox Politician
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
|term_start1 = 2007
|term_end1 =2012
|predecessor1 = [[Harish Chandra Durgapal]]
|successor1 = Constituency abolished
|constituency1 = [[Dhari, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Dhari]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Govind Singh Bisht''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Bisht was a member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dhari, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency |Dhari constituency]] in [[Nainital District]].<ref>{{cite web | title=GOVIND SINGH BISHT (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Dhari (Nainital ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate | url=https://www.myneta.info/utk07/candidate.php?candidate_id=71 }}</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/utk07/candidate.php?candidate_id=27 My Neta]</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Govind Singh Bisht(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BHIMTAL(NAINITAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate | url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarakhand2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=143 }}</ref> He was also a cabinate minister in [[Second Khanduri ministry|Khanduri ministry]] from 2011 to 2012.

== Education ==
Bisht is a graduate and he did his L.L.B from [[Lucknow University]] in 1981.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Govind}}
[[Category:People from Nainital district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Urdu people

2025-10-11T11:11:11Z

PANModesto: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Geographical distribution of Urdu speakers]]

List of Hindu temples in Rayagada district

2025-10-08T11:36:02Z

PANModesto: starting a place

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2015}}

The following is a list of Hindu temples in [[Rayagada district]], [[Odisha]], India.

