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Bey

2026-05-20T11:41:03Z

Owen79097529716:

{{Short description|Honorific title in Turkic languages}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Redirect|Baig|the surname|Baig (surname)|other uses of Bey|Bey (disambiguation)|7=Beg (dinosaur)}}
[[File:Uyghur_General_Khojis_(-1781),_governor_of_Turfan,_who_later_settled_in_Beijing._Painting_by_a_European_Jesuit_artist_at_the_Chinese_court_in_1775.png|thumb|[[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] General [[Khojis]] (d. 1781), bey of Turfan, who later settled in Beijing; painting by a European Jesuit artist at the Chinese court in 1775<ref>{{cite web |title=北京保利国际拍卖有限公司 |url=https://www.polypm.com.cn/news/detail/3934/14 |website=polypm.com.cn}}</ref>]]
'''Bey''',{{efn|{{langx|ota-Arab|بك|beğ}}, {{langx|tr|bey}}, {{langx|az|bəy}}, {{langx|tk|beg}}, {{langx|uz|бек}}, {{langx|ku|بەگ|beg}}, {{langx|kk|би/бек}}, {{langx|ky|бий/бек}}, {{langx|tt-Cyrl|бәк|translit=bäk}}, {{langx|cjs|пий/пек}}, {{langx|sq|beu/bej}}, {{langx|hr|beg}}, {{langx|sr|beg}}, {{langx|fa|بیگ|beyg}}/{{transliteration|fa|beig}}, {{langx|ur|بیگ|beg}}/{{transliteration|ur|baig}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Meaning of the name Baig |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/names/baig |accessdate=2026-05-20 |publisher=Wisdom Library}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Baig Meaning in Urdu |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/dictionary/english-to-urdu/baig-meaning-in-urdu/7922.html |accessdate=2026-05-20 |publisher=UrduPoint}}</ref> {{langx|tg|бек}}, {{langx|ar|بيه, بك|bēh, bek}}}} also spelled as '''Baig''', '''Bayg''', '''Beigh''', '''Beig''', '''Bek''', '''Baeg, Begh,''' '''Beg,''' or '''Beğ''', is a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] title for a [[chieftain]], and a royal, [[aristocratic]] title traditionally applied to people with special lineages to the leaders or rulers of variously sized areas in the numerous Turkic kingdoms, emirates, sultanates and empires in [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Europe]], and the [[Middle East]], such as the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], [[Timurid Empire|Timurids]] or the various [[khanates]] and [[emirate]]s in [[Central Asia]] and the [[Eurasian Steppe]]. The feminine equivalent title was [[begum]]. The regions or provinces where "beys" ruled or which they administered were called ''[[Anatolian beyliks|beylik]]'', roughly meaning "governorate" or "region" (the equivalent of a [[county]], [[duchy]], [[grand duchy]] or [[principality]] in Europe, depending on the size and importance of the [[Anatolian beyliks|beylik]]). However the exact scope of power handed to the beys varied with each country, thus there was no clear-cut system, rigidly applied to all countries defining all the possible power and prestige that came along with the title.

Today, the word is still used formally as a social title for men, similar to the way the titles "[[sir]]" and "[[mister]]" are used in the English language. Additionally, it is widely used in the naming customs of [[Central Asia]], namely in countries such as [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]]. Notably, the ethnic designation of [[Uzbeks]] comes from the name of [[Öz Beg Khan]] of the [[Golden Horde]], being an example of the usage of this word in personal names and even names of whole ethnic groups. The general rule is that the honorific is used with first names and not with surnames or last names.

==Etymology==
The word entered English from [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{lang|tr|bey}},<ref name="m-w">{{cite web |url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/bey |title=Bey |access-date=22 March 2008 |publisher=Merriam-Webster}}</ref>. Its [[Old Turkic]] cognate ''beg'',<ref name="ahd">{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/17/B0221700.html |title=Bey |access-date=22 March 2008 |work=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308071707/http://www.bartleby.com/61/17/B0221700.html |archive-date=8 March 2008 }}</ref> which – in the form ''bäg'' – has been mentioned as early as in the 8th century AD [[Orkhon inscriptions]] and is usually translated as "tribal leader".<ref name="Iranica">{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/beg-pers |title=Beg |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica |access-date=7 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Iranica2">{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baga-an-old-iranian-term-for-god-sometimes-designating-a-specific-god |title=Baga |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica |access-date=22 August 2011}}</ref> The actual origin of the word is still disputed, though it is mostly agreed that it was a loan-word,<ref name="Iranica" /> in Old Turkic.<ref name="Nisanyan">[http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/?k=bey "Bey"] in ''Nişanyan Dictionary''</ref> This Turkic word is usually considered a borrowing from an Iranian language.<ref name="Gluhak">Alemko Gluhak (1993), ''Hrvatski etimološki rječnik'', August Cesarec: Zagreb, pp. 123–124</ref><ref name="Iranica2" /> However, German Turkologist [[Gerhard Doerfer]] assessed the derivation from Iranian as superficially attractive but quite uncertain,<ref name="Iranica2" /> and pointed out the possibility that the word may be genuinely [[Turkic languages|Turkic]].<ref name="Iranica" /> Two principal etymologies have been proposed by scholars:

# the [[Middle Persian]] title ''bag'' (also ''baγ'' or ''βaγ'',<ref name="Iranica2" /> [[Iranian languages#Old Iranian|Old Iranian]] ''baga''; cf. [[Sanskrit]] भग / ''[[bhaga]]'') meaning "lord" and "master".<ref name="Iranica2" /> [[Peter Benjamin Golden|Peter Golden]] derives the word via [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] ''bġy'' from the same [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] root.<ref name="Iranica" /><ref>P. Golden, "Turks and Iranians: An historical sketch", in S. Agcagül/V. Karam/L. Johanson/C. Bulut, ''Turkic-Iranian Contact Areas: Historical and Linguistic Aspects'', Harrassowit, 2006, p. 19ff</ref> All [[Iranian languages#Middle Iranian languages|Middle Iranian]] languages retain forms derived from ''baga-'' in the sense "god": Middle Persian ''bay'' (plur. ''bayān'', ''baʾān''), [[Parthian language|Parthian]] ''baγ'', [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] ''bago'', Sogdian ''βγ-'',<ref name="Iranica2" /> and were used as honorific titles of kings and other men of high rank in the meaning of "lord".<ref name="Iranica2" /><ref>{{citation |last=Daryaee |first=Touraj |author-link=Touraj Daryaee |title=Ardashir and the Sasanian's Rise to Power |url=http://www.tourajdaryaee.com/wp-content/uploads/docs/daryaee-article-ardeshir-sasanian-rise-power.pdf |work=Anabasis: Studia Classica et Orientalia |volume=1 |year=2010 |pages=239 |access-date=24 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133411/http://www.tourajdaryaee.com/wp-content/uploads/docs/daryaee-article-ardeshir-sasanian-rise-power.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Iranian ''bāy'' (through connection with Old Indian noun ''bhāgá'' "possessions, lot"<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Bāḡ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition |last=Eilers |first=Wilhelm |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bag-i |date=22 August 2011 |access-date=23 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="Iranica2" />) gave the now-obsolete Turkish word ''bay'' (rich); compare Mongolian ''Bayan''.<ref name="Iranica2" /><ref name="Gluhak" />
# the [[old Chinese|Chinese]] title ''po'' ([[standard Chinese|Mandarin]] ''bó'' (伯); its historical pronunciation being ''pak'' or ''perjk'', as reconstructed by [[Edwin G. Pulleyblank|Edwin Pulleyblank]]), meaning ''older brother'' or a [[Chinese nobility#Male aristocracy|''feudal lord'']].<ref name="Iranica" />

It was also used by the [[Uyghurs]]. It permitted the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] Begs in the [[Altishahr]] region to maintain their previous status, and they administered the area for the [[Qing]] as officials.<ref>{{cite book |title = Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road |first1=Justin Jon |last1=Rudelson|first2=Justin Ben-Adam |last2=Rudelson |edition=illustrated |year = 1997 |publisher=Columbia University Press |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&pg=PA31 |page=31 |isbn=0231107862 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia – A History |first=Michael E. |last=Clarke|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jRhHphtBg-QC&pg=PA20 |page=20 |isbn=978-1136827068 |access-date=10 March 2014 |ref = {{harvid}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang|first=James A.|last=Millward|edition=illustrated|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA101 |page=101|isbn=978-0231139243 |access-date=10 March 2014 |ref = {{harvid}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China |editor1-first=Pamela Kyle |editor1-last=Crossley|editor2-first=Helen F.|editor2-last=Siu|editor3-first=Donald S. |editor3-last=Sutton |volume = 28 |series = Studies on China |edition=illustrated |year=2006 |publisher=University of California Press |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EtNVMUx9qIIC&pg=PA121 |page=121 |isbn=0520230159 |access-date=10 March 2014 |ref = {{harvid}} }}</ref> High-ranking Begs were allowed to call themselves Begs.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA204 |title = Beyond the pass: economy, ethnicity, and empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 |author=James A. Millward |year=1998|publisher=Stanford University Press|page=204|isbn=0-8047-2933-6|access-date=2010-11-28}}</ref>

==Turkish beys==
[[Lucy Mary Jane Garnett]] wrote in the 1904 work ''Turkish Life in Town and Country'' that "distinguished persons and their sons" as well as "high government officials" could become ''bey'', which was one of two "merely conventional designations as indefinite as our '[[Esquire]]' has come to be [in the United Kingdom]".<ref name=Garnettp5>[[Lucy Garnett|Garnett, Lucy Mary Jane]]. ''Turkish Life in Town and Country''. [[G. P. Putnam's Sons]], 1904. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=t5Q4AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5 5].</ref>

The Republican Turkish authorities abolished the title circa the 1930s.<ref>Shaw, Stanford J. and Ezel Kural Shaw. ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey'' (Volume II). [[Cambridge University Press]], 27 May 1977. {{ISBN|0521291666}}, 9780521291668. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AIET_7ji7YAC&pg=PA386 386].</ref>

The title [[Bey]], [[Bey|Baig]] or [[Begum]], [[Begzada]] and [[Uç Bey]] are regarded as comparable to the European nobility with the title of [[Viscount]], while [[Sanjak-bey|Sancak-beys]] and [[Atabeg|Atabegs]] are considered to be of an equivalent rank to [[Earl|earls]] or [[Count|counts]] in the context of European nobility.<ref>Imperial, royal and noble ranks Bharatpedia Page
</ref><ref>Imperial, royal, noble, gentry and chivalric ranks in West, Central, South Asia and North Africa
Template</ref>

==Beys elsewhere==

{{anchor|Bey in Arab regions}}
The title ''bey'' ({{langx|ar|بيه}} {{IPA|arz|beː}}) was also called {{transliteration|ar|beyk}} or ''bek'' ({{lang|ar|بيك}}) – from Turkish {{transliteration|ota|beyg}} ({{lang|ota|بيـگ}}) – in North Africa, including Egypt.<ref>{{cite book |last=Marcel |first=Jean Joseph |title=Vocabulaire français-arabe des dialectes vulgaires africains: d'Alger, de Tunis, de Marok, et d'Égypte |date=1837 |publisher=C. Hingray |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj8PAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA90 |language=fr |quote= {{lang|ar|بيك}} beyk, bey.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jomard |first=Edme-François |title=Description de l'Egypte |date=1826 |publisher=C. L. F. Panckoucke |page=475 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egr1I-6j81YC&pg=PA475 |language=fr |quote=Le mot ''sangiaq'' est un nom de dignité, synonyme de celui de ''bey'' (''beyk'' {{lang|ar|بيك}}, ou, suivant l’orthographe de la prononciation turques, ''beyg'' {{lang|ota|بيـگ}}).}} Summary: [[sanjaq-bey]] ≈ bey = beyk = beyg.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal asiatique |date=1854 |page=484 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N78-DTow-8sC&pg=PA484 |language=fr |quote=Le titre de ''beg'' {{lang|ota|بيـگ}} (prononcé ''bey'') ou bek {{lang|ar|بيى}}, qui, en Barbie est écrit et prononcé ''bâï'' {{lang|ar|بك}} est proprement un mot turc.}}</ref>
A bey could maintain a similar office within Arab states that broke away from the [[High Porte]], such as [[Egypt]] and [[Sudan]] under the [[Muhammad Ali Dynasty]], where it was a rank below [[pasha]] (maintained in two rank classes after 1922), and a title of courtesy for a pasha's son.

Even much earlier, the virtual sovereign's title in Barbaresque North African 'regency' states was "Bey" (compare [[Dey]]). Notably in [[Tunis]],<ref name=WDL1>{{cite web|title=Private Drawing Room, I, Kasr-el-Said, Tunisia|year=1899|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2502|publisher=[[World Digital Library]]|access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref> the [[Husainid Dynasty]] used a whole series of title and styles including Bey:

* Just '''Bey''' itself was part of the territorial title of the ruler, and also as a title used by all male members of the family (rather like Sultan in the Ottoman dynasty).
* '''Bey al-Kursi''' "Bey of the Throne", a term equivalent to reigning prince.
* '''Bey al-Mahalla''' "Bey of the Camp", title used for the next most senior member of the Beylical family after the reigning Bey, the Heir Apparent to the throne.
* '''Bey al-Taula''' "Bey of the Table", the title of the Heir Presumptive, the eldest prince of the Beylical family, who enjoyed precedence immediately after the Bey al-Mahalla.
* '''[[Beylerbey]]i''' (or Beglerbegi) "Lord of Lords", was the administrative rank formally enjoyed by the ruler of Algiers and by rulers of parts of the Balkans in their official capacity of Ottoman Governor-General within the Turkish empire.This title was also used in Safavid empire.

'''Bey''' was also the title that was awarded by the Ottoman Sultan in the twilight of the Ottoman Empire to [[Oloye]] [[Mohammed Shitta Bey|Mohammed Shitta]], an African merchant prince of the [[Yoruba people]] who served as a senior leader of the Muslim community in the kingdom of [[Lagos]]. Subsequently, he and his children became known in [[Nigeria]] by the [[double-barrelled surname]] '''Shitta-Bey''', a tradition which has survived to the present day through their lineal descendants.

In the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] period, the lords of the semi-autonomous [[Mani Peninsula]] used the title of ''beis'' (μπέης); for example, [[Petros Mavromichalis]] was known as ''Petrobey''.

Other Beys saw their own ''Beylik'' promoted to statehood, e.g.:

* in [[Qusantina]] (Constantine in French), an Ottoman district subject to the [[Algiers regency]] since 1525 (had its own Beys since 1567), the last incumbent, Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif (b. {{Circa|1784}}, in office 1826–1848, d. 1850), was maintained when in 1826 the local [[Kabyle people|Kabyle]] population declared independence, and when it was on 13 October 1837 conquered by France, until it was incorporated into [[Algeria]] in 1848.

Bey or a variation has also been used as an aristocratic title in various Turkic states, such as ''Bäk'' in the [[Tatars|Tatar]] [[Khanate of Kazan]], in charge of a Beylik called ''Bäklek''. The [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] [[Khanate of Khiva]], [[Emirate of Bukhara]] and The [[Khanate of Kokand]] used the "beks" as local administrations of "bekliks" or provinces. The [[Balkar]] princes in the [[North Caucasus]] highlands were known as ''taubiy'' (taubey), meaning the "mountainous chief".

Sometimes a Bey was a territorial vassal within a khanate, as in each of the three ''zuzes'' under the [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the Kazakhs.

The variation ''Beg'', ''Baig'' or ''Bai'', is still used as a family name or a part of a name in South and Central Asia as well as the [[Balkans]]. In [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]-influenced names, it can be seen in conjunction with the Slavic ''-ov/-ović/ev'' suffixes meaning "son of", such as in [[Bakir Izetbegović|Bakir]] and [[Alija Izetbegović]], and [[Abai Qunanbaiuli|Abai Kunanbaev]].

The title is also used as an honorific by members of the [[Moorish Science Temple of America]] and the [[Moorish Orthodox Church]].

''Bey'' is also used colloquially in [[Urdu]]-speaking parts of [[India]], and its usage is similar to "chap" or "man". When used aggressively, it is an offensive term.

The [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] word {{Lang|hu|bő}} originates from an Old Turkic loanword, cognate with Ottoman 'bey', that used to mean 'clan leader' in Old Hungarian. Later, as an adjective, it acquired the meaning of "rich". Its contemporary meaning is "ample" or "baggy" (when referring to clothing).
<ref>{{cite book |last=Tótfalusi |first=István |title=Magyar Etimológiai Szótár |year=2005 |publisher=Arcanum |location=Budapest |chapter=bő |url=https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Lexikonok-magyar-etimologiai-szotar-F14D3/b-F1794/bo-F1993/?list=eyJmaWx0ZXJzIjogeyJNVSI6IFsiTkZPX0xFWF9MZXhpa29ub2tfRjE0RDMiXX0sICJxdWVyeSI6ICJiXHUwMTUxIn0 |access-date=July 2, 2024}}</ref>

In the Armenian [[Melikdoms of Karabakh]], the younger brothers and sons of the ''meliks'' (local rulers) were addressed as ''bek'', which was placed after their given names.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hewsen |first=Robert H. |date=1972 |title=The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: A Preliminary Study |journal=[[Revue des Études Arméniennes]] |series=Nouvelle série |volume=IX |pages=298}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Biy]] – a judge and senator in [[Kazakh khanate]]
* [[Begum]]
* [[Belyak (unit)]]
* [[Beylerbey]]
* [[Begzada]]
* [[Atabeg]]
* [[Dey]]
* [[Khagan Bek]]
* [[Skanderbeg]]
* [[Bai Baianai]]
* [[Anatolian beyliks]]
* [[Ottoman titles]]
* [[Abaza Family]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|bey}}
* [http://i-cias.com/e.o/bey.htm "Bey"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051120214230/http://i-cias.com/e.o/bey.htm |date=20 November 2005 }} at ''Encyclopaedia of the Orient''.

{{Organisation of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gubernatorial titles]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Military ranks]]
[[Category:Noble titles of Egypt]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Ottoman titles]]
[[Category:Positions of subnational authority]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Titles in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
[[Category:Turkish titles]]
[[Category:Turkish words and phrases]]
[[Category:Titles in Bosnia and Herzegovina during Ottoman period]]

Kuki National Assembly

2026-05-08T13:46:19Z

Owen79097529716: Added First Entry More To Come

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Kuki National Assembly
|logo =
|colorcode = {{party color|Kuki National Assembly}}
|leader =
|chairman =
|secretary =
|ppchairman =
|foundation = {{Start date and age|1946|10|24}}<ref name="Thongkholal Haokip"/>
|founder = S. M. Zavum<ref name=Sharma2003/>
|predecessor =
|dissolution =
|headquarters = Grace Cottage, Paiteveng, Kwakelthel, P.O. Imphal, Manipur-795001.
|publication =
|students =
|youth =
|women =
|labour =
|peasants =
|ideology =
|position =
|international =
|colours =
|eci = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|State party]]<ref name=symbol/>
|alliance =
|state_seats_name = [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|60|hex={{party color|Kuki National Assembly}}}}
|symbol = [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|100px]]<ref name=symbol>{{cite web |url=http://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/9192/9192-4-SI-EOG-2.pdf |title=Government of Goa - Extraordinary No. 2 |date=26 April 1991 |author= |access-date= 26 February 2022}}</ref>
|website =
|flag =
|abbreviation = KNA
}}

The '''Kuki National Assembly''' (KNA) is a [[political party]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Manipur]]. It was formed on 24 October 1946, by S. M. Zavum,<ref name=Sharma2003>{{cite thesis |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39682/10/10_chapter%204.pdf |title=The emergence and working of the Manipur peoples party and the Kuki National Assembly in Manipur: a comparative study |date=2003 |author=Basanta A Sharma |access-date= 13 March 2022}}</ref> to act as a pan-political organisation among the various [[Kuki people]].<ref name="Thongkholal Haokip">{{Cite book |title=The Kukis of Northeast India: Politics and Culture |editor=Thongkholal Haokip |date=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hp4hWrL-JOEC |page=54 |access-date=6 March 2022 |publisher=Bookwell Publications |isbn=978-9380574448}}</ref> It last won seats in the [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], and after that slowly fizzled out.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/manipur-elections-nagas-npf-meities-kukis-party-hope-7789594/ |title=Nagas have NPF, Meities are dominant, what do Kukis have? Now, a party and hope |date=27 February 2022 |author=Tora Agarwala |access-date= 7 March 2022 |quote= the Kuki National Assembly (KNA), a Kuki political party that fizzled out over the years}}</ref> In the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], the party fielded candidates for 2 constituencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/ge_2022 |title=State Assembly Elections 2022 - List of Contesting Candidate |access-date= 7 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-manipur-assembly-elections-2022-7803-voter-turnout-recorded-in-phase-1-2936756 |title=Manipur Assembly Elections 2022: 78.03% voter turnout recorded in Phase 1 |date=28 February 2022 |author=G Krishnan |access-date= 7 March 2022}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan=2|Election
!rowspan=2|Seats won
!colspan=2|Vote %
!rowspan=2|MLA
!rowspan=2|Constituency
!rowspan=2|Source
|-
!Overall
!In seats contested
|-
|rowspan=2 | [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|rowspan=2 |{{Composition bar|2|60|hex={{party color|Kuki National Assembly}}}}
|rowspan=2 |2.95
|rowspan=2 |25.79
|Zampu
|[[Saitu Assembly constituency|Saitu]]
|rowspan=2 |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3704-manipur-1974/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Ngulkhohao
| [[Saikot Assembly constituency|Saikot]]
|-
|rowspan=2 | [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan=2 |{{Composition bar|2|60|hex={{party color|Kuki National Assembly}}}}
|rowspan=2 |2.82
|rowspan=2 |21.36
|Satkholal
|[[Chandel Assembly constituency|Chandel]]
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3705-manipur-1980/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Jainson Haokip
|[[Tengnoupal Assembly constituency|Tengnoupal]]
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|{{Composition bar|1|60|hex={{party color|Kuki National Assembly}}}}
|1.55
|19.93
|J. F. Rothangliana
|[[Churachandpur Assembly constituency|Churachandpur]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3706-manipur-1984/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 | [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan=2 |{{Composition bar|2|60|hex={{party color|Kuki National Assembly}}}}
|rowspan=2 |2.61
|rowspan=2 |15.42
|[[T. N. Haokip]]
|[[Saikot Assembly constituency|Saikot]]
|rowspan=2 |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3707-manipur-1990/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Thanghanlal
|[[Singhat Assembly constituency|Singhat]]
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Composition bar|0|60|hex={{party color|Kuki National Assembly}}}}
|0.24
|2.30
|{{-}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3708-manipur-1995/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Composition bar|0|60|hex={{party color|Kuki National Assembly}}}}
|0.05
|2.17
|{{-}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3709-manipur-2000/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=7|KNA did not contest the elections from [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] to [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|{{Composition bar|0|60|hex={{party color|Kuki National Assembly}}}}
|0.06
|1.08
|{{-}}
|
|<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Political parties in Manipur]]
*[[Kuki People's Alliance]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{facebook|KukiNationalAssembly}}

[[Category:1946 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1946]]
[[Category:Political parties in Manipur]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]

Ek Din

2026-05-08T05:07:41Z

Owen79097529716: New

{{Short description|2026 Hindi film by Sunil Pandey}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Din
| image = Ek Din.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sunil Pandey
| writer = {{ubl|Sneha Desai|Spandan Mishra}}
| based_on = {{based on|''[[One Day (2016 film)|One Day]]''|[[Banjong Pisanthanakun]]}}
| producer = {{ubl|[[Mansoor Khan]]|[[Aamir Khan]]|Aparna Purohit}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sai Pallavi]]|[[Junaid Khan (Indian actor)|Junaid Khan]]}}
| music = [[Ram Sampath]]
| cinematography = Manoj Lobo
| editing = [[Ballu Saluja]]
| studio = Aamir Khan Productions
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|05|01}}
| runtime = 125 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTA4MDQyMDI2MDAzNjM= |title=CBFC Search Film - EK DIN |website=Central Board of Film Certification |date=2026-04-24 |access-date=2026-04-27}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹15 crore<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/ek-din-box-office-target-budget-article-154214195 |title=Ek Din Budget and Box Office Goals: The Earnings Required for Junaid-Sai's Ek Din to Achieve HIT Status |author=Zoom TV Digital |website=Zoom TV Entertainment |date=2026-05-01 |access-date=2026-05-03}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} ₹4.32 crore<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-din/box-office/ |title=Ek Din Box Office |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=2026-05-03}}</ref>
}}
'''''Ek Din''''' ({{Translation|One Day}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Sunil Pandey and produced by [[Mansoor Khan]], [[Aamir Khan]], and Aparna Purohit under Aamir Khan Productions. The film stars [[Sai Pallavi]] (in her [[Hindi]] film debut) and [[Junaid Khan (Indian actor)|Junaid Khan]] in lead roles. It is a remake of the 2016 [[Thai language|Thai]] film [[One Day (2016 film)|''One Day'']].

''Ek Din'' was released on 1 May 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-15 |title='Ek Din' first poster out: Sai Pallavi and Junaid Khan's soft romance begins; confirms May 2026 release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ek-din-first-poster-out-sai-pallavi-and-junaid-khans-soft-romance-begins-confirms-may-2026-release/articleshow/126541630.cms |access-date=2026-01-18 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It received largely negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Santanu |date=2026-05-02 |title=Ek Din box office collection day 2: No takers for Junaid Khan, Sai Pallavi film as it earns ₹1 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ek-din-box-office-collection-day-2-junaid-khan-sai-pallavi-film-earns-less-than-1-crore-101777738435684.html |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ek Din Box Office Day 2: Junaid Khan, Sai Pallavi Film Stays Flat With Rs 1 Crore |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/ek-din-box-office-day-2-junaid-khan-sai-pallavi-film-stays-flat-with-rs-1-crore-ws-l-10070240.html |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Dinesh is in love with his colleague Meera but does not have the courage to express his feelings towards her. He finally gets his chance during the company trip to [[Japan]]. He makes a wish to be with Meera for just one day, and his wish comes true.

== Cast ==
* [[Sai Pallavi]] as Meera Ranganathan
* [[Junaid Khan (Indian actor)|Junaid Khan]] as Dinesh "Dino" Shrivastava
* [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]] as Nakul Bhasin
* [[Kavin Dave]] as Samarjit "Sam" Hathiramani
* Reshma Shetty as Ketki Patel
* Jenifer Emmanuel as Ritu
* Astha Gulati as Priya
* Neha Vyaso as Monu
* Chakori Dwivedi as Meenu
* Raju Patel as Yadav Ji
* Samta Sagar as Dino's mother
* Pragati Mishra as Shruti
* Rajendra Jadhav as Janitor

== Production ==
The film was shot in [[Sapporo]], [[Japan]], utilizing the snowy landscape to enhance the visual appeal. The [[Japan]] schedule of the film was wrapped in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-30 |title=Junaid Khan Wraps Up Japan Schedule Of Ek Din With Sai Pallavi, Mumbai Shoot To Begin Soon |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/junaid-khan-wraps-up-japan-schedule-of-ek-din-with-sai-pallavi-mumbai-shoot-to-begin-soon-article-108895693 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The [[Mumbai]] schedule began in the same month, with filming taking place in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-29 |title=Aamir Khan's son Juniad Khan's film with Sai Pallavi began Mumbai schedule post wrapping the shoot in Japan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aamir-khans-son-juniad-khans-film-with-sai-pallavi-began-mumbai-schedule-post-wrapping-the-shoot-in-japan-exclusive-deets-inside/articleshow/108875767.cms |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ek Din
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ram Sampath]]
| released = 6 April 2026
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=23|s=46}}
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|j3uXN7RdBvI|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Ram Sampath]], with lyrics written by [[Irshad Kamil]]. Though [[Arijit Singh]] has formally announced his departure from playback singing, He has given vocals to five tracks in the film honoring the earlier commitment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Team THR |date=2026-04-28 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Aamir Khan On Arijit Singh’s Exit From Playback Singing: 'I Hope He Reconsiders' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/exclusive-aamir-khan-on-arijit-singhs-exit-from-playback-singing-i-hope-he-reconsiders |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 23:30
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ek Din Title Track
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| length1 = 4:22
| title2 = Khwaab Dekhoon
| extra2 = [[Arijit Singh]], Tarannum Malik Jain
| length2 = 4:13

| title3 = Konichiwa
| extra3 = [[Arijit Singh]], Neha Karode, [[Rishi Singh]]
| length3 = 3:08

| title4 = Behke Yaar
| extra4 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Meghna Mishra]]
| length4 = 3:39

| title5 = Tadapnaa Judaa Judaa
| extra5 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| length5 = 3:41

| title6 = Ek Din Title Track (Female)
| extra6 = [[Meghna Mishra]]
| length6 = 4:27
}}

== Release ==
''Ek Din'' was scheduled to release on 7 November 2025, however it was postponed to 1 May 2026.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-08 |title='Ek Din' release date: Junaid Khan and Sai Pallavi's romantic drama announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ek-din-release-date-junaid-khan-and-sai-pallavis-romantic-drama-announced-aamir-mansoor-khan-to-reunite-after-17-years/articleshow/122320359.cms |access-date=2025-09-05 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":rd">{{cite web |date=15 January 2026 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Junaid Khan-Sai Pallavi starrer Ek Din to release on May 1; to clash with Riteish Deshmukh's Raja Shivaji |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-junaid-khan-sai-pallavi-starrer-ek-din-release-may-1-clash-riteish-deshmukhs-raja-shivaji/ |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> It was dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] under the titles ''Oru Naal'' and ''Okka Roju'' respectively.

== Reception ==
Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "At a time when the box office menu is brimming with masala entertainers, ''Ek Din'' tastes like a palate cleanser, blending mood and memory with a touch of magic".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2026-05-01 |title=‘Ek Din’ movie review: Sai Pallavi makes this tender romance quite a day to remember |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ek-din-movie-review-sai-pallavi-junaid-khan-aamir-khan-sunil-pandey/article70927801.ece |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' "In other words, the shield of fiction collapses to reveal a film that fumbles the basics. By now, it’s obvious that ''Ek Din'' is more bust than boom. The notes outweigh the feelings. There’s a lack of interiority — a cultural emptiness in the storytelling (the rest of the album fails to register) — that stops the love from transcending the story".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=2026-05-01 |title=‘Ek Din’ Movie Review: A Lanky and Awkward Love Story |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/ek-din-movie-review-a-lanky-and-awkward-love-story |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars, writing "The Junaid Khan–Sai Pallavi starrer isn’t outright bad. It attempts to revive clean, old-school romance in Bollywood, standing apart from the industry’s current wave of hyper-violent and misogynistic themes".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-01 |title=Ek Din movie review: Just like Junaid Khan and Sai Pallavi, film has no zing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ek-din-movie-review-just-like-junaid-khan-and-sai-pallavi-film-has-no-zing-10665202/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Vineeta Kumar of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars, and wrote "Sai Pallavi and Junaid Khan's romantic film follows Dinesh and Meera through a one-day love story shaped by memory loss. The film's striking Japan backdrop cannot compensate for thin writing and a romance that never convinces".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Vineeta |date=2026-05-01 |title=Ek Din review: Sai-Junaid's film is scenic, sweet and strangely lifeless |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ek-din-movie-review-sai-pallavi-junaid-khan-film-is-scenic-sweet-and-strangely-lifeless-2904111-2026-05-01 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars, writing "While the first half is engaging, the second falters with a confusing climax. Sai Pallavi shines, but the film lacks lasting emotional impact".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=2026-05-01 |title=Ek Din review: Junaid Khan, Sai Pallavi's one-time watch film about a one-day romance is one note short of impact |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ek-din-review-junaid-khan-sai-pallavis-one-time-watch-film-about-a-one-day-romance-is-one-note-short-of-impact-101777609976327.html |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Sahir Advik D'Souza of ''[[The Quint]]'' gave 1 out of 5 stars, writing "It is impossible to take this premise seriously—or the film at large, despite its blue-chip backing by Aamir Khan".<ref>{{Cite web |last=D’souza |first=Sahir Avik |date=2026-05-01 |title='Ek Din' Review : Sai Pallavi and Junaid Khan Star in an Inane Romance |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ek-din-review-aamir-khan-junaid-sai-pallavi |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt35682680}}
* {{BH movie|ek-din}}

{{Aamir Khan}}

[[Category:2020s romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Aamir Khan Productions films]]
[[Category:Films about amnesia]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ram Sampath]]
[[Category:Films set in Hakodate]]
[[Category:Films set in Hokkaido]]
[[Category:Films set in Sapporo]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hokkaido]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sapporo]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of Thai films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]
[[Category:PVR Inox Pictures films]]

Election (2024 film)

2026-05-07T00:40:53Z

Owen79097529716: Created

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language political action thriller film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Election (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Thamizh
| screenplay = Thamizh
| story = Thamizh
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Azhagiya Periyavan [[Vijay Kumar (filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]] Thamizh}}
| producer = Aditya
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vijay Kumar (filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]]
* [[Preethi Asrani]]
}}
| cinematography = Mahendiran Jayaraju
| editing = C. S. Prem Kumar
| music = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| studio = Reel Good Films
| distributor = Sakthi Film Factory
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|05|17|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Election''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[political|political film]] [[action thriller film]] directed by Thamizh and produced by Reel Good Films. The film stars [[Vijay Kumar (filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]] in the lead role, alongside [[Preethi Asrani]], and Richa Joshi (in her feature film debut).

The film was officially announced in July 2022 under the tentative title ''Production: 1'', as it is the first venture for Reel Good Films, and the official title was announced in February 2024. [[Principal photography]] commenced the same month. It was shot predominantly in [[Chennai]] in a single schedule of 62 days, [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapping]] by early-September. The film has music composed by [[Govind Vasantha]], cinematography handled by Mahendran Jayaraju and editing by C.S. Prem Kumar.

''Election'' was released on 17 May 2024 in theatres.

== Plot ==
{{Expand section|January 2026|date=January 2026}}
Nadarasan, uninterested in politics, runs for panchayat leader to honor his father. As he delves into the murky world of election politics, he faces violence, rivalry, and betrayals.

== Cast ==

* [[Vijay Kumar (filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]] as Nadarasan
* [[Preethi Asrani]] as Hema
* Richa Joshi
* [[George Maryan]]
* [[Pavel Navageethan]]
* [[Dileepan]]
* Rajeev Anand
* Natchiyal Suganthi
* Sameer Dharshan

== Production ==
The principal photography started on 13 July 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2022-07-13 |title=Vijay Kumar’s next with Seththumaan director launched |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/Jul/13/vijay-kumars-next-with-seththumaan-director-launched-2475821.html |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508060652/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/Jul/13/vijay-kumars-next-with-seththumaan-director-launched-2475821.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and wrapped up on 4 September 2022. The film will release on 17 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title='உறியடி' நாயகனின் அடுத்த படம்: தரமான சம்பவம் லோடிங்.! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/uriyadi-movie-vijay-kumar-upcoming-movie-update/articleshow/94015133.cms |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506180501/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/uriyadi-movie-vijay-kumar-upcoming-movie-update/articleshow/94015133.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The entire shooting was completed within 70 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-09-05 |title=உறியடி விஜய்குமாரின் புதிய படம் நிறைவு...! |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/entertainment/movie/the-shooting-of-uriyadi-vijaykumar-has-been-wrapped/tamil-nadu20220905202154367367359 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ta |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506180503/https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/entertainment/movie/the-shooting-of-uriyadi-vijaykumar-has-been-wrapped/tamil-nadu20220905202154367367359 |url-status=live }}</ref> The technical crew consists of music composer [[Govind Vasantha]], cinematographer Mahendran Jayaraju, editor C.S. Prem Kumar and dialogues were written by Azhagiya Periyavan, [[Vijay Kumar (filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]] and Thamizh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2024-02-22 |title='எலக்சன்' படத்தின் பர்ஸ்ட் லுக் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/election-mocie-first-look-released-704495 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506180503/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/election-mocie-first-look-released-704495 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘உறியடி’ விஜய்குமாரின் ‘எலக்சன்’ மே 17-ம் தேதி வெளியீடு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/short-news/NjA3MQ== |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506180504/https://www.hindutamil.in/short-news/NjA3MQ== |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
The music and background score is composed by [[Govind Vasantha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-23 |title=Vijay Kumar's film with Tamizh titled 'Election' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-kumars-film-with-tamizh-titled-election/articleshow/107935770.cms |access-date=2024-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506194557/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-kumars-film-with-tamizh-titled-election/articleshow/107935770.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Election
| length1 = 3:20
| lyrics1 = Gnanakaravel
| extra1 = [[Mukesh Mohamed]]
| title2 = Mannavan
| length2 = 3:44
| lyrics2 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| total_length = 7:00
}}

== Release ==
''Election'' was released on 17 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=மே 17ல் ரிலீஸ் ஆகும் எலக்சன் படம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com//tamil-news/121005/cinema/Kollywood/Election-is-releasing-on-May-17.htm |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=cinema.dinamalar.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506184230/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/121005/cinema/Kollywood/Election-is-releasing-on-May-17.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=’எலக்சன்’ படத்தின் பர்ஸ்ட் லுக் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.tamilmirror.lk/cinema/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81/54-333764 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=www.tamilmirror.lk |language=Tamil |archive-date=2024-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225151338/https://www.tamilmirror.lk/cinema/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81/54-333764 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "An earnest Vijay Kumar tries to salvage this meandering film".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2024-05-17 |title=‘Election’ movie review: An earnest Vijay Kumar tries to salvage this meandering film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/election-movie-review-an-earnest-vijay-kumar-tries-to-salvage-this-meandering-film/article68187121.ece |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2024-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517145532/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/election-movie-review-an-earnest-vijay-kumar-tries-to-salvage-this-meandering-film/article68187121.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTT Play]]'' rated as two point five and stated that "With its almost linear narrative and some effective sequences, Election is a film that explores the nitty gritty of politics."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Movie Review: Shines light on grassroot politics but becomes generic |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/election-movie-review-director-thamizhs-film-shines-light-on-grassroot-politics-but-becomes-generic-and-restrictive/95407bd49d196 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517184822/https://www.ottplay.com/review/election-movie-review-director-thamizhs-film-shines-light-on-grassroot-politics-but-becomes-generic-and-restrictive/95407bd49d196 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt26904032}}

[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about elections]]

Raipur City North Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T06:56:05Z

Owen79097529716: new new place needs work

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raipur Nagar Uttar
| mla = [[Purandar Mishra]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party ]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Raipur district|Raipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:202204}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| constituency_no = 50
| map_image= Raipur City North Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Raipur City North''' also known as '''Raipur Nagar Uttar Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref> The seat was formed after the passing of the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008''.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Raipur district|Raipur]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Kuldeep Juneja
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Shrichand Sundrani
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|Kuldeep Juneja
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023/>
|Purandar Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Raipur City North<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Purandar Mishra
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 54,279
|percentage = 48.26
|change = +8.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kuldeep Singh Juneja
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 31,225
|percentage = 27.76
|change = -26.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ajit Kukreja
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 22,939
|percentage = 20.39
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 872
|percentage = 0.78
|change = +0.14
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,054
|percentage = 20.50
|change = +5.64
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 112,478
|percentage = 55.63
|change = -4.65
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Raipur City North<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kuldeep Juneja
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 59,843
|percentage = 54.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shri Chand Sundrani
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 43,502
|percentage = 39.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amar Gidwani
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 2,510
|percentage = 2.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 705
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,341
|percentage = 14.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 110,015
|percentage = 60.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Raipur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|21.32|81.63|display=title}}

[[Category:Raipur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Raipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kathumar Assembly constituency

2026-05-03T15:32:24Z

Owen79097529716: Added Some Post W/ Infobox

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kathumar
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-69-Kathumar.svg
| mla = [[Ramesh Khinchi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Alwar district|Alwar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = SC
| electors = {{formatnum:229399}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 69
}}
'''Kathumar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Alwar district|Alwar]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. It consists of Kathumar tehsil and parts of Laxmangarh tehsil, both in [[Alwar district]].<ref name=delimitation2008/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|| 1972 || Gokul Chand<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3383-rajasthan-1972/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|| 1977 || Ganga Sahai<ref name="election1977">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|| 1980 || rowspan=2|[[Babulal Bairwa]]<ref name="election1980">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1980 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|| 1985<ref name="election1985">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1985 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|| 1990 || [[Jagannath Pahadia]]<ref name="election1990">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1990 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|| 1993 || [[Mangal Ram Koli]]<ref name="election1993">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1993 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|| 1998 || [[Ramesh Khinchi|Ramesh Chand Khinchi]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|| 2003 || [[Ramesh Khinchi|Ramesh Chand Khinchi]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Babulal Bairwa]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Mangal Ram Koli]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Babulal Bairwa]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Ramesh Khinchi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Kathumar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramesh Khinchi
|votes = {{formatnum:79756}}
|percentage = 48.52
|change = +21.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sanjana Jatav]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:79347}}
|percentage = 48.27
|change = +11.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:738}}
|percentage = 0.45
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:409}}
|percentage = 0.25
|change = -9.48
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:164389}}
|percentage = 71.66
|change = +0.92
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Kathumar<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Babulal Bairwa]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:54110}}
|percentage = 37.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Babulal Manager
|votes = {{formatnum:39942}}
|percentage = 27.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramesh Chand Khinchi
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:32916}}
|percentage = 22.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Narsee Kumar Kirid
|votes = {{formatnum:10846}}
|percentage = 7.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Iswar Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2332}}
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Roop Narain Singh
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:1626}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Babulal
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:1304}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1071}}
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14168}}
|percentage = 9.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:145622}}
|percentage = 70.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Kathumar<ref name="election2013"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Mangal Ram Koli]]
|party = BJP
|votes = 53,483
|percentage = 39.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramesh Chand Khinchi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 37,753
|percentage = 28.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Babulal Bairwa]]
|party = National People's Party (India)
|votes = 31,318
|percentage = 23.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 15,730
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,33,958
|percentage = 75.16%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Kathumar<ref name="election2013"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Babulal Bairwa]]
|party = BJP
|votes = 49,572
|percentage = 45.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramesh Chand Khinchi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 47,879
|percentage = 44.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Banni Ram
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 4622
|percentage = 4.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 1693
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,07,817
|percentage = 69.56%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Alwar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.32|77.08|display=title}}

[[Category:Alwar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

List of tombs of Mughal Empire

2026-04-30T04:30:31Z

Owen79097529716: Added New Entry

{{Short description|Tombs of Mughal Emperors}}
'''Mughal tombs''' are a set of tombs built by various ruling in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperors]]. All of them have marked influence from Iranian Timurid forms. The Mughal dynasty was established after the victory of [[Babur]] at [[First Battle of Panipat|Panipat in 1526]]. During his five-year reign, Babur took considerable interest in erecting buildings, though few have survived. His grandson [[Akbar]] built widely, and the style developed vigorously during his reign. Among his accomplishments were [[Agra Fort]], the fort-city of [[Fatehpur Sikri]], and the [[Buland Darwaza]]. Akbar's son [[Jahangir]] commissioned the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir]]. Mughal architecture reached its zenith during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]], who constructed [[Taj Mahal]], the [[Jama Masjid (Delhi)|Jama Masjid]], the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens of Lahore]], the [[Wazir Khan Mosque]], and who renovated the [[Lahore Fort]]. The last of the great Mughal architects was [[Aurangzeb]], who built the [[Badshahi Mosque]], [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]], [[Moti Masjid (Red Fort)|Moti Masjid]] etc.

[[Mughal architecture]], a type of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] developed during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It developed the styles of earlier [[Muslims|Muslim]] dynasties in India as an amalgam of [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]], [[Iranian architecture|Persian]] and [[Architecture of India|Indian architecture]]. Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character, including large bulbous domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways, and delicate ornamentation; Examples of the style can be found in modern-day Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fatehpur Sikri was once a Jain pilgrimage centre: Book|date=2013-02-27|work=Zee News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/heritage/story/20000228-excavation-at-akbars-fort-at-fatehpur-sikri-reveals-flourishing-jain-and-hindu-habitation-777147-2000-02-27|title=Excavation at Akbars fort at Fatehpur Sikri reveals flourishing Jain and Hindu habitation|access-date=2017-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/fatehpur-sikri-was-once-a-jain-pilgrimage-centre-book/story-4DfRoVJ6tVxmWzz1RztA5I.html|title=Fatehpur Sikri was once a Jain pilgrimage centre: Book|date=2013-02-27|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-12-15|language=en}}</ref>

==Precedents==
Iltutmish was the first emperor to have a large tomb in the subcontinent.<ref>[[#Mughal|M 1992]], p. 4</ref> Most of the tombs in the Mughal Empire had marked influence from Iranian Timurid forms.<ref>[[#Mughal|M 1992]], p. 10</ref> During the period of [[Lodi dynasty|Lodis]], there were hundreds of tombs built all across the empire. The tombs of nobles were bigger and more elaborate than that of the royals. While the royal tombs were octagonal, one of the nobles was square in shape. The square-shaped tombs were followed even during the Mughal tombs until the 18th century. [[Sher Shah Suri]] at one time had the largest tomb in India built for himself at [[Sasaram]].<ref>[[#Mughal|M 1992]], p. 13-4</ref> The nine bays in the Mughal tombs in replicated from Timurid women house architecture. Babur in his memoir records the numerous memories in Timurid Herat, which inspired him to create the Mughal gardens.<ref>[[#Mughal|M 1992]], p. 16-17</ref>

==Mughal tombs==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#FFC569"
! scope="col" |
! scope="col" | '''Name of the Tomb'''
! scope="col" | '''Name'''
! scope="col" | '''year'''
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | '''Photo'''
! scope="col" | '''Location'''
! scope="col" | '''Built'''
! scope="col" | '''Notes/Beliefs'''
|- align ="center"
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|-
| style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| [[Gardens of Babur]]
| [[Babur]]
| 1483 - 1530
| [[File:Babur's Grave - panoramio (1).jpg|200px|center]]
| [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]{{coord|34.503|69.158}}
| 1528
| The original construction date of the gardens ({{langx|fa|{{wikt-lang|fa| باغ}}|translit=[[Bagh (garden)|bāġ]]}}) is unknown. When [[Babur]] captured Kabul in 1504 from the [[Arghun Dynasty|Arguns]] he re-developed the site and used it as a guest house for special occasions, especially during the summer seasons. Since Babur had such a high rank, he would have been buried in a site that befitted him. The garden where it is believed Babur requested to be buried in is known as Bagh-e Babur. Mughal rulers saw this site as significant and aided in further development of the site and other tombs in Kabul. In an article written by the [[Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme]],<ref>Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme, "Babur's Garden Rehabilitation Framework," (Kabul, Afghanistan: The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2004).</ref> describes the marble screen built around tombs by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1638.
|-
| style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| [[Humayun's tomb]]
| [[Humayun]]
| 1508-56
| [[File:Humayun's Tomb's face in the South.jpg|200px|center]]
| [[New Delhi]], [[India]]{{coord|28|35|35.8|N|77|15|02.5|E}}
| 1547
| The tomb was commissioned by Humayun's chief consort, [[Bega Begum]].<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite book|author1=Annemarie Schimmel |author2=Burzine K. Waghmar |title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne |url-access=registration |year=2004|publisher=Reaktion Books|pages=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/149 149]|isbn=9781861891853 }}</ref><ref name=Takeo>{{cite web|last1=Kamiya|first1=Takeo|title=Humayun's Tomb in Delhi|url=http://www.kamit.jp/02_unesco/12_humayun/hum_eng.htm|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=27 January 2017|quote=In 1565 the previous queen of the Mughal Dynasty, Haji Begum, ordered the construction of the largest and the most splendid mausoleum in the empire for her late ill-fated husband, Humayun, near to the Yamuna River.}}</ref><ref name="Burke">{{cite book|last=Burke|first=S. M.|title=Akbar, the Greatest Mogul|year=1989|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|page=191}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|title=The Mughal world : Life in India's Last Golden Age|url=https://archive.org/details/mughalworldlifei00eral|url-access=limited|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0143102625|page=[https://archive.org/details/mughalworldlifei00eral/page/n374 369]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Vincent Arthur|title=Akbar: The Great Mogul 1542–1605|year=1919|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|page=125}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Henderson|first=Carol E.|title=Culture and Customs of India|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0313305139|page=90}}</ref><ref name="mau">{{cite news|title=Mausoleum that Humayun never built|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/28/stories/2003042800730200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206210414/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/28/stories/2003042800730200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 6, 2007|access-date=31 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=April 28, 2003}}</ref> in 1558, and designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and his son, Sayyid Muhammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archnet.org/sites/1567|title=Humayun's Tomb|website=ArchNet|access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> Persian architects were chosen by her for the construction of this magnificent tomb. It was the first garden-tomb on the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name="uno">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/232 Humayun's Tomb, Delhi] [[World Heritage Committee]], [[UNESCO]].</ref>
|-
| style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| [[Akbar's tomb]]
| [[Akbar]]
| 1542 - 1605
| [[File:Agra 83 - Akbar's tomb (41855969661).jpg|200px|center]]
| [[Akbar's tomb|Sikandra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]{{coord|27|13|13.7|N|77|57|1.7|E}}
| 1605-13
| It was built in 1605–1613 by his son Jahangir and is situated on 119 acres of grounds in [[Agra]]. The tomb is surrounded by a walled enclosure 105 m square. The tomb building is a four-tiered pyramid, surmounted by a marble pavilion containing the false tomb. The true tomb, as in other mausoleums, is in the basement.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/22/stories/2003092200330200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031029183321/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/22/stories/2003092200330200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 October 2003 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Fascinating monuments, timeless tales | date=22 September 2003}}</ref> The buildings are constructed mainly from a deep red [[sandstone]], enriched with features in white marble. Decorated inlaid panels of these materials and a black [[slate]] adorn the tomb and the main gatehouse. Panel designs are geometric, floral and calligraphic, and prefigure the more complex and subtle designs later incorporated in [[Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb|Itmad-ud-Daulah's Tomb]].<ref>[http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2257 Akbar's Tomb] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619173350/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2257 |date=2010-06-19 }} Archnet.org.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&dq=Akbar%27s+Tomb+Sikandra&pg=PA107 Akbar's Tomb] ''Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4'', by Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher. [[Cambridge University Press]], 1992. {{ISBN|0-521-26728-5}}. ''p. 107''.</ref>
|-
| style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| [[Tomb of Jahangir]]
| [[Jehangir]]
| 1569 - 1627
| [[File:Tomb of Emperor Jahangir.jpg|300px]]
| [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]{{coord|31.6225|74.3032|}}
| 1627-1637
| The mausoleum dates from 1637, and is located in [[Shahdara Bagh]] in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]], along the banks of the [[Ravi River]].<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1140308/wiki-loves-monuments-top-10-pictures-from-pakistan Wiki Loves Monuments: Top 10 pictures from Pakistan are here!]</ref> The site is famous for its interiors which are extensively embellished with frescoes and marble, and its exterior which is richly decorated with ''[[pietra dura]]''. The tomb, along with the adjacent [[Akbari Sarai, Pakistan|Akbari Sarai]] and the [[Tomb of Asif Khan]], are part of an ensemble currently on the tentative list for [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage]] status.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tombs of Jahangir, Asif Khan and Akbari Sarai, Lahore|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1279/|publisher=[[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre|access-date=2013-12-03}}</ref> The emperor died in the foothills of [[Kashmir]] near the town of [[Rajauri]] on 28 October 1627. A funeral procession transferred his body from Kashmir and arrived in Lahore on Friday, 12 November 1627.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nicoll|first1=Fergus|title=Shah Jahan|date=2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780670083039|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfkCTTcvKGwC&q=jahangir+tomb&pg=PA146|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| [[Taj Mahal]]
| [[Shah Jahan]]
| 1592- 1666
| [[File:Taj Mahal, Agra, India.jpg|200px|center]]
| [[Agra]], [[India]]{{coord|27|10|30|N|78|02|31|E}}
| 1632–1648
| It was commissioned in 1632 by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]] ({{reign|1628|1658}}) to house the tomb of his favourite wife, [[Mumtaz Mahal]]; it also houses the tomb of Shah Jahan himself. The tomb is the centrepiece of a {{convert|42|acre|ha|order=flip|adj=on}} complex, which includes a [[mosque]] and a guest house, and is set in formal gardens bounded on three sides by a [[crenellated]] wall. The Taj Mahal was designated as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 1983 for being "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage". It is regarded by many as the best example of [[Mughal architecture]] and a symbol of India's rich history.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of Taj Mahal {{!}} Dictionary.com|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/taj-mahal|access-date=2021-03-01|website=www.dictionary.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Taj Mahal definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/taj-mahal|access-date=2021-03-01|website=www.collinsdictionary.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| [[Tomb of Aurangzeb]]
| [[Aurangazeb]]
| 1618 - 1707
| [[File:Aurangzeb's Tomb (Khuldabad) 3.JPG|200px|center]]
| [[Ahmednagar]], [[India]]{{coord|20|0|18.13|N|75|11|29.04|E}}
| 1707
| In notable contrast to other Mughal tombs, which are large monuments of [[Mughal architecture]], including the [[Taj Mahal]], at his own direction Aurangzeb is buried in an unmarked grave<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mikaberidze|first=Alexander|title=[[Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World|Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: Historical Encyclopedia]]|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=9781598843378|volume=I|location=Santa Barbara|pages=148–149|author-link=Alexander Mikaberidze}}</ref> at the complex of the [[dargah]] or shrine of [[Zainuddin Shirazi|Sheikh Zainuddin]].<ref name="Location">{{cite web|title=Tomb of Aurangzeb|url=http://www.asiaurangabad.in/pdf/Tourist/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb-_Khulatabad.pdf|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India, Aurangabad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609182758/http://www.asiaurangabad.in/pdf/Tourist/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb-_Khulatabad.pdf|archive-date=9 June 2020|url-status=dead|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> It is located in the south-eastern corner of the complex of the dargah of Sheikh Zainuddin.<ref name="Location"/>
|-
|
| [[Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani]]
| [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]
| 1542-1623
| [[File:Mariam's Tomb, Sikandra, Agra.JPG|200px|center]]
| [[Akbar's tomb|Sikandra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]{{coord|27.2153|77.9427|format=dms|region:IN-DL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| 1623-1627
| It is the [[mausoleum]] of [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], the favorite<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hindu Shah|first1=Muhammad Qasim|title=Gulshan-I-Ibrahimi|page=223}}</ref><ref name="William">{{cite book|last1=Hunter Shah|first1=Wlliam W.|title=The History of Nations: India and Modern Persia|volume=5|publisher=P.F. Collier & son, New York|page=115|year=1881|editor-first=Henry Cabot|editor-last=Lodge}}</ref> and most influential consort of the [[Akbar|Mughal Emperor Akbar]].<ref name="Lal 2005 170">{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Ruby|title=Domesticity and power in the early Mughal world|year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521850223|page=170}}</ref><ref name = Smith>{{cite book| last = Smith| first = Vincent Arthur| title = Akbar the Great Mogul| url = https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503| publisher = Oxford, Clarendon Press| year = 1917| isbn = 0895634716| page = [https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503/page/n83 58]| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170806184520/https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503| archive-date = 6 August 2017| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = Eraly>{{cite book| last = Eraly| first = Abraham| title = Emperors of the Peacock Throne, The Saga of the Great Mughals| publisher = Penguin Books India| year = 2000| isbn = 0141001437| page = 136}}</ref> The tomb was built by her son [[Jahangir]], in her memory between years 1623-1627 and is located in [[Sikandra, Agra|Sikandra]], next to the [[Akbar's Tomb]],<ref name="Smith1">{{cite book| last = Smith| first = Vincent Arthur| title = Akbar the Great Mogul| url = https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503| publisher = Oxford, Clarendon Press| year = 1917| isbn = 0895634716| page = [https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503/page/n129 102]| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170806184520/https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503| archive-date = 6 August 2017| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Eraly1">{{cite book| last = Eraly| first = Abraham| title = Emperors of the Peacock Throne, The Saga of the Great Mughals| publisher = Penguin Books India| year = 2000| isbn = 0141001437| page = 171}}</ref><ref name="asi">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_up_mariamtomb.asp |title=Mariam's Tomb, Sikandara, Agra - Ticketed Monument - Archaeological Survey of India |publisher=Asi.nic.in |access-date=2013-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916235001/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_up_mariamtomb.asp |archive-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the direction of Mathura.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Havell EB |url=http://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9313 |title=A Handbook to Agra and the Taj Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood. |date=1912 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co, London |others=Kerala State Library |pages=102}}</ref> The structure was originally an open ''[[Baradari (building)|baradari]]'' (pleasure pavilion) under [[Sikander Lodi]], who built it in 1495 AD. It was adopted by the Mughals in 1623 AD and was converted into a tomb by making a [[crypt]] below the central compartment and remodelling it substantially with heavy additions of embellishments like frescoes and floral carvings.
|-
|
| [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]]
| Dilras Banu Begum
| 1620-57
| [[File:BIBI KA MAQBARA (TOMB OF THE LADY) 2.jpg|200px|center]]
| [[Aurangabad]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]{{coord|19.90151|75.320195}}
| 1668-9
| It was commissioned in 1660 by the [[Mughal empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] in the memory of his wife [[Dilras Banu Begum]] (posthumously known as Rabia-ud-Daurani) and is considered to be a symbol of Aurangzeb's 'conjugal fidelity'.<ref>{{cite book|title=Asia in the Making of Europe : Volume III, the Century of Advance|last=Lach|first=Donald F.|author2=Kley, Edwin J. Van|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1998|isbn=9780226467672|edition=Pbk.|page=738}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mughal world: India's tainted paradise|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2008|pages=376}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/139148/taj-deccan.html|title=The Taj of Deccan|date=19 February 2011|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> It bears a striking resemblance to the [[Taj Mahal]], the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's mother, [[Mumtaz Mahal]].<ref name="Madan">{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, [[Government of India]]|year=1990|editor=K.S. Gautam|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/174 174]}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah]]
| [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg]]
| 1576 - 1622
| [[File:I'timād-ud-Daulah, Agra.jpg|200px|center]]
| [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]{{coord|27|11|33|N|78|01|55|E}}
| 1622-28
| Often described as a "jewel box", sometimes called the "Baby Taj", the tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah is often regarded as a draft of the [[Taj Mahal]]. Along with the main building, the structure consists of numerous outbuildings and gardens. The tomb, built between 1622 and 1628, represents a transition between the first phase of monumental Mughal architecture – primarily built from red sandstone with marble decorations, as in [[Humayun's Tomb]] in [[Delhi]] and [[Akbar|Akbar's]] tomb in [[Sikandra, Agra|Sikandra]] – to its second phase, based on white marble and ''[[pietra dura]]'' inlay, most elegantly realized in the Taj Mahal. The mausoleum was commissioned by [[Nur Jahan]], the wife of [[Jahangir]], for her father [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg|Mirzā Ghiyās Beg]], originally a Persian Amir in exile.<ref>{{cite book|title=Agra: The Architectural Heritage|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|pages=66–8|year=2011|isbn=9788174369420|first=Lucy |last=Peck}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Chausath Khamba]]
| [[Mirza Aziz Koka]]
| 1542 - 1624
| [[File:Sunlit interior of the Chausath Khamba.JPG|200px|center]]
| [[New Delhi]], [[India]]{{coord|28|35|28.7|N|77|14|30.5|E}}
| 1623-24
| It is located in [[Nizamuddin West|Nizamuddin]] precincts of [[Sufi]] Muslim shrines and tombs in [[New Delhi]], India. The name means "64 pillars" in [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi]]. It was built by [[Mirza Aziz Koka]], son of [[Ataga Khan]], as a mausoleum for himself, at the time when [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Jahangir]] ruled from Delhi. Mirza Aziz Koka had served several times as Jahangir's [[Governor]] of [[Gujarat]] before he died in Gujarat.<ref name=arch>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=26|title=Mirza 'Aziz Kotaltash Tomb|access-date=2009-04-10|publisher=ArchNet Digital Library|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503084653/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=26|archive-date=2012-05-03}}</ref><ref name=khamba>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&q=Chausath+Khamba&pg=PA141|title= The new Cambridge history of India|access-date=2009-04-10|author= Geraldine Forbes|author2=Gordon Johnson |author3=B. R. Tomlinson |author4=Stewart Gordon |author5=Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher |year=1992|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1}}</ref><ref name=delhi>{{Cite web|url=http://www.delhilive.com/chausath-khambha|title=Chausath Khambhaaccess|date=2007-03-21|publisher=Delhilive.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121062708/http://www.delhilive.com/chausath-khambha|archive-date=2008-11-21}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Chini Ka Rauza]]
| [[Afzal Khan Shirazi]]
| 1570 - 1639
| [[File:Chini Ka Rauza, Indo-Persian-Mosque in Agra, India - Photo by Eldar Mamedov Persian Dutch-Network.jpg|200px|center]]
| [[Agra]], [[India]]{{coord|27|12|03|N|78|02|03|E}}
| 1635
| It is a funerary monument, ''[[rauza]]'' in [[Agra]], [[India]], containing the tomb of [[Afzal Khan Shirazi]], a scholar and poet who was the Prime Minister of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]]. The tomb was built in 1635. The Chini Ka Rauza is situated just 1 kilometre north of [[Itmad-Ud-Daulah]]'s Tomb, on the eastern bank of [[Yamuna river]] in [[Agra]], and 2 kilometres away from the Taj Mahal. The facade of the monument is also known for its [[Chinese glazed roof tile|glazed tile]] work, called ''Kashi'' or ''chini'' in Mughal era buildings.<ref name="Edwardes1930">{{cite book|author=[[Stephen Meredyth Edwardes]]|title=Mughal Rule in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4aqU9Zu7mFoC&pg=PA332-IA2|year=1930|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-551-1|pages=332–}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Khusro Bagh]]
| [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Shah Begum]], [[Khusrau Mirza]], [[Sultan-un-Nissa Begum]]
|
| [[File:Tomb of Nisar Begum at Khusro Bagh Allahabad.jpg|200px|center]]
| [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]{{Coord|25.4423|N|81.8216|E}}
| 1622
| It is a large [[walled garden]] and burial complex located in ''muhalla'' Khuldabad close to the [[Prayagraj Junction railway station]], in [[Prayagraj]], [[India]]. Situated over forty acres and shaped as a quadrangle, it was primarily built for [[Manbhawati Bai|Shah Begum]] (born Manbhawati Bai) (d. 1604), Jahangir's chief consort and the daughter of [[Bhagwant Das|Raja Bhagwant Das]] and Khusrau Mirza's (d. 1622) mother, by Jahangir. Later her children were also buried in the same garden, [[Khusrau Mirza]], Jahangir's eldest son and briefly heir apparent to the Mughal throne; and [[Sultan-un-Nissa Begum]] (d. 1646), Shah Begum and Jahangir's eldest daughter. It is listed as an [[Indian Site of National Importance]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=Elegant tombs, unkempt greens|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/elegant-tombs-unkempt-greens/article3922845.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 September 2012}}</ref>
|}

{{color box|#00FFFF| * |#00FFFF}} - Mughal Emperors.

==Notes==
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=Architecture of Mughal India Volume 4|year=1992|first1=Catherine Blanshard |last1=Asher|first2=Catherine Ella Blanshard |last2=Asher| first3=Catherine B. |last3=Asher|first4= Gordon |last4=Johnson|ref=Mughal|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}

[[Category:Mughal tombs]]

Manan Kumar Mishra

2026-04-23T05:14:23Z

Owen79097529716: Added Bio

{{Short description|Indian jurist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]{{br}}from [[Bihar]]
| alma_mater = Gopalganj College ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]) [[Patna Law College]], [[Patna University]] ([[Bachelor of Law|LLB]])
| birth_place = [[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]], [[Bihar]], India
| term_start = 28 August 2024
| predecessor = [[Misa Bharti]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2014-present)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marriage Equality: Behind Bar Council's Plea to SC, a Political Motive |url=https://thewire.in/law/marriage-equality-bar-council-sc-political-motive |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2010)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MANAN KUMAR MISHRA(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- Baikunthpur(GOPALGANJ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=712 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> 
[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (2009)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MANAN MISHRA(Bahujan Samaj Party(BSP)):Constituency- Valmiki Nagar(BIHAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/ls2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=3017#movable_assets |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>
| occupation = Lawyer
| office2 = Chairman of the [[Bar Council of India]]
| predecessor2 = Biri Singh Sinsinwar
| term_start2 = 9 November 2014
}}

'''Manan Kumar Mishra''' is an Indian legal professional and jurist who has served as the chairman of the [[Bar Council of India|Bar Council of India (BCI)]], the apex statutory body regulating the legal profession and legal education in India.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=BCI Chairman Manan Kumar Mishra To Be Rajya Sabha MP |url=https://bwlegalworld.com/article/bci-chairman-manan-kumar-mishra-to-be-rajya-sabha-mp-530512 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=BW Legal World |language=en}}</ref> He is currently a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]], having been elected unopposed in August 2024 as the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] nominee in a by-election necessitated by the election of Misa Bharti to the Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upendra Kushwaha, Manan Kumar Mishra file nomination papers for Bihar RS by-polls |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/upendra-kushwaha-manan-kumar-mishra-file-nomination-papers-for-bihar-rs-by-polls/1754729 |access-date=2024-08-23 |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Manan Kumar Mishra was born in a [[Brahmin]] family in [[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]] [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manan Kumar Mishra: कौन हैं बिहार के मनन मिश्रा? BJP ने बनाया राज्यसभा कैंडिडेट; 7 बार BCI चेयरमैन बनने का रिकॉर्ड - Who is Manan Kumar Mishra Whom BJP played a gamble by making him a Rajya Sabha candidate Record of becoming BCI Chairman 7 times |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-who-is-manan-kumar-mishra-whom-bjp-played-a-gamble-by-making-him-a-rajya-sabha-candidate-record-of-becoming-bci-chairman-7-times-23781729.html |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

He pursued his early education in [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]] and later obtained a degree in law at [[Patna University]]. He was the gold medalist of his batch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP nominates Manan Mishra from Bihar for Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1219198 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Legal career ==
Mishra began his practice as an advocate at [[Patna High Court]] in 1982 and moved to the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Bhadra |date=2024-08-22 |title=Modi fan who sought court holiday for Ram Mandir event. Who is BJP's RS bypoll pick Manan Mishra |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/modi-fan-who-sought-court-holiday-for-ram-mandir-event-who-is-bjps-rs-bypoll-pick-manan-mishra/2233359/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Manan Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Gopalganj district, India]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Virsinh Mohaniya

2026-04-22T02:33:20Z

Owen79097529716: created first details more to come!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Virsinh Mohaniya
| office = Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1972
| predecessor = Virsingh Bhulabhai Pasaya
| term_end = 1975
| constituency = [[Limkheda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Limkheda]]
| term_start2 = 1975
| term_end2 = 1980
| successor2 = Virsingh Bhulabhai Pasaya
| constituency2 = [[Limkheda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Limkheda]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
| other_party =
| birth_date = 
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| spouse =
| children = 3 sons, 6 daughters
}}

'''Virsinh Gangjibhai Mohaniya''' is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]] state who has served as the member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Limkheda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Limkheda]] from 1972 to 1980.

== Career ==
As a candidate of the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]], he won in the [[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]] and [[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]s. He served as the member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Limkheda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Limkheda]] for two terms; 1972―1975 and 1975―1980.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=ગરીબ નેતાની દર્દભરી કહાની, ગરીબો કરતા પણ બદતર હાલતમાં જીવે છે ગુજરાતના આ પૂર્વ ધારાસભ્ય |url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/dahod-ex-mla-virsinh-mohaniya-living-low-profile-life-236215 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=મને પેન્શન ક્યારે મળશે? લીમખેડા તાલુકાના માજી ધારાસભ્ય વિરસિંહજી મોહનિયાની આર્થિક સ્થિતિ અત્યંત કફોડી |url=https://tv9gujarati.com/gujarat/dahod/when-will-i-get-pension-ex-mla-of-limkheda-taluk-virsingh-mohanias-financial-condition-is-very-bad-au14538-641343.html |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=TV9 Gujarati |language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/sabarkantha/news/former-mla-of-khedbrahma-jethabhai-rathore-is-living-in-bpl-today-130589784.html|publisher=Divya Bhaskar|date=2022-11-01|language=gu|title=ભાસ્કર એક્સક્લૂસિવ: ગરીબથી પણ બદતર જીવન જીવતા પૂર્વ ધારાસભ્ય:કોંગ્રેસના ધુરંધર નેતાને હરાવનાર ધારાસભ્યને ખાવાનાં પણ પડ્યાં ફાંફાં, દીકરાઓ ખેત મજૂરી કરવા મજબૂર બન્યા}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Mohaniya lives in Khirkhai village in Limkheda Taluka of [[Dahod district]] in Gujarat. He lived in poverty and had worked as a labourer in farms.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-11-09 |title=From power to poverty: These ex-MLAs in Gujarat have seen it all |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/news/from-power-to-poverty-these-ex-mlas-in-gujarat-have-seen-it-all/articleshow/95391312.cms |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> He has three sons and six daughters.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> He has {{convert|3|acre}} of non-irrigated farmland while the rest of ancestral farmland was acquired by the railways.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/100102024524_former_mla_special_story.html|publisher=Divya Bhaskar|language=gu|title=એ ભૂતપૂર્વ ધારાસભ્ય પાસે પૂરતાં કપડાં પણ ન હતાં|date=2010-01-01}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohaniya, Virsinh}}
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1972–1974]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1975–1980]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians]]
[[Category:People from Dahod district]]

Khamdong Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T20:23:00Z

Owen79097529716: Added The Pg V1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khamdong
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 10,516
| mla = Birkha Man Ramudamu
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Khamdong Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || Dal Bahadur Damai || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Prajatantra Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Birkha Man Ramudamu || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan=2 | Gopal Lamichaney || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Birkha Man Ramudamu
|}
== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Khamdong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Birkha Man Ramudamu |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=6,160 |percentage=74.59% |change={{increase}}14.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Kumar Bardewa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,929 |percentage=23.36% |change={{increase}}22.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dil Kumari Darnal |party=Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad |votes=170 |percentage=2.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,231 |percentage=51.23% |change= {{increase}}30.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,259 |percentage=78.54% |change= {{decrease}}3.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,516 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}14.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Khamdong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Lamichaney |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,507 |percentage=59.93% |change={{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lall Bahadur Das |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,954 |percentage=39.28% |change={{increase}}4.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitman Darjee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=60 |percentage=0.80% |change={{decrease}}7.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,553 |percentage=20.65% |change= {{increase}}3.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,521 |percentage=83.62% |change= {{increase}}2.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,190 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Khamdong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Lamichaney |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,260 |percentage=52.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganju Thatal |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,164 |percentage=34.66% |change={{decrease}}31.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birkha Man Ramudamu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=501 |percentage=8.02% |change={{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Bahadur Thatal |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=238 |percentage=3.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Sing Sunar |party=Independent politician |votes=46 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,096 |percentage=17.55% |change= {{decrease}}29.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,244 |percentage=81.82% |change= {{increase}}8.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,860 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}14.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Khamdong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Birkha Man Ramudamu |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=3,330 |percentage=66.53% |change={{decrease}}14.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Darjee |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=973 |percentage=19.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Purna Bahadur Lamichaney |party=Indian National Congress |votes=273 |percentage=5.45% |change={{decrease}}11.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Bahadur Bagdas |party=Independent politician |votes=49 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Milan Kumar Trikhatri |party=Independent politician |votes=48 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,357 |percentage=47.09% |change= {{decrease}}16.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,005 |percentage=66.35% |change= {{increase}}6.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,043 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}14.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Khamdong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Birkha Man Ramudamu |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,834 |percentage=80.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Purna Bahadur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=591 |percentage=16.84% |change={{increase}}13.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Bahadur Thatal |party=Independent politician |votes=44 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kushu Das Darjee |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=24 |percentage=0.68% |change={{decrease}}35.27 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,243 |percentage=63.92% |change= {{increase}}56.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,509 |percentage=66.22% |change= {{decrease}}8.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,393 |ref = |change= {{increase}}63.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |swing= {{increase}}44.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Khamdong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Bahadur Damai |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=879 |percentage=35.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilochan |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=705 |percentage=28.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Bahadur Dorjee |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=696 |percentage=28.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Loya Prasad Mohra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=86 |percentage=3.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janga Bahadur Khati |party=Independent politician |votes=62 |percentage=2.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukman Dorjee |party=Sikkim Scheduled Caste League |votes=17 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=174 |percentage=7.12% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,445 |percentage=79.69% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,304 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

{{coord missing|Sikkim}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Vadhandhi: The Fable of Velonie

2026-04-18T08:10:43Z

Owen79097529716:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Vadhandhi The Fable of Velonie.png
| caption =
| genre = [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]] [[Crime thriller]]
| director = Andrew Louis
| writer = Andrew Louis
| producer = [[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
| executive_producer = Gowtham Selvaraj
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[S. J. Suryah]]
* [[Sanjana Krishnamoorthy]]
* [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
* [[Vivek Prasanna]]
}}
| country = India
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| language = Tamil
| music = [[Simon K. King]]
| cinematography = Saravanan Ramasamy
| editor = Richard Kevin
| runtime = 40-50 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]] [[Kalaignar TV]] (syndication)
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|2}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Vadhandhi: The Fable of Velonie''''' ({{Translation|Rumour: The Fable of Velonie}}) is a 2022 Indian-[[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Mystery fiction|mystery]] [[crime thriller]] television series created by Andrew Louis, of ''[[Leelai]]'' and ''[[Kolaigaran]]'' fame,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pushkar-and-gayatri-bankroll-new-webseries-vadhandi-starring-sj-suryah-170083|title=Pushkar and Gayatri to bankroll new webseries Vadhandi starring SJ Suryah|date=18 November 2022|publisher=www.thenewsminute.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173843/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pushkar-and-gayatri-bankroll-new-webseries-vadhandi-starring-sj-suryah-170083|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pushkar-gayatris-vadhandhi-to-premiere-on-prime-video-on-this-date/article66147924.ece|title=Pushkar-Gayatri's 'Vadhandhi' to premiere on Prime Video on this date|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 November 2022|publisher=www.thehindu.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173839/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pushkar-gayatris-vadhandhi-to-premiere-on-prime-video-on-this-date/article66147924.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> for [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/atlee-venkat-prabhu-karthik-subbaraj-shiv-panditt-express-excitement-for-vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-11658021.html|title=Atlee, Venkat Prabhu, Karthik Subbaraj, Shiv Panditt express excitement for Vadhandhi – The Fable of Velonie |date=19 November 2022 |publisher=www.firstpost.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/tv-ott/vadhanthi-new-tamil-crime-thriller-seris-in-amazon-prime-starring-sj-suryah-1.8055116|title=പോലീസ് വേഷത്തിൽ എസ്.ജെ. സൂര്യ; ദുരൂഹതകളുമായി വദന്തി - ദി ഫെബിൾ ഓഫ് വെലോണി....|date=17 November 2022|publisher=www.mathrubhumi.com|access-date=|language=ml|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173839/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/tv-ott/vadhanthi-new-tamil-crime-thriller-seris-in-amazon-prime-starring-sj-suryah-1.8055116|url-status=live}}</ref> It was directed and written by Andrew Louis. The principal cast of the series includes [[S. J. Suryah]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/31347/vadhandhi-sj-suryah-amazon-prime-video|title=SJ Suryah in Vadhanthi Web Series|publisher=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173840/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/31347/vadhandhi-sj-suryah-amazon-prime-video|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sanjana Krishnamoorthy]], [[Laila (actress)|Laila]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Smruthi Venkat]], [[Vivek Prasanna]], Kumaran Thangarajan, Vaibhav Murugesan, Vikky Aadithya and [[Hareesh Peradi]]. It premiered on 2 December 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/tamil-crime-thriller-vadhandhi-%E2%80%93-the-fable-of-velonie-to-premiere-on-december-2-452840|title=Tamil crime thriller Vadhandhi – The Fable of Velonie to premiere on December 2|publisher=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407095315/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/tamil-crime-thriller-vadhandhi-%E2%80%93-the-fable-of-velonie-to-premiere-on-december-2-452840|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pricebaba.com/blog/vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-ott-release-date-amazon-prime-video-dec-2|title=Vadhandhi OTT Release Date: Vadhandhi – The Fable of Velonie to stream on Prime Video from Dec 2|publisher=pricebaba.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173841/https://pricebaba.com/blog/vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-ott-release-date-amazon-prime-video-dec-2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ndtv.in/web-series/amazon-prime-video-new-web-series-vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-3528558|title=अमेजॉन प्राइम वीडियो की नई सीरीज 'वधांधी' का ऐलान, क्राइम थ्रिलर में लगेगा रहस्य रोमांच का छौंक|publisher=ndtv.in|access-date=|language=hi|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173843/https://ndtv.in/web-series/amazon-prime-video-new-web-series-vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-3528558|url-status=live}}</ref> and consists of eight episodes.