==List==

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
# Balaji Temple, Gunupur<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gunupurmunicipality.com/Balaji-Math-Temple.pdf |title=Balaji Math Temple |publisher=Gunupur Municipality |access-date=2025-06-22}}</ref>
# Balunkeswar Temple, Rayagada
# [[Chatikona|Chatikona Shiva temple]]
# Gayatri Temple at MITS College, Rayagada
# Hanuman Temple near daily market, Rayagada
# [[Jagannath Temple, Rayagada]]
# [[Laxminarayan temple, Therubali]]
# Lord Venketeshwar Temple, Rayagada
# [[Majhighariani Temple|Maa Majhighariani Termple, Rayagada]]<ref name=Nuaodisha>{{cite web|title=Tourist Places in Rayagada|url=http://www.nuaodisha.com/Odisha-Tourism/Tourist-Places-In-Rayagda.htm|website=nuaoisha.com|accessdate=29 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701022816/http://www.nuaodisha.com/Odisha-Tourism/Tourist-Places-In-Rayagda.htm|archive-date=1 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ixigo>{{cite web|title=6 Temples in Rayagada|url=https://www.ixigo.com/temples-in-rayagada-lp-1039802|website=ixigo.com|accessdate=29 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630232826/https://www.ixigo.com/temples-in-rayagada-lp-1039802|archive-date=30 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# Maa Mangala Temple, Rayagada
# Maa Santoshi Temple near daily market, Rayagada
# [[Maa Markama Temple|Maa Markama Temple at Bissamcuttack]]
# Maa kali Temple, Rayagada
# Mutyalamma Temple, Rayagada
# [[Paikapada, Rayagada|Paikapada Shiva temple]]
# Rama Temple, Gunupur
# Radhakrushna Temple in MITS Campus
# Radhakrushna Temple of Brahmin street, Rayagada
# Swamy Ayappa Temple at Bypass Road, Gunupur
# Shiridi Sai Temple at Railway Colony, Rayagada
# Sri Rama Temple, Rayagada
# Sri Vinayaka Temple, Rayagada
# Swamy Ayyappa Temple, Rayagada
# Hanumana Temple at Church Road, Gunupur
# [[Jagannath Temple, Gunupur]]
# Radhakrushna Temple at Gunupur
# Neelamani Durga Temple, Gunupur
# Dakhina Kali Temple at Gunupur
# Shiva Temple(Baghua Deula), Gunupur
# [[Bhimashankar Jyotirlinga (Dakinyam), Bhimpur|Bhimshankar Jyotirlinga Temple at Bhimpur]]
# Shiridi Sai Temple, Gunupur
# Satya Sai Temple, Gunupur
# Maa Manikeshwari Temple, Gunupur
# Maa Mangala Temple at Gunupur
# Sri Rama Temple, Rayagada
# Sri Vasavi Kanyaka Parameswari Temple, Rayagada
# Shiva Temple at Jyotimahal Chouk, Rayagada
# Santoshi Maa Temple, Rayagada
# Satabhauni Temple at Rayagada
# Trinath Temple, Rayagada
# Gayatri Temple at Rayagada
# [[Nilakantheswar Temple|Nilakantheswar temple, Padmapur]]
# Maa Manikeswari Temple, Kashipur
# Kanyaka Parameswari Temple, Gunupur
# Lord Ganesh Temple, Gunupure
# Sri Mrutyunjaya & Meenakshi Temple, Gunupur
# Shiva Temple, Gunupur
# Jagannath Temple of [[Durgi-odisha]]
# Shiv Temple of Rayat Colony, Rayagada
# Radha Krishna Temple, Durgi
# Radha Krushan Temple, Lihuri, Gunupur (The temple is situated in Andhra Pradesh, but in the Border of Rayagada district)
# Maa Banadurga Temple, Rayagada
# Trinath Temple, Padmapur
# Satya Narayana Swami Temple, Rayagada
# Giri Gobardhan Temple, Rayagada
# Lord Venketeswar Temple, Rayagada
# Lord Rama Temple, Rayagada(near Kasturi Nagara)
# Shiva Temple, Rayagada(Kasturi Nagara)
# Omkarnath Temple, Chekaguda(Rayagada)
# Sankeswari Temple, Sankesh, Rayagada
# Shiv Temple at Rohita Colony, Rayagada
# Maa Bhadra Kali Temple, Rayagada
# Satsang Vihar, Rayagada
# Radhakrishna Temple at Bhaleri near Gunupur
# Lord Hanuman Temple at Kailashpur(Rayagada)
{{div col end}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Majhighariani Temple, Rayagada.jpg|Maa Majhighariani Temple, Rayagada
Jagannath temple, Rayagada.JPG|Jagannath temple, Rayagada
Maa Mangala Maa Temple, Rayagada.jpg|Maa Mangala Maa Temple, Rayagada
Sidhhi Vinayak Temple on the Devagiri hill.jpg|Sidhhi Vinayak Temple on the Devagiri hill
Shiv Temple & Waterfall at Chatikana.JPG|Shiv Temple & Waterfall at Chatikana
Laxminarayana Temple at Therubali.JPG|Laxminarayana Temple at Therubali
Maa Markama Temple.JPEG|Maa Markama Temple
Swamy Ayappa Temple at Bypass Road, Gunupur.jpg|Swamy Ayappa Temple at Bypass Road, Gunupur
Hanumana Temple at Church Road, Gunupur.jpg|Dakhinamukha Hanumana Temple at Church Road, Gunupur
Jagannath temple at Gunupur,Rayagada.jpg|Jagannath temple at Gunupur, Rayagada
Neelamani Durga Temple, Gunupur.JPG|Neelamani Durga Temple, Gunupur
Bhimshankar Jyotirlinga(Dakinyam) temple at Bhimpur.JPG|Bhimshankar Jyotirlinga(Dakinyam) temple at Bhimpur
Dakhina Kali Temple, Gunupur.JPG|Dakhina Kali Temple, Gunupur
Shiva Temple(Baghua Deula), Gunupur.JPG|Shiva Temple(popularly known as Baghua Deula) near old bus stand, Gunupur
Maa Manikeshwari Temple, Gunupur.JPG|Maa Manikeshwari Temple, Gunupur
Radha Krushna Temple, Gunupur.jpg|Radha Krushna Temple, Gunupur
Hanuman Temple at Civil Courts Square, Gunupur.jpg|Hanuman Temple at Civil Courts Square, Gunupur
Satya Sai Temple, Gunupur.jpg|Satya Sai Temple, Gunupur
Shiridi Sai Temple, Gunupur.jpg|Shiridi Sai Temple, Gunupur
Trinath Temple at Civil Courts Square, Gunupur.jpg|Trinath Temple at Civil Courts Square, Gunupur
Venketeswar Temple, Gunupur.jpg|Venketeswar Temple, Gunupur
Mangala Temple, Gunupur.jpg|Mangala Temple, Gunupur
Hanuman Temple at Daily Market, Rayagada.jpg|Hanuman Temple at Daily Market, Rayagada
Trinath Temple at Bypass Road, Rayagada.jpg|Trinath Temple at Bypass Road, Rayagada
Shiva Temple at Jyotimahal Chouk, Rayagada.jpg|Shiva Temple at Jyotimahal Chouk, Rayagada
Shiridi Saibaba Temple at Railway Colony, Rayagada.jpg|Shiridi Saibaba Temple at Railway Colony, Rayagada
Sri Vasavi Kanyaka Parameswari Temple, Rayagada.jpg|Sri Vasavi Kanyaka Parameswari Temple, Rayagada
Sri Rama Temple. Rayagada.jpg|Sri Rama Temple, Rayagada
Santoshi Maa Temple, Rayagada.jpg|Santoshi Maa Temple, Rayagada
Budra pallama Gramdevati, Rayagada.jpg|Budra pallama Gramdevati, Rayagada
Temples of Lord Shiva & Lord Ganesh at Rayagada.jpg|Temples of Lord Shiva & Lord Ganesh at Rayagada
Gayatri Temple at Rayagada.jpg|Gayatri Temple at Rayagada
Rama Temple, Gunupur.jpg|Rama Temple, Gunupur
Nilakantheswar temple.jpg|Nilakantheswar temple
Maa Manikeswari Temple, Kashipur.jpg|Maa Manikeswari Temple, Kashipur
Lord Ganesh Temple, Gunupur.jpg|Lord Ganesh Temple, Gunupur
Kanyaka Parameswari Temple, Gunupur.jpg|Kanyaka Parameswari Temple, Gunupure
Shiva Temple, Gunupur.jpg|Shiva Temple, Gunupur
Sri Mrutyunjaya & Kamakshi Temple, Gunupur.jpg|Sri Mrutyunjaya & Kamakshi Temple, Gunupur
Jagannath Temple of Durgi.jpg|Jagannath Temple of Durgi
Radhakrushna Temple, Padmapur.jpg|Radhakrushna Temple, Padmapur
Jagannath_Temple.4,_Rayagada.JPG|Jagannath Temple at Rayagada
Gopinath Temple, Lihuri.jpg|Gopinath Temple, Lihuri, Gunupur
Radha Krishna mandira.jpg|Radha Krishna Temple, Durgi
Maa Banadurga Temple, Rayagada.jpg|Maa Banadurga Temple, Rayagada
Trinath Temple, Padmapur.jpg|Trinath Temple, Padmapur
Satya Narayana Swami Temple, Rayagada.jpg|Satya Narayana Swami Temple, Rayagada
Giri Gobardhan Temple, Rayagada.jpg|Giri Gobardhan Temple, Rayagada
Lord Venketeswara Temple, Rayagada.jpg|Lord Venketeswara Temple, Rayagada
Lord Rama Temple, Rayagada(Kasturi Nagara).jpg|Lord Rama Temple, Rayagada(Kasturi Nagara)
Shiva Temple, Rayagada(Kasturi Nagara).jpg|Shiva Temple, Rayagada(Kasturi Nagara)
Omkarnath Temple, Rayagada.jpg|Omkarnath Temple, Rayagada
Sankeswari Temple, Sankesh.jpg|Sankeswari Temple, Sankesh
Shiv Temple at Rohita Colony, Rayagada.jpg|Shiv Temple at Rohita Colony, Rayagada
Hanumana Temple, Rayagada.jpg|Hanumana Temple, Rayagada
Balunkeswar Temple, Rayagada.JPG|Balunkeswar Temple, Rayagada
Shiv(Mallikeswar) Temple, near Nadi sahi, Rayagada.jpg|Shiv(Mallikeswar) Temple, near Nadi sahi, Rayagada
Maa Bhadra Kali Temple, Rayagada.jpg|Maa Bhadra Kali Temple, Rayagada
Satsang Vihar, Rayagada.jpg|Satsang Vihar, Rayagada
Radhakrishna Temple at Bhaleri near Gunupur.jpg|Radhakrishna Temple at Bhaleri near Gunupur
Hanuman Temple at Kailashpur (Rayagada).jpg|Hanuman Temple at Kailashpur (Rayagada)
Balunkeswar Shiv Temple Rayagada.jpg|Balunkeswar Shiv Temple, Rayagada
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Lists of Hindu temples]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Hindu temples in Odisha}}
{{Rayagada district}}

{{coord |19.168577|83.413181|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Rayagada district]]
[[Category:Lists of Hindu temples in India|Rayagada]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Odisha|Temples in Rayagada district]]

Subharaja

2025-10-07T09:32:35Z

PANModesto: put up a post needs work.

{{short description|1st century king of the Sri Lankan kingdom of Anuradhapura}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Subharaja
| title = King of Anuradhapura
| image =
| caption =
| reign = 60 – 67 AD
| coronation =
| full name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 67 AD
| death_place =
| burial_date =
| burial_place = 
| predecessor = [[Yassalalaka of Anuradhapura|Yasalalaka]]
| successor = [[Vasabha of Anuradhapura|Vasabha]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| religion = [[Therevada Buddhism]]
| signature =
}}

'''Subharaja''' was King of [[Kingdom of Anuradhapura|Anuradhapura]] during the 1st century. His reign lasted from 60 to 67 AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blaze |first=L. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFxCJ9__KBMC&q=Subharaja+60+AD |title=History of Ceylon |date=2004 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1841-1 |language=en|page=259}}</ref> He succeeded [[Yassalalaka of Anuradhapura|Yasalalaka]] as [[King of Anuradhapura]] and was overthrown and succeeded by [[Vasabha of Anuradhapura|Vasabha]], the first king of the [[House of Lambakanna I|Lambakanna dynasty]]. The end of Subharaja's reign marked the end of the [[House of Vijaya]].

==See also==
* [[List of Sri Lankan monarchs]]
* [[History of Sri Lanka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/gen3000.html Kings & Rulers of Sri Lanka]
* [http://lakdiva.org/codrington/ Codrington's Short History of Ceylon]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Vijaya]]|?|?|?|?|}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Yassalalaka of Anuradhapura|Yasalalaka]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[List of Anuradhapura monarchs|King of Anuradhapura]]
| years = 60–67 AD
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Vasabha of Anuradhapura|Vasabha]]
}}
{{end}}

{{Monarchs of the Anuradhapura Kingdom}}
{{House of Vijaya}}

[[Category:Monarchs of Anuradhapura]]
[[Category:Sinhalese kings]]
[[Category:House of Vijaya]]
[[Category:1st-century Sinhalese monarchs]]

{{SriLanka-hist-stub}}

Government Primary School, Merahi

2025-09-17T22:24:32Z

PANModesto: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Merahi#Education]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Shasta (deity)

2025-08-15T09:04:24Z

PANModesto: Enhanced article with new information

{{Short description|Hindu god}}
{{Other uses|Shasta (disambiguation){{!}}Shasta}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:MADRAS11.JPG|thumbnail|right|Statue of Shasta, [[Chola]] Dynasty, Government Museum, [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India]]
[[File:Shasta god.JPG|thumb|Shasta from Kudumiyanmalai, Tamil Nadu]]
[[File:Isurumuniya_Man_and_the_Horse_Head.jpg|thumb|Pre-Buddhist [[Ayyanayake]] with horse from [[Isurumuniya]], Sri Lanka]]

'''Shasta''' ([[IAST]] Śāstā) is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=Balaram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rf0vAQAAIAAJ&q=shasta+Dravidian |title=The Indians and the Amerindians |date=1997 |publisher=Self-Employment Bureau Publication |language=en}}</ref> described as the son of the deities [[Shiva]] and [[Mohini]], [[Vishnu]]'s female [[avatar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=shasta+ayyappa&pg=PA198 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |language=en}}</ref> In [[South India]], he is identified with the [[Aiyanar|Ayyanar]], Nattarayan or Sattan in [[Tamil Nadu]], as [[Ayyanayake]] in Sinhala and the [[Ayyappan]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leviton |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6duRdH6qZAC&dq=shasta+Tamil&pg=PT493 |title=Walking in Albion: Adventures in the Christed Initiation in the Buddha Body |date=2010-04-22 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4502-2343-0 |language=en}}</ref> His principal function is to act as a [[kuladevata]] of a given clan, as well as act as a guardian of a village's boundaries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuller |first=C. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_9ZDwAAQBAJ&dq=shasta+god&pg=PA53 |title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India - Revised and Expanded Edition |date=2018-06-05 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18641-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==Significance==
''Shasta'' is a generic term that means "Teacher, Guide, Lord, Ruler" in Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Johannes Bronkhorst|author2=Madhav Deshpande|title=Aryan and non-Aryan in South Asia: evidence, interpretation, and ideology; proceedings of the International Seminar on Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOdtAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Harvard University, Dept. of Sanskrit and Indian Studies|isbn=978-1-888789-04-1|pages=177–178}}</ref> In South India, a number of deities are associated with Shasta. The Tamil song ''Shasta Varavu'' states that there are eight important incarnations and forms of Shasta. This is also present in the agamic work ''Dyana Ratnavali''. The ''Ashta-Shasta'' (eight Shastas) are ''Aadhi Maha Shasta'', ''Dharma Shasta'' ([[Ayyappan]]), ''Gnana Shasta'', ''Kalyana Varadha Shasta'', ''Sammohana Shasta'', ''Santhana Prapti Shasta'', ''Veda Shasta'' and ''Veera Shasta''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/shrines-for-sastha-in-eight-forms/article5425348.ece|title=Shrines for Sastha, in eight forms|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 December 2013 |access-date=4 September 2017}}</ref> ''Brahma Shasta'' is another term associated with [[Kartikeya]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AevljBmCRQC&pg=PA244|author=Fred W. Clothey|page=244|year=1978| publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=9027976325}}</ref>