It was later renewed for another season & was wrapped in mid-september.

==Cast==

{{cast listing|
* [[S. J. Suryah]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Vivek
* [[Sanjana Krishnamoorthy]] as Velonie
* [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] as Ruby, Velonie's mother
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as KI Sebastian
* [[Vivek Prasanna]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] V. Ramar
* Vaibhav Murugesan as Jones Durai, Lodge Manager
* Pradeep Krishnamoorthy as Valan
* [[Smruthi Venkat]] as Anandhi Vivek, Vivek's wife
* Avinash Raghudevan as Sanjeev
* [[Ashwin Kkumar]] as Santhosh
* Vikky Aadithya as Sunny
**Videsh Anand as young Sunny
* C. Sujatha as Rani
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as Sethuraman, editor of "The Fourth Column"
* Kumaran Thangarajan as Vignesh, Velonie's fiancée
* Aruvi Balaji as Alex
* Mahesh G as Amalraj
* [[Kulappulli Leela]] as Old Lady
* Kavin Jay Babu as Paulraj
* Ashwin Raam as Tony
* Ashiq Rahman as Director Shakthi
* M. Meeran Mitheen as SP
* Pranika Dhakshu as PC Mallika
* Mrithun Jayan as Suspect 1 in the lodge entry list
* Saranya Ravi as a prostitute
}}

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background=64544C |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = The Dead Star
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Andrew Louis
|WrittenBy = Andrew Louis
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|2}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Vivek Takes Charge
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Andrew Louis
|WrittenBy = Andrew Louis
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|2}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Brothers in Crime
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Andrew Louis
|WrittenBy = Andrew Louis
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|2}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Closed, but Unresolved
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Andrew Louis
|WrittenBy = Andrew Louis
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|2}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = An Intellectual Killer
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Andrew Louis
|WrittenBy = Andrew Louis
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|2}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = From Bad to Worse
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Andrew Louis
|WrittenBy = Andrew Louis
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|2}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = A Fictitious Fact
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Andrew Louis
|WrittenBy = Andrew Louis
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|2}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = The Vadhandhi Continues
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Andrew Louis
|WrittenBy = Andrew Louis
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|2}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
}}

==Development==
===Production===
The series is [[Pushkar–Gayathri]]`s second collaboration with [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telecomtalk.info/ott-tv-shows-for-tamil-users-that/555123/|title=OTT TV Shows for Tamil Users that are Coming Soon|publisher=telecomtalk.info|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173843/https://telecomtalk.info/ott-tv-shows-for-tamil-users-that/555123/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2022/11/17/prime-video-sets-premiere-date-for-pushkar-gayatris-series-vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie.html|title=Prime Video sets premiere date for Pushkar-Gayatri's series 'Vadhandhi: The Fable of Velonie'|publisher=www.theweek.in|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173842/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2022/11/17/prime-video-sets-premiere-date-for-pushkar-gayatris-series-vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier, the filmmaker duo had created the investigative thriller, ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]'', for the streaming giant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/OTT/NOW-STREAMING-%E2%80%98Suzhal%E2%80%99-creators-Pushkar-and-Gayatri-to-roll/cid9196374.htm|title='Suzhal' creators Pushkar and Gayatri to roll out Tamil crime thriller OTT series|date=18 November 2022 |publisher=punemirror.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173842/https://punemirror.com/entertainment/OTT/NOW-STREAMING-%E2%80%98Suzhal%E2%80%99-creators-Pushkar-and-Gayatri-to-roll/cid9196374.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The series is directed by Andrew Louis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seithisolai.com/892385-you-will-be-hooked-from-the-beginning-to-the-end-rumors-of-sj-suriya-acting-producers-interview.php|title=தொடக்க முதல் இறுதி வரை கட்டுண்டு இருப்பீர்கள்… எஸ்.ஜே.சூர்யா நடிக்கும் "வதந்தி"… தயாரிப்பாளர்கள் பேட்டி..!!!|work=Seithi Solai|date=20 November 2022|publisher=www.seithisolai.com|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173844/https://www.seithisolai.com/892385-you-will-be-hooked-from-the-beginning-to-the-end-rumors-of-sj-suriya-acting-producers-interview.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2022/sj-surya-s-much-awaited-crime-thriller-series-vadhandhi-is-all-set-to-release-on-december-2-on-amaz-342942.html|title=SJ Surya's Much Awaited Crime Thriller Series Vadhandhi, Is All Set To Release On December 2 On Amazon Prime|date=18 November 2022 |publisher=www.filmibeat.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173839/https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2022/sj-surya-s-much-awaited-crime-thriller-series-vadhandhi-is-all-set-to-release-on-december-2-on-amaz-342942.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Series was Renewed for another season & began filming with [[M. Sasikumar]] in the lead role & the entire shooting was wrapped 27 September 2025.

===Casting===
Tamil film director and actor, [[S. J. Suryah]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/898905-pushkar-and-gayatri-produced-sj-suryah-lead-vadhandhi-web-series-on-prime.html|title=டிச.2-ல் ஓடிடியில் வெளியாகிறது எஸ்.ஜே.சூர்யாவின் 'வதந்தி' வெப் சீரிஸ்|date=17 November 2022|publisher=www.hindutamil.in|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173842/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/898905-pushkar-and-gayatri-produced-sj-suryah-lead-vadhandhi-web-series-on-prime.html|url-status=live}}</ref> was cast as police officer Vivek. This is his debut role in a limited series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/sj-suryahs-debut-web-series-vadhandhi-to-release-on-2nd-december-839070|title=எஸ்.ஜே.சூர்யா நடித்துள்ள முதல் வெப் தொடரின் அப்டேட்..!|date=17 November 2022|publisher=www.dailythanthi.com|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173841/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/sj-suryahs-debut-web-series-vadhandhi-to-release-on-2nd-december-839070|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/sj-surya-amazon-com-shahrukh-khan-friend-all-set-to-debut-on-ott-with-web-series-vadhandhi-on-amazon-prime-video-s-j-suryah/2496660/|title=S J Suryah: अब ओटीटी पर धमाल मचाने को तैयार सूर्या, Amazon Prime पर रिलीज हो रही है Vadhandhi|date=18 November 2022|publisher=www.jansatta.com|access-date=|language=hi|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173840/https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/sj-surya-amazon-com-shahrukh-khan-friend-all-set-to-debut-on-ott-with-web-series-vadhandhi-on-amazon-prime-video-s-j-suryah/2496660/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kalakkalcinema.com/vadhandhi-on-prime/204025/|title=வெப் தொடரில் களமிறங்கிய எஸ்.ஜே. சூர்யா..|work=Kalakkal Cinema |date=17 November 2022|publisher=kalakkalcinema.com|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173843/https://kalakkalcinema.com/vadhandhi-on-prime/204025/|url-status=live |last1=Kandhasamy |first1=Suresh }}</ref> [[Sanjana Krishnamoorthy]] was cast as Velonie,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/who-is-velonie-heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-debutante-sanjana-in-vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-11652671.html|title=Who is Velonie? Here's everything you need to know about debutante Sanjana in Vadhandhi – The Fable of Velonie|date=18 November 2022|publisher=www.firstpost.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008072446/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/who-is-velonie-heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-debutante-sanjana-in-vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-11652671.html|url-status=live}}</ref> actress [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/veteran-tamil-actress-laila-meet-vijay-sethuapthi-photo-viral-amazon-prime-video-web-series-update-tamil-news-313209|title=Veteran actress Laila meets with Vijay Sethupathi! Are they collabing for a new title?|work=www.indiaglitz.com|date=30 April 2022|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173842/https://www.indiaglitz.com/veteran-tamil-actress-laila-meet-vijay-sethuapthi-photo-viral-amazon-prime-video-web-series-update-tamil-news-313209|url-status=live}}</ref> was cast as Ruby, making their debut with the series. Besides [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Sanjana Krishnamoorthy]], [[Smruthi Venkat]], [[Vivek Prasanna]], Kumaran Thangarajan, Vaibhav Murugesan, Vikky Aadithya and [[Hareesh Peradi]] were cast then.{{fact|date=November 2023}}

===Release===
It was announced on Thursday 17 November that the series will be released in Tamil and dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-marks-s-j-suryah-ott-debut/0209/122216748|title=Vadhandhi the-fable of Velonie|publisher=www.eenadu.net|access-date=|language=te|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173840/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-marks-s-j-suryah-ott-debut/0209/122216748|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hindi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jantaserishta.com/entertainment/tamil-crime-thriller-vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-to-premiere-on-december-2-1765116|title=तमिल क्राइम थ्रिलर वधांधी- द फैबल ऑफ वेलोनी का प्रीमियर 2 दिसंबर को होगा|date=20 November 2022 |publisher=jantaserishta.com|access-date=|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/south-cinema-amazon-prime-video-much-anticipated-crime-thriller-web-series-vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-to-release-on-this-date-mogi-4912331.html|title=Vadhandhi the fable of velonie: रिलीज को तैयार है वेब सीरीज 'वधांधी', जानिए तारीख और OTT प्लेटफॉर्म|date=17 November 2022|publisher=hindi.news18.com|access-date=|language=hi|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173843/https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/south-cinema-amazon-prime-video-much-anticipated-crime-thriller-web-series-vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-to-release-on-this-date-mogi-4912331.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Malayalam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-streaming-in-amazone-prime-on-dece-2-1097697|title=ക്രൈം ത്രില്ലറുമായി എസ്.ജെ. സൂര്യ; വദന്തി - ദി ഫെബിൾ ഓഫ് വെലോണി ആമസോൺ|date=18 November 2022|publisher=www.madhyamam.com|access-date=|language=ml|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119064529/https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-streaming-in-amazone-prime-on-dece-2-1097697|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Kannada]] and will make its [[streaming television|streaming]] debut on 2 December,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thanthitv.com/latest-news/sj-suryas-web-series-is-released-in-240-countries-149369|title=240 நாடுகளில் வெளியாகிறது எஸ்.ஜே.சூர்யாவின் வெப் சீரிஸ்|date=18 November 2022 |publisher=www.thanthitv.com|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref> on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=109333|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118193451/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=109333|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 November 2022|title=டிசம்பர் 2ம் தேதி வெளியாகும் வதந்தி...|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref> And also was Release the first look poster, The poster features a visibly shocked S. J. Suryah looking at a person lying dead in a field.
The series was highly inspired by the American TV Series The Killing. The Murder mystery of Rosie Larson.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-video-on-dec-2-first-look-poster-out-2298321-2022-11-17|title=Vadhandhi The Fable of Velonie to premiere on Amazon Prime Video on Dec 2, first-look poster out|date=17 November 2022|publisher=www.indiatoday.in|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173846/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-video-on-dec-2-first-look-poster-out-2298321-2022-11-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.janbharattimes.com/entertainment/vadhandhi-ott-release-date-star-cast-trailer-makers-more|title=Vadhandhi OTT Release Date, Star Cast, Makers, Trailer & More Updates|publisher=en.janbharattimes.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173841/https://en.janbharattimes.com/entertainment/vadhandhi-ott-release-date-star-cast-trailer-makers-more|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/nov/17/sj-surya-vadhandhi-series-3951040.html|title=எஸ் ஜே சூர்யாவின் 'வதந்தி' இணையத் தொடர் அறிவிப்பு|date=17 November 2022 |publisher=www.dinamani.com|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/apr/28/sj-suryah-teams-up-with-kolaigaran-director-for-vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-31170.html|title=SJ Suryah teams up with Kolaigaran director for Vadhandhi: The fable of Velonie|date=28 April 2022|publisher=www.cinemaexpress.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173839/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/apr/28/sj-suryah-teams-up-with-kolaigaran-director-for-vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-31170.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The satellite rights was purchased by [[Kalaignar TV]] and aired the web series as a special movie presentation on January 13, 14 and 15, 2026.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwR-0urVhZg |title=வதந்தி 🎬✨{{!}} VADHANDHI {{!}} Promo 1 {{!}} Jan 14, 15, 16 @ 1:30 PM On Kalaignar TV |date=2026-01-01 |last=Kalaignar TV |access-date=2026-01-02 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Reception ==

Upon release, the story and performances of SJ Suryah & Sanjana Krishnamoorthy were appreciated but the pacing was criticized. Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' "The small-town set up helps in making the narrative quite interesting as the story presents us with multiple suspects and this naturally piques the excitement of a viewer."<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-review-sj-suryah-starrer-is-a-riveting-small-town-investigative-thriller-101669949140757.html | title=Vadhandhi The Fable of Velonie review: SJ Suryah-starrer is a riveting small-town investigative thriller | website=www.hindustantimes.com | date=2 December 2022 | access-date=26 July 2024 | archive-date=31 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131144722/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/vadhandhi-the-fable-of-velonie-review-sj-suryah-starrer-is-a-riveting-small-town-investigative-thriller-101669949140757.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt21908550}}

{{Pushkar–Gayathri}}
{{Amazon Prime Video original series}}

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime television series]]

Naraingarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:06Z

Owen79097529716: Added Data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Naraingarh Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = Naraingarh Assembly constituency map.svg
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1967
|abolished =
| electors = 1,92,340
|mla = [[Shalley Chaudhary]]
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no = 3
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Ambala district|Ambala]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ambala Lok Sabha constituency|Ambala]]
| reservation = None
}}
'''[[Naraingarh]] Assembly constituency''' (also: '''Narayangarh''') is one of the 90 assembly seats of [[Haryana]] in the [[Ambala district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].<ref>[http://haryanaelections.in/ambala-city-assembly-constituency-candidate-name-result-haryana-assembly-election-2014-inld-congress-bjp/ haryanaelections] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212122906/http://haryanaelections.in/ambala-city-assembly-constituency-candidate-name-result-haryana-assembly-election-2014-inld-congress-bjp/ |date=12 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/haryana/constituency-results/ambala-city.php travelindia-guide]</ref><ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/haryana/ambala-city.html mapsofindia]</ref>

[[Shalley Chaudhary]] is the current MLA from Naraingarh Assembly constituency.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naraingarh Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/naraingarh.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Sadhu Ram saini
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Roshan Lal
|-
|[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Jagjit Singh
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" | Lal Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Jagjit Singh
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2 | Lal Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| Jagpal Singh
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Surjeet Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Raj Kumar Saini]]
| {{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| Pawan Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan=2 | Ram Kishan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan=2|[[Shalley Chaudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naraingarh<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Naraingarh">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Naraingarh |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S073.htm |accessdate=26 October 2024 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shalley Chaudhary]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=62,180 |percentage=44.01% |change={{increase}}4.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Saini|Dr. Pawan Saini]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=47,086 |percentage=33.33% |change={{increase}}9.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbilas Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=27,440 |percentage=19.42% |change={{increase}}13.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurpal Singh |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=3,261 |percentage=2.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=410 |percentage=0.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,094 |percentage=10.68% |change= {{decrease}}4.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,41,289 |percentage=73.61% |change= {{decrease}}0.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,92,340 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naraingarh<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shalley Chaudhary]]|party=Indian National Congress |votes=53,470 |percentage=39.56 |change=+17.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Surender Singh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=32,870|percentage=24.32|change=-15.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ram Singh Dhillon|party=Jannayak Janta Party|votes=18,753|percentage=13.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gulshan Kumar|party=Loktanter Suraksha Party|votes=15,454|percentage=11.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Madan Pal|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=7,926|percentage=5.86|change=-15.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jagmal Singh Rolloyo|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=2,242|percentage=1.66|change=-10.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gurpal Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=2,203|percentage=1.63|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mahender Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=617|percentage=0.46|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,600 |percentage=15.24 |change=-2.08 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,35,172|percentage=74.21|change=-8.75}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,82,142 |change =+7.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -0.20}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naraingarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nayab Singh Saini]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=55,931 |percentage=39.76 |change=+32.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,570 |percentage=22.44|change=-9.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh Korwa |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=30,736 |percentage=21.85 |change=+8.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagmal Singh Rollon |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=16,836 |percentage=11.97 |change=-12.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhoom Singh |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=3,101 |percentage=2.20 |change=-0.40 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,361 |percentage=17.32 |change=+10.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,40,675 |percentage=82.97 |change= +1.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,69,556 |change =19.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= +7.63}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naraingarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,298 |percentage=32.13 |change=-11.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=28,978 |percentage=24.96 |change=-10.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=15,404 |percentage=13.27 |change=+7.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=14,742 |percentage=12.70 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nayab Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,082 |percentage=6.96 |change=-2.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=4,187 |percentage=3.61 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhoom Singh |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=3,028 |percentage=2.61 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mulakh Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,115 |percentage=1.82 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudesh Kumar Bhardwaj |party=Independent politician |votes=912 |percentage=0.79 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh Arya |party=Indian Justice Party |votes=519 |percentage=0.45 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,320 |percentage=7.17 |change=-1.14}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,16,092 |percentage=81.90 |change=+4.24}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,41,746 |change =+17.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -11.61}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naraingarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,877 |percentage=43.73% |change=14.17% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Kumar |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=33,114 |percentage=35.43% |change=-3.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumer Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,756 |percentage=9.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satpal Saini |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,519 |percentage=5.90% |change=-2.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Pal Singh |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=1,445 |percentage=1.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nathi Ram |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,008 |percentage=1.08% |change=0.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Kaur |party=Independent politician |votes=743 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sugan Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=563 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaspal Singh |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=489 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraja Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=393 |percentage=0.42% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,763 |percentage=8.31% |change=-0.61% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=93,467 |percentage=77.66% |change= 1.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,20,352 |change =9.07% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= 5.26% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naraingarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Kumar |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=32,092 |percentage=38.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,659 |percentage=29.56% |change=16.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=15,258 |percentage=18.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,689 |percentage=8.02% |change=-9.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,035 |percentage=3.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=451 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=358 |percentage=0.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banarsi Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=330 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,433 |percentage=8.91% |change=-0.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,411 |percentage=76.10% |change= -1.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,10,347 |change =2.09% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= 16.04% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naraingarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=22,309 |percentage=27.23% |change=24.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Singh S/O Pirthi Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=14,262 |percentage=17.41% |change=-5.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=14,015 |percentage=17.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,059 |percentage=13.50% |change=-2.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=4,772 |percentage=5.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,527 |percentage=5.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=2,453 |percentage=2.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=1,671 |percentage=2.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sharda Rani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,000 |percentage=1.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagpal Singh Chaudhry |party=Independent politician |votes=966 |percentage=1.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surjit Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=593 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,047 |percentage=9.82% |change=3.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,917 |percentage=78.08% |change= 3.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,085 |change =13.29% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= 4.80% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naraingarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Surjeet Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=15,407 |percentage=22.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,869 |percentage=15.83% |change=2.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Bhushan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,982 |percentage=14.54% |change=2.15% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagpal Singh Chaudhry |party=Janata Party |votes=7,917 |percentage=11.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=7,581 |percentage=11.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,403 |percentage=9.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hathi Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,447 |percentage=6.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal Arya |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=1,756 |percentage=2.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Preetpal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,301 |percentage=1.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaipal |party=Independent politician |votes=697 |percentage=1.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhacmal |party=Independent politician |votes=554 |percentage=0.81% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,538 |percentage=6.61% |change=-12.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,668 |percentage=74.67% |change= -2.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,404 |change =13.44% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= -15.60% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naraingarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagpal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=24,456 |percentage=38.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhu Ram |party=Lokdal |votes=12,363 |percentage=19.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakchhman Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,779 |percentage=13.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,468 |percentage=13.17% |change=-13.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kutar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,963 |percentage=12.39% |change=-4.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=553 |percentage=0.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nakul |party=Independent politician |votes=496 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gain Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=479 |percentage=0.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumer Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=319 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,093 |percentage=18.81% |change=10.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,288 |percentage=77.63% |change= 2.83% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,099 |change =18.10% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= 3.41% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naraingarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=18,091 |percentage=34.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,842 |percentage=26.50% |change=-3.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Bhushan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,822 |percentage=16.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,809 |percentage=9.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aman Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,550 |percentage=6.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanta Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,352 |percentage=4.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash Sen |party=Independent politician |votes=276 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,249 |percentage=8.13% |change=-12.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,238 |percentage=74.80% |change= 6.10% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,209 |change =15.72% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Party |swing= -15.65% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naraingarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=20,909 |percentage=50.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,482 |percentage=30.02% |change=-21.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maharaj Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,523 |percentage=13.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Faquir Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,938 |percentage=4.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=450 |percentage=1.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Das |party=Independent politician |votes=282 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,427 |percentage=20.27% |change=3.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,584 |percentage=68.70% |change= -0.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,536 |change =-4.17% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.95% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naraingarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,818 |percentage=51.23% |change=-14.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=14,556 |percentage=34.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant |party=Independent politician |votes=3,688 |percentage=8.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,717 |percentage=4.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meet Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=810 |percentage=1.90% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,262 |percentage=17.05% |change=-32.49% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,589 |percentage=68.72% |change= 27.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,216 |change =12.48% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -14.23% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naraingarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,745 |percentage=65.46% |change=20.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagat Narain |party=Bharatiya Kranti Dal |votes=3,585 |percentage=15.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghu Nath Saroop |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=2,596 |percentage=11.52% |change=-11.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Raj Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=1,108 |percentage=4.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sawan Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=491 |percentage=2.18% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,160 |percentage=49.54% |change=27.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,525 |percentage=40.86% |change= -29.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,091 |change =1.83% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 20.11% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naraingarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,691 |percentage=45.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. N. Sarup |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=8,528 |percentage=23.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Lal |party=Republican Party of India |votes=6,816 |percentage=18.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ram |party=Swatantra Party |votes=2,291 |percentage=6.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,541 |percentage=4.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Parshad |party=Independent politician |votes=936 |percentage=2.54% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,163 |percentage=22.18% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,803 |percentage=70.03% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,067 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.elections.in/haryana Haryana elections]

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{Haryana}}

{{coord|30|28|35|N|77|07|40|E|display=title,inline}}

[[Category:Ambala]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Ambala district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:33Z

Owen79097529716: Added New Pg Nd Citations

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| constituency_no= 21
| name = Lahaul and Spiti
| type= SLA
| map_image = 21-Lahaul and Spiti constituency.svg
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Anuradha Rana]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|2024]]
| electors = {{formatnum:25496}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Lahaul and Spiti''' is one of the 68 assembly constituencies of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern Indian state. [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]] is also part of [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceohimachal.nic.in/Bkground/rpt_PCWISEELECTORS.pdf |title=Assembly Constituency wise Electors as on 15-09-2010 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Himachal Pradesh website |access-date=25 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314170045/http://ceohimachal.nic.in/Bkground/rpt_PCWISEELECTORS.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=6, 158–164}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/lahaul-and-spiti.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Thakur Devi Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Lata Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=3|[[Thakur Devi Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan=2|[[Phunchog Rai]]
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Ram Lal Markanda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Himachal Vikas Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Raghbir Singh Thakur
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Ram Lal Markanda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Ravi Thakur (politician)|Ravi Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Ram Lal Markanda]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Ravi Thakur (politician)|Ravi Thakur]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/6-congress-mlas-who-cross-voted-in-favour-of-bjp-in-himachal-pradesh-rajya-sabha-polls-disqualified-5148484 |title=6 Himachal Congress MLAs, Who Cross-Voted In Rajya Sabha Polls, Disqualified|access-date=28 February 2024|website=NDTV|language=en}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly bye-elections|2024]]★
|[[Anuradha Rana]]
|-
|}
★ By-Election

== Election results ==
===Assembly By-election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|2024 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Lahaul and Spiti<ref name="2024 Bye Election Results - Lahaul and Spiti">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Bye Election Results - Lahaul and Spiti |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S0821.htm |access-date=7 August 2024 |date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807145259/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S0821.htm |archive-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Anuradha Rana |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,414 |percentage=47.09 |change={{decrease}}5.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ram Lal Markanda|Dr. Ram Lal Markanda]]|party=Independent|votes=7,454|percentage=37.28|change=''New''
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ravi Thakur (politician)|Ravi Thakur]]|party=BJP|votes=3,049|percentage=15.25|change={{decrease}}29.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=76|percentage=0.38|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,960 |percentage=8.60 |change= {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=18,801|percentage=73.74|change={{increase}}0.04}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,496 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lahaul and Spiti}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravi Thakur (politician)|Ravi Thakur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,948 |percentage=52.91 |change={{increase}}16.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ram Lal Markanda|Dr. Ram Lal Markanda]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=8,332|percentage=44.32|change={{decrease}}0.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sudarshan Jaspa|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=454|percentage=2.41|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=67|percentage=0.36|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,616 |percentage=8.60 |change= {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=18,801|percentage=73.74|change={{increase}}0.04}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,496 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lahaul and Spiti<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Lal Markanda|Dr. Ram Lal Markanda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,756 |percentage=45.30% |change={{increase}}6.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ravi Thakur (politician)|Ravi Thakur]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=6,278|percentage=36.67%|change={{decrease}}23.57}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajinder Karpa|party=Independent politician|votes=2,240|percentage=13.08%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sudarshan Jaspa|party=Independent politician|votes=655|percentage=3.83%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,478 |percentage=8.63% |change= {{decrease}}13.22 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=17,121|percentage=73.70%|change={{decrease}}1.99}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,231 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}14.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lahaul and Spiti}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravi Thakur (politician)|Ravi Thakur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,187 |percentage=60.24% |change={{increase}}18.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ram Lal Markanda|Dr. Ram Lal Markanda]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=6,491|percentage=38.38%|change={{decrease}}15.78}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,696 |percentage=21.86% |change= {{increase}}8.99 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=16,911|percentage=75.68%|change={{increase}}1.89}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,344 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lahaul and Spiti}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Lal Markanda|Dr. Ram Lal Markanda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,117 |percentage=54.16% |change={{increase}}42.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Phunchog Rai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,951 |percentage=41.30% |change={{decrease}}15.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=726 |percentage=4.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,166 |percentage=12.87% |change= {{decrease}}15.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,832 |percentage=73.80% |change= {{decrease}}3.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,809 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lahaul and Spiti<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghbir Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,458 |percentage=56.70% |change={{increase}}26.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Lal Markanda|Dr. Ram Lal Markanda]] |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=4,690 |percentage=28.11% |change={{decrease}}6.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yuv Raj Bodh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,961 |percentage=11.76% |change={{increase}}7.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hira Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=328 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amarjeet Singh |party=Loktantrik Morcha Himachal Pradesh |votes=122 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,768 |percentage=28.58% |change= {{increase}}24.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,682 |percentage=77.77% |change= {{increase}}6.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,471 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Himachal Vikas Congress |swing= {{increase}}21.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lahaul and Spiti<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Lal Markanda|Dr. Ram Lal Markanda]] |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=5,113 |percentage=34.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raghubir Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,467|percentage=30.54%|change={{decrease}}24.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ravi Thakur (politician)|Ravi Thakur]]|party=Independent politician|votes=4,415|percentage=30.18%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ram Nath Sahani|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=634|percentage=4.33%|change={{decrease}}38.83}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=646 |percentage=4.42% |change= {{decrease}}7.87 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=14,629|percentage=73.51%|change={{increase}}8.36}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,645 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Himachal Vikas Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}20.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lahaul and Spiti<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Phunchog Rai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,509 |percentage=55.44% |change={{increase}}4.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hishe Dogia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,067 |percentage=43.16% |change={{increase}}3.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Chand Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=164 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,442 |percentage=12.28% |change= {{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,740 |percentage=63.06% |change= {{decrease}}8.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,784 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lahaul and Spiti<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Phunchog Rai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,533 |percentage=50.55% |change={{decrease}}45.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hishe Dogia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,082 |percentage=39.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,254 |percentage=9.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,451 |percentage=11.23% |change= {{decrease}}81.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,923 |percentage=72.04% |change= {{increase}}12.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,134 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lahaul and Spiti<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thakur Devi Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,646 |percentage=96.31% |change={{increase}}42.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Chand Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=331 |percentage=3.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,315 |percentage=92.63% |change= {{increase}}71.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,977 |percentage=61.17% |change= {{decrease}}11.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,175 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lahaul and Spiti<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thakur Devi Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,636 |percentage=53.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,446 |percentage=32.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=768 |percentage=7.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khushal Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=705 |percentage=6.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,190 |percentage=20.75% |change= {{decrease}}34.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,555 |percentage=72.63% |change= {{increase}}17.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,864 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}22.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lahaul and Spiti<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thakur Devi Singh]] |party=Janata Party |votes=5,649 |percentage=76.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Chand Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=1,548 |percentage=20.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Phunchog Rai]] |party=Independent politician |votes=211 |percentage=2.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,101 |percentage=55.36% |change= {{increase}}44.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,408 |percentage=55.53% |change= {{decrease}}24.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,759 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}20.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lahaul and Spiti<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lata Thakur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,351 |percentage=55.60% |change={{increase}}12.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thakur Devi Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,273 |percentage=44.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,078 |percentage=11.20% |change= {{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,624 |percentage=78.21% |change= {{increase}}14.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,305 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}42.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}4.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lahaul and Spiti<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thakur Devi Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=7,066 |percentage=51.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,987 |percentage=43.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Datt |party=Independent politician |votes=691 |percentage=5.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,079 |percentage=7.85% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,744 |percentage=63.78% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,553 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Lahaul and Spiti district]]
* [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{coord|32.36|77.76|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Lahaul and Spiti district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Kupwara Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:31Z

Owen79097529716: Added Some Data W/ Refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kupwara
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Mir Mohammad Fayaz]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]]
| established = 1967
| electors = 
| reservation =
}}
'''Kupwara Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Kupwara]] is also part of [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/kupwara.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Kupwara Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/Constituencies.html |title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir |accessdate=2019-06-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231174529/http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/Constituencies.html |archive-date=2008-12-31 }}</ref>

== Overview ==

Kupwara (constituency number 2) is one of the Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Kupwara district]]. This constituency covers PCs 18-Sulakot, 20-Radabug, 22-Bumhama, 23-Drugmulla, 25-Gushi, 26-Batergam, 27-Dadikoot, 30-Gulgam, 31-Harrai, 32-Hayan, 33-Trehgam, 34-Guglose, 35-Kralpora, 36-Guzeryal, 37-Gundizona-Reshi. 38-Panzgam, 39-Meelyal, 40-Shooloora, 41-Dardihairi-Kharagund, 42-Kupwara, 43-Awoora, 44-Zirhama of Tehsil Kupwara and PC 55-Manzgam in Tehsil Handwara.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=561}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || [[Mohammad Sultan Tantray]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Ghulam Mohammed Shah
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || [[Assad Ullah Shah]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Peer Abdul Gani
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || [[Mushtaq Ahmad Lone]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || rowspan=3 | [[Saifullah Mir]]
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Bashir Ahmad Dar]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference}}
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Fayaz Ahmad Mir]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kupwara<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Fayaz Ahmad Mir]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=27,773 |percentage=44.76% |change={{increase}}10.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nasir Aslam Wani |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=17,976 |percentage=28.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajad Gani Lone |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=7,457 |percentage=12.02% |change={{decrease}}22.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pirzada Firdous Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=5,672 |percentage=9.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sabiha Begum |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=591 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Khan Pathan |party=Independent politician |votes=575 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Malik |party=Bhim Sena |votes=410 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,383 |percentage=2.23% |change={{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,797 |percentage=15.79% |change= {{increase}}15.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,055 |percentage=65.35% |change= {{decrease}}1.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,956 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}11.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |swing= {{increase}}10.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kupwara<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bashir Ahmad Dar]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=24,754 |percentage=34.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Fayaz Ahmad Mir]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=24,603 |percentage=34.26% |change={{increase}}13.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Saifullah Mir]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=17,390 |percentage=24.21% |change={{decrease}}5.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rehman Lone |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=790 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wali Mohammed Khan |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=672 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan Sheikh |party=All J & K Kisan Majdoor Party |votes=598 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Amin Peer |party=Independent politician |votes=582 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=664 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=151 |percentage=0.21% |change= {{decrease}}9.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,818 |percentage=67.10% |change= {{increase}}4.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,033 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kupwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Saifullah Mir]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,696 |percentage=30.07% |change={{decrease}}13.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Fayaz Ahmad Mir]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=11,514 |percentage=20.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shabnam Gani Lone]] |party=Independent politician |votes=11,050 |percentage=19.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Majeed Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,673 |percentage=4.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Ahad Mir |party=People's Democratic Front (Jammu and Kashmir) |votes=2,495 |percentage=4.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Majeed Sheikh |party=Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Party Nationalist |votes=2,237 |percentage=4.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chowdhary Salam-U-Din |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,046 |percentage=3.68% |change={{decrease}}1.00 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,182 |percentage=9.33% |change= {{increase}}9.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,525 |percentage=62.43% |change= {{increase}}7.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,942 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}13.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kupwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Saifullah Mir]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=19,233 |percentage=43.24% |change={{increase}}5.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Qadir Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=19,101 |percentage=42.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chowdhary Salam-U-Din |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,085 |percentage=4.69% |change={{decrease}}26.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ashraf Lone |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=1,062 |percentage=2.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmad Khan |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=994 |percentage=2.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Ahmad Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=594 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Asdullah Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=594 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=132 |percentage=0.30% |change= {{decrease}}6.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,483 |percentage=55.23% |change= {{increase}}31.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,536 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}5.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kupwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Saifullah Mir]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=5,766 |percentage=37.90% |change={{increase}}0.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chowdhary Salam-U-Din |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,755 |percentage=31.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din |party=Independent politician |votes=1,301 |percentage=8.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Assadullah Bhat |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,045 |percentage=6.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Din Mohammed Chichi |party=Independent politician |votes=989 |percentage=6.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Y. Beigh |party=Independent politician |votes=719 |percentage=4.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool Shah |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=637 |percentage=4.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,011 |percentage=6.65% |change= {{increase}}1.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,212 |percentage=25.97% |change= {{decrease}}43.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,946 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}0.84 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kupwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mushtaq Ahmad Lone]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=12,585 |percentage=37.06% |change={{decrease}}11.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Haq Khan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=10,806 |percentage=31.83% |change={{decrease}}16.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ashraf Sehrai |party=Independent politician |votes=8,959 |percentage=26.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zahur Ahmed Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,189 |percentage=3.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Jabbr Hajam |party=Independent politician |votes=415 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,779 |percentage=5.24% |change= {{decrease}}20.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,954 |percentage=69.44% |change= {{increase}}6.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,762 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}11.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kupwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Peer Abdul Gani |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=13,119 |percentage=48.27% |change={{decrease}}8.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Haq |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,046 |percentage=22.25% |change={{decrease}}34.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ashraf Khan |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=3,717 |percentage=13.68% |change={{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hamid Ganai |party=Independent politician |votes=2,061 |percentage=7.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Shah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,821 |percentage=6.70% |change={{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Qamar-U-Din |party=Independent politician |votes=217 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Jabbar |party=Independent politician |votes=195 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,073 |percentage=26.03% |change= {{decrease}}10.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,176 |percentage=64.57% |change= {{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,271 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}8.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kupwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Assad Ullah Shah]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=13,780 |percentage=56.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi |party=Janata Party |votes=4,834 |percentage=19.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashraf Sahrai |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=2,711 |percentage=11.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Safi Ulah Butt |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,644 |percentage=6.73% |change={{decrease}}68.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wafadar Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,320 |percentage=5.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,946 |percentage=36.62% |change= {{decrease}}22.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,430 |percentage=62.70% |change= {{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,324 |ref = |change= {{increase}}64.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}18.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kupwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Shah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,988 |percentage=74.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Sultan Tantray]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,331 |percentage=15.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sh. Ahmad Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,130 |percentage=7.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=242 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,657 |percentage=58.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,691 |percentage=60.74% |change= {{increase}}59.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,583 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kupwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Sultan Tantray]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,576 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,576 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kupwara]]
* [[Kupwara district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|34.53|74.25|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kupwara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]

Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:32:22Z

Owen79097529716: New

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{About|the constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Assembly|constituencies in other states|Bilaspur Assembly constituency (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bilaspur
| constituency_no = 36
| map_image = 36-Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh.svg
| mla = [[Baldev Singh Aulakh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Rampur district|Rampur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 295,959 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}

'''Bilaspur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Rampur district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1967 after the delimitation order (DPACO - 1964) was passed in 1964. The constituency was assigned identification number 36 after "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed in the year 2008.<ref name="DPACO (1964) ">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1964)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=20 Sep 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/delimitation_pub_rpt.aspx}}</ref><ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=20 Sep 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=20 Sep 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=20 Sep 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bilaspur.html}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Bilaspur Assembly constituency is Bilaspur Tehsil; Sihari, PCs Nagla Udai, Shyampur, Khata Kalan, Dhanaili Uttri, Pashupura of Milak KC of Milak Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Bilaspur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bilaspur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Munshi Lal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Chanchal Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Sohan Lal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Chanchal Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Daljit Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Anil Kumar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Jwala Prasad
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Harendra Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Muhammad Kazim Ali Khan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Beena Bhardwaj]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sanjay Kapoor (Politician)|Sanjay Kapoor]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Baldev Singh Aulakh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilaspur (Rampur)<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Baldev Singh Aulakh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:101998}}
|percentage = 43.17
|change = {{decrease}}1.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Amarjeet Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:101691}}
|percentage = 43.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Autar Kashyap
|votes = {{formatnum:18870}}
|percentage = 7.99
|change = {{decrease}}9.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sanjay Kapoor (politician)|Sanjay Kapoor]]
|votes = {{formatnum:9814}}
|percentage = 4.15
|change = {{decrease}}30.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1197}}
|percentage = 0.51
|change = {{decrease}}0.04
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:307}}
|percentage = 0.13
|change = {{decrease}}9.86
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:236259}}
|percentage = 68.44
|change = {{increase}}0.99
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilaspur<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Baldev Singh Aulakh
|votes = {{formatnum:99100}}
|percentage = 44.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sanjay Kapoor (politician)|Sanjay Kapoor]]
|votes = {{formatnum:76741}}
|percentage = 34.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:39344}}
|percentage = 17.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Shahid Hussain Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:2688}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Santosh Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:2439}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1227}}
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22359}}
|percentage = 9.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:223694}}
|percentage = 67.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17 th Vidhan Sabha: 2012 General Elections]]
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Bilaspur<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sanjay Kapoor (Politician)|Sanjay Kapoor]]
|votes = 52,818
|percentage = 27.20
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Beena Bhardwaj
|votes = 42,641
|percentage = 21.96
|change = -
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Amrish Kumar
|votes = 36,224
|percentage = 18.66
|change = -
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 12 candidates
|votes = 62,492
|percentage = 32.17
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 10,177
|percentage = 5.24
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 194,175
|percentage = 65.61
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=20 Sep 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Rampur district]]
*[[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rampur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Sanjivreddy Bapurao Bodkurwar

2026-04-12T00:41:01Z

Owen79097529716: created initial bio w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjivreddy Bapurao Bodkurwar
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Wani Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = (2014 – 2019), (2019
| predecessor = [[Wamanrao Bapurao Kasawar]]
| term_end = 2024)
| successor = [[Sanjay Derkar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|09|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = At.[[Wani, Yavatmal|Wani]], [[Yavatmal District]]
| death_date =
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| spouse = Lalita Bodkurwar
| occupation = Farmer Social Worker
| education = B.A. from Amravati University in 1988
}}

'''Sanjivreddy Bapurao Bodkurwar''' is a member of the 13th [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]. He represents the [[Wani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wani]] Assembly Constituency. He belongs to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="IT-20141103">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/story/maharashtra-assembly-poll-results-bjp-shiv-sena-ncp-congress-223847-2014-10-19|title=Results of Maharashtra Assembly polls 2014 |work=India Today|access-date=2015-07-11}}</ref> Bodkurwar's victory was amongst the five seats won by the BJP, that resulted in the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) not being able to win a single seat in [[Yavatmal district]] once its stronghold.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bodkurwar, Sanjivreddi Bapurao}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ente (film)

2026-04-11T02:03:03Z

Owen79097529716:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ente Naa Bangaaru Talli
| image = Ente (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster in Malayalam
| director = [[Rajesh Touchriver]]
| producer = [[Sunitha Krishnan]] Rajesh Touchriver
| writer = Rajesh Touchriver
| starring = [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] [[Anjali Patil]] Lakshmi Menon [[Neena Kurup]] [[Rathna Shekar Reddy|Rathna Shekar]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sharreth]] [[Shantanu Moitra]] '''Background Score:''' [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| cinematography = Rama Thulasi
| editing = [[Don Max (film editor)|Don Max]]
| studio = Sun Touch Productions Prajwala
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|01|04|Malayalam|2013|11| |Indonesian Film Festival|ref2=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alfilmservices.com/|title=Indonesian Film Festival's Award of Excellence for Na Bangaaru Talli|access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref>|2014|11|21|Telugu}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam Telugu
| budget =
}}
[[File:Poster na bangarru talli.jpg|thumb|right|Poster of the Telugu version of the film, ''Naa Bangaaru Talli''.]]
'''''Ente''''' ({{translation|Mine}}) is a 2013 Indian [[social problem film]] written and directed by [[Rajesh Touchriver]]. Based on a real-life story, the film stars [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Anjali Patil]], Lakshmi Menon, [[Neena Kurup]], and [[Rathna Shekar Reddy|Rathna Shekar]]. The film is co-produced by Rajesh Touchriver and [[Sunitha Krishnan]], an internationally known anti-trafficking crusader. It explores the consequences of sex trafficking, testing the vulnerability of trust in human relations. The film was simultaneously produced in Malayalam and Telugu, with the latter version titled '''''Naa Bangaaru Talli''''' ({{translation|My golden girl}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/|title=Caught on the wrong side|date=3 January 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/from-real-to-reel/article3550949.ece|title=From real to reel|work=The Hindu |date=20 June 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

The film was first released in Malayalam. The Telugu version of the film was released on 21 November 2014 with public funding.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/public-helped-us-release-naa-bangaaru-talli-director/article6614377.ece|title=Public helped us release Naa Bangaaru Talli : Director|author=IANS|work=The Hindu|date=19 November 2014}}</ref> It received highly positive reviews, winning awards such as Best Film at the Trinity International Film Festival in [[Detroit]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-story-of-naa-bangaru-talli-is-quite-shocking-south/20140310.htm|title='The story of Naa Bangaru Talli is quite shocking'|website=Rediff}}</ref> At the [[61st National Film Awards]], ''Na Bangaaru Talli'' won three awards including the award for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/61st-national-awards-live-and-the-winners-are/465493-8-66.html|title=National Film Awards: And the winners are|work=IBNLive|date=16 April 2014|access-date=17 April 2014|archive-date=16 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183054/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/61st-national-awards-live-and-the-winners-are/465493-8-66.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alllightsfilmmagazine.com/filmosphere/movies-more/news/688-naa-bangaru-talli-made-it-big-in-the-tiff-2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311153453/http://alllightsfilmmagazine.com/filmosphere/movies-more/news/688-naa-bangaru-talli-made-it-big-in-the-tiff-2013|url-status=dead|title=‘Naa Bangaru Talli’ made it big in the TIFF 2013|archivedate=11 March 2014}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Srinivas is a social worker from [[Amalapuram]]. His daughter Durga is a studious girl who performs well in her academics. She is also active in protesting the atrocities against women. Srinivas is proud of his daughter. He frequently visits Hyderabad on the pretext of work, but nobody knows what he does. After completing her Intermediate with flying colors, Durga wishes to go to [[Hyderabad]] for her further education. Srinivas initially opposes her decision, claiming that Hyderabad is unsafe, and tries to convince her to study in a nearby town, but when she persists, he reluctantly agrees.

Srinivas travels to Hyderabad with his daughter, and they stay at a hotel. Srinivas receives a phone call and immediately leaves after cautioning his daughter. It is revealed that Srinivas is actually a broker who lures innocent girls into the flesh trade. A woman whom Srinivas once deceived wants revenge, and so she kidnaps his daughter. Srinivas returns to the hotel and is shocked to find Durga missing. He frantically searches for her, but his efforts are in vain.

Durga tries to escape, but is forced into prostitution. One day, she is taken to an expensive resort for a wealthy businessman. There, she attacks the businessman, and the same woman who kidnapped her helps her run away. Coincidentally, Durga is spotted by her fiancé, who, even without knowing anything, helps her escape and takes her back to their village. A dejected Srinivas returns home without his daughter. Disgusted by the fact that her father is a pimp, Durga spits on his face. Feeling ashamed, Srinivas commits suicide.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Srinivas
* [[Anjali Patil]] as Durga
* Lakshmi Menon as Padma
* [[Neena Kurup]] as Manjula, Durga's mother
* [[Rathna Shekar Reddy]] as Vijay, Durga's fiancé
* Anoop Aravindan as Mohan Reddy
* Anuradha as Chandini
* Harika as Neelima
* Shravani as Shalini
* Warren Joseph as Murugan
}}

==Production==
The film was initially titled ''Prathyayam'' in Telugu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/rajeshtouchriverfilmnews.html|title=Rajesh Touchriver film news - Telugu cinema|website=idlebrain.com}}</ref>

== Music ==
;Telugu
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!No
! Song
!Singer(s)!! Composer(s) !! Writer(s)
|-
|2
|"Paavunai Oka"
|rowspan="3" |[[Shreya Ghoshal]]|| rowspan="4" |Shantanu Moitra
| rowspan="4" |[[Ananta Sriram]]
|-
|4
|"Paavunai Oka" (Unplugged)
|-
|6
|"Paavunai Oka" (Humming)
|-
|
|"Paavunai Oka Paavunai" (Karaoke)
|[[Shantanu Moitra]]
|-
|3
|"Ee Raagala Poomalvo"
|[[Jeevan Padmakumar]], Seena
| rowspan="4" |Sharreth
| rowspan="4" |Garlapati Venkata Raju
|-
|1
|"Chiru Chilake"
|[[Ranjini Jose]]
|-
|5
|"Lokale Neekosam"
| rowspan="2" |[[Sharreth]]
|-
|8
|"Chiru Chinuke" (Karaoke)
|}

==Reception==
Jabir Mushthari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "All said, ending a film at the right place, in the right way is so crucial for its overall fineness. Mr. Rajesh has done it precisely and brilliantly. Just to experience the poignancy of its ending, one can buy a ticket for ''Ente''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/|title=A tribute to survivors of sex trafficking|date=5 January 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Awards==
{{efn|All awards for the Telugu version, ''Naa Bangaaru Talli''.}}
; [[National Film Awards]] (2014)<ref>{{cite press release|title=61st National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104863|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=17 April 2014}}</ref>
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]] - ''Na Bangaaru Talli''
* [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Background Score]] - [[Shantanu Moitra]]
* [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention]] - Anjali Patil

;[[Nandi Awards]] (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nandi-awards-2012-and-2013-rajamouli-ilayaraja-samantha-and-prabhas-emerge-winners-4549659/|title=Nandi Awards 2012 and 2013: Rajamouli, Ilayaraja, Samantha and Prabhas emerge winners|date=1 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]] (silver) - Sunitha Krishnan
*[[Nandi Award for Best Actress]] - Anjali Patil
*[[Nandi Special Jury Award]] - Siddique

; Trinity International Film Festival (2013)
* Best Feature Film - ''Naa Bangaaru Talli''

==Official selections==
*[[Indonesian Film Festival]] (2013)<ref name="ALFI">{{cite web|title=Indonesian Film Festival's Award of Excellence for ''Na Bangaaru Talli'' |url=http://www.alfilmservices.com/?tag=trinity-international-film-festival|publisher=All Lights Film Services|date=1 November 2013|access-date=17 April 2014}}</ref>
*[[Beijing International Film Festival]] (2014)
*Myrtle Beach International Film Festival (2014)
*[[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]] (2014)
*Indian Film Festival of Ireland (2014)
*20th [[Kolkata International Film Festival]] (2014)
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|4083622}}

{{Shantanu Moitra}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu}}

[[Category:Films about human trafficking in India]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shantanu Moitra]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Films about child prostitution]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Best Telugu Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:2013 multilingual films]]

Henry Edward Landor Thuillier

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{{short description|British colonial civil servant (1813-1906)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Order of the British Empire|Sir]]
| name = Henry Edward Landor Thuillier
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|FRS}}
| image = Henry Edward Landor Thuillier.jpg
| caption = Henry Edward Landor Thuillier
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1813|7|10}}
| birth_place = [[Bath, Somerset]], England
| death_date = {{dda|df=y|1906|5|6|1813|7|10}}
| death_place = [[Richmond, London]], England
| resting_place = [[Richmond Cemetery]], England
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Addiscombe Military Seminary]], Surrey, England
| father = John Pierre Thuillier
| mother =
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Susanne Elizabeth Cardew|1836|1844|end=died}}
* {{marriage|Annie Charlotte Macpherson|1847}}
}}
| children = 10
| relatives = {{nowrap|[[Henry Ravenshaw Thuillier|Col Sir Henry Ravenshaw Thuillier]] (son)}}
}}

'''Sir Henry Edward Landor Thuillier''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|FRS}} (10 July 1813 – 6 May 1906) was [[Surveyor General of India]]. Under his direction, 796,928 square miles of India were surveyed, including difficult mountainous, forest, and desert regions, often for the first time. He was responsible for the printing in 1854 of the first postage stamps valid throughout India. Thuillier was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1869, made a CSI in May 1870, and knighted in June 1879.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=24739 |date=1 July 1879 |page=4206}}</ref>

==Early life==
Thuillier was born at Bath on 10 July 1813, was youngest of eleven children (five sons and six daughters) of [[John Pierre Thuillier]], Baron of Malapert, and merchant of Cadiz and Bath, by his wife Julia, daughter of James Burrow of Exeter. An elder sister, Julia, married [[Walter Savage Landor]] in 1811. He was descended from [[Huguenots]] who, on the revocation of the [[Edict of Nantes]] in 1685, first settled in Geneva. He was educated at the [[East India Company]]'s military academy, [[Addiscombe Military Seminary|Addiscombe]].<ref name=DNB1912>"Thuillier, Henry Edward Landor" by [[Frank Herbert Brown]] in ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'', 1912 supplement.</ref>

==Marriage==
Thuillier married firstly in 1836 Susanne Elizabeth (died 1844), daughter of the reverend Haydon Cardew of [[Curry Mallet]], Somerset, by whom he had a son (Colonel Sir [[Henry Ravenshaw Thuillier]], [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]], also Indian surveyor-general, 1887–95), and a daughter; and secondly in 1847 Annie Charlotte, daughter of [[George Gordon Macpherson]], [[Bengal medical service]], by whom he had six sons (three of them became officers in the Indian army) and two daughters.<ref name=DNB1912/>

==Career==
Thuillier was gazetted to the Bengal artillery on 14 December 1832 and was stationed at the headquarters, [[Dum Dum]]. Transferred to the survey department in December 1836, he first served with parties in [[Ganjam]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], and later was in charge of the revenue surveys in the Bengal districts of [[Cachar]], [[Sylhet_District|Sylhet]], [[Cuttack]], and [[Patna]]. In January 1847, ten months before receiving his captaincy, he was appointed deputy surveyor-general and superintendent of revenue surveys. That post he held for seventeen years, in the course of which he much improved the survey system and rendered the results more readily accessible to the public.<ref name=DNB1912/> He "followed in the track of the different trigonometrical series, and thus had the advantage of fixed stations on which to base his detailed surveys".<ref>''Memoir on Indian Surveys'', 1878.</ref> He was joint author with Captain R. Smythe of ''The Manual of Surveying in India'' (Calcutta, 1851; 3rd edit. 1885). There he discussed the difficult question of Indian [[orthography]], which was officially standardised while he had charge of the department.<ref name=DNB1912/>

He was president of [[Asiatic Society of Bengal|The Asiatic Society of Bengal]] in 1863.<ref>[http://asiaticsocietycal.com/president/index.htm Presidents & Secretaries.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901074336/http://asiaticsocietycal.com/president/index.htm |date=1 September 2016 }} The Asiatic Society. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/journalofasiati321863asia|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|first1=India)|last1=Asiatic Society (Calcutta|first2=India)|last2=Asiatic Society (Calcutta|date=12 February 1832|publisher=Calcutta|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

Succeeding [[Andrew Scott Waugh|Sir Andrew Scott Waugh]] as surveyor-general on 13 March 1861, he was promoted lieutenant-colonel in the same year, colonel on 20 September 1865, and major-general on 26 March 1870. The survey of the more settled parts of India had been completed, and many of the surveys under Thuillier were over mountainous and forest-clad regions or sandy deserts, and frequently in parts never before visited by Europeans. In every branch, he showed organising and administrative talent. In 1868 he transferred the preparation of the ''Atlas of India'' from England to Calcutta, selecting a staff of engravers there for the purpose, and encouraging [[John Bobanau Nicklerlieu Hennessey]]<ref>''Dictionary of National Biography'', Suppl. II.</ref> to introduce the photo-zincographic process. Under Thuillier's superintendence 796,928 square miles, or more than half the dependency, were dealt with. He was elected a fellow of the [[Royal Society]] in 1869, made a C.S.I., in May 1870, and knighted on 26 June 1879. In July 1876 he was awarded a good service pension.<ref name=DNB1912/>

==First stamps of India==
[[File:Four annas H3 F2 smaller.jpg|thumbnail|A four annas stamp of 1854 from the first issue of India.]]
In 1854, while a captain at the Lithographic Office of the survey department, he was responsible for the printing of the [[Postage stamps and postal history of India|first postage stamps for the whole of India]], the first stamps issued ''in'' India being the [[Scinde Dawk]] stamps issued for use in the [[Scinde|Province of Scinde]] (now in Pakistan) in 1852. The stamps produced by Thuillier were only printed in India when the Court of Directors of the East India Company would not authorise the printing of the stamps in England despite several unsuccessful attempts by different people in India to produce a stamp that could be reliably printed in quantity.<ref>[[Leslie L. R. Hausburg|Hausburg, L.R.R.]], "The Stamps of British India", ''[[The London Philatelist]]'', Vol. XVII, March 1908, No. 195, pp. 53–57.</ref>

==Retirement==
[[File:Richmond Old Cemetery, tomb for Lucy Thuillier & Henry Edward Landor Thuillier.jpg|thumb|'''Richmond Old Cemetery''']]
Thuillier retired on 1 January 1878, and the secretary of state, in a despatch dated 18 July 1878, highly commended the energy and perseverance of his forty-one years' service, and congratulated him on the results. He was gazetted lieutenant-general on 10 July 1879, general on 1 July 1881, and (a rare distinction for an officer with little actual military service) colonel commandant of the [[Royal Artillery]] on 1 January 1883. Settling at Richmond, he was long a useful member of the [[Royal Geographical Society]]'s council and came to be looked upon as the father of the East India Company's service. Of fine presence and genial temper, he retained his faculties till his death on 6 May 1906 at [[Richmond, London|Richmond]], where he was buried in [[Richmond Cemetery|Richmond Old Cemetery]].<ref name=DNB1912/>

==Portraits==
There are three portraits in oils: (1) by Mr. Beetham (1846), formerly owned by Sir Henry Thuillier; (2) by Mr. G. G. Palmer (1885), formerly in the surveyor-general's office, Calcutta; and (3) by Mrs. Rowley (1896), presented by her to his eldest daughter, Mrs. Westmorland.<ref name=DNB1912/>

==Selected publications==
*''The Manual of Surveying in India''. Calcutta, 1851; 3rd edit. 1885. (With Captain R. Smythe)

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisource|Thuillier, Henry Edward Landor (DNB12)|Thuillier, Henry Edward Landor}}
* {{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-36519|title=Thuillier, Sir Henry Edward Landor (1813–1906), army officer and surveyor|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36519|last1=Brown|first1=F. H.|editor1-first=Elizabeth|editor1-last=Baigent}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thuillier, Henry}}
[[Category:1813 births]]
[[Category:1906 deaths]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:British surveyors]]
[[Category:Burials at Richmond Cemetery]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Bath, Somerset]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]
[[Category:Surveyors General of India]]
[[Category:Thuillier family|Henry Edward Landor]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]

National Highway 24A (India, old numbering)

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{{Short description|Highway in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route= 24A
|map=
|length_km= 17
|direction_a=
|terminus_a= [[Bakshi Ka Talab]]
|destinations=
|direction_b=
|terminus_b= [[Chenhat]]
|junction=
|states= [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|previous_type=NH
|previous_route=24
|next_type=NH
|next_route=24B
}}
'''National Highway 24A''' (NH 24A) starts from [[Bakshi Ka Talab]] and ends at [[Chenhat]] (at the junction with [[National Highway 28 (India)|NH 28]]), both places in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The highway is {{convert|17|km|mi|abbr=on}} long and runs only in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].
<ref>[http://morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublink2images/NH_StartEnding_Station8634854396.htm] Start and end points of National Highways</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of National Highways in India (by Highway Number)]]
* [[List of National Highways in India]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/national-highway.htm] NH network map of India

{{Indian Highways Network}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]

{{india-road-stub}}

Kalyan Roy

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{{Short description| Indian politician (1929-1985)}}
{{Use Indian English| date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates| date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix = '''[[Member of Parliament|MP]]'''
| name = Kalyan Roy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|12|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1985|1|31|1929|12|27|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Calcutta]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Syracuse University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| office1 = [[Indian Parliament|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 10 July 1969
| term_end1 = 31 January 1985
| constituency1 = [[West Bengal]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = [[Gurudas Dasgupta]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| party position =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Purabi Roy]]|1975}}
| father = [[Kiran Shankar Roy]]
| mother = Padma Roy
| relatives =
| website =
|}}

'''Kalyan Roy''', also credited as '''Kalyan Shankar Roy''' ({{langx|bn|কল্যাণ রায়}}; 27 December 1929 - 31 January 1985) was an Indian politician and a leader of [[Communist Party of India]] and also a leader of [[All India Trade Union Congress]]. A trade union leaders of [[Raniganj Coalfield|Asansol-Raniganj coalfield area]], Kalyan Roy was one of the senior [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] leader and parliamentarian in [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19840915-coal-india-virtual-one-to-one-confrontation-between-chairman-and-aituc-leader-803238-1984-09-14|title=Coal India: Virtual one-to-one confrontation between chairman and AITUC leader | publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Family background and education ==

Kalyan Shankar Roy was born to [[Kiran Shankar Roy]] and Padma Roy (''[[Birth name|née]]'' Roy Chowdhury) on 27 December 1929 in [[Calcutta]], India. Kiran Shankar Roy was a freedom fighter, Congress leader and former Home Minister of [[West Bengal]] immediately after India's independence.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf |title=Rajya Sabha Members Biographical Sketches 1952-2019|page=422| publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}</ref>

== Political Life ==

Since the end of 1945, many changes took place when the leadership of the [[Trade unions in India|Indian Trade Union]] movement had fallen to the Communists and the followers of [[M.N.Roy]]. In 1946 Trade Union membership tripled and the Congress party, leader of Trade Union movement in the early twenties, was in a dominating position. After 7 years in 1953, according to the [[Lok Sabha]] speech of Deputy labour Minister [[Abid Ali Jaferbhai|Abid Ali]], then in India 4 Trade Unions: [[Indian National Trade Union Congress|INTUC]], [[All India Trade Union Congress|AITUC]], [[Hind Mazdoor Sabha|HMS]] and [[United Trade Union Congress|UTUC]] had a major influence on the workers.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ornati|first=Oscar|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3024265|title=Indian Trade Unions Since Independence|journal=[[Asian Survey|Far Eastern Survey]]|year=1954 |volume=23|issue=8|pages=113–122|doi=10.2307/3024265 |jstor=3024265|issn=0012-9976|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/labour/seventy-five-years-since-independence-industrial-working-class-still-struggles-for-rights|title=Seventy-Five Years Since Independence, Industrial Working Class Still Struggles for Rights| publisher=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> At that time, ''Colliery Mazdoor Sabha'' and ''Indian Mine Workers Federation'' led by [[All India Trade Union Congress|AITUC]] leader Kalyan Roy, had a stronghold in [[Raniganj Coalfield|India's oldest coal belt]] in [[Raniganj]] area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mahaldar|first=Sanjiban|url=https://www.thecho.in/files/17.---------------.pdf|title=বর্ধমান জেলার কোলিয়ারি শ্রমিক সংগ্রামঃ একটি পর্যালোচনা |journal=Pratidhwani the Echo|year=2019 |volume=8|issue=3|pages=149–162|issn=2278-5264}}</ref>

''Bengali Bhadralok'' [[Pranab Mukherjee]], an active [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader in the 1970s and senior communist leaders like Kalyan Ray shared a close association though their ideological views were different.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/the-bengali-bhadralok-back-in-focus/articleshow/15100419.cms|title=The Bengali bhadralok back in focus | work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Kalyan Roy was elected in the year [[1969 Rajya Sabha elections|1969]], [[1975 Rajya Sabha elections|1975]] and [[1982 Rajya Sabha elections]] as a [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] leader from [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Journey_1952.pdf |title=Rajya Sabha The Journey Since 1952|page=34| publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}</ref>

'''Coal Belt Review 1958'''- General Secretary of Indian Mine Workers’ Federation, Kalyan Roy expressed his views in his article, ''Coal Belt in 1958—A Review'' for the 'Crisis and Workers Report to AITUC General Council' in 1959. He ended the article by saying,
"both the Indian Mine Workers Federation and the Indian National Mine Workers Federation have come out with more or less similar demands. The conferences of the iMWF at Bhurkunda and inmwf at Dhanbad have raised the slogans of: Nationalisation of Mines, Wage Board for Coal Industry, Abolition of Contract labour; Gratuity and change in the present Bonus Act."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianlabourarchives.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.14121/2214/83.%20Crisis%20and%20Workers%20%20Report%20to%20AITUC%20General%20Council%20%28Bangalore%20Session%2C%2014-18%20January%201959%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Crisis and Workers Report to AITUC General Council|pages=125–133| publisher=Indian Labour Archives}}</ref>

'''Coal Mine Nationalization''' (''The Mines (Amendment) Bill, 1972'')- Kalyan Roy was a member of a 45-member joint parliamentary committee, [[Government of India]]. The committee consists of 30 members from [[Lok Sabha]] and 15 from [[Rajya Sabha]]. After the twenty-sixth sitting on 27 August 1973, the committee's report was tabled in [[Rajya Sabha]] on 30 August 1973. Kalyan Roy was a fierce advocate for the nationalization of coal mines and later exposed "slaughter mining" practices by private contractors in the Hazaribagh and Giridih districts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/52381/GIPE-150842.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=Report of the Joint Committee: The Mines (Amendment) Bill, 1972|pages=1–101| publisher=[[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]]}}</ref> The government of India [[Coal in India|nationalized coal mining]] in phases – cooking coal mines in 1971–72 and non-coking coal mines in 1973, all coal mines in India were nationalized in May 1973. On the occasion of the 29th session of [[All India Trade Union Congress|AITUC]], in an article, Roy addressed the gloomy situation of coal workers and collieries at Asansol-Raniganj coal belt before the ''Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, of 1973''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianlabourarchives.org/handle/20.500.14121/2185 |title=An area of darkness? What is happening in non-coking coal mines|pages=47–57| publisher=Indian Labour Archives}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coal.nic.in/en/about-us/agencies-under-ministry#:~:text=1973%20and%20they%20were%20nationalised,manage%20non%2Dcoking%20coal%20mines. |title=COAL INDIA LIMITED (CIL)AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES|publisher=[[Ministry of Coal]]}}</ref> On 1 November 1975, the public-sector company [[Coal India | Coal India Limited]] was formed to enable better organizational and operational efficiency in coal sector of India.

''' Chasnala Mining Disaster 1975 ''' - [[Indira Gandhi]] declared [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]] on 25 June 1975. The coal miners across the country faced the worst workable conditions led to the [[Chasnala mining disaster]] on 27 December 1975. 375 miners were killed in the disaster. The miners blamed [[IISCO Steel Plant|The Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO)]] the then-owner of Chasnala Colliery for mismanagement and negligence. [[IISCO Steel Plant|The Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO)]] claimed that International standards are maintained in Chasnala Colliery.

''' Corruption in IISCO Rajya Sabha Debate 1976 '''- Roy played a central role in exposing rampant corruption within the Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO) at Burnpur, directly questioning the Minister of Steel and Mines about payments to corrupt contractors.

On 16 January 1976 in a debate titled ''corruption in [[IISCO Steel Plant|The Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO)]] in West Bengal'', [[Rajya Sabha]] MP Kalyan Roy asked the Union Minister of Steel and Mines that whether he knows
''the rampant corruption in the Indian Iron and Steel Company at Burnpur and Kulti in West Bengal; Roy also asked the Minister what administrative measures have been taken to stop this corruption? what steps have been taken so far against the corrupt officers and contractors? and what is the amount of money paid to each of the contractors in Burnpur and Kulti as .well as in Chasnala and Jitpur coal mines in 1974 and 1975?''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/439160/1/PQ_94_16011976_U328_p76_p77.pdf|title=Corruption in Iron and Steel Company in West Bengal|pages=76–77| publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Subrahmanyam|first=K.V.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4366196|title=Shielding the Guilty of Chasnala|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|year=1977 |volume=12|issue=51|pages=2081–2082|jstor=4366196|issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

According to the former journalist and political commentator [[Rajeev Shukla]], Roy was one of the very few leaders who set a benchmark for the institution as a parliamentarian.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/time-to-rise-above-partisan-politics-for-reforms/articleshow/13116107.cms|title=Time to rise above partisan politics for reforms | work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Death ==

Roy died in [[Calcutta]] on 31 January 1985 when he was only 55 years old. [[Gurudas Dasgupta]] was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] in the vacancy caused by the death of Kalyan Roy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/peoples-parliamentarian-bids-adieu-1502816305.html|title=People's parliamentarian bids adieu | publisher=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>

Roy was then a sitting member of [[Rajya Sabha]] when on 31 January 1985, after the House passed the Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Bill, 1985, the Deputy Chairman, [[Najma Heptulla]] announced the passing away of Kalyan Roy at Kolkata and made obituary references about him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/Procedure/RajyaSabhaAtWork/English/463-503/CHAPTER16.pdf |title=Obituary and Other References|page=471| publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/Debates/OfficialDebatesDatewise/Floor/132/F31.01.1985.pdf |title=Obituary Reference|pages=170–172| publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata|Alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni|Presidency College, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Syracuse University alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali communists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian trade union leaders]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from West Bengal]]

Tamralipta Kingdom

2026-03-23T18:18:54Z

Owen79097529716: created new bio basic info!