===Tamil Nadu===
In Tamil Nadu, [[Aiyanar]] is used as the regional name of the deity ''Shasta''. The earliest reference to ''Aiynar-Shasta'' is from the [[Arcot|Arcot district]] in Tamil Nadu. The stones are dated to the 3rd century CE. They read "Ayanappa; a shrine to Cattan." This is followed by another inscription in [[Uraiyur]] near [[Tiruchirapalli]] which is dated to the 4th century CE.<ref name=Kala67>Williams, J., ''Kaladarsana'', p.67</ref>

Literary references to ''Aiyanar-Cattan'' are found in [[Silappatikaram]], a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] work dated to the 4th to 5th centuries CE. The Tamil [[Sangam literature|Sangam]] classics [[Purananuru]], Akananuru etc. refer to Ayyanar and "Cattan" in many poems. There are several numerous references to Shasta in Sangam works. Some Tamil inscriptions of the Sangam period and a few of the later Pallava and Chola period coming in from various parts of the kingdoms refer to him as Sevugan and Mahasasta.

There are references in the [[Puranas]] that narrate as to how Shasta during his tenure on earth long ago conducted discourses on Vedas and {{Transliteration|hi|italic=no|Vedantas}} to a galaxy of gods and sages.

The hymns of some [[Alvars]] like [[Thirumangai Alvar|Tirumangai Alvar]] and [[Nammalvar]] in temples like Tirumogur near Madurai refer to Shasta.<ref name=Kala66>Williams, J., ''Kaladarsana'', p.66</ref> A Sanskrit work dated prior to the 7th century known as the [[Brahmanda Purana]] mentions ''Shasta'' as Harihara suta, or the son of Shiva and Narayana (Vishnu), the oppressor of the [[asura]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTxKEAAAQBAJ&dq=shasta+purana&pg=PT115 |title=Brahmanda Purana: 4 Lalithopakhayana : English Translation only without Slokas |date=2021-07-12 |publisher=Kausiki Books |language=en}}</ref>

Later on, the [[Saivite]] revivalist [[Appar]] sang about ''Shasta'' as the progeny of [[Shiva]] and [[Perumal (deity)|Tirumal]] (Vishnu) in one of his [[Tevaram]]s in the 7th century. The saint [[Sambandar]], in one of his songs, praises Ayyanar as a celibate god, invincible and terrible in warfare, taking his abode alongside the bhootaganas of Shiva.<ref>{{Cite book |last=General |first=India Office of the Registrar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5f4cAQAAMAAJ&q=Ayyanar+sambandar+appar |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1966 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en}}</ref> The place sanctity and history document, or [[sthala purana]] of Tiruvanaikkaval, a Shaivite temple near Tiruchi, which was first documented by the sage Kashyapa, informs us that Shasta once served Shiva at that site and after being blessed with a vision was instructed by God to take his abode in the outer sanctorum. It says that Shasta continues to worship him during the day of tiruvadirai. Adi Sankara also has referred to Ayyanar in sivanandalahari in one verse. Some ancient hagiographies have accounted that Sankara was a ''deivamsam'' (divine soul portion) of Shasta (''sevugan''), the same way that Sambandar was a divine portion of Skanda and Sundarar a divine portion of Alagasundarar. He is also known to have composed verses praising the deity but the same are not available to us as of today. From the [[Chola]] period (9th century CE) onwards the popularity of ''Aiyanar-Shasta'' became even more pronounced as is attested by epigraphy and imagery.<ref name="Kala62">Williams, J., ''Kaladarsana'', p.62</ref>

===Kerala===
The Shasta religious tradition is particularly well developed in the state of [[Kerala]]. The earliest inscription to ''Shasta'' was made in 855 CE by an [[Velirs|Ay]] King at the [[Padmanabhapuram]] Sivan temple. Independent temples to ''Shasta'' are known from the 11th century CE. Prior to that, ''Shasta'' veneration took place in the temples of [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]], the premier gods of the Hindu pantheon. Since late medieval times, the warrior deity [[Ayyappa]]'s following has become very popular in the 20th century.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==

* [[Nurani]], a village in [[Palakkad]], Kerala, noted for its Sastha devotion.

==References==
*{{cite book |last=Smith |first=B. L. |title=Legitimation of Power in South Asia |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=1978 |isbn=90-04-05674-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Joanna |title=Kaladarsana: American studies in the art of India |publisher=[[E.J. Brill]] |year=1981 |isbn=90-04-06498-2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.nuranivillage.org/home.html Nurani, a village with a strong Sastha devotion.]
*[http://pulivahanan.wetpaint.com/page/Sastha+Temple+Kuthiran?t=anon Kuthiran Shasta temple]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050502152127/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/culture/cultureofkerala/sasta.html List of Shasta temples in Kerala]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111230051237/http://sabash.org/ Sastha Ayyanar and Ayyappan]
*[http://www.ashtasastha.org Ashta Sastha Temple]
*[https://shanmatha.blogspot.com/2011/05/108-sasthalayangal.html List of 108 Ancient Sastha Temples]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110704190911/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/25/stories/2009012558470200.htm Authoring the first purana on Shasta]
{{HinduMythology|fold}}

[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Tamil deities]]
[[Category:Children of Shiva]]

Hyderya Sports FC

2025-08-09T20:43:18Z

PANModesto:

{{Short description|Indian professional football club}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
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| fullname = Hyderya Kashmir Football Club
| nickname = The Mountain Lions
| founded = {{start date and age|2006}}
| ground = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| capacity = 11,000
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Zahoor Ahmed Teli
| league = [[JKFA Professional League]]
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'''Hyderya Sports Football Club''', also known as '''Hyderya Kashmir Football Club''' ('''HKFC'''), is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The club competes in the [[JKFA Professional League]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theawayend.co/jkfa-professional-league/|title=JKFA Professional League|access-date=17 July 2021|date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711213046/https://theawayend.co/jkfa-professional-league/|archive-date=11 July 2021|website=The Away End|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was nominated for the [[I-League 2|I-League Qualifiers]]. Nicknamed as ''The [[Mountain lions|Mountain Lions]]'', Hyderya was to be the third club from Jammu and Kashmir to participate in qualifiers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=GKNN|title=Hyderya Sports FC to represent J&K in 2nd Division I-League|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/hyderya-sports-fc-to-represent-jk-in-2nd-division-i-league|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Greater Kashmir|date=September 2021 |language=en|archive-date=4 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904035520/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/hyderya-sports-fc-to-represent-jk-in-2nd-division-i-league|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Excelsior|first=Daily|date=2021-08-03|title=Hyderya Sports FC qualifies for I-League 2nd Division|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/hyderya-sports-fc-qualifies-for-i-league-2nd-division/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|language=en-US|archive-date=4 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904035522/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/hyderya-sports-fc-qualifies-for-i-league-2nd-division/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
Hyderya FC participated in the first ever ''JKFA Professional League'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/hero-fc-scripts-win-over-jk-bank-academy-fc/|title=Hero FC scripts win over J&K Bank Academy FC|website=dailyexcelsior.com|date=3 February 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203223833/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/hero-fc-scripts-win-over-jk-bank-academy-fc/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jksportscouncil.com/sport/football|title=Six Football Matches played in ongoing JKSC Premier League at Jammu|website=jksportscouncil.com|access-date=30 July 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506094002/http://jksportscouncil.com/sport/football|url-status=live}}</ref> where they finished runners up, earning qualification spot for [[2021 I-League qualifiers|2021 I-League Qualifiers]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-31|title=J&K Bank XI Lifts JKFA Professional League 2021 Title|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2021/07/31/jk-bank-xi-lifts-jkfa-professional-league-2021-title/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Kashmir Observer {{!}} Kashmir Latest News|language=en-US|archive-date=4 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904040056/https://kashmirobserver.net/2021/07/31/jk-bank-xi-lifts-jkfa-professional-league-2021-title/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 September 2021, the [[All India Football Federation]] disqualified Hyderya from the I-League Qualifiers, for producing a bank guarantee which was "not genuine".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/hyderya-sports-kashmir-fc-produce-fake-bank-guarantee-for-i-league-qualifiers-4252055.html|title=Indian Football: Hyderya Sports Kashmir FC Disqualified from I-League Qualifiers for Producing Fake Bank Guarantee|website=News18|access-date=28 September 2021|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927162733/https://www.news18.com/news/football/hyderya-sports-kashmir-fc-produce-fake-bank-guarantee-for-i-league-qualifiers-4252055.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Honours==
===Domestic league===
*'''[[JKFA Professional League]]'''
**Runners-up (1): [[JKFA Professional League 2021|2021]]<ref>[https://theawayend.co/jkfa-professional-league/ JKFA Professional League 2021: table and standings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711213046/https://theawayend.co/jkfa-professional-league/ |date=11 July 2021 }} ''theawayend.co''. Retrieved 12 August 2021</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of football clubs in India|List of football clubs in Jammu & Kashmir]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{I-League 2nd Division}}
{{Football in India}}

[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2006]]
[[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Sport in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Shamsuddin Ahmed (engineer)

2025-07-06T11:31:04Z

PANModesto: small changes

#REDIRECT [[Shamsuddin Ahmed (Mymensingh politician)]]
<div class="mw-parser-output">
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Article 312A of the Constitution of India

2025-06-28T07:51:44Z

PANModesto: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Constitution of India#Structure]]
This page is a redirect page at present. If you wish to expand this '''Article '''of [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], do as follows:
* Remove the "'''REDIRECT'''" line
* Remove this message
and you may then proceed with your page. {{R to section}}

[[Category:Articles of Part XIV of the Constitution of India]]

Bapawar Kalan

2025-05-08T01:07:39Z

PANModesto: added the info needs work - done

{{Short description|Town in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
'''Bapawar Kalan''' is a small town in the southeast part of the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. It is located around 37 kilometers south of the Kota district headquarter. It has a railway station, a hospital, schools, markets, and roads for traffic. The people of Bapawar Kalan primarily engage in agricultural activities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bapawar Kalan Village Population - Sangod - Kota, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/102434-bapawar-kalan-rajasthan.html |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BAPAWAR KALAN Village BAPAWAR KALA Panchayat SANGOD Block, Kota, Rajasthan India BrandBharat.com |url=https://www.brandbharat.com/english/rajasthan/districts/Kota/Kota_SANGOD_BAPAWAR%20KALA_BAPAWAR%20KALAN.html |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=www.brandbharat.com}}</ref>

== Literacy ==

There is a gender gap in literacy rates in Bapawar Kalan, with male literacy standing at 87.21% compared to female literacy at 61.10%.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Village/Town
!Literacy Rate (2011)
!Male Literacy Rate
!Female Literacy Rate
|-
|Bapawar Kalan
|74.69%
|87.21%
|61.10%
|}

== Population ==
According to the 2011 Population Census, the village has a total population of 7,170, with 3,729 male residents and 3,441 female residents. There are a total of 1,416 families residing in the village.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kota district}}

{{coord|24|55|36|N|76|25|57|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kota district]]

{{Kotadivision-geo-stub}}

ISBN (identifier)

2025-02-11T20:44:13Z

PANModesto: correct layout further and cleaned formatting per sources

#REDIRECT [[ISBN]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from citation identifier}}
}}

Siddharth Tiwari

2025-01-26T20:37:06Z

PANModesto: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Teonthar Assembly constituency|Teonthar]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Shyamlal Dwivedi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Siddharth Tiwari''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Teonthar Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

==Political career==
In the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s, Tiwari received a ticket from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] to contest from the Teonthar Assembly Constituency. He faced off against the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate, Rama Shankar Singh. Tiwari won the election by a narrow margin of 4,746 votes, securing a total of 61,082 votes, while Singh garnered 56,336 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teonthar, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/madhya-pradesh/teonthar-constituency-s12aed2008a070/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Teonthar Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Teonthar Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/teonthar-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Siddharth}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Saroj Kumar Pradhan