{{Short description|Ancient port city of Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = Tamralipta
| common_name = Tamluk
| era = [[Ancient India]]
| status =
| year_start =
| year_end =
| p1 =
| s1 =
| image_map = South Asia historical AD375 EN.svg
| image_map_caption = Tamralipti shown in eastern India, c. 375 CE
| today = [[India]]
}}
'''Tamralipta''' or '''Tamralipti''' ({{langx|pi|Tāmaliti}}) was an ancient port city, located on the coast of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It was the capital of ancient [[Suhma kingdom|Suhma]] and [[Vanga kingdom]] in [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tamluk|title=Tamluk|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=31 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="CP">{{Cite web |last=Haraniya |first=Krutika |date=2017-06-25 |title=Tamralipti - The Ancient Copper Port |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/lost-cities/tamralipti-the-ancient-copper-port |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=www.livehistoryindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[Tamluk]] town in present-day [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]], [[West Bengal]], is generally identified as the site of Tamralipti.<ref name="MG">{{cite book |author=Dilip K. Chakrabarti |title=Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEZe-wAIiKIC&pg=PA125 |year=2001 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-016-9 |page=125 }}</ref>

It was located near the [[Rupnarayan River|Rupnarayan river]]. It gets its name from the Sanskrit term "Tāmra", or copper, which was mined nearby at [[Ghatshila|Ghatsila]] in the Singbhum region of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and traded through this port. During the [[Gupta dynasty]], Tamralipta was the main emporium, serving as a point of departure for trade with [[Ceylon]], [[Java]], and [[China]], as well as the west. It was linked by roads with the major cities of ancient India of that time, i.e., [[Rajgir|Rajagriha]], [[Shravasti]], [[Pataliputra]], [[Varanasi]], [[Champapuri|Champa]], [[Kosambi|Kaushambi]], and [[Taxila]].<ref name="CP" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBdDAAAAYAAJ |title=Proceedings |date=1988 |publisher=Indian History Congress |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CB" />

==History==
Tamralipta was surrounded in the south by the [[Bay of Bengal]], east by the river Rupnarayana, and west by the river Subarnarekha. The Bay of Bengal, along with these incredible waterways, and their innumerable branches, built up an affluent and easy water navigation framework that cultivated commerce, culture, and early contacts with people from other parts of the world. The origins of Tamralipta are obscure. Many historians date its settlement to the seventh century B.C., but archaeological remains indicate its continuous settlement from about the third century B.C. Several literary sources, archaeological finds, epigraphy, and numismatic evidence are studied to construct the history of Tamralipta.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schendel|first=Willem van|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ|title=A History of Bangladesh|date=2009-02-12|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-26497-3|pages=16|language=en}}</ref><ref name="PI">{{Cite journal|last1=Tripati|first1=S.|last2=Rao|first2=S.|date=1994-01-01|title=Tamralipti: The Ancient Port of India|url=|journal=Studies in History and Culture|volume=2|pages=33–39}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Purba Medinipur {{!}} India |url=https://purbamedinipur.gov.in/history/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Literary Sources===
In early Indian literary works, Tamralipta, with its other "dialectical variants", was mentioned.{{Refn|i.e., Tamralipti, Tamalitti, Tamalitta, Damalipta, Tamraliptika, etc.<ref name="CB" /> Abhidhānachintāmani confirms that, Dāmalipta,Tāmralipta,Tāmalinī,Stambhapura and Vishnugriha are synonyms to Tāmraliptī.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|1951|p=226-239}}|group=n}} It was also mentioned by the Greek astronomer-geographer [[Ptolemy]], the Roman author and philosopher [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], and the Chinese monk travellers [[Faxian]], [[Xuanzang]], and [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]].<ref name="CB">{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Rupendra Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5aRmDwAAQBAJ |title=The Archaeology of Coastal Bengal |date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909180-5 |pages=40–45,69 |language=en}}</ref> The Kurma-vibhaga segment of the Atharva-veda Parisista incorporates the primal testimony to Tamralipta in Indian literary sources. The [[Mahabharata]] distinguishes this ancient city from [[Suhma kingdom|Suhma]], but a later work, [[Dashakumaracharita]], adds "Damalipta" within the Suhma kingdom. It is said that Tamralipta was the capital of Suhma. In the [[Raghuvamsha]], it is described as being located on the bank of the river Kapisa. The [[Kathasaritsagara|Kathsaritsagara]] observes Tamralipta as an important maritime port and trading center. Some Pali literature identifies it as "Tamalitti" or "Tamalitthi" and describes it as a port. Tamralipti is mentioned numerous times in the [[Arthashastra|Arthasastra]] as an imperative center of maritime exchange. The [[Brihat Samhita|Brihat-Samhita]] distinguishes "Tamraliptika" from "Gaudaka" and mentions the sailing of ships from [[Yavana]] to the port of "Damalipta".<ref name="AI">{{Cite book|last=Puri|first=Baij Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cz8uAAAAMAAJ|title=Cities of Ancient India|date=1966|publisher=Meenakshi Prakashan|pages=110|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Choudhury|first=Pratap Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE1uAAAAMAAJ|title=Assam-Bengal Relations from the Earliest Times to the Twelfth Century A.D.|date=1988|publisher=Spectrum Publications|pages=67|language=en}}</ref><ref name="MG" /><ref name="CB" /><ref name="IS" /> Ptolemy mentions "Tāmralipta"{{Refn|In the map of the Greek geographer Ptolemy, "Tāmralipta" appears as Tamalities.|group=n}} as a significant town and royal residence. Pliny denotes Tamralipti as 'Taluctae'.<ref name="PI" /><ref name="CB" /><ref name="AI" /> The earliest meticulous description of Tamralipta appears in Buddhist literature.<ref name="MH">{{Cite book |last=Darian |first=Steven G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0obUy_W9NREC&pg=PA138 |title=The Ganges in Myth and History |date=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1757-9 |pages=138 |language=en}}</ref><ref group="n">Tamralipta had a deep connection with Buddhism. It is said that Bodhidrum was sent to [[Ceylon]] from Tamralipti. [[Jataka tales|Jataka]] often mentions trade and missionary voyages from Tamralipta to Suvarnabhumi (Myanmar/Southeast Asia). {{Citation |last=Pandit |first=Shashwati |title=Bargabhima temple: seeking an unknown mystery. |date=2021 |pages=1599}}</ref> In the early fifth century CE, the Chinese Buddhist monk [[Fa-Hien]] reported seeing twenty Buddhist monasteries in Tamralipta.<ref>{{cite web |title=New twist from excavations |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/538184/twist-excavations.html |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |date=2 April 2016}}</ref> Fa-Hien traces Tamralipta, as situated on the seaboard. Whereas [[Hiuen-Tsang]] describes that Tamralipta{{Refn|Hiuen-Tsang denoted Tāmralipta as "Tan-mo-li-ti".|group=n}} was situated on a creek relatively away from the main Bay of Bengal. According to Hiuen-Tsang, this port town spanned approximately 250 miles and served as the point of convergence of the land and sea trade routes. According to him, the main exports from Tamralipta port were indigo, silk, and copper.<ref name="TR">{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TI8GQioaoL4C |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |date=2011-07-19 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-530-5 |language=en |quote=}}</ref><ref name="AI" /> In {{Circa|675}}, the Chinese Buddhist monk [[Yijing (monk)|YiJing]] reached the east coast of India. He spent five months in Tamralipti and learned Sanskrit. Yijing travelled up the Ganga from Tamralipti to the Buddhist monastery complex of Nalanda, which was the home of thirty-five hundred monks at that time. According to [[Mahavamsa]], an epic history of Sri Lanka, it was the exit point for [[Prince Vijaya|Ruler Vijaya's]] voyage to conquer Sri Lanka and the Buddhist mission propelled to Sri Lanka by the Mauryan emperor [[Ashoka]].{{Refn|In Mahavamsa Tamralipta is denoted as "Tamalitti".|group=n}} Tamralipta is mentioned in [[Dipavamsa]] as well. The [[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]] is referred to as possessing the city of Tamralipta in one of the Jaina Upangas called Prajñāpanā.<ref group="n">The Prajñāpanā denoted Tāmralipta as "Tamalitti".</ref> According to the [[Jain texts]], Tamralipta was the capital of the kingdom of [[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]]. Tamralipta is mentioned as one of the Jaina ascetic orders in the Jaina [[Kalpa Sūtra|Kalpasūtra]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schmiedchen |first1=Annette |title=Medieval Endowment Cultures in Western India: Buddhist and Muslim Encounters – Some Preliminary Observations |journal=Mondes de l'Asie du Sud et de l'Asie Centrale |date=2019 |page=7 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03012318/document}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=Lincoln |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vglAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT265 |title=The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World |date=2014-02-06 |publisher=Atlantic Books |isbn=978-1-78239-357-3 |pages=265 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ramachandran|1951|p=226-239}}{{Sfn|Bhaumick|2001|p=7-8}}

===Archaeological finds===

Archaeological explorations have unveiled a chronology of habitations extending back to a period in which stone axes and rudimentary pottery were in use. Excavations in the Indian state of West Bengal have revealed a steatite seal with hieroglyphic and pictographic signs, thought to be of the Mediterranean root. Terracotta figurines, spindle-whorls and earthenware are accepted to be from [[Crete]] and [[Egypt]]. Findings in Tamralipta unearthed potteries characterized by rouletted ware, grey ware, redware, black polished ware, and northern black polished ware. The excavation carried out by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) discovered rammed floor levels and ring wells. Coins and terracotta figurines dating back to the [[Sunga]] period (3rd century B.C.) have been discovered during excavations at a site in Tamralipti.{{Refn|The Tamluk Museum's holdings include terracotta sculptures of yaksis, animals, and plaques showing the daily lives of ordinary men and women. The famous Yaksi figurine is now preserved in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford.|group=n}} A brick-built stepped tank, dating back to the 2nd–3rd century A.D., was unearthed among the ancient structural remains of Tamralipta.<ref name="PI" /><ref name="CB" /> Excavations at [[Moghalmari]] confirmed the presence of Buddhist vihars in the area, which was mentioned by Chinese travellers Fa Hien and Hiuen Tsang.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CHATTOPADHYAY |first=SUHRID SANKAR |title=Unearthing a culture |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/unearthing-a-culture/article4372313.ece |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Frontline |date=5 February 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

===Epigraphy and numismatic evidence===

Coins with engraved boat symbols, issued by the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]] Kings, were found on the Andhra coast. Punch mark coins with similar motifs were also excavated from different sites in Bengal.{{Refn|Two types of cast coins are found: 1. the rectangular type and 2. the round type.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|1951|p=226-239}}|group=n}} This evidence confirms brisk maritime activity in Bengal. The Roman gold coins found in Tamralipta indicate contact with the Romans. The terracotta seals, protected in the Tamralipta museum as examined by Mukherjee, are inscribed in the Kharoshti Brahmi script of the early centuries of the Christian era. The vessel depicted on the seal of [[Bangarh]] is a bowl-shaped sailing boat filled with corn. The bows of the vessel at both ends are decorated with "Makaramukhas". A seal found at [[Chandraketugarh]] has a boat with a single mast portrayed on it and bears the Kharoshti-Brahmi inscription. The ship motif found on the coin of [[Gautamiputra Yajna Satakarni|Gautamiputra Yajna Satkarni]] and the boat motif painted in the cave of Ajanta are identical to this vessel. An archaeological excavation in [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] unearthed several pieces of evidence, including coins and other artefacts.<ref name="PI" />{{Sfn|Ramachandran|1951|p=226-239}} In an inscription from Java, the merchant Budhagupta is mentioned as a resident of Raktamrittika.{{Refn|Raktamrittika mahavihara is presently situated in the Chiruti region of the Murshidabad District.<ref name="CB" />|group=n}} Most likely, Budhagupta sailed down the Ganga and took a ship from Tamralipta. The Dudhpani rock inscription of Udayman is probably the last South Asian inscription that contains the record of Tamralipta as a port city in 8th-century C.E.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoBDAAAAYAAJ |title=Journal of Ancient Indian History |date=1994 |publisher=D.C. Sircar |pages=162 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CB" />

===Interpretation===
The textual references have prompted academics to identify Tamralipti as one of the most prominent hubs of trade and commerce of early historic India.{{Refn|Tamralipti used to be the principal trade hub of the large territory between China and Alexandria.<ref name="MH" />|group=n}} According to Darian, with the rise of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]], Tamralipti rose to universal popularity as the chief harbour of the entire basin. Ships from Ceylon, Southeast Asia, western India, and the Middle East used to arrive at this port.<ref name="MH" /> The brick-built stepped tank, found in an archaeological excavation, indicates the prosperity of Tamralipta.<ref name="PI" /> At least from the beginning of the Christian era until the 11th or 12th century A.D., Tamralipti was an important port for the sea-borne trade of Bengal.<ref name="IS">{{Citation |last=Chowdhury |first=A.M |title=INTEGRAL STUDY OF THE SILK ROADS |date=1991 |pages=4–5}}</ref> Three significant routes of foreign exchange were transmitted from Tamralipti : one to Burma and beyond through the Arakan coast; a second to the Malaya peninsula and the Distant East via Paloura, near Chicacole; and a third to South India and Ceylon through Kalinga and the Coromandal coast.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|1951|p=226-239}} Tamralipta appears to have been connected by distinct routes with Pataliputra and Kausambi. The southern route, passing through Tamralipta and proceeding to the coastal region of Orissa, also reached as far as Kanchi in the south. Through the southern route, extra inland trade corridors in Kalinga were connected with Tamralipta. Tamralipta had multidirectional connections with diverse geographical locations of South Asia. It served as a gateway to countries such as Indonesia and as a departure point for excursions to Sri Lanka.<ref name="CB" /><ref name="TR" /> Archaeological finds suggest the overseas connection of the Tamralipti with the Romans.<ref name="PI" /> According to the evidence of Kan-Tai (Fu-nan-chuan), a regular maritime route existed between China and Tamralipti in the middle of the third century A.D.<ref name="IS" /> A comparison between the Chandraketugarh terracottas and those recovered from Tamluk would imply that the former contained significantly more indigenous motifs, whereas at the latter site, several non-indigenous motifs have been unearthed. The existence of the Kharoshthi script in some of the inscriptions at Chandraketugarh suggests close interaction with the north-western part of the subcontinent, where this script was prominent.<ref name="TR" /> According to Sengupta, the difference in descriptions of the location of Tamralipta as made by Fa-Hien and Hiuen-Tsang indicates a profound geographical change that had occurred in between their visits.<ref name="TR" /> According to Chattopadhyay, in comparison to Chandraketugarh, the settlement aspects of Tamralipti addressed by the area of Tamluk on the right bank of the Rupnarayan, a feeder of the Bhagirathi, are as yet unclear.<ref name="CB" /> The existence of Painted Grey Ware and Northern Black Polished Ware in the places near the waterways of Ghaghara, Ganga and Yamuna indicate the utilization of riverine channels for the ancient commerce networks.<ref name="PI" /> According to Dasgupta, Despite the undeniable significance of Tamralipta, little is known about its rulers and administration. According to him, both Fa-Hien and Hiuen-Tsang, the two Chinese travellers who stayed in Tamralipta, never revealed anything about the state organization or administration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Biplab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRRnRK8lEYEC&pg=PA12 |title=European Trade and Colonial Conquest |date=2005 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-029-7 |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref>

===Causes of decline===
Man-made issues such as political disorder, taxes, and foreign attack, as well as natural factors such as alteration in the courses of rivers, siltation, and erosion, have all contributed to the progressive deterioration of the Tamralipta port. The Saraswati river flowed through various courses until the seventh century A.D., when it discharged through the Rupnarayan estuary. Tamralipta was located on the right bank of the Rupnarayan river. The Saraswati branch that connects it to the Rupnarayan has been identified on a recent satellite image, and a map is being prepared. Fergusson also described this channel. The eastward flight of the flow from its off-take at Tribeni, as well as rapid sedimentation, contributed to the collapse of the channel. Since 700 A.D., the Saraswati had abandoned its allegiance to the Rupnarayan and migrated eastwards, opening a new outlet along the [[Sankrail]], resulting in the decline of the port of Tamralipta. [[Saptagram]] (colloquially known as Satgaon) emerged as a prominent port, following the demise of Tamralipta.<ref name="TR" /><ref name="PI" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rudra |first=Kalyan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uelTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |title=Rivers of the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta: A Fluvial Account of Bengal |date=2018-04-02 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-76544-0 |pages=87 |language=en}}</ref>

==Tamluk royal family==
[[File:Majestic Ruins of Tamluk Rajbari.jpg|alt=Majestic Ruins of Tamluk Rajbari|thumb|300x300px|Ruins of British era underconstruction Tamluk Rajbari]] The Tamluk Raj Paribar, also known as the Tamralipta Royal Family or Tamluk Raj family is a thousand years old historical royal family from [[Tamluk]] in present-day [[West Bengal]], India. Some historians suggest [[Khandayat (caste)|Khandayat]] origin, which was merely a sign of status for aboriginal [[Bhuiya]] sardars.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Ratnalekha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQc5vgAACAAJ |title=Change in Bengal Agrarian Society, C1760-1850 |date=1979 |publisher=Manohar |pages=132, 144, 147-48 |language=en}}</ref> The ruling family were known to be [[Mahishya|Kaibarttas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaumik |first=Sudarshana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKh4EAAAQBAJ |title=The Changing World of Caste and Hierarchy in Bengal: Depiction from the Mangalkavyas c. 1700–1931 |date=2022-08-26 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-64143-1 |pages=170 |language=en}}</ref> However, the kings themselves later identified as [[Mahishya]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Santra |first=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfUXAAAAIAAJ&q=tamluk+raj+2021+article |title=Temples of Midnapur |date=1980 |publisher=Firma KLM |isbn=978-0-8364-0595-8 |page=75 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Rupendra Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5aRmDwAAQBAJ&q=tamluk+raj+2021+article |title=The Archaeology of Coastal Bengal |date=2018-01-19 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909180-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SD">{{Cite book |last1=Senapati |first1=Uma |last2= Das |first2=Dulal Krishna |title=মাহিষ্য রত্নাবলী-জীবনী শতক |publisher=Tuhina Publications |year=2018 |isbn=9788194434641 |edition=2nd |location=Kolkata |publication-date=2020 |pages=234–236 |language=Bengali |trans-title=Mahishya Ratnavali-Biographical Century}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mitra |first1=Asok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rXUAAAAMAAJ&q=tambulak+khandait |title=District Handbooks: West Bengal |last2=Commissioner |first2=India Census |date=1952 |publisher=S. N. Guha Ray |pages=CXIX |language=en}}</ref>

=== Presence in mythological and ancient literature ===
According to the ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', the [[Kaurava]]s and the [[Pandava]]s are said to have appeared 753 years after the beginning of the [[Kali Yuga|Kaliyuga]]. The text also notes that during the Kurukshetra war, Tamradhwaja the son of [[Rajarshi]] Mayurdhwaja, ruler of the ancient Tamralipta kingdom and fought on the side of the Pandavas. Further support for the antiquity of the Tamralipta polity appears in the ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'' which records that the Tamralipta also called [[Suhma kingdom|Sumha]], was a kingdom covering the areas that are now [[Midnapore district|Midnapur]] and [[Howrah district|Howrah]]. Its rulers were likely Mahishyas''.'' Based on these accounts, it is inferred that Mayurdhwaja, identified by Kalhana as the earliest known king of Tamralipta, belonged to the Mahishya community. The lineage of Mahishya rulers is believed to have governed Tamralipta (Tamluk) as sovereign monarchs for an exceptionally long span traditionally estimated at about 4,000 years, from the pre-[[Mahabharata]] period up to the 17th century A.D. This extraordinarily long continuity of rule is considered unparalleled in human history even historian Biharilal Kalye also supported this view.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kannungo |first=hemchandra |title=THE ORIGIN OF GANGA DYNASTY –A NEW INSIGHT |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Journal/Journal2/pdf/ohrj-03.pdf |journal=Odisha Historical Research journal |volume=47}}</ref>

=== Conflict with East India Company and loss of glory ===
[[File:Capture image 2025-03-20 235809.png|thumb|284x284px|Zamindar Ananda Narayan Roy with William Dent (Tamluk) ]]

Rani Santoshpriya leaving her share to her adopted son, Ananda Narayan Roy. Subsequently, Raja Sundar Narayan Roy obtained a decree against Rani Krishnapriya. The Government paiks were resisted and seriously injured while executing the decree, the British government confiscated the Rani's share and placed it in kids possession from 1781 to 1794. In 1789, Rani Krishnapriya died, and in 1795 the whole zamindari was permanently settled with Ananda Narayan Roy. A conflict had erupted with Rani Krishna Priya by 1781. Raja Ananda Narayan was forced to concede to the [[British Raj]] and Tamluk was turned into a small zamindary.<ref>{{Cite book |last=O’malley .l. S. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206876/page/n241/mode/1up?view=theater&q=tambulak |title=Bengal District Gazetteers Midnapore |date=1911 |pages=242}}{{source-attribution}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2025}}

== Role in freedom movement ==
The Royal family role in shaping the [[Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar]] in 1942 further solidifies its historical significance. Many important meetings of the Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar took place within the grandeur of the Rajbari's building.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-15 |title=Independence Day Story: স্বদেশী আন্দোলনের অন্যতম পীঠস্থান তমলুক রাজবাড়ী |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/features/tamluk-raj-bari-played-a-huge-role-in-indian-nationalist-movement-against-british-rrc-642594.html |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=bengali.news18.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=চট্টোপাধ্যায় |first=শর্মিষ্ঠা |date=2023-04-10 |title=তমলুক রাজবাড়ি চত্বরে পা পড়েছিল নেতাজির, ৮৫ তম বর্ষপূর্তিতে আন্তর্জাতিক আলোচনা সভার আয়োজন |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/haldia-news/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-came-85-years-ago-at-tamluk-rajbari-today-85th-anniversary-international-conference-arranges/99381802.cms |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Weekend Trip: তমলুক রাজবাড়ির স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামের ইতিহাস আজও জেলার গর্ব, ১৫ অগাস্টের ছুটিতে ঘুরে আসুন |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/life-style/perfect-weekend-destination-the-history-of-freedom-struggle-of-tamluk-rajbari-is-worth-mentioning-sdg-1782987.html |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=bengali.news18.com |language=bn}}</ref>

After downfall of the Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar, the British police subjected the Royal family to severe brutality. Now the Tamluk Rajbari is officially recognized as a heritage site by the state government, preserving its rich history and contribution to India's freedom movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamluk Rajbari |url=https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?26147}}</ref>

== Notable members of this family ==
[[File:Family tree of the Tamluk Raj.jpg|thumb|This is an old image of the Family tree of the [[Tamralipta Kingdom|Tamluk Raj]]. Recovered from their records.]]

* '''Raja Kalu Bhuiyan''', founder member of the [[Tamluk]] family around 900 [[AD]], he was a firm administrator and a capable military commander. It's said that he conducted an elaborate [[Ashvamedha|Ashvamedha yajna]] and subjugated the neighbouring Kingdoms, asserting the power and influence of Tamluk in the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Bishnupada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuLZAAAAMAAJ |title=Some Aspects of Socio-economic Changes in South Western Frontier Bengal Since Introduction of Neo-Vaiṣṇavism |date=1996 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7102-049-2 |language=en}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2025}}
* '''Rani Krishnapriya''', the Queen of Tamluk, a province in present-day [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]], West Bengal. Known for their free-spirited nature, the people of [[Midnapore district|Medinipur]] strongly resisted colonial rule during British occupation. Queen Krishnapriya demonstrated exceptional courage by leading a revolt against the [[East India Company]] to defend her kingdom (1781). Despite her efforts, she was ultimately defeated and deposed by the British forces. Her resistance became a symbol of inspiration for countless others in the region, contributing to the broader movement for India's freedom from British rule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=of India |first=Govt |title=Krishnapriya, Queen of Tamluk |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/digital-district-repository/district-repository/krishnapriya-queen-tamluk |website=INDIAN CULTURE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolkata |first=PIB |orig-date=25 Aug, 2021 |title=Senior Journos Recall the Contributions of the Unsung Lady Freedom Fighters as a Part of 'Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav' Celebration |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1749024 |website=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |place=Kolkata}}</ref>
* [[File:Tamluk Raj Surendra Narayan 2025-11-20 173723.png|thumb|Raja Surendra Narayan]]'''Raja Surendra Narayan Roy''', the 60th ruler of the Tamluk royal family and a prominent freedom fighter of India's struggle for independence. He actively participated in the resistance against the partition of Bengal (1905), enduring persecution by the British authorities. In 1920, he advanced the cause of [[Birendranath Sasmal|Deshapran Birendranath Sasmal]] in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non Cooperation movement]] of 1920, by calling for a mass boycott of foreign manufactured clothes which ignited the flames of resistance in the people of [[Tamluk]]. A dedicated and principled leader, he was also instrumental in the [[Civil Disobedience Movement]] in 1930, notably offering a portion of the Tamluk Rajbari to support the Salt Satyagrahis, which led to the rise of leaders like [[Sushil Kumar Dhara]], [[Satish Chandra Samanta]], and the eventual [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], [[Ajoy Mukherjee]]. He was arrested by the British on 15th May, 1930, for his involvement in the Salt Satyagraha, but public outcry led to his release on May 22, reflecting his widespread popularity. In 1938, he hosted a meeting for [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]], even sacrificing his cherished Khosarang mango orchard for the event. Throughout his life, Raja Surendra Narayan Roy supported freedom fighters both financially and in other capacities, earning immense respect for his dedication to India's independence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sujatak |date=April 18, 2024 |title=Raja Surendra Narayan Roy |url=https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?26546 |website=Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav (Digital District Repository Detail)}}</ref><ref name="SD" />

[[File:Raja Dhirendra Narayan Roy stamp.png|thumb|Tamluk Royal family postoffice stamp|223x223px]]

* ''Raja Dhirendra Narayan Roy''', son of Raja Surendra Narayan, a notable figure of India's freedom struggle. He actively participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement in the 1930s and was arrested multiple times for his anti-British activities. While studying medicine at the [[Calcutta Medical College]], he continued his activism and played a key role in organizing a public meeting for [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] in 1936, leading to another arrest. Upon his father's death in 1942, Dhirendra Narayan Roy became the king of Tamrolipta but prioritized India's independence over his royal duties. After independence, he focused on medical service and community welfare, dedicating himself to humanitarian efforts while avoiding political involvement. He was also a life member and officer of the World Doctors Association.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sujatak |date=July 11, 2024 |title=Raja Dhirendra Narayan Roy |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?28708#:~:text=Dhirendra%20Narayan%20Roy%2C%20born%20on,he%20dreamt%20of%20India's%20independence. |website=Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav ( Digital District Repository Detail)}}</ref>

=== Tamralipta Janaswastha Krishi o Kutirshilpa Mela ===
[[File:Capture Image 2025-03-22 173137.png|thumb|Tamralipta Janaswastha Krishi o kutirshilpa mela stamp (25 yr)]]
35th King of Tamralipta Mayur Dynasty, '''''Raja Lakshmi Narayan Roy''''' started one mela 973 years ago, which was stopped during British period. The age-old historical traditional mela was resumed on 1998 with new name "Tamralipta Janaswastha Kishi O Kutir Shilpa Mela, Tamluk".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title=East Medinipur News: তাম্রলিপ্ত রাজবাড়ির মেলাকে ডাক বিভাগের স্বীকৃতি |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/postal-department-released-special-postal-cover-to-recognize-fair-held-under-patronage-of-tamralipta-rajbari-l18-1426002.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=bengali.news18.com |language=bn}}</ref>

== Temples ==
* Bargabhima Temple: It's believed Kalu Bhuiya established the [[Bargabhima Temple]] (among 51 [[Shakta pithas|Shakta Pithas]]) around 1150 year back.<ref>{{Cite news |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=Bargabhima {{!}} দেবী বর্গভীমাকে নিয়ে নানা কাহিনি, রোজ পুজোয় লাগে শোল মাছ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/west-bengal/midnapore/bargabhima-kali-of-tamluk-dgtld-1.1228287 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318185158/https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/west-bengal/midnapore/bargabhima-kali-of-tamluk-dgtld-1.1228287 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |access-date=2025-01-21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rasheed |first=Abdur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRQiAQAAMAAJ&dq=royal+family+of+tamluk&pg=PA240 |title=The Travellers' Companion: Containing a Brief Description of Places of Pilgrimage and Important Towns in India |date=1907 |publisher=Superintendent government printing |page=240 |language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=June 2025}} [[File:Bargabhima Temple Arnab Dutta.jpg|thumb|208x208px|Bargabhima Temple (Saktipith)]]
* Jishnu Hari Temple - The Jishnu Hari Temple in Tamluk, according to the local legends that this is a significant religious site which was established by the first king of this dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=East Medinipur News: জেনে নিন মহাভারতের যুধিষ্ঠিরের অশ্বমেধ যজ্ঞের ঘোড়া কে আটকেছিলেন |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/purba-medinipur/tamluk-jishnu-hari-mandir-story-behind-the-construction-of-this-famous-temple-of-mahabharata-ac-823250.html |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=bengali.news18.com |language=bn}}</ref>

[[File:Capture image 2025-03-18 224003.png|thumb|Jishnu Narayan murti|199x199px]]

<gallery>
File:Deity of Jishnu Hari temple at Tamluk Town under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal.jpg|Jishnu Hari
File:Jishnu Hari temple at Tamluk Town under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 04.jpg|Jishnu Hari temple
File:Jishnu Hari temple at Tamluk Town under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 13.jpg|Temple front view
</gallery>

== Ruins of Tamluk Rajbari ==
<gallery>
File:Older portion of the Tamluk Rajbari showing the arches of the gateway.jpg|Older portion of the Tamluk Rajbari showing the arches of the gateway
File:Older portion of the Tamluk Rajbari.jpg|Older portion of the Tamluk Rajbari
File:Ruined (7851039148).jpg|Ruined parts of the fort.
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 01.jpg|Boundaries observed from a distance
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 03.jpg|Commemorative plaques
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 04.jpg|Gate of the Palace
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 06.jpg|Parts of the Palace
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 07.jpg|Parts of the Palace
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 10.jpg|Parts of the Palace
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 13.jpg|Restoration works
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 17.jpg|Courtyard of the Palace
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 18.jpg|Courtyard from another angle
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 19.jpg|Walls of the fort
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 22.jpg|Courtyard
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 23.jpg|Restoration works between the columns
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 25.jpg|Ruins
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 26.jpg|Bust of the members of the Royal Family
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 27.jpg|Restoration works on the walls
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 29.jpg|Backyards of the fort
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 32.jpg|Corinthian Pillars
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 35.jpg|Arches
File:Ruined royal palace of Tamluk, a heritage building in East Medinipur 36.jpg|Ruined [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]]
File:Tamluk Rajbari inner corridor.jpg|Inner corridor
File:Tamluk Rajbari ruins at Tamluk town located under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 02.jpg|View from the outside
File:Tamluk Rajbari ruins at Tamluk town located under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 05.jpg|Ruined mounds
File:Tamluk Rajbari ruins at Tamluk town located under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 07.jpg|Old [[Banyan tree]] in the compound
File:Tamluk Rajbari ruins at Tamluk town located under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 09.jpg|Central view
File:Tamluk Rajbari ruins at Tamluk town located under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 14.jpg|Roman arches
File:Tamluk Rajbari, Purba Medinipur 02.jpg|Example of [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]]
File:Tamluk Rajbari, Purba Medinipur 03.jpg|Ruins
File:Tamluk Rajbari, Purba Medinipur 05.jpg|Column
File:Tamluk Rajbari, Tamluk Purba Medinipur, West Bengal.jpg|Pillars
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Vanga kingdom]]
* [[Pundravardhana]]
* [[Samatata]]
* [[Maritime history of Bengal]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bhaumick |first=Manoranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCFuAAAAMAAJ |title=History, Culture, and Antiquities of Tāmralipta |date=2001 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |isbn=978-81-86791-27-1 |language=en}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Ramachandran |first=T. N. |date=1951 |title=Tāmraliptī (Taṁluk) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3248590 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=226–239 |doi=10.2307/3248590 |jstor=3248590 |issn=0004-3648|url-access=subscription }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Duraiswamy |first=Dayalan |date=2019-01-01 |title=ANCIENT SEAPORTS ON THE EASTERN COAST OF INDIA: THE HUB OF THE MARITIME SILK ROUTE NETWORK |url=https://www.academia.edu/40704995 |journal=Acta Via Serica}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_tamiluk.asp Archaeological Museum, Tamluk (West Bengal)]
*[http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tamralipti Tamralipti] in Banglapedia

{{Non-extant Bengal places}}
{{Purba Medinipur topics}}

[[Category:Capitals of Bengal]]
[[Category:Lost ancient cities and towns]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Maritime history of India]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Bengali families]]
[[Category:Indian families]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Hindu families]]
[[Category:Palaces in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Palaces in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Bengal]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]

Science

2026-03-23T00:30:22Z

Owen79097529716: improved article

{{Short description|Systematic endeavour to gain knowledge}}
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{{For-multi|the journal|Science (journal){{!}}''Science'' (journal)|a topical guide|Outline of science|other uses}}
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{{Science}}
'''Science''' is a systematic discipline that builds and organises knowledge in the form of testable [[hypotheses]] and [[prediction]]s about the universe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=E. O. |url=https://archive.org/details/consilienceunity00wils_135 |title=Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge |publisher=Vintage |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-679-76867-8 |edition=Reprint |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/consilienceunity00wils_135/page/n55 49]–71 |chapter=The natural sciences |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{rp|pp=49-71}}<ref name="Heilbron2003">{{cite book |last=Heilbron |first=J. L. |author-link=J. L. Heilbron |title=The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-511229-0 |location=New York |pages=vii–x |chapter=Preface |quote=...modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions. |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Modern science is typically divided into two{{snd}}or three{{snd}}major branches:<ref name="Cohen2021">{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Eliel |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-University-and-its-Boundaries-Thriving-or-Surviving-in-the-21st-Century/Cohen/p/book/9780367562984 |title=The University and its Boundaries: Thriving or Surviving in the 21st Century |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-367-56298-4 |location=New York |pages=14–41 |chapter=The boundary lens: theorising academic activity |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505045450/https://www.routledge.com/The-University-and-its-Boundaries-Thriving-or-Surviving-in-the-21st-Century/Cohen/p/book/9780367562984 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[natural science]]s, which study the [[physical world]], and the [[social sciences]], which study individuals and societies.<ref name="Colander2019">{{cite book |last1=Colander |first1=David C. |title=Social Science: An Introduction to the Study of Society |last2=Hunt |first2=Elgin F. |year=2019 |publisher=Routledge |edition=17th |location=New York |pages=1–22 |chapter=Social science and its methods}}</ref><ref name="Nisbet2020">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Social Science |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-science |access-date=9 May 2021 |date=16 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202193947/https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-science |archive-date=2 February 2022 |last2=Greenfeld |first2=Liah |last1=Nisbet |first1=Robert A. |url-status=live}}</ref> While referred to as the [[formal science]]s, the study of [[logic]], [[mathematics]], and [[theoretical computer science]] are typically regarded as separate because they rely on [[deductive reasoning]] instead of the [[scientific method]] as their main methodology.<ref name="Kluwer">{{cite book |last1=Bishop |first1=Alan |title=Mathematical Enculturation: A Cultural Perspective on Mathematics Education |publisher=Kluwer |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-7923-1270-3 |location=Norwell, MA |pages=20–59 |chapter=Environmental activities and mathematical culture |access-date=24 March 2018 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AgrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bunge |first1=Mario |title=Philosophy of Science: Volume 1, From Problem to Theory |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7658-0413-6 |edition=revised |volume=1 |location=New York |pages=3–50 |chapter=The Scientific Approach}}</ref><ref name="Fetzer2013">{{cite book |last1=Fetzer |first1=James H. |title=Computers and Cognition: Why Minds are not Machines |publisher=Kluwer |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4438-1946-6 |location=Newcastle, United Kingdom |pages=271–308 |chapter=Computer reliability and public policy: Limits of knowledge of computer-based systems}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nickles |first1=Thomas |title=Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |year=2013 |page=104 |chapter=The Problem of Demarcation}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[applied science]]s are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fischer |first1=M. R. |last2=Fabry |first2=G |year=2014 |title=Thinking and acting scientifically: Indispensable basis of medical education |journal=GMS Zeitschrift für Medizinische Ausbildung |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=Doc24 |doi=10.3205/zma000916 |pmc=4027809 |pmid=24872859}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sinclair |first=Marius |year=1993 |title=On the Differences between the Engineering and Scientific Methods |url=https://www.ijee.ie/contents/c090593.html |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of Engineering Education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115220102/https://www.ijee.ie/contents/c090593.html |archive-date=15 November 2017 |access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bunge1966">{{Cite book |last=Bunge |first=M. |title=Contributions to a Philosophy of Technology |publisher=Springer |year=1966 |isbn=978-94-010-2184-5 |editor-last=Rapp |editor-first=F. |location=Dordrecht |pages=19–39 |chapter=Technology as Applied Science |doi=10.1007/978-94-010-2182-1_2 |s2cid=110332727}}</ref>

The [[history of science]] spans the majority of the historical record, with the earliest identifiable predecessors to modern science dating to the [[Bronze Age]] in [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Mesopotamia]] ({{circa|3000–1200 BCE}}). Their contributions to mathematics, [[astronomy]], and [[medicine]] entered and shaped the Greek [[natural philosophy]] of [[classical antiquity]] and later [[Medieval renaissances|medieval scholarship]], whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the [[physical world]] based on natural causes; while further advances, including the introduction of the [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system]], were made during the [[Golden Age of India#Gupta Empire|Golden Age of India]] and [[Islamic Golden Age]].<ref name="Lindberg2007">{{Cite book |last=Lindberg |first=David C. |title=The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-226-48205-7 |edition=2nd}}</ref>{{rp|p=12}} <ref name="Grant2007a"> {{cite book |last=Grant |first=Edward |title=A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-68957-1 |location=New York }}</ref>{{rp|pp=1–26}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rMAaBgAAQBAJ Building Bridges Among the BRICs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418081025/https://books.google.com/books?id=rMAaBgAAQBAJ |date=18 April 2023 }}, p. 125, Robert Crane, Springer, 2014</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Keay |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/132 |title=India: A history |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-87113-800-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/132 132] |quote=The great era of all that is deemed classical in Indian literature, art and science was now dawning. It was this crescendo of creativity and scholarship, as much as ... political achievements of the Guptas, which would make their age so golden. |author-link=John Keay}}</ref><ref name="Lindberg2007" />{{rp|pp=163–192}}

The recovery and assimilation of [[Ancient Greek literature|Greek works]] and [[Science in the medieval Islamic world|Islamic inquiries]] into Western Europe during the [[Renaissance]] revived natural philosophy,<ref name="Lindberg2007" />{{rp|pp=193–224, 225–253}}<ref>Sease, Virginia; Schmidt-Brabant, Manfrid. Thinkers, Saints, Heretics: Spiritual Paths of the Middle Ages. 2007. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8Lkzp-StZGUC&dq=%22Everything+we+would+today+call+science+came+through+Islam%22&pg=PA80 Pages 80–81] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827070053/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Lkzp-StZGUC&dq=%22Everything%20we%20would%20today%20call%20science%20came%20through%20Islam%22&pg=PA80 |date=27 August 2024 }}. Retrieved 6 October 2023</ref> which was later transformed by the [[Scientific Revolution]] that began in the 16th century<ref>{{cite book |last=Principe |first=Lawrence M. |title=Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-956741-6 |location=New York |pages=1–3 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref> as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions.<ref name="Lindberg2007" />{{rp|pp=357–368}}<ref name="Grant2007a" />{{rp|pp=274–322}} The [[scientific method]] soon played a greater role in the acquisition of knowledge, and in the [[19th century in science|19th century]], many of the [[Institutionalisation|institutional]] and [[Professionalization|professional]] features of science began to take shape,<ref>{{cite book |title=From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science |year=2003 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-08928-7 |editor1-last=Cahan |editor1-first=David}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lightman |first1=Bernard |title=Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science |year=2011 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-31783-0 |editor1-last=Shank |editor1-first=Michael |page=367 |chapter=13. Science and the Public |editor2-last=Numbers |editor2-first=Ronald |editor3-last=Harrison |editor3-first=Peter}}</ref> along with the changing of "natural philosophy" to "natural science".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Peter |title=The Territories of Science and Religion |year=2015 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-18451-7 |pages=164–165 |quote=The changing character of those engaged in scientific endeavors was matched by a new nomenclature for their endeavors. The most conspicuous marker of this change was the replacement of "natural philosophy" by "natural science". In 1800 few had spoken of the "natural sciences" but by 1880 this expression had overtaken the traditional label "natural philosophy". The persistence of "natural philosophy" in the twentieth century is owing largely to historical references to a past practice (see figure 11). As should now be apparent, this was not simply the substitution of one term by another, but involved the jettisoning of a range of personal qualities relating to the conduct of philosophy and the living of the philosophical life. |author-link1=Peter Harrison (historian)}}</ref>

New knowledge in science is advanced by research from scientists who are motivated by curiosity about the world and a desire to solve problems.<ref>{{cite book |last=MacRitchie |first=Finlay |url=https://www.routledge.com/Scientific-Research-as-a-Career/MacRitchie/p/book/9781439869659 |title=Scientific Research as a Career |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4398-6965-9 |location=New York |pages=1–6 |chapter=Introduction |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505074020/https://www.routledge.com/Scientific-Research-as-a-Career/MacRitchie/p/book/9781439869659 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Marder |first=Michael P. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/research-methods-for-science/1C04E5D747781B68C52A79EE86BF584B |title=Research Methods for Science |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-521-14584-8 |location=New York |pages=1–17 |chapter=Curiosity and research |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505001547/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/research-methods-for-science/1C04E5D747781B68C52A79EE86BF584B |url-status=live}}</ref> Contemporary scientific research is often highly collaborative and is frequently carried out by teams in academic and [[research institutions]],<ref>{{cite book |last=de Ridder |first=Jeroen |url=https://www.routledge.com/What-is-Scientific-Knowledge-An-Introduction-to-Contemporary-Epistemology/McCain-Kampourakis/p/book/9781138570153 |title=What is Scientific Knowledge? An Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology of Science |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-138-57016-0 |editor-last1=McCain |editor-first1=Kevin |location=New York |pages=3–17 |chapter=How many scientists does it take to have knowledge? |access-date=5 May 2021 |editor-last2=Kampourakis |editor-first2=Kostas |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505044353/https://www.routledge.com/What-is-Scientific-Knowledge-An-Introduction-to-Contemporary-Epistemology/McCain-Kampourakis/p/book/9781138570153 |url-status=live}}</ref> government agencies,<ref name="Lindberg2007" />{{rp|pp=163–192}} and companies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Szycher |first=Michael |url=https://www.routledge.com/Commercialization-Secrets-for-Scientists-and-Engineers/Szycher/p/book/9781498730600 |title=Commercialization Secrets for Scientists and Engineers |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-40741-1 |location=New York |pages=159–176 |chapter=Establishing your dream team |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818032914/https://www.routledge.com/Commercialization-Secrets-for-Scientists-and-Engineers/Szycher/p/book/9781498730600 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, many major advances—particularly in [[fundamental science]]—have come from individual researchers and are widely recognised through major international [[award]]s such as the [[Nobel Prize]]. The practical results of scientific work have led to the emergence of [[Science policy|science policies]] that seek to prioritise the [[Responsible Research and Innovation|responsible development]] of commercial products, health care, public infrastructure, [[environmental protection]], and defense capabilities.

== Etymology ==
The word ''science'' has been used in English since the 14th century ([[Middle English]]) in the sense of "the state of knowing". The word was borrowed from the [[Anglo-Norman language]] as the suffix {{lang|xno|-cience}}, which was borrowed from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|[[wikt:scientia|scientia]]}}, meaning {{gloss|knowledge, awareness, understanding}}, a [[Morphological derivation|noun derivative]] of {{lang|la|[[wikt:sciens|sciens]]}} meaning {{gloss|knowing}}, itself the present active participle of {{wikt-lang|la|sciō}} {{gloss|to know}}.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=Science |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/science |access-date=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901035713/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/science |archive-date=1 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

There are many hypotheses for ''science''{{'}}s ultimate word origin. According to [[Michiel de Vaan]], Dutch linguist and [[Indo-Europeanist]], {{lang|la|sciō}} may have its origin in the [[Proto-Italic language]] as {{lang|itc-x-proto|*skije-}} or {{lang|itc-x-proto|*skijo-}} meaning {{gloss|to know}}, which may originate from [[Proto-Indo-European language]] as {{lang|ine-x-proto|skh1-ie}}, {{lang|ine-x-proto|skh1-io}} meaning {{gloss|to incise}}. The ''[[Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben]]'' proposed {{lang|la|sciō}} is a [[back-formation]] of {{lang|la|[[wikt:nescire|nescīre]]}}, meaning {{gloss|to not know, be unfamiliar with}}, which may derive from Proto-Indo-European ''{{lang|ine-x-proto|[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sek-|sekH-]]}}'' in Latin {{lang|la|[[wikt:secare|secāre]]}}, or {{lang|ine-x-proto|skh2-}} from {{lang|ine-x-proto|sḱʰeh2(i)-}} meaning {{gloss|to cut}}.<ref>{{Cite dictionary |year=2008 |title=sciō |dictionary=Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages |url=https://archive.org/details/m-de-vaan-2008-etymological-dictionary-of-latin-and-the-other-italic-languages/page/544/ |last=Vaan |first=Michiel de |author-link=Michiel de Vaan |series=[[Indo-European Etymological Dictionary]] |page=545 |isbn=978-90-04-16797-1}}</ref>

In the past, science was a synonym for "knowledge" or "study", in keeping with its Latin origin. A person who conducted scientific research was called a "natural philosopher" or "man of science".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cahan |first=David |title=From natural philosophy to the sciences: writing the history of nineteenth-century science |year=2003 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-08927-4 |pages=3–15}}</ref> In 1834, [[William Whewell]] introduced the term ''scientist'' in a review of [[Mary Somerville]]'s book ''[[On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Sydney |year=1962 |title=Scientist: The story of a word |journal=[[Annals of Science]] |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–85 |doi=10.1080/00033796200202722 |doi-access=free}}</ref> crediting it to "some ingenious gentleman" (possibly himself).<ref>{{cite OED|scientist}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of science}}

=== Early history ===
{{Main|Science in the ancient world}}
[[File:Megaliths Aswan Nubia museum.JPG|left|thumb|Megaliths from [[Nabta Playa]], constructed by [[Neolithic]] populations to coordinate astronomical observations located in [[Aswan]], [[Upper Egypt]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5KjEAAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE |date=20 June 2023 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-24409-9 |page=107 |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Plimpton 322.jpg|thumb|The [[Plimpton 322]] tablet by the [[Babylonia]]ns records [[Pythagorean triple]]s, written {{circa|1800 BCE}}|alt=Clay tablet with markings, three columns for numbers and one for ordinals]]

Science has no single origin. Rather, scientific thinking emerged gradually over the course of tens of thousands of years,<ref>{{Citation |last=Carruthers |first=Peter |title=The roots of scientific reasoning: infancy, modularity and the art of tracking |date=2 May 2002 |work=The Cognitive Basis of Science |pages=73–96 |editor-last=Carruthers |editor-first=Peter |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511613517.005 |isbn=978-0-521-81229-0 |editor2-last=Stich |editor2-first=Stephen |editor3-last=Siegal |editor3-first=Michael}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lombard |first1=Marlize |last2=Gärdenfors |first2=Peter |year=2017 |title=Tracking the Evolution of Causal Cognition in Humans |journal=Journal of Anthropological Sciences |volume=95 |issue=95 |pages=219–234 |doi=10.4436/JASS.95006 |pmid=28489015 |issn=1827-4765}}</ref> taking different forms around the world, and few details are known about the very earliest developments. [[Women in science|Women]] likely played a central role in prehistoric science,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graeber |first1=David |last2=Wengrow |first2=David |author-link1=David Graeber |author-link2=David Wengrow |year=2021 |title=The Dawn of Everything |title-link=The Dawn of Everything |page=248}}</ref> as did [[Ritual#Religious perspectives|religious rituals]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Faerie Smith Meets the Bronze Industry: Magic Versus Science in the Interpretation of Prehistoric Metal-Making |jstor=124782 |last1=Budd |first1=Paul |last2=Taylor |first2=Timothy |journal=World Archaeology |year=1995 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=133–143 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1995.9980297 |bibcode=1995WoArc..27..133B }}</ref> Some scholars use the term "[[protoscience]]" to label activities in the past that resemble modern science in some but not all features;<ref>{{cite book |last=Tuomela |first=Raimo |year=1987 |chapter=Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience |editor-last1=Pitt |editor-first1=J. C. |editor-last2=Pera |editor-first2=M. |title=Rational Changes in Science |series=Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science |volume=98 |pages=83–101 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-3779-6_4 |isbn=978-94-010-8181-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/599864 |first=Pamela H. |last=Smith |title=Science on the Move: Recent Trends in the History of Early Modern Science |journal=Renaissance Quarterly |volume=62 |number=2 |year=2009 |pages=345–375 |pmid=19750597 |s2cid=43643053}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleck |first=Robert |date=March 2021 |title=Fundamental Themes in Physics from the History of Art |journal=Physics in Perspective |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=25–48 |doi=10.1007/s00016-020-00269-7 |bibcode=2021PhP....23...25F |s2cid=253597172 |issn=1422-6944 |doi-access=free}}</ref> however, this label has also been criticised as denigrating,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Scott |first=Colin |encyclopedia=The Postcolonial Science and Technology Studies Reader |title=Science for the West, Myth for the Rest? |chapter=The Case of James Bay Cree Knowledge Construction |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, NC |editor-last=Harding |editor-first=Sandra |isbn=978-0-8223-4936-5 |year=2011 |pages=175–197 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv11g96cc.16 |jstor=j.ctv11g96cc.16}}</ref> or too suggestive of [[Presentism (historical analysis)|presentism]], thinking about those activities only in relation to modern categories.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/007327531205000203 |first=Peter |last=Dear |title=Historiography of Not-So-Recent Science |journal=History of Science |volume=50 |number=2 |year=2012 |pages=197–211 |s2cid=141599452}}</ref>

Direct evidence for scientific processes becomes clearer with the advent of [[writing systems]] in the [[Bronze Age]] civilisations of [[Ancient Egypt]] and [[Mesopotamia]] ({{circa|3000–1200 BCE}}), creating the earliest written records in the [[history of science]].<ref name="Lindberg2007" />{{rp|pp=12–15}}<ref name="Grant2007a" /> Although the words and concepts of "science" and "nature" were not part of the conceptual landscape at the time, the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians made contributions that would later find a place in Greek and medieval science: mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rochberg |first1=Francesca |author-link=Francesca Rochberg |editor1-last=Shank |editor1-first=Michael |editor2-last=Numbers |editor2-first=Ronald |editor3-last=Harrison |editor3-first=Peter |title=Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science |year=2011 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-31783-0 |page=9 |chapter=Ch.1 Natural Knowledge in Ancient Mesopotamia}}</ref><ref name="Lindberg2007" />{{rp|p=12}}

From the 3rd millennium BCE, the ancient Egyptians developed a non-positional [[Decimal#Origin|decimal numbering system]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krebs |first=Robert E. |title=Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32433-8 |page=127}}</ref> solved practical problems using [[geometry]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erlich |first1=Ḥaggai |author-link=Haggai Erlich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcsJosc239YC&q=egyptian%20geometry%20Nile&pg=PA80 |title=The Nile: Histories, Cultures, Myths |last2=Gershoni |first2=Israel |year=2000 |publisher=Lynne Rienner |isbn=978-1-55587-672-2 |pages=80–81 |quote=The Nile occupied an important position in Egyptian culture; it influenced the development of mathematics, geography, and the calendar; Egyptian geometry advanced due to the practice of land measurement "because the overflow of the Nile caused the boundary of each person's land to disappear." |access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> and developed a [[Egyptian calendar|calendar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telling Time in Ancient Egypt |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tell/hd_tell.htm |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |date=February 2017 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303133140/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tell/hd_tell.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Their healing therapies involved drug treatments and the supernatural, such as prayers, [[incantation]]s, and rituals.<ref name="Lindberg2007" />{{rp|p=9}} Ancient [[Nubians]] pioneered early [[antibiotics]] and established a system of [[geometrics]] which served as the basis for initial [[sundials|sunclocks]]. Nubians also exercised a [[Trigonometry|trigonometric]] methodology comparable to their Egyptian counterparts.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Armelagos, George |date=2000 |title=Take Two Beers and Call Me in 1,600 Years: Use of Tetracycline by Nubians and Ancient Egyptians |url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/482bd90a-de71-49b3-9bbc-d8ff0ab974b3 |journal=Natural History |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=50–3 |s2cid=89542474}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Gnomons at Meroë and Early Trigonometry|first=Leo|last=Depuydt|date=1 January 1998|journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|volume=84|pages=171–180|doi=10.2307/3822211|jstor=3822211}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archaeology.org/online/news/nubia.html|title=Neolithic Skywatchers|date=27 May 1998|first=Andrew|last=Slayman|website=Archaeology Magazine Archive|access-date=17 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605234044/http://www.archaeology.org/online/news/nubia.html|archive-date=5 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO5FCVIxz2YC&q=nubia&pg=PA744|title=A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy|last=Neugebauer|first=O.|date=2004-09-17|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-06995-9|language=en}}</ref>

The ancient [[Mesopotamia]]ns used knowledge about the properties of various natural chemicals for manufacturing [[pottery]], [[faience]], glass, soap, metals, [[lime plaster]], and waterproofing.<ref name="McIntosh2005">{{cite book |last1=McIntosh |first1=Jane R. |author-link=Jane McIntosh |title=Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1-57607-966-9 |pages=273–276 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9veK7E2JwkUC&q=science+in+ancient+Mesopotamia |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> They studied [[animal physiology]], [[anatomy]], [[animal behavior|behaviour]], and [[astrology]] for [[divinatory]] purposes.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Scientific Astronomy in Antiquity |last=Aaboe |first=Asger |author-link=Asger Aaboe |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |volume=276 |issue=1257 |date=2 May 1974 |pages=21–42 |doi=10.1098/rsta.1974.0007 |bibcode=1974RSPTA.276...21A |jstor=74272 |s2cid=122508567}}</ref> The Mesopotamians had an [[Babylonian medicine|intense interest in medicine]] and the earliest [[medical prescription]]s appeared in [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] during the [[Third Dynasty of Ur]].<ref name="McIntosh2005" /><ref>{{cite journal |title=Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health in Ancient Mesopotamia |first=R. D. |last=Biggs |journal=Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies |volume=19 |number=1 |year=2005 |pages=7–18}}</ref> They seem to have studied scientific subjects which had practical or religious applications and had little interest in satisfying curiosity.<ref name="McIntosh2005" />

=== Classical antiquity ===
{{Main|Science in classical antiquity}}
[[File:MANNapoli 124545 plato's academy mosaic.jpg|left|thumb|[[Plato's Academy mosaic]], made between 100 BCE and 79 CE, shows many Greek philosophers and scholars.|alt=Framed mosaic of philosophers gathering around and conversing]]

In [[classical antiquity]], there is no real ancient analogue of a modern scientist. Instead, well-educated, usually upper-class, and almost universally male individuals performed various investigations into nature whenever they could afford the time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lehoux |first1=Daryn |editor1-last=Shank |editor1-first=Michael |editor2-last=Numbers |editor2-first=Ronald |editor3-last=Harrison |editor3-first=Peter |title=Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science |year=2011 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-31783-0 |page=39 |chapter=2. Natural Knowledge in the Classical World}}</ref> Before the invention or discovery of the [[concept]] of ''[[phusis]]'' or nature by the [[pre-Socratic philosopher]]s, the same words tend to be used to describe the natural "way" in which a plant grows,<ref>An account of the pre-Socratic use of the concept of φύσις may be found in {{cite book |last=Naddaf |first=Gerard |year=2006 |title=The Greek Concept of Nature |publisher=SUNY Press |postscript=,}} and in {{cite journal |last1=Ducarme |first1=Frédéric |last2=Couvet |first2=Denis |year=2020 |title=What does 'nature' mean? |journal=[[Palgrave Communications]] |volume=6 |issue=14 |article-number=14 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |doi=10.1057/s41599-020-0390-y |doi-access=free |url=https://hal.science/hal-02554932/file/s41599-020-0390-y.pdf |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816053756/https://hal.science/hal-02554932/file/s41599-020-0390-y.pdf |url-status=live}} The word φύσις, while first used in connection with a plant in Homer, occurs early in Greek philosophy, and in several senses. Generally, these senses match rather well the current senses in which the English word ''nature'' is used, as confirmed by {{cite book |last=Guthrie |first=W. K. C. |title=Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus |postscript=none}} (volume 2 of his ''History of Greek Philosophy''), Cambridge University Press, 1965.</ref> and the "way" in which, for example, one tribe worships a particular god. For this reason, it is claimed that these men were the first philosophers in the strict sense and the first to clearly distinguish "nature" and "convention".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Strauss |first1=Leo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpx2j0TumyIC |title=An Introduction to Political Philosophy: Ten Essays by Leo Strauss |last2=Gildin |first2=Hilail |publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8143-1902-4 |chapter=Progress or Return? The Contemporary Crisis in Western Education |year=1989 |access-date=30 May 2022 |page=209}}</ref>

The early [[Greek philosophers]] of the Milesian school, which was founded by [[Thales of Miletus]] and later continued by his successors [[Anaximander]] and [[Anaximenes of Miletus|Anaximenes]], were the first to attempt to explain [[natural phenomena]] without relying on the [[supernatural]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Grady |first1=Patricia F. |author-link=Patricia O'Grady |title=Thales of Miletus: The Beginnings of Western Science and Philosophy |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7546-0533-1 |page=245 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTUlDwAAQBAJ&q=Thales+of+Miletus+first+scientist&pg=PA245 |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> The [[Pythagoreans]] developed a complex number philosophy<ref name="Burkert1972">{{cite book |last=Burkert |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Burkert |date=1 June 1972 |title=Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qqp4Vk1zG0C&q=Pythagoreanism |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-53918-1}}</ref>{{rp|467–468}} and contributed significantly to the development of mathematical science.<ref name="Burkert1972" />{{rp|465}} The [[atomism|theory of atoms]] was developed by the Greek philosopher [[Leucippus]] and his student [[Democritus]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pullman |first1=Bernard |title=The Atom in the History of Human Thought |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-515040-7 |pages=31–33 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQs5hur-BpgC&q=Leucippus+Democritus+atom&pg=PA56 |bibcode=1998ahht.book.....P |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Cohen |editor1-first=Henri |editor2-last=Lefebvre |editor2-first=Claire |title=Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science |year=2017 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-0-08-101107-2 |page=427 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIrCDQAAQBAJ&q=Leucippus+Democritus+atom&pg=PA427 |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> Later, [[Epicurus]] would develop a full natural cosmology based on atomism, and would adopt a "canon" (ruler, standard) which established physical criteria or standards of scientific truth.<ref>[[Lucretius]] ({{floruit}}1st century BCE) {{lang|la|[[De rerum natura]]}}</ref> The Greek doctor [[Hippocrates]] established the tradition of systematic medical science<ref>{{cite book |last=Margotta |first=Roberto |year=1968 |title=The Story of Medicine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFZrAAAAMAAJ |location=New York |publisher=[[Golden Press]] |access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Touwaide |first1=Alain |title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia |year=2005 |editor1-last=Glick |editor1-first=Thomas F. |editor2-last=Livesey |editor2-first=Steven |editor3-last=Wallis |editor3-first=Faith |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-96930-7 |page=224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77y2AgAAQBAJ&q=Hippocrates+medical+science&pg=PA224 |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> and is known as "[[List of persons considered father or mother of a scientific field#Medicine and physiology|The Father of Medicine]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leff |first1=Samuel |last2=Leff |first2=Vera |year=1956 |title=From Witchcraft to World Health |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjNrAAAAMAAJ |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref>

A turning point in the history of early philosophical science was [[Socrates]]' example of applying philosophy to the study of human matters, including human nature, the nature of political communities, and human knowledge itself. The [[Socratic method]] as documented by [[Plato]]'s dialogues is a [[dialectic]] method of hypothesis elimination: better hypotheses are found by steadily identifying and eliminating those that lead to contradictions. The Socratic method searches for general commonly held truths that shape beliefs and scrutinises them for consistency.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Apage%3D17 |title=Plato, Apology |page=17 |access-date=1 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129145253/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Apage%3D17 |archive-date=29 January 2018}}</ref> Socrates criticised the older type of study of physics as too purely speculative and lacking in [[self-criticism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Apage%3D27 |title=Plato, Apology |page=27 |access-date=1 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129145253/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Apage%3D27 |archive-date=29 January 2018}}</ref>

In the 4th century BCE, [[Aristotle]] created a systematic programme of [[teleological]] philosophy.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Aristotle |title=Nicomachean Ethics |edition=H. Rackham |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0054%3Abekker%20page%3D1139b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317140402/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc= |archive-date=17 March 2012 |access-date=22 September 2010 |at=1139b}}</ref> In the 3rd century BCE, Greek astronomer [[Aristarchus of Samos]] was the first to propose a [[heliocentric model]] of the universe, with the Sun at the centre and all the planets orbiting it.<ref name="McClellan2015">{{cite book |last1=McClellan |first1=James E. III |last2=Dorn |first2=Harold |title=Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction |year=2015 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-1-4214-1776-9 |pages=99–100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ah1ECwAAQBAJ&q=Aristarchus+heliocentrism&pg=PA99 |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> Aristarchus's model was widely rejected because it was believed to violate the laws of physics,<ref name="McClellan2015" /> while Ptolemy's ''[[Almagest]]'', which contains a geocentric description of the [[Solar System]], was accepted through the early Renaissance instead.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Graßhoff |first=Gerd |title=The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue |year=1990 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4612-8788-9 |series=Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences |volume=14 |location=New York |doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-4468-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoffmann |first=Susanne M. |title=Hipparchs Himmelsglobus |year=2017 |publisher=Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden |isbn=978-3-658-18682-1 |location=Wiesbaden |language=de |doi=10.1007/978-3-658-18683-8 |bibcode=2017hihi.book.....H}}</ref> The inventor and mathematician [[Archimedes of Syracuse]] made major contributions to the beginnings of [[calculus]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=C. H. Jr. |title=The Historical Development of the Calculus |year=1979 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-0-387-94313-8 |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilrlBwAAQBAJ&q=Archimedes+calculus&pg=PA75 |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] was a Roman writer and polymath, who wrote the seminal encyclopaedia ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |title=Science in the Ancient World: An Encyclopedia |year=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1-85109-539-1 |pages=190–191 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AY1ALzh9V0C&q=Pliny+the+Elder+encyclopedia&pg=PA190 |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Murphy |first1=Trevor Morgan |title=Pliny the Elder's Natural History: The Empire in the Encyclopedia |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-926288-5 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NC_T_tG9lQC&q=Pliny+the+Elder+encyclopedia |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Doody |first1=Aude |title=Pliny's Encyclopedia: The Reception of the Natural History |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-48453-4 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoEhAwAAQBAJ&q=Pliny+the+Elder+encyclopedia |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>

[[Positional notation]] for representing numbers likely emerged between the 3rd and 5th centuries CE along Indian trade routes. This numeral system made efficient [[arithmetic]] operations more accessible and would eventually become standard for mathematics worldwide.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Conner |first=Clifford D. |title=A People's History of Science: Miners, Midwives, and "Low Mechanicks" |year=2005 |publisher=Nation Books |isbn=1-56025-748-2 |location=New York |pages=72–74}}</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
{{Main|History of science#Middle Ages}}
[[File:ViennaDioscoridesEndpaperPeacock.jpg|thumb|The first page of [[Vienna Dioscurides]] depicts a [[peacock]], made in the 6th century.|alt=Picture of a peacock on very old paper]]

Due to the [[collapse of the Western Roman Empire]], the 5th century saw an intellectual decline, with knowledge of classical Greek conceptions of the world deteriorating in Western Europe.<ref name="Lindberg2007" />{{rp|p=194}} Latin encyclopaedists of the period such as [[Isidore of Seville]] preserved the majority of general ancient knowledge.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyvmEyX6rZgC |title=The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional and Intellectual Contexts |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-56762-6 |series=Cambridge Studies in the History of Science |pages=7–17 |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref> In contrast, because the [[Byzantine Empire]] resisted attacks from invaders, they were able to preserve and improve prior learning.<ref name="Lindberg2007" />{{rp|p=159}} [[John Philoponus]], a Byzantine scholar in the 6th century, started to question Aristotle's teaching of physics, introducing the [[theory of impetus]].<ref name="Lindberg2007" />{{rp|pp=307, 311, 363, 402}} His criticism served as an inspiration to medieval scholars and Galileo Galilei, who extensively cited his works ten centuries later.<ref name="Lindberg2007" />{{rp|pp=307–308}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Philoponus |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/philoponus/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |first=Christian |last=Wildberg |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-last=Zalta |date=1 May 2018 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822110331/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/philoponus/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

During [[late antiquity]] and the [[Early Middle Ages]], natural phenomena were mainly examined via the Aristotelian approach. The approach includes Aristotle's [[four causes]]: material, formal, moving, and final cause.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Aristotle on Causality |last=Falcon |first=Andrea |editor-last=Zalta |year=2019 |editor-first=Edward |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |edition=Spring 2019 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/aristotle-causality/#FouCau |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009032459/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/aristotle-causality/#FouCau |url-status=live}}</ref> Many Greek classical texts were preserved by the [[Byzantine Empire]] and [[Arabic]] translations were made by Christians, mainly [[Nestorian schism|Nestorians]] and [[Miaphysites]]. Under the Abbasids, these Arabic translations were later improved and developed by Arabic scientists.<ref name="Grant2007a"/>{{rp|pp=62-67}} By the 6th and 7th centuries, the neighbouring [[Sasanian Empire]] established the medical [[Academy of Gondishapur]], which was considered by Greek, Syriac, and Persian physicians as the most important medical hub of the ancient world.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge history of Iran |date=1968–1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |last=Fisher |first=W. B. |isbn=978-0-521-20093-6}}</ref>

Islamic study of [[Aristotelianism#Islamic world|Aristotelianism]] flourished in the [[House of Wisdom]] established in the Abbasid capital of [[Baghdad]], Iraq<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bayt-al-Hikmah |title=Bayt al-Hikmah |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=3 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104043313/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bayt-al-Hikmah |archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> and the flourished<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Hossein Nasr |editor-first=Seyyed |title=History of Islamic Philosophy |title-link=History of Islamic Philosophy |editor-last2=Leaman |editor-first2=Oliver |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-25934-7 |pages=165–167 |editor-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr}}</ref> until the [[Mongol invasions]] in the 13th century. [[Ibn al-Haytham]], better known as Alhazen, used controlled experiments in his optical study.{{efn|name=doubtPtolemy|1= Ibn al-Haytham's ''[[Book of Optics]]'' disputed Claudius Ptolemy's extramission theory of vision: "Hence, the extramission of [visual] rays is superfluous and useless". See A. Mark Smith's translation from the Latin,<ref name="Smith2001" /> Book I, [6.54], pp. 372, 408. }}<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=228328 |last1=Toomer |first1=G. J. |title=Reviewed work: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik, Matthias Schramm |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=463–465 |year=1964 |doi=10.1086/349914}} See p. 464: "Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.", p. 465: "Schramm has demonstrated .. beyond any dispute that Ibn al-Haytham is a major figure in the Islamic scientific tradition, particularly in the creation of experimental techniques." p. 465: "only when the influence of Ibn al-Haytham and others on the mainstream of later medieval physical writings has been seriously investigated can Schramm's claim that Ibn al-Haytham was the true founder of modern physics be evaluated."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=H. Floris |author-link=Floris Cohen |chapter=Greek nature knowledge transplanted: The Islamic world |title=How modern science came into the world. Four civilizations, one 17th-century breakthrough |year=2010 |pages=99–156 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8964-239-4 |edition=2nd}}</ref> [[Avicenna]]'s compilation of ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'', a medical encyclopaedia, is considered to be one of the most important publications in medicine and was used until the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli |url-access=limited |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli/page/n168 155]–156 |publisher=Springer |bibcode=2008ehst.book.....S |isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2 |editor-last1=Selin |editor-first1=Helaine |editor-link=Helaine Selin}}</ref>

By the 11th century most of Europe had become Christian,<ref name="Lindberg2007" />{{rp|p=204}} and in 1088, the [[University of Bologna]] emerged as the first university in Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=Josiah C. |year=1959 |title=Gratian, Irnerius, and the Early Schools of Bologna |journal=[[The Mississippi Quarterly]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=168–188 |jstor=26473232 |quote=Perhaps even as early as 1088 (the date officially set for the founding of the University)}}</ref> As such, demand for Latin translation of ancient and scientific texts grew,<ref name="Lindberg2007" />{{rp|p=204}} a major contributor to the [[Renaissance of the 12th century]]. Renaissance [[scholasticism]] in western Europe flourished, with experiments done by observing, describing, and classifying subjects in nature.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Albertus-Magnus |title=St. Albertus Magnus |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=27 October 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028045424/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Albertus-Magnus |archive-date=28 October 2017}}</ref> In the 13th century, medical teachers and students at Bologna began opening human bodies, leading to the first anatomy textbook based on human dissection by [[Mondino de Luzzi]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Numbers |first=Ronald |url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674057418 |title=Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-674-03327-6 |page=45 |access-date=27 March 2018 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120190509/https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674057418 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Renaissance ===
{{Main|Science in the Renaissance|Copernican heliocentrism}}
[[File:De Revolutionibus manuscript p9b.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the heliocentric model as proposed by the Copernicus's {{lang|la|[[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium]]}}]]

New developments in optics played a role in the inception of the [[Renaissance]], both by challenging long-held [[metaphysical]] ideas on perception, as well as by contributing to the improvement and development of technology such as the [[camera obscura]] and the [[telescope]]. At the start of the Renaissance, [[Roger Bacon]], [[Vitello]], and [[John Peckham]] each built up a scholastic [[ontology]] upon a causal chain beginning with sensation, perception, and finally [[apperception]] of the individual and universal [[theory of forms|forms]] of Aristotle.<ref name="Smith2001">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=A. Mark |title=Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's ''De Aspectibus'', the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's ''Kitāb al-Manāẓir'': Volume Two |title-link=De Aspectibus |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-87169-914-5 |series=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume=91, parts 4 & 5 |location=Philadelphia }}</ref>{{rp|Book I}} A model of vision later known as [[perspectivism]] was [[One-point perspective|exploited and studied]] by the artists of the Renaissance. This theory uses only three of Aristotle's four causes: formal, material, and final.<ref name="Smith1981">{{Cite journal |jstor=231249 |doi=10.1086/352843 |pmid=7040292 |title=Getting the Big Picture in Perspectivist Optics |journal=Isis |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=568–589 |last1=Smith |first1=A. Mark |year=1981 |s2cid=27806323}}</ref>

In the 16th century, [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] formulated a [[Copernican_heliocentrism|heliostatic model]] of the Solar System, with the Sun positioned near the center of the Universe,<ref>"The man who had deposed the earth from its proud position as the centre of the universe and had recognized it to be merely one of the planets, had yet felt compelled to give it quite an exceptional position in his new system. Though he had said 'in the midst of all stand the sun,' he had in his planetary theories assumed the centre of all movements to be the centre of the earth's orbit, where the sun was not." Dreyer, J.L.E. ''A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler,'' (Dover Publications, 1953). p.343. {{ISBN|9780486600796}}</ref><ref>"...it was obvious to Copernicus...that the earth cannot move uniformly about a circle with the sun at the center. Thus Copernicus placed the sun not at the center of the earth's orbit, but at some distance away. The center of the solar system, and of the universe, in the system of Copernicus is thus not the sun at all, but rather a 'mean sun,' of the center of the earth's orbit. Hence, it is preferable to call the Copernican system a heliostatic system rather than a heliocentric system." [[I. Bernard Cohen|Cohen, I. Bernard]]. ''The Birth of a New Physics (Revised and Updated)'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 1985). p.44. {{ISBN|0-393-01994-2}}</ref> motionless, with Earth and the other planets orbiting around it in circular motions,<ref>"All movement within it (outside of the immediate vicinity of the Earth) is determined by the fundamental principle that heavenly movement is circular and therefore unchanging. Ptolemy, Copernicus thought, had betrayed this principle not...by adding epicycles to deferents in order to explain why the planets sometimes appear to move backwards in the sky, but by introducing the [[equant]] in order to speed them up and slow them down." [[David_Wootton_(historian)|Wootton, David]]. ''The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution'' (Penguin, 2015). p.152. {{ISBN|0-06-175952-X}}</ref> modified by [[epicycle]]s, and at uniform speeds. The Copernican model challenged the dominant [[Geocentrism#Ptolemaic_model|geocentric model]] of [[Ptolemy]], which had placed Earth at the center of the Universe. 16th-century astronomers believed that Copernicus' elimination of the [[equant]] was his chief achievement<ref>"My Copernican census eventually helped to establish that the majority of sixteenth-century astronomers thought eliminating the [[equant]] was Copernicus' big achievement, because it satisfied the ancient aesthetic principle that eternal celestial motions should be uniform and circular or compounded of uniform and circular parts." Gingerich, Owen. ''The Book Nobody Read'' (Walker & Company, 2004).p.55. {{ISBN|0-8027-1415-3}}</ref> but his model never displaced Ptolemy's, which only fell out of favor 70 years later after [[Galileo_Galilei#Phases_of_Venus|Galileo's telescopic observations of 1610]].<ref>"It is easy to show that conventional Ptolemaic astronomy was thriving until 1610 [when Galileo observed the phases of Venus with a telescope] and went into crisis immediately afterwards...The evidence is clear: [[Geocentrism#Ptolemaic_model|Ptolemaic astronomy]] was unaffected by Copernicus; it went into crisis briefly with the [[SN 1572|new star of 1572]], but by the end of the sixteenth century it had fully recovered. The telescope, on the other hand, brought about its immediate and irreversible collapse." [[David_Wootton_(historian)|Wootton, David]]. ''The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution'' (Penguin, 2015). p.152. {{ISBN|0-06-175952-X}}</ref>

=== Scientific Revolution ===
{{Main|Scientific Revolution}}
[[Johannes Kepler]] and others challenged the notion that the only function of the eye is perception, and shifted the main focus in optics from the eye to the propagation of light.<ref name="Smith1981" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=H. Floris |author-link=Floris Cohen |chapter=Greek nature knowledge transplanted and more: Renaissance Europe |title=How modern science came into the world. Four civilizations, one 17th-century breakthrough |year=2010 |pages=99–156 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8964-239-4 |edition=2nd}}</ref> Kepler is best known, however, for the discovery of [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion]]. Kepler did not reject Aristotelian metaphysics and described his work as a search for the [[Harmony of the Spheres]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koestler |first=Arthur |url=https://archive.org/details/sleepwalkershist00koes_0/page/1 |title=The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe |publisher=Penguin |year=1990 |isbn=0-14-019246-8 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/sleepwalkershist00koes_0/page/1 1] |author-link=Arthur Koestler |orig-date=1959}}</ref> [[Galileo]] had made significant contributions to astronomy, physics and engineering. However, he became persecuted after Pope Urban VIII sentenced him for writing about the heliocentric model.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://galileo.rice.edu/gal/urban.html |title=Pope Urban VIII |last=van Helden |first=Al |year=1995 |website=The Galileo Project |access-date=3 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111033150/http://galileo.rice.edu/gal/urban.html |archive-date=11 November 2016}}</ref>

The [[printing press]] was widely used to publish scholarly arguments, including some that disagreed widely with contemporary ideas of nature.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gingerich |first=Owen |title=Copernicus and the Impact of Printing |journal=Vistas in Astronomy |volume=17 |year=1975 |issue=1 |pages=201–218 |doi=10.1016/0083-6656(75)90061-6 |bibcode=1975VA.....17..201G}}</ref> [[Francis Bacon]] and [[René Descartes]] published philosophical arguments in favour of a new type of non-Aristotelian science. Bacon emphasised the importance of experiment over contemplation, questioned the Aristotelian concepts of formal and final cause, promoted the idea that science should study the [[Physical law|laws of nature]] and the improvement of all human life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zagorin |first=Perez |title=Francis Bacon |page=84 |year=1998 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00966-7}}</ref> Descartes emphasised individual thought and argued that mathematics rather than geometry should be used to study nature.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Philip J. |last2=Hersh |first2=Reuben |year=1986 |title=Descartes' Dream: The World According to Mathematics |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=[[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]}}</ref>

=== Age of Enlightenment ===
{{Main|Science in the Age of Enlightenment}}
[[File:Newton's Principia title page.png|thumb|upright|Title page of the 1687 first edition of {{lang|la|[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]}} by Isaac Newton]]