2025-01-26T19:47:57Z

PANModesto: created...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Pradip Kumar Amat]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Saroj Kumar Pradhan''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Boudh Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Boudh Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/boudh-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916948.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Boudh, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's SAROJ KUMAR PRADHAN wins Boudh with 62494 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/boudh-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548469-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Saroj Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Linking Road, Mumbai

2024-10-17T19:41:32Z

PANModesto: brief expanded section based on references also and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Road in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2016}}

[[File:Mumbai belt shop.jpg|thumb|A shop selling belts on Linking road]]
'''Linking Road''' is a road which extends from [[Bandra]] to [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]] West in the city of [[Mumbai]], [[India]] which is the third largest shopping district in India in terms of revenue and footfalls.

==History==
[[File:Bandra Linking road.jpg|thumb|170px|left| Roadside pavement shops at Bandra Linking road.]]Linking Road was one of the first arterial roads "linking" the far-flung suburbs of Bandra and [[Juhu]] during the 1940s. The oldest name of the road was Dadabhai Navroji Road.

Linking Road and Hill Road were two of the main shopping hubs in the suburbs of Mumbai. Over the years this shopping hub has stretched beyond its original length. The road starts from S.V Road in Bandra and continues to [[Khar, Mumbai|Khar]], and extends beyond this towards Santacruz and Juhu in the north of the city. [[R. D. National College|R.D National College]] is situated on Linking Road.

It is a shopping hub for every pocket size with everything from street stalls selling products for a bargain to niche stores and boutiques for specialized products to high end international brands. It is the most expensive retail location in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parab |first1=Dinesh |title=Linking Road most expensive retail location in India |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1207893 |access-date=18 April 2021 |work=DNA India |agency=PTI |date=19 November 2008 |language=en}}</ref>

Over past decade linking road has gained popularity because its night life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/mumbai/drinks-and-nightlife-in-bandra-west|title=Nightlife Restaurants in Bandra West - Zomato|website=Zomato|access-date=2016-06-22}}</ref>

In Santacruz, there is a famous Arya Samaj Mandir and on the end there is Juhu Garden, which has an aeroplane model.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Roads in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]
[[Category:Retail markets in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Bandra]]

Raktakarabi

2024-05-31T10:11:28Z

PANModesto:

'''Raktakarabi''' or '''Roktokorobi''' may refer to:

* [[Raktakarabi (film)|''Raktakarabi'' (film)]], 2017 Indian Bengali-language film
* [[Raktakarabi (play)|''Raktakarabi'' (play)]], 1924 play by Rabindranath Tagore
* [[Roktokorobi (TV series)|''Roktokorobi'' (TV series)]], 2023 TV series

{{dis}}

Tiruneivanai Swarnakadeswarar Temple

2024-02-14T02:49:37Z

PANModesto: new...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
[[File:Neivanaisornakadesvarartemple.jpg|200x200px|right|The entrance of the temple|thumb]]
'''Thirunelvennai Sri Swarnakadeswarar Temple'''<ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite web
|url= https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=157
|title= Thirunelvennai Sri Swarnakadeswarar Temple
|work=Dinamalar temples
|accessdate=14 April 2019
}}</ref>
(நெய்வணை சொர்ணகடேஸ்வரர் கோயில்
<ref name="ta.wikipedia.org">[[:ta:நெய்வணை சொர்ணகடேஸ்வரர் கோயில்]]</ref>)is a [[Hindu temple]] located at Neivanai in [[Villupuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The presiding deity is [[Shiva]]. He is called as Swarnakadeswarar. His consort is known as Neelamalar Kanniammai.Gurukkal mobile number 7826-090451<ref name="dm">Gurukkal mobile number 7826-090451 [https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=157 Thirunelvennai Sri Swarnakadeswarar Temple]</ref>

== Significance ==
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] – [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] [[
Sambandar]].<ref name="dm"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Viluppuram district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

Indian algologists

2024-02-07T03:36:55Z

PANModesto: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian scientists]]

{{R from list topic}}

2023 National Beach Soccer Championship

2024-01-03T03:41:28Z

PANModesto: added a details needs work

{{short description|Association football tournament in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = National Beach Soccer Championship
| year = [[2022–23 in Indian football|2023]]
| image =
| country = India
| num_teams = 19
| dates = {{nowrap|26 January–1 February 2023}}
| venue = [[Dumas Beach]], [[Surat]]
| winners = Kerala
| count = 1
| second = Punjab
| third = Delhi
| fourth = Uttarakhand
| matches = 80
| goals = 552
| attendance =
| scoring_leader = Amit Godara (Rajasthan) (27 goals)
| award = Siju S (Kerala)
| goalkeeper = Santhosh Kasmeer (Kerala)
| prev_season =
| next_season =[[2024 National Beach Soccer Championship|2024]]
| updated =
}}

The '''2023 National Beach Soccer Championship''' was the inaugural edition of the [[National Beach Soccer Championship]], an annual [[Beach soccer]] tournament in India organised by the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF).<ref name="AIFF1">{{Cite web|title=Twenty teams to participate in maiden Hero National Beach Soccer Championship|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/twenty-teams-to-participate-in-maiden-hero-national-beach-soccer-championship|access-date=2023-01-02|website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref name="AIFF2">{{Cite web|title=Surat engulfed in Beach Soccer wave|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/surat-engulfed-in-beach-soccer-wave|access-date=2023-01-27|website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AIFF announces fixtures for inaugural National Beach Soccer Championship|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/aiff-announces-fixtures-for-inaugural-national-beach-soccer-championship20230103100547/|access-date=2023-01-03|website=ANI}}</ref>

== Group stage ==
AIFF announced schedule of this tournament on 24 January 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/IndianFootball/status/1617747693534859264?s=20&t=zZ_BppNb5oO89aJofXAyiw|title=Group Stage Fixtures|work=AIFF Twitter|access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/IndianFootball/status/1617747700845543424?s=20&t=zZ_BppNb5oO89aJofXAyiw|title=Knockout Stage Fixtures|work=AIFF Twitter|access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref> Later, Services has been replaced by Punjab. Also Manipur, who was initially drawn in group C, withdrew.

=== Group A ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/beach-soccer AIFF]
|name_HP = Himachal Pradesh
|name_BR = Bihar
|name_JH = Jharkhand
|name_LD = Lakshadweep
|name_AN = Andaman & Nicobar


|update=complete
|show_matches=yes
|win_HP=1 |draw_HP= |loss_HP=3 |gf_HP=18 |ga_HP=35
|win_BR=2 |draw_BR= |loss_BR=2 |gf_BR=27 |ga_BR=27
|win_JH=3 |draw_JH= |loss_JH=1 |gf_JH=28 |ga_JH=28
|win_LD=4 |draw_LD= |loss_LD=0 |gf_LD=54 |ga_LD=20
|win_AN=0 |draw_AN= |loss_AN=4 |gf_AN=21 |ga_AN=38


|match_HP_BR=2-8
|match_HP_JH=null
|match_HP_AN=null
|match_HP_LD=5-16

|match_BR_HP=null
|match_BR_JH=2-9
|match_BR_AN=12-7
|match_BR_LD=null

|match_LD_HP=null
|match_LD_BR=9-5
|match_LD_JH=null
|match_LD_AN=13-4

|match_JH_HP=6-5
|match_JH_BR=null
|match_JH_AN=null
|match_JH_LD=6-16

|match_AN_HP=5-6
|match_AN_BR=null
|match_AN_JH=5-7
|match_AN_LD=null


|team_order=LD, JH, BR, HP, AN
|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
}}

=== Group B ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/beach-soccer AIFF]
|name_GJ = Gujarat
|name_RJ = Rajasthan
|name_PB = Punjab
|name_KL = Kerala
|name_MP = Madhya Pradesh


|update=complete
|show_matches=yes
|win_GJ=3 |draw_GJ= |loss_GJ=1 |gf_GJ=21 |ga_GJ=18 |status_GJ=H
|win_RJ=1 |draw_RJ= |loss_RJ=3 |gf_RJ=45 |ga_RJ=43
|win_PB=3 |draw_PB= |loss_PB=1 |gf_PB=30 |ga_PB=18
|win_KL=3 |draw_KL= |loss_KL=1 |gf_KL=47 |ga_KL=9
|win_MP=0 |draw_MP= |loss_MP=4 |gf_MP=13 |ga_MP=68


|match_GJ_RJ=8-6
|match_GJ_PB=null
|match_GJ_MP=11-4
|match_GJ_KL=0-6

|match_RJ_GJ=null
|match_RJ_PB=8-11
|match_RJ_MP=29-5
|match_RJ_KL=null

|match_KL_GJ=null
|match_KL_RJ=19-2
|match_KL_PB=null
|match_KL_MP=17-1

|match_PB_GJ=2-2 (4-5)
|match_PB_RJ=null
|match_PB_MP=null
|match_PB_KL=6-5

|match_MP_GJ=null
|match_MP_RJ=null
|match_MP_PB=3-11
|match_MP_KL=null


|team_order=PB, KL, GJ, RJ, MP
|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
}}

=== Group C ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/beach-soccer AIFF]
|name_MZ = Mizoram
|name_AP = Andhra Pradesh
|name_UT = Uttarakhand
|name_DL = Delhi


|update=complete
|show_matches=yes
|win_MZ=1 |draw_MZ= |loss_MZ=2 |gf_MZ=17 |ga_MZ=18
|win_AP=0 |draw_AP= |loss_AP=3 |gf_AP=11 |ga_AP=22
|win_UT=3 |draw_UT= |loss_UT=0 |gf_UT=23 |ga_UT=10
|win_DL=2 |draw_DL= |loss_DL=1 |gf_DL=17 |ga_DL=18


|match_MZ_AP=7-4
|match_MZ_UT=null
|match_MZ_DL=null

|match_AP_MZ=null
|match_AP_UT=2-9
|match_AP_DL=5-6

|match_UT_MZ=7-4
|match_UT_AP=null
|match_UT_DL=null

|match_DL_MZ=7-6
|match_DL_AP=null
|match_DL_UT=4-7


|team_order=UT, DL, MZ, AP
|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
}}

=== Group D ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/beach-soccer AIFF]
|name_DH = Dadra and Nagar Haveli & Daman and Diu
|name_OR = Odisha
|name_AR = Arunachal Pradesh
|name_GA = Goa
|name_KA = Karnataka


|update=complete
|show_matches=yes
|win_DH=1 |draw_DH= |loss_DH=3 |gf_DH=11 |ga_DH=27
|win_OR=3 |draw_OR= |loss_OR=1 |gf_OR=26 |ga_OR=12
|win_AR=3 |draw_AR= |loss_AR=1 |gf_AR=22 |ga_AR=17
|win_GA=1 |draw_GA= |loss_GA=3 |gf_GA=17 |ga_GA=18
|win_KA=2 |draw_KA= |loss_KA=2 |gf_KA=15 |ga_KA=17


|match_DH_OR=2-10
|match_DH_AR=null
|match_DH_KA=null
|match_DH_GA=5-3

|match_OR_DH=null
|match_OR_AR=7-3
|match_OR_KA=7-3
|match_OR_GA=null

|match_GA_DH=null
|match_GA_OR=4-2
|match_GA_AR=null
|match_GA_KA=4-4

|match_AR_DH=8-2
|match_AR_OR=null
|match_AR_KA=null
|match_AR_GA=7-6

|match_KA_DH=6-2
|match_KA_OR=null
|match_KA_AR=2-4
|match_KA_GA=null


|team_order=OR, AR, KA, DH, GA
|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
}}