At the start of the [[Age of Enlightenment]], [[Isaac Newton]] formed the foundation of [[classical mechanics]] by his {{lang|la|[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]}} greatly influencing future physicists.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gribbin |first=John |title=Science: A History 1543–2001 |year=2002 |page=241 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0-7139-9503-9 |quote=Although it was just one of the many factors in the Enlightenment, the success of Newtonian physics in providing a mathematical description of an ordered world clearly played a big part in the flowering of this movement in the eighteenth century}}</ref> [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] incorporated terms from [[Aristotelian physics]], now used in a new non-[[teleological]] way. This implied a shift in the view of objects: objects were now considered as having no innate goals. Leibniz assumed that different types of things all work according to the same general laws of nature, with no special formal or final causes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Leibniz/ |title=Gottfried Leibniz – Biography |website=Maths History |access-date=2 March 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711221621/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Leibniz.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

During this time the declared purpose and value of science became producing wealth and inventions that would improve human lives, in the [[Economic materialism|materialistic]] sense of having more food, clothing, and other things. In [[Novum Organum|Bacon's words]], "the real and legitimate goal of sciences {{em|is the endowment of human life with new inventions and riches}}", and he discouraged scientists from pursuing intangible philosophical or spiritual ideas, which he believed contributed little to human happiness beyond "the fume of subtle, sublime or pleasing [speculation]".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgmbZIybuRoC&pg=PA162 |title=The Social and Economic Roots of the Scientific Revolution: Texts by Boris Hessen and Henryk Grossmann |last1=Freudenthal |first1=Gideon |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Peter |date=20 May 2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9604-4 |access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref>

Science during the Enlightenment was dominated by [[scientific societies]] and academies,<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Goddard Bergin |editor-first1=Thomas |editor1-link=Thomas G. Bergin |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_d0p5 |title=Encyclopedia of the Renaissance |editor-last2=Speake |editor-first2=Jennifer |editor2-link=Jennifer Speake |year=1987 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-1315-9}}</ref> which had largely replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development. Societies and academies were the backbones of the maturation of the scientific profession. Another important development was the [[popular culture|popularisation]] of science among an increasingly literate population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=van Horn Melton |first=James |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/rise-of-the-public-in-enlightenment-europe/BA532085A260114CD430D9A059BD96EF |title=The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-511-81942-1 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511819421 |access-date=27 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |pages=82–83 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120143805/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/rise-of-the-public-in-enlightenment-europe/BA532085A260114CD430D9A059BD96EF |url-status=live}}</ref> Enlightenment philosophers turned to a few of their scientific predecessors – [[Galileo]], [[Kepler]], [[Robert Boyle|Boyle]], and Newton principally – as the guides to every physical and social field of the day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment (1500–1780) |url=https://www.tamaqua.k12.pa.us/cms/lib07/PA01000119/Centricity/Domain/119/TheScientificRevolution.pdf |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114191547/https://www.tamaqua.k12.pa.us/cms/lib07/PA01000119/Centricity/Domain/119/TheScientificRevolution.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Scientific Revolution |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Scientific-Revolution |access-date=29 January 2024 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518105004/https://www.britannica.com/science/Scientific-Revolution |url-status=live}}</ref>

The 18th century saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine<ref>{{cite book |title=Brock Biology of Microorganisms |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-13-144329-7 |editor-last=Madigan |editor-first=M. |editor-last2=Martinko |editor-first2=J. |edition=11th}}</ref> and physics;<ref>{{cite book |last=Guicciardini |first=N. |url=https://archive.org/details/readingprincipia0000guic |title=Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton's Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-64066-4 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}</ref> the development of biological [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] by [[Carl Linnaeus]];<ref>{{cite journal |author1-link=Charles Calisher |last1=Calisher |first1=CH |year=2007 |title=Taxonomy: what's in a name? Doesn't a rose by any other name smell as sweet? |journal=Croatian Medical Journal |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=268–270 |pmc=2080517 |pmid=17436393}}</ref> a new understanding of [[magnetism]] and electricity;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Darrigol |first1=Olivier |url=https://archive.org/details/electrodynamicsf0000darr |title=Electrodynamics from Ampère to Einstein |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-850594-9 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}</ref> and the maturation of [[chemistry]] as a discipline.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Olby |first1=R. C. |last2=Cantor |first2=G. N. |last3=Christie |first3=J. R. R. |last4=Hodge |first4=M. J. S. |year=1990 |title=Companion to the History of Modern Science |location=London |publisher=Routledge |page=265}}</ref> Ideas on human nature, society, and economics evolved during the Enlightenment. Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed ''[[A Treatise of Human Nature]]'', which was expressed historically in works by authors including [[James Burnett, Lord Monboddo|James Burnett]], [[Adam Ferguson]], [[John Millar (philosopher)|John Millar]] and [[William Robertson (historian)|William Robertson]], all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of [[modernity]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magnusson |first=Magnus |date=10 November 2003 |title=Review of James Buchan, ''Capital of the Mind: how Edinburgh Changed the World'' |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200311100040 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606015918/http://www.newstatesman.com/200311100040 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=27 April 2014 |work=New Statesman}}</ref> Modern sociology largely originated from this movement.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=588406 |title=Origins of Sociology: The Case of the Scottish Enlightenment |journal=The British Journal of Sociology |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=164–180 |last1=Swingewood |first1=Alan |year=1970 |doi=10.2307/588406}}</ref> In 1776, [[Adam Smith]] published ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which is often considered the first work on modern economics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fry |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/adamsmithslegacy0000unse |title=Adam Smith's Legacy: His Place in the Development of Modern Economics |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=[[Paul Samuelson]], [[Lawrence Klein]], [[Franco Modigliani]], [[James M. Buchanan]], [[Maurice Allais]], [[Theodore Schultz]], [[Richard Stone]], [[James Tobin]], [[Wassily Leontief]], [[Jan Tinbergen]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-415-06164-3 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

=== 19th century ===
{{Main|19th century in science}}
[[File:Darwin Tree 1837.png|thumb|upright|The first diagram of an [[Phylogenetic tree|evolutionary tree]] made by [[Charles Darwin]] in 1837|alt=Sketch of a map with captions]]

During the 19th century, many distinguishing characteristics of contemporary modern science began to take shape. These included the transformation of the life and physical sciences; the frequent use of precision instruments; the emergence of terms such as "biologist", "physicist", and "scientist"; an increased professionalisation of those studying nature; scientists gaining cultural authority over many dimensions of society; the industrialisation of numerous countries; the thriving of popular science writings; and the emergence of science journals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lightman |first1=Bernard |editor1-last=Shank |editor1-first=Michael |editor2-last=Numbers |editor2-first=Ronald |editor3-last=Harrison |editor3-first=Peter |title=Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science |year=2011 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-31783-0 |page=367 |chapter=13. Science and the Public}}</ref> During the late 19th century, psychology emerged as a separate discipline from philosophy when [[Wilhelm Wundt]] founded the first laboratory for psychological research in 1879.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leahey |first=Thomas Hardy |title=A History of Psychology: From Antiquity to Modernity |year=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-65242-2 |edition=8th |location=New York |pages=219–253 |chapter=The psychology of consciousness}}</ref>

During the mid-19th century [[Charles Darwin]] and [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] independently proposed the theory of evolution by [[natural selection]] in 1858, which explained how different plants and animals originated and evolved. Their theory was set out in detail in Darwin's book ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'', published in 1859.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Padian |first=Kevin |title=Darwin's enduring legacy |journal=Nature |volume=451 |issue=7179 |pages=632–634 |year=2008 |doi=10.1038/451632a |pmid=18256649 |bibcode=2008Natur.451..632P |doi-access=free}}</ref> Separately, [[Gregor Mendel]] presented his paper, "[[Experiments on Plant Hybridisation]]" in 1865,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Henig |first=Robin Marantz |author-link=Robin Marantz Henig |url=https://archive.org/details/monkingardenlost00heni |title=The monk in the garden: the lost and found genius of Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics |year=2000 |pages=134–138}}</ref> which outlined the principles of biological inheritance, serving as the basis for modern genetics.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miko |first=Ilona |title=Gregor Mendel's principles of inheritance form the cornerstone of modern genetics. So just what are they? |journal=Nature Education |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=134 |year=2008 |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/gregor-mendel-and-the-principles-of-inheritance-593/ |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719224056/http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/gregor-mendel-and-the-principles-of-inheritance-593 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Early in the 19th century [[John Dalton]] suggested the modern [[atomic theory]], based on Democritus's original idea of indivisible particles called ''atoms''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rocke |first1=Alan J. |year=2005 |title=In Search of El Dorado: John Dalton and the Origins of the Atomic Theory |journal=Social Research |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=125–158 |doi=10.1353/sor.2005.0003 |jstor=40972005 |s2cid=141350239}}</ref> The laws of [[conservation of energy]], [[conservation of momentum]] and [[conservation of mass]] suggested a highly stable universe where there could be little loss of resources. However, with the advent of the [[steam engine]] and the [[Industrial Revolution]] there was an increased understanding that not all forms of energy have the same [[energy quality|energy qualities]], the ease of conversion to useful [[Work (thermodynamics)|work]] or to another form of energy.<ref name="Reichl1980" /> This realisation led to the development of the laws of [[thermodynamics]], in which the free energy of the universe is seen as constantly declining: the [[entropy]] of a closed universe increases over time.{{efn|name= HelmholtzGibbsGuthLinde|1= Whether the universe is closed or open, or the [[shape of the universe]], is an open question. The 2nd law of thermodynamics,<ref name="Reichl1980">{{cite book |last=Reichl |first=Linda |author-link=Linda Reichl |year=1980 |title=A Modern Course in Statistical Physics |url= |location= |publisher=Edward Arnold |isbn=0-7131-2789-9}}</ref>{{rp|9}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Rao |first=Y. V. C. |title=Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=978-81-7371-048-3 |year=1997 |page=158}}</ref> and the 3rd law of thermodynamics<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.aop.2016.07.031 |title=Bounded energy exchange as an alternative to the third law of thermodynamics |year=2016 |last1=Heidrich |first1=M. |journal=Annals of Physics |volume=373 |pages=665–681 |bibcode=2016AnPhy.373..665H}}</ref> imply the [[heat death of the universe]] if the universe is a closed system, but not necessarily for an expanding universe.}}

The [[electromagnetic theory]] was established in the 19th century by the works of [[Hans Christian Ørsted]], [[André-Marie Ampère]], [[Michael Faraday]], [[James Clerk Maxwell]], [[Oliver Heaviside]], and [[Heinrich Hertz]]. The new theory raised questions that could not easily be answered using Newton's framework. The discovery of [[X-ray]]s inspired the discovery of [[radioactivity]] by [[Henri Becquerel]] and [[Marie Curie]] in 1896,<ref>{{cite book |last=Mould |first=Richard F. |title=A century of X-rays and radioactivity in medicine: with emphasis on photographic records of the early years |year=1995 |publisher=Inst. of Physics Publ. |isbn=978-0-7503-0224-1 |edition=Reprint. with minor corr |location=Bristol |page=12}}</ref> Marie Curie then became the first person to win two Nobel Prizes.<ref name="Estreicher1938">{{cite book |last=Estreicher |first=Tadeusz |title=Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. 4 |title-link=Polski słownik biograficzny |year=1938 |page=113 |language=pl |chapter=Curie, Maria ze Skłodowskich |author-link=Tadeusz Estreicher}}</ref> In the next year came the discovery of the first subatomic particle, the [[electron]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thomson |first=J. J. |year=1897 |title=Cathode Rays |journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] |volume=44 |issue=269 |pages=293–316 |doi=10.1080/14786449708621070 |bibcode=1897LEDPM..44..293T }}</ref>

=== 20th century ===
{{Main|20th century in science}}
[[File:Carte trou ozone Antarctique.jpg|alt=Graph showing lower ozone concentration at the South Pole|thumb|A computer graph of the [[ozone hole]] made in 1987 using data from a space telescope]]

In the first half of the century the development of [[antibiotics]] and [[artificial fertiliser]]s improved human living standards globally.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goyotte |first=Dolores |year=2017 |title=The Surgical Legacy of World War II. Part II: The age of antibiotics |url=https://www.ast.org/ceonline/articles/402/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Surgical Technologist |volume=109 |pages=257–264 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505180530/https://www.ast.org/ceonline/articles/402/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Erisman |first1=Jan Willem |first2=M. A. |last2=Sutton |first3=J. |last3=Galloway |first4=Z. |last4=Klimont |first5=W. |last5=Winiwarter |date=October 2008 |title=How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world |url=http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/energy/Resources/Essays/ngeo325.pdf.xpdf |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |volume=1 |issue=10 |pages=636–639 |bibcode=2008NatGe...1..636E |doi=10.1038/ngeo325 |s2cid=94880859 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723223052/http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/energy/Resources/Essays/ngeo325.pdf.xpdf |archive-date=23 July 2010 |access-date=22 October 2010}}</ref> Harmful [[environmental issues]] such as [[ozone depletion]], [[ocean acidification]], [[eutrophication]], and [[climate change]] came to the public's attention and caused the onset of [[environmental studies]].<ref>{{cite journal |editor-last1=Emmett |editor-first1=Rob |editor-last2=Zelko |editor-first2=Frank |url=http://www.environmentandsociety.org/perspectives/2014/2/minding-gap-working-across-disciplines-environmental-studies |title=Minding the Gap: Working Across Disciplines in Environmental Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121054306/https://www.environmentandsociety.org/perspectives/2014/2/minding-gap-working-across-disciplines-environmental-studies |archive-date=21 January 2022 |series=RCC Perspectives no. 2 |year=2014 |doi=10.5282/rcc/6313 |last1=Emmett |first1=Robert |last2=Zelko |first2=Frank |journal=Environment & Society Portal}}</ref>

During this period scientific experimentation became increasingly [[Big science|larger in scale and funding]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Furner |first=Jonathan |date=1 June 2003 |title=Little Book, Big Book: Before and After Little Science, Big Science: A Review Article, Part I |journal=Journal of Librarianship and Information Science |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=115–125 |doi=10.1177/0961000603352006 |s2cid=34844169}}</ref> The extensive technological innovation stimulated by [[World War I]], [[World War II]], and the [[Cold War]] led to competitions between [[Great power|global powers]], such as the [[Space Race]] and [[nuclear arms race]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kraft |first1=Chris |url=https://archive.org/details/flight00chri |title=Flight: My Life in Mission Control |first2=James |last2=Schefter |publisher=Dutton |year=2001 |isbn=0-525-94571-7 |location=New York |author-link1=Christopher C. Kraft, Jr. |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kahn |first=Herman |author-link=Herman Kahn |year=1962 |title=Thinking about the Unthinkable |publisher=Horizon}}</ref> Substantial international collaborations were also made, despite armed conflicts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shrum |first=Wesley |title=Structures of scientific collaboration |year=2007 |publisher=MIT Press |others=Joel Genuth, Ivan Chompalov |isbn=978-0-262-28358-8 |location=Cambridge, MA}}</ref>

In the late 20th century active recruitment of women and elimination of [[sex discrimination]] greatly increased the number of women scientists, but large gender disparities remained in some fields.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rosser |first=Sue V. |title=Breaking into the Lab: Engineering Progress for Women in Science |date=12 March 2012 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-7645-2 |page=7}}</ref> The discovery of the [[cosmic microwave background]] in 1964<ref>{{cite journal |last=Penzias |first=A. A. |year=2006 |title=The origin of elements |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/penzias-lecture.pdf |journal=Science |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |volume=205 |issue=4406 |pages=549–554 |doi=10.1126/science.205.4406.549 |pmid=17729659 |access-date=4 October 2006 |archive-date=17 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117225210/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/penzias-lecture.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> led to a rejection of the [[steady-state model]] of the universe in favour of the [[Big Bang]] theory of [[Georges Lemaître]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Weinberg |first=S. |url=https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/495 |title=Gravitation and Cosmology |publisher=John Whitney & Sons |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-471-92567-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/495 464–495] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

The century saw fundamental changes within science disciplines. Evolution became a unified theory in the early 20th century when the [[Modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]] reconciled Darwinian evolution with [[classical genetics]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Futuyma |first1=Douglas J. |title=Evolution |last2=Kirkpatrick |first2=Mark |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-60535-605-1 |edition=4th |pages=3–26 |chapter=Chapter 1: Evolutionary Biology |publisher=Sinauer}}</ref> [[Albert Einstein]]'s [[theory of relativity]] and the development of [[quantum mechanics]] complement classical mechanics to describe physics in extreme [[length]], time and [[gravity]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Arthur I. |title=Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity. Emergence (1905) and early interpretation (1905–1911) |year=1981 |location=Reading |publisher=Addison–Wesley |isbn=978-0-201-04679-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=ter Haar |first=D. |url=https://archive.org/details/oldquantumtheory0000haar |title=The Old Quantum Theory |publisher=Pergamon |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-08-012101-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oldquantumtheory0000haar/page/206 206] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Widespread use of [[integrated circuit]]s in the last quarter of the 20th century combined with [[communications satellite]]s led to a revolution in information technology and the rise of the global internet and [[mobile computing]], including [[smartphone]]s. The need for mass systematisation of long, intertwined causal chains and large amounts of data led to the rise of the fields of [[systems theory]] and computer-assisted [[scientific modelling]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=von Bertalanffy |first1=Ludwig |year=1972 |title=The History and Status of General Systems Theory |journal=The Academy of Management Journal |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=407–426 |jstor=255139 |bibcode=1972AManJ..15..407V }}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
{{Main|21st century#Science and technology}}
The [[Human Genome Project]] was completed in 2003 by identifying and mapping all of the genes of the [[human genome]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Naidoo |first1=Nasheen |last2=Pawitan |first2=Yudi |last3=Soong |first3=Richie |last4=Cooper |first4=David N. |last5=Ku |first5=Chee-Seng |date=October 2011 |title=Human genetics and genomics a decade after the release of the draft sequence of the human genome |journal=Human Genomics |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=577–622 |doi=10.1186/1479-7364-5-6-577 |pmc=3525251 |pmid=22155605 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The first [[Induced pluripotent stem cell|induced pluripotent human stem cells]] were made in 2006, allowing adult cells to be transformed into [[stem cell]]s and turn into any cell type found in the body.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rashid |first1=S. Tamir |last2=Alexander |first2=Graeme J. M. |date=March 2013 |title=Induced pluripotent stem cells: from Nobel Prizes to clinical applications |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=625–629 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2012.10.026 |issn=1600-0641 |pmid=23131523 |doi-access=free}}</ref> With the affirmation of the [[Higgs boson]] discovery in 2013, the last particle predicted by the [[Standard Model]] of particle physics was found.<ref>{{cite press release |last=O'Luanaigh |first=C. |date=14 March 2013 |title=New results indicate that new particle is a Higgs boson |publisher=[[CERN]] |url=http://home.web.cern.ch/about/updates/2013/03/new-results-indicate-new-particle-higgs-boson |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020000722/http://home.web.cern.ch/about/updates/2013/03/new-results-indicate-new-particle-higgs-boson |archive-date=20 October 2015}}</ref> In 2015, [[gravitational wave]]s, predicted by [[general relativity]] a century before, were [[First observation of gravitational waves|first observed]].<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aa91c9 |title=Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=848 |issue=2 |page=L12 |year=2017 |last1=Abbott |first1=B. P. |last2=Abbott |first2=R. |last3=Abbott |first3=T. D. |last4=Acernese |first4=F. |last5=Ackley |first5=K. |last6=Adams |first6=C. |last7=Adams |first7=T. |last8=Addesso |first8=P. |last9=Adhikari |first9=R. X.|last10 = Adya|first10 = V. B. |last11=Affeldt |first11=C. |last12=Afrough |first12=M. |last13=Agarwal |first13=B. |last14=Agathos |first14=M. |last15=Agatsuma |first15=K. |last16=Aggarwal |first16=N. |last17=Aguiar |first17=O. D. |last18=Aiello |first18=L. |last19=Ain |first19=A.|last20 = Ajith|first20 = P. |last21=Allen |first21=B. |last22=Allen |first22=G. |last23=Allocca |first23=A. |last24=Altin |first24=P. A. |last25=Amato |first25=A. |last26=Ananyeva |first26=A. |last27=Anderson |first27=S. B. |last28=Anderson |first28=W. G. |last29=Angelova |first29=S. V.|last30 = Antier|first30 = S. |display-authors=29 |bibcode=2017ApJ...848L..12A |arxiv=1710.05833 |s2cid=217162243 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.aar2149 |title=Merging neutron stars generate gravitational waves and a celestial light show |journal=Science |year=2017 |last1=Cho |first1=Adrian}}</ref> In 2019, the international collaboration [[Event Horizon Telescope]] presented the first direct image of a [[black hole]]'s [[accretion disc]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2019 |title=Media Advisory: First Results from the Event Horizon Telescope to be Presented on April 10th |publisher=Event Horizon Telescope |url=https://eventhorizontelescope.org/blog/media-advisory-first-results-event-horizon-telescope-be-presented-april-10th |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420135254/https://eventhorizontelescope.org/blog/media-advisory-first-results-event-horizon-telescope-be-presented-april-10th |archive-date=20 April 2019 |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref>

== Branches ==
{{Main|Branches of science}}
Modern science is commonly divided into three major [[Branches of science|branches]]: [[natural science]], [[social science]], and [[formal science]].<ref name="Cohen2021" /> Each of these branches comprises various specialised yet overlapping scientific disciplines that often possess their own [[nomenclature]] and expertise.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/scientific_method_relationships_among_scientific_paradigms/ |title=Scientific Method: Relationships Among Scientific Paradigms |date=7 March 2007 |magazine=Seed Magazine |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101001155/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/scientific_method_relationships_among_scientific_paradigms/ |archive-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> Both natural and social sciences are [[empirical science]]s,<ref>{{cite book |title=Philosophy of Science: From Problem to Theory |last=Bunge |first=Mario Augusto |year=1998 |publisher=Transaction |isbn=978-0-7658-0413-6 |page=24}}</ref> as their knowledge is based on [[Empirical evidence|empirical observations]] and is capable of being tested for its validity by other researchers working under the same conditions.<ref name="Popper2002">{{cite book |last=Popper |first=Karl R. |year=2002a |chapter=A survey of some fundamental problems |title=The Logic of Scientific Discovery |url=https://archive.org/details/logicscientificd00popp_574 |url-access=limited |orig-date=1959 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/logicscientificd00popp_574/page/n133 3]–26 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-27844-7}}</ref>{{rp|pp=3-26}}

=== Natural ===
[[Natural science]] is the study of the physical world. It can be divided into two main branches: [[life science]] and [[physical science]]. These two branches may be further divided into more specialised disciplines. For example, physical science can be subdivided into physics, [[chemistry]], [[astronomy]], and [[earth science]]. Modern natural science is the successor to the [[natural philosophy]] that began in [[Ancient Greece]]. [[Galileo]], [[Descartes]], [[Francis Bacon|Bacon]], and [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] debated the benefits of using approaches that were more [[mathematical physics|mathematical]] and more experimental in a methodical way. Still, philosophical perspectives, [[conjecture]]s, and [[presupposition]]s, often overlooked, remain necessary in natural science.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gauch |first=Hugh G. Jr. |chapter=Science in perspective |title=Scientific Method in Practice |publisher=Cambridge University Press |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVkugqNG9dAC&pg=PA71 |pages=21–73 |isbn=978-0-521-01708-4 |year=2003 |access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref> Systematic data collection, including [[discovery science]], succeeded [[natural history]], which emerged in the 16th century by describing and classifying plants, animals, minerals, and other biotic beings.<ref>{{cite book |last=Oglivie |first=Brian W. |year=2008 |chapter=Introduction |title=The Science of Describing: Natural History in Renaissance Europe |pages=1–24 |edition=Paperback |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-62088-6}}</ref> Today, "natural history" suggests observational descriptions aimed at popular audiences.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=Natural History |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=natural+history |dictionary=Princeton University WordNet |access-date=21 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303173506/http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=natural+history |archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref>

=== Social ===
[[File:Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|[[Supply and demand]] curve in economics, crossing over at the optimal equilibrium|alt=Two curve crossing over at a point, forming a X shape]]

[[Social science]] is the study of human behaviour and the functioning of societies.<ref name="Colander2019" /><ref name="Nisbet2020" /> It has many disciplines that include, but are not limited to [[anthropology]], economics, history, [[human geography]], [[political science]], psychology, and sociology.<ref name="Colander2019" /> In the social sciences, there are many competing theoretical perspectives, many of which are extended through competing [[research programme]]s such as the [[functionalists]], [[conflict theories|conflict theorists]], and [[interactionism|interactionists]] in sociology.<ref name="Colander2019" /> Due to the limitations of conducting controlled experiments involving large groups of individuals or complex situations, social scientists may adopt other research methods such as the [[historical method]], [[case studies]], and [[cross-cultural studies]]. Moreover, if quantitative information is available, social scientists may rely on statistical approaches to better understand social relationships and processes.<ref name="Colander2019" />

=== Formal ===
[[Formal science]] is an area of study that generates knowledge using [[formal system]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://my.wlu.edu/the-sciences-at-wandl/formal-sciences |title=Formal Sciences: Washington and Lee University |website=Washington and Lee University |access-date=14 May 2021 |quote=A "formal science" is an area of study that uses formal systems to generate knowledge such as in Mathematics and Computer Science. Formal sciences are important subjects because all of quantitative science depends on them. |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125428/https://my.wlu.edu/the-sciences-at-wandl/formal-sciences |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Löwe2002">{{cite journal |last=Löwe |first=Benedikt |author-link=Benedikt Löwe |year=2002 |title=The formal sciences: their scope, their foundations, and their unity |journal=Synthese |volume=133 |issue=1/2 |pages=5–11 |doi=10.1023/A:1020887832028 |issn=0039-7857 |s2cid=9272212}}</ref><ref name="Rucker2019">{{cite book |last=Rucker |first=Rudy |author-link=Rudy Rucker |url=http://www.rudyrucker.com/infinityandthemind/#calibre_link-328 |title=Infinity and the Mind: The Science and Philosophy of the Infinite |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-691-19138-6 |edition=Reprint |pages=157–188 |chapter=Robots and souls |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226212447/http://www.rudyrucker.com/infinityandthemind/#calibre_link-328 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> A formal system is an [[abstract structure]] used for inferring [[theorem]]s from [[axiom]]s according to a set of rules.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Formal system |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/formal-system |access-date=30 May 2022 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=29 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429174130/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9034889/formal-system |url-status=live}}</ref> It includes mathematics,<ref>{{cite book |last=Tomalin |first=Marcus |year=2006 |title=Linguistics and the Formal Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Formal Sciences: Their Scope, Their Foundations, and Their Unity |journal=Synthese |volume=133 |pages=5–11 |doi=10.1023/a:1020887832028 |year=2002 |last1=Löwe |first1=Benedikt |issue=1/2 |s2cid=9272212}}</ref> [[systems theory]], and [[theoretical computer science]]. The formal sciences share similarities with the other two branches by relying on objective, careful, and systematic study of an area of knowledge. They are, however, different from the empirical sciences as they rely exclusively on deductive reasoning, without the need for empirical evidence, to verify their abstract concepts.<ref name="Fetzer2013" /><ref>{{cite book |first=Thompson |last=Bill |title=The Nature of Statistical Evidence |chapter=2.4 Formal Science and Applied Mathematics |publisher=Springer |series=Lecture Notes in Statistics |volume=189 |year=2007 |page=15}}</ref><ref name="Popper2002" /> The formal sciences are therefore ''[[a priori]]'' disciplines and because of this, there is disagreement on whether they constitute a science.<ref name="Kluwer" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bunge |first1=Mario |title=Philosophy of Science: Volume 1, From Problem to Theory |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7658-0413-6 |edition=revised |volume=1 |location=New York |pages=3–50 |chapter=The Scientific Approach}}</ref> Nevertheless, the formal sciences play an important role in the empirical sciences. [[Calculus]], for example, was initially invented to understand [[motion]] in physics.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mujumdar |first1=Anshu Gupta |last2=Singh |first2=Tejinder |year=2016 |chapter=Cognitive science and the connection between physics and mathematics |title=Trick or Truth?: The Mysterious Connection Between Physics and Mathematics |editor-first1=Anthony |editor-last1=Aguirre |editor-first2=Brendan |editor-last2=Foster |series=The Frontiers Collection |pages=201–218 |location=Switzerland |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-27494-2}}</ref> Natural and social sciences that rely heavily on mathematical applications include [[mathematical physics]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Journal |url=http://jmp.aip.org/jmp/staff.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003233339/http://jmp.aip.org/jmp/staff.jsp |archive-date=3 October 2006 |access-date=3 October 2006 |website=[[Journal of Mathematical Physics]]}}</ref> [[mathematical chemistry|chemistry]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Restrepo |first=G. |chapter=Mathematical chemistry, a new discipline |title=Essays in the philosophy of chemistry |editor-last1=Scerri |editor-first1=E. |editor-last2=Fisher |editor-first2=G. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2016 |pages=332–351 |isbn=978-0-19-049459-9 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/essays-in-the-philosophy-of-chemistry-9780190494599?cc=de&lang=en& |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610130352/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/essays-in-the-philosophy-of-chemistry-9780190494599?cc=de&lang=en& |url-status=live}}</ref> [[mathematical biology|biology]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is mathematical biology |publisher=Centre for Mathematical Biology, University of Bath |url=http://www.bath.ac.uk/cmb/mathBiology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923070442/http://www.bath.ac.uk/cmb/mathBiology/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref> [[mathematical finance|finance]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Johnson |first=Tim |date=1 September 2009 |title=What is financial mathematics? |url=https://plus.maths.org/content/what-financial-mathematics |access-date=1 March 2021 |magazine=+Plus Magazine |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408231344/https://plus.maths.org/content/what-financial-mathematics |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[mathematical economics|economics]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Varian |first=Hal |author-link=Hal Varian |year=1997 |chapter=What Use Is Economic Theory? |editor-last1=D'Autume |editor-first1=A. |editor-last2=Cartelier |editor-first2=J. |title=Is Economics Becoming a Hard Science? |publisher=Edward Elgar}} [http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~hal/Papers/theory.pdf Pre-publication]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625062619/http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~hal/Papers/theory.pdf |date=25 June 2006 }}. Retrieved 1 April 2008.</ref>

=== Applied ===
[[Applied science]] is the use of the [[scientific method]] and knowledge to attain practical goals and includes a broad range of disciplines such as engineering and medicine.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abraham |first=Reem Rachel |year=2004 |title=Clinically oriented physiology teaching: strategy for developing critical-thinking skills in undergraduate medical students |journal=Advances in Physiology Education |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1152/advan.00001.2004 |pmid=15319191 |s2cid=21610124}}</ref><ref name="Bunge1966" /> Engineering is the use of scientific principles to invent, design and build machines, structures and technologies.<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/engineering |title=Engineering |dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=25 March 2021 |archive-date=19 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819030859/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/engineering |url-status=live}}</ref> Science may contribute to the development of new technologies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brooks |first=Harvey |date=1 September 1994 |title=The relationship between science and technology |url=https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/sciencetechnology.pdf |journal=Research Policy |series=Special Issue in Honor of Nathan Rosenberg |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=477–486 |doi=10.1016/0048-7333(94)01001-3 |issn=0048-7333 |access-date=14 October 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230224402/https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/sciencetechnology.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Medicine is the practice of caring for patients by maintaining and restoring health through the [[prevention (medical)|prevention]], [[Medical diagnosis|diagnosis]], and [[therapy|treatment]] of injury or disease.<ref>{{cite book |last=Firth |first=John |title=Oxford textbook of medicine |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-19-874669-0 |chapter=Science in medicine: when, how, and what}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Saunders |first=J. |date=June 2000 |title=The practice of clinical medicine as an art and as a science |journal=Med Humanit |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=18–22 |doi=10.1136/mh.26.1.18 |pmid=12484313 |doi-access=free |s2cid=73306806 |pmc=1071282}}</ref>

=== Basic ===
The applied sciences are often contrasted with the [[basic science]]s, which are focused on advancing scientific theories and laws that explain and predict events in the natural world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Bernard D. |date=March 2000 |title=Limited scope of science |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000 |pmc=98983 |pmid=10704471 |postscript=none}} & "Technology" in {{cite journal |first=Bernard |last=Davis |author-link1=Bernard Davis (biologist) |date=Mar 2000 |title=The scientist's world |journal=[[Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews]] |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000 |pmc=98983 |pmid=10704471}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=James |last=McCormick |year=2001 |title=Scientific medicine—fact of fiction? The contribution of science to medicine |journal=Occasional Paper (Royal College of General Practitioners) |pages=3–6 |pmc=2560978 |pmid=19790950 |number=80}}</ref>

=== Blue skies ===
{{Excerpt|Blue skies research|paragraphs=1|only=paragraphs|hat=no}}

=== Computational ===
[[Computational science]] applies [[computer simulations]] to science, enabling a better understanding of scientific problems than formal mathematics alone can achieve. The use of [[machine learning]] and [[artificial intelligence]] is becoming a central feature of computational contributions to science, for example in [[agent-based computational economics]], [[random forest]]s, [[topic model|topic modell]]ing and various forms of prediction. However, machines alone rarely advance knowledge as they require human guidance and capacity to reason; and they can introduce bias against certain social groups or sometimes underperform against humans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Breznau |first1=Nate |year=2022 |title=Integrating Computer Prediction Methods in Social Science: A Comment on Hofman et al. (2021) |journal=Social Science Computer Review |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=844–853 |doi=10.1177/08944393211049776 |doi-access=free |s2cid=248334446 |url=https://osf.io/adxb3/download |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429040922/https://osf.io/adxb3/download |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hofman |first1=Jake M. |last2=Watts |first2=Duncan J. |author2-link=Duncan J. Watts |last3=Athey |first3=Susan |author3-link=Susan Athey |last4=Garip |first4=Filiz |last5=Griffiths |first5=Thomas L. |author5-link=Tom Griffiths (cognitive scientist) |last6=Kleinberg |first6=Jon |author6-link=Jon Kleinberg |last7=Margetts |first7=Helen |author7-link=Helen Margetts |last8=Mullainathan |first8=Sendhil |author8-link=Sendhil Mullainathan |last9=Salganik |first9=Matthew J. |author9-link=Matthew J. Salganik |last10=Vazire |first10=Simine |author10-link=Simine Vazire |last11=Vespignani |first11=Alessandro |author11-link=Alessandro Vespignani |date=July 2021 |title=Integrating explanation and prediction in computational social science |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03659-0 |url-status=live |journal=Nature |volume=595 |issue=7866 |pages=181–188 |bibcode=2021Natur.595..181H |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03659-0 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=34194044 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925074416/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03659-0 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |access-date=25 September 2021 |s2cid=235697917}}</ref>

=== Interdisciplinary ===
[[Interdisciplinary science]] involves the combination of two or more disciplines into one,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nissani |first=M. |year=1995 |title=Fruits, Salads, and Smoothies: A Working definition of Interdisciplinarity |journal=The Journal of Educational Thought |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=121–128 |doi=10.55016/ojs/jet.v29i2.52385 |jstor=23767672}}</ref> such as [[bioinformatics]], a combination of biology and computer science<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/digitalcodeoflif0000mood |title=Digital Code of Life: How Bioinformatics is Revolutionizing Science, Medicine, and Business |last=Moody |first=G. |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-471-32788-2 |url-access=registration |page=vii |publisher=John Wiley & Sons}}</ref> or [[cognitive science]]s. The concept has existed since the ancient Greek period and it became popular again in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ausburg |first=Tanya |title=Becoming Interdisciplinary: An Introduction to Interdisciplinary Studies |publisher=Kendall/Hunt Publishing |year=2006 |edition=2nd |location=New York}}</ref>

== Research ==
Scientific research can be labelled as either basic or applied research. [[Basic research]] is the search for knowledge and [[applied research]] is the search for solutions to practical problems using this knowledge. Most understanding comes from basic research, though sometimes applied research targets specific practical problems. This leads to technological advances that were not previously imaginable.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articles/91 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113522/http://richarddawkins.net/articles/91 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |title=To Live at All Is Miracle Enough |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |publisher=RichardDawkins.net |date=10 May 2006 |access-date=5 February 2012}}</ref>

=== Scientific method ===
[[File:The Scientific Method.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|A diagram variant of scientific method represented as an [[Scientific method#Elements of the scientific method|ongoing process]]|alt=6 steps of the scientific method in a loop]]

Scientific research involves using the [[scientific method]], which seeks to [[objectivity (science)|objectively]] explain the events of [[nature]] in a [[reproducible]] way.<ref name="di Francia1976">{{cite book |last=di Francia |first=Giuliano Toraldo |chapter=The method of physics |title=The Investigation of the Physical World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1976 |pages=1–52 |isbn=978-0-521-29925-1 |quote=The amazing point is that for the first time since the discovery of mathematics, a method has been introduced, the results of which have an intersubjective value!}}</ref> Scientists usually take for granted a set of basic assumptions that are needed to justify the scientific method: there is an [[objective reality]] shared by all rational observers; this objective reality is governed by [[natural law]]s; these laws were discovered by means of systematic [[observation]] and experimentation.<ref name="Heilbron2003" /> Mathematics is essential in the formation of [[hypotheses]], [[theories]], and laws, because it is used extensively in quantitative modelling, observing, and collecting [[measurements]].<ref name=Popper2002 />{{rp|pp=3-26}} Statistics is used to summarise and analyse data, which allows scientists to assess the reliability of experimental results.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Diggle |first1=Peter J. |author-link=Peter Diggle |title=Statistics and Scientific Method: An Introduction for Students and Researchers |last2=Chetwynd |first2=Amanda G. |author2-link=Amanda Chetwynd |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-954318-2 |pages=1–2}}</ref>

In the scientific method an explanatory [[thought experiment]] or hypothesis is put forward as an explanation using [[Occam's razor|parsimony principles]] and is expected to seek [[consilience]] – fitting with other accepted facts related to an observation or scientific question.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Edward |title=Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge |publisher=Vintage |location=New York |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-679-76867-8}}</ref> This tentative explanation is used to make [[falsifiable]] predictions, which are typically posted before being tested by experimentation. Disproof of a prediction is evidence of progress.<ref name="di Francia1976" />{{Rp|pages=4–5}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Fara |first=Patricia |author-link=Patricia Fara |year=2009 |chapter=Decisions |title=Science: A Four Thousand Year History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-922689-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sciencefourthous00fara/page/408 408] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/sciencefourthous00fara/page/306}}</ref> Experimentation is especially important in science to help establish [[causal relationships]] to avoid the [[correlation fallacy]], though in some sciences such as astronomy or geology, a predicted observation might be more appropriate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aldrich |first=John |journal=Statistical Science |volume=10 |year=1995 |pages=364–376 |title=Correlations Genuine and Spurious in Pearson and Yule |jstor=2246135 |doi=10.1214/ss/1177009870 |issue=4 |bibcode=1995StaSc..1009870A |doi-access=free}}</ref>

When a hypothesis proves unsatisfactory it is modified or discarded. If the hypothesis survives testing, it may become adopted into the framework of a [[scientific theory]], a [[deductive logic|validly]] [[reason]]ed, self-consistent model or framework for describing the behaviour of certain natural events. A theory typically describes the behaviour of much broader sets of observations than a hypothesis; commonly, a large number of hypotheses can be logically bound together by a single theory. Thus, a theory is a hypothesis explaining various other hypotheses. In that vein, theories are formulated according to most of the same scientific principles as hypotheses. Scientists may generate a [[Scientific modelling|model]], an attempt to describe or depict an observation in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation, and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested by experimentation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nola |first1=Robert |last2=Irzik |first2=Gürol |year=2005 |title=Philosophy, science, education and culture |volume=28 |series=Science & technology education library |isbn=978-1-4020-3769-6 |publisher=Springer |pages=207–230}}</ref>

While performing experiments to test hypotheses, scientists may have a preference for one outcome over another.<ref>{{cite web |last=van Gelder |first=Tim |year=1999 |url=http://www.philosophy.unimelb.edu.au/tgelder/papers/HeadsIWin.pdf |title="Heads I win, tails you lose": A Foray Into the Psychology of Philosophy |publisher=University of Melbourne |access-date=28 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409054240/http://www.philosophy.unimelb.edu.au/tgelder/papers/HeadsIWin.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pease |first=Craig |date=6 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619154617/http://law-and-science.net/Science4BLJ/Scientific_Method/Deliberate.bias/Text.htm |archive-date=19 June 2010 |title=Chapter 23. Deliberate bias: Conflict creates bad science |website=Science for Business, Law and Journalism |publisher=Vermont Law School |url=http://law-and-science.net/Science4BLJ/Scientific_Method/Deliberate.bias/Text.htm}}</ref> Eliminating the bias can be achieved through transparency, careful [[experimental design]], and a thorough [[peer review]] process of the experimental results and conclusions.<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Shatz |year=2004 |title=Peer Review: A Critical Inquiry |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-1434-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Sheldon |last=Krimsky |year=2003 |title=Science in the Private Interest: Has the Lure of Profits Corrupted the Virtue of Biomedical Research |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-1479-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/scienceinprivate0000krim}}</ref> After the results of an experiment are announced or published, it is normal practice for independent researchers to double-check how the research was performed, and to follow up by performing similar experiments to determine how dependable the results might be.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ruth Ellen |last1=Bulger |year=2002 |last2=Heitman |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Reiser |first3=Stanley Joel |title=The Ethical Dimensions of the Biological and Health Sciences |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-521-00886-0 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Taken in its entirety, the scientific method allows for highly creative problem solving while minimising the effects of subjective and [[confirmation bias]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Backer |first=Patricia Ryaby |date=29 October 2004 |url=http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/scientific_method.htm |title=What is the scientific method? |publisher=San Jose State University |access-date=28 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408082917/http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/scientific_method.htm |archive-date=8 April 2008}}</ref> [[Intersubjective verifiability]], the ability to reach a consensus and reproduce results, is fundamental to the creation of all scientific knowledge.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ziman |first=John |title=Reliable knowledge: An exploration of the grounds for belief in science |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1978c |isbn=978-0-521-22087-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/reliableknowledg00john/page/42 42–76] |chapter=Common observation |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/reliableknowledg00john/page/42}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Scientific literature|Lists of important publications in science}}
[[File:Nature cover, November 4, 1869.jpg|thumb|Cover of the first issue of ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', 4 November 1869|alt=Decorated "NATURE" as title, with scientific text below]]

Scientific research is published in a range of literature.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=John Ziman |last=Ziman |first=J. M. |journal=Science |title=The proliferation of scientific literature: a natural process |year=1980 |volume=208 |issue=4442 |pages=369–371 |doi=10.1126/science.7367863 |pmid=7367863 |bibcode=1980Sci...208..369Z}}</ref> [[Scientific journal]]s communicate and document the results of research carried out in universities and various other research institutions, serving as an archival record of science. The first scientific journals, {{lang|fr|[[Journal des sçavans]]}} followed by ''[[Philosophical Transactions]]'', began publication in 1665. Since that time the total number of active periodicals has steadily increased. In 1981, one estimate for the number of scientific and technical journals in publication was 11,500.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Krishna |last1=Subramanyam |last2=Subramanyam |first2=Bhadriraju |year=1981 |title=Scientific and Technical Information Resources |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8247-8297-9}}</ref>

Most scientific journals cover a single scientific field and publish the research within that field; the research is normally expressed in the form of a [[scientific paper]]. Science has become so pervasive in modern societies that it is considered necessary to communicate the achievements, news, and ambitions of scientists to a wider population.<ref name="Bush1945">{{cite web |last=Bush |first=Vannevar |date=July 1945 |title=Science the Endless Frontier |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/nsf50/vbush1945.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221306/https://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/nsf50/vbush1945.htm |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |publisher=National Science Foundation}}</ref>

== Philosophy ==
{{anchor|ConjectureAndRefutation}}
[[File:Epicycle and deferent.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|For [[Thomas Kuhn|Kuhn]], the addition of [[epicycles]] in Ptolemaic astronomy was "normal science" within a paradigm, whereas the [[The Structure of Scientific Revolutions#Copernican Revolution|Copernican Revolution]] was a paradigm shift.|alt=Depiction of epicycles, where a planet orbit is going around in a bigger orbit]]

There are different schools of thought in the [[philosophy of science]]. The most popular position is [[empiricism]], which holds that knowledge is created by a process involving observation; scientific theories generalise observations.<ref name=pGS2003 />{{rp|pp=39-56}} Empiricism generally encompasses [[inductivism]], a position that explains how general theories can be made from the finite amount of empirical evidence available. Many versions of empiricism exist, with the predominant ones being [[Bayesianism]] and the [[hypothetico-deductive method]].<ref name=pGS2003 />{{rp|pp=219-232}}

Empiricism has stood in contrast to [[rationalism]], the position originally associated with [[Descartes]], which holds that knowledge is created by the human intellect, not by observation.<ref name=pGS2003 >{{cite book |last=Godfrey-Smith |first=Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/theoryrealityint00godf |title=Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science |publisher=University of Chicago |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-226-30062-7 }}</ref>{{rp|pp=19-38}}
[[Critical rationalism]] is a contrasting 20th-century approach to science, first defined by Austrian-British philosopher [[Karl Popper]]. Popper rejected the way that empiricism describes the connection between theory and observation. He claimed that theories are not generated by observation, but that observation is made in the light of theories, and that the only way theory A can be affected by observation is ''after'' theory A were to conflict with observation, but theory B were to survive the observation.<ref name=pGS2003/>{{rp|pp=57-74}}
Popper proposed replacing verifiability with [[falsifiability]] as the landmark of scientific theories, replacing induction with falsification as the empirical method.<ref name=pGS2003 />{{rp|pp=102-121}} Popper further claimed that there is actually only one universal method, not specific to science: the negative method of criticism, [[trial and error]],<ref name=pGS2003 />{{rp|pp=102-121}}  covering all products of the human mind, including science, mathematics, philosophy, and art.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Popper |first=Karl |title=Objective Knowledge |year=1972}}</ref>

Another approach, [[instrumentalism]], emphasises the utility of theories as instruments for explaining and predicting phenomena. It views scientific theories as black boxes, with only their input (initial conditions) and output (predictions) being relevant. Consequences, theoretical entities, and logical structure are claimed to be things that should be ignored.<ref>{{cite book |last=Newton-Smith |first=W. H. |url=https://archive.org/details/rationalityofsci0000newt |title=The Rationality of Science |publisher=Routledge |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7100-0913-5 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/rationalityofsci0000newt/page/30 30] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Close to instrumentalism is [[constructive empiricism]], according to which the main criterion for the success of a scientific theory is whether what it says about observable entities is true.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Votsis |first=I. |year=2004 |title=The Epistemological Status of Scientific Theories: An Investigation of the Structural Realist Account |publisher=University of London, London School of Economics |degree=PhD |page=39}}</ref>

[[Thomas Kuhn]] argued that the process of observation and evaluation takes place within a paradigm, a [[logically consistent]] "portrait" of the world that is consistent with observations made from its framing. He characterised ''normal science'' as the process of observation and "puzzle solving", which takes place within a paradigm, whereas ''revolutionary science'' occurs when one paradigm overtakes another in a [[paradigm shift]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Bird |first=Alexander |year=2013 |editor1-last=Zalta |editor1-first=Edward N. |title=Thomas Kuhn |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2013/entries/thomas-kuhn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715191833/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2013/entries/thomas-kuhn/ |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=26 October 2015 |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Each paradigm has its own distinct questions, aims, and interpretations. The choice between paradigms involves setting two or more "portraits" against the world and deciding which likeness is most promising. A paradigm shift occurs when a significant number of observational anomalies arise in the old paradigm and a new paradigm makes sense of them. That is, the choice of a new paradigm is based on observations, even though those observations are made against the background of the old paradigm. For Kuhn, acceptance or rejection of a paradigm is a social process as much as a logical process. Kuhn's position, however, is not one of [[relativism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Thomas S. |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/KUHTSO-2 |title=The Structure of Scientific Revolutions |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-226-45804-5 |edition=2nd |page=206 |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019102817/https://philpapers.org/rec/KUHTSO-2 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Another approach often cited in debates of [[scientific scepticism]] against controversial movements like "[[creation science]]" is [[methodological naturalism]]. Naturalists maintain that a difference should be made between natural and supernatural, and science should be restricted to natural explanations.<ref name=pGS2003 />{{rp|pp=149-162}} Methodological naturalism maintains that science requires strict adherence to [[empirical]] study and independent verification.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brugger |first=E. Christian |year=2004 |title=Casebeer, William D. Natural Ethical Facts: Evolution, Connectionism, and Moral Cognition |journal=The Review of Metaphysics |volume=58 |issue=2}}</ref>

One question for philosophy of science is how scientific evidence and theories can lead to decisions. As the [[Is–ought problem|is-ought problem]] highlights, facts alone cannot tell us what we should do. This connects to the key concept of ''value-ladenness'': how choices made on the basis of scientific findings depend on values.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ward |first=Zina B. |title=What Does it Mean to say That Science is Value-Laden? |date=2026-03-10 |work=The Routledge Handbook of Values and Science |pages=74–83 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003469100/chapters/10.4324/9781003469100-8 |access-date=2026-03-23 |edition= |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003469100-8 |isbn=978-1-003-46910-0}}</ref>

== Community ==
The [[scientific community]] is a network of interacting scientists who conduct scientific research. The community consists of smaller groups working in scientific fields. By having [[peer review]], through discussion and debate within journals and conferences, scientists maintain the quality of research methodology and objectivity when interpreting results.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kornfeld |first1=W. |last2=Hewitt |first2=C. E. |year=1981 |title=The Scientific Community Metaphor |url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/5693/AIM-641.pdf?sequence=2 |journal=IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=24–33 |doi=10.1109/TSMC.1981.4308575 |bibcode=1981ITSMC..11...24K |hdl-access=free |hdl=1721.1/5693 |s2cid=1322857 |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408100757/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/5693/AIM-641.pdf?sequence=2 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Scientists ===
[[File:Marie Curie c. 1920s.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Marie Curie]] was the first person to be awarded two Nobel Prizes: [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] in 1903 and [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] in 1911.<ref name="Estreicher1938" />|alt=Portrait of a middle-aged woman]]

Scientists are individuals who conduct scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of interest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eowilsonfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/the-big-read-eusocial-climbers.pdf |title=Eusocial climbers |publisher=E. O. Wilson Foundation |access-date=3 September 2018 |quote=But he's not a scientist, he's never done scientific research. My definition of a scientist is that you can complete the following sentence: 'he or she has shown that...'," Wilson says. |archive-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427085753/https://eowilsonfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/the-big-read-eusocial-climbers.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sciencecouncil.org/about-science/our-definition-of-a-scientist/ |title=Our definition of a scientist |publisher=Science Council |access-date=7 September 2018 |quote=A scientist is someone who systematically gathers and uses research and evidence, making a hypothesis and testing it, to gain and share understanding and knowledge. |archive-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823135636/https://sciencecouncil.org/about-science/our-definition-of-a-scientist/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Scientists may exhibit a strong curiosity about reality and a desire to apply scientific knowledge for the benefit of public health, nations, the environment, or industries; other motivations include recognition by peers and prestige.<ref name=leeEtal2007/> In modern times, many scientists study within specific areas of science in [[academic institution]]s, often obtaining [[terminal degree|advanced degrees]] in the process.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cyranoski |first1=David |last2=Gilbert |first2=Natasha |last3=Ledford |first3=Heidi |last4=Nayar |first4=Anjali |author4-link=Anjali Nayar |last5=Yahia |first5=Mohammed |year=2011 |title=Education: The PhD factory |journal=Nature |volume=472 |issue=7343 |pages=276–279 |doi=10.1038/472276a |pmid=21512548 |bibcode=2011Natur.472..276C |doi-access=free}}</ref> Many scientists pursue careers in various [[sectors of the economy|fields]] such as academia, [[Industry (economics)|industry]], [[Administration (government)|government]], and nonprofit organisations.<ref name=kwok2017>{{cite journal |last1=Kwok |first1=Roberta |title=Flexible working: Science in the gig economy |journal=Nature |volume=550 |pages=419–421 |doi=10.1038/nj7677-549a |year=2017 |issue=7677 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=woolston2024 >{{cite journal |year=2024 |title=How researchers in remote regions handle the isolation |journal=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01523-5 |last1=Woolston |first1=Chris |volume=629 |issue=8014 |pages=1193–1195 |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-01523-5 |pmid=38789626 |bibcode=2024Natur.629.1193W }}</ref><ref name=leeEtal2007>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Adrian |last2=Dennis |first2=Carina |last3=Campbell |first3=Phillip |year=2007 |title=Nature's guide for mentors |journal=Nature |volume=447 |issue=7677 |pages=791–797 |doi=10.1038/447791a |doi-access=free |pmid=17568738 |bibcode=2007Natur.447..791L }}</ref>

Science has historically been a male-dominated field, with notable exceptions. Women have faced considerable discrimination in science, much as they have in other areas of male-dominated societies. For example, women were frequently passed over for job opportunities and denied credit for their work.<ref>{{cite book |last=Whaley |first=Leigh Ann |title=Women's History as Scientists |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2003}}</ref> The achievements of [[women in science]] have been attributed to the defiance of their traditional role as labourers within the [[domestic sphere]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spanier |first=Bonnie |title=Im/partial Science: Gender Identity in Molecular Biology |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-253-20968-9 |chapter=From Molecules to Brains, Normal Science Supports Sexist Beliefs about Difference}}</ref>

=== Learned societies ===
[[File:200 y Anniversary of Berlin Academy 1900.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Scientists at the 200th anniversary of the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]], 1900|left]]

[[Learned societies]] for the communication and promotion of scientific thought and experimentation have existed since the Renaissance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Parrott |first=Jim |date=9 August 2007 |url=http://www.scholarly-societies.org/1599andearlier.html |title=Chronicle for Societies Founded from 1323 to 1599 |publisher=Scholarly Societies Project |access-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106185404/http://www.scholarly-societies.org/1599andearlier.html |archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> Many scientists belong to a learned society that promotes their respective scientific discipline, [[profession]], or group of related disciplines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esac.ca/about/what-is-a-learned-society/ |title=The Environmental Studies Association of Canada – What is a Learned Society? |access-date=10 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529163615/http://www.esac.ca/about/what-is-a-learned-society/ |archive-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> Membership may either be open to all, require possession of scientific credentials, or conferred by election.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/science-uk-organisations-learned-societies.htm |title=Learned societies & academies |access-date=10 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603140851/http://www.britishcouncil.org/science-uk-organisations-learned-societies.htm |archive-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> Most scientific societies are nonprofit organisations,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2019 |title=Learned Societies, the key to realising an open access future? |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/06/24/learned-societies-the-key-to-realising-an-open-access-future/ |access-date=22 January 2023 |website=Impact of Social Sciences |publisher=London School of Economics |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205140831/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/06/24/learned-societies-the-key-to-realising-an-open-access-future/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and many are [[professional association]]s. Their activities typically include holding regular [[academic conference|conferences]] for the presentation and discussion of new research results and publishing or sponsoring [[academic journal]]s in their discipline. Some societies act as [[professional bodies]], regulating the activities of their members in the public interest, or the collective interest of the membership.

The professionalisation of science, begun in the 19th century, was partly enabled by the creation of national distinguished [[academy of sciences|academies of sciences]] such as the Italian {{lang|it|[[Accademia dei Lincei]]}} in 1603,<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |url=http://positivamente.lincei.it/ |title=Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei |language=it |access-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228005402/http://positivamente.lincei.it/ |archive-date=28 February 2010}}</ref> the British [[Royal Society]] in 1660,<ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2004 |title=Prince of Wales opens Royal Society's refurbished building |url=http://royalsociety.org/News.aspx?id=973&terms=prince+of+wales |access-date=7 December 2009 |publisher=The Royal Society |archive-date=9 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409010143/https://royalsociety.org/News.aspx?id=973&terms=prince+of+wales |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[French Academy of Sciences]] in 1666,<ref>{{cite web |first=G. G. |last=Meynell |url=http://www.haven.u-net.com/6text_7B2.htm#Appendix%202 |title=The French Academy of Sciences, 1666–91: A reassessment of the French Académie royale des sciences under Colbert (1666–83) and Louvois (1683–91) |access-date=13 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118174108/http://www.haven.u-net.com/6text_7B2.htm#Appendix%202 |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> the American [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 1863,<ref>{{cite web |title=Founding of the National Academy of Sciences |url=http://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/nasfounding.html |access-date=12 March 2012 |publisher=.nationalacademies.org |archive-date=3 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203154802/http://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/nasfounding.html |url-status=live}}</ref> the German [[Kaiser Wilhelm Society]] in 1911,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The founding of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (1911) |url=https://www.mpg.de/946619/5_event2-1911 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302052520/https://www.mpg.de/946619/5_event2-1911 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction |url=https://english.cas.cn/about_us/introduction/201501/t20150114_135284.shtml |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=Chinese Academy of Sciences |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331215338/https://english.cas.cn/about_us/introduction/201501/t20150114_135284.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> International scientific organisations, such as the [[International Science Council]], are devoted to [[international cooperation]] for science advancement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2018 |title=Two main Science Councils merge to address complex global challenges |url=https://en.unesco.org/news/two-main-science-councils-merge-address-complex-global-challenges |access-date=21 October 2018 |publisher=UNESCO |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712044005/https://en.unesco.org/news/two-main-science-councils-merge-address-complex-global-challenges |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Awards ===
[[Lists of science and technology awards|Science awards]] are usually given to individuals or organisations that have made significant contributions to a discipline. They are often given by prestigious institutions; thus, it is considered a great honour for a scientist receiving them. Since the early Renaissance, scientists have often been awarded medals, money, and titles. The Nobel Prize, a widely regarded prestigious award, is awarded annually to those who have achieved scientific advances in the fields of medicine, physics, and [[chemistry]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Stockton |first=Nick |date=7 October 2014 |title=How did the Nobel Prize become the biggest award on Earth? |newspaper=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/10/whats-nobel-prize-become-biggest-award-planet |url-status=live |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619044702/https://www.wired.com/2014/10/whats-nobel-prize-become-biggest-award-planet/ |archive-date=19 June 2019}}</ref>

== Society ==
{{Redirect-distinguish|Science and society|Science & Society|Sociology of scientific knowledge}}

=== Funding and policies ===
[[File:NASA-Budget-Federal.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|upright=1.4|[[Budget of NASA]] as percentage of [[United States federal budget]], peaking at 4.4% in 1966 and slowly declining since|alt=see caption]]

[[Funding of science]] is often through a competitive process in which potential research projects are evaluated and only the most promising receive funding. Such processes, which are run by government, corporations, or foundations, allocate scarce funds. Total research funding in most [[developed countries]] is between 1.5% and 3% of GDP.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/49/45/24236156.pdf |title=Main Science and Technology Indicators – 2008-1 |publisher=[[OECD]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215172528/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/49/45/24236156.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2010}}</ref> In the [[OECD]], around two-thirds of [[research and development]] in scientific and technical fields is carried out by industry, and 20% and 10%, respectively, by universities and government. The government funding proportion in certain fields is higher, and it dominates research in social science and the [[humanities]]. In less developed nations, the government provides the bulk of the funds for their basic scientific research.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/oecd-science-technology-and-industry-scoreboard-2015_sti_scoreboard-2015-en |title=OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2015: Innovation for growth and society |publisher=OECD |year=2015 |isbn=978-92-64-23978-4 |page=156 |doi=10.1787/sti_scoreboard-2015-en |via=oecd-ilibrary.org |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525063455/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/oecd-science-technology-and-industry-scoreboard-2015_sti_scoreboard-2015-en |url-status=live}}</ref>

Many governments have dedicated agencies to support scientific research, such as the [[National Science Foundation]] in the United States,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kevles |first=Daniel |year=1977 |title=The National Science Foundation and the Debate over Postwar Research Policy, 1942–1945 |journal=Isis |volume=68 |issue=241 |pages=4–26 |doi=10.1086/351711 |pmid=320157 |s2cid=32956693}}</ref> the [[National Scientific and Technical Research Council]] in Argentina,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina, National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET) |url=https://council.science/member/argentina-national-scientific-and-technological-research-council-conicet/ |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=International Science Council |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516220311/https://council.science/member/argentina-national-scientific-and-technological-research-council-conicet/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] in Australia,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Innis |first=Michelle |date=17 May 2016 |title=Australia to Lay Off Leading Scientist on Sea Levels |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/18/world/australia/australia-to-lay-off-leading-scientist-on-sea-levels.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507080237/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/18/world/australia/australia-to-lay-off-leading-scientist-on-sea-levels.html |archive-date=7 May 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[National Centre for Scientific Research]] in France,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2021 |title=Le CNRS recherche 10.000 passionnés du blob |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/le-cnrs-recherche-10-000-passionnes-du-blob-20211020 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=[[Le Figaro]] |language=fr |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427225305/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/le-cnrs-recherche-10-000-passionnes-du-blob-20211020 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Max Planck Society]] in Germany,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bredow |first=Rafaela von |date=18 December 2021 |title=How a Prestigious Scientific Organization Came Under Suspicion of Treating Women Unequally |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/how-a-prestigious-scientific-organization-came-under-suspicion-of-treating-women-unequally-a-96da63b5-19af-4fde-b044-445f9cfd6159 |access-date=31 May 2022 |issn=2195-1349 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529004707/https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/how-a-prestigious-scientific-organization-came-under-suspicion-of-treating-women-unequally-a-96da63b5-19af-4fde-b044-445f9cfd6159 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Spanish National Research Council|National Research Council]] in Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2022 |title=En espera de una "revolucionaria" noticia sobre Sagitario A*, el agujero negro supermasivo en el corazón de nuestra galaxia |url=https://www.elmundo.es/ciencia-y-salud/ciencia/2022/05/12/627cca26fdddff17068b4590.html |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=ELMUNDO |language=es |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513185034/https://www.elmundo.es/ciencia-y-salud/ciencia/2022/05/12/627cca26fdddff17068b4590.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In commercial research and development, all but the most research-orientated corporations focus more heavily on near-term commercialisation possibilities than research driven by curiosity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fletcher |first1=Anthony C. |last2=Bourne |first2=Philip E. |date=27 September 2012 |title=Ten Simple Rules To Commercialize Scientific Research |journal=PLOS Computational Biology |volume=8 |issue=9 |article-number=e1002712 |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002712 |issn=1553-734X |pmc=3459878 |pmid=23028299 |bibcode=2012PLSCB...8E2712F |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Science policy]] is concerned with policies that affect the conduct of the scientific enterprise, including [[research funding]], often in pursuance of other national policy goals such as technological innovation to promote commercial product development, weapons development, health care, and environmental monitoring. Science policy sometimes refers to the act of applying scientific knowledge and consensus to the development of public policies. In accordance with public policy being concerned about the well-being of its citizens, science policy's goal is to consider how science and technology can best serve the public.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marburger |first=John Harmen III |title=Science policy up close |date=10 February 2015 |others=Crease, Robert P. |isbn=978-0-674-41709-0 |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press}}</ref> Public policy can directly affect the funding of [[capital equipment]] and intellectual infrastructure for industrial research by providing tax incentives to those organisations that fund research.<ref name="Bush1945" />

=== Education and awareness ===
{{Main|2 = Public awareness of science|3 = Science journalism}}
[[File:Dinosaur exhibit - Houston Museum of Natural Science - DSC01881.JPG|thumb|upright=1.13|Dinosaur exhibit at the [[Houston Museum of Natural Science]]]]

[[Science education]] for the general public is embedded in the school curriculum, and is supplemented by [[YouTube in education|online pedagogical content]] (for example, YouTube and Khan Academy), museums, and science magazines and blogs. Major organisations of [[scientist]]s such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) consider the sciences to be a part of the liberal arts traditions of learning, along with philosophy and history.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gauch |first1=Hugh G. |title=Scientific Method in Brief |year=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-107-66672-6 |pages=7–10}}</ref> Scientific literacy is chiefly concerned with an understanding of the [[scientific method]], units and methods of [[measurement]], [[empiricism]], a basic understanding of statistics ([[correlations]], [[Qualitative research|qualitative]] versus [[Quantitative research|quantitative]] observations, [[aggregate statistics]]), and a basic understanding of core scientific fields such as physics, [[chemistry]], [[biology]], ecology, geology, and [[computation]]. As a student advances into higher stages of [[formal education]], the curriculum becomes more in depth. Traditional subjects usually included in the curriculum are natural and formal sciences, although recent movements include social and applied science as well.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Benneworth |first1=Paul |last2=Jongbloed |first2=Ben W. |date=31 July 2009 |title=Who matters to universities? A stakeholder perspective on humanities, arts and social sciences valorisation |journal=Higher Education |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=567–588 |doi=10.1007/s10734-009-9265-2 |issn=0018-1560 |doi-access=free |url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/47901538/Benneworth2010Who.pdf |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024214150/https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/47901538/Benneworth2010Who.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

The mass media face pressures that can prevent them from accurately depicting competing scientific claims in terms of their credibility within the scientific community as a whole. Determining how much weight to give different sides in a [[scientific debate]] may require considerable expertise regarding the matter.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dickson |first=David |date=11 October 2004 |title=Science journalism must keep a critical edge |url=http://www.scidev.net/en/editorials/science-journalism-must-keep-a-critical-edge.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621053624/http://www.scidev.net/en/editorials/science-journalism-must-keep-a-critical-edge.html |archive-date=21 June 2010 |publisher=Science and Development Network}}</ref> Few journalists have real scientific knowledge, and even [[beat reporter]]s who are knowledgeable about certain scientific issues may be ignorant about other scientific issues that they are suddenly asked to cover.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Mooney |first=Chris |date=Nov–Dec 2004 |title=Blinded By Science, How 'Balanced' Coverage Lets the Scientific Fringe Hijack Reality |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/intersection/2010/01/15/blinded-by-science-how-balanced-coverage-lets-the-scientific-fringe-hijack-reality/ |url-status=live |magazine=Columbia Journalism Review |volume=43 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117181240/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/intersection/2010/01/15/blinded-by-science-how-balanced-coverage-lets-the-scientific-fringe-hijack-reality/ |archive-date=17 January 2010 |access-date=20 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=McIlwaine |first1=S. |last2=Nguyen |first2=D. A. |year=2005 |title=Are Journalism Students Equipped to Write About Science? |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:8064 |url-status=live |journal=Australian Studies in Journalism |volume=14 |pages=41–60 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801163322/http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:8064 |archive-date=1 August 2008 |access-date=20 February 2008}}</ref>

[[Science magazines]] such as ''[[New Scientist]]'', ''[[Science & Vie]]'', and ''[[Scientific American]]'' cater to the needs of a much wider readership and provide a non-technical summary of popular areas of research, including notable discoveries and advances in certain fields of research.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Webb |author-first=Sarah |title=Popular science: Get the word out |journal=Nature |volume=504 |issue=7478 |pages=177–179 |date=December 2013 |pmid=24312943 |doi=10.1038/nj7478-177a |doi-access=free}}</ref> The science fiction genre, primarily [[speculative fiction]], can transmit the ideas and methods of science to the general public.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilde |first=Fran |author-link=Fran Wilde (author) |date=21 January 2016 |title=How Do You Like Your Science Fiction? Ten Authors Weigh In On 'Hard' vs. 'Soft' SF |url=https://www.tor.com/2016/01/21/how-do-you-like-your-science-fiction-ten-authors-weigh-in-on-hard-vs-soft-sf/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404025029/https://www.tor.com/2016/01/21/how-do-you-like-your-science-fiction-ten-authors-weigh-in-on-hard-vs-soft-sf/ |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=4 April 2019 |website=Tor.com}}</ref> Recent efforts to intensify or develop links between science and non-scientific disciplines, such as literature or poetry, include the ''Creative Writing Science'' resource developed through the [[Royal Literary Fund]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Mario |last=Petrucci |url=http://writeideas.org.uk/creativescience/index.htm |title=Creative Writing – Science |access-date=27 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106015539/http://writeideas.org.uk/creativescience/index.htm |archive-date=6 January 2009}}</ref>

=== Anti-science attitudes ===
{{Main|Antiscience}}
While the scientific method is broadly accepted in the scientific community, some fractions of society reject certain scientific positions or are sceptical about science. Examples are the common notion that [[COVID-19]] is not a major health threat to the US (held by 39% of Americans in August 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tyson |first1=Alec |last2=Funk |first2=Cary |last3=Kennedy |first3=Brian |last4=Johnson |first4=Courtney |date=15 September 2021 |title=Majority in U.S. Says Public Health Benefits of COVID-19 Restrictions Worth the Costs, Even as Large Shares Also See Downsides |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2021/09/15/majority-in-u-s-says-public-health-benefits-of-covid-19-restrictions-worth-the-costs-even-as-large-shares-also-see-downsides/ |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=Pew Research Center Science & Society |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809114234/https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2021/09/15/majority-in-u-s-says-public-health-benefits-of-covid-19-restrictions-worth-the-costs-even-as-large-shares-also-see-downsides/ |url-status=live}}</ref> or the belief that [[climate change]] is not a major threat to the US (also held by 40% of Americans, in late 2019 and early 2020).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brian |title=U.S. concern about climate change is rising, but mainly among Democrats |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/16/u-s-concern-about-climate-change-is-rising-but-mainly-among-democrats/ |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=Pew Research Center |date=16 April 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803101033/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/16/u-s-concern-about-climate-change-is-rising-but-mainly-among-democrats/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Psychologists have pointed to several factors driving rejection of scientific results:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Philipp-Muller |first1=Aviva |last2=Lee |first2=Spike W. S. |last3=Petty |first3=Richard E. |date=26 July 2022 |title=Why are people antiscience, and what can we do about it? |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=119 |issue=30 |article-number=e2120755119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2120755119 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=9335320 |pmid=35858405 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11920755P}}</ref>
* Scientific authorities are sometimes seen as inexpert, untrustworthy, or [[academic bias|biased]].
* Some [[marginalised]] social groups hold anti-science attitudes, in part because these groups have often been exploited in [[Unethical human experimentation|unethical experiments]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Test of Three Theories of Anti-Science Attitudes |year=2008 |doi=10.1080/00380237.2008.10571338 |last1=Gauchat |first1=Gordon William |journal=Sociological Focus |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=337–357 |s2cid=144645723}}</ref>
* Messages from scientists may contradict deeply held existing beliefs or morals.
Anti-science attitudes often seem to be caused by fear of rejection in social groups. For instance, climate change is perceived as a threat by only 22% of Americans on the right side of the political spectrum, but by 85% on the left.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Poushter |first1=Jacob |last2=Fagan |first2=Moira |last3=Gubbala |first3=Sneha |date=31 August 2022 |title=Climate Change Remains Top Global Threat Across 19-Country Survey |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2022/08/31/climate-change-remains-top-global-threat-across-19-country-survey/ |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831225832/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2022/08/31/climate-change-remains-top-global-threat-across-19-country-survey/ |url-status=live}}</ref> That is, if someone on the left would not consider climate change as a threat, this person may face contempt and be rejected in that social group. In fact, people may rather deny a scientifically accepted fact than lose or jeopardise their social status.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McRaney |first=David |title=How Minds Change: The Surprising Science of Belief, Opinion, and Persuasion |publisher=Portfolio/Penguin |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-593-19029-6 |location=New York}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
{{See also|Politicization of science}}
[[File:2021 Survey on existence of global warming and responsibility for climate change - bar chart.svg|alt=Result in bar graph of two questions ("Is global warming occurring?" and "Are oil/gas companies responsible?"), showing large discrepancies between American Democrats and Republicans|thumb|[[Public opinion on global warming#United States|Public opinion on global warming in the United States]] by political party<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGreal |first1=Chris |date=26 October 2021 |title=Revealed: 60% of Americans say oil firms are to blame for the climate crisis |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/26/climate-change-poll-oil-gas-companies-environment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026122356/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/26/climate-change-poll-oil-gas-companies-environment |archive-date=26 October 2021 |quote=Source: Guardian/Vice/CCN/YouGov poll. Note: ±4% margin of error.}}</ref>|upright=1.4]]

Attitudes towards science are often determined by political opinions and goals. Government, business and [[advocacy group]]s have been known to use legal and economic pressure to influence scientific researchers. Many factors can act as facets of the [[politicisation of science]] such as [[anti-intellectualism]], perceived threats to religious beliefs, and fear for business interests.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldberg |first1=Jeanne |year=2017 |title=The Politicization of Scientific Issues: Looking through Galileo's Lens or through the Imaginary Looking Glass |url=https://www.csicop.org/si/show/politicization_of_scientific_issues |journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=34–39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816182350/https://www.csicop.org/si/show/politicization_of_scientific_issues |archive-date=16 August 2018 |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> Politicisation of science is usually accomplished when scientific information is presented in a way that emphasises the uncertainty associated with the [[scientific evidence]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bolsen |first1=Toby |last2=Druckman |first2=James N. |author2-link=James N. Druckman |year=2015 |title=Counteracting the Politicization of Science |journal=Journal of Communication |issue=65 |page=746}}</ref> Tactics such as shifting conversation, failing to acknowledge facts, and capitalising on doubt of [[scientific consensus]] have been used to gain more attention for views that have been undermined by scientific evidence.<ref name="Freudenberg2008">{{cite journal |last1=Freudenberg |first1=William F. |last2=Gramling |first2=Robert |last3=Davidson |first3=Debra J. |year=2008 |title=Scientific Certainty Argumentation Methods (SCAMs): Science and the Politics of Doubt |url=http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/students/envs_5720/freudenberg_etal_2008.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Sociological Inquiry |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=2–38 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-682X.2008.00219.x |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126214329/http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/students/envs_5720/freudenberg_etal_2008.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=12 April 2020 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Examples of issues that have involved the politicisation of science include the [[global warming controversy]], [[health effects of pesticides]], and [[health effects of tobacco]].<ref name="Freudenberg2008" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=van der Linden |first1=Sander |last2=Leiserowitz |first2=Anthony |last3=Rosenthal |first3=Seth |last4=Maibach |first4=Edward |year=2017 |title=Inoculating the Public against Misinformation about Climate Change |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/270860/1/global%20challenges.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Global Challenges |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=1 |doi=10.1002/gch2.201600008 |pmc=6607159 |pmid=31565263 |bibcode=2017GloCh...100008V |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404185312/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/270860/global%20challenges.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref>

=== Challenges ===
{{See also|Criticism of science|Academic bias}}
The [[replication crisis]] is an ongoing [[methodological]] crisis that affects parts of the [[social science|social]] and [[life science]]s. In subsequent investigations, the results of many scientific studies have been proven to be [[reproducibility|unrepeatable]].<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1038/515009a |title=Metascience could rescue the 'replication crisis' |journal=Nature |volume=515 |issue=7525 |page=9 |year=2014 |last1=Schooler |first1=J. W. |pmid=25373639 |bibcode=2014Natur.515....9S |doi-access=free}}</ref> The crisis has long-standing roots; the phrase was coined in the early 2010s<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612465253 |title=Editors' Introduction to the Special Section on Replicability in Psychological Science: A Crisis of Confidence? |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=528–530 |year=2012 |last1=Pashler |first1=Harold |last2=Wagenmakers |first2=Eric Jan |pmid=26168108 |s2cid=26361121 |doi-access=free}}</ref> as part of a growing awareness of the problem. The replication crisis represents an important body of research in [[metascience]], which aims to improve the quality of all scientific research while reducing waste.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ioannidis |first1=John P. A. |last2=Fanelli |first2=Daniele |last3=Dunne |first3=Debbie Drake |last4=Goodman |first4=Steven N. |date=2 October 2015 |title=Meta-research: Evaluation and Improvement of Research Methods and Practices |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=–1002264 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002264 |pmid=26431313 |pmc=4592065 |issn=1545-7885 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The term [[scientific misconduct]] refers to situations such as where researchers have intentionally misrepresented their published data or have purposely given credit for a discovery to the wrong person.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Coping with fraud |journal=The COPE Report 1999 |pages=11–18 |url=http://www.publicationethics.org.uk/reports/1999/1999pdf3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928151119/http://www.publicationethics.org.uk/reports/1999/1999pdf3.pdf |quote=It is 10 years, to the month, since Stephen Lock ... Reproduced with kind permission of the Editor, The Lancet. |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=usurped |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>
An area of study or speculation that masquerades as science in an attempt to claim legitimacy that it would not otherwise be able to achieve is sometimes referred to as [[pseudoscience]], [[fringe science]], or [[junk science]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/pseudo-science |title=Science and Pseudoscience |at=Section 2: The "science" of pseudoscience |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |first1=Sven Ove |last1=Hansson |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |date=3 September 2008 |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029205141/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/pseudo-science/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Shermer |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Shermer |year=1997 |title=Why people believe weird things: pseudoscience, superstition, and other confusions of our time |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780965594875 |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=W. H. Freeman & Co. |isbn=978-0-7167-3090-3 |page=17}}</ref> Physicist [[Richard Feynman]] coined the term "[[cargo cult science]]" for cases in which researchers believe, and at a glance, look like they are doing science but lack the honesty to allow their results to be rigorously evaluated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://neurotheory.columbia.edu/~ken/cargo_cult.html |title=Cargo Cult Science |last=Feynman |first=Richard |year=1974 |website=Center for Theoretical Neuroscience |publisher=Columbia University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050304032544/http://neurotheory.columbia.edu/~ken/cargo_cult.html |archive-date=4 March 2005 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> Various types of commercial advertising, ranging from hype to fraud, may fall into these categories. Science has been described as "the most important tool" for separating valid claims from invalid ones.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Novella |first=Steven |title=The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake |title-link=The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe (book) |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4736-9641-9 |page=162 |author-link=Steven Novella}}</ref> Sometimes, research can be well-intended but is incorrect, obsolete, incomplete, or over-simplified expositions of scientific ideas.

There can also be an element of [[political bias]] or ideological bias in science. Scientists in some countries were found to have a bias in [[political party]] preferences compared to the general population.<ref name="y499">{{cite journal | last1=Duarte | first1=José L. | last2=Crawford | first2=Jarret T. | last3=Stern | first3=Charlotta | last4=Haidt | first4=Jonathan | last5=Jussim | first5=Lee | last6=Tetlock | first6=Philip E. | title=Political diversity will improve social psychological science | journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences | volume=38 | date=2015 | issn=0140-525X | doi=10.1017/S0140525X14000430 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0140525X14000430/type/journal_article | access-date=2026-02-12 | page=}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of scientific occupations]]
* [[List of years in science]]
* [[v:Science|Science]] (Wikiversity)
* [[Scientific integrity]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|science}}
{{Philosophy of science}}
{{Science and the public}}
{{Glossaries of science and engineering}}
{{Science and technology studies}}
{{Subject bar|auto=1|portal1=Science}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Science| ]]
[[Category:Observation]]
[[Category:Main topic articles]]
[[Category:Inquiry]]
[[Category:Human activities]]

Kushi TV

2026-03-22T06:03:18Z

Owen79097529716: expand page and improved wording

#REDIRECT [[Sun Gemini#Kushi TV]]

[[Category:Children's television channels in India]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television channels]]
[[Category:Sun Group]]

Metropolitan Building (Kolkata)

2026-03-20T02:36:08Z

Owen79097529716: correct details and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Building in Kolkata, India}}
{{Other uses|Metropolitan Building (disambiguation){{!}}Metropolitan Building}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Metropolitan Building
| former_names = Whiteway & Laidlaw department store
| alternate_names =
| status = Used as a residential and commercial building
| image = File:Metropolitan Building, Esplanade Kolkata (Original).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Metropolitan Building in [[Esplanade, Kolkata]], from the [[Chowringhee]] Crossing
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption =
| altitude = 9.509 m
| building_type =
| architectural_style =
| structural_system =
| cost =
| ren_cost =
| client =
| owner = [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]]
| current_tenants = Life Insurance Corporation of India; also houses many offices and stores such as [[Big Bazaar]] and the Central Cottage Industry Showroom
| landlord =
| location =
| address = 7, [[Chowringhee Road]]
| location_town = [[Kolkata]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5637|88.3516|display=inline,title}}
| groundbreaking_date =
| construction_start_date = 1905
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| parking =
| website = [http://www.wmf.org/project/metropolitan-building Website]
| embedded =
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}}
The '''Metropolitan Building''' is a commercial building on [[Chowringhee Road]] in [[Kolkata]] near [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]. It is located near the [[Shaheed Minar, Kolkata|Shaheed Minar]] and the [[Grand Hotel (Calcutta)|Grand Hotel]] and is just opposite of the new [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade Metro Station]]. Formerly known as the [[Whiteaway Laidlaw]] department store, it was a famous department store in [[Calcutta]] during the [[British Rule]] in India. It is one of the first departmental store in India. This neo-baroque emporium—with domes, a clock tower and arched recessed windows—exemplifies fashionable shopping during the British Raj in [[British India]].

The building was built in 1905. After Independence, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. assumed ownership against a borrower default and named the building, so people know it more commonly as the Metropolitan Building.

In 1956, Metropolitan Insurance was nationalised under the Life Insurance Act of parliament and the LIC took over the company and its assets from its owning family, the Bhattacharyas. The family continued adverse occupation of a large part of the building for years after the acquisition, and appealed to the courts over the next three generations until all claimants had died. The LIC eventually obtained full possession and is the current owner.<ref>{{cite book|title=INTACH (Guide to Kolkata)|year=2009|publisher=INTACH}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Preserving Kolkata's Heritage Buildings|url=http://www.maamatimanush.tv/articles.php?aid=233|access-date=31 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101140408/http://www.maamatimanush.tv/articles.php?aid=233|archive-date=1 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
The building was built in 1905.

After Independence, the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. assumed ownership, so people know it more commonly as Metropolitan Building as the building also housed the Metropolitan Bank, another family-owned financial enterprise.[[File:ChowringhrrKolkata1945.jpg|thumb|left|The building's clock tower seen at the end of the photo taken in [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade, Calcutta]] in 1945]]

===Renovation===
The building was restored by the [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] (LIC). It still houses a commercial complex.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-16/kolkata/33879967_1_heritage-buildings-heritage-conservation-committee-heritage-structure|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102004454/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-16/kolkata/33879967_1_heritage-buildings-heritage-conservation-committee-heritage-structure|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2014|title=History can mean big business too|last=Ray|first=Saikat|date=16 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 December 2013}}</ref> The building was freshly repainted with white and golden paint. Its exterior structure was also renovated, and extensive changes were made within.

==Features==
It is a large beautiful building recognisable by its corner tower with the dome raised high on a pavilion. There is rustication in the ground floor and a semicircular arched arcade in the first floor. The facade is punctuated by a series of projected and pedimented bays with plain columns and [[Corinthia]]n capitals.<ref>{{cite web|last=Datta |first=Rangan |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/rangan-datta/4372075577/ |title=Metropolitan Building, Esplanade, Calcutta | Flickr - Photo Sharing! |publisher=Flickr |access-date=2012-03-24}}</ref>
==Gallery==

<gallery class="center" caption="Metropolitan Building gallery" widths="125px" heights="100px" perrow="4">
File:Metropolitan Building - Esplanade - Kolkata 2011-12-18 0026.JPG|Metropolitan Building in [[Esplanade, Kolkata]] after a recent renovation
File:Whiteways and Laidlaw Building.jpg|The building under renovation
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Esplanade, Kolkata]]
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru Road]]
*[[Chowringhee]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|Metropolitan Building (Kolkata)}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Kolkata}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kolkata]]

B. Ravi Pillai

2026-03-19T02:41:18Z

Owen79097529716: General cleanup and improvements

{{Short description|Indian billionaire businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = B. Ravi Pillai
| image = B. Ravi Pillai (Aug, 2009).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|09|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chavara]], [[Travancore–Cochin|State of Travancore–Cochin]] (present-day [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Kerala]]), India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Cochin University of Science and Technology|University of Cochin]]
| occupation = {{csv|Founder|Chairman|RP Group}}
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| known for =
| boards =
| spouse = Geetha Pillai
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Kollam K. Chandrasekhara Pillai]] (uncle)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/1345645/2011-12-20/kerala | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220133620/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/1345645/2011-12-20/kerala | archive-date=20 December 2011 | title=Kerala News - സി.പി.ഐ.നേതാവ് കെ.സി.പിള്ള അന്തരിച്ചു - India, World News - Mathrubhumi Newspaper Edition }}</ref>
}}

'''B. Ravi Pillai''' (born 2 September 1953) is a Dubai-based Indian billionaire businessman. He is the founder and chairman of the [[RP Group]]. As of 2026, his net worth is estimated at {{currency|4.2|USD}} [[billion]].<ref name="Forbes Profile">{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Ravi Pillai |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/ravi-pillai/ |website=Forbes |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ravi Pillai was born on 2 September 1953 at [[Chavara]],<ref name="Kollam City">{{cite web|url=http://kollamcity.in/b-ravi-pillai |title=Kollam City |publisher=Kollam City |date=2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514120536/http://kollamcity.in/b-ravi-pillai |archive-date=14 May 2014 }}</ref> a coastal town in [[Kollam district|Kollam]], in the state of [[Kerala]] in Kadappa Pillai Veettil family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/business/fornes-653183.html |title=Ravi Pillai: From farmer's son to construction tycoon |date=28 November 2013 |publisher=News18}}</ref> He has a degree in Commerce from the [[Cochin University of Science and Technology|University of Cochin]].<ref name="Arabian Business" /><ref name="Kollam City" />

==Career==
During his time at university, he launched his first business, a [[chit fund]] in [[Kollam]] on reportedly borrowed money.<ref name="Rediff">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-ravi-pillai-amazing-journey-of-ambani-of-the-gulf/20111007.htm#2 | title=Rediff | publisher=Rediff | date=7 October 2011 | access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> Later, he started an engineering contract business and worked for some of the major industrial houses in [[Kerala]] such as [[Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore|Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Limited]], [[Hindustan Newsprint Limited]], and [[Cochin Refineries Limited|Cochin Refineries]].<ref name="Rediff" /> However, a [[labour strike]] forced him to close down his business, after which he went to [[Saudi Arabia]] in 1978 where he started a small trading business.<ref name="Rediff 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-ravi-pillai-amazing-journey-of-ambani-of-the-gulf/20111007.htm#4 | title=Rediff 2 | publisher=Rediff 2 | date=7 October 2007 | access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> Two years later, he moved into construction, and established Nasser S. Al Hajri Corporation (NSH) with 150 employees,<ref name="Rediff 2" /> which has over the years grown to become the flagship company of his business group,<ref name="Kollam City" /><ref name="Rediff 2" /> RP Group, which is known to employ over 70,000 employees across its businesses.<ref name="Arabian Business">{{cite web | url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/100-most-powerful-indians-in-gulf-475970.html?itemid=475809 | title=Arabian Business | publisher=Arabian Business | date=2014 | access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> The shopping mall in South Kerala, [[RP Mall, Kollam|RP Mall]] at [[Kollam]] city is owned by Pillai.<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2020-10-12|title=Tracing The Success Story of Ravi Pillai and The Growth of RP Group of Companies as a Brand|url=https://www.brandzwatch.com/ravi-pillai-growth-of-rp-group-of-companies-as-brand/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101094758/https://www.brandzwatch.com/ravi-pillai-growth-of-rp-group-of-companies-as-brand/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 November 2020|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Brandzwatch|language=en}}</ref>

Pillai has expanded his business to other countries including the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Qatar]], and [[Bahrain]], and has interests in construction, hospitality, steel, cement, and oil and gas industries.<ref name="Kollam City"/> RP Group is known to hold stakes in hotels such as Leela Kovalam, Hotel Raviz,<ref name="Raviz">{{cite web | url=http://theraviz.com/ | title=Raviz | publisher=Raviz | date=2014 | access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> Kollam, and WelcomHotel Raviz Kadavu,<ref name="RP hotels">{{cite web|url=http://www.rphotels.in/HotelHome.aspx?hid=3 |title=RP hotels |publisher=RP hotels |date=2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221195916/http://www.rphotels.in/HotelHome.aspx?hid=3 |archive-date=21 December 2014 }}</ref> Kozhikode in his home state of Kerala.<ref name="Rediff 3">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-ravi-pillai-amazing-journey-of-ambani-of-the-gulf/20111007.htm#6 | title=Rediff 3 | publisher=Rediff 3 | date=7 October 2011 | access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> He is involved in health care through Upasana Hospital and Research Centre, a 300-bed multispecialty hospital in Kollam.<ref name="Kollam City" /><ref name="Upasana">{{cite web | url=http://www.upasanahospital.com/ | title=Upasana | publisher=Upasana | date=2014 | access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Pillai received an honorary doctorate from [[Excelsior College]], New York,<ref name="Arabian Business" /> and was awarded the [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2008.<ref name="Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs">{{cite web|url=http://moia.gov.in/writereaddata/pdf/recipients_2003_2013.pdf |title=Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs |publisher=Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs |date=2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505110411/http://moia.gov.in/writereaddata/pdf/recipients_2003_2013.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2014 }}</ref> In 2010, the Government of India included him in the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] list for the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

''[[Arabian Business]]'' ranked him as the fourth most powerful Indian in the [[Middle East]] in 2015.<ref name="Arabian Business" />
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil with the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award winners, at the Valedictory Session of the 6th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas-2008, in New Delhi on January 9, 2008.jpg|thumb|Pillai (2nd from right at front row), other awardees stand with the [[President of India]] after receiving [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]]]

==Personal life==
Ravi Pillai is married to Geetha, and they live in [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates.<ref name="Forbes Profile" /> They have two children, a son Ganesh Ravi Pillai, and a daughter Arathi Ravi Pillai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sasthamcotta.com/Padmasree%20Ravi%20Pillai.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130055300/http://www.sasthamcotta.com/Padmasree%20Ravi%20Pillai.html |archive-date=30 November 2015 }}</ref>

He paid for his daughter Arathi's wedding with Adithya Vishnu at [[Kollam]] in November 2015, at a total expense of {{INR|55 crores}} ($7.5 million), in accordance with [[Nair]] customs and cultural traditions. The wedding was organized by the production designer who worked on the film, ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'', and is considered the most expensive wedding in [[Kerala]] to date.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-27 |title=Kerala's richest man spends a massive ₹55 crores on daughter's wedding! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/keralas-richest-man-spends-a-massive-55-crores-on-daughters-wedding/articleshow/99027468.cms |access-date=2024-07-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> His son Ganesh Pillai married Anjana Suresh, an engineer, in September 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gabdig.com/55-crore-wedding-arathi-and-adithya/ |title=The Grand Wedding Of Arathi And Adithya Worth ₹55 Crore held in Kerela |website=Gabdig.com |date=29 November 2015 |access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref>

{{commons category}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}
{{Portal bar|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, B. Ravi}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:People from Kollam district]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]

Government of Tamil Nadu

2026-03-14T06:35:11Z

Owen79097529716: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian state government}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{infobox government
| government_name = Government of Tamil Nadu
| image = [[File:TamilNadu_Logo.svg|200px]]
| division_type = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| division = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.tn.gov.in/}}
| legislature_label = [[State legislative assemblies of India|Assembly]]
| legislature = {{ubl|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]|}}
| speaker_label = [[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| speaker = [[M. Appavu]]
| deputy_speaker_label = Deputy Speaker
| deputy_speaker = [[K. Pitchandi]]
| members_in_assembly_label = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members in Assembly]]
| members_in_assembly = [[List of constituencies of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|234]]
| meeting_place = [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]]
| leader_type = [[Governor of Tamil Nadu|Governor]]
| leader_title = [[Rajendra Arlekar]]
| leader_type2 = [[Chief minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| leader_title2 = [[M. K. Stalin]] ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| leader_type3 = [[Deputy chief minister of Tamil Nadu|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| leader_title3 = [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| leader_type4 = [[List of Chief Secretaries of Tamil Nadu|Chief Secretary]]
| leader_title4 = N. Muruganandam [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| headquarters = [[Chennai]]
| departments = [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments|43]]
| branch4 = [[Judiciary of India|Judiciary branch]]
| court_name = [[High courts of India|High Court]]
| court = [[Madras High Court]]
| chief_justice_label = [[List of current Indian chief justices|Chief Justice]]
| chief_justice = [[S. A. Dharmadhikari]]
| country = India
}}

The '''Government of Tamil Nadu''' ({{IPA|ta|t̪əmɪɻnɑːɖʉ əɾəsʉ|IPA}}) is the administrative body responsible for the [[governance]] of the [[States of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. [[Chennai]] is the capital of the state and houses the state executive, legislature and head of judiciary.

Under the [[Constitution of India]], ''[[de jure]]'' [[executive (government)|executive authority]] lies with the [[Governor (India)|governor]], although this authority is exercised only by, or on the advice of, the [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]], the ''[[de facto]]'' authority and the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]]. Following elections to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], the [[Governor of Tamil Nadu|state's governor]] usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] are [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the assembly.

Legislative assembly elections are held every five years to elect a new assembly, unless there is a successful [[vote of no confidence]] in the government or a two-thirds vote for a [[snap election]] in the assembly, in which case an election may be held sooner. The [[legislature of Tamil Nadu]] was [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] until 1986, when it was replaced by a [[Unicameralism|unicameral legislature]]. The [[Judiciary of India|judiciary branch]] is led by a [[High courts of India|High Court]] ([[Madras High Court]]) led by a [[List of current Indian chief justices|Chief Justice]].

== Executive ==
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em"
|+ Administrative officials
|-
!Title
!Name
|-
|[[Governor of Tamil Nadu|Governor]]
|[[Rajendra Arlekar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/new-governors-in-states-ut-tns-ravi-replaces-bose-in-bengal-ahead-of-polls-hasnain-for-bihar-sandhu-gets-delhi-10566960/|title=New Governors in states, UT: TN’s Ravi replaces Bose in Bengal ahead of polls, Hasnain for Bihar, Sandhu gets Delhi|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 March 2026|access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief minister]]
|[[M. K. Stalin]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mk-stalin-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu/article34504106.ece|title=MK Stalin sworn in as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|access-date=23 June 2021|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 May 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623181732/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mk-stalin-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu/article34504106.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Madras High Court#List of chief justices|Chief Justice]]
|[[S. A. Dharmadhikari]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/centre-notifies-appointment-of-justice-sa-dharmadhikari-as-madras-high-court-chief-justice-525367|title=Centre Notifies Appointment Of Justice SA Dharmadhikari As Madras High Court Chief Justice|work=Live Law|date=5 March 2026|access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>
|}
The [[Governor (India)|Governor]] is the ''[[de jure]]'' [[Constitution of India|constitutional]] head of state while the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] is the ''[[de facto]]'' [[head of government|chief executive]]. The governor is appointed by the [[President of India]]. Following elections to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], the [[Governor of Tamil Nadu|state's governor]] usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]], whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] are [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Durga Das Basu]]|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India|year=1960|pages=241–245|publisher=LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa|isbn=978-81-8038-559-9}}</ref> [[Chennai]] is the capital of the state and houses the state executive, [[legislature|legislative]] and head of judiciary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tamil-Nadu|title=Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120141242/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tamil-Nadu|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Council of Ministers ==
{{transcluded section|M. K. Stalin ministry}}
{{#section-h:M. K. Stalin ministry|Council of Ministers}}

== Legislature ==
{{multiple image
| total_width=400
| align=right
| image1=Fort St. George, Chennai 2.jpg
| image2=A building in Chennai.JPG
| caption1=[[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], the seat of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| caption2=[[Madras High Court]], the highest judicial authority in Tamil Nadu
}}

The [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] consists of [[List of constituencies of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|234]] [[Member of Legislative Assembly|members]] elected through [[Democracy|democratic]] [[Elections in India|elections]]. The current seat of the assembly is at [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]] in [[Chennai]]. The [[1952 Madras State legislative assembly election|first election]] to the assembly on the basis of [[Universal suffrage|universal adult suffrage]] was held in January 1952.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/review_01assly/ch01.pdf |title=1952 Election |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=4 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904134752/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/review_01assly/ch01.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[legislature of Tamil Nadu]] was [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] until 1986, when it was replaced by a [[Unicameralism|unicameral legislature]] after the abolishment of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/history/statelegislature.php|title=The State Legislature–Origin and Evolution|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 February 2023|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110150502/https://assembly.tn.gov.in/history/statelegislature.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Any [[Bill (proposed law)|bill]] passed by the legislature needs the assent of the governor before becoming an act.

== Judiciary ==
The [[Madras High Court]] was established on 26 June 1862 and is the highest judicial authority of the state with control over all the civil and criminal courts in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/mashist.html|title=History of Madras High Court|work=[[Madras High Court]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=2 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202232125/https://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/mashist.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is headed by a [[List of current Indian chief justices|Chief Justice]], a position currently held by [[Manindra Mohan Shrivastava|M. M. Shrivastava]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Madras High Court - Profile of Chief Justice|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/cjhc.html|access-date=26 November 2021|work=[[Madras High Court]]|archive-date=17 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117123331/http://hcmadras.tn.nic.in/cjhc.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The court is based out of Chennai and has a bench at [[Madurai]] since 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/mduhist.html|title=History of Madras High Court, Madurai bench|work=[[Madras High Court]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220160533/https://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/mduhist.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:Tamil_Nadu_districts_map.svg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Districts of Tamil Nadu]].]]
{{Further|Local government bodies in Tamil Nadu}}

As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Tamil Nadu is the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|seventh most populous state]] in India with a population of 72.1 million.<ref>{{cite report|title=Population and decadal change by residence|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf|work=[[Government of India]]|page=2|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015117/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It covers an area of {{cvt|130,058|km2}} and is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|tenth largest Indian state by area]]. The state is divided into 38 [[Districts of Tamil Nadu|districts]], each of which is administered by a [[District Collector]], who is an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) appointed to the district by the Government of Tamil Nadu. For revenue administration, the districts are further subdivided into 87 revenue divisions administered by Revenue Divisional Officers (RDO) which comprise 310 [[Tehsil|taluks]] administered by [[Tehsildar|Tahsildars]].<ref name="AS"/> The taluks are divided into 1,349 [[revenue block]]s called ''firkas'' which encompass 17,680 revenue villages.<ref name="AS">{{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/government|title=Government units, Tamil Nadu|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207162622/https://www.tn.gov.in/government|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2024}}, the [[Administrative divisions of India|local administration]] consists of 15 [[City Municipal Corporations of Tamil Nadu|municipal corporations]], 121 [[Template:Municipalities of Tamil Nadu|municipalities]] and 528 [[town panchayat]]s in the urban and 385 [[panchayat union]]s and 12,618 [[Village Panchayat|village panchayats]], administered by Village Administrative Officers (VAO).<ref name="LG"/><ref name="AS"/><ref>{{cite report|url=https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/ch42.pdf|title=Statistical year book of India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2023|page=1|archive-date=16 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316170002/https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/ch42.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Greater Chennai Corporation]], established in 1688, is the second oldest in the world and Tamil Nadu was the first state to establish town panchayats as a new administrative unit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/introduction.htm|title=Town panchayats|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219001439/https://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/introduction.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LG">{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php|title=Local Government|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2023|page=1|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004071216/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Departments ==
{{Main|List of departments of the government of Tamil Nadu}}
The administration of the state government functions through various secretariat departments. Each department consists of a secretary to the government, who is the official head of the department with the [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief secretary]] superintending control over the secretariat and staff. The departments have further sub-divisions which may govern various undertakings and boards. There are 43 departments of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/department|title=List of Departments|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331152823/https://www.tn.gov.in/department|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Insignia ==
{{Further|Emblem of Tamil Nadu}}
The state emblem was designed in 1949 and consists of the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] without the bell lotus foundation and flanked on either side by an [[Flag of India|Indian flag]] with an image of a ''[[Gopuram]]'' or [[Hindu temple]] tower on the background. There are two inscriptions in [[Tamil language]] displayed around the rim of the seal runs. தமிழ் நாடு அரசு ('Tamil Nadu arasu') translating to "Government of Tamil Nadu" is inscribed on the top. Inscribed at the bottom is வாய்மையே வெல்லும் ('Vaymaiye Vellum') which translates to "Truth Alone Triumphs" and derived from the words "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" in the [[Emblem of India|Indian emblem]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Which-Tamil-Nadu-temple-is-the-state-emblem/articleshow/55285143.cms|title=Which Tamil Nadu temple is the state emblem?|date=7 November 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112160826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Which-Tamil-Nadu-temple-is-the-state-emblem/articleshow/55285143.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 95%"
|+Symbols of Tamil Nadu<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiienvis.nic.in/KidsCentre/state_symbols_india_8411.aspx|title=State Symbols of India|publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Government of India|access-date=30 August 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922102907/https://wiienvis.nic.in/KidsCentre/state_symbols_india_8411.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tnbb.tn.gov.in/state-symbol.php|title=Symbols of Tamil Nadu|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331152841/https://tnbb.tn.gov.in/state-symbol.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!Type
!Symbol
!Image
|-
!Animal
|[[Nilgiri tahr]] (''Nilgiritragus hylocrius'')
|[[File:Nilgiri_tahr_(Nilgiritragus_hylocrius)_female_head.jpg|center|80px]]
|-
!Bird
|[[Common emerald dove|Emerald dove]] (''Chalcophaps indica'')
|[[File:Emerald_Dove_(Chalcophaps_indica_indica).jpg|center|80px]]
|-
!Butterfly
|[[Cirrochroa thais|Tamil Yeoman]] (''Cirrochroa thais'')
|[[File:Tamil_Yeoman.jpg|center|80px]]
|-
!Flower
|[[Gloriosa superba|Glory lily]] (''Gloriosa superba'')
|[[File:Gloriosa_superba_1.jpg|center|80px]]
|-
!Fruit
|[[Jackfruit]] (''Artocarpus heterophyllus'')
|[[File:Farmfirst.jpg|center|80px]]
|-
!Tree
|[[Borassus flabellifer|Palmyra palm]] (''Borassus flabellifer'')
|[[File:Borassus flabellifer 264034194.jpg|center|80px]]
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of agencies of the government of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[List of government of Tamil Nadu laws and rules]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|http://www.tn.gov.in/}}

{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Government of India by state or territory}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{Topics related to Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government of Tamil Nadu| ]]

K. C. Das

2026-03-12T05:20:19Z

Owen79097529716: Added A Data From Scratch

{{Short description|Bengali confectioner, entrepreneur, businessman and cultural icon}}
{{for|the manufacturer|K. C. Das (chemist)}}
{{primary sources|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Krishna Chandra Das
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Krishna_Chandra_Das_(K.C.Das).jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Painting of Krishna Chandra Das, noted Bengali entrepreneur and confectioner
| caption = Portrait of Krishna Chandra Das
| native_name = কৃষ্ণচন্দ্র দাশ
| birth_date = 1869
| birth_place = [[Bagbazar]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = 1934 (aged 65)
| death_place = [[Bagbazar]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Businessman, confectioner, entrepreneur
| years_active = 1900–1934
| employer =
| predecessor = [[Nobin Chandra Das]]
| known_for = Inventor of Canned [[Rasgulla|Rossogolla]], alleged inventor or [[Ras malai|rosso malai]], head of K.C. Das Confectioner
| successor = [[Sarada Charan Das]]
| spouse = Shwetangini Devi
| partner =
| children = 6, including [[Sarada Charan Das]]
| parents =
| relatives = Bhola Moira
| callsign =
| awards =
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website = {{URL|kcdas.co.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Krishna Chandra Das''', also known as '''K.C. Das''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: কৃষ্ণচন্দ্র দাশ; 1869–1934), was a Bengali [[Confectionery|confectioner]], [[entrepreneur]], and [[businessman]]. He contributed to the modernization of traditional [[Bengali cuisine#Sweets|Bengali sweets]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaslic1955.org/krishna_chandra_das.html|title=Krishna Chandra Das|website=iaslic1955.org|access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kcdas.co.in/|title=K.C. Das|website=kcdas.co.in|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422132106/http://www.kcdas.co.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Born in 1869, in [[Bagbazar]], Kolkata, India, Das was the only son of the Bengali confectioner and inventor, [[Nobin Chandra Das]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Bishwanath Ghosh |title=Longing, Belonging: An Outsider At Home In Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4obBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT177 |date=29 October 2014 |publisher=Westland |isbn=978-93-84030-60-5 |page=177 }}</ref> He was credited with creating [[Ras malai|''rasmalai'']] ''(रस मलाई)''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krondl|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gN6ySQnUnfwC&pg=PA71|title=Sweet Invention: A History of Dessert|date=2011|publisher=Chicago Review Press|isbn=978-1-55652-954-2|language=en}}</ref> and initiating the concept of canned ''[[rasgulla]] (रसगुल्ला)''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiamart.com/kcdas-grandson-limited/|title=K.C. Das Grandson Private Limited – Manufacturer & Exporter of CANNED SWEETS & INDIAN SWEETS from Kolkata|website=indiamart.com|access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> The sweets were later popularized by his family company, [[K.C. Das Private Limited]], founded by his son, [[Sarada Charan Das]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/J5jK255x5F6wpRll00gVFP/Kolkata-Chromosome-Like-KC-for-rossogolla.html|title=Kolkata Chromosome: Like KC for 'rossogolla'|last=Ghosh|first=Bishwanath|date=15 November 2014|website=livemint.com/|access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Das was born into a family of confectioners; his father was Nobin Chandra Das,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sood |first=Aanandika |date=2012-11-23 |title=A sweet rush |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2012/Nov/23/a-sweet-rush-427483.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202124809/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2012/Nov/23/a-sweet-rush-427483.html |archive-date=2024-12-02 |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and his mother was Khridmoni Devi.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} His great-grandfather, Bholanath Dey, also known as "Bhola Moira," was a professional confectioner and a poet.<ref>[[Kavigan]]</ref>

== Later life and family ==
Das was married to Swetangini Devi, with whom he had five sons and a daughter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=K. C. Das - About Us |url=https://kcdasonline.com/pages/about-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627194522/https://kcdasonline.com/pages/about-us |archive-date=2025-06-27 |access-date= |website=K.C. Das - A Legacy of Taste |language=en}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2025}} In 1930, he opened his first shop, Krishna Chandra Das Confectioner''',''' in partnership with his youngest son [[Sarada Charan Das]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kcdas.co.in/production.php|title=K.C. Das|website=kcdas.co.in|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419041635/http://www.kcdas.co.in/production.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Contributions and legacy ==
Das is credited with inventing ''ras malai'' and pioneering the concept of canned ''rasgulla'', though he is often mistakenly credited for reinventing the ''rasgulla'', which was allegedly created by his father, Nobin Chandra Das.<ref name=":0" />{{Primary source inline|date=November 2025}}

To market ''ras malai'', Das opened a new confectionery shop in [[Jorasanko]] in 1930, with his youngest son Sarada Charan Das. From that location, he promoted canned ''rasgulla'', reportedly the first canned dessert manufactured in India.<ref>{{Citation|last=Dhiman Das|title=K.C.Das Rossogolla/Rosogolla/Rasgulla Story|date=2011-12-03|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMCbYULUB8g|accessdate=2016-04-26}}</ref>

Krishna Chandra Das died in 1934, entrusting the company's operations to his son Sarada Charan Das.

== See also ==
*[[Bengali cuisine]]
*[[K.C. Das Grandsons]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, K.C.}}
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian confectionery]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]

Anuradha (1967 film)

2026-03-05T18:08:44Z

Owen79097529716: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anuradha
| image =
| caption =
| director = Aruru Pattabhi
| producer = Pandari Bai
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = Raja Shankar [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] [[K. S. Ashwath]] [[Pandari Bai]]
| music = Rajan Nagendra
| cinematography = R. Madhu
| editing =
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|1967|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''''Anuradha''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಅನುರಾಧ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Kannada]] film, directed by Aruru Pattabhi and produced by Pandari Bai. The film stars Raja Shankar, [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[K. S. Ashwath]] and [[Pandari Bai]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Rajan Nagendra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/anuradha-1967|title=Anuradha|accessdate=2015-01-29|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Anuradha-1967/9219800543 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150129165031/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Anuradha-1967/9219800543 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-01-29 |title=Anuradha |accessdate=2015-01-29 |publisher=nthwall.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/anuradha.htm|title=Anuradha|accessdate=2015-01-29|publisher=bharatmovies.com}}</ref> [[Dr. Rajkumar]] appeared as himself in a cameo role in this movie. This was his first guest appearance role in a movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=tMvmWG63rMU&feature|title = Anuradha – ಅನುರಾಧ| Kannada Full Movie | FEAT. M Pandaribai, Mynavathi|via = YouTube| date=23 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=GSz8HTrJH0U&feature|title = ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರು ಡಾ.ರಾಜ್‍ಕುಮಾರ್ ಆಗಿ ಗೆಸ್ಟ್ ಅಪಿಯರೆನ್ಸ್ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿರುವ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳೂ ಇವೆ.! | Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep 98|via = YouTube| date=3 January 2022 }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Nagu
* [[Mynavathi]] as Anuradha
* B. Ramadevi as Venkamma
* [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Sadanand Rao
* [[Raja Shankar]] as Ramesh
* [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] as Subba Rao
* Bangalore Nagesh
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Vimala (cameo)
* [[Dr.Rajkumar]] in a cameo

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Anuradha-K0000892|title=Anuradha Songs|accessdate=2015-01-29|publisher=raaga.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyricist !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Thooguve Rangana" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[P. Leela]]
|Chi Udayshankar
| 02:57
|}
2. Gummana Karayadire PBS and S Janaki Lyrics: Purandara Dasaru

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0369241|Anuradha}}

[[Category:1967 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Shubham (film)

2026-03-04T07:32:25Z

Owen79097529716: small fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shubham
| image = Shubham (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Ravi Garani
| writer = Ravi Garani
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = N R Shetty
| starring = Shivadhwaj [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = R Giri
| editing = Nagendra Urs
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| studio = N Films
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|3|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Shubham''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Kannada]]-language romantic drama film directed by Ravi Garani and starring Shivadhwaj and [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Shivadhwaj as Venky
*[[Sanjeeda Sheikh]] as Priya
*[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Priya's brother
*[[Loknath]]
*[[Vanitha Vasu]] as Priya's sister-in-law<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/straight-answers/articleshow/957578.cms|title=Straight answers|date=13 December 2004|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 March 2023|archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316022506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/straight-answers/articleshow/957578.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Pavithra Lokesh]] as Venky's fake wife
*Sangamesh Upase
*[[M. S. Umesh]]
*[[Mandya Ramesh]]
*[[Mandeep Roy]] as servant
*[[Dinesh Mangaluru]] as Priya's brother
*Baby Kruthika
*Baby Nikitha
*[[Aniruddha Sastry|Master Aniruddh]]
}}

== Production ==
Two versions of this film were shot for the class and mass audiences, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_shubham.asp|title='Shubham' to set a new trend!|date=2005|work=Viggy|access-date=2023-03-16|archive-date=2023-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316023511/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_shubham.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Gurukiran]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/shubham-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1182412810|title=Shubham (Original Motion picture Soundtrack)|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=2006}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aaha Yuvaraani
| lyrics1 = [[V. Manohar]]
| extra1 = C Ashwath, Nandini
| length1 = 4:13
| title2 = Ee Dhamani Dhamani
| lyrics2 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 4:20
| title3 = Ee Mounava
| lyrics3 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra3 = Rajesh Krishnan, K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 4:43
| title4 = Enaaytho
| extra4 = Gurukiran
| length4 = 4:28
| title5 = Hani Hani
| lyrics5 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra5 = K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 4:53
| title6 = Love Kane
| lyrics6 = Kaviraj
| extra6 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length6 = 4:07
| title7 = Thale Kerkond Barthaane
| lyrics7 = Sriranga
| extra7 = [[Malgudi Subha]]
| length7 = 3:45
| title8 = Yaarivanu
| lyrics8 = Kaviraj
| extra8 = Gurukiran, [[Usha Uthup]], Vidya
| length8 = 4:05
| total_length = 34:34
}}

== Reception ==
[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "The film will be more remembered for Giri’s photography than any other thing. He is certainly the best in the team. ''Shubham'' has rich technical values but with a poor story and script".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2888/kannada/shubham/721/review.htm|title=Shubham Kannada Movie Review|date=27 February 2006|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|last=Vijayasarthy|first=R. G.|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221082359/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2888/kannada/shubham/721/review.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "It is the story and direction that is the major letdown".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/11shubham.htm|title=Review: Shubham|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=11 April 2006|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|last=Vijayasarthy|first=R. G.|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221082359/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/11shubham.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' gave the film a positive review.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/reviews/100406shubham.html|title=ವಿಚಿತ್ರ ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ಸಾಹಸ!|date=21 December 2022|work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|via=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]|language=kn|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221082357/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/reviews/100406shubham.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Viggy'' wrote that "In a nutshell, watch Shubham if you haven't seen a technically good Kannada film in the recent past".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_shubham.asp|title=Shubham - film review|work=Viggy|access-date=2022-12-21|archive-date=2022-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221082357/http://www.viggy.com/english/review_shubham.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Chitraloka'' wrote that "N Films has made a very good attempt to remain different from the usual run of the mill films. This is worth more than your ticket price. Go watch it".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/742-shubham-review.html|title=Shubham Movie Review|date=7 April 2006|work=Chitraloka|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221082357/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/742-shubham-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Director Ravi R Gharani’s Shubam that carried a lot of pre-release hype takes off on a promising note but post interval fails miserably. Stunning visuals of virgin locations and good music are the highlights of this otherwise disappointing film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=14180444&ctid=5&cid=2427|title=Shubam|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=21 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430010834/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=14180444&ctid=5&cid=2427|archive-date=30 April 2006}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt14338492}}

[[Category:2006 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 romantic drama films]]

Haatim Tai (1990 film)

2026-03-03T23:32:53Z

Owen79097529716: typo fix

{{short description|1990 Bollywood fantasy film by Babubhai Mistry}}
{{for|1956 film|Hatim Tai (1956 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Haatim Tai
| image = Haatim Tai (1990 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Babubhai Mistry]]
| producer = Ratan Mohan
| writer = P.D. Mehra
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Sangeeta Bijlani]]
| music = [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = [[K Vaikunth]]
| editing = Padmakar Nirbhavane
| studio = R.M. Art Productions
| based_on =
| released = {{Film date|1990|04|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Haatim Tai''''' is a 1990 Indian [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]-language [[fantasy film]], produced by Ratan Mohan under the R.M. Art Productions banner and directed by [[Babubhai Mistri]]. It stars [[Jeetendra]] and [[Sangeeta Bijlani]] and has music composed by [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]], and lyrics by [[Hasan Kamal]]. The film's plot is based on the story of ''[[Hatim al-Tai]]'' from the [[Arabian tribe|Ta'i Arabian tribe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/witness-babubhai-mistry--s-magic-in-hatim-tai-only-on-sony-max2-98637.html|title=Witness Babubhai Mistryâ€™s magic in Hatim Tai only on Sony MAX2|date=26 November 2020|website=Adgully.com|access-date=18 June 2024|archive-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618145553/https://www.adgully.com/witness-babubhai-mistry--s-magic-in-hatim-tai-only-on-sony-max2-98637.html|url-status=live}}{{better source|date=June 2024}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins with a baby boy being born into the household of a rich Arab king. The prince is named Hatim al-Tai and is a very generous and humble prince when he reaches adulthood. As the Prince begins distributing gold to poor citizens in his city, a princess named Mariam comes to his doorstep to ask him for help. She tells him that she is in love with a prince named Munir and they want to get married, but her father will not let her marry anyone as long as she lives. Hatim is shocked at her father's decision and realizes that there must be a reason behind it. Hatim, his friend Nazrul, Mariam, and Munir go to Mariam's palace to ask the King why he will not let his daughter marry anyone. The King tells them of an event that occurred in the past, which leads to the reason why Mariam cannot get married.

One day, as the King was sleeping in his luxurious room, a fairy named Gulnar Pari flew into his room, enchanted by the beautiful chandeliers in his room. Upon seeing the beautiful fairy, the king is aroused by her beauty and rapes her. Pari is cursed and slowly begins turning into stone to save her honor. She gives him a curse that whoever his daughter Mariam marries will die on the wedding night, and Mariam will turn into stone. As Gulnar Pari begins turning into stone, the King begs for forgiveness. She pities him and leaves seven questions he needs or someone else has to answer. All the questions need to be answered in order to get rid of both Gulnar Pari and Mariam's curses.

When the King's story ends, he shows Hatim, Nazrul, Mariam, and Munir the beautiful stone statue of Gulnar Pari. Hatim decides to seek answers to the seven questions. The King warns Hatim that the questions are extremely difficult and he will have to travel to distant and dangerous places. Hatim promises that with the company of his friend Nazrul, he will answer the seven questions. Hatim and Nazrul begin to travel, seeking answers to the seven questions. Slowly, they start solving these questions. Every time a question is answered, a part of Gulnar Pari comes back to life. While seeking the answers to the questions, Hatim comes across a fairy that looks exactly like Gulnar Pari. She reveals that she is Gulnar Pari's twin sister, Pari Bano. She thanks Hatim for his help, and they both fall in love. Hatim and Nazrul begin completing the questions with the help of Gulnar Pari and succeed in completing all the difficult questions. Gulnar Pari comes back to life, and Mariam's curse is lifted as well. Hatim, Pari Bano, Mariam, and Munir celebrate and begin preparing for their weddings.

In the last quest, Hatim comes face to face with Magician (Jadoogar) Kamlaq. Kamlaq's trademark words are "Jinn Jinn Jinn du Jinn daara." He is the final hurdle to Hatim's completion of the seven quests.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jeetendra]] as [[Hatim al-Tai]]
* [[Sangeeta Bijlani]] as Gulnar Angel / Husna Angel
* [[Satish Shah]] as Nazrul
* [[Alok Nath]] as King of Angel land
* [[Raza Murad]] as Barzat
* [[Sonu Walia]] as Saira
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Magician Kamlaq
* [[Dev Kumar]] as Chieftain
* [[Rajesh Vivek]] as Departed
* [[Vijayendra Ghatge]] as Munir
* [[Goga Kapoor]] as Mendicant
* [[Joginder]] as Bandit
* [[Jasmin (Indian actress)|Jasmin]] as Fairy
* [[Shamshuddin]] as Monster
* [[Dheeraj]] as Peracholly
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
[[Hasan Kamal]] wrote all the songs.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Tum Haseen Kis Kadar Ho"
| [[Mohammad Aziz]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| 2
| "Oye Sanam"
| Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| 3
| "Ek Nazar Mein Dekh"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| 4
| "Mere Malik Mere Daata"
| Mohammad Aziz
|-
| 5
| "Aaj Bachna Hai Mushkil"
| Alka Yagnik, [[Anupama Deshpande]], [[Amrish Puri]]
|-
| 6
| "Ae Jana Jane Jana"
| Anuradha Paudwal
|}

==Reception==
In a retrospective review, [[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] called the film "[[So bad it's good]]." She further wrote, "In the pantheon of ‘so bad it’s good’ movies, Jeetendra’s forgotten fantasy flick, Hatim Tai, finds a venerable spot. One sees all sorts of grotesque razzle-dazzle through its course of 160 minutes as he goes about cracking seven tough riddles to end a fierce spell."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/bollywoods-hilarious-retro-moments/20150422.htm|title=Bollywood's hilarious retro moments!|first=Sukanya|last=Verma|website=[[Rediff]]|date=22 April 2015|access-date=18 June 2024|archive-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618003018/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/bollywoods-hilarious-retro-moments/20150422.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0242509|Haatim Tai}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Films based on One Thousand and One Nights]]
[[Category:Films directed by Babubhai Mistry]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:1990s fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:1990 adventure films]]
[[Category:Films about fairies]]

Naan Petha Magane

2026-03-03T04:50:51Z

Owen79097529716: Added A Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naan Petha Magane
| image = Naan Petha Magane.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[V. Sekhar]]
| writer = V. Sekhar
| producer = Tamilselvi Sekhar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]|[[Nizhalgal Ravi]]|[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]}}
| cinematography = G. Rajendran
| editing = A. P. Manivannan
| music = [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
| studio = Manithalayam
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|01|15}}
| runtime = 127 minutes{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=529}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Naan Petha Magane''''' ({{translation|My dear son}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[V. Sekhar]]. The film stars [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]. It was released on 15 January 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=naan petha magane ( 1995 ) |url=http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=naan%20petha%20magane |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029123511/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=naan%20petha%20magane |archive-date=2006-10-29 |access-date=2016-05-19 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> Although initially received with some protest, the film went on to become a major hit at the box office.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=530}} It won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film Portraying Woman in Good Light]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=TAMIL CINEMA I997-- YEAR HIGHLIGHTS |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/1997/1997high.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105224113/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/1997/1997high.htm |archive-date=5 January 2009 |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ravi([[Nizhalgal Ravi]]) owns a small advertising agency and is the only son of Andal ([[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]])who is very possessive about her son. Ravi meets Indra ([[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]), an open minded advocate and both fall in love. However, Andal dislikes Indra fearing that she might separate Ravi from Andal as Indra voices out against gender/social inequalities frequently. Andal disapproves their wedding plan. Ravi has no option than to let go his love for Indra. Instead, Andal arranges Ravi’s wedding with a naïve girl Uma Maheswari ([[Urvashi]])who hails from a village.

Ravi, although not interested in this wedding proposal with Uma, agrees for the sake of Andal. Slowly, Ravi gels well with Uma and they start leading a happy life. However, Andal feels possessive about Ravi and thinks that Uma is Ravi’s first priority and fears that Uma would start dominating her. So, Andal starts picking up frequent quarrels with Uma. Ravi worries that all is not well between Uma and Andal, but convinces Uma to tolerate Andal’s behavior. However, Uma keeps worrying.

Andal slowly starts understanding that her possessiveness towards Ravi is the only reason for all the mess at her home and decides to apologize to Uma. However, it is too late as Uma feels dejected due to continuous nagging from Andal and lack of moral support from Ravi and commits suicide. Andal gets arrested by the cops on the grounds of suspected murder. At this point, Indra comes to rescue and appears on behalf of Andal in the court. Indra discovers a letter written by Uma stating that she is going to commit suicide and argues that this is not a murder. Andal is acquitted from the case but feels guilty that she is responsible for Uma’s death. The movie ends with a message that mothers should not be over possessive with their sons especially post wedding.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Aandal
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Ravi
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Indra
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Uma Maheswari
*[[Goundamani]] as K. D. Varadarajan
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Vadivelu]]
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Devi
*[[Venkataraman Gopalakrishnan|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Indra's father
*[[Kumarimuthu]]
*[[Shanmugasundari]] as Sundari
*[[C. K. Saraswathi]] as K. D. Varadarajan's Mother
*[[Theni Kunjarammal]] as Maragatham
*[[Nithya Ravindran]]
*Radhabai
*P.S Seethalakshmi
*Gemini Rajeshwari
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
*[[Bonda Mani]]
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]] as Nair
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] as Judge
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naan Petha Magane|url=https://gaana.com/album/naan-petha-magane|access-date=24 February 2022|website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224114743/https://gaana.com/album/naan-petha-magane|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naan Petthe Magane / Mr. Maharani |url=https://avdigital.in/products/naan-petthe-magane-mr-maharani |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710133539/https://avdigital.in/products/naan-petthe-magane-mr-maharani |archive-date=10 July 2023 |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=AVDigital}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Mannathi Mannanum" || [[S. Janaki]] || 2:30
|-
| "Manja Kuruviyai" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Padma || 4:06
|-
| "Manichudunga" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]] || 3:53
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{V. Sekhar}}

[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 drama films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Sekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chandrabose (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Indo-Greek art

2026-03-01T23:17:46Z

Owen79097529716: Added New Article W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Art of the Indo-Greeks (c. 200 BCE)}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=250|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Indo-Greek art
| image1 = Deities on the coins of Agathocles of Bactria.jpg
| footer_align = center
| footer=Greek and Indian deities on the coinage of [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]], circa 180 BCE. Besides the Greek god [[Zeus]], the Indian deities have been variously identified as the [[Buddha]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Vasudeva]] or [[Balarama]].<ref name=FLH>{{cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Frank Lee |title=Alexander the Great and Bactria: The Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia |date=1988 |publisher=Brill Archive |isbn=9004086129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSA4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Indo-Greek articles}}
'''Indo-Greek art''' is the art of the [[Indo-Greeks]], who reigned from circa 200 BCE in areas of [[Bactria]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Initially, between 200 and 145 BCE, they remained in control of [[Bactria]] while occupying areas of Indian subcontinent, until Bactria was lost to invading nomads. After 145 BCE, Indo-Greek kings ruled exclusively in parts of ancient India, especially in [[Gandhara]], in what is now present-day the northwestern [[Pakistan]]. The Indo-Greeks had a rich [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] heritage and artistic proficiency as seen with the remains of the city of [[Ai-Khanoum]], which was founded as a [[Greco-Bactrian]] city.<ref name="RT215"/> In modern-day [[Pakistan]], several Indo-Greeks cities are known such as [[Sirkap]] near [[Taxila]], [[Barikot]], and [[Sagala]] where some Indo-Greek artistic remains have been found, such as [[stone palette]]s.

Some Buddhist cultural objects related to the Indo-Greeks are known, such as the [[Shinkot casket]]. By far the most important Indo-Greek remains found are numerous coins of the Indo-Greek kings, considered as some of the most artistically brilliant of Antiquity.<ref>"The extraordinary realism of their portraiture. The portraits of Demetrius, Antimachus and of Eucratides are among the most remarkable that have come down to us from antiquity" Hellenism in ancient India, Banerjee, p134</ref> Most of the works of art of the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]] are usually attributed to the direct successors of the Indo-Greeks in [[Ancient India]] in the 1st century CE, such as the nomadic [[Indo-Scythians]], the [[Indo-Parthians]] and, in an already decadent state, the [[Kushans]].<ref>"Just as the [[Franks|Frank]] [[Clovis I|Clovis]] had no part in the development of [[Gallo-Roman art]], the Indo-Scythian Kanishka had no direct influence on that of Indo-Greek Art; and besides, we have now the certain proofs that during his reign this art was already stereotyped, if not decadent" Hellenism in Ancient India, Banerjee, p147</ref> Many Gandharan works of art cannot be dated exactly, leaving the exact chronology open to interpretation. With the realization that the Indo-Greeks ruled in India until at least 10-20 CE with the reign of [[Strato II]] in the [[Punjab]], the possibility of a direct connection between the Indo-Greeks and [[Greco-Buddhist art]] has been reaffirmed recently.<ref>"The survival into the first century AD of a Greek administration and presumably some elements of Greek culture in the [[Punjab]] has now to be taken into account in any discussion of the role of Greek influence in the development of Gandharan sculpture", in {{cite book |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |last2=Bopearachchi |first2=Osmund |title=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan |date=1992 |publisher=Fitzwilliam Museum, Ancient India and Iran Trust |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780951839911 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>"Following discoveries at Ai-Khanum, in modern-day [[Afghanistan]] excavations at [[Tapa Shotor]], Hadda, produced evidence to indicate that Gandharan art descended directly from Hellenised Bactrian art." in {{cite book |last1=Allchin |first1=Frank Raymond |title=Gandharan Art in Context: East-west Exchanges at the Crossroads of Asia |date=1997 |publisher=Published for the Ancient India and Iran Trust, Cambridge by Regency Publications |isbn=9788186030486 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87OfAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>"We have to look for the beginnings of Gandharan Buddhist art both in the residual Indo-Greek tradition, and in the early Buddhist stone sculpture to the South (Bharhut etc...)" in {{cite book |last1=Boardman |first1=John |title=The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity |date=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691036809 |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IplQgAACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Early Indo-Bactrian period (200-145 BCE)==
{{Location map+
|South Asia
|float = right
|width = 200
|caption = Main known Indo-Greek cities during the period 200-145 BCE
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=37.17|N |long=69.38|E |label=[[Ai-Khanoum]]|position=right |label_size=80}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=33.745833|N |long=72.7875|E |label=[[Taxila]] |position=bottom |label_size=80 }}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=34.677471|N |long=72.211675|E |label=[[Barikot]] |position=right |label_size=80 }}
}}
The first Indo-Greek kings, also sometimes called "Indo-Bactrian", from [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]] (200–190 BCE) to [[Eucratides]] (170–145 BCE) ruled simultaneously, the areas of Bactria and northwestern India, until they were completely expelled from Bactria and the eastern Bactrian capital city of [[Ai-Khanoum]] by invading nomads, probably the [[Yuezhi]], or possibly the [[Sakas]], circa 145 BCE.<ref>"[[Bopearachchi]] attributes the destruction of Ai Khanoum to the Yuezhi, rather than to the alternative 'conquerors' and destroyers of the last vestiges of Greek power in Bactria, the Sakas..." {{cite book |last1=Benjamin |first1=Craig |title=The Yuezhi: Origin, Migration and the Conquest of Northern Bactria |date=2007 |publisher=Isd |isbn=9782503524290 |page=180 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VT1uAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="UP373">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131716779 |page=373 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA373 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Frank Lee |title=Thundering Zeus: the making of Hellenistic Bactria |date=1999 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520920095 |pages=135–136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZGi_RRZ6EIC&pg=PA135}}</ref> While Demetrius, the first Indo-Greek king, was extending his territory into India, still held Ai-Khanoum as one of his strongholds and continued to mint some of his coinage in the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=Frances A.M. |title=Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia [3 volumes]: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia |date=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781610690201 |pages=239–240 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npNUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA239 |language=en}}</ref> The last Greek coinage in Ai-Khanoum was by Eucratides.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=Getzel M. |title=The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India |date=2013 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520953567 |page=242 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aabFPHxRPUC&pg=PA242 |language=en}}</ref> Because of their dual territorial possessions in Bactria and India, these kings, starting with [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]], are variously described as Indo-Greek,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gyselen |first1=Rika |title=Des Indo-Grecs aux Sassanides: données pour l'histoire et la géographie historique |date=2007 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=9782952137614 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TIU_jp93xUC&pg=PA104 |language=en}}</ref> Indo-Bactrian,<ref name="CHI">{{cite book |last1=Yarshater |first1=Ehsan |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |date=1983 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521200929 |page=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA190 |language=en}}</ref> or Greco-Bactrian.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baumer |first1=Christoph |title=The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors |date=2012 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9781780760605 |page=289 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&pg=PA289 |language=en}}</ref> After losing Bactria around circa 145 BCE during the rule of Eucratides and [[Menander I]], the Greeks were generally called as "Indo-Greeks" only.

The main known remains from this period are the ruins and artifacts of their city of [[Ai-Khanoum]], a [[Greco-Bactrian]] city founded circa 280 BCE which continued to flourish during the first 55 years of the Indo-Greek period until its destruction by nomadic invaders in 145 BCE, and their coinage, which is often bilingual, combining [[Greek language|Greek]] with the Indian [[Brahmi script]] or [[Kharoshthi]].<ref name="US374"/> Apart from Ai-Khanoum, Indo-Greek ruins have been positively identified in few cities such as [[Barikot]] or [[Taxila]], with generally much fewer known artistic remains.<ref name="UP373"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Behrendt |first=Kurt A. |title=The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art |date=2007 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=9781588392244 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ3eCZVlT48C&pg=PA7 |language=en}}</ref>

===Architecture in Bactria===
[[File:CapitalSharp.jpg|thumb|[[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] capital, found at Ai-Khanoum in the citadel by the troops of Commander [[Ahmad Shah Massoud|Massoud]], 2nd century BC.]]
Numerous artefacts and structures were found, particularly in Ai-Khanoum, pointing to a high Hellenistic culture, combined with Eastern influences, starting from the 280-250 BCE period.<ref>"It has all the hallmarks of a Hellenistic city, with a Greek theatre, gymnasium and some Greek houses with colonnaded courtyards" (Boardman).</ref><ref name="US375"/><ref name="FLH43">{{cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Frank Lee |title=Thundering Zeus: The Making of Hellenistic Bactria |date=1999 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520920095 |pages=43–44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZGi_RRZ6EIC&pg=PA43 |language=en}}</ref> Overall, Aï-Khanoum was an extremely important Greek city (1.5 sq kilometer), characteristic of the [[Seleucid Empire]] and then the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]], remaining one of the major cities at the time when the Greek kings started to occupy parts of India, from 200 to 145 BCE. It seems the city was destroyed, never to be rebuilt, about the time of the death of king [[Eucratides]] around 145 BC.<ref name="FLH43"/>

Archaeological missions unearthed various structures, some of them perfectly Hellenistic, some other integrating elements of Persian architecture, including a citadel, a Classical theater, a huge palace in Greco-Bactrian architecture, somehow reminiscent of formal Persian palatial architecture, a [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]] (100 × 100m), one of the largest of Antiquity, various temples, a mosaic representing the Macedonian sun, [[Acanthus (ornament)|acanthus]] leaves and various animals (crabs, dolphins etc...), numerous remains of Classical [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] columns.<ref name="FLH43"/> Many artifacts are dated to the 2nd century BCE, which corresponds to the early Indo-Greek period.

<gallery>
File:Ai Khanum mosaic 2nd 3rd century BC.jpg|Ai- Khanoum mosaic (central detail in color).
File:AntefixSharp.jpg|Architectural [[antefix]]ae with Hellenistic "[[Flame palmette]]" design, Ai-Khanoum.
File:SunDialAiKhanoum.jpg|Sun dial within two sculpted lion feet.
File:Ai Khanum Antefix from the administrative palace.jpg|Winged [[antefix]], a type only known from Ai-Khanoum.
</gallery>

===Sculpture===
[[File:Ai Khanoum Portrait of a man, found in the administrative palace.jpg|thumb|[[Stucco]] face found in the administrative palace. Ai-Khanoum, 2nd century BC]]
Various sculptural fragments were also found at [[Ai-Khanoum]], in a rather conventional, classical style, rather impervious to the Hellenizing innovations occurring at the same time in the Mediterranean world. Of special notice, a huge foot fragment in excellent Hellenistic style was recovered, which is estimated to have belonged to a 5-6 meter tall statue (which had to be seated to fit within the height of the columns supporting the Temple). Since the sandal of the foot fragment bears the symbolic depiction of [[Zeus]]' [[thunderbolt]], the statue is thought to have been a smaller version of the [[Statue of Zeus at Olympia]].<ref name="RT215">{{cite book |last1=Thapar |first1=Romila |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date=2004 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520242258 |pages=215–216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA215 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="PBII">{{cite journal |last1=Bernard |first1=Paul |title=Deuxième campagne de fouilles d'Aï Khanoum en Bactriane |journal=Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres |date=1967 |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=306–324 |doi=10.3406/crai.1967.12124 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1967_num_111_2_12124}}</ref>

Due to the lack of proper stones for sculptural work in the area of Ai-Khanoum, unbaked [[clay]] and [[stucco]] modeled on a wooden frame were often used, a technique which would become widespread in Central Asia and the East, especially in [[Buddhist art]]. In some cases, only the hands and feet would be made in marble.

In India, only a few Hellenistic sculptural remains have been found, mainly small items in the excavations of Sirkap.

<gallery>
File:Philosopher2.JPG|Sculpture of an old man. Ai-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.
File:PhilosopherBust.jpg|Close-up of the same statue.
File:ManWithChlamys5.jpg|Frieze of a naked man wearing a [[chlamys]]. Ai-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.
File:GorgoyleSharp.jpg|Hellenistic gargoyle. Ai-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.
</gallery>

===Artefacts===
[[File:AiKhanoumPlateSharp.jpg|thumb|Plate depicting [[Cybele]] pulled by lions, a votive sacrifice and the [[Sun God]]. Ai-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.]]
A variety of artefacts of Hellenistic style, often with Persian influence, were also excavated at Ai-Khanoum, such as a round medallion plate describing the goddess [[Cybele]] on a chariot, in front of a fire altar, and under a depiction of [[Helios]], a fully preserved bronze statue of [[Herakles]], various golden serpentine arm jewellery and earrings, a toilet tray representing a seated [[Aphrodite]], a mold representing a bearded and diademed middle-aged man. Various artefacts of daily life are also clearly Hellenistic: [[sundial]]s, ink wells, tableware. An almost life-sized dark green glass [[phallus]] with a small owl on the back side and other treasures are said to have been discovered at Ai-Khanoum, possibly along with a stone with an inscription, which was not recovered. The artefacts have now been returned to the [[Kabul Museum]] after several years in Switzerland by Paul Bucherer-Dietschi, Director of the Swiss Afghanistan Institute.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6452787.stm Source, BBC News], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6462433.stm Another article]. German story with photographs [http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/0,1518,472307,00.html here] (translation [https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fkultur%2Fgesellschaft%2F0%2C1518%2C472307%2C00.html&langpair=de%7Cen&hl=ja&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&prev=%2Flanguage_tools here]).</ref>

<gallery>
File:Ai Khanum, Heracles.jpg|Bronze Herakles statuette. Ai-Khanoum. 2nd century BC.
File:AiKhanoumBracelet.jpg|Bracelet with horned female busts. Ai-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.
File:PlatesAiKhanoum.jpg|Stone recipients from Ai-Khanoum. 3rd-2nd century BC.
File:AyKhanoumWoman.png|Imprint from a mold found in Ai-Khanoum. 3rd-2nd century BC.
</gallery>

===First Indo-Greek coinage===
[[File:DemetriusIMet.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.8|200px|Silver coin of [[Demetrius I of Bactria]] (reigned c. 200–180 BC) in the Greco-Bactrian standard, wearing an elephant scalp, symbol of his conquests of areas in the northwest of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Demetrius is said to have founded [[Taxila]] (archaeological excavations), and also [[Sagala]] in the modern-day [[Pakistan]], which he seemed to have called Euthydemia, after his father ("the city of Sagala, also called Euthydemia" (Ptolemy, Geographia, VII 1))</ref>]]
[[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]], the son of [[Euthydemus I of Bactria|Euthydemus]] is generally considered as the Greco-Bactrian king who first launched the Greek expansion into [[Ancient India]] circa 190-180 BCE, and is therefore the founder of the [[Indo-Greek]] realm and the first recognized Indo-Greek king.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HSoE8qR-5BgC&pg=PA39 A Journey Through India's Past Chandra Mauli Mani, Northern Book Centre, 2005, p. 39]</ref><ref name="US375">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131716779 |page=375 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |language=en}}</ref> The first Indo-Greek kings, having dominions in Bactria as well as India, continued to strike coins in standard [[Greco-Bactrian]] style, but conjointly started to strike coins on the Indian standard having bilingual Indian-Greek legends.<ref name="US374"/><ref name="RT215"/>

After the death of Demetrius, the Bactrian kings [[Pantaleon]] and [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]] struck the first bilingual coins with Indian inscriptions found as far east as Taxila,<ref>MacDowall, 2004</ref> so in their time (c. 185–170 BC) the Bactrian kingdom seems to have included Gandhara.<ref>"The only thing that seems reasonably sure is that Taxila was part of the domain of Agathocles", Bopearachchi, ''Monnaies'', p. 59</ref> These first bilingual coins used the [[Brahmi script]], whereas later kings would generally use [[Kharoshthi]]. They also went as far as incorporating Indian deities, variously interpreted as Hindu deities or the [[Buddha]].<ref name=FLH/><ref name="US374"/> They also included various Indian devices (lion, elephant, [[zebu]] bull) and symbols, some of them Buddhist such as the tree-in-railing.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishan |first1=Yuvraj |last2=Tadikonda |first2=Kalpana K. |title=The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development |date=1996 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |isbn=9788121505659 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDyJh--iaL0C&pg=PA22 |language=en}}</ref> These symbols can also be seen in the [[Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara]].

The Hinduist coinage of Agathocles is few but spectacular. Six Indian-standard silver [[Ancient drachma|drachmas]] were discovered at [[Ai-Khanoum]] in 1970, which depict Hindu deities.<ref name="US374"/><ref name="NPJ">Iconography of Balarāma, Nilakanth Purushottam Joshi, Abhinav Publications, 1979, p. 22 [https://books.google.com/books?id=5vd-lKzyFg0C&pg=PA22]</ref> These are early [[Avatar]]s of [[Vishnu]]: [[Balarama]]-[[Shesha|Sankarshana]] with attributes consisting of the [[Gada (mace)|Gada]] mace and the [[plow]], and [[Vasudeva]]-[[Krishna]] with the [[Vishnu]] attributes of the [[Shankha]] (a pear-shaped case or conch) and the [[Sudarshana Chakra]] wheel.<ref name="NPJ"/> These first attempts at incorporating Indian culture were only partly preserved by later kings: they all continued to struck bilingual coins, sometimes in addition to [[Attic]] coinage, but Greek deities remained prevalent. Indian animals however, such as the elephant, the bull or the lion, possibly with religious overtones, were used extensively in their Indian-standard square coinage. Buddhist wheels ([[Dharmachakra]]s) still appear in the coinage of [[Menander I]] and [[Menander II]].<ref name="SAGE Publications">{{cite book |last1=Stanton |first1=Andrea L. |last2=Ramsamy |first2=Edward |last3=Seybolt |first3=Peter J. |last4=Elliott |first4=Carolyn M. |title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia |date=2012 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9781452266626 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVN2AwAAQBAJ&pg=RA3-PA28 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Global Vision Publishing House">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nagendra Kr |last2=Mishra |first2=A. P. |title=Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy and Religion: Buddhism |date=2007 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |pages=351, 608–609 |isbn=9788182201156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yE8RAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

In Ai-Khanoum, numerous coins were found, down to [[Eucratides]], but none of them later. Ai-Khanoum also yielded unique coins of [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]], consisting of six Indian-standard silver [[drachm]]s depicting Hindu deities. These are the first known representations of [[Rigvedic deities|Vedic deities]] on coins, and they display early [[Avatar]]s of [[Vishnu]]: [[Balarama]]-[[Samkarshana]] and [[Vasudeva]]-[[Krishna]], and are thought to correspond to the first attempts at creating an Indian-standard coinage as they invaded northern India.<ref name="US374"/>

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Bactrian and Indian coinage of some early Indo-Greek kings (200-145 BCE)
|-
! Territory/Ruler!![[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]] (190-180 BCE)!![[Pantaleon]] (190-180 BCE)!![[Apollodotus I]] (circa 180 BCE)!![[Eucratides]] (171-145 BCE)
|-
|align=center width="10%"|
Bactria
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Coin_of_the_Bactrian_king_Agathokles.jpg|150px|Bactrian coinage of [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]] (190-180 BCE).]]
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Agathokles_commemorative_coin_for_Pantaleon.jpg|150px|Bactrian coinage in the name of [[Pantaleon]] (190-180 BCE)]]
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Apollodotus_I_Attic_tetradrachm.jpg|150px|Bactrian coinage of [[Apollodotus I]] (circa 180 BCE).]]
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Monnaie_de_Bactriane,_Eucratide_I,_2_faces.jpg|150px|Bactrian coinage of [[Eucratides]] (171-145 BCE).]]
|-
|align=center width="10%"|
India
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Coin of the Bactrian King Agathokles.jpg|150px|Coin of [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]] (190-180 BCE) with [[Hindu]] deities, and Greek and [[Brahmi]] legend, found in [[Ai-Khanoum]].]]
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Pantaleon with Lakshmi and Lion.jpg|150px|[[Pantaleon]] (190-180 BCE) coin with dancing woman ([[Lakshmi]]?) and lion. Greek and [[Brahmi]] legend.]]
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Apollodotus I round bilingual.jpg|150px|[[Apollodotus I]] (circa 180 BCE), early Attic bilingual drachm, with Greek and Indian [[Kharoshthi]] legend.]]
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:BilingualCoinOfEucratides.jpg|150px|Coin of the [[Eucratides]] (171-145 BCE), with Greek and Kharoshthi legends.]]
|}

====Artifacts in Bactria====
[[File:Sakuntala plate reconstitution.jpg|thumb|350px|The plate found in Ai-Khanoum, thought to represent the myth of [[Shakuntala]] (with reconstitution).]]
Ancient Indian artifacts were also found in the treasure room of the city, probably brought back by Eucratides from his Indian campaigns, which show a level of artistic interaction between Indian and the Greeks at that time. A narrative plate made of shell inlaid with various materials and colors, thought to represent the Indian myth of [[Shakuntala]] was recovered.<ref>"Afghanistan, tresors retrouves", p150</ref> Also, numerous [[Coinage of India|Indian punch-marked coins]] were found, about 677 of them in the Palace area of Ai-Khanoum alone, suggesting intense exchanges between Bactria and India.<ref name="US374">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131716779 |page=374 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA374 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.academia.edu/33456187/Investigating_the_introduction_of_coinage_in_India-_a_review_of_recent_research_Journal_of_the_Numismatic_Society_of_India_xlv_Varanasi_1983_pp.80-101 Joe Cribb, Investigating the introduction of coinage in India, Journal of the Numismatic Society of India xlv Varanasi 1983 pp.89]</ref>

====Greek cities in the subcontinent====
The first Indo-Greek ruler Demetrius I is said to have built the city of Sirkap, in modern-day Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Amalananda |title=Taxila |date=1965 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=763 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0NA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA763 |language=en}}</ref> The site of Sirkap was built according to a "[[Hippodamian]]" grid-plan characteristic of Greek cities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McNicoll |first1=Anthony |last2=Milner |first2=N. P. |title=Hellenistic Fortifications from the Aegean to the Euphrates |date=1997 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=9780198132288 |page=102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmYEKxjV5bIC&pg=PA102 |language=en}}</ref> It is organized around one main avenue and fifteen perpendicular streets, covering a surface of around {{convert|1200|x|400|m|sp=us}}, with a surrounding wall {{convert|5|-|7|m|sp=us}} wide and {{convert|4.8|km|sp=us}} long. The ruins are Greek in character, similar to those of [[Olynthus]] in [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]]. Numerous Hellenistic artifacts have been found, in particular coins of Greco-Bactrian kings and stone palettes representing Greek mythological scenes. Some of them are purely Hellenistic, others indicate an evolution of the [[Greco-Bactrian]] styles found at [[Ai-Khanoum]] towards more indianized styles. For example, accessories such as Indian ankle bracelets can be found on some representations of Greek mythological figures such as [[Artemis]].

<gallery>
File:Sirkap remains (Taxila) 03.jpg|Some remains at Sirkap.
File:Map of Sirkap excavations 1918.jpg|Map of Sirkap excavations.
File:Sirkap excavations Block B and C.jpg|Sirkap at time of excavations.
File:Sirkap excavations 1926-1927.jpg|Excavations at Sirkap.
File:NereidAndKetos.JPG|A [[Nereid]] riding a [[Ketos]] sea-monster, stone palette, Sirkap, 2nd century BC.
</gallery>

==Main Indian period (145 BCE-20 CE)==
{{Location map+
|South Asia
|float = right
|width = 200
|caption = Main known Indo-Greek cities after 145 BCE
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=33.745833|N |long=72.7875|E |label=[[Taxila]] |position=top |label_size=80 }}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=32.505278|N |long=74.534167|E |label=[[Sagala]] |position=bottom |label_size=80 }}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=27.4925|N |long=77.673611|E |label=[[Mathura]] |position=right |label_size=80 }}
}}
The main Indian period of the Indo-Greeks starts with the reign of [[Menander I|Menander]] (from c. 165/155 BC) who has been described as the greatest of the Indo-Greek Kings.<ref name=eb>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/374659/Menander |title=Menander |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |quote=Menander, also spelled Minedra or Menadra, Pali Milinda (flourished 160 BCE?–135 BCE?), the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings and the one best known to Western and Indian classical authors. He is believed to have been a patron of the Buddhist religion and the subject of an important Buddhist work, the Milinda-panha ("The Questions of Milinda"). Menander was born in the Caucasus, but the Greek biographer Plutarch calls him a king of Bactria, and the Greek geographer and historian Strabo includes him among the Bactrian Greeks "who conquered more tribes than Alexander [the Great]." |access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref>

The remains of the Greeks in [[South Asia]] essentially revolve around city ruins, [[stone palette]]s, a few Buddhist artefacts, and their abundant coinage.

===Coinage===
The Indo-Greek kings continued the tradition of minting bilingual coinage in India. Paradoxically, they were not as bold as earlier kings such as [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]] or [[Pantaleon]] is showing Indian divinities. They all continued to struck bilingual coins, sometimes in addition to [[Attic]] coinage, but Greek deities remained prevalent. Indian animals however, such as the elephant, the bull or the lion, possibly with religious overtones, were used extensively in their Indian-standard square coinage. Buddhist wheels ([[Dharmachakra]]s) appear in the coinage of [[Menander I]] and [[Menander II]].<ref name="SAGE Publications"/><ref name="Global Vision Publishing House"/>

{{clear}}
<gallery widths="200px" heights="100px" perrow="4">
File:Menander Soter wheel coin.jpg|Famous Indian-standard coinage of Menander I with [[Dharmachakra|wheel design]].
File:Coin of Antialkidas.jpg|Coin of [[Antialcidas]] (105–95 BC), with elephant accompanying Zeus
File:Menander_II_with_wheel.jpg|Coin of [[Menander II]] (90–85 BCE), with seated Zeus and Nike on his arm, extending a victory wreath over a wheel symbol
File:Strato_II_fine.jpg|Coin of [[Strato II]] (25 BCE-10 CE), one of the last Indo-Greek kings.
</gallery>

===Architecture===
[[File:Heliodorus pillar with elevation.jpg|thumb|The [[Heliodorus pillar]], erected circa 115 BCE by Indo-Greek ambassador [[Heliodorus (votive erector)|Heliodorus]], is the first known inscription related to [[Vaishnavism]] in India.<ref name="Bopearachchi">[[Osmund Bopearachchi]], 2016, [https://www.academia.edu/25807197/Emergence_of_Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u_and_%C5%9Aiva_Images_in_India_Numismatic_and_Sculptural_Evidence Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence]</ref> Heliodorus was one of the earliest recorded Indo-Greek converts to [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Hermann Kulke]] and [[Dietmar Rothermund]] | year=2004 | title=A History of India | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-415-32920-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&pg=PA73 | page=73 }}</ref>]]
Besides the amin city of [[Sirkap]], founded by Demetrius I, an expeditions in the 1980s and 90s discovered an Indo-Greek town in [[Barikot]] from around the time of King [[Menander I]] in the 2nd century BCE. The 2nd century BCE town covered, at its peak, an area of about {{convert|10|ha|acre|abbr=on}} including the [[acropolis]], or about {{convert|7|ha|acre|abbr=on}} without. It was surrounded by a defensive wall about 2.7 meters thick with massive rectangular [[bastion]]s and a moat, and was structurally similar to other Hellenistic fortified cities such as [[Ai-Khanoum]] or [[Sirkap]].<ref name="OCE">{{cite book |last1=Gallieri |first1=Pier Francesco |title=On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004154513 |pages=140–150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCz8NczNbcMC&pg=PA140 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Dawn>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1183878 |title=Swat's archaeological sites: a victim of neglect |last=Khaliq |first=Fazal |date=24 May 2015 |work=DAWN.COM |access-date=2017-09-13 |language=en}}</ref> Indo-Greek coins were found, especially in the layers associated with the wall's construction, as well as potsherds with Greek letters.<ref name="OCE"/>

The Indo-Greeks are also known for their involvement in the construction of a few architectural elements. In 115 BC, that the embassy of [[Heliodurus|Heliodorus]], from king [[Antialkidas]] to the court of the [[Sungas]] king [[Bhagabhadra]] in [[Vidisha]], is recorded. In the Sunga capital, Heliodorus established the [[Heliodorus pillar]] in a dedication to [[Vāsudeva]]. This would indicate that relations between the Indo-Greeks and the Sungas had improved by that time, that people traveled between the two realms, and also that the Indo-Greeks readily followed Indian religions.<ref>Ancient Indian History and Civilization, Sailendra Nath Sen, New Age International, 1999 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA170 p. 170]</ref>

A coin of Menander I was found in the second oldest stratum (GSt 2) of the [[Butkara stupa]] suggesting a period of additional constructions during the reign of Menander.<ref name="HB">[https://books.google.com/books?id=C9_vbgkzUSkC&pg=PA49 Handbuch der Orientalistik, Kurt A. Behrendt, BRILL, 2004, p.49 sig]</ref> It is thought that Menander was the builder of the second oldest layer of the Butkara stupa, following its initial construction during the [[Maurya Empire]].<ref>"King Menander, who built the penultimate layer of the Butkara stupa in the first century BCE, was an Indo-Greek." ''Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River'', [[Alice Albinia]], 2012</ref> These elements tend to indicate the importance of Buddhism within Greek communities in northwestern India, and the prominent role Greek Buddhist monks played in them, probably under the sponsorship of Menander.

<gallery>
File:Barikot Ghundai Hill.JPG|Ruins of the city of Barikot
File:Barikot Ghundai Place of Worship.JPG|Ruins of the Indo-Greek city of [[Barikot]]
File:Sirkap remains (Taxila) 03.jpg|The Greek city of [[Sirkap]], near [[Taxila]]
File:Butkara stupa 2nd century BCE.jpg|The [[Butkara stupa]] as expanded during the reign of Menander I.
Heliodorus pillar inscription.jpg|Detail of the [[Heliodorus pillar]], with inscription in [[Brahmi]] by [[Heliodorus (votive erector)|Heliodorus]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Avari|first1=Burjor|title=India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from C. 7000 BCE to CE 1200|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317236733|page=167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTaTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA167|language=en}}</ref>
</gallery>

===Indo-Greek artefacts in India===
Few artefacts are known with certainty to belong to the Indo-Greeks. The [[Shinkot casket]], a Buddhist relic casket was dedicated during the reign of [[Menander I]], bearing his name in an inscription.<ref name="SB">{{cite book |last1=Baums |first1=Stefan |title=A framework for Gandharan chronology based on relic inscriptions, in "Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art"|date=2017 |publisher=Archaeopress |url=http://www.archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/download.asp?id={51184689-60EE-4F62-A6D5-8A95D4D53181} }}</ref>

====Stone palettes (circa 100 BCE)====
[[File:StonePalette5.JPG|thumb|Type of stone palette excavated in the Greek levels at Sirkap.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=John |title=Taxila vol.III |date=1951 |page=Plaque 144 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.27261/page/n169}}</ref>]]
[[Stone palette]], also called "toilet tray" or "cosmetic trays") is a round tray commonly found in the areas of [[Bactria]] and [[Gandhara]], and which usually represent [[Greek mythology|Greek mythological]] scenes. Some of them are attributed to the [[Indo-Greek]] period in the 2nd and 1st century [[BCE]]. A few were retrieved from the Indo-Greek stratum No.5 at [[Sirkap]]. Some stone palettes with some very pure Hellenistic designs are thought to date to circa 100 BCE, and to have come from [[Taxila]].<ref name="BRILL">{{cite book |last1=Siudmak |first1=John |title=The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-24832-8 |pages=58–59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVft0FqSxc0C&pg=PA58 |language=en}}</ref> Other have mythological themes, such as the ''[[Rape of Europa]]'', which "could have only been made by a Greek patron during the Indo-Greek period".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Siudmak |first1=John |title=The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-24832-8 |page=57 note 65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVft0FqSxc0C&pg=PA57 |language=en}}</ref>

====Intaglio gems====
[[File:Intaglio gems from the northwest of India.jpg|thumb|Intaglio gems from northwestern India, showing an evolution from Greek workmanship to more degraded forms, ranging from circa 2nd century BCE to 2nd century CE.]]
Intaglio gems from northwest India, showing an evolution from Greek workmanship to more degraded forms, range from circa 2nd century BCE to 2nd century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rapson |first1=Edward James |title=The Cambridge history of India |date=1922 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://archive.org/stream/cambridgehistory01rapsuoft#page/478/mode/2up}}</ref>

====Inscriptions and sculptures====
Some inscriptions remain mentioning Indo-Greek rule, such as the [[Yavanarajya inscription]], mentioned the rule of the Indo-Greeks in [[Mathura]] from the reign of Menander I to the period circa 50 BCE.<ref name="Rhie 254">History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE, Sonya Rhie Quintanilla, BRILL, 2007 [https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA254 pp. 254-255]</ref> Stone art and architecture began being produced at Mathura at the time of Indo-Greek hegemony over the region.<ref name="RS436">{{cite book |last1=Stoneman |first1=Richard |title=The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks |date=2019 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691185385 |pages=436–437 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MFnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA436 |language=en}}</ref> Some authors consider that Indo-Greek cultural elements are not particularly visible in the [[Mathura art|art of Mathura]], and Hellenistic influence is not more important than in other parts of India.<ref name="SRQ10"/> Others consider that [[Hellenistic influence on Indian art|Hellenistic influence]] appears in the liveliness and the realistic details of the figures (an evolution compared to the stiffness of [[Mauryan art]]), the use of perspective from 150 BCE, iconographical details such as the knot and the club of [[Heracles]], the wavy folds of the dresses, or the depiction of [[bacchanalian]] scenes.<ref name="RS436"/><ref name="JB112"/> The art of Mathura became extremely influential over the rest of India, and was "the most prominent artistic production center from the second century BCE".<ref name="RS436"/>

Excavation at [[Semthan]] in southern [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Kashmir]] have revealed a Greek settlement.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jamwal |first1=Suman |title=Commercial Contacts Between Kashmir and Rome |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=1994 |volume=75 |issue=1/4 |page=202|jstor=41694416 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref> Many figurines in the [[Hellenistic art|Hellenistic style]] were found during the excavations.<ref name="JS32">{{cite book |last1=Siudmak |first1=John |title=The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-24832-8 |pages=32–36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVft0FqSxc0C&pg=PA32 |language=en}}</ref> The female figurines are fully dressed, with the left leg slightly bent, and wear the Greek ''[[chiton]]'' and ''[[himation]]'', and the Hellenistic styles of [[Greco-Bactria|Bactria]] are probably the ultimate source of these designs.<ref name="JS32"/><ref name="JS43"/> It is thought that the Indo-Greeks introduced their artistic styles into the area as they moved eastward from the area of Gandhara into South Kashmir.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaw |first1=Mushtaq A. |title=Central Asian Contribution to Kashmir's Tradition of Religio-Cultural Pluralism |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |date=2010 |volume=54 |issue=2 |page=245 |jstor=41928559 |issn=0008-9192}}</ref>

Such Hellenistic draped figurines have not been found at [[Taxila]] or [[Charsadda]], although they are known to have been Greek cities, but probably this is mainly because excavations to Greek levels have been very limited: in Sirkap, only one eight of the excavations were made down to the Indo-Greek and early Saka levels, and only in an area far removed from the center of the ancient city, where few finds could be expected.<ref name="JS39">{{cite book |last1=Siudmak |first1=John |title=The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-24832-8 |pages=39–43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVft0FqSxc0C&pg=PA39 |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Semthan terracotta statuette.jpg|Terracotta statuette in Chiton and Himation, [[Semthan]], Southern Kashmir
File:Semthan, Hellenistic dress.jpg|Male Hellenistic dress, Semthan
File:Semthan, female Hellenistic dresses.jpg|Semthan, female Hellenistic dresses
</gallery>

====Buddhist reliquaries====
{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=230|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Pyxides and Buddhist reliquaries
| image1 = Ai-Khanoum stone containers.jpg
| caption1 = Ai-Khanoum "[[Pyxis]]" stone containers,3rd-2nd century BCE
| image2 = Darunta steatite container.jpg
| caption2 = [[Darunta]] reliquary and [[Rukhuna reliquary]], 1st century CE.<ref name="HF134"/><ref name="RS">{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=A New Inscription dated in the "Yona" (Greek) Era of 186/5 B.C. |date=2005 |publisher=Brepols |isbn=978-2-503-51681-3 |pages=359–400 |url=http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9782503516813-1}}</ref>
| footer=
}}
According to [[Harry Falk (Indologist)|Harry Falk]] Buddhist stone reliquaries, which were generally place insided stupas with precious relics of the Buddha or other saints, are directly derived from the stone [[pyxis]] which have been excavated at [[Ai-Khanoum]] and originated in the west.<ref name="HF134">{{cite book |last1=Falk |first1=Harry |title=Buddhistische Reliquienbehälter aus der Sammlung Gritli von Mitterwallner |date=2015 |pages=134–135 |url=https://www.academia.edu/20438939 |language=en}}</ref> The Ai-Khanoum stone containers are thought to have played a religious role, and were apparently used to burn [[incense]].<ref name="HF134"/> The shapes, material, and decoration are very similar to the later Buddhist containers, down to the compartmentalization inside the containers themselves.<ref name="HF134"/> One such containers the [[Shinkot casket]], is a Buddhist relics container which was engraved with the name of the Indo-Greek king [[Menander I]].<ref name="SB"/><ref name="EI">{{cite book |last1=Chakravarti |first1=N. P |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 |date=1937 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526/page/n160 1]–10 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526}}</ref>

The Bimaran reliquary, with one of the earliest known images of the Buddha, is generally dated to a period corresponding the end of Indo-Greek rule circa 1-15 CE, but was actually deposited by one of the [[Indo-Scythian]] successors of the Indo-Greeks, names [[Kharahostes]].<ref>Fussman, 1986, p.71, quoted in The Crossroads of Asia, p.192</ref> The Bimaran casket already displays a combination of Hellenistic design elements with Indian ones, such as the arches and the lotus design.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of India |date=1922 |publisher=CUP Archive |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory03rapsuoft/page/646 646]–647 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory03rapsuoft |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Shinkot_relic_casket.jpg|The [[Shinkot casket]], a Buddhist relics container in the name of [[Menander I]]
File:Vyala Yaksha - Circa 1st Century BCE - ACCN 42-2944 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 6175.JPG|An [[anguiped]], also seen in Hellenistic and Roman art, [[Mathura art]], c. 1st century BCE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004155374|page=132 Note 57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA132|language=en}}</ref>
File:BimaranCasket2.JPG|The [[Bimaran reliquary]] is often dated to circa 1-15 CE, at the time of the last Indo-Greek kings.
</gallery>

===Architecture and statuary under the Indo-Greeks in Mathura (180-70 BCE)===
{{main|Art of Mathura|Indian art}}

====Architecture====
From time of the [[Mauryan Empire]], India was able to use as an example the architectural work of the [[Greco-Bactrians]] and the [[Indo-Greeks]] from the 3rd to the 1st centuries BCE, with influences which are clearly visible in the Hellenistic designs, such as [[flame palmette]]s, [[beads and reels]] used and adapted from that time in Indian art.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=BOARDMAN |first1=JOHN |title=Reflections on the Origins of Indian Stone Architecture |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=1998 |volume=12 |pages=13–22 |jstor=24049089 |issn=0890-4464}}</ref>

====Stone statuary====
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=350|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Early Mathura statuary 150-100 BCE
| image1 = Yaksha Manibhadra - Parkham Mathura circa 150 BCE.jpg
| caption1 = "[[Parkham Yaksha]]" [[Manibhadra]], 150 BCE<ref name="SRQ26">Dated 150 BCE in Fig. 15-17, general comments p.26-27 in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA26 |language=en}}</ref>
| image2 = Mudgarpani Yaksha, Mathura, 100 BCE.jpg
| caption2 = "[[Mudgarpani]]" [[Yaksha]] ("Mace-holder"), 100 BCE<ref name="SRQF88">Dated 100 BCE in Fig.88 in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |page=368, Fig. 88|publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA368 |language=en}}</ref>
| image3 = Agnipani statue, Mathura, 100 BCE, Mathura Museum.jpg
| caption3 = "[[Agnipani]]" [[Yaksha]] ("Fire-holder"), 100 BCE<ref name="SRQAgni">Dated 100 BCE in Fig. 86-87, page 365-368 in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=Fig.85, p.365 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA365 |language=en}}</ref>
| image4 = Naga statue, Mathura, 150 BCE, Mathura Museum.jpg
| caption4 = [[Nāga]], the Serpent God 150 BCE<ref name="SRQNaga">Dated 150 BCE in Fig. 20, page 33-35 in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=Fig.85, p.365 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA33 |language=en}}</ref>
| footer_align = center
| footer=These colossal statues are about 2 meters tall.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |page=368, Fig. 88|publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA368 |language=en}}</ref> Many have known attributes: [[Mudgarpani]] has a ''[[mudgar]]'' mace in the right hand, and had a small standing devotee or child in the left hand,<ref name="History of Early Stone Sculpture at">Fig. 85 in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=Fig.85, p.365 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA365 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalal |first1=Roshen |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6 |page=398 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA398 |language=en}}</ref> the Fire God [[Agni]] has an [[aureole]] with incised flames and held a water flask in the left hand,<ref name="SRQAgni"/> the [[Nāga]] has a hood formed by serpents.<ref name="SRQNaga"/> [[Mathura Museum]]
}}
Following the demise of the Mauryan Empire and its replacement by the [[Sunga Empire]] in eastern India, numismatic, literary and epigraphic evidence suggest that the [[Indo-Greek]]s, when they invaded India, occupied the area of Mathura for close to a century from circa 180 BCE and the time of [[Menander I]] until approximately 70 BCE, with the Sungas remaining eastward of Mathura.<ref name="Rhie">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15537-4 |pages=8–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="RS436"/> An inscription in Mathura discovered in 1988,<ref>Published in "L'Indo-Grec Menandre ou Paul Demieville revisite," Journal Asiatique 281 (1993) p.113</ref><ref>"Some Newly Discovered Inscriptions from Mathura : The Meghera Well Stone Inscription of Yavanarajya Year 160 Recently a stone inscription was acquired in the Government Museum, Mathura." India's ancient past, Shankar Goyal Book Enclave, 2004, p.189</ref> the "[[Yavanarajya inscription]]", mentions "The last day of year 116 of Yavana hegemony (''Yavanarajya'')", suggesting the presence of the Indo-Greeks in the 2nd-1st century BC in Mathura down to 70 or 69 BC.<ref name="Rhie"/> On the contrary, the [[Sungas]], are thought to have been absent from Mathura, as no epigraphical remains or coins have been found, and to have been based to the east of the Mathura region.<ref name="Rhie"/>

Stone art and architecture began being produced at Mathura at the time of "Indo-Greek hegemony" over the region.<ref>"During the time of Indo-Greek hegemony, art and architecture in the medium of stone began to be produced in the Mathura region" in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15537-4 |page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA10 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="RS436"/> Some authors consider that Indo-Greek cultural elements are not particularly visible in these works, and Hellenistic influence is not more important than in other parts of India.<ref name="SRQ10">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA10 |language=en}}</ref> Others consider that [[Hellenistic influence on Indian art|Hellenistic influence]] appears in the liveliness and the realistic details of the figures (an evolution compared to the stiffness of [[Mauryan art]]), the use of perspective from 150 BCE, iconographical details such as the knot and the club of [[Heracles]], the wavy folds of the dresses, or the depiction of [[bacchanalian]] scenes:<ref name="RS436"/><ref name="JB112"/>

{{blockquote|"Mathura sculpture is distinguished by several qualitative features of art, culture and religious history. The geographical position of the city on the highway leading from the Madhyadesa towards Madra-Gandhara contributed in a large measure to the eclectic nature of its culture. Mathura became the meeting ground of the traditions of the early Indian art of [[Bharhut]] and [[Sanchi]] together with strong influences of the [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|Iranian]] and the Indo-Bactrian or the [[Greco-Buddhist art|Gandhara art]] from the North-West. The Persepolitan capitals with human-headed animal figures and volutes as well as the presence of the battlement motif as a decorative element point to Iranian affinities. These influences came partly as a result of the general saturation of foreign motifs in early Indian sculpture as found in the [[Stupa]]s of [[Bharhut]] and [[Sanchi]] also."|Vasudeva Shrarana Agrawala, ''Masterpieces of Mathura sculpture''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agrawala |first1=Vasudeva S. |title=Masterpieces of Mathura sculpture |date=1965 |page=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.42876/page/n7}}</ref>}}

The art of Mathura became extremely influential over the rest of India, and was "the most prominent artistic production center from the second century BCE".<ref name="RS436"/>

====Colossal anthropomorphic statues (2nd century BCE)====
[[Yakshas]] seems to have been the object of an important cult in the early periods of Indian history, many of them being known such as [[Kubera]], king of the Yakshas, [[Manibhadra]] or [[Mudgar]]pani.<ref name="RD"/> The Yakshas are a broad class of nature-spirits, usually benevolent, but sometimes mischievous or capricious, connected with water, fertility, trees, the forest, treasure and wilderness,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|page=430}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/yaksha |title=yaksha |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=15 July 2007}}</ref> and were the object of popular worship.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Ramesh Chandra |title=The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum |date=1994 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0015-3 |page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-vVAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Many of them were later incorporated into Buddhism, Jainism or Hinduism.<ref name="RD"/>

In the 2nd century BCE, Yakshas became the focus of the creation of colossal cultic images, typically around 2 meters or more in height, which are considered as probably the first Indian anthropomorphic productions in stone.<ref name="JB112"/><ref name="RD"/> Although few ancient Yaksha statues remains in good condition, the vigor of the style has been applauded, and expresses essentially Indian qualities.<ref name="JB112"/> They are often pot-bellied, two-armed and fierce-looking.<ref name="RD"/> The Yashas are often depicted with weapons or attributes, such as the Yaksha [[Mudgar]]pani who in the right hand holds a ''[[mudgar]]'' mace, and in the left hand the figure of a small standing devotee or child joining hands in prayer.<ref name="History of Early Stone Sculpture at"/><ref name="RD">{{cite book |last1=Dalal |first1=Roshen |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6 |pages=397–398 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA398 |language=en}}</ref> It is often suggested that the style of the colossal Yaksha statuary had an important influence on the creation of later divine images and human figures in India.<ref>"The folk art typifies an older plastic tradition in clay and wood which was now put in stone, as seen in the massive Yaksha statuary which are also of exceptional value as models of subsequent divine images and human figures." in {{cite book |last1=Agrawala |first1=Vasudeva Sharana |title=Indian Art: A history of Indian art from the earliest times up to the third century A. D |date=1965 |publisher=Prithivi Prakashan |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfrpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> The female equivalent of the Yashas were the [[Yashi]]nis, often associated with trees and children, and whose voluptuous figures became omnipresent in Indian art.<ref name="RD"/>

Some [[Hellenistic]] influence, such as the geometrical folds of the drapery or the walking stance of the statues, has been suggested.<ref name="JB112"/> According to [[John Boardman (art historian)|John Boardman]], the hem of the dress in the monumental early Yaksha statues is derived from Greek art.<ref name="JB112"/> Describing the drapery of one of these statues, John Boardman writes: "It has no local antecedents and looks most like a Greek Late Archaic mannerism", and suggests it is possibly derived from the [[Hellenistic art]] of nearby [[Greco-Bactrian kingdom|Bactria]] where this design is known.<ref name="JB112">{{cite book |last1=Boardman |first1=John |title=The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity |date=1993 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0691036802 |page=112 |language=en}}</ref>

In the production of colossal Yaksha statues carved in the round, which can be found in several locations in northern India, the [[art of Mathura]] is considered as the most advanced in quality and quantity during this period.<ref>"With respect to large-scale iconic statuary carved in the round (...) the region of Mathura not only rivaled other areas but surpassed them in overall quality and quantity throughout the second and early first century BCE." in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA24 |language=en}}</ref> Colossal [[Nāga]] statues are also known from this period in Mathura, also denoting an early cult of this deity.<ref>Dated 150 BCE in Fig.20 in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA1 |language=en}}</ref>

==Incipient Greco-Buddhist art==
{{Main|Greco-Buddhist art}}
[[File:Gandharan Athena.jpg|thumb|[[Gandhara]]n [[Athena]] [[Lahore Museum]] ]]
The possibility of a direct connection between the Indo-Greeks and Greco-Buddhist art has been reaffirmed recently as the dating of the rule of Indo-Greek kings has been extended to the first decades of the 1st century CE, with the reign of [[Strato II]] in the Punjab.<ref>"The survival into the 1st century AD of a Greek administration and presumably some elements of Greek culture in the Punjab has now to be taken into account in any discussion of the role of Greek influence in the development of Gandharan sculpture", The Crossroads of Asia, p. 14</ref> Also, Foucher, Tarn and more recently Boardman, Bussagli or McEvilley have taken the view that some of the most purely Hellenistic works of northwestern India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, may actually be wrongly attributed to later centuries, and instead belong to a period one or two centuries earlier, to the time of the Indo-Greeks in the 2nd-1st century BCE:<ref>On the Indo-Greeks and the Gandhara school:
*1) "It is necessary to considerably push back the start of Gandharan art, to the first half of the first century BCE, or even, very probably, to the preceding century.(...) The origins of Gandharan art... go back to the Greek presence. (...) Gandharan iconography was already fully formed before, or at least at the very beginning of our era" Mario Bussagli "L'art du Gandhara", p331–332
*2) "The beginnings of the Gandhara school have been dated everywhere from the first century B.C. (which was M. Foucher's view) to the Kushan period and even after it" (Tarn, p394). Foucher's views can be found in "La vieille route de l'Inde, de Bactres a Taxila", pp340–341). The view is also supported by Sir John Marshall ("The Buddhist art of Gandhara", pp5–6).
*3) Also the recent discoveries at [[Ai-Khanoum]] confirm that "Gandharan art descended directly from Hellenized Bactrian art" (Chaibi Nustamandy, "Crossroads of Asia", 1992).
*4) On the Indo-Greeks and Greco-Buddhist art: "It was about this time (100 BCE) that something took place which is without parallel in Hellenistic history: Greeks of themselves placed their artistic skill at the service of a foreign religion, and created for it a new form of expression in art" (Tarn, p393). "We have to look for the beginnings of Gandharan Buddhist art in the residual Indo-Greek tradition, and in the early Buddhist stone sculpture to the South (Bharhut etc.)" (Boardman, 1993, p124). "Depending on how the dates are worked out, the spread of Gandhari Buddhism to the north may have been stimulated by Menander's royal patronage, as may the development and spread of the Gandharan sculpture, which seems to have accompanied it" McEvilley, 2002, "The shape of ancient thought", p378.</ref>

This is particularly the case of some purely Hellenistic works in [[Hadda, Afghanistan]], an area which "might indeed be the cradle of incipient Buddhist sculpture in Indo-Greek style".<ref>Boardman, p141</ref> Referring to one of the Buddha triads in Hadda (drawing), in which the Buddha is sided by very Classical depictions of [[Herakles]]/[[Vajrapani]] and [[Tyche]]/[[Hariti]], Boardman explains that both figures "might at first (and even second) glance, pass as, say, from Asia Minor or Syria of the first or second century BC (...) these are essentially Greek figures, executed by artists fully conversant with far more than the externals of the Classical style".<ref>Boardman, p143</ref> Many of the works of art at Hadda can also be compared to the style of the 2nd century BCE sculptures of the Hellenistic world, such as those of the [[Bassae|Temple of Olympia at Bassae]] in Greece, which could also suggest roughly contemporary dates.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}

Alternatively, it has been suggested that these works of art may have been executed by itinerant Greek artists during the time of maritime contacts with the West from the 1st to the 3rd century CE.<ref>"Others, dating the work to the first two centuries A.D., after the waning of Greek autonomy on the Northwest, connect it instead with the Roman Imperial trade, which was just then getting a foothold at sites like [[Barbarikon|Barbaricum]] (modern [[Karachi]]) at the Indus-mouth. It has been proposed that one of the embassies from Indian kings to Roman emperors may have brought back a master sculptorto oversee work in the emerging Mahayana Buddhist sensibility (in which the Buddha came to be seen as a kind of deity), and that "bands of foreign workmen from the eastern centers of the [[Roman Empire]]" were brought to India" (Mc Evilley "The shape of ancient thought", quoting Benjamin Rowland "The art and architecture of India" p121 and A.C. Soper "The Roman Style in Gandhara" American Journal of Archaeology 55 (1951) pp301–319)</ref>

The supposition that such highly Hellenistic and, at the same time Buddhist, works of art belong to the Indo-Greek period would be consistent with the known Buddhist activity of the Indo-Greeks (the [[Milinda Panha]] etc...), their Hellenistic cultural heritage which would naturally have induced them to produce extensive statuary, their know artistic proficiency as seen on their coins until around 50 BCE, and the dated appearance of already complex iconography incorporating Hellenistic sculptural codes with the [[Bimaran casket]] in the early 1st century CE.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}} 

==Greek-looking people in the art of Gandhara==
[[File:Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG|thumb|250px|Hellenistic culture in the Indian subcontinent: Greek clothes, [[amphora]]s, wine and music (Detail of [[Chakhil-i-Ghoundi stupa]], [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]], [[Gandhara]], 1st century CE).]]
The [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]], beyond the omnipresence of Greek style and stylistic elements which might be simply considered as an enduring artistic tradition,<ref>Boardman, p.115</ref> offers numerous depictions of people in Greek [[classical antiquity|Classical]] realistic style, [[attitude (art)|attitudes]] and fashion (clothes such as the [[chiton (costume)|chiton]] and the [[himation]], similar in form and style to the 2nd century BCE [[Greco-Bactrian]] statues of [[Ai-Khanoum]], hairstyle), holding contraptions which are characteristic of Greek culture ([[amphora]]s, "kantaros" Greek drinking cups), in situations which can range from festive (such as [[Bacchanal]]ian scenes) to Buddhist-devotional.<ref>McEvilley, p.388-390</ref><ref>Boardman, 109-153</ref>

Uncertainties in dating make it unclear whether these works of art actually depict Greeks of the period of Indo-Greek rule up to the 1st century BCE, or remaining Greek communities under the rule of the [[Indo-Parthians]] or [[Kushans]] in the 1st and 2nd century CE.
{{clear}}

===Hellenistic groups===
[[File:GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG|thumb|450px|Greek Buddhist devotees, holding [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]] leaves, in purely Hellenistic style, inside [[Corinthian column]]s, [[Buner reliefs|Buner relief]], [[Victoria and Albert Museum]].]]
A series of reliefs, several of them known as the [[Buner reliefs]] which were taken during the 19th century from Buddhist structures near the area of Buner in northern [[Pakistan]], depict in perfect Hellenistic style gatherings of people in Greek dress, socializing, drinking or playing music.<ref>Boardman, p.126</ref> They have been called "Proto-Gandharan",<ref name="JS43"/> and are considered to be "slightly later" then the earliest stone palettes, themselves dated to circa 100 BCE.<ref name="JS43">{{cite book |last1=Siudmak |first1=John |title=The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-24832-8 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVft0FqSxc0C&pg=PA43 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BRILL"/> Some other of these reliefs depict [[Indo-Scythian]] soldiers in uniform, sometimes playing instruments.<ref>Marshall, "The Buddhist art of Gandhara", p.36</ref> Finally, revelling Indian in [[dhoti]]s richly adorned with jewelry are also shown. These are considered some of the most artistically perfect, and earliest, of Gandharan sculptures, and are thought to exalt multicultural interaction within the context of Buddhism,{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}} in the 1st century BCE or the 1st century CE.
{{clear}}
<gallery>
File:Gandhara Hellenistic drinking scene.jpg|Hellenistic drinking scene.
File:Marine deities Gandhara 1st century.jpg|Hellenistic marine deities, Gandhara, 1st century.
File:Sar Khi Derri scene.jpg|Hellenistic drinking scene, Sar Khi Derri.
File:IndoGreeksTrojanHorse.jpg|The [[Trojan Horse]].
</gallery>

===Bacchic scenes===
Greeks harvesting grapes, Greeks drinking and revelling, scenes of erotical courtship are also numerous, and seem to relate to some of the most remarkable traits of Greek culture.<ref>"At the time, a favourite theme of Graeco-Parthian secular art was the drinking scene, and incongruous as it may seem, this was one of the earliest themes to be adopted for the decoration of Buddhist stupas." Marshall, p.33</ref> These reliefs also belong to Buddhist structures, and it is sometimes suggested that they might represent some kind of paradisical world after death.
<gallery>
File:BacchanalianScene.JPG|Bacchanalian scene, representing the harvest of wine grapes, Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, 1st-2nd century CE.
File:Indo-Greek-Bacchanales.jpg|Indo-Greek bacchanalian scene, 1st-2nd century.
File:DrinkingScene.JPG|Drinking scene, with [[Dionysus]] and [[Ariadne]] on his lap, Greek drinking cups, Greek dress. Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara. Dated 3rd century CE.
File:SatryWithWomen.jpg|[[Satyr]] on a mountain goat, drinking with women. Gandhara, 2nd-4th century.
File:MusicianWithExomis.jpg|Musician wearing the [[Chiton (costume)|chiton]] dress.
File:Bacchanalian scene Gandhara.jpg|Bacchanalian scene, Gandhara.
</gallery>

===Hellenistic devotees===
[[File:StupaCircumDevotees.jpg|thumb|300px|Lay devotee couple in Hellenistic dress (right, man holding a lamp), and Buddhist monks (shaven, left), circumambulating a [[stupa]].]]
Depictions of people in Hellenistic dress within a Buddhist context are also numerous.<ref>Marshall, p.33-39</ref> Some show a Greek devotee couple circumambulating stupas together with shaven monks, others Greek protagonists are incorporated in Buddhist [[jataka]] stories of the life of the Buddha (relief of The Great Departure), others are simply depicted as devotees on the columns of Buddhist structures. A few famous friezes, including one in the British Museum, also depict the story of the [[Trojan horse]]. It is unclear whether these reliefs actually depict contemporary Greek devotees in the area of Gandhara, or if they are just part of a remaining artistic tradition. Most of these reliefs are usually dated to the 1st-3rd century CE.
{{clear}}
<gallery>
File:HellenisticCoupleWithBuddha.jpg|Couple of devotees in Hellenistic [[himation]] dress, at the base of a Buddha statue.
File:PilasterDevotee.jpg|Devotee in Greek dress, on a Buddhist pilaster. [[Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa]].

File:Great_Departure.JPG|"The Great Departure", with the Buddha amid Greek deities and costumes.
File:PoseidonGandhara.JPG|Hellenistic man or God, Gandhara.
File:Capitello corinzio con busti di devoti clarified - Butkara I (Swat).jpg|[[Indo-Corinthian capital]] representing a Buddhist devotee wearing a Greek cloak ([[chlamys]]) attached by a [[fibulae|fibula]]. Dated to the 1st century BCE. [[Butkara Stupa]].
File:The Aristocratic Women.jpg|Aristocratic women, Gandhara.
</gallery>

==Contributions by "Yavanas" in the 1st-2nd centuries CE==
[[File:Tapa Shotor seated Buddha (Niche V1).jpg|thumb|upright|left|A Hellenistic seated Buddha, which may have been made by Greek artists settled in the [[Jalalabad]] region, [[Tapa Shotor]], 2nd century CE.<ref name="ZTSRH63"/>]]
After formal Greek political power waned circa 10 CE, some Greek nuclei may have continued to survive until the 2nd century AD.<ref name="SW">{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=Shane |title=Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries |journal=Greece and Rome |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=205–226, 210 |date=2016 |doi=10.1017/S0017383516000073 |s2cid=163916645 |url=https://www.academia.edu/25638818 |language=en}}</ref>

===Tapa Shotor===
{{main|Tapa Shotor}}
According to archaeologist [[Raymond Allchin]], the site of [[Tapa Shotor]] near [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]] suggests that the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]] descended directly from the art of Hellenistic [[Bactria]], as seen in [[Ai-Khanoum]].<ref name="Allchin">"Following discoveries at [[Ai-Khanum]], excavations at Tapa Shotor, Hadda, produced evidence to indicate that Gandharan art descended directly from Hellenised Bactrian art. It is quite clear from the clay figure finds in particular, that either Bactrian artist from the north were placed at the service of Buddhism, or local artists, fully conversant with the style and traditions of Hellenistic art, were the creators of these art objects" in {{cite book |last1=Allchin |first1=Frank Raymond |title=Gandharan Art in Context: East-west Exchanges at the Crossroads of Asia |date=1997 |publisher=Published for the Ancient India and Iran Trust, Cambridge by Regency Publications |isbn=9788186030486 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87OfAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Archaeologist [[Zemaryalai Tarzi]] has suggested that, following the fall of the [[Greco-Bactrian]] cities of [[Ai-Khanoum]] and [[Takht-i Sangin]], Greek populations were established in the plains of [[Jalalabad]], which included [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]], around the Hellenistic city of [[Dionysopolis Indiae|Dionysopolis]], and that they were responsible for the Hellenistic Buddhist creations of [[Tapa Shotor]] in the 2nd century CE.<ref name="ZTSRH63">{{cite book |last1=Tarzi |first1=Zémaryalai |page=63 |section=Le site ruiné de Hadda |title=Afghanistan, patrimoine en péril: actes d'une journée d'étude |publisher=CEREDAF |date=2001 |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00003888/document |via=HAL open science}}</ref>

===Buddhist caves===
A large number of [[Buddhist caves in India]], particularly in the west of the country, were artistically hewn between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century CE. Numerous donors provided the funds for the building of these caves and left donatory inscriptions, including laity, members of the clergy, government officials. Foreigners, mostly self-declared ''[[Yavanas]]'', represented about 8% of all inscriptions.<ref>Buddhist architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA99 pp. 98–99]</ref>

'''Karla Caves'''
[[File:Karla Caves Great Chaitya Left pillar No9.jpg|thumb|Pillar of the Great Chaitya at [[Karla Caves]], mentioning its donation by a [[Yavana]].<ref>Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.367557 p. 328 Inscription No10]</ref> Below: detail of the word "Ya-va-na-sa" in old [[Brahmi script]]: [[File:Brahmi y 2nd century CE.jpg|12px]][[File:Brahmi v 2nd century CE.gif|12px]][[File:Brahmi n.svg|12px]][[File:Brahmi s.svg|12px]], circa AD 120.]]
Yavanas from the region of [[Nashik]] are mentioned as donors for six structural pillars in the Great Buddhist [[Chaitya]] of the [[Karla Caves]] built and dedicated by [[Western Satraps]] ruler [[Nahapana]] in 120 CE,<ref name="WH">World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 ʻAlī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, 2008 [https://books.google.com/books?id=fg-lGID3WpQC&pg=PA42 p. 42]</ref> although they seem to have adopted Buddhist names.<ref>* Inscription no.7: "(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Sihadhaya from Dhenukataka" in Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions, Shankar Goyal - 2001, p. 104 * Inscription no.4: "(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Dhammadhya from Dhenukataka" Description in Hellenism in Ancient India by Gauranga Nath Banerjee [https://books.google.com/books?id=3P8YNA-bbGIC&pg=PA20 p. 20]</ref> In total, the Yavanas account for nearly half of the known dedicatory inscriptions on the pillars of the Great Chaitya.<ref>Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.367557 pp. 326–328] and Epigraphia Indica Vol.7 [Epigraphia Indica Vol.7 [https://archive.org/details/epigraphiaindica014351mbp pp. 53–54]</ref> To this day, Nasik is known as the [[wine]] capital of India, using grapes that were probably originally imported by the Greeks.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Philpott|first1=Don|title=The World of Wine and Food: A Guide to Varieties, Tastes, History, and Pairings|date=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442268043|page=133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3dIbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA133|language=en}}</ref>

'''Shivneri Caves'''

Two more Buddhist inscriptions by Yavanas were found in the [[Shivneri Caves]].<ref name = "Yavanas">The Greek-Indians of Western India: A Study of the Yavana and Yonaka Buddhist Cave Temple Inscriptions, 'The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies', NS 1 (1999-2000) [https://www.academia.edu/31789887/The_Greek-Indians_of_Western_India_A_Study_of_the_Yavana_and_Yonaka_Buddhist_Cave_Temple_Inscriptions_The_Indian_International_Journal_of_Buddhist_Studies_N. S._1_1999-2000_pp._83-109 {{p.|87–88}}]</ref> One of the inscriptions mentions the donation of a tank by the Yavana named Irila, while the other mentions the gift of a refectory to the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]] by the Yavana named Cita.<ref name=" Yavanas "/> On this second inscription, the Buddhist symbols of the [[triratna]] and of the [[swastika]] (reversed) are positioned on both sides of the first word "Yavana(sa)".

'''Pandavleni Caves'''

[[File:Cave 17 at Pandavleni.jpg|thumb|Buddhist cave built by ""Indragnidatta the son of the [[Yavana]] Dharmadeva, a northerner from Dattamittri", in the 2nd century AD", [[Nashik Caves]].]]
One of the Buddhist caves (Cave No.17) in the [[Pandavleni Caves]] complex near [[Nashik]] was built and dedicated by "Indragnidatta the son of the [[Yavana]] Dharmadeva, a northerner from Dattamittri", in the 2nd century AD.<ref name="EI 90">Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p. 90ff]</ref><ref>Hellenism in Ancient India, Gauranga Nath Banerjee p. 20</ref><ref>The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean: The Ancient World Economy and the Kingdoms of Africa, Arabia and India, Raoul McLaughlin, Pen and Sword, 2014 [https://books.google.com/books?id=WmZtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA170 p. 170]</ref> The city of "Dattamittri" is thought to be the city of [[Demetriapolis|Demetrias]] in [[Arachosia]], mentioned by [[Isidore of Charax]].<ref name="EI 90"/>

'''Manmodi Caves'''

In the [[Manmodi Caves]], near [[Junnar]], an inscription by a [[Yavana]] donor appears on the façade of the main [[Chaitya]], on the central flat surface of the lotus over the entrance: it mentions the erection of the hall-front (façade) for the Buddhist Samgha, by a Yavana donor named Chanda:<ref name="RT">{{cite book |title=Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004255302 |page=97, note 97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXdfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |language=en}}</ref>

{{blockquote|''"yavanasa camdānam gabhadā[ra]"'' 
"The meritorious gift of the [[façade]] of the (gharba) hall by the [[Yavana]] Chanda"|Inscription on the façade of the Manmodi Chaitya.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India|date=1994|publisher=The Society|pages=iv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4NjAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Archaeological Survey of Western India|date=1879|publisher=Government Central Press|pages=43–44|url=https://archive.org/stream/archaeologicals01indigoog|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Karttunen|first1=Klaus|title=Yonas and Yavanas In Indian Literature|journal=Studia Orientalia|date=2015|volume=116|page=214|url=https://journal.fi/store/issue/view/4184/199}}</ref>}}

These contributions seem to have ended when the [[Satavahana]] King [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] claimed to have vanquished a confederacy of [[Yavana]]s (Indo-Greeks), [[Shakas]] ([[Western Kshatrapas]]), [[Pahlavas]] ([[Indo-Parthian Kingdom|Indo-Parthians]]) under the [[Western Satrap]] ruler [[Nahapana]] circa 130 CE. This victory is known from the fact that Gautamiputra Satakarni restruck many of Nahapana's coins, and that he is claimed to have defeated the Yavanas and their confederates in the inscription of his mother Queen Gotami Balasiri at Cave No. 3 of the [[Nasik Caves]]:<ref>Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. {{ISBN|978-81-317-1120-0}}. p. 383</ref><ref>Nasik cave inscription No 1. "( Of him) the Kshatriya, who flaming like the god of love, subdued the Sakas, Yavavas and Palhavas" in Parsis of ancient India
by Hodivala, Shapurji Kavasji [https://archive.org/stream/parsisofancienti00hodiiala p. 16]</ref>

{{blockquote|
...Siri-[[Gautamiputra Satakarni|Satakani Gotamiputa]] (....) who crushed down the pride and conceit of the [[Kshatriyas]]; who destroyed the [[Sakas]], [[Yavanas]] and [[Palhavas]]; who rooted out the [[Western Satraps|Khakharata]] race; who restored the glory of the [[Satavahana]] family...
|[[Nasik Caves]] inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri, circa AD 170, [[Nasik Caves|Cave No.3]]<ref>Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica pp. 61–62]</ref>}}

==See also==
{{Portal|History}}
*[[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]
*[[Seleucid Empire]]
*[[Greco-Buddhism]]
*[[Indo-Scythian art]]
*[[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]]
*[[Kushan art]]
*[[Roman commerce]]
*[[Timeline of Indo-Greek Kingdoms]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
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| title = Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Catalogue Raisonné
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| language = fr
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}}
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*{{cite book
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| title = The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan
| year = 1992
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| location = Cambridge
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}}
*{{cite book
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| year = 1993
| publisher = National Numismatic Collection, [[Smithsonian Institution]]
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}}
*{{cite book
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}}
*{{cite book
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}}
*{{cite book
| last = Foltz
| first = Richard
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}}
*{{cite book
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| location = New Delhi
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}}
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| id = OCLC 15211914
| isbn = 81-7236-124-6
}}
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| title = The "Avaca" Inscription and the Origin of the Vikrama Era
| volume = 102
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Banerjee
| first = Gauranga Nath
| title = Hellenism in ancient India
| year = 1961
| publisher = Munshi Ram Manohar Lal.
| location = Delhi
| id = OCLC 1837954
| isbn = 0-8364-2910-9
}}
*{{cite book
| last1 = Bussagli
| first1 = Mario
| first2 = Francine
| last2 = Tissot
| first3 = Béatrice
| last3 = Arnal
| title = L'art du Gandhara
| year = 1996
| publisher = Librairie générale française
| location = Paris
| language = fr
| isbn = 2-253-13055-9
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Marshall
| first = John
| author-link = John Marshall (archaeologist)
| title = Taxila. An illustrated account of archaeological excavations carried out at Taxila (3 volumes)
| year = 1956
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
| location = Delhi
}}
*{{cite book
| title = Afghanistan, ancien carrefour entre l'est et l'ouest
| year = 2005
| language = fr, en
| publisher = Brepols
| location = Belgium
| isbn = 2503516815
|editor=Osmund Bopearachchi
}}
*{{cite journal
| last = Seldeslachts
| first = E.
| title = The end of the road for the Indo-Greeks?
|journal=Iranica Antica |volume=39 |date=2004
| pages = 249–296
|doi=10.2143/IA.39.0.503898
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Senior
| first = R.C.
| title = Indo-Scythian coins and history. Volume IV.
| year = 2006
| publisher = Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.
| isbn = 0-9709268-6-3
}}

{{Commons category|Art of the Indo-Greek Kingdom}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Art Of The Indo-Greeks}}
[[Category:Indo-Greeks]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian art|Indo-Greeks]]
[[Category:Ancient Central Asian art]]

Housefull (film series)

2026-02-28T13:51:17Z

Owen79097529716: small edit

{{Short description|Indian comedy film series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| title = Housefull franchise
| image = Housefull (Hindi film) Logo.png
| caption = Film series logo
| creator = [[Sajid Nadiadwala]] [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]]
| origin = ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'' (2010)
| owner = [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]
| years = 2010–2025
| films = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Housefull 2]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Housefull 3]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Housefull 4]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Housefull 5]]'' (2025)
}}
| soundtracks = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Housefull (2010 film)#Soundtrack|Housefull]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Housefull 2#Soundtrack|Housefull 2]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Housefull 3#Music|Housefull 3]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Housefull 4 (soundtrack)|Housefull 4]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Housefull 5#Soundtrack|Housefull 5]]'' (2025)
}}
| otherlabel1 = Portrayer
| otherdata1 = {{plainlist|
* [[Akshay Kumar]]
* [[Ritesh Deshmukh]]
* [[Chunky Panday]]
}}
}}

'''''Housefull''''' is an Indian [[comedy film]] series starring [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Ritesh Deshmukh]], and [[Chunky Panday]], who feature in all entries thus far. The first two, ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'' and ''[[Housefull 2]]'', were directed by [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]];<ref name="boxcinema">{{cite web|last=ADESARA|first=HETAL|url=http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=16102|title=Box Office: Housefull holds on Monday with Rs 50 million net collections in India|publisher=Businessofcinema|date=4 May 2010|access-date=6 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130111356/http://businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=16102|archive-date=30 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Housefull 2 Cast and Crew|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542290|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107201054/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542290|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 January 2012|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=12 April 2012}}</ref> the third, ''[[Housefull 3]]'', by [[Sajid-Farhad]]; the fourth, ''[[Housefull 4]]'', by [[Farhad Samji]]; and the fifth with two prints, ''[[Housefull 5]]A'' and ''[[Housefull 5]]B'', by [[Tarun Mansukhani]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 June 2023|title=Akshay Kumar announces Housefull 5, film to release on Diwali 2024|work=Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-announces-housefull-5-film-to-release-on-diwali-2024-8694025|access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref> The series is produced by [[Sajid Nadiadwala]] under his banner [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]. Each film starts with a fresh story unrelated with the preceding film's story.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akshay Kumar, Fardeen Khan, Abhishek Bachchan pose with 'Housefull 5' team on a cruise |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-fardeen-khan-abhishek-bachchan-pose-with-housefull-5-team-on-a-cruise20241003122945/ |access-date=6 October 2024 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

Despite a generally mixed-negative critical reception, the series has been commercially successful, grossing over {{INR}}1000 [[crore]] worldwide.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heres-how-the-housefull-franchise-has-evolved-over-the-years/photostory/71742595.cms | title=Here's how the 'Housefull' franchise evolved over the years | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 October 2019 }}</ref> It is currently the highest-grossing comedy franchise in Indian cinema,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/housefull-vs-golmaal-vs-dhamaal-box-office-comparison-which-is-the-best-comedy-franchise-in-bollywood/ | title=Housefull VS Golmaal VS Dhamaal Box Office Comparison: Which is the Best Comedy Franchise in Bollywood? | date=18 November 2019 }}</ref> as well as one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Highest-grossing franchises and film series|highest-grossing Indian film series]] of all time in general.

==Films and overview==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! Film
! Release date
! Director(s)
! Writer(s)
! Story
! Producer
! Installment(s)
! Note(s)
|-
| ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''
|30 April 2010
| rowspan="2" | [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]]
|[[Milap Zaveri]] [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]] Vibha Singh Anvita Dutt
|rowspan=2|Sajid Nadiadwala
| rowspan="5" | [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
| First Installment
| rowspan="5"|[[Housefull (film series)|Housefull film series]]
|-
| ''[[Housefull 2]]''
|5 April 2012
|Sajid Khan [[Tushar Hiranandani]] [[Sajid-Farhad]]
| Second Installment
|-
| ''[[Housefull 3]]''
|3 June 2016
|[[Sajid-Farhad]]
|[[Sajid-Farhad]] Rajan Agarwal
|[[K. Subash]] Jitendra Parmar
| Third Installment
|-
| ''[[Housefull 4]]''
|25 October 2019
|[[Sajid-Farhad|Farhad Samji]]
|Aakash Kaushik Madhur Sharma [[Farhad Samji]] [[Tushar Hiranandani]] Sparsh Khetarpal Tasha Bhambra
|Sara Bodinar
| Fourth Installment
|-
| ''[[Housefull 5]] (A&B)''
|6 June 2025
|[[Tarun Mansukhani]]
|Tarun Mansukhani [[Farhad Samji]]
|[[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
| Fifth and Final Installment
|-
|}

===''Housefull'' (2010 film)===
{{Main|Housefull (2010 film)}}

Aarush, is a jinxed loser who stays with his friend, Bob and his wife, Hetal, both working at a [[casino]] owned by Mr. Kishore Samtani. Although at first Hetal is displeased with Aarush's presence, he proves to be a kind-hearted man looking for family. Bob and Hetal decide to get him married to their boss' daughter, Devika Samtani. After the marriage, on their honeymoon in Italy, Devika leaves him for her long-time American boyfriend Benny. Dejected, Aarush tries to commit suicide by drowning in the sea but is saved by a girl Sandy.

Sandy originally thinks Aarush is a pervert, but when Aakhri Pasta, the owner of Italy's biggest hotel where Aarush was spending his honeymoon with Devika, tells Sandy that Aarush is a widower, she befriends him and slowly falls in love with him. What she does not know, is that Aakhri Pasta was only joking. She then finds out his wife is alive and leaves him, but he tells her the whole truth to make her understand and she accepts him.

The only way Aarush can marry Sandy is by convincing her elder brother, Major Krishna Rao, a strict Indian Military Intelligence officer who loves and is over-protective of Sandy. Meanwhile, Hetal, in an attempt to reconcile, lies to her father, Batuk Patel, that Bob owns a mansion and they have a child. The four rent a mansion to make him believe that Bob owns it, but Batuk accidentally believes that Aarush is married to Hetal, and Bob is the cook. Then, Krishna turns up, much to Aarush's horror, leading to more lies.

For half of the term, the four must pretend that the mansion is owned by Bob, and the rest must pretend that Aarush owns it. An overly suspicious Krishna sees Bob and Hetal working at the casino and uses a lie detector to find the truth. After Sandy objects, Krishna apologises and agrees to Aarush and Sandy's marriage. The whole family is invited to the Royal Palace, to see Krishna get rewarded by the Queen of England. While this is happening, 2 workers are meant to be installing air conditioning gas for the place, however instead they accidentally supply the hall with laughing gas causing everyone to break into an outburst of laughter. During this laughter, the truth is let out but no one seems to be in the right state of mind.

The two workers meanwhile stop the gas from spreading – everyone comes back to their senses. Aarush tells everyone the truth and states all his life he had felt like an unlucky loser and has had the most horrible luck. leaves the altar in tears. However Krishna stops him and tells him that he lied, saying he was cursed, stating no man that his sister loves is cursed. In the end, Hetal and Bob live together with Batuk Patel, and Aarush's luck changes for the better.

===''Housefull 2'' (2012 film)===
{{Main|Housefull 2}}{{long plot|date=October 2025}} 

The two cousins Heena and Bobby, daughters of the Kapoor family, hate each other very much. They start quarrelling over something relating to their duties of Animals' Law Authority. Their fathers, Chintu and Dabboo, are step-brothers who hate each other to the very core. Even their wives hate each other. Chintu wants the richest son-in law for his daughter, Heena, while Dabboo too wants the same for his daughter, Bobby. Aakhri Pasta, a marriage counsellor, is ordered by both Chintu and Dabboo to find the best son-in-law. Aakhri Pasta brings Mr. Babani to discuss Babani's son Jai.

When Chintu misinterprets one of Aakhri's comments, he verbally abuses Babani while shouting. Babani suffers from a condition that affects his heart when he hears loud noises. Due to Chintu's shouting, Babani suffers a heart attack, landing him in a hospital. Babani's son Jai learns of this, is angered, then vows revenge, telling his friend Jolly/Jwala, who is the son of billionaire J.D., to go to Chintu, agree to marry his daughter and then break off the wedding at the last minute. Jolly is busy trying to introduce his girlfriend to his own father and does not want to get involved. He suggests Max, their former college mate and a thief, to do the job. Jay goes with Max as his driver but somehow, they end in the wrong house and go to Dabboo's house.

Jay and Max later find out their mistake. Jai, still wanting revenge, does not know what to do and Jolly suggests another former sleazy college mate, Sunny. Jolly goes with Sunny as his bodyguard because Max and Sunny are sworn enemies and as Dabboo's house and Chintu's house are right next to each other, their plan may get destroyed. Sunny and Jolly encounter a crocodile and Max and Jay encounter a snake. They manage to survive the attack.

While Heena and Bobby are on a cruise, they accidentally end up on an island. Max and Sunny become friends again, while Heena and Bobby become friends. They find a resort and go home. Dabboo gets Jolly (Max) engaged to Bobby and Chintu gets Jolly (Sunny) engaged to Heena. The day of the engagement, Chintu blindfolds Jolly, Sunny, Jai and Heena and takes them to J.D.'s house. After seeing the real Jolly holding Sunny's garland, J.D. believes that Jolly got engaged to Heena. Luckily, Sunny convinces him. Jolly calls them at midnight and reveals his father's secret of being Jagga Daaku. He also reveals that his real name is Jwala. After Sunny fools Chintu, Chintu calls Dabboo in excitement and tells him that his daughter, Heena, is marrying Jolly, the son of J.D. Confused, and believing Max to be Jolly, Dabboo takes Max and Bobby to J.D.'s mansion. Sunny handles the situation well by fooling J.D. by taking the name of his religion and tells him that Max is Jolly's friend and Bobby is Max's fiancé (though actually it is true) and Max's father is against his and Bobby's marriage. J.D. then welcomes Bobby, Max and her family to his house and tells them to stay there up to Bobby and Max's marriage.

Batuk Patel arrives with his daughter Parul to make things worse. Jay and Jwala come to receive them from the airport. But when they see Parul, Jay and Jwala lie that Jay is Jolly. Parul becomes happy hearing this as they secretly love each other. Jelo gives Jwala the ultimatum – "take me to your house or forget me". To help Jwala, Sunny lies to J.D., saying that Jelo is his fiancé, and J.D. again agrees to let her live there as Sunny takes the name of his religion. Sunny and Max lie to their respective fathers-in-law that the other man is the son of J.D. and a maid servant in the mansion. This creates much confusion.

When Sunny's father as well as Max's 'Guru' tells them never to break anyone's heart, Sunny and Max tell the truth to Heena and Bobby. Enraged, Bobby and Heena slap Max and Sunny respectively and tell them that they never want to see their faces again. But thinking that instead of telling the truth, Sunny and Max could have done more wrong with them, the two sisters pardon the two boys on the very next day. There Jay and Jolly also let off their plan of revenge on Kapoors on Jay's father's advice. Then Henna proposes Sunny in Sunny's style and Bobby proposes Max in Max's style.

On the day of the four couples' marriage, J.D. and the other brides' fathers learn the truth about the grooms and that they have been lying all this time. Finally Bobby and Heena convince their fathers to forget their enmity and live together as blood brothers. Chintu and Dabboo join hands and so do their wives. But J.D. was not convinced by them telling the truth, so he turns back into Jagga Daku and starts frightening the families with his gun. He tries to shoot Sunny with his gun as Sunny runs towards J.D. to save him from the falling chandelier and then he understands what was happening. In the end, all the grooms marry their respective girlfriends.

===''Housefull 3'' (2016 film)===
{{Main|Housefull 3}}
{{long plot|date=October 2025}}

Six years ago in London, three robbers attempted to steal jewels from a building, but were stopped by the police and arrested. In the present, Batook Patel is a wealthy and successful businessman with three beautiful daughters: Ganga, Jamuna, and Saraswati. However, he does not want his daughters to marry, as he claims that all the women in his family are cursed if they marry.

One night, at a friend's bachelorette party, the girls reveal to their friend that secretly, they each have a boyfriend. Jamuna's boyfriend is Teddy, who is a race car driver. Saraswati's boyfriend is Bunty, who is a rapper. Ganga's boyfriend is Sandy, who wants to be a professional football/soccer player. Sandy learns that he is suffering from Dissociative Identity Disorder and his 'Sundi' comes out whenever he hears the word "Indian". His disorder comes from being depressed about not having enough money to make a living. Sandy sees Batook's success in the paper, and decides to date his doctor who is Batook's daughter, Ganga. When the girls tell their dad that they each have a boyfriend, Batook goes to his friend, Aakhri Pasta, who owns an Italian restaurant. Batook convinces Pasta to dress up as the family's fortune teller, Aakhri Aasta. Aasta claims that when Ganga's boyfriend first steps foot into Batook's house, Jamuna's boyfriend first sees Batook, or when Saraswati's boyfriend first speaks to Batook, then Batook will have a heart attack, and die. The girls, wanting to keep their boyfriends, have them fake disabilities. Sandy rides around in a motorised wheelchair, and claims he cannot use his feet. Teddy wears sunglasses and uses a cane, and claims he is blind. Bunty uses sign language, and claims that he is mute. Batook decides to test the boys to make sure if they are really disabled, by putting ants in Sandy's pants, having Teddy jump in an empty pool, and injuring Bunty to see if he screams. When Batook is out of the house, the boys reveal themselves to each other as not being disabled. Since they all want Batook's money, they decide not to tell on each other, as they each have a recording of the other. At Pasta's restaurant, Batook reveals to Pasta that his daughters are actually the daughters of Urja Nagre, an underworld crime lord. Nagre was caught when someone informed the police. While in jail, Nagre requested Batook take care of his daughters in London, but make sure that they never found out that Nagre was their father. Batook also reveals that he was the one who informed the police, and did not want the girls to marry until his sons (the robbers in the beginning of the film) got out of prison. Unbeknownst to him, Nagre is out of prison, and has arrived in London.

The boys go into town, where they encounter Nagre. The boys claim interchangeably of their disabilities in front of him. Bunty as crippled. Sandy as blind, and Teddy as mute. Later, Nagre goes to Batook's office, and ask him about his daughters's future husbands. Batook says that while the girls' future husbands are disabled, he knows three normal men who are suitable for the daughters. Batook takes Nagre to a Gurdwara to see his sons, Rishi, Rohan, and Rajeev, claiming they are orphans who do community service. Nagre decides that the three are suitable for his daughters. They make a plan.

At Batook's house, Nagre claims that Batook owes Nagre 5000 crores (50 billion) of British Pounds. Nagre gives Batook and the boys ten days to make up the money, or Ganga, Jamuna, and Saraswati must marry Rishi, Rohan, and Rajeev. During these 10 days, Nagre and his "sons" will also live in Batook's house, meaning that while in front of both Batook and Nagre, Sandy, Teddy, and Bunty must act as blind-disabled, mute-blind, and disabled-mute. Sandy, Teddy, and Bunty come up with a plan to get rid of Nagre's sons. During a St. Patrick's Day party, the girls get Rishi, Rohan, and Rajeev drunk. The next day, they tell each other that they had sex with their respective girls, only to find out that they had sex with the maids. The maids request compensation, or they will sue, of 50 million Pounds. Nagre, learning this, says that the girls will marry the boys of their choosing.

The next day, the girls take Sandy, Teddy, and Bunty to church, asking for forgiveness. Saraswati, who takes care of disabled children, tells them that two boys were mocking a child because of his disability. The girls feel guilty, because they felt that they were mocking people with disabilities by having the boys act as if they were blind, crippled, and mute. After this, the boys feel guilty, as they were only marrying the girls for money. But now, they actually loved them.

They go to the warehouse area of Madame Tussaud's to meet their girlfriends. They instead find Batook's sons, who explain that they found out the boys were normal. While Teddy and Bunty fight Batook's sons' gang members, Sandy accidentally heard "Indian", and Sundi, tries to kill Sandy. Batook arrives, and blackmails the boys that Nagre's fortune of 50 million will be divided into 7 parts: Rishi, Rohan, Rajeev, Batook, Sandy, Teddy, and Bunty's shares. Consequently, more wealth takers arrive, namely Sundi (Sandy's second personality), Aakhri Pasta, Batook's three maids and their three unborn babies. Nagre then arrives, and explains that he found a recording on Bunty's laptop, which revealed that Bunty, Sandy, and Teddy were not disabled. Nagre also overheard Batook, who told his sons that he was responsible for Nagre's incarceration. A comical sequence then takes place as Nagre attempts to kill everyone in the warehouse. As the girls arrive, Rishi, Rohan, and Rajeev see them, and hold them at knifepoint in front of Nagre. Sandy, Teddy, and Bunty then rush to save the girls, injuring themselves in the process. As they lay in the girls arms, the boys tell the truth to the girls, and Batook explains how Nagre is their father. The girls forgive the boys, and reconcile with Nagre.

===''Housefull 4'' (2019 film)===
{{Main|Housefull 4}}

Harry is a barber who frequently has bizarre flashes of a past era. He runs a barber shop in London with his brothers Roy and Max. The three brothers had misplaced a bag of 5 million [[Pound sterling|pounds]] which belonged to gangster Michael Bhai. His henchman Big Bhai constantly demands the money. To fulfil this demand, the three brothers get engaged to the three daughters of London's rich business tycoon Thakral ([[Ranjeet]]): Harry is dating Pooja, Roy is dating Neha and Max is dating Kriti. Mysterious circumstances cause the destination wedding to take place in Sitamgarh, India. On arriving in Sitamgarh, Aakhri Pasta, a bellboy at their hotel, recognises them as reincarnations of people that lived 600 years ago, i.e. in 1419. Harry realises that the flashes he sees have something to do with what Pasta was talking about and drives to the nearby town of [[Madhavgarh]], where he starts to see the flashes clearly.

In 1419, Rajkumar Bala Dev Singh of Madhavgarh was banished by his father, Maharaj Parikshitap, since Bala tried to kill him to become King. Bala's servant Pehla Pasta informs him of Sitamgarh - a nearby kingdom whose King, Maharaj Surya Singh Rana, is looking for grooms for his three daughters: Rajkumari Madhu, Rajkumari Mala and Rajkumari Meena. Bala plans to marry Rajkumari Madhu, the eldest Princess, so that he becomes the King of Sitamgarh.

Bala meets Bangdu Maharaj, an effeminate dance teacher who has an affair with Mala. Meena is secretly in love with the brave bodyguard of the three princesses, Dharamputra. Bala helps the two couples get together and enlists their help for uniting him with Madhu. The plan works and Maharaj Surya Singh Rana announces the wedding of Madhu with Bala, Mala with Bangdu Maharaj, and Meena with Dharamputra. However, Suryabhan, Surya Singh Rana's nephew, wants the throne for himself. He kills the brother of Sitamgarh's enemy clan's leader, Gama and frames the three couples for it. On the day of the wedding, Gama storms into the fort and fights them to avenge his brother. During the fight, Bala realises that he now truly loves Madhu, even though initially she was just the path to the throne for him. During the fight, the wedding [[Mandapa|mandap]] (altar) collapses and kills the three couples along with Gama.

Back in the present, Harry realises that the grooms are about to marry the wrong brides. Pasta helps Harry remind Roy and Max of their lives as Bangdu Maharaj and Dharamputra, respectively. Just then, they are introduced to Pappu Rangeela, a [[qawwali]] singer and a family friend of the girls. He is the reincarnation of Gama but has no recollection of his past life. Meanwhile, Pasta finds a painting of their past lives' wedding day which shows Bala with Madhu, Bangdu with Mala, and Dharamputra with Meena. Before they can show this painting to the girls to remind them of their past lives, it gets in the hands of Pappu Rangeela and he remembers his life as Gama.

Pappu crashes the wedding and a fight ensues. The fight makes Pooja and Neha remember everything. Soon, Michael Bhai, now revealed to be the reincarnation of Suryabhan, shows up at the wedding for his money and shoots Gama. Kriti remembers everything when she sees Michael Bhai and also tells everyone that the wedding mandap had not collapsed on its own – it was broken down by Suryabhan to kill everyone so that he could become King. Michael Bhai recounts his past life and boasts how he got Gama's brother killed. Pappu Rangeela hears this and pushes Michael Bhai into the collapsing mandap, thus getting his revenge.

The film ends on a happy note with Harry, Roy and Max marrying Kriti, Pooja and Neha, thus completing their 600-year-old love story.

===''Housefull 5 (A&B)'' (2025 film)===
{{Main|Housefull 5}}
{{long plot|date=October 2025}} 

On his 100th birthday, billionaire Ranjeet Dobriyal hosts a lavish party on a luxury cruise ship. Attending are his son Dev, adopted son Shiraz, loyal bodyguard Batuk, CFO Maya, the cunning and enigmatic COO Bedi, the ship's captain Sameer, and other guests. During the celebration, as the ship sets sail, Ranjeet suddenly dies of a heart attack.

Fearing the news will cause Ranjeet group's stock to plummet, Dev and the board decide to keep his death a secret. However, Ranjeet's lawyer Lucy activates his holographic will, revealing that his entire £69 billion fortune is left to his son Jolly from his first marriage to Shakuntala Devi. The will specifies bizarre identifiers for Jolly: he is left-handed, married to a foreigner, and has a very distinctive scar on his butt.

Soon, three men—Jalabuddin, Jalbushan, and Julius—arrive with their wives, each claiming to be Jolly and providing identical proof. Unable to determine the true heir, Dev suggests a DNA test. Chaos erupts when the ship's clown, Aakhri Pasta, attempts to drug Batuk by spiking his drink, but the drink is accidentally mixed into the communal punch, causing everyone to lose consciousness.

The next morning, the three men wake up in the wrong cabins, with the wrong wives, and no memory of the previous night. The situation worsens when the doctor assigned to perform the DNA test is found murdered. Suspicion falls on the three men and their wives, and Dev orders them all locked in the ship's jail until Interpol arrives.

The men confess to each other that they are all impostors and none of the women are their real wives. It is then revealed that Julius is a private detective hired by Ranjeet to find his son, the real Jolly. However, when Julius learned about Jolly's characteristics, he decided to take Jolly's identity. He then told his plan to his wife Kanchi, who was secretly the girlfriend of Jalabuddin. However, since Kanchi was going with Julius, he decided to take Zara with him and told Zara about the plan. However, Zara is Jalbhushan's girlfriend, who informs him of this. But since Zara is going with Jalabuddin, Jalbhushan informs Sasikala about the plan.

They plan an escape, and the women crawl through air vents to destroy DNA evidence. While in the lab—converted into a morgue—they notice Bedi acting suspiciously.

His furtive movements and secretive glances raise alarm, leading them to suspect he may be the murderer. The women secretly record his behavior, convinced that his calm yet tense demeanor conceals a dark secret. This suspicion spreads quickly among the group, placing Bedi under intense scrutiny and making him the prime suspect.

Meanwhile, the men's failed attempt to hide Ranjeet's body results in Bedi's corpse being concealed instead, adding complications to the mystery.

Baba and Bhiddu, two suspended London police officers, receive a call from Baba's ex-wife, coincidentally Maya, to solve the murder. Baba is originally hesitant, but Bhiddu convinces him that solving the murder can help them regain their positions. They then interview all three Jollys individually and separately. After their second attempt, they find clues implicating Dev as the real killer, who insists that he isn't the killer and pleads with Julius to believe him.

At night, Julius investigates the crime scene and finds a missing diamond from the wristband every guest had to wear. He concludes that the killer is the one missing the diamond.

Julius is convinced that the ship captain, Sameer, is the killer as his wristband is missing the diamond. He then tells the two cops about his theory, and they catch the captain and tell him to confess.

However, at that moment, the lights go out, causing chaos as everyone tries to find the light. When the lights turn back on, everyone is shocked to find the two cops holding the dead Captain Sameer, oblivious to the fact they are holding a dead man.

At this moment, their boss Dhagdu Hulgund arrives at the crime scene, and Baba and Bhiddu arrest themselves and go to the ship's jail. Dev is now freed.

As everyone gets ready to leave this madness and return to their normal lives, Dhagdu reveals that no one is going back until they've seen the face of the killer. He then has Julius give all of them sensitive files about their crimes and wrongdoing.

Julius then requests that whoever the killer is among the twelve of them (Julius, Jalabuddin, Jalbhushan, Sasikala, Kaanchi, Zara, Maya, Dev, Shiraz, Batuk, Lucy, Pasta) to kill Dhagdu. A few objections are heard to Julius's proposition, but everyone appears to be in deep thought considering it.

That night, a masked figure enters Dhagdu's room and apparently stabs the sleeping detective. They then go and see the file showing proof of them as the killer, but it turns out to be a mirror exposing (Dev in 5A/Maya in 5B) as the killer. Dhagdu is revealed to be standing in the corner, and while the figure pleads to not being the killer of the previous three and tells the detective Julius is the killer, Julius pops out of the cupboard. He then reveals that Dhagdu told him to provoke everyone. In the flashback, it is revealed that the sensitive file given to Julius was a letter written by Dhagdu stating he knows Julius is a detective and that he is to provoke them, telling that everyone wants him dead but only one will follow through.

Dev/Maya keep insisting they are innocent, which the duo doesn't buy. However, another masked figure arrives to the horror of both and stabs Dev/Maya. Julius goes after the masked figure, and Dhagdu tends to Dev/Maya.

Julius, with the help of the two freed cops, finds out the identity of the second killer: Jalbhushan. In the room, Dev/Maya attempt to kill the detective, but he predicted it and reveals the entire sequence.

Jalbhushan reveals everything: he made a 50/50 deal with Dev/Maya. Dev/Maya were in charge of getting rid of Jalbhushan's DNA sample, but the doctor, arriving from Jalabuddin, accidentally cutting his finger, finds them. He tries to expose them, but they shove peanuts, triggering his allergy reaction, and kill the doctor.

Next, it is revealed that Bedi was suspicious after finding Dev/Maya's pen on the dead body, and when he confronts them, they shoot him and hide his body in the same cupboard where the three Jollys hid Ranjeet's body. It is then revealed the Captain knew about the crime and blackmailed the two of them, so to prevent him from exposing them, Jalbhushan turned off the lights, killed the captain, and framed the two cops.

As chaos engulfs the ship's engine room, the real Jolly, Jalal, finally arrives. A filthy rich entrepreneur in his own right, Jalal declares he doesn't need his father's fortune. In a jaw-dropping twist, he offers to split the £69 billion inheritance among everyone present. The film closes as Julius weds Sasikala, Jalabuddin marries Kaanchi, Dev/Maya and Jalbhushan are arrested, Zara marries Jalal, and Baba and Bhiddu are reinstated as cops by Dhagdu.

==Cast==
[[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Riteish Deshmukh]] have starred in all five of the films, as does [[Chunky Panday]] in a supporting role.

===''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''===
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Aarush Awasthi
* [[Riteish Deshmukh]] as Boman "Bob" Rao
* [[Deepika Padukone]] as Saundarya "Sandy" Bhagayalaxmi Venkateshwari Basapa Rao, Arush's ex-half-sister-in-law, then girlfriend; Krishna's sister
* [[Arjun Rampal]] as Major Krishna Rao, Sandy's brother; Aarush's ex-half-brother-in-law and then brother-in-law
* [[Lara Dutta]] as Hetal Patel Bob's wife & Batook's daughter
* [[Jiah Khan]] as Devika Aarush's ex-wife then half-sister-in-law;Kishore's daughter
* [[Boman Irani]] as Batook Patel, Hetal's father & Bob's father-in-law
* [[Chunky Panday]] as Aakhri Pasta
* [[Malaika Arora Khan]] as Pooja
* [[Randhir Kapoor]] as Kishore Samtani Devika's father
* [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] as Dhanno (Special appearance in song "Aapka Kya Hoga")
* [[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]] as Batuk Patel's mother
* [[Lillete Dubey]] as Zulekha Bano
* [[Vindu Dara Singh]] as security guard
* [[Suresh Menon]] as Santa Singh
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] as Banta Singh

===''[[Housefull 2]]''===
[[File:With Team of Housefull 2.JPG|thumb|right|Cast and crew of ''Housefull 2'']]
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Sunil "Sunny" Pujari
* [[Asin]] as Heena Kapoor-Pujari; Chintu and Sweety's daughter, Sunny's wife
* [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] as Max Mehrotkar
* [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] as Bobby Kapoor-Mehrotkar; Dabboo and Dolly's daughter, Max's wife
* [[Ritesh Deshmukh]] as Jwala "Jolly" Kanojia
* [[Zareen Khan]] as Jayshree "Jaina/J-Lo" Loganathan-Kanojia; Jolly's wife
* [[Shreyas Talpade]] as Jai Babani
* [[Shazahn Padamsee]] as Parul Patel-Babani; Batuk's daughter, Jai's wife
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Chintu Kapoor; Sweety's husband, Heena's father, Sunny's father in-law
* [[Suparna Marwah]] as Sweety Kapoor; Chintu's wife, Heena's mother, Sunny's mother in-law
* [[Randhir Kapoor]] as Dabboo Kapoor; Dolly's husband, Bobby's father, Max's father in-law
* [[Neelu Kohli]] as Dolly Kapoor; Dabboo's wife, Bobby's mother, Max's mother in-law
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Jagga "JD" Kanojia (Jagga Daaku); Jolly's father, Jelo's father in-law
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Mithai Patil; JD's right-hand
* [[Boman Irani]] as Batook Patel; Parul's father, Jai's father in-law
* [[Virendra Saxena]] as Mr. Babani; Jai's father, Parul's father in-law
* [[Ranjeet]] as Dr. Ranjeet V. Asna K. Pujari; Sunny's father, Heena's father in-law
* [[Chunky Panday]] as Aakhri Pasta
* [[Malaika Arora Khan]] as Anarkali/Hetal/Sarla (special appearance)

===''[[Housefull 3]]''===
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Sanket "Sandy/Sundi" Sehgal
* [[Riteish Deshmukh]] as Tukaram "Teddy" Chaugule
* [[Abhishek Bachchan]] as Bunty Malhotra
* [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] as Ganga "Gracy" Nagre
* [[Lisa Haydon]] as Jamuna "Jenny" Nagre
* [[Nargis Fakhri]] as Saraswati "Sara" Nagre
* [[Boman Irani]] as Batook Patel
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Urja Nagre
* [[Chunky Panday]] as Aakhri Pasta/Aakhri Aastha
* [[Samir Kochhar]] as Rishi Patel
* [[Nikitin Dheer]] as Rohan Patel
* [[Arav Chowdharry]] as Rajeev Patel

===''[[Housefull 4]]''===
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Harry/Rajkumar Bala Dev Singh
* [[Riteish Deshmukh]] as Roy/Bangdu Maharaj
* [[Bobby Deol]] as Max/Dharamputra
* [[Kriti Sanon]] as Kriti/Rajkumari Madhu
* [[Pooja Hegde]] as Pooja/Rajkumari Mala
* [[Kriti Kharbanda]] as Neha/Rajkumari Meena
* [[Chunky Panday]] as Aakhri Pasta/Pehla Pasta
* [[Rana Daggubati]] as Pappu Rangeela/Gama
* [[Ranjeet]] as Manraj Thakral/Maharaja Surya Singh Rana
* [[Sharad Kelkar]] as Michael Bhai/Suryabhan
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Winston Churchgate
* [[Jamie Lever]] as Giggly
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Ramsey Baba
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] as Big Bhai
* [[Parikshit Sahni]] as Maharaja Parikshitap
* [[Archana Puran Singh]] as Harry, Roy, and Max's mother (photo only)
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Harry, Roy, and Max's father (photo only)
* Sham Mashalkar as Darbari
* [[Prithvi Zutshi]] as Siskeria
* Saurabh Srivastava as Lakhan

===''[[Housefull 5]] (A&B)''===
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Julius (Jolly 3)
* [[Riteish Deshmukh]] as Jalabuddin (Jolly 1)
* [[Abhishek Bachchan]] as Jalbhushan (Jolly 2), partner of the killer (in both version A&B)
* [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] as Sasikala, Jalbhushan's fake wife and later Julius wife
* [[Sonam Bajwa]] as Zara Akhtar, Jalabuddin's fake wife and later the original Jolly's wife.
* [[Nargis Fakhri]] as Kaanchi, Julius' fake wife & Jalabuddin's real wife
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as [[Chief inspector]] Bhidu (later Baba)
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as [[Chief inspector]] Baba (later Bhidu)
* [[Nana Patekar]] as [[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent]] Dhagdu Hulgund, Bhidu and Baba's senior police officer
* [[Chitrangda Singh]] as Maya, Baba's ex-wife, Killer (in version B)
* [[Fardeen Khan]] as Dev Dobriyal, Ranjeet Dobriyal's second son, CEO of board of directors, Killer (in version A)
* [[Chunky Panday]] as Aakhri Pasta
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Batuk Patel
* [[Shreyas Talpade]] as Shiraz Shabuddin Siliguriwale, CMO of board of directors
* [[Dino Morea]] as Bedi, COO of board of directors
* [[Soundarya Sharma]] as Lucy, Baba's girlfriend and Ranjeet Dobriyal's lawyer
* [[Nikitin Dheer]] as Captain Sameer
* [[Ranjeet]] as Ranjeet Dobriyal
* Akashdeep Sabir as Dr. Aman Joshi
* [[Archana Puran Singh]] as Shakuntala Devi (cameo appearance)
* [[Bobby Deol]] as Jalal Dobriyal (Real Jolly), son of Ranjeet Dobriyal (cameo appearance)
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Jagga Daku (cameo appearance)

==Cast and characters==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan=2|Actor
! colspan="5" |Film
|-
! ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'' (2010)
! ''[[Housefull 2]]'' (2012)
! ''[[Housefull 3]]'' (2016)
! ''[[Housefull 4]]'' (2019)
! ''[[Housefull 5]] (A&B)'' (2025)
|-
! [[Akshay Kumar]]
| Aarush Awasthi
| Sunil "Sunny" Pujari
| Sanket "Sandy" Sehgal/"Sundy"
| Rajkumar Bala Dev Singh/Harish "Harry" Sinha
| Julius (Jolly 3)
|-
! [[Riteish Deshmukh]]
| Boman "Bob" Rao
| Jwala "Jolly" Kanojia
|Tukaram "Teddy" Chaugule
| Bangdu Pratap Singh Maharaj/Raman "Roy" Sinha
| Jalabuddin (Jolly 1)
|-
! [[Chunky Panday]]
| colspan="2" | Aakhri Pasta
| Aakhri Pasta/Aakhri Aastha
| Aakhri Pasta/Pehla Pasta
| Aakhri Pasta
|-
! [[Boman Irani]]
| colspan="3" | Batook Patel
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]
| Dhanno
| Bobby Kapoor-Mehrotkar
| Ganga "Gracy" Nagre
| colspan="1" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Sasikala
|-
! [[Randhir Kapoor]]
| Kishore Samtani
| Dabboo Kapoor
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! [[Malaika Arora]]
| Pooja Rao
| Anarkali
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! [[Vindu Dara Singh]]
| Security Guard
| Sosa
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! [[Manoj Pahwa]]
| Banta Singh
| colspan="2" style=background:#D3D3D3;|
| Big Bhai
| colspan="1" style=background:#D3D3D3;|
|-
![[Deepika Padukone]]
| Sandy Rao
| colspan="4" style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Lara Dutta]]
| Hetal Patel
| colspan="4" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Arjun Rampal]]
| Major Krishna Rao
| colspan="4" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Jiah Khan]]
| Devika K. Samtani
| colspan="4" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[John Abraham]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Max Mehrotkar
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Asin|Asin Thottumkal]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Heena Kapoor-Pujari
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Zareen Khan]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Jayshree "Jaina/J-Lo" Loganathan-Kanojia
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Shazahn Padamsee]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Parul Patel-Babani
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Rishi Kapoor]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Chintu Kapoor
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! [[Ranjeet]]
| colspan=1 style=background:#D3D3D3;|
| Dr. Ranjeet K. Pujari
| colspan=1 style=background:#D3D3D3;|
| Manraj Thakral / Maharaja Surya Singh Rana
| Ranjeet Dobriyal
|-
! [[Johnny Lever]]
| colspan=1 style=background:#D3D3D3;|
| Mithai Patil
| colspan=1 style=background:#D3D3D3;|
| Winston Churchgate
| Batuk Patel
|-
! [[Shreyas Talpade]]
| colspan=1 style=background:#D3D3D3;|
| Jai Babani
| colspan="2" style=background:#D3D3D3;|
| Shiraz
|-
! [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| colspan=2 style=background:#D3D3D3;|
| Bunty Malhotra
| colspan=1 style=background:#D3D3D3;|
| Jalbhusan (Jolly 2)
|-
! [[Jackie Shroff]]
| colspan=2 style=background:#D3D3D3;|
| Urja Nagre
| colspan=1 style=background:#D3D3D3;|
| Baba
|-
! [[Nargis Fakhri]]
| colspan=2 style=background:#D3D3D3;|
| Saraswati "Sara" Nagre
| colspan=1 style=background:#D3D3D3;|
| Kaanchi
|-
![[Lisa Haydon]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Jamuna "Jenny" Nagre
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Samir Kochhar]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Rishi Patel
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Nikitin Dheer]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Rohan Patel
| colspan="1" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Captain Sameer
|-
![[Arav Chowdharry]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Rajeev Patel
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Bobby Deol]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Madhav "Max" Sinha/Dharamputra
| Jalal Dobriyal (Real Jolly)
|-
![[Kriti Sanon]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Kriti Thakral/Rajkumari Madhu
| colspan="1" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Pooja Hegde]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Pooja Thakral/Rajkumari Mala
| colspan="1" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Kriti Kharbanda]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Neha Thakral/Rajkumari Meena
| colspan="1" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Sonam Bajwa]]
| colspan="4" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Zara Akhtar
|-
![[Sanjay Dutt]]
| colspan="4" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Bhidu
|-
![[Nana Patekar]]
| colspan="4" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Dhagdu Hulgund
|-
![[Dino Morea]]
| colspan="4" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Bedi
|-
![[Fardeen Khan]]
| colspan="4" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Dev Dobriyal
|-
![[Chitrangada Singh]]
| colspan="4" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Maya
|-
![[Soundarya Sharma]]
| colspan="4" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Lucy
|}

==Crew==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Occupation
! colspan="5" | Film
|-
! ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'' (2010)
! ''[[Housefull 2]]'' (2012)
! ''[[Housefull 3]]'' (2016)
! ''[[Housefull 4]]'' (2019)
! ''[[Housefull 5]] (A&B)'' (2025)
|-
! Director(s)
| colspan="2" | [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]]
| [[Sajid-Farhad]]
| colspan="1" |[[Sajid-Farhad|Farhad Samji]]
| colspan="1" |[[Tarun Mansukhani]]
|-
! Producer
| colspan="5" | [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
|-
!Story
| colspan="2" |[[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
|[[K. Subash]] Jitendra Parmar
|Sara Bodinar
| rowspan="2" |Sajid Nadiadwala
|-
! Screenplay
| [[Milap Zaveri]] [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]] Vibha Singh
|Sajid Khan [[Tushar Hiranandani]] [[Sajid-Farhad]]
| [[Sajid-Farhad]] Rajan Agarwal
|Aakash Kaushik Madhur Sharma [[Farhad Samji]] [[Tushar Hiranandani]] Sparsh Khetarpal Tasha Bhambra
|-
! Dialogues
|Anvita Dutt
|colspan=2|[[Sajid-Farhad]]
|Farhad Samji
|Tasha Bhambra Sparsh Khetarpal Tarun Mansukhani Sajid Nadiadwala Puja Pandey Farhad Samji Shobhit Sinha
|-
! Composer(s)
|[[Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]]
|[[Sajid-Wajid]]
|[[Sohail Sen]] [[Mika Singh]] [[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]] [[Tanishk Bagchi]] [[Millind Gaba]]
|[[Sohail Sen]] [[Farhad Samji]] [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
|[[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] [[Sachin-Jigar|White Noise Collectives]] [[Tanishk Bagchi]] Kratex
|-
!Background Score
|[[Sandeep Chowta]]
|[[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
|colspan=3|[[Julius Packiam]]
|-
! Director of photography
| Vikas Sivaraman
| Manoj Soni
| Vikas Sivaraman
| [[Sudeep Chatterjee]]
| [[V. Manikandan]]
|-
! Editor
| colspan="2" | Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| Steven Bernard
| colspan="2" |Rameshwar S. Bhagat
|-
!Production companies
|colspan=5|[[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]
|-
! Distributor
|colspan=3|[[Eros International]]
|colspan=1|[[Fox Star Studios]]
|colspan=1|[[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar Entertainment]]
|-
|}

==Reception==
<big>'''Box office'''</big>
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Box office" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centr;" | Film
! style="text-align:centr;" | Release date
! style="text-align:centr;" | Budget
! style="text-align:centr;" | Box office revenue
|-
| ''[[Housefull (2010 film)#Box office|Housefull]]'' || 30 April 2010 || {{INRConvert|30|c|year=2010|mode=historical}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/budget-of-akshay-kumars-housefull/|title=Budget of Akshay Kumar's Housefull|date=24 February 2010 |publisher=Indicine.com|access-date=8 May 2010}}</ref> || {{INRConvert|124|c|year=2010|mode=historical}}<ref name="boxofficeindiahousefullworldwidegross">{{cite web|title=Top Worldwide Grossers ALL TIME: 37 Films Hit 100 Crore |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205213224/http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= |archive-date=5 February 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Housefull 2#Box office|Housefull 2]]'' || 6 April 2012 || {{INRConvert|60|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}–{{INRConvert|64|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}<ref name="hindustantimes1">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Housefull-3-is-on-the-cards-Sajid-Nadiadwala/Article1-838223.aspx Housefull 3 is on the cards: Sajid Nadiadwala] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229011957/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/housefull-3-is-on-the-cards-sajid-nadiadwala/article1-838223.aspx |date=29 December 2013 }}. Hindustan Times (10 April 2012). Retrieved 21 June 2012.</ref> || {{INRConvert|186|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}<ref name="Gross">{{cite web|title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2012 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5301&nCat= |publisher=Box Office India |date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120003523/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5301&nCat= |archive-date=20 January 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Housefull 3#Box office|Housefull 3]]'' || 3 June 2016 || {{INRConvert|110|c|year=2016|mode=historical}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/akshay-kumar-jacqueline-fernandez-housefull-3-opening-first-day-box-office-collection-report-second-highest-opener-of-2016-bollywood-trade-news-1465014329.html|title=Housefull 3 Box-Office: This Akshay Kumar film is the second highest opener of 2016|publisher=}}</ref> || {{INRConvert|195|c|year=2016|mode=historical}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3296=|title=Housefull 3 - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Housefull 4#Box office|Housefull 4]]'' || 25 October 2019 || {{INRConvert|150|c|year=2019|mode=historical}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-akshay-kumar-starrer-housefull-4-earns-rs-200-crore-even-before-its-shooting-here-s-how-435527 | title=Akshay Kumar starrer Housefull 4 earns Rs 200 crore even before its shooting! Here's how | date=2 April 2018 }}</ref> || {{INRConvert|280.27|c|year=2019|mode=historical}}–{{INRConvert|296|c|year=2019|mode=historical}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/housefull-4/box-office/ | title=Housefull 4 Box Office Collection | India | Day Wise | Box Office - Bollywood Hungama | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=25 October 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Housefull 5#Box office|Housefull 5]]''|| 6 June 2025 || {{INRConvert|240|c|year=2025}}
| {{INRConvert|242.8|c|year=2025}}–{{INRConvert|248.8|c|year=2025}}
|-
! colspan="2" |''Total''
! style="text-align:center;" | {{INR convert|590|c}}–{{INR convert|594|c}} ({{small|five films}})
! style="text-align:center;" | {{INR convert|1028.07|c}}–{{INR convert|1049.8|c}} ({{small|five films}})
|}
<big>'''Critical reception'''</big>
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Critical response" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Film
![[Rotten Tomatoes]]
|-
|''[[Housefull (2010 film)#Critical response|Housefull]]''
|N/A (2 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=House Full {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/house_full |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Housefull 2#Critical reception|Housefull 2]]''
|25% (3.9/10 average rating) (8 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Housefull 2: The Dirty Dozen {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/housefull_2_the_dirty_dozen |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Housefull 3#Critical response|''Housefull 3'']]
|23% (4/10 average rating) (13 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Housefull 3 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/housefull_3 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Housefull 4#Critical reception|Housefull 4]]''
|33% (4/10 average rating) (6 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Housefull 4 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/housefull_4 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Housefull 5#Critical response|Housefull 5]]''
|13% (3.8/10 average rating) (16 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | title=Housefull 5 | Rotten Tomatoes | website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/housefull_5 }}</ref>
|}

== Music ==
The music was composed by [[Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]] in the ''[[Housefull (2010 film)#Soundtrack|first film]]'' and [[Sajid-Wajid]] in the ''[[Housefull 2#Soundtrack|second]]'' instalment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Parkar|first=Shaheen|title=Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy replaced by Sajid-Wajid|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/apr/050411-Sajid-Khan-Housefull-2-Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy-Sajid-Wajid.htm|publisher=MiD DAY|access-date=8 May 2011|date=5 April 2011}}</ref> In the ''[[Housefull 3#Music|third film]]'', songs were composed by [[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]], [[Sohail Sen]], [[Mika Singh]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]] and [[Millind Gaba]]. In the ''[[Housefull 4#Soundtrack|fourth instalment]]'', music was composed by [[Sohail Sen]], [[Farhad Samji]] and [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]. In the ''[[Housefull 5#Soundtrack|fifth instalment]]'', music was composed by [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Sachin–Jigar|White Noise Collectives]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], Kratex, [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[Sajid–Wajid]] and [[Julius Packiam]].

The whole movies soundtrack rights are by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] due to [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]'s lifetime contract with [[Bhushan Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2024 |title=Before Housefull 5, Akshay Kumar, Riteish Deshmukh and Fardeen Khan's Heyy Babyy x Hauli Hauli creates buzz; fans say 'craziest collab of 2024' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/before-housefull-5-akshay-kumar-riteish-deshmukh-and-fardeen-khans-heyy-babyy-x-hauli-hauli-creates-buzz-fans-say-craziest-collab-of-2024-1336233 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
===''Housefull''===
;6th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards
'''Nominated'''

* Best Performance in Comic Role – Riteish Deshmukh<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for 6th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/06/6994/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109145038/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/06/6994/index.html |archive-date=9 January 2011 }}</ref>

;[[Zee Cine Awards|2011 Zee Cine Awards]]
'''Nominated'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/01/6977/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116103448/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/01/6977/index.html |archive-date=16 January 2011 }}</ref>
*[[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – Sajid Khan
*[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor]] – Akshay Kumar
*[[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music]] – Shankar Ehsaan Loy
*[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Supporting Actress]] – Lara Dutta
*[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]] – Riteish Deshmukh
*[[Zee Cine Award for Best Track of the Year]] – "Aapka Kya Hoga (Dhanno)"

;[[IIFA Awards]]
'''Won'''
*[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]] – Riteish Deshmukh

;[[Stardust Awards]]
'''Won'''
*[[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Male|Star of the Year – Male]] – Akshay Kumar
*[[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – Arjun Rampal

===''Housefull 2''===
;[[IIFA Awards]]
'''Nominated'''
*[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress]] - [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]

===''Housefull 3''===
;[[Stardust Awards]]
'''Nominated'''
*Best Actress Female - [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Housefull}}

[[Category:2010s Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Comedy film series]]

Hogrekan

2026-02-22T21:37:02Z

Owen79097529716: Added The Stub Initial Version

{{Short description|Biodiversity heritage site in India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Hogrekan Biodiversity Heritage Site
| alt_name = Hogrekan BHS
| image =
| image_caption =
| location = Chikkamagaluru district, Karnataka, India
| area = 2508.06 acres
| established = June 5 (World Environment Day)
| governing_body = Karnataka State Forest Department and Biodiversity Board
| website =
}}
'''Hogrekan''' in the [[Chikmagalur district|Chikkamagaluru district]] of [[Karnataka]] is a biodiversity heritage site. It was declared as a biodiversity heritage site on 5 June, [[World Environment Day]] by the Karnataka State Forest Department and the Biodiversity Board.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Five places to be added to heritage site list|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/jun/05/five-places-to-be-added-to-heritage-site-list-2152497.html|access-date=2022-02-02|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Hogrekan is located in Taluka [[Kaduru]], where it covers a total area of 2508.06 acres. It consists of lush vegetation and is connected with [[Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Baba Budan giri|Bababudangiri]] and [[Kemmangundi]], it is also a part of the [[Yemmedoddi|Yemedoddi]] Tiger reserve. The vegetation includes dry [[deciduous forests]] which have several other distinct floral species and [[medicinal plants]]. It serves as a "Wildlife Corridor" for [[Kudremukh|Kudremukha]] and Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-28|title=Biodiversity Heritage Sites in India. How many Biodiversity Heritage Sites in India|url=http://natureconservation.in/biodiversity-heritage-sites-in-india-how-many-biodiversity-heritage-sites-in-india/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Natureconservation.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=National Biodiversity Authority - Biodiversity Heritage Site|url=http://nbaindia.org/content/106/29/1/bhs.html|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Nbaindia.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://karunadu.karnataka.gov.in/kbb/english/hogrekhan/Hogarekan.pdf|format=PDF|title=Brief details of Hogrekan Biodiversity Heritage Site, Karnataka.|website=Karunadu.karnataka.gov.in|access-date=2022-02-16}}</ref>

==Shola==
Hogrekan is also known for the [[Shola]] vegetation; this vegetation has a lot of unique [[medicinal plants]]. The Shola forest is a stunted tropical [[Montane Forest|montane forest]], in which undulating [[Grassland|grasslands]] are scattered. Several floral species in this area have medicinal properties and are also endemic. These grasslands (Shola) are said to be thousands of years old.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69271/biodiversity-heritage-sites-in-india-and-why-we-need-to-know-about-them |title=Biodiversity Heritage Sites In India And Why We Need To Know About Them |website=Outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aranya.gov.in/new/downloads/3-Hogrekan%20Chikmagalur.pdf|format=PDF|title=Forest Ecology and Environment Secretariat Notification|date=2010-09-04|website=Aranya.gov.in|access-date=2022-02-16}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Environmentalism in India]]
[[Category:Biodiversity Heritage Sites of India]]

HMT Limited

2026-02-18T19:53:29Z

Owen79097529716: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian State-owned electronics company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = HMT Limited
| logo = HMT.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| trading_name =
| former_name = Hindustan Machine Tools Limited
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|500191}} {{NSE|HMT}}
| industry = {{plainlist|
*[[Electronics]]
*[[Engineering]]}}
| fate =
| successor = 
| founded = {{Start date and age|1953|02|07|df=yes}}<ref name="Annual Report" />
| founder = [[Government of India]]
| defunct = 
| hq_location = 59, Bellary Road
| hq_location_city = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = 
| key_people = S. Girish Kumar (Chairman & MD)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organisation |url=http://www.hmtindia.com/html/frame.asp?page=organisation.htm |website=HMT Limited |access-date=28 January 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813214504/http://www.hmtindia.com/html/frame.asp?page=organisation.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| products = {{ubl|Machine tools|Printing machinery|Food processing machinery|Watches|Tractors|Bearings<ref name="Products">{{Cite web |title=Our Products |url=http://www.hmtindia.com/html/frame.asp?page=hmtsproducts.htm |website=HMT Limited |access-date=28 January 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813214349/http://www.hmtindia.com/html/frame.asp?page=hmtsproducts.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
| production =
| production_year = 
| services =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|32.10|c}}
| revenue_year = 2018
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|3.67|c}}
| income_year = 2018
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|-7.164|c}}
| net_income_year = 2018
| assets = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|1323|c}}
| assets_year = 2023
| equity = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|100.29|c}}
| equity_year = 2018
| owner = [[Government of India]] (93.68%)<ref>{{cite news |title=10 stocks where Indian government owns at least 90% stake - In Focus |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/10-stocks-where-indian-government-owns-at-least-90-stake/hmt/slideshow/95650149.cms |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
| num_employees = 1,742<ref name="Annual Report">{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2017–18 |url=http://www.hmtindia.com/2018/HMT_Annual_Report_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129082753/http://www.hmtindia.com/2018/HMT_Annual_Report_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2019 |website=HMT Limited |access-date=28 January 2019 }}</ref>
| num_employees_year = 2018
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid = {{blist|HMT Machine Tools Limited (100%)|HMT International Limited (100%)|Praga Tools Limited (51%)|''Closed subsidiaries:''|HMT Watches Limited (100%)|HMT Chinar Watches Limited (100%)|HMT Bearings Limited (97.25%)<ref name="Subsidiaries" />}}
| module = 
| website = {{URL|http://www.hmtindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''HMT Limited''', formerly '''Hindustan Machine Tools Limited''', is an Indian [[Public sector undertakings in India|state-owned]] [[electronics company]] under the control of the [[Ministry of Heavy Industries]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://dhi.nic.in/psewebsite.aspx |title = Links to the websites of Central Public Sector Enterprises under Department of Heavy Industry |publisher = Department of Heavy Industry |access-date = 3 May 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120521142626/http://dhi.nic.in/psewebsite.aspx |archive-date = 21 May 2012 |df = dmy-all}}</ref> It was founded in 1953 as a machine tool manufacturing company, diversifying into [[Watch|watches]], [[tractor]]s, [[Printer (computing)|printing machinery]], [[Sheet Metal Forming|metal forming]] presses, [[Casting|die casting]] and [[Plastic forming machine|plastic processing machinery]], and [[Computer numerical control|CNC systems]] and bearings. HMT is headquartered at [[Bangalore]].

The watch making division, HMT Watches, opened in 1961. During the 1970s and 1980s HMT was the largest supplier of wrist watches in India, with popular styles including Janata and Pilot. The division closed in 2016, largely due to mismanagement leading to heavy losses.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Mohit M. |title=Clock stops ticking at HMT |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Clock-stops-ticking-at-HMT/article14213394.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=28 January 2019 |language=en-IN |date=1 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="hmt1">{{Cite news |last1=Manchanda |first1=Anil |title=Why HMT Watches stopped ticking |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/why-hmt-watches-stopped-ticking/article8130642.ece |access-date=20 December 2018 |publisher=Hindu Businessline |date=20 January 2016}}</ref> In the same year, the Government of India also shut down HMT Chinar Watches Ltd., HMT Bearings, and HMT Tractors. HMT Machine Tools Limited still manufactures industrial machines and tools with a work force of around 2,500 in six manufacturing units situated at [[Bangalore]] (Mother unit), [[Kochi]], [[Hyderabad]] (2 units), [[Pinjore]] and [[Ajmer]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pragatools.org/machines.html |title=P r a g a T o o l s – Machines |website=www.pragatools.org |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020206083131/http://www.pragatools.org/machines.html |archive-date=2002-02-06}}</ref> These mostly serve India's [[Defence industry of India|defence]], government and educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HMT Ltd gets 136 Crore Government Loan to revive its operations|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/hmt-ltd-gets-136-crore-government-loan-to-revive-its-operations/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=28 February 2014}}</ref>

HMT's wholly owned subsidiaries include HMT Machine Tools Limited and HMT International Limited. HMT also holds a majority stake in Praga Tools Limited (51%).<ref name="Subsidiaries">{{Cite web |title=Holding Company |url=http://www.hmtindia.com/html/frame.asp?page=hmt-holdingcompany.htm |website=HMT Limited |access-date=28 January 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804221338/http://www.hmtindia.com/html/frame.asp?page=hmt-holdingcompany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==
Hindustan Machine Tools was incorporated in 1953 by the [[Government of India]] as a machine tool manufacturing company. Over the years, HMT diversified into [[watches]], [[tractors]], [[printing]] machinery, [[Sheet Metal Forming|metal forming]] presses, [[Casting|die casting]] and plastic processing machinery, and CNC systems and bearings. HMT is headquartered in [[Bengaluru]] (Bangalore).

Technology was absorbed in all product groups through collaborations with world-renowned manufacturers and further strengthened by continuous in-house [[R&D]].

Today, HMT consists of six [[subsidiaries]] under the ambit of a holding company, which also manages the tractor business directly.

HMT Limited took over [[Praga Tools Limited]] as one of its subsidiaries 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/11/23/stories/2005112302070201.htm |title=Taskforce on HMT-Praga Tools merger |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=23 November 2005 |access-date=3 January 2011}}</ref> Praga Tools Limited was established in May 1943 as Praga Tools Corporation Limited to manufacture machine tools with its headquarters at [[Secunderabad]]. It was renamed as Praga Tools Limited in 1963. It is mainly involved in the manufacturing of machine tools, including CNC machines.

=== Watch division ===
[[File:HMT Janata.jpg|thumb|HMT Janata]]

HMT set up a watch manufacturing factory in Bangalore in collaboration with [[Citizen Watch]], a Japanese company, in 1961. The first batch of mechanical (hand wound) wrist watches manufactured here was released by the then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. The most popular mechanical watch was HMT Janata. Other mechanical watch styles included HMT Pilot, HMT Jhalak (Semi Skeletal), HMT Sona, HMT Braille, HMT Sujata, HMT Rajat.

In 1972, HMT expanded its watch manufacturing capacity with a set up alongside the Bangalore Factory to manufacture additional watches. In 1975, the watch factory at Bangalore was further expanded to manufacture main spring, hair spring and shock absorber components.<ref name="hmt">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hmtwatches.in/9/about-us/history.html |title=History | HMT Watches |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105142632/http://www.hmtwatches.in/9/about-us/history.html |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> HMT set up additional manufacturing facilities to produce watch components sets at Tumkur in 1978 and at Ranibagh in 1985. The factory at Tumkur was partially converted to manufacture quartz analog watches in collaboration with Citizen. To cater to the niche market, a specialised watch case manufacturing facility was set up at Bangalore in 1983.<ref name=hmt />

Since 1985, HMT Watches had been involved in making floral clocks, solar clocks, international clocks and tower clocks, most popular among them being the garden clock at Lal Bagh in Bangalore. In the year 2000, HMT Watch Business group was re-structured as HMT Watches Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of HMT Limited.<ref name=hmt />

In September 2014, the Government of India shut down HMT operations in a phased manner. By late 2016, the website for HMT watches was taken down.<ref>{{Cite web| url = https://www.deccanherald.com/business/economy-business/hmt-making-a-switch-in-time-788516.html| title = HMT: Making a switch in time {{!}} Deccan Herald| date = 25 December 2019}}</ref>

=== Closure of HMT Watches Division ===
In September 2016, the Government of India closed some divisions of HMT: HMT Watches Ltd, HMT Bearings, HMT Tractors, and HMT Chinar Watches Ltd. The main reasons were that the company was making losses for more than a decade. During 2012–13, the company had losses of ₹242 [[crore]] on revenues of only ₹11 crore. In contrast, competitor [[Titan Company|Titan]]'s watch business reported sales of ₹1,675 crore during the same year. The government also tried restructuring it in 1999 to improve its finances but the company continued to make losses. While in the 1980s several new companies entered the market with newer designs and more modern production techniques, HMT is said to have been hobbled by slow decision making and was unable to compete.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Time up: HMT Watches to wind down after 53 years|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Time-up-HMT-Watches-to-wind-down-after-53-years/articleshow/42296223.cms|access-date=5 July 2017}}</ref> Machine tools divisions of HMT in Bangalore, Hyderabad and Kochi (Kalamassery) are still operational and catering industrial and defence sectors of India and abroad. The Government of India is mulling takeover of HMT by [[Ordnance Factory Board]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Upadhyay|first=Vineet|title=HMT reopens plant to make last batch of watches|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/durables/hmt-reopens-plant-to-make-last-batch-of-watches/articleshow/50402414.cms |date=2016-01-01|access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Shantanu Nandan|title=Three HMT firms may be a test case for shuttering more loss-making, non-strategic PSUs|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/three-hmt-firms-may-be-a-test-case-for-shuttering-more-loss-making-non-strategic-psus/articleshow/48406531.cms |date=2015-08-09|access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref>

== Operating units ==
[[File:HMT 1811 tractor, Pondicherry.jpg|thumb|HMT 1811 tractor]]

HMT Limited had 18 manufacturing units. The constituent subsidiaries are given below while the holding company retains the tractors business group.

HMT's tractor business commenced its operations in 1971 in technical collaboration with [[Zetor]] through a licensing deal with Motokov, the export trading arm of [[Czechoslovakia]].<ref name=Zhist>{{cite web | url = https://zetor75.com/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211128074743/https://zetor75.com/ | archive-date = 2021-11-28 | title = Zetor 75 years: 1971 | publisher = Zetor s.r.o. }}</ref> HMT started the operation with the manufacture of the 25 [[Horsepower|HP]] Zetor 2511 [[tractor]] at the manufacturing plant in [[Pinjore]], Haryana state. Over the years, it has developed tractors ranging from 25 HP to 75 HP.

Machine tools divisions of HMT is still continuing its operations and introducing state of the art technologies in Indian industrial market. The Kochi unit has entered manufacturing equipments for Indian Naval defence sector by manufacturing Directing Gear systems.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/hmt-to-make-more-hitech-subsystems-for-the-navy/article6385230.ece|title=HMT to make more hi-tech sub-systems for the Navy|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/hmt-all-set-to-cement-its-position-in-defence-production/article6750727.ece|title=HMT all set to cement its position in defence production|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-21|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ HMT Milestones
|-
|1953 || Machine Tools I ||Bengaluru ||Karnataka
|-
|1961 || Machine Tools II ||Bengaluru ||Karnataka
|-
|1962 || Watch Factory I ||Bengaluru ||Karnataka
|-
|1963 || Machine Tools III ||Pinjore ||Haryana
|-
|1965 || Machine Tools IV ||Kalamassery ||Kerala
|-
|1967 || Machine Tools V ||Hyderabad || Andhra Pradesh
|-
|1971 || Tractor Division ||Pinjore ||Haryana
|-
|1971 || Die Casting Division ||Bengaluru ||Karnataka
|-
|1972 || Printing Machinery Division ||Kalamassery ||Kerala
|-
|1972 || Watch Factory II ||Bengaluru ||Karnataka
|-
|1973 || Precision Machinery Division ||Bengaluru ||Karnataka
|-
|1975 || Machine Tools VI ||Ajmer ||Rajasthan
|-
|1975 || HMT (International) Ltd. ||Bengaluru ||Karnataka
|-
|1975 || Watch Factory III ||Srinagar ||Jammu & Kashmir
|-
|1978 || Watch Factory IV ||Tumkur ||Karnataka
|-
|1981 || HMT Bearings Limited ||Hyderabad ||Telangana
|-
|1981 || Quartz Analog Watches ||Bengaluru ||Karnataka
|-
|1982 || Watch Factory V ||Ranibagh ||Uttar Pradesh
|-
|1982 ||Specialised Watch Case Division || Bengaluru ||Karnataka
|-
|1983 || Stepper Motor Division ||Tumkur ||Karnataka
|-
|1985 || Ball Screw Division ||Bengaluru ||Karnataka
|-
|1986 || CNC Systems Division ||Bengaluru ||Karnataka
|-
|1991 || Central Re-conditioning Division ||Bengaluru ||Karnataka
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Watchmaking conglomerates]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Machine tool builders]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1953]]
[[Category:Watch movement manufacturers]]
[[Category:Watch manufacturing companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Tractor manufacturers of India]]

Ongole Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-16T02:35:36Z

Owen79097529716: stub

{{short description|Indian political subdivision}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ongole
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Ongole.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Ongole Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| preceded_by = [[Y. V. Subba Reddy]]
| mp = [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| electors = 13,42,368
| assembly_cons = [[Yerragondapalem Assembly constituency|Yerragondapalem]] [[Darsi Assembly constituency|Darsi]] [[Ongole Assembly constituency|Ongole]] [[Kondapi Assembly constituency|Kondapi]] [[Markapuram Assembly constituency|Markapuram]] [[Giddalur Assembly constituency|Giddalur]] [[Kanigiri Assembly constituency|Kanigiri]]
}}
[[File:Ongole Board.jpg|thumb|Ongole|alt=Ongole]]
'''[[Ongole]] Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|Lok Sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments and belongs to the [[Prakasam district]] and [[Markapuram district]]. [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]] of [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] won the seat in the 2024 elections.

==Assembly segments==
Ongole Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
|-
|102
|[[Yerragondapalem Assembly constituency|Yerragondapalem]](SC)
|[[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
|-
|103
|[[Darsi Assembly constituency|Darsi]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
|-
|108
|[[Ongole Assembly constituency|Ongole]]
|-
|110
|[[Kondapi Assembly constituency|Kondapi]](SC)
|-
|111
|[[Markapuram Assembly constituency|Markapuram]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]

|-
|112
|[[Giddalur Assembly constituency|Giddaluru]]
|-
|113
|[[Kanigiri Assembly constituency|Kanigiri]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
[[Indian National Congress|INC]] won eleven times. [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] won three times. [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] won two times. [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] and Independents won one time each.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|rowspan = 2|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|M Nanadass
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|P.Venkataraghavaiah
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Ronda Narapa Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Madala Narayanaswamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Jaggayya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[P. Ankineedu Prasada Rao]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|rowspan=2|Puli Venkata Reddy
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Bezawada Papi Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Magunta Subbarama Reddy]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Magunta Parvathamma]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Karanam Balarama Krishna Murthy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|rowspan=2|[[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Y. V. Subba Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan=2|[[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: Ongole}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
| votes = 396,282
| percentage = 56.07
| change = +9.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Narayanaswamy Katuri
| votes = 298,912
| percentage = 42.29
| change = -8.60
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 97,370
| percentage = 13.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 706,811
| percentage = 63.84
| change = -1.25
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Ongole}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Magunta Subbarama Reddy]]
| votes = 329,913
| percentage = 49.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Dega Narasimha Reddy
| votes = 290,583
| percentage = 43.75
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Pammi Chakra Reddy
|votes = 35,199
|percentage = 5.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 39,330
| percentage = 5.92
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 664,143
| percentage = 59.91
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Ongole}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Magunta Parvathamma Subbarama Reddy]]
| votes = 381,475
| percentage = 50.42
| change = +0.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
| votes = 331,415
| percentage = 43.80
| change = +0.50
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 50,060
| percentage = 6.62
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 756,598
| percentage = 63.85
| change = +3.94
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Ongole}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
| votes = 351,390
| percentage = 47.75
| change = -2.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
| votes = 330,524
| percentage = 44.92
| change = +1.12
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 20,866
| percentage = 2.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 735,876
| percentage = 62.40
| change = -1.45
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Ongole}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Karanam Balarama Krishna Murthy]]
| votes = 392,840
| percentage = 50.58
| change = +5.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
| votes = 370,892
| percentage = 47.77
| change = +0.01
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 21,948
| percentage = 2.81
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 776,640
| percentage = 65.25
| change = +2.85
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Ongole}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
| votes = 446,584
| percentage = 55.89
| change = +8.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Bathula Vijaya Bharathi
| votes = 340,563
| percentage = 42.62
| change = -7.96
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 106,021
| percentage = 13.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 799,109
| percentage = 75.10
| change = +0.85
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Ongole}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
| votes = 450,442
| percentage = 44.10
| change = -11.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Madduluri Malakondaiah Yadav]]
| votes = 371,919
| percentage = 36.41
| change = -6.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = Pidathala Sai Kalpana
| votes = 142,303
| percentage = 13.93
| change = -6.21
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 78,523
| percentage = 7.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,021,349
| percentage = 74.26
| change = -0.84
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections|General Election, 2014]]: Ongole}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Y. V. Subba Reddy]]
| votes = 589,960
| percentage = 48.83
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
| votes = 574,302
| percentage = 47.53
| change = +11.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Darisi Pavana Kumar
| votes = 13,357
| percentage = 1.11
| change = -42.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Krishna Rao Vemula
| votes = 5,863
| percentage = 0.49
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Sadam Satyanarayana Raja Yadav
| votes = 4,393
| percentage = 0.36
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 5,781
| percentage = 0.48
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 15,658
| percentage = 1.30
| change = -6.39
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,208,225
| percentage = 82.17
| change = +7.91
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Ongole}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
| votes = 739,202
| percentage = 55.07
| change = +6.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Sidda Raghava Rao
| votes = 524,351
| percentage = 39.06
| change = -8.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janasena Party
| candidate = Bellamkonda Saibabu
| votes = 29,379
| percentage = 2.19
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 20,865
| percentage = 1.55
| change = +1.07
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 214,851
| percentage = 16.01
| change = +14.71
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 13,44,003
| percentage = 86.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,56,469
|ref= }}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Ongole]]<ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Ongole">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Ongole |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0116.htm |accessdate=6 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206035217/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0116.htm |archivedate=6 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
| votes = 701,894
| percentage = 49.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Chevireddy Bhaskar Reddy]]
| votes = 6,51,695
| percentage = 45.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Eda Sudhakar Reddy
| votes = 26,722
| percentage = 1.88
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NOTA
| candidate = [[None of the above]]
| votes = 13,205
| percentage = 0.93
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes=50,199
|percentage=3.53
|change=-12.41
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes=14,25,958
|percentage=88.32
|change=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/ongole/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Ongole lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coords|15.5|80.0|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ongole Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Ongole]]

Moosa Raza

2026-02-08T17:52:14Z

Owen79097529716: Added New Post

{{Short description|Indian civil servant (1937–2024)}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Moosa Raza
|image = Moosa Raza.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1937|2|27}}
|birth_place = Meenambur, [[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2024|5|8|1937|2|27}}
|death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|occupation = Civil servant, author
|years_active = 1958–2024
|spouse = Husnara Raza
|children = 4
}}

'''Moosa Raza''' (27 February 1937 – 8 May 2024) was an Indian civil servant who was the chairman of the South Indian Educational Trust (S.I.E.T.), which runs six educational institutions;<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100213215959/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/08/stories/2010020851370600.htm The Hindu Feb 08, 2010 – Metro Plus – A little-known award winner]</ref> he was also chairman of the executive committee of Coastal Energen Pvt. Ltd.<ref>[http://www.chennaivision.com/newsdetails.php?id=3677 chennaivision – Moosa Raza to receive Padma Bhushan Award] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609022133/http://www.chennaivision.com/newsdetails.php?id=3677 |date=9 June 2011 }}</ref> Raza has written a widely read book, ''Of Nawabs and Nightingales''.<ref>[http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15052001/inter.htm The Milli Gazette – Interview – ‘We want to arouse the consciousness’]</ref>

Moosa Raza had been awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] for the year 2010. He joined the [[Indian Administrative Service]] in 1960 and rose to be the [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] to the [[Chief Minister]] of [[Gujarat]]. He then served as Chief Secretary of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], Advisor to the Governor of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and, in Delhi, as Secretary to the Government of India in the Cabinet Secretariat and in the Ministry of Steel.<ref>The Hindu 8 February 2010 – Metro Plus – A little-known award winner S. MUTHIAH [http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/08/stories /2010020851370600.htm]</ref>

==Early life==
Moosa Raza was born on 27 February 1937 in Meenambur, a small village located between [[Gingee]] and [[Villupuram]] in the Villupuram District in the State of [[Tamil Nadu]], India to Ghulam Ali Mehkari and Aasiya Begum. His maternal ancestors hailed from a farming community and belonged to the [[Nawayath]] Clan of South India. His maternal grandfather was the village munsif ([[District Munsiff Court]]) and had a number of villages in the region under his stewardship. Moosa Raza studied in the local village school until the age of 8 studying [[Urdu]] & [[Arabic]] after which he moved to [[Chennai]] (Madras) along with his family. He studied in a local school called Madrasa-e-Azam and went on to complete his intermediate from the then Government Arts College (now called Quaid-E-Millath College) in 1955.

Raza graduated from the Madras Presidency College, (now called [[Presidency College, Chennai]]) University of Madras with Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree in English Language and Literature, in 1958, getting a First Class First. During his days at the college, he won seven college medals, not only of his own department but also from the departments of History, Physics and Economics. He is the only triple gold medal winner from the University, a feat reported by unsurpassed till now. He went on to earn a master's degree from the same university.

During this time, he was known as a great orator and debater, and member of the quiz team participating in and winning in several in the College and inter-university competitions.

==Early career==
In 1958, the then Vice-Chancellor, Sir Lakshman Swami Mudaliar appointed him as an Assistant Professor of English in the Presidency College, his alma mater. At the same time he prepared for the prestigious Indian Administrative Service examinations. He appeared for the selection exams in 1959 and was selected for the [[Indian Administrative Service]] for [[Gujarat]] (a state in India) in 1960, in the very first attempt.

==District administration career==
Within just four years of service, Moosa Raza was posted in 1964 as Collector and District Magistrate in the district of the [[Banaskantha district]] in Gujarat, from where he later moved to [[Surendranagar district]] and then to [[Surat]] as District Collector. He was picked up by the then Finance Minister of India, [[Morarji Desai]], to head his home District of Bulsar ([[Valsad]]) for four years.
He was given charge of the flood relief operations in 1968 as the Municipal Commissioner when the city and the District of Surat was submerged due to heavy floods in the [[Tapti River]].

In 1969 he was entrusted the onerous task of managing drought relief operations during the crippling famine and drought that struck Gujarat. As Director of Relief, Moosa Raza covered an area of over 50,000 kilometres, travelling by jeep, car, boats, on camel and on horseback. He was able to bring relief to over 12000 villages across Gujarat by way of providing government employment to over 1.5 million villagers, water to over 7500 villages and cattle feed to save the lives of over 3 million milch cattle, the livelihood of the rural communities in Gujarat.

In 1975, he was appointed the Principal Secretary to the Chief Minister of Gujarat,<ref>[http://colleges.papyrusclubs.com/siet/general-news/padma-bhushan-our-chairman Papyrus Club – Campus News]</ref> [[Madhavsinh Solanki]]. In 1998, when the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was facing severe turbulence, he was appointed Chief Secretary of Jammu and Kashmir where he helped in controlling the incipient militancy and implementing welfare measures for the State.<ref>[http://jkgad.nic.in/FormerCSecy.shtml General Administration Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622033823/http://jkgad.nic.in/FormerCSecy.shtml |date=22 June 2010 }}</ref>

==Public sector undertakings==
For a major part of his career Moosa Raza functioned as chairman & managing director of several prestigious industrial and commercial enterprises both at the State and Central levels.

Raza was the youngest Indian Administrative Officer to head the National Textiles Corporation, which then managed over 110 nationalised textile mills with an employment of over {{formatnum:200000}} workers. As managing director, he helped turn the corporation from a loss making concern into a profitable one and helping save the jobs of over {{formatnum:200000}} workers and 25,000 officers.

Later as chairman and managing director of Gujarat State Fertilizers Company Ltd.,<ref>[http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20041108/states2.html India-today.com]</ref>
the largest integrated Chemical & Fertilizer Complex of the country, Moosa Raza helped in giving fillip to the industrialisation of Gujarat State. For seven continuous years under his stewardship, the Gujarat State Fertilizer Company won the National Awards for best productivity, safety and industrial relations. Concurrently, he functioned as the chairman and managing director of the Calico group of Industries, a private sector undertaking under the control of the State Bank of India.

Raza served as chairman and managing director of India Trade Promotion Organization, a government body engaged in the promotion of India's domestic and international trade. He also functioned as a director on several PSUs, including Cotton Corporation of India, Gujarat Fisheries Corporation, Marine Products Export Development Authority, Gujarat Narmada Fertilizer Company, etc. Most of the institutions were made to turn the corner during his tenure.

In the wake of the demolition of the Babri Masjid, Moosa Raza was sent as an Advisor to the Governor of Uttar Pradesh where during his tenure, he helped in controlling the law and order situation. Later as Secretary to the Government of India in the Cabinet Secretariat in the Steel Ministry.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/04/07/stories/2004040701620300.htm The Hindu Business Line]</ref> He formulated numerous proposals and policies to liberalise the steel industry of India and set it on the path of expansion and modernisation. He retired from government service in 1995 after 35 years of service as Secretary to the Government of India having served in that position in both the Cabinet Secretariat and the Ministry of Steel.<ref>[http://www.babusofindia.com/2010/01/journey-of-former-bureaucrats-bk.html Babus Of India]</ref>

==Post IAS career==
After retiring from active government service, Moosa Raza served on several Committees of State and Central Governments, the private sector as well as charity and non-profit organisations. For five years, he served as the chairman of the Iridium India Telecom Co.,<ref>[http://www.itclindia.com/aboutus_people.htm IL & FS Trust Company – Board of Directors] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829012512/http://www.itclindia.com/aboutus_people.htm |date=29 August 2010 }}</ref> and also on the Board of Iridium International at Washington.

Raza was a member of the [[National Integration Council of India]] headed by the Prime Minister of India for several years.<ref>[http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/NIC-W-Group.pdf National Integration Council – Working Group Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129002731/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/NIC-W-Group.pdf |date=29 November 2010 }}</ref> He was chairman of the committee appointed by the Government of J & K to recommend measures to devolve power to the people and control corruption. He also served on the Government Committee to review the POTA cases in Jammu & Kashmir and Gujarat as well as the Task Force on Socio-Economic development of J & K headed by the Chief Economic Advisor to the Prime Minister. He was a member of the Arjun Sen Gupta Committee to review reforms in the Public Sector of India. He was also the Convenor of the MOU Task Force for Mining & Mineral Industries of Government of India<ref>[http://dpe.nic.in/mou/taskforce0708.htm Department of Public Enterprises – Task Force Members] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716110325/http://dpe.nic.in/mou/taskforce0708.htm |date=16 July 2011 }}</ref> as also for the Transport Industries Syndicate of Government of India.

Moosa Raza had been recently nominated as an ATF member in the [[Performance Management Division|Performance Management Division of the Cabinet Secretariat]] set up by the Prime Minister of India for evaluating performance of Government Departments and Ministries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.performance.gov.in/sites/all/document/files/atf/manual/Syndicate%205.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 January 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201120157/http://www.performance.gov.in/sites/all/document/files/atf/manual/Syndicate%205.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is currently a member of the Committee of SCOPE & Ministry of Public Enterprises for awarding Excellence Awards to the PSUs headed by Justice P.N. Bhagwati, former Chief Justice of India.

The National Minorities Commission of India had asked him to lead a delegation of Muslim Clerics and leaders to negotiate with the Hurriyat leaders and Government of J & K for the honourable return of Kashmiri Pandits to the valley.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031130/edit.htm#1 The Tribune, Less obvious presence of forces, a welcome change]</ref>

Moosa Raza was nominated as the President's nominee on the Senior Selection Committee of Indira Gandhi Open University, and since 2009 has been on the Court of Aligarh Muslim University.<ref>[http://nvonews.com/2010/02/01/aligarh-muslim-university-court-members-elected-2/ Aligarh Muslim University Court] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120712161351/http://nvonews.com/2010/02/01/aligarh-muslim-university-court-members-elected-2/ |date=12 July 2012 }}</ref> Since 2000, he has also been functioning as the chairman of Southern India Education Trust, a minority promoted institution which is running a college for women, two high schools, a centre for women's studies, a centre for dyslexic children etc. More than 50% of the 9,000 students of these institutions belong to the majority community.

In view of his long experience with industrial and commercial enterprises, Raza was elected and served as chairman of the Standing Conference of Public Enterprises, an apex body of over 240 public sector undertakings in India. Moosa Raza also functioned during this period on the governing councils of the Indian Institute of Management (Ahmedabad), the Advanced Management Programme Committee, the Management and Administrative Research Council of India, International Management Institute, New Delhi, and the various expert committees to study public sector reforms and government functioning.

==Social work==
Raza was the Founder Trustee of the India Islamic Cultural Centre, New Delhi, and as its director general he helped set it up as an institution for establishing communal harmony and build understanding between various communities of India. He was a Member of Sarvodayan international, Tamil Nadu Chapter, Chennai and a Member of the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language.

==Personal life and death==
Raza was married to Husnara and had one son and three daughters. Raza died on 8 May 2024, at the age of 87.<ref>[https://kashmirlife.net/moosa-raza-jammu-kashmir-cs-of-1990s-is-no-more-353387/ Moosa Raza, Jammu Kashmir CS of 1990s Is No More]</ref>

==Other interests==
Apart from his hands on experience in managing large enterprises, Moosa Raza had been intimately concerned with theories of management and governance, study of comparative religion, Islamic and Indian history, philosophy and law and has written several articles on these subjects. Extensively read in European and Indian history and Sufism, Raza had a deep knowledge of human motivation, ethos and culture of both the West and the East.

Raza delivered lectures in Chicago, at the Nehru Centre in London and in Dubai, Heidelberg, Germany besides other centres in India.

Raza owned a personal library of over 10,000 books, over 7,000 of which are on Islam. He had delivered lectures on the Bhagavad Gita, the Upanishads, Christianity, Buddhism and Sufism.

Raza travelled widely both within the country and outside. He led several delegations abroad on behalf of the Government, both diplomatic and commercial, and went out on speaking assignments on management, country analysis, human resources development, corporate restructuring, project management and related fields. He was also deeply involved in many educational activities, especially for the deprived sections of society and minorities.

==Honours==
Raza was conferred the prestigious award of Padma Bhushan in the Republic Day Honours in 2010.
During the course of his services, he has been awarded the President’s Silver medal, the Shiromani Award, the Indira Priyadarshini Award, the Jewel of India Award, the Pride of India award and several other awards.

==Literary work==
Moosa Raza authored a book titled “of Nawabs and Nightingales” which is a collection of his early experiences in the Indian Administrative Service. His book was very favourably reviewed by the noted author, [[Khushwant Singh]] in newspapers and magazines. His book ''In Search of Oneness'' published in 2012 is a free flowing narrative about the author's journey in search of a personal God and faith.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=69qQNQEACAAJ Google Books]</ref> Drawing from religious sources like the [[Bhagavad Gita]], the Quran and sufi writing by authors like Abdurrahman Chishti, [[Ibn Arabi]], [[Rumi]], [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]] and others, the author has highlighted the commonality of religions.<ref>[https://en.qantara.de/content/moosa-razas-in-search-of-oneness-what-do-the-bhagavad-gita-and-the-koran-have-in-common What do Bhagavad Gita and the Koran have in common?]</ref><ref>[https://www.themotherdivine.com/16/book-review-by-yoginder-sikand-in-search-of-oneness-the-bhagavad-gita-and-the-quran-through-sufi-eyes.shtml Themotherdivine Book Review]</ref>
Moosa Raza has also published a collection of his Urdu poems under the title "Khwab-e-Natamaam" (Incomplete Dreams).<ref>[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle09.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2011/December/theuae_December113.xml&section=theuae Khaleejtimes.com]</ref>
Kashmir; Land of regrets published in 2019 is a recounting by the author of his tenure as the Chief Secretary to the then state of Jammu and Kashmir in the tumultuous years leading up to the famous [[Kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed]].<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/speak-to-them-in-their-idiom/article29909133.ece The Hindu]</ref>
Moosa Raza published his memoirs titled ''Of Giants and Windmills'' in the year 2022 which traces his journey from a remote village in South India to his role as chairman of the South Indian Educational Trust.

== Bibliography ==
*''Of Nawabs and Nightingales & Other Stories'' (1995, Rupa & Co); {{ISBN|978-8171672998}}
*''In Search of Oneness: The Bhagvad Gita and the Quran through Sufi Eyes'' (2012, Penguin Ananda); {{ISBN|978-0143417835}}
*''The Smile on Sorrow's Lips: Selected Verses from Ghalib's Persian Poems with Urdu and English Poetic Translations'' (2015, CreateSpace Independent Publishing); {{ISBN|978-1508936312}}
*''Kashmir: Land of Regrets'' (2019, Westland Publications); {{ISBN|978-9388689946}}
*''Kashmir Sarzameen e Pashemani'' (2021, Brown Books); {{ISBN|978-81-952657-8-7}}
*''Juniper Cottage and Other Stories'' (2021, Vitasta Publishing); {{ISBN|978-9390961511}}
*''Of Giants and Windmills: An Autobiography'' (2022, Niyogi Books India); {{ISBN|978-9391125325}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raza, Moosa}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:People from Viluppuram district]]

Langpih

2026-02-04T21:08:15Z

Owen79097529716: cleanup

{{Short description|Village in Meghalaya, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Langpih
| image_skyline = Anganwadi at Lampi.jpg
| image_caption = Anganwadi center at Lampi
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_alt =
|coordinates = {{coord|25|50|10.65|N|91|10|9.78|E|display=inline}}
}}

'''Langpih''', also spelt '''Langpi''', '''Lampi''', or '''Lumpi''' is a village in [[northeast India|northeast]] [[India]].<ref name="LokSabha">{{citation|title=Lok Sabha debates (English Version)|year=1988|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fn83AAAAIAAJ&q=langpih|page=97}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{citation|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200805311621.htm|periodical=The Hindu|title=Assam conducts function on disputed land|date=31 May 2008|accessdate=10 August 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph">{{citation|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100516/jsp/frontpage/story_12454682.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519195318/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100516/jsp/frontpage/story_12454682.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 May 2010|periodical=The Telegraph|title=Lampi: a victim of one-upmanship; Progress eludes 'apple of discord'|last1=Roy|first1=Dipankar|last2=Sarma|first2=Pankaj|date=16 May 2010|accessdate=18 August 2010|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> It is located near the border of [[West Khasi Hills district]], [[Meghalaya]] and [[Kamrup district]], [[Assam]].<ref name="DNA">{{citation|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_don-t-politicise-langpih-meghalaya-cm_1168318|title=Don't politicise Langpih: Meghalaya|date=3 June 2008|accessdate=10 August 2010|periodical=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> In Meghalaya's administrative structure, it is under [[Kyrdum]] gram panchayat, [[Mawshynrut]] block, West Khasi Hills district, whereas Assam assigns it to [[No. 9 Dakhin Pub Boko]] gram panchayat, [[Boko-Bongaon]] block, Kamrup district, with the [[Postal Index Number]] 781129 (shared with [[Hahimbazar]], [[Nalapara]], and [[Samuka]], which are all in [[No. 70 Dakhin Pub Luki]] gram panchayat).<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=http://ddws.gov.in/ddwsimis/RuralWaterSupply/reports/ReportYSRHabitationDistrict.aspx?districtId=0047&districtname=KAMRUP|title=Name of Habitations in yearly status report, rural water supply programme|chapter=Kamrup|year=2010|publisher=Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India|accessdate=27 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation|chapter-url=http://megphed.gov.in/knowledge/achieve0708/wkh.pdf|publisher=Public Health Engineering Department, Government of Meghalaya|year=2008|title=List of Habitations that have been provided with Water Supply during the year 2007–2008|chapter=West Khasi Hills|accessdate=27 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/assam/kamrup/pincode-of-lower-lumpi.html|title=Pincode of Lower Lumpi|publisher=MapsOfIndia.com|accessdate=27 August 2010}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The village is served by a government health sub-centre, but it is not staffed by doctors. Teachers rarely come to the village's two schools. The village is not [[rural electrification|electrified]].<ref name="Telegraph"/> The village is served by one road, in poor condition, connecting it to the Riangdo-Boko road which itself connects to [[National Highway 37 (India)|National Highway 37]] in Assam, at a junction just west of [[Boko, Assam|Boko]]. Another {{convert|5|km}} road from neighbouring [[Kthiehthawiar]] to Meghalaya was under construction in 2008.<ref name="Telegraph"/><ref name="Zeenews20081122">{{citation|url=http://zeenews.india.com/Elections08/JKStory.aspx?aid=485586|title=Meghalaya flexes muscle on Assam boundary|periodical=[[Zee News]]|date=22 November 2008|accessdate=11 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224003636/http://zeenews.india.com/Elections08/JKStory.aspx?aid=485586|archivedate=24 February 2014}}</ref> That would connect Langpih through Kthiehthawiar to a junction with [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]] just west of [[Nongstoin]]. It remained under construction by 2011.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.nongsain.com/epaperpdf/1062011/1062011-md-hr-1.pdf|title=La khang ia ki trok ban iaid na ka surok Kthiehthawiar-Langpih|work=U Nongsain Hima|date=9 July 2011|accessdate=11 August 2012}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 2008, the Assam government began building a health centre and police outpost in the village, and Assam police reportedly detained Meghalaya journalists who came to cover the event.<ref name="Hindu"/> Meghalaya Deputy Chief Minister [[Hopingstone Lyngdoh]] stated that once the Kthiehthawiar–Meghalaya road was complete, the Meghalaya Police would move their temporary police outpost in the area from Lejadubi to Langpih.<ref name="Zeenews20081122"/> He stated that two platoons of police would be stationed in the village. Assam Chief Secretary [[P. C. Sharma]] rebutted that his state would not allow this.<ref name="IndianExpress"/>

==Territorial dispute==

===1950s to 1990s===
Langpih is the subject of a long-running dispute between the Meghalaya and Assam state governments, one of twelve such disputed territories.<ref name="Zeenews20081122"/> According to Meghalaya Chief Minister [[Donkapur Roy]], the British annexed the village to Assam's Kamrup district, but then after [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]], it was assigned to the [[United Khasi and Jaintia Hills district]], a district in today's Meghalaya state.<ref name="DNA"/> The Meghalaya government claims that Assam's 1951 demarcation shows the area as part of a district in what would later become Meghalaya state. However, in 1972, Assam's new demarcation showed the area as part of its own Mikir Hills district (now [[Karbi Anglong District]]).<ref name="TimesOfIndia">{{citation|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-21/guwahati/28273150_1_assam-and-meghalaya-boundary-assam-s-karbi-anglong |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811095226/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-21/guwahati/28273150_1_assam-and-meghalaya-boundary-assam-s-karbi-anglong |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Won't accept 1972 demarcation by Assam: Meghalaya|date=21 June 2010|work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref>

In 1974, government forces from the two states had a faceoff in the village after Meghalaya policemen allegedly expelled Nepalese grazers, leading Assam policemen to arrive and investigate.<ref>{{citation|periodical=Data India|publisher=Press Institute of India|year=1974|title=Confrontation at Langpih|page=63|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHlDAAAAYAAJ&q=langpih}}</ref> ''Link'' magazine described the situation as "explosive".<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3BDAAAAYAAJ&q=langpih|title=The States|periodical=Link|volume=16|issue=3|year=1974|page=28}}</ref> [[Hopingstone Lyngdoh]] claims that Assam "encroached on the village in 1979" and since then encouraged further Assamese settlement there.<ref name="IndianExpress">{{citation|date=22 November 2008|accessdate=10 August 2010|title=Will set up police post in disputed Langpih village: Meghalaya|periodical=Indian Express|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Will-set-up-police-post-in-disputed-Langpih-village--Meghalaya/389179}}</ref> In 1988, it was claimed in the [[Lok Sabha]] that the government of Meghalaya had proposed to set up an electoral constituency, 34-Nongstoin, which covered [[Kamphaduli]], [[Hakumari]], and Langpih.<ref name="LokSabha"/>

===2010s===
The '''[[Langpih Incident]]''' occurred on 14 May 2010, when clashes broke out between the Nepalese and tribal Khasi people, leading to shootings by police.<ref>{{citation|url=http://kolkataobserver.com/?p=13462|periodical=Kolkata Observer|title=Security tightened after clash at disputed village|date=15 May 2010|accessdate=10 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713163707/http://kolkataobserver.com/?p=13462|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> National media reported that four Khasi villagers died of the gunshot wounds: Columbus Hujon, Charles Lyngkhoi, Dennis Nonsiej, and Ekros Rani. Reports of the total number of injured varied between twelve and twenty-six.<ref name="Telegraph20120629">{{citation|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120630/jsp/frontpage/story_15674216.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709005717/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120630/jsp/frontpage/story_15674216.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2012|title=Cops object to stage at Langpih|periodical=The Telegraph of India|date=29 June 2012|accessdate=11 August 2012|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2010/05/19/centreto-probe-firing-across-assam-meghalaya-border.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313172255/http://news.oneindia.in/2010/05/19/centreto-probe-firing-across-assam-meghalaya-border.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 March 2012|title=Centre to probe firing across Assam-Meghalaya border|date=19 May 2010|accessdate=10 August 2010|periodical=OneIndia.in}}</ref> The governments of Assam and Meghalaya have each reported the death toll as two; even this death toll has become an object of political controversy, with authorities of each state moving the corpses around across state borders to manipulate the number.<ref name="Telegraph"/> A monument was constructed in memory of the dead villagers.<ref name="Telegraph20120629"/>

Repercussions of the 2010 incident continued to be felt in 2012, when Pynskhemlang Nongshlong of neighbouring [[Rambrai]] village planned to lead a [[hunger strike]] in memory of the four slain men.<ref name="Telegraph20120629"/> Nongshlong and thirteen fellow activists took to a stage constructed by local people specially for their fast. Two hours after the fast began, the Assistant District Commissioner of Kamrup and 150 police of Assam State arrived at the site. However, Langpih villagers formed a [[human chain (politics)|human chain]] to deny access to police.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.northeasttoday.in/our-states/assam/assam-police-fails-to-disrupt-langpih-fast/|title=Assam Police Fails to Disrupt Langpih Fast|work=Northeast Today|date=2 July 2012|accessdate=11 August 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218063633/http://www.northeasttoday.in/our-states/assam/assam-police-fails-to-disrupt-langpih-fast/|archive-date=18 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the eighth day, eight of the fasters had been retired to [[Shillong Civil Hospital]] due to ill health; Nongshlong and five others remained, but were clearly suffering from the effects of dehydration.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120709/jsp/northeast/story_15706471.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132319/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120709/jsp/northeast/story_15706471.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Fast over Langpih enters Day Eight; No solution to imbroglio in sight|periodical=The Telegraph of India|date=9 July 2012|accessdate=11 August 2012|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> As the fast neared its second week, Meghalaya Chief Minister [[Mukul Sangma]] appealed to Delhi for assistance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120712/jsp/northeast/story_15718358.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717083909/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120712/jsp/northeast/story_15718358.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2012|title=Sangma petitions Delhi on Langpih|periodical=The Telegraph of India|date=11 July 2012|accessdate=11 August 2012|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>

Nongshlong declared an end to the fast on 13 July, giving the government a deadline of two months to fulfill a list of demands which the villagers would later announce.<ref>{{citation|url=
http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/hunger-strike-at-langpih-to-be-withdrawn-tomorrow/31575/|title=Hunger strike at Langpih to be withdrawn tomorrow|work=Business Standard|date=13 July 2012|accessdate=11 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2012/07/13/langpih-protesters-end-fast-unto-death/|title=Langpih protesters end fast unto death|work=The Shillong Times|date=13 July 2012|accessdate=11 August 2012}}</ref> However, on 16 July Nongshlong and four women resumed their fast at Nongstoin.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120716/jsp/northeast/story_15732741.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822162445/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120716/jsp/northeast/story_15732741.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 August 2014|title=Youth resumes fast unto death at hospital|date=16 July 2012|accessdate=11 August 2012|location=Calcutta, India|work=The Telegraph}}</ref> Around the same time, the [[Meghalaya People’s Human Rights Council]] sent a delegation to the 20th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]. MPHRC General Secretary [[Dino Dympep]] met with UN [[United Nations special rapporteur|Special Rapporteur]] [[James Anaya]] regarding the 2010 killings, following which Anaya sent a communique to the Government of India. However, by the following month the GOI had failed to respond.<ref>{{citation|url=http://tntmagazine.in/news/meghalaya/india-yet-to-submit-the-long-pending-assam-meghalaya-border-dispute-to-the-un-dino-dg-dympep/|title=India yet to submit th elong pending Assam-Meghalaya Border dispute to the UN|periodical=TNT Magazine|date=1 August 2012|accessdate=11 August 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2010 in India]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of India]]
[[Category:Villages in Kamrup district]]
[[Category:Villages in West Khasi Hills district]]

India men's national roller hockey team

2026-02-04T19:44:41Z

Owen79097529716: Added A Details Added Tags

{{Infobox national hockey team
| Name = India
| Badge = Flag of India.svg
| Badge_size = 150px
| alt =
| caption =
| Nickname =
| Association = [[Roller Skating Federation of India]] (RSFI)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiaskate.com/category/roller-hockey/|title=India Skate|access-date=8 March 2023}}</ref>
| Confederation = [[Confederation of Asia Roller Sports]]
| General Manager =
| Coach = {{flagicon|IND}} Harpreet Singh
| Asst Coach =
| Captain =
| CIRH Rank = 29<ref>[http://rink-hockey.net/rank-nat31122010.pdf National teams Ranking] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724194522/http://rink-hockey.net/rank-nat31122010.pdf |date=2011-07-24 }}</ref>
| Jerseys =
}}

The '''India men's national roller hockey team''' is the national team and represent [[India]] at international [[roller hockey (quad)|roller hockey]]. It is governed by the Roller Skating Federation of India (RSFI), it is full member of [[FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup|FIRS Roller Hockey B World Cup]] and [[Roller Hockey Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jammulinksnews.com/newsdetail/294354/Jammu-Links-News-ADGP_honours_Indian_Roller_Hockey_contingent|title=ADGP honours Indian Roller Hockey contingent|access-date=8 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dornbirn2010.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=97&Itemid=93&lang=de |title=Rollhockey B-WM 2010 - Dornbirn :: Team Indien |access-date=2011-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710145820/http://www.dornbirn2010.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=97&Itemid=93&lang=de |archive-date=2011-07-10 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

== Medal table ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Competition
! Gold
! Silver
! Bronze
! 4th
|-
|[[Roller Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]
|0
|3
|4
|3
|-
|}

== Honours ==
'''[[Roller Hockey Asia Cup]]'''

{{silver2}} – 1987, [[2012 Asian Roller Hockey Cup|2012]], 2016

{{bronze3}} – 1997, 2007, [[2010 Asian Roller Hockey Championship|2010]], 2010<ref>The first 2010 Championship was the 2009 edition, but, because of a calendar problem, it was held in January 2010. Later, the Asian federation decided to hold the championship in even-numbered years and thus organized an additional event in 2010.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101102225836/http://www.rollersportsindia.org/ Official website of Roller Skating Federation of India]}}
*[http://indianrollerhockey.blogspot.com/p/indian-mens-national-team.html Indian team on the Indian Roller Hockey Blog]

{{Men's national roller hockey teams}}
{{National sports teams of India}}
{{Rink hockey international competitions}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India National Roller Hockey Team}}
[[Category:Roller hockey in India|National Roller Hockey Team]]
[[Category:Men's national sports teams of India|Roller hockey]]
[[Category:National roller hockey (quad) teams]]
{{India-sport-stub}}

Balaka (Bengali poetry)

2026-01-31T09:59:01Z

Owen79097529716: New

{{short description|Bengali poetry book written by Rabindranath Tagore}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Balaka''''' (Bengali: বলাকা: English: "A Flight of Swans")<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-26|title=Rabindranath Tagore|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/rabindranath-tagore|access-date=2020-07-26|website=Poetry Foundation|language=en}}</ref> is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] poetry book written by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGenvwEACAAJ|title=Balaka|first=Rabindranath|last=Tagore|date=April 27, 2018|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=9781717449252 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=":0">History of Bengali Literature, Dr. Dulal Chakraborty, July - 2007, Bani Bitan. (Bengali)</ref> It was published in 1916.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> It is the first significant work of the "Balaka Stage" of Rabindranath's poetry.<ref name=":0" />

== Dedication ==
Tagore dedicated the book to W. Pearson. He was his friend.<ref>{{Cite web|title=বলাকা - উৎসর্গ {{!}} রবীন্দ্র রচনাবলী|url=http://rabindra-rachanabali.nltr.org/node/12093|access-date=2020-07-26|website=rabindra-rachanabali.nltr.org}}</ref>

== Theme ==
Rabindranath was a worshipper of speed. The melody of consciousness of the poet-mind is evident in the book. The dynamics of creation, the mystery of eternal velocity in the universe is observed in it.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Balaka - Banglapedia|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Balaka|access-date=2020-07-26|website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://rabindra-rachanabali.nltr.org/ rabindra-rachanabali.nltr.org]

{{Rabindranath Tagore|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1916 poetry books]]
[[Category:Bengali poetry collections]]
[[Category:Poetry collections by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Indian poetry books]]

National Space Olympiad

2026-01-30T15:03:08Z

Owen79097529716: quick refined details to improve readability and added references

{{short description|Indian science competition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Notability|date=January 2021}}

[[File:National Space Olympiad 2014 Exam.JPG|right|thumb|upright=1|National Space Olympiad 2014 Exam]]
The '''National Space Olympiad (NSO)''' is a science competition conducted in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | title=National Space Olympiad at Cusat |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/national-space-olympiad-at-cusat/article6542936.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=National SPACE Olympiad 2014| url=http://education.mathrubhumi.com/php/news_events_details.php?nid=33023| access-date=30 October 2014| archive-date=30 October 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030115654/http://education.mathrubhumi.com/php/news_events_details.php?nid=33023| url-status=dead}}</ref> The competition is conducted at the Department of Physics, [[CUSAT|Cochin University of science and Technology]]. Students from class eight to class ten can participate in the competition. The National Space Olympiad is conducted in remembrance of Indian astronaut [[Kalpana Chawla]].<ref>{{cite web | title=National Space Olympiad 2015 on Jan 11 |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/education/national-space-olympiad-2015-on-jan-11-153780.html}}</ref>

==Competition Pattern==

There are 4 levels in NSO, an online examination conducted on the website, a written examination and two level of Quiz competition related to astrophysics, space science etc. The online examination and written examination consists of multiple choice questions. Students must pass the online examination to attend the event. The written examination and the quiz competition are conducted at [[CUSAT]].

==How to Participate==
Students from class 8 to class 10 of the schools all over India can participate NSO. Students of any recognized school across India can attend the program. Online registration will be opened and those who register have to attend an online test from which participants will be selected for Finals. Those selected ones can participate in NSO Final Event.<ref>{{cite web|title=Participate |url=http://nationalspaceolympiad.com/participate}}</ref>

==Winners==
In NSO 2013-2014 Govind S. Sankar of Bhavans Varuna Vidyalaya, Thrikkakkara has topped in the National Space Olympiad organized by The Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics Resource Centre (IUCAA Resource Centre), Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology and Eureka Next Intellectual Services Pvt Ltd . S. Harikrishnan (Government Higher Secondary School, Valayanchirangara) and K.E. Ajayakrishnan (Bhavans Vidyamandir, Iringalakkuda) shared second prizes. Johan Cheriyan (Indian School, Muscat) got third, S. Aswin (Government Higher Secondary School, Koyilandy) got fourth and Richard Sibi (St. Kuriakose Public School) got fifth positions.
<ref>{{cite web|title=NSO Winners |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/news/2770130-local_news-Kochi-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NSO Winners |url=http://education.mathrubhumi.com/php/news_events_details.php?nid=33303}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Participate |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/National-SPACE-Olympiad-at-Cusat-on-February-8/2014/01/16/article2001860.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221113310/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/National-SPACE-Olympiad-at-Cusat-on-February-8/2014/01/16/article2001860.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2014}}</ref>

==Prizes==
In NSO 2013-2014 Prizes are sponsored by Centre for Health Intelligence Learning and Development (CHILD) is a non-governmental and not – for – profit organization.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sponsor |url=http://nationalspaceolympiad.com/sponsors}}</ref>

==National Space Olympiad 2014==
In 2014 the event was conducted on 8 February 2014 by The Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics Resource Centre (IUCAA Resource Centre), Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology and Eureka Next Intellectual Services Pvt Ltd.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Space Olympiad |url=http://education.mathrubhumi.com/php/news_events_details.php?nid=33023 |access-date=30 October 2014 |archive-date=30 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030115654/http://education.mathrubhumi.com/php/news_events_details.php?nid=33023 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cusat to host National Space Olympiad |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/cusat-to-host-national-space-olympiad/article5589041.ece}}</ref> The Session on space Science was done by Prof. P R Madhava Panicker A veteran with Mtech from IISC, had associated with ISRO from 1971 -2005, and now engaged as Professor at RSET, Kochi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Madhava Panicker |url=http://www.rajagiritech.ac.in/Home/aboutus/CC.asp}}</ref> A renowned science writer, an active member of KSSP from 1969 and a life member of INSARM "Indian National Society for Aerospace and Related Mechanisms" and ISOI "Instrument Society of India".<ref>{{cite web|title=Madhava Panicker |url=http://www.rajagiritech.ac.in/Home/Profile.asp}}</ref> The NSO Finals round quiz was mastered by Mr. Sreejith K R, he Completed his M. Tech in Instrumentation and Applied Physics from [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), Bangalore. He has around 8 years of teaching and research experience. He has published papers in several [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] National and International journals. An expert in giving invited talks in different areas of engineering and [[applied physics]] as well as in conducting technical quizzes. Currently working as Asst. Prof. Electronics and Instrumentation dept., FISAT, Angamaly.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sreejith K R |url=http://fisat.ac.in/php/staffdetails.php?staffid=90&deptid=5&typeid=12}}</ref>

==National Space Olympiad 2015==
In 2015 the event is announced on 11 January 2015. The venue is at Dept of Physics, CUSAT. The event is organized by Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology and Edumithra Intellectual Services Pvt Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Space Olympiad at Cusat |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/national-space-olympiad-at-cusat/article6542936.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=National Space Olympiad 2015 on Jan 11 |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/latest-news/national-space-olympiad-2015-on-jan-11-153780.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=National Space Olympiad 2014 – 2015 |url=http://librarykv2calicut.wordpress.com/2014/10/29/national-space-olympiad-2014-2015/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=National Space Olympiad 2015 |url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/ilug-tvm/vvuFtxyFXHc}}</ref> A technical talk by Prof. P.S Nair, former deputy director of [[ISRO]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GSLV Mk III to have perfectly optimised structure: VSSC chief |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/gslv-mk-iii-to-have-perfectly-optimised-structure-vssc-chief/article6112061.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=INDIAN SOCIETY FOR ADVANCEMENT OF MATERIALS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING |url=http://www.isampe.org/kanpur.htm}}</ref> and a telescope making session by IUCCA Resource Centre, CUSAT are included in the event after the quiz.<ref>{{cite web|title=NSO 2015 EVENT DETAILS |url=http://nationalspaceolympiad.org/event-details/}}</ref> The Online Examination is on 30 November 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Space Olympiad 2015 Online Registration |url=http://nationalspaceolympiad.org/national-space-olympiad-2015-online-registration/}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:National Space Olympiad 2014 Quiz.JPG|National Space Olympiad 2014 Quiz
File:National Space Olympiad 2014 Closing ceremony.JPG|National Space Olympiad 2014 Closing ceremony
File:National Space Olympiad 2014 Winners.JPG|National Space Olympiad 2014 Winners
File:National Space Olympiad 2014 Prize.JPG|National Space Olympiad 2014 Prize
</gallery>

==See also==
[[Cochin University of Science and Technology]]

[[International Space Olympiad]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{Commons category|National Space Olympiad}}
*[http://nationalspaceolympiad.org National Space Olympiad Official Website]
*[http://physics.cusat.ac.in Dept of Physics, CUSAT]
*[https://www.facebook.com/NationalSpaceOlympiadOfficial Facebook Page]
*[http://internationalspaceolympiad.com International Space Olympiad Official Website]
*[http://www.edumithra.com Edu Mithra Intellectual Services Official Website]

[[Category:Competitions in India]]
[[Category:Cochin University of Science and Technology]]
[[Category:Science events in India]]

2020 Bengaluru drug raids

2026-01-27T20:50:01Z

Owen79097529716: Pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Sandalwood Drug Scandal
| date = 10 August 2020 – present
| place = Bengaluru and Mumbai, India
| cause = Investigation into international MDMA drug racket
| arrests = 6 (as of 8 September 2020)
| accused = Ragini Dwivedi, Sanjjanaa Galrani, Viren Khanna, Aditya Alva, Jayaprakash, others
| involved = Reality television personalities, musicians, actors in Kannada cinema, models, children of politicians
| charges = Drug possession, drug trafficking, money laundering
| outcome = Ongoing investigation, multiple arrests, media and political ramifications
| reported_by = Narcotics Control Bureau
}}
On 10 August 2020, members of the [[Narcotics Control Bureau]] (NCB) made simultaneous drug raids in [[Mumbai]] and [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] relating to an alleged international [[MDMA]] (ecstasy) drugs racket.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MDMA drug bust: NCB questions Bengaluru Congress corporator's son in Mumbai| url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mdma-drug-bust-ncb-questions-bengaluru-congress-corporator-s-son-mumbai-132542|date=2020-09-08|access-date=2020-09-09|website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref> Based on evidence collected during the raids, the NCB made arrests of three other individuals on 21 August. Police said they had seized {{INR}}2.2 [[lakh]] cash and 145 MDMA pills. According to police, one of the accused had a diary allegedly containing the names of 15 celebrities: including reality television personalities, musicians, actors in [[Kannada cinema]] and models, who the accused claimed were regular customers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandalwood drug racket: Diary with names of celebrities seized|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=746637|access-date=2020-09-09|website=www.daijiworld.com}}</ref> The police claimed these accused were selling their products to affluent sections of Bangalore society. Other searches were made at properties allegedly belonging to major Kannada film stars. In light of the busts, Kannada filmmaker [[Indrajit Lankesh]] alleged 15 members of the [[Kannada cinema|Sandalwood]] were involved in the drugs racket, and accordingly gave a statement to the police.<ref>{{Cite web|title=At Least 15 In Kannada Film Industry Into Drug Trade, Claims Filmmaker|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/filmmaker-indrajit-lankesh-claims-at-least-15-in-kannada-film-industry-into-drug-trade-2288652|access-date=2020-09-10|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Arrests==
As on 8 September 2020, six people were arrested in connection with the case, including two Kannada film actors: [[Ragini Dwivedi]] and [[Sanjjanaa Galrani]], and Viren Khanna, a celebrity party organizer,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-08|title=Kannada actor Sanjjanaa Galrani arrested in sandalwood drug case|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/sandalwood-drug-case-ccb-search-sanjjanaa-galrani-house-6587470/|access-date=2020-09-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-08|title=Expect more surprises in drugs case|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/expect-more-surprises-in-drugs-case-884557.html|access-date=2020-09-09|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> at whose house a police uniform was allegedly found.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Swamy|first=Rohini|date=2020-09-10|title=Drugs, big-ticket parties, police uniform — cops claim watertight case in 'Sandalwood racket'|url=https://theprint.in/india/drugs-flashy-parties-police-uniform-sandalwood-scandal-is-watertight-case-police-say/499043/|access-date=2020-09-10|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> Other children of politicians and other VIPs are also sought by the police in connection with the case,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drugs in Sandalwood: Aditya Alva, Viren big names in Bengaluru Page 3 circuit|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/sep/08/drugs-in-sandalwood-aditya-alva-viren-big-names-in-bengaluru-page-3-circuit-2193883.html|access-date=2020-09-09|website=The New Indian Express|date=8 September 2020 }}</ref> including Aditya Alva, the son of former minister [[Jeevaraj Alva]] and brother-in-law of actor [[Vivek Oberoi]], who allegedly rented out his property for parties at which drugs were consumed.<ref name=":0" /> An FIR was registered against 12 people allegedly involved in the scandal, including Jayaprakash, a film producer, Dwivedi, Galrani, and Alva.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-05|title=FIR registered against 12 in drug probe, Ragini Dwivedi's bail plea on Monday|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengaluru-police-register-fir-against-12-in-drug-probe-ragini-dwivedi-s-bail-plea-on-monday/story-mBERcgjlG4UxyhKbwGeEZI.html|access-date=2020-09-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> They were suspected of buying drugs from Loum Pepper Samba, an alleged drug peddler from [[Senegal]], Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bharadwaj|first1=K. v Aditya|last2=Gowhar|first2=Imran|date=2020-09-19|title=Kannada film industry and drugs {{!}} Cracking the world of make-believe|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/cracking-the-world-of-make-believe/article32644286.ece|access-date=2020-11-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The bail pleas of Dwivedi and Galrani were rejected on 3 November. Bineesh Kodiyeri, son of a Kerala minister, had his house raided on 5 November as part of a money-laundering investigation relating to drug sales in Bangalore.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Explained: What is the Bangalore drug case? Who are the big names involved |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/explained-what-is-the-bengaluru-drug-case-who-are-the-big-names-involved/articleshow/79060837.cms|date=2020-11-05|access-date=2020-11-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The story has gained significant media attention and has led to statements from popular actors such as [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] and [[Shiva Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yash And Shivarajkumar React To Sandalwood Drug Racket|url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/yash-shivarajkumar-react-sandalwood-drug-115742917.html|access-date=2020-09-10|website=in.style.yahoo.com|language=en-IN}}</ref> The story also took a political turn, as both the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and opposition [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] claimed each party was involved with the scandal. The BJP, in particular, sought to distance itself from Dwivedi, who, according to the party, "voluntarily" campaigned in the [[2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019 Karnataka by-elections]] for the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web|last=madhav|first=vinay|date=2020-09-05|title=Sandalwood drug scandal takes a political turn in Karnataka|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/050920/sandalwood-drug-scandal-takes-a-political-turn-in-karnataka.html|access-date=2020-09-09|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> The arrest of Kodiyeri had political ramifications in Kerala, where his father, [[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]], is a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI-M]] leader.<ref name=":1" />

==Aftermath==
On 25 March 2024, the drug case against actress [[Sanjjana]], realtor Shivaprakash and financial manager Adithya Mohan Agarwal was quashed by the Karnataka High Court due to procedural lapses by the police.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/karnataka-high-court-quashes-drug-case-against-actress-sanjana-galrani-and-two-others-for-procedural-lapses-by-police/article68328317.ece |title=Karnataka High Court quashes drug case against actress Sanjana Galrani and two others for procedural lapses by police |date=24 June 2024 |website=The Hindu |access-date=28 January 2026 }}</ref> Later in December 2024, the drug case against [[Ragini Dwivedi]] and co-accused Prashant Ranka was also quashed by the Karnataka High Court due to lack of evidence produced by the police.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Jan/15/no-evidence-karnataka-hc-quashes-case-against-ragini-ranka-in-2020-drugs-case |title=No evidence, Karnataka HC quashes case against Ragini, Ranka in 2020 drugs case |date=15 January 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=28 January 2026 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:August 2020 in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Drugs in India]]
[[Category:2020 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Controversies about films in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Narcotics Control Bureau]]
[[Category:Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Crime in Bengaluru]]

History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)

2026-01-26T21:24:47Z

Owen79097529716: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Main article|Portuguese India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

[[File:SEEPZ church 4.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of [[St. John the Baptist Church, Mumbai|St. John the Baptist Church]] in [[Andheri]], built by the Portuguese Jesuits in 1579.]]

Bombay, also called ''Bom Bahia'' or ''[[Mumbai#Etymology|Bom Baim]]'' in [[Indo-Portuguese creoles|Indo-Portuguese creole]], and Mumbai in the local language; is the financial and commercial capital of [[India]] and one of the most [[list of largest cities|populous cities in the world]]. It's also the [[cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan city centre]] of the [[Greater Bombay Metropolitan Area]], and the cultural base of the [[Bollywood]] film industry. At the time of the arrival of the [[Portuguese Armadas]], Bombay was an [[archipelago]] of [[Seven Islands of Bombay|seven islands]]. Between the third century BCE and 1348, the islands came under the control of successive [[History of Bombay|Hindu]] dynasties. The [[Delhi Sultanate]] had been ruling the area, along with [[Chaul]], [[Navi Mumbai|New Bombay]], ([[Thana district|Thana]]), and [[Daman, India|Damaon]]; with the local administration at [[Bassein (Vasai)]] since the raids of [[Malik Kafur]] in the [[Konkan]] region and across the Indian subcontinent. This territory in North Konkan, along with the Bombay islands were later taken over by the [[Sultan of Guzerat]] from 1391 to 1534, when he had declared the end of the his [[suzerainty]] to Delhi, after the [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] invasion of it. Growing apprehensive of the power of the [[Moghal empire|Moghal]] emperor [[Humayun]], Sultan [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] was obliged to sign the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Bassein]] on 23 December 1534; according to which, the Seven Islands of Bombay, [[Fort San Sebastian of Bassein]] in the strategic town of Bassein (Vasai), and its dependencies were offered to the [[Portuguese East Indies]]. The places were only later officially surrendered on 25 October 1535, by the Sultan of Guzerat.

The [[Portuguese India#Early years|Portuguese in Goa-Anjediva and Bombay-Bassein]] were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their [[Latin Christian]] religion in Bombay and the neighbouring area. They called the island by various names, which finally took the written form ''Bom Baim'', when the islands were leased to several Portuguese officers during their regime. Portuguese [[Franciscans]] and [[Jesuits]] built several churches in and around Bombay (Mumbai); the prominent ones are the [[St. Michael's Church (Mumbai)|St. Michael's Church]] at [[Mahim]], [[St. John the Baptist Church, Mumbai|St. John the Baptist Church]] at [[Andheri]], [[St. Andrew's Church (Mumbai)|St. Andrew's Church]], the [[Basilica of Mount Bandra (Bombay)]] at [[Bandra]], the [[Gloria Church]] at [[Byculla]], & the [[Holy Spirit Church Nandakhal]] at [[Virar]]. The Portuguese also built several fortifications around the city, like the [[Bombay Castle]], ''[[Castella de Aguada]]'' (Castelo da Aguada or Bandra Fort) and [[Madh Fort]].

The [[Marriage Treaty]] of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Catherine de Braganza]], daughter of [[John IV of Portugal]] was proposed on 23 June, 1661. According to the treaty, the [[Seven Islands of Bombay]] along with the port of [[Tangiers]] were to be presented to the English Crown. It also granted the English trading privileges in [[Brazil]] and the [[Portuguese East Indies]], religious freedom for English residents in Portugal, and two million Portuguese crowns (£300,000), as parts of the [[Dowry of Catherine Braganza|dowry]] of Catherine to Charles, the contract was ratified on 28 August, 1661, and the marriage took place on 31 May, 1662.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Army of Charles II|last=Childs|first=John|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-52859-2|location=Oxon|pages=17}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Nergish Sunavala|date=Mar 27, 2018|title=When Bombay went to East India Company for £10 rent {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/when-bombay-went-to-east-india-company-for-10-rent/articleshow/63473137.cms|access-date=2022-02-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> After their marriage, the Portuguese viceroy in Goa retained control of [[Salsette island]] ([[Bombay Suburban district]]), [[New Bombay]] & [[Bassein (Vasai)]] of the pre-partition [[Thana district]] until the [[Mahratta Invasion of Bassein]] in 1739.

The Seven Islands of Bombay were regarded as a political and financial liability and were leased by Charles, to the [[English East India Company]], on 27 March 1668, for a nominal £10 rent, as a station in western India, to compete with [[Dutch East Indies]].<ref name=":1" />

The East India company was initially at odds with the Portuguese viceroy and vying for hegemony over the seven islands of what would become the capital city of the British [[Bombay Presidency]], as both the English and the Portuguese recognised [[Bombay Harbour]]'s strategic isolation from land-based attacks such as the [[sack of Surat]] and the [[Mahratta Invasion of Goa and Bombay|sackings of Goa-Anjediva and Bombay-Bassein]]. The viceroy at Goa disobeyed the [[Portuguese crown]] and delayed a complete handover of the seven islands. Hence, even after the treaty some villages in the seven islands of Bombay remained under the capital of [[Velha Goa]], only later were the islands fully acquired by the English East India Company after the Battle of Bassein in 1739.

==Arrival of the Portuguese==
{{main article|History of Mumbai under indigenous empires|History of Mumbai under Islamic rule}}
[[File:Retrato de D. Francisco de Almeida (após 1545) - Autor desconhecido.png|thumb|left|[[Francisco de Almeida]] was the first Portuguese soldier to sail through Bombay Harbour in 1508.]]
From the third century BCE to 1534, the islands had been under the control of the following dynasties in succession: [[Mauryas]] (3rd century BCE – around 185 BCE), [[Satavahanas]] (Around 185 BCE – 250 CE), [[Abhiras]] and [[Vakatakas]] (250 CE – early 5th century), [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri]]s (5th century), [[Mauryas of Puri|Konkan Mauryas]] (6th and early 7th century), [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] (later 7th century), [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] (mid-8th century), [[Silhara dynasty|Silharas]] (810 to 1260), [[Yadu|Yadavas]] (late 13th century – 1348), Muslim rulers of Gujarat (1348–1391), and the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] (1391–1534). At the time of arrival of the Portuguese, Bombay was ruled by [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Sultan Bahadur Shah]] of the Gujarat Sultanate,<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#1 Ancient Period, pp. 127–150]|Ref=bom}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#2 Medieval Period, pp. 150–157]|Ref=bom}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#3 Muhammedan Period, pp. 157–163]|Ref=bom}}</ref> and was an [[archipelago]] of [[seven islands of Bombay|seven islands]]: [[Isle of Bombay|Bombay Island]] (''Bombaim''), [[Parel]], [[Mazagaon]], [[Mahim]], [[Colaba]], [[Worli]], and [[Old Woman's Island]] (also known as ''Little Colaba'').<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|loc=Seven Islands of Bombay, pp. 4–5|Ref=bom}}</ref> The [[Salsette Island|Salsette]] group of islands were located east of Bombay, separated by the [[Mahim Bay]].<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|loc=Salsette group of islands, p. 5|Ref=bom}}</ref> Important strategic towns located near Bombay were [[Vasai|Bassein]] (''Baçaim'') to the north, [[Thane|Thana]] to the east, and [[Chaul]] to the south.

The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] first reached the west coast of [[India]] when the Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] landed at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] in 1498.<ref>{{harvnb|McFarren|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hTQJWMf1E68C&pg=PA4 4]}}</ref> For several years after their arrival in India, they had been consolidating their power in north [[Konkan]].<ref name="b163"/> They had established a strong foothold in [[Goa]], which they captured from the [[Sultan of Bijapur]] in 1510.<ref>{{harvnb|Kerr|1812}}</ref> Portuguese explorer [[Francisco de Almeida]]'s ship sailed into the deep natural harbour of Bombay in December 1508 on his expedition from [[Kannur|Cannanore]] to [[Diu, India|Diu]].<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&pg=PA71 71]|Ref=ger}}</ref> The Portuguese paid their first visit to the islands on 21 January 1509, when they landed at [[Mahim]] after capturing a barge of the Gujarat Sultanate in the Mahim creek.<ref name="b163">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=163|Ref=bom}}</ref> Between 1513 and 1514, they requested Sultan Bahadur Shah to allow them build a fortress at Mahim. In 1517, during the viceroyalty of [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]] (1515–18), João de Monroyo entered the Bandora creek (Bandra creek) and defeated the Gujarat commandant of Mahim. Between 1522 and 1524, when Duarte de Menezes was viceroy of Goa, the Portuguese were constantly prowling about Bombay for the ships of the Gujarat Sultanate.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=164|Ref=bom}}</ref>

In 1526, the Portuguese established their factory at [[Vasai|Bassein]].<ref>{{harvnb|
Maharashtra State Gazetteer|1977|p=153|Ref=mah4}}</ref> During 1528–29, [[Lopo Vaz de Sampaio]] seized the fort of Mahim from the Gujarat Sultanate, when Sultan Bahadur Shah was at war with Nizam-ul-mulk, the emperor of [[Chaul]].<ref>{{harvnb|Edwardes|1993|p=65|Ref=ed}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&pg=PA74 74]|Ref=ger}}</ref> Bombay came into prominence in connection with the attempt of the Portuguese to capture Diu in 1530–31. [[Nuno da Cunha]], the viceroy of Goa, commanded the largest fleet seen in India, which passed through Bombay Harbour.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=165|Ref=bom}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&pg=PA77 77]|Ref=ger}}</ref> In March–April 1531, the Portuguese torched the towns of Thana and Mahim. In consequence of this success, and later of Nuno da Cunha's capture of Bassein in January 1533, the islands of Bombay and Mahim, together with [[Bandra]], became tributary to the Portuguese.<ref name="p166">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=166|Ref=bom}}</ref>

==Accession of the islands to the Portuguese==
[[File:Map of Bassein from Portuguese Atlas (1630).jpg|thumb|right|Map of [[Vasai|Bassein]] (c. 1539), built by order of [[Nuno da Cunha]], [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|Governor]] of [[Goa]] (1528–38)]]
{{main article|Treaty of Bassein (1534)}}

The [[Mughal Empire]], founded in 1526, was the dominant power in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the mid-16th century. The dynasty was founded when [[Babur]], hailing from [[Ferghana]] (in modern-day [[Uzbekistan]]), invaded parts of [[North India]] and defeated [[Ibrahim Lodhi|Ibrahim Shah Lodhi]], the ruler of [[Delhi Sultanate]], at the [[First battle of Panipat|First Battle of Panipat]] in 1526.<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/mughals.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990427034712/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/mughals.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=27 April 1999
|title=Mughal Empire
|publisher=Department of Social Sciences ([[University of California]])
|access-date=2009-05-22}}</ref> After Babur's death on 26 December 1530, his son [[Humayun]] (1530–40) ascended to the throne at [[Agra]] on 29 December 1530.<ref>{{harvnb|Prasad|1974|p=145}}</ref>

Sultan Bahadur Shah had grown apprehensive of the power of Humayun. He dispatched his chief officer Xacoes (Shah Khawjeh) to [[Nuno da Cunha]] with an offer to hand over the seven islands of Bombay together with Bassein, its dependencies, and revenues by sea and land. On 23 December 1534, the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Bassein]] was signed on board the galleon ''San Mateos'' (St. Matthew).<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&pg=PA88 88]|Ref=ger}}</ref> Bassein and the seven islands of Bombay were surrendered later by a treaty of peace and commerce between Bahadur Shah and Nuno da Cunha on 25 October 1535, permanently ending the Islamic rule on the islands.<ref name="p166"/>

==Development of islands==
[[File:St. Michael's Church, Mahim 4.jpg|left|thumb|[[St. Michael's Church (Mumbai)|St. Michael's Church]] in [[Mahim]], the oldest Portuguese Franciscan church in Bombay, was built in 1534.]]
In the general distribution of estates which occurred after 1534, [[Isle of Bombay|Bombay Island]] was leased to [[Mestre Diogo]] for an annual rent of 1,432½ pardaos (about [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 537-3-0), payable at the royal treasury in Bassein.<ref name="d206">{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&pg=PA206 206]|Ref=ger}}</ref> [[Mahim]] was similarly rented for 36,057 foedeas (Rs. 751-3-0), the custom house of Mahim for 39,975 foedeas (Rs. 791-2-9), and [[Mazagon]] for 8,500 foedeas (Rs. 178).<ref name="gb0">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=167|Ref=bom}}</ref> The ''San Miguel'' ([[St. Michael's Church (Mumbai)|St. Michael's Church]]) in [[Mahim]], the oldest Portuguese Franciscan church in Bombay, was built in 1534.<ref>{{harvnb|Edwardes|1993|p=75|Ref=ed}}</ref> Bombay was placed under the spiritual jurisdiction of the Vigario da Vara at [[Vasai|Bassein]].<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&pg=PA189 189]|Ref=ger}}</ref> Under his auspices, the [[Franciscan Order]] was established. The [[Jesuit Order]] was established in 1542, the most notable member of which was the [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarrese]] Jesuit [[Francis Xavier]]. The [[Dominican Order]] established in Goa in 1545, was established in Bombay in 1548.<ref name="cg"/> After initially referring to it by the name ''Ilha da Boa Vida'' (Island of Good Life),<ref>{{Cite book|title=The First Firangis: Remarkable Stories of Heroes, Healers, Charlatans, Courtesans & other Foreigners who Became Indian|last=Harris|first=Jonathan Gil|publisher=Aleph Book Company|year=2016|isbn=978-9382277590|pages=29}}</ref> the Portuguese called the islands by various names like ''Mombai'', ''Mombay'', ''Mombayn'', ''Mombaym'', and ''Bombai'', which finally took the written form ''Bombaim'', still common in current [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] use.<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&pg=PA67 67]|Ref=ger}}</ref> After the [[British Empire|British]] gained possession, it was believed to be [[anglicise]]d to ''Bombay'' from the Portuguese ''Bombaim''.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|loc=Place Name of Bombay, p. 6|Ref=bom}}</ref> Between 1545 and 1548, during the viceroyalty of [[João de Castro]] (1545-7), the four villages of [[Parel]], [[Wadala]], [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]], and [[Worli]] were granted to [[Manuel Serrão]] for an annual payment of 412 pardaos (Rs. 154-8-0).<ref name="d206"/> [[Salsette]] was granted for three years to [[João Rodrigues Dantas]], [[Cosme Corres]], and [[Manuel Corres]]. [[Trombay]] and [[Chembur]] were granted to [[Dom Roque Tello de Menezes|Roque Tello de Menezes]], and the Island of Pory ([[Elephanta Island]]) to [[João Pirez]] in 1548 for 105 pardaos (Rs. 39-6-0).<ref name="lease">{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&pg=PA96 96]|Ref=ger}}</ref> The revenue of the custom house at [[Walkeshwar]] was granted to a Portuguese officer for 60 foedeas (Rs. 1-4-0).<ref name="gb0"/> [[Mazagaon]] was granted to [[António Pessoa]].<ref name="d206"/> In 1554, during the viceroyalty of [[Pedro Mascarenhas]], the seven islands of Bombay were leased to [[Garcia de Orta]], a Portuguese physician and botanist, for a yearly rent equivalent to about [[Pound sterling|£]]85 sterling. Orta had fled Portugal to escape the trials of the [[Portuguese Inquisition]], established in 1536, that kept an eye on Jewish families converted to Catholicism and severely persecuted them in case of real or imagined relapse on their former faith.<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci/september1999/article2.htm
|title=The truth behind the legend: European doctors in pre-colonial India
|author=Rajesh Kochhar
|access-date=2008-08-17
|publisher=Indian Institute of Astrophysics ([[Bangalore]])}}</ref>
[[File:Davies' sketch of Bombay harbour 1626.jpg|thumb|250px|Davies' sketch of Bombay harbour, 1626]]
[[File:Madh-fort3.jpg|thumb|The [[Madh Fort]], built by the Portuguese, was one of the most important forts in [[Salsette]].]]
Garcia de Orta was responsible for building the manor-house ([[Bombay Castle]]) in Bombay.{{Ref label|a|a|none}} He also mentioned several accounts of the islands and the people living in Bombay during his time. During his regime, as regards the population of the island, Bombay was composed of seven [[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Marathi Hindu]] populated villages subordinate to two ''cacabas'' (''kashas'') or chief stations, at which customs-duty was levied. These villages were ''Mahim'', ''Parel'', ''Varella'' ([[Wadala]]) and ''Syva'' ([[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]]) under the ''kasba'' (chief officer) of Mahim, and ''Mazagaon'', ''Bombaim'' (Bombay), and ''Varel'' ([[Worli]]) under the ''kasba'' (chief officer) of Bombay. In addition to these, there were smaller hamlets like Cavel, [[Colaba]], [[Naigaon]] and [[Dongri]], which had existed from the epoch of indigenous Hindu settlement. The [[Koli people|Kolis]], a fishing community, formed the most numerous class of people, and dwelt in most parts of Bombay from Colaba in the south to Sion and Mahim in the north. Other Hindu communities residing were, the ''[[Kunbi|Kunbis]]'' and ''[[Agri (caste)|Agris]]'' (Curumbins) (who cultivated the fields and sowed them with rice and all sorts of pulse), the ''[[Mali caste|Malis]]'' (who tended the orchards), and the Piaes (men-at-arms) (who were [[Bhandari (caste)|Bhandaris]]). The ''Parus'' ([[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu|Prabhus]]) dwelt in Mahim, Bombay, and Parel. They collected the rents of the King and of the inhabitants and their estates, and were also merchants. The Muslim [[Moors]] in Bombay were solely engaged in maritime trade. A few Muslims of less mixed descent were living in Mahim, but the bulk of the followers of Islam belonged to the [[Konkani Muslims|Konkani Muslim]] community. Christians residing in Bombay during his time included eleven Roman Catholic Portuguese families of married men. The other three communities mentioned by Orta as residents in Bassein and its surrounding tracts were ''Baneanes'' ([[Bania (caste)|Banias]]), ''Coaris'' or ''Esparcis'' ([[Parsis]]), and ''Deres'' ([[Dhedh|Dheds]] or [[Mahar|Mahars]]) or Farazes. Most Banias and Parsis did not actually settle in Bombay until after its cession to England by the Portuguese.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|pp=168–69|Ref=bom}}</ref> Bombay apparently remained in Orta's possession until his peaceful death in Goa in 1570. Several years later, his bones were exhumed and burnt at the stake for his Jewish faith. The islands appears to have been granted on the same tenure to several Portuguese officials in succession.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|pp=167–68|Ref=bom}}</ref>

[[File:Castella de Aguada 7.jpg|thumb|left|[[Castella de Aguada]] (Fort of the Waterpoint) was built by the Portuguese at [[Bandra]] in 1640.]]
The Portuguese encouraged intermarriage with the local population, and strongly supported the [[Catholic Church in India|Roman Catholic Church]].<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&pg=PA283 283]|Ref=ger}}</ref> They converted nearly 10,000 natives to Christianity in Bassein, Thane, and neighbouring places.<ref name="cg">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=170|Ref=bom}}</ref> They started the [[Goa Inquisition]] in 1560.<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&pg=PA183 183]|Ref=ger}}</ref> These people were referred as "Portuguese Christians". Later, named themselves as the [[Bombay East Indians|East Indian Catholics]] (after the [[British East India Company]]) during the [[British Raj|British regime]] because [[Goan Catholics|Goan]] and [[Mangalorean Catholics|Mangalorean Catholic]] settlers in Bombay were also referred to as "Portuguese Christians" by British.<ref name="bapp">{{harvnb|Baptista|1967|p=25|Ref=bap}}</ref> After [[António Pessoa]]'s death in 1571, a patent was issued which granted [[Mazagaon]] in perpetuity to the [[Sousa e Lima family]].<ref name="burn">{{harvnb|Burnell|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1a-Apmn-K-gC&pg=PA15 15]|Ref=burn}}</ref> The [[St. Andrew's Church (Mumbai)|St. Andrew Church]] at Bandra was built in 1575 by the Portuguese Jesuits.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/places.html#56 St. Andrews Church, p. 524]|Ref=bom}}</ref> The [[Iberian Union|union of the crowns]] of Portugal and [[Spain]] in 1580–1640 opened the way for other European powers to follow the spice routes to India. The [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] arrived first, closely followed by the British.<ref>{{harvnb|Leonard|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eq_Wma6nNfgC&pg=PA359 359]|Ref=leon}}</ref> The Portuguese also built several fortifications around the city. The [[Madh Fort]] was one of their most important constructions in Salsette.<ref>{{harvnb|Nairne|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nzPCcILP-XwC&dq=Madh&pg=PA66 6]}}</ref> The first English merchants arrived in Bombay in November 1583, and travelled through Bassein and [[Thane|Thana]]. A prominent merchant among them was [[Ralph Fitch]] from [[London]]. They mentioned that Bassein and Thana were trading in rice and corn on a small scale. They arrived in [[Chaul]] on 10 November 1583.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/history/travelogue.html|title=The First Englishmen in Bombay: Mumbai/Bombay pages|first=Sourendu|last=Gupta|date=21 July 1997|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019034821/http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/history/travelogue.html|archive-date=19 October 2008}}</ref> During this time, Bombay's main trade was coconuts and coir.<ref name="d26">{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=26|Ref=dm2001}}</ref> The Portuguese Franciscans had obtained practical control of Salsette and Mahim by 1585, and built ''[[Nossa Senhora do Bom Conselho (Bombay)|Nossa Senhora do Bom Conselho]]'' (Our Lady of Good Advice, affiliated to igreja de São Miguel / [[St. Michael's Church (Mumbai)|St. Michael's Church]] in 1596) at Sion and ''[[Nossa Senhora da Salvação (Bombay)|Nossa Senhora da Salvação]]'' (Our Lady of Salvation, popularly referred as "Portuguese Church") at [[Dadar]] in 1596.<ref name="cg"/> The immense natural advantages of Bombay aroused the cupidity of the English who recognized its value as a naval base. In November 1612, the British fought the [[Battle of Swally]] with the Portuguese at [[Surat]] for the possession of Bombay. The British emerged victorious in the battle, and the Portuguese defeat was a significant event in marking the beginning of the end of their commercial monopoly over western India. Later, the British burnt the manor house built by Garcia de Orta in 1626.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=171|Ref=bom}}</ref> [[Dorabji Nanabhoy]], a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] trader, was the first [[Parsi people|Parsi]] to settle in Bombay in 1640. The Parsis immensely contributed towards the future development of Bombay during the British period.<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.cherry.gatech.edu/trp/proceedings/2001/01Phalkey.doc
|title=The Tale of Two Cities: Technological profiles of Bangalore and Bombay as Growth Regions
|author=Jahnavi Phalkey
|page=3
|publisher=[[Georgia Institute of Technology]]
|format=[[DOC (computing)|DOC]], 137 [[Kilobyte|KB]]
|access-date=2008-11-09
|postscript=.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213065251/http://www.cherry.gatech.edu/TRP/proceedings/2001/01Phalkey.doc
|archive-date=2006-12-13}}</ref> In 1640, the Portuguese built ''[[Castella da Aguada]]'' (Fort of the Waterpoint) at Bandra, as a watchtower overlooking the [[Mahim Bay]], the [[Arabian Sea]] and the southern island of Mahim.<ref name="express">{{Citation|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=46848|title=Local 'army' offers to protect Mumbai's 'Castella'|last=Ball|first=Iain|date=2003-03-19|work=Mumbai Newsline|publisher=[[Express Group]]|access-date=2008-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724015419/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=46848|archive-date=24 July 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was armed with seven cannons and other smaller guns as defence.<ref>{{harvnb|da Cunha|1993|p=212|ref=ger}}</ref>

==End of Portuguese rule==
[[File:Catherine of Braganza.jpg|thumb|[[Catherine de Braganza]], whose marriage treaty with [[Charles II of England]] placed Bombay in the possession of the British Empire]]
In 1652, the Surat Council of the British Empire urged the [[British East India Company]] to purchase Bombay from the Portuguese.<ref>{{harvnb|Sheppard|1932|p=6|Ref=shp}}</ref> In 1654, the British East India Company drew the attention of [[Oliver Cromwell]], the Lord protector of the short lived [[Commonwealth of England|
Commonwealth]], to this suggestion by the Surat Council, laying great stress upon its excellent harbour and its natural isolation from land-attacks.<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&pg=PA172 172]|Ref=ger}}</ref> By the middle of the seventeenth century the growing power of the [[Dutch Empire]] forced the English to acquire a station in western India. The Directors of the Council of Surat reported in 1659 that every effort should be made to obtain Bombay from [[John IV of Portugal|King John IV of Portugal]].<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&pg=PA242 242]|Ref=ger}}</ref> On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Catherine of Braganza]], daughter of King John IV of Portugal, placed the port of Bombay in the possession of the British Empire, as part of Catherine's vast dowry, along with the port of [[Tangier]] near the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] and the right for the English to reside and trade in Portuguese territories. Catherine's dowry constituted then the largest dowry ever received by a monarch.<ref>[https://eve.fcsh.unl.pt/en/people/francisco-de-melo-e-torres-1620-1667 Francisco de Melo e Torres (1620-1667)], In: EVE - E-cyclopeadia of Portuguese Expansion, retrieved 26 January 2026</ref>

On 19 March 1662, [[Abraham Shipman]] was appointed the first Governor and General of the city, and his fleet arrived in Bombay in September–October 1662. On being asked to hand over Bombay and Salsette to the English, the Portuguese Governor contended that Bombay Island alone had been ceded, and alleging irregularity in the patent, he refused to give up even Bombay Island. The Portuguese [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|Viceroy]] declined to interfere and Shipman was prevented from landing in Bombay. He was forced to retire to the island of [[Anjadip Island, Karnataka|Anjediva]] in [[North Canara]] and died there in October 1664. In November 1664, Shipman's successor [[Humphrey Cooke]] agreed to accept Bombay Island without its dependencies, with the condition of granting special privileges to Portuguese citizens in Bombay, and no interference in the Roman Catholic religion.<ref>{{harvnb|Thana District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-II/histroy_portuguese.html#1 Portuguese (1500–1670)]|Ref=tnad}}</ref> However, [[Salsette Island|Salsette]] (including Bandra), [[Mazagaon]], [[Parel]], [[Worli]], [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]], [[Dharavi]], [[Wadala Road|Wadala]] and Elephanta island still remained under Portuguese possession, as much as Thane or Vasai.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=174|Ref=bom}}</ref> From 1665 to 1666, Cooke managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala for the English.<ref>{{harvnb|The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island|1978|p=54|Ref=bi}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Malabari|1910|p=99|Ref=mala}}</ref>

==Historiography==
The historical period of Portuguese colonial rule in the seven original islands of Bombay (1534–1665) and in the remaining territory of the Northern Province of the Estado da Índia (1534–1739) has been scantly researched. During the second half of the 19th century, Dr. J Gerson da Cunha, a Bombayite of [[Goan]] origin, began compiling information on the subject and published some books and articles. He wrote the first book on history of Bombay, ''The Origin of Bombay'', published by the Bombay branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/Family-Matters/articleshow/154584.cms|title=Family Matters|date=31 August 2003|work=The Times of India|first1=Sudeshna|last1=Chatterjee}}</ref> Later, Braz Fernandes, an East-Indian, took up da Cunha's work and provided more in depth studies, especially about the Island of Salsette (Shashti) and the ruins in Vasai. Since the Independence of India, a few historians and scholars in Bombay have studied local or partial aspects of the period's history. Of particular interest are the works of Mariam Dossal, Pankaj Joshi, Theresa Albuquerque and Fleur de Souza. However, the most significant recent contribution to the study of Bombay's Portuguese layer has come from the research project [[Bombay Before the British]], developed by the Architecture Department of the University of Coimbra between 2004 and 2007.

==See also==

*[[History of Bombay]]
*[[Portuguese India]]
*[[Bombay Before the British]]
*[[British Bombay]]
*[[Indo-Portuguese Creole of Bombay]]
*[[Military history of Bassein]]
*[[Portuguese settlement in Chittagong]], Bengal

==Notes==
'''a''' {{note label|a|a|none}} The current [[Bombay Castle]] was a structure built by the British on the site of the manor house.<ref>{{Citation
|url = http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/history/history_castle.htm
|title = Bombay Castle
|access-date = 2008-11-07
|publisher = [[Governor of Maharashtra]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080923135336/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/history/history_castle.htm
|archive-date = 2008-09-23
}}</ref>

==Citations==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{Citation
|last=Baptista
|first=Elsie Wilhelmina
|title= The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein
|year=1967
|publisher=Bombay East Indian Association
|ref=bap}}
*{{Citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1a-Apmn-K-gC
|last=Burnell
|first=John
|title=Bombay in the Days of Queen Anne - Being an Account of the Settlement Also: Being an Account of the Settlement
|publisher=Read Books
|isbn=978-1-4067-5547-3
|year=2007
|access-date=2008-02-02
|ref=burn}}
*{{Citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC
|title=Origin of Bombay
|last=da Cunha
|first=José Gerson
|author-link=José Gerson da Cunha
|publisher=Asian Educational Services
|orig-year=1900
|year=1993
|isbn=81-206-0815-1
|access-date=2008-08-17
|ref=ger}}
*{{Citation
|title=Bombay: The Cities Within
|last=Dwivedi
|first=Sharada
|author2=Rahul Mehrotra
|publisher=Eminence Designs
|year=2001
|ref=dm2001}}
*{{Citation
|title=The Rise of Bombay: A Retrospect
|last=Edwardes
|first=Stephen Meredyth
|authorlink=Stephen Edwardes
|publisher=Times of India Press
|year=1902
|ref=ed}}
*{{Citation
|last=Kerr
|first=Robert
|author-link=Robert Kerr (writer)
|title=A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels
|chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap01sect05.html
|chapter=Discoveries, Navigations, and Conquests of the Portuguese in India, from 1505 to 1539
|volume=6
|year=1812
|access-date=2008-01-05
|publisher=George Ramsay and Company
}}
*{{Citation
|title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq_Wma6nNfgC
|volume=1
|last= Leonard
|first=Thomas M.
|publisher=Taylor & Francis
|year=2006
|access-date=2009-02-02
|isbn=978-0-415-97662-6
|ref=leon}}
*{{Citation
|title=Bombay in the making : Being mainly a history of the origin and growth of judicial institutions in the Western Presidency, 1661–1726
|url=https://archive.org/download/bombayinmakingbe00malarich/bombayinmakingbe00malarich.pdf
|format=PDF, 73 [[Megabyte|MB]]
|last= Malabari
|first=Phiroze B.M.
|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin
|location=[[London]]
|year=1910
|access-date=2008-11-06
|ref=mala}}
*{{Citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTQJWMf1E68C
|edition=illustrated, annotated
|title=Vasco Da Gama
|last=McFarren
|first=Kathleen
|publisher=Capstone Press
|isbn=978-0-7368-2491-0
|year=2004
|access-date=2009-05-21}}
*{{Citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzPCcILP-XwC
|last=Nairne
|first=Alexander Kyd
|title=History of the Konkan
|publisher=Asian Educational Services
|isbn=978-81-206-0275-5
|year=1988
|access-date=2009-01-31}}
*{{Citation
|last=Prasad
|first=Ishwari
|title=The Mughal Empire
|publisher=Chugh Publications
|year=1974}}
*{{Citation
|title= Bombay
|last=Sheppard
|first=Samuel Townsend
|publisher=The Times of India Press
|year=1932
|ref=shp}}
*{{Citation
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/index.html
|title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer
|series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers
|volume=27
|year=1960
|access-date=2008-08-13
|publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]])
|ref=bom
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409003705/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/index.html
|archive-date=2008-04-09}}
*{{Citation
|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteer
|chapter=Portuguese Settlements on the Western Coast
|chapter-url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Medieval/chapter_4.pdf
|chapter-format=PDF, 93 [[Kilobyte|KB]]
|access-date=2008-08-08
|year=1977
|publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]])
|ref=mah4}}
*{{Citation
|title=Thana District Gazetteer
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-II/home.html
|series=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency
|publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]])
|volume=XIII
|orig-year=1882
|year=1986
|access-date=2008-08-15
|ref=tnad
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212195600/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-II/home.html
|archive-date=2012-02-12}}
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|title=The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island
|series=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency
|publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]])
|volume=2
|year=1978
|ref=bi}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090425185759/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/bacaim.html Portuguese India History: The Northern Province: Bassein, Bombay-Mumbai, Damao, Chaul] from ''Dutch Portuguese Colonial History''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080326233104/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/bombay/history2.shtml The West turns East] from ''[[Hindustan Times]]''


{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Portuguese overseas empire}}

{{good article}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Bombay Under Portuguese Rule (1534-1661)}}
[[Category:History of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Portuguese India]]
[[Category:16th century in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:17th century in Portuguese India]]

Khichdi (2002 TV series)

2026-01-26T10:14:35Z

Owen79097529716:

{{Short description|Indian sitcom series}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Sitcom]]|[[Comedy drama]]}}
| company = {{ubl|Hats Off Productions|[[UTV Software Communications]]}}
| writer = [[Aatish Kapadia]]
| director = Aatish Kapadia
| producer = {{ubl|[[Jamnadas Majethia]]|Aatish Kapadia}}
| executive_producer = {{ubl|[[Ronnie Screwvala]]|[[Zarina Screwvala|Zarina Mehta]]}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| channel = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2002|9|10}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2004|7|20}}
| num_episodes = 98
| list_episodes = List of Khichdi episodes
| related = {{ubl|[[Instant Khichdi]]|[[Khichdi Returns]]}}
}}

'''''Khichdi''''' is a Hindi language [[sitcom]] produced by [[Disney India|UTV Software Communications]] in association with Hats Off Productions, which debuted on [[StarPlus]] on 10 September 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/aug/aug131.htm|title=Star to launch new weekly comedy in September|work=Indiantelevision.com|date=22 August 2002|access-date=1 June 2011|archive-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116064214/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/aug/aug131.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The series has been rerun on [[StarPlus]] and its sister channels several times. It served as the first series in the ''[[Khichdi (franchise)|Khichdi franchise]]''. The second series in the franchise was called ''[[Instant Khichdi]]'', which aired on Star Plus's sister channel, [[Star Bharat|Star One]]. The reruns have aired on several channels including [[StarPlus#Star Utsav|Star Utsav]] and [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]]. A twenty-episode third series also titled ''[[Khichdi (2018 TV series)|Khichdi]]'' premiered on 14 April 2018 on StarPlus.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khichdi-2-to-end-this-month-the-show-lasted-for-barely-two-months/articleshow/64400882.cms?from=mdr|title='Khichdi 2' to end this month|accessdate=June 1, 2018|archive-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khichdi-2-to-end-this-month-the-show-lasted-for-barely-two-months/articleshow/64400882.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Premise ==

''Khichdi'' follows the story of a Gujarati family called Parekhs, who lives in an old mansion. The joint family encounters many typically Indian situations, but they try to solve it in the most atypical fashion imaginable. This is a funny bunch of people that are firmly united in their movement to get separated. They want to sell their ancestral property and move out and form their own nuclear families. But the head of their family does not agree. He gives them the choice to walk out and survive on their own, but nobody is ready to let go of the money that is due to them. So they stay together and wait for the 'head' to change his mind or stop breathing, whichever happens first. And this is where the upwardly mobile middle-class joint family faces their trials and tribulations. ''Khichdi'' examines the lighter side of an Indian joint family.

== Characters ==

===Main===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:90%" width=100%;
|-
! scope="col" | Character
! scope="col" | Portrayed by
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | Tulsidas Parekh
| [[Anang Desai]]
| Praful, Bharat, Raju, Heera and Meera's father; Damyanti's widower; Diwaliben's son; Jackky and Chakki's grandfather. He is the family patriarch. He is always in a bad mood but is known to have a good heart. His wife, Damyanti, died of a heart attack, Tulsidas lives with his family in his very old ancestral house called 'Mohan Niwas'. He does not agree to sell it at any cost, despite his children's pleas. Despite the frustration they cause, he still loves them. All family members call him 'Babuji'.
|-
! scope="col" | Praful Tulsidas Parekh
| [[Rajeev Mehta]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040201/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=10 December 2022|archive-date=10 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210104419/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040201/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Tulsidas and Damyanti's elder son; Bharat, Raju, Heera and Meera's eldest brother; Hansa's husband; Chakki's father. He is notoriously stupid. He is often seen interpreting things at face value, leading to hilarious situations. He never does anything right, which makes people (especially Tulsidas) mad at him, who would utter the now popular dialog "Praful! Tu toh Gadhaa Hai!" (Praful! You're a Donkey!). He also translates English words for his wife, although always incorrectly.
|-
! scope="col" |Hansa Praful Parekh (née Seth)
| [[Supriya Pathak]]
|Praful's wife; Himanshu's elder sister; Chakki's mother and Chandrakant's daughter. She never works in the house, while repeating, "Mein to thak Gayi bhaaishaab" ("I'm so tired"). She is always richly dressed and cannot live without wearing 'Gajre' (strings of flowers) in her hair. She does not speak English and hence relies on Praful's errant translations.
|-
! scope="col" |Jayshree Bharat Parekh
| [[Vandana Pathak]]
|Bharat's widow; Jackky's mother; Jignesh's elder sister. She loves to cook and gossip and is often seen on the phone talking to her Baa (mother). She controls the management of the household. She aims to sell 'Mohan Niwas' and live in an independent apartment. She always irritates Tulsidas while serving tea to him. Hansa and Jayshree are childhood friends.
|-
! scope="col" |Himanshu Seth
|[[Jamnadas Majethia]]
|Hansa's younger brother; Behen Parminder's husband; Chandrakant's son. He also lives with the Parekhs and is as stupid as Hansa and Praful, with Babuji derisively addressing him as ''Moonchowaale Hansa'' (Mustached Hansa). He has a catering business. His favorite line is "Kissi ko pata nahi chalega" ("No one will know about it").
|-
! scope="col" |Chakki Praful Parekh
| Richa Bhadra
| Hansa and Praful's daughter. Unlike her parents, she is intelligent. She and her cousin Jacky use the catchphrase "Bade Log Bade Log" (Oh! the elders, the elders!).
|-
! scope="col" |Jackky Bharat Parekh
|Yash Mittal
| Jayashree and Bharat's son. Like Chakki, he is also intelligent and has the catchphrase "Bade Log Bade Log", which he says along with Chakki.
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:90%" width=100%;
|- align="center"
! scope="col" | Character
! scope="col" | Portrayed by
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" |Diwaliben Parekh
|[[Dina Pathak]] / [[Lily Patel]]
|Tulsidas's mother; Praful, Bharat, Raju, Heera and Meera's paternal grandmother. She is fun-loving and fond of pani-puri (a popular spicy snack).
|-
! scope="col" |Raju Tulsidas Parekh
|[[Amit Varma (actor)|Amit Varma]]
|Tulsidas and Damyanti's younger son; Praful, Bharat, Heera and Meera's brother; Melissa's husband. He flirts with any young beautiful girl he meets despite being married to Melissa.
|-
! scope="col" | Melissa Raju Parekh
|[[Tina Parekh]]
|Raju's wife. She is beautiful and educated. Jayshree is jealous of her and calls her 'Kadki'. Tulsidas regularly says of her, "Maine to pehle hi Kaha tha ki ye ladki Raju ke liye theek Nahi hai" ("I had said at the outset that this girl is not right for Raju").
|-
! scope="col" | Heera Tulsidas Parekh
|Arya Rawal
| Tulsidas's eldest daughter; Praful, Bharat, Raju and Meera's sister. She is lazy and often goes to the toilet. She is older than her fraternal twin, Meera.
|-
! scope="col" |Madhuri
|Sweety Nayak
|She is Heera's personal maid. Though she is a servant, Tulsidas fears her because she is often angry with him.
|-
! scope="col" | Meera Bhavesh Kumar
|[[Ami Trivedi]]
| Tulsidas's youngest daughter; Bhavesh Kumar's wife; Praful, Bharat, Raju and Heera's younger sister. She always holds a stick and behaves like a teacher. She is married to Bhavesh Kumar.
|-
! scope="col" |Bhavesh Kumar
|[[Kamlesh Oza]]
|Meera's husband. He lives with the Parekhs instead of in his own house. He often eats, but never works.
|-
! scope="col" |Mr. Mehta
|[[Dinyar Contractor]]
| He is Praful's boss in the office. He is infuriated by Praful's mistakes.
|-
! scope="col" | Parminder Singh (I)
| [[Gireesh Sahedev]]
| Bhabhi Parminder's husband; Bhai Parminder and Behen Parminder's elder brother. He becomes the neighbor of the Parekhs when they start living in 'Jagdamba Niwas'. In his entire family, everybody else is also named Parminder. He often argues with Tulsidas. He and his family imitate all the happenings in Chandigarh in their lifestyle.
|-
! scope="col" | Bhabhi Parminder
| Seema Pandey
| Parminder Singh's wife. Whenever she speaks, she makes a weird face which confuses everyone whether she meant good or bad.
|-
! scope="col" | Bhai Parminder
| [[Damandeep Singh Baggan]]
| Parminder Singh and Behen Parminder's brother. He is as stupid as Praful.
|-
! scope="col" | Heera's servant
| Urmila Katkar
| She is the maid of Heera.
|-
! scope="col" | Behen Parminder
| Anokhi Srivastava
| Himanshu's wife; Parminder Singh and Bhai Parminder's younger sister. She marries Himanshu.
|-
! scope="col" | Jignesh
|Aatish Kapadia
|Jayashree's younger brother. Also living with the Parekhs, he often repeats a sentence three times before finally speaking. He frequently says "Mujhe lagta hai ki..."
|}

===Guest appearances===
* [[Alpana Buch]] as School Teacher.
* [[Amit Bhatt]] as various characters'
* Amit Singh Thakur as George Fernandaz, Melissa's father
* Anurag Prapanna as Pritam Bharadwaj
* [[Apara Mehta]] as Sandhya
* Arvind Vaidya as Chandrakant Seth
* Asha Bachani as Shiela Fernandaz, Melissa's mother
* Dilip Rawal as Inspector Dheeman Zhaveri
* [[Disha Vakani]] as various characters
* [[Ghanashyam Nayak]] as various characters
* [[Kabir Sadanand]] as grown-up Jacky
* Kalpana Diwan as Jagdamba Maami
* [[Kishwer Merchant]] as Rambha
* [[Krunal Pandit]] as School Principal's bodyguard
* [[Madhur Mittal]] as Honey Mehta
* Mayank Tandon as Hoshi
* Nitin Vakharia as Hotel Manager
* [[Nimisha Vakharia]] as Jyotsana Bai
* Prakash Bharadwaj as various characters
* Pratima T. as Hasumati Ben
* [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] as Chaggan / Vinod Kumar
* [[Rita Bhaduri]] as Hemlata Seth
* Sharad Sharma as Khabheja
* [[Shweta Tiwari]] as herself
* [[Simple Kaul]] as Manthara
* [[Sonu Kakkar]] as herself, in the [[Navratri]] special episode
* [[Suchita Trivedi]] as Mayuraakshi
* [[Sudha Chandran]] as helself
* Tapan Bhatt as Rajesh Gulati
* Vaishali Parmar as Praveena
* Vipra Rawal as Rekha Miss
* Utkarsh Mazumdar as various characters

== Awards and nominations ==
''Khichdi'' has been almost continuously awarded television awards ever since its debut

===[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]===
=== Winner ===
*2004: Best Actress-Comedy – [[Supriya Pathak]] as ''Hansa''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2004 |title=ITA Awards 2004 Winners |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526071531/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2004 |archivedate=26 May 2012 }}</ref>

===[[Indian Telly Awards]]===

=== Winner ===
*2003: TV Actor in a Comic Role (Female) – [[Supriya Pathak]] as ''Hansa''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/nov/nov177.htm|title=Husband-wife duo Pankaj Kapoor, Supriya Pathak take the comedy cake|access-date=9 July 2012|archive-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223020820/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/nov/nov177.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2004: BEST Actor in a Comic Role (Male) – Rajeev Mehta as ''Praful''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/telly_win_2004.htm|title=Winners list of the Sangini Indian Telly Awards 2004- Popular|access-date=9 July 2012|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911073714/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/telly_win_2004.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2004: Sitcom Writer of the Year – Aatish Kapadia<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/tradewin2004.htm|title=Winners list of the Sangini Indian Telly Awards 2004- Technical|access-date=9 July 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025300/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/tradewin2004.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Nominated ===
*2003: TV Child Artiste of the Year – Yash Mittal as ''Jacky''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/pop_nominee.htm|title=Nominees for the Popular Awards Indian Telly Awards 2003|access-date=9 July 2012|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016115839/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/pop_nominee.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2004: The TV Sitcom / Comedy programme of the Year<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm|title=Nominees for the Popular Awards Indian Telly Awards 2004|access-date=9 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016123453/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm|archive-date=16 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2004: Lyricist of the Year – Aatish Kapadia
*2004: Music Director of the Year – [[Uttank Vora]]
*2004: Director of the Year (Sitcom) – Aatish Kapadia
*2004: Child Artiste of the Year (Female) – Richa Bhadra as ''Chakki''
*2004: Child Artiste of the Year (Male) – Yash Mittal as ''Jacky''
*2004: Actor in a Comic Role (Male) – Rajeev Mehta as ''Praful''
*2004: Actor in a Comic Role (Male) – Anang Desai as ''Tulsidas Parekh''
*2004: Actor in a Comic Role (Female) – [[Supriya Pathak]] as ''Hansa''
*2004: Actor in a Comic Role (Female) – [[Vandana Pathak]] as ''Jayshree''
*2004: Ensemble (complete star cast of a programme)
*2004: The Weekly Serial of the year
*2004: Scriptwriter of the year – [[Aatish Kapadia]]

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi comedy shows]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*{{imdb title|id=1727829}}
* [http://www.hotstar.com/#!/khichdi-1648-s Khichdi] on [[hotstar]]

{{SP Shows}}
{{Khichdi franchise}}

[[Category:Hindi comedy shows]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:2002 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:UTV Television]]
[[Category:2004 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Hats Off Productions]]
[[Category:Fiction about Sikhism]]

Bhagya Dile Tu Mala

2026-01-25T07:36:39Z

Owen79097529716:

{{Short description|2022 Indian Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bhagya Dile Tu Mala.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Soap opera]]
| creator = [[Colors Marathi]]
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay = Amol Patil
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 617
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Kashmira Pathare
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| animator =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Virat Entertainment
| budget =
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|04|04}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2024|04|20}}
| related = ''[[Kannadathi (TV series)|Kannadathi]]''
}}

'''''Bhagya Dile Tu Mala''''' ({{translation|You gave me luck}}) was an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which airing on [[Colors Marathi]]. It is produced by Kashmira Pathare under the banner of Virat Entertainment. It premiered from 4 April 2022 by replacing ''Sonyachi Pavala''. It stars Tanvi Mundle, Vivek Sangle and [[Nivedita Saraf]] in lead roles. It is an official remake of Kannada TV series ''[[Kannadathi (TV series)|Kannadathi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily soap 'Kannadati' to have its Marathi remake - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-kannadati-to-have-its-marathi-remake/articleshow/90533488.cms |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kaveri, a village girl from [[Guhagar]], goes to [[Mumbai]] to work as a temporary lecturer to pay off her family's debts, and expects her friend Vaidehi to help. Vaidehi runs a company that performs wedding ceremonies, and meets Rajvardhan, CEO of Cafe, at his cousin Aditya's wedding immediately falling in love. Saniya's (Aditya's fiancé) parents ask Ratnamala (Rajvardhan's mother) who is the owner and founder of School and Cafe, a huge share in their property, to which she reluctantly agrees. After the wedding, Ratnamala leaves for Devi Darshan on a bus that travels through her home village Guhagar. Kaveri, who returned to Guhagar after she helped at Aditya's wedding, finds Ratnamala injured by a snake bite. Kaveri takes Ratnamala to her home, and she is impressed by Kaveri's hospitality and kindness, and they become close.

Ratnamala returns to Mumbai and offers a Marathi lecturer post to Kaveri without the latter's knowledge. She also helps Kaveri find a house to rent. Kaveri and Rajvardhan encounter each other many times; Kaveri looks after Rajvardhan at her home when he is sick for a few days. Ratnamala's doctor tells her that she will soon die. Ratnamala wants Rajvardhan to marry Kaveri; the two share a mutual attraction, but Rajvardhan has doubts about her idealism in his practical world while Kaveri hides her feelings by claiming they are just friends. Vaidehi's desire for Rajvardhan increases. Later, on Vaidehi's company logo reveal day, Vaidehi expresses that her inspiration is Rajvardhan and hugs him; Kaveri notices and cries. After a few days and constant meetings, Rajvardhan realises his love for Kaveri but decides not to confess.

=== Special episode (2 hours) ===
* 26 February 2023 (Raj-Kaveri's marriage)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajvardhan and Kaveri's wedding special episode to entertain soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bhagya-dile-tu-mala-rajvardhan-and-kaveris-wedding-special-episode-to-entertain-soon/articleshow/98213792.cms |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* 18 February 2024 (Kaveri is pregnant)<ref>{{Cite web |title=कावेरी आणि राजवर्धनच्या आयुष्यात नव्या पाहुण्याची चाहुल, पण किमयामुळे नात्याला नवं वळण येणार? मालिका रंजक वळणावर |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bhagya-dile-tu-mala-colours-marathi-serial-kaveri-becomes-mother-soon-what-will-be-the-rajvardhan-reaction-after-getting-the-news-detail-marathi-news-1256501 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Tanvi Mundle as Kaveri Madhukar Karekar / Kaveri Rajvardhan Mohite - Rajvardhan's wife.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanvi Mundle and Vivek Sangle starrer 'Bhagya Dile Tu Mala' to premiere soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/tanvi-mundle-and-vivek-sangle-starrer-bhagya-dile-tu-mala-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/90347683.cms |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Vivek Sangle as Rajvardhan Aniruddha Mohite - Kaveri's husband.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nivedita Saraf Is Excited To Work With Tushar Dalvi In Bhagya Dile Tu Mala, Says, "Happy To Work With My Favorite Actor" - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/nivedita-saraf-is-excited-to-work-with-tushar-dalvi-in-bhagya-dile-tu-mala-says-happy-to-work-with-my-favorite-actor/articleshow/104180920.cms |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Nivedita Saraf]] as Ratnamala Aniruddha Mohite - Rajvardhan's mother.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nivedita Saraf to play a pivotal role in soon-to-be-launched 'Bhagya Dile Tu Mala' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/nivedita-saraf-to-play-a-pivotal-role-in-soon-to-be-launched-bhagya-dile-tu-mala/articleshow/90511558.cms |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Janhavi Killekar as Saniya Shripad Dabholkar / Saniya Aditya Mohite - Aditya's wife.

=== Recurring ===
* [[Tushar Dalvi]] as Aniruddha Mohite - Rajvardhan's father.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior actor Tushar Dalvi is all set to enter the show Bhagya Dile Tu Mala - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/senior-actor-tushar-dalvi-is-all-set-to-enter-the-show-bhagya-dile-tu-mala/articleshow/104159976.cms |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Amit Rekhi as Aditya Sudarshan Mohite - Rajvardhan's cousin.
* Sudesh Mhashlikar as Sudarshan Mohite - Aditya's father, Rajvardhan's uncle, Aniruddha's younger brother.
* Nandini Vaidya as Aakanksha Sudarshan Mohite - Aditya's mother, Rajvardhan's aunt.
* Purva Phadke as Vaidehi Pradhan - Kaveri's friend.
* Bhagyashree Dalvi as Piyu Sudarshan Mohite - Aditya's younger sister, Rajvardhan's cousin.
* Atul Mahajan as Madhukar Karekar - Kaveri's father.
* Nilesh Ranade as Bachchu - Ratnamala's younger brother.
* Sayali Jathar as Gauri Madhukar Karekar - Kaveri's stepsister.
* Surabhi Bhave-Damle as Suvarna Shripad Dabholkar - Saniya's mother.
* Yogesh Kelkar as Shripad Dabholkar - Saniya's father.
* Sakshi Paranjape as Sulabha Madhukar Karekar - Gauri's mother, Kaveri's stepmother.
* Sanjeevani Jadhav as Mangala - Sulabha's mother, Kaveri's stepgrandmother.
* Rajesh Deshpande as Uday Tarde
* Vinesh Ninnurkar as Sujay
* Vidisha Mhaskar as Kimaya
* Mrudula Kulkarni as Gabrielle

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt21439860}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/bhagya-dile-tu-mala/1971002698 ''Bhagya Dile Tu Mala''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Garibnath Temple

2026-01-24T03:18:52Z

Owen79097529716: Stub

{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Baba Garibnath Dham Muzaffarpur
| image = {{Photomontage|
| photo2a=Baba GaribNath.jpg
| photo1a=
| size = 300
| spacing = 0
| color = white
| color_border = transparent
| image_caption =
}}
|map_type = India Bihar#India
|map_caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|26|7|28|N|85|23|25|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=


|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|locale =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =

|deity = Garibeshwara Or Garibnath [[Shiva|(Lord Shiva)]]
|festivals = *[[Maha Shivaratri]]
* Sharabani Mela
* Naag Panchami

|architecture =[[Nagara architecture]]
|architect =
|temple_quantity =
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =

|date_established = 
| established = 
|creator = Mahavir Chachan
|temple_board =
|governing_body = '''Bihar State Board of Religious Trusts'''
|website = [http://www.garibnathdham.in/ garibnathdham.in]
|functional_status={{color|green|Functioning}}}}

'''Garibnath Temple Muzaffarpur''' is a Hindu holy place in [[Muzaffarpur]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Bihar]]. The temple is one of the oldest temples dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] and known as the '''[[Deoghar|"Deoghar]] of Bihar"''' Devotees from all across the district and state come here to pray and wish for their better life ahead. It is believed that prayer during the month of [[Sawan]] has special significance, which helps to fulfill all wishes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=बिहार का 'देवघर' है यह मंदिर, सावन में हर मुराद पूरी करते हैं बाबा गरीबनाथ|url=https://www.patrika.com/pilgrimage-trips/story-of-baba-garibnath-dham-muzaffarpur-bihar-4808691/|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Patrika News|language=hindi}}</ref> The temple is very crowded during these days. The presiding deity is known by the names Garibnath and Garibeshwara , meaning Lord of the poors.

== History ==
[[File:Hindi Manuscript 844 Wellcome L0024547.jpg|thumb|Illustrated manuscript depiction of Siddha Gariba.]]
According to religious beliefs, Baba Garibnath Dham has a history of about three hundred years. It is believed that earlier there was a dense forest and there were seven [[Peepal tree|peepal trees]] in between. It is said that at the time of the cutting of these trees, blood-red substances started coming out and a huge lingam was found here. People tell that Baba appeared in the land owner's dream, since then worship is being here.<ref>{{cite web |title=मंदिर में बाबा गरीबनाथ का किया महाशृंगार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/story-baba-garibnath-s-grandeur-in-the-temple-2820724.html |website=www.livehindustan.com |publisher=Hindustan |access-date=28 Oct 2019 |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=बाबा गरीबनाथ से मांगा चितन शिविर को सफल बनाने का आशीर्वाद |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-pray-for-success-to-baba-garibnath-21429787.html |website=www.jagran.com |publisher=Dainik Jagran |access-date=5 March 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=:: बाबा गरीबनाथ धाम, मुजफ्फरपुर में आपका स्वागत है. :: |url=http://www.garibnathdham.in/ |website=www.garibnathdham.in}}</ref>

==Location==
Baba Garibnath Dham is located near Purani bazar in [[Muzaffarpur]].

Nearby Railway Station:- [[Muzaffarpur Junction railway station|Muzaffarpur jn. (MFP)]]

Nearby Bus Stand:- Imlichatti Government Bus Stand, [[Muzaffarpur]]

People can also take other public transport via road, such as auto rikshaw or e-rickshaw.

== Gallery==
[[File:Shivling Garib Nath Mandir Muzaffarpur.png|thumb|Shivling]]
[[File:Entrance of Garib Nath Mandir Muzaffarpur.png|thumb|Main Entrance]]
[[File:Aerial View of Garib Nath Mandir Muzaffarpur.png|thumb|Aerial View]]
[[File:Garbhagriha of Garib Nath Mandir Muzaffarpur.png|thumb|Front View of Garbhagriha]]
[[File:Shikhar of Garib Nath Mandir Muzaffarpur.png|thumb|Shikhar]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Shaivism}}
{{Hindu temples in Bihar}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Bihar]]

{{india-hindu-temple-stub}}

Laxminarayan Innovation Technological University

2026-01-23T12:15:55Z

Owen79097529716: Added Info

{{short description|India's technical college}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}{{Infobox university
| name = Laxminarayan Innovation Technological University
| image =
| image_upright = 1
| image_alt =
| former_name = Laxminarayan Institute of Technology (LIT)
| type = [[State university (India)|State university]]
| established = {{start date and age|1942}}<ref>{{cite web|title=History of LIT|url=https://litnagpur.in/history|publisher=LIT|access-date=23 August 2023}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| chancellor = [[Governor of Maharashtra]]
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Atul Vaidya
| students = 210
| accreditation = [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC A+]]
| undergrad = 150
| postgrad = 60
| doctoral = Yes
| city = [[Nagpur]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{Convert|78|acre}}
| sports_nickname = LITians
| website = {{URL|https://litu.edu.in/}}
}}
'''Laxminarayan Innovation Technological University''' ('''LITU''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[State university (India)|state university]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-05 |title=Finally, LIT Emerges As Unitary Public University - The Live Nagpur |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2023/08/05/finally-lit-emerges-as-an-unitary-public-university/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> of the [[Government of Maharashtra]] situated at [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It was established in 1942 and is one of the oldest engineering colleges for Chemical Engineering and Technology in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-10 |title=LIT to be new univ on lines of COE Pune |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/lit-to-be-new-univ-on-lines-of-coe-pune/articleshow/98525688.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==History==
The Laxminarayan Innovation Technological University is one of the premier institutes in India for Chemical Engineering. The land, donated by Rao Bahadur D. Laxminarayan, housed both the [[Nagpur University]] and the Institute. The Laxminarayan Institute of Technology was founded in 1942 by Laxminarayan of Kamptee. His work brought him into contact with complex problems that required the aid of technologists. He believed the lack of qualified thinkers should not stand in the way of progress, so he donated the main part of his property, then estimated at ₹ 3,520,540 to the Nagpur University in his will dated 3 May 1930, for "Teaching of Applied Science and Chemistry". Subsequently, a committee was appointed by Nagpur University on 6 February 1932, known as the "Bequest Scheme Committee", that consisted of notable men from the fields of science, industry, and public affairs throughout India. The committee recommended establishing