==Knockout stage==
===Bracket===
<onlyinclude>
<section begin=bracket />{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
|style=white-space:nowrap|widescore=yes|bold_winner=high|3rdplace=yes
|RD1=[[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]]
|RD2=[[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|RD3=[[#Final|Final]]


|31 January|Lakshadweep|0|Kerala|5
|31 January|Uttarakhand|13|Arunachal Pradesh|5
|31 January|Punjab|6|Jharkhand|4
|31 January|Odisha|5 (1)|Delhi|5 (3)

|31 January|Kerala|11|Uttarakhand|9
|31 January|Punjab|3|Delhi|2

|1 February|Kerala|13|Punjab|4

|1 February|Uttarakhand|1|Delhi|3
}}<section end=bracket />
</onlyinclude>

===Quarter-finals===
{{football box
| date = 31 January 2023
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Lakshadweep
| score = 0–5
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16887
| team2 = Kerala
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*Saju S {{goal|14}}
*Stephin J {{goal|16||31}}
*Suhail U {{goal|33||34}}
| stadium = Arena 1
| referee =
}}
{{football box
| date = 31 January 2023
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Uttarakhand
| score = 13–5
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16888
| team2 = Arunachal Pradesh
| goals1 =
*Mary Jesin Shagin S {{goal|2||8||16||20||20||21}}
*Tijo S Theofin {{goal|6||12}}
*Aron A {{goal|8||16||25}}
*Sarshan C {{goal|31}}
*Tushan D {{goal|34}}
| goals2 =
*Tasar Negia Dignium {{goal|10}}
*Tolum Pinku {{goal|15}}
*Dorjee Tsewang {{goal|16}}
*Bishal Munda {{goal|17}}
*Dorjee Sherpa {{goal|27}}
| stadium = Arena 2
| referee =
}}
{{football box
| date = 31 January 2023
| time = 11:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Punjab
| score = 6–4
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16889
| team2 = Jharkhand
| goals1 =
*Sangamdeep Singh {{goal|24||32}}
*Sanamdeep {{goal|15||16||32}}
| goals2 =
*Shivanand Nath Gonjhu {{goal|3}}
*Akash Chandra Mahato {{goal|11}}
*Birju Baskey {{goal|19}}
*Akash Chandra Mahato {{goal|27}}
*Mahesh Murmu {{goal|26|o.g.}}
| stadium = Arena 1
| referee =
}}
{{football box
| date = 31 January 2023
| time = 11:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Odisha
| score = 5–5
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16890
| team2 = Delhi
| goals1 =
*Bapuni Bindhani {{goal|9||22||26||37}}
*Subash Pujari {{goal|14}}
| goals2 =
*Satyam Vivek {{goal|14||27}}
*Sandeep {{goal|28}}
*Amit Bisht {{goal|35}}
*Lalzarmawia {{goal|38}}
| penalties1 =
| penaltyscore = 1–3
| penalties2 =
| stadium = Arena 2
| referee =
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{football box
| date = 31 January 2023
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Kerala
| score = 11–9
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16891
| team2 = Uttarakhand
| goals1 =
*Stephin J {{goal|1||13||35}}
*Jikson K V {{goal|3||9||10||34||35}}
*Suhail U {{goal|10||21}}
*Saju S {{goal|12}}
| goals2 =
*Mary Jesin Shagin S {{goal|4||19||20||32||32}}
*Tushan D {{goal|6}}
*Sarshan C {{goal|11||23}}
*Tijo S Theofin {{goal|17}}
| stadium = Arena 2
| referee =
}}
{{football box
| date = 31 January 2023
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Punjab
| score = 3–2
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16892
| team2 = Delhi
| goals1 =
*Palwinder Singh {{goal|6}}
*Kartik {{goal|17}}
*Sangamdeep Singh {{goal|35}}
| goals2 =
*Satyam Vivek {{goal|8}}
*Tanmay Prasad {{goal|9}}
| stadium = Arena 2
| referee =
}}

===3rd place===
{{football box
| date = 1 February 2023
| time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Uttarakhand
| score = 1–3
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16956
| team2 = Delhi
| goals1 = Mary Jesin Shagin S {{goal|5}}
| goals2 =
*Satyam Vivek {{goal|3}}
*Amit Bisht {{goal|21}}
*Sunny Chaudhary {{goal|34}}
| stadium = Arena 2
| referee =
}}

===Final===
{{football box
| date = 1 February 2023
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Kerala
| score = 13–4
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16957
| team2 = Punjab
| goals1 =
*Kamaludheen A {{goal|1}}
*Siju S {{goal|5}}
*Suhail U {{goal|7||12}}
*Jikson K V {{goal|8||30||33}}
*Stephin J {{goal|13||14}}
*Muhseer Tkb {{goal|17||21}}
*Roy R {{goal|24||30}}
| goals2 =
*Jikson K V {{goal|6|o.g.}}
*Akash Babu {{goal|7}}
*Siju S {{goal|28|o.g.}}
*Rajwinder Singh {{goal|35}}
| stadium = Arena 2
| referee =
}}

==Broadcasting==
On 28 January 2023, [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF) announced through Twitter that, matches of knockout stage would be broadcast via official Facebook page and YouTube channel of Indian Football.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/IndianFootball/status/1619327604267577345?s=20&t=oY9g8-qlKmiOTXD4AY3Kug|title=Official announcement-Broadcasting|work=AIFF Twitter|access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[2022–23 Santosh Trophy]]
*[[2022–23 Futsal Club Championship]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.the-aiff.com/}}

[[Category:National Beach Soccer Championship]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Indian football|Beach Soccer Championship]]
[[Category:2023 in beach soccer]]
[[Category:January 2023 sports events in India|National Beach Soccer Championship]]
[[Category:February 2023 sports events in India|National Beach Soccer Championship]]

Ramarao Patra

2023-05-23T18:31:31Z

PANModesto: quick fix content for consistency and cleaned formatting after review

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Belgaum Uttar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)

2022-05-11T16:35:34Z

PANModesto: typo fix

#REDIRECT [[Belgaum Uttar Assembly constituency]]

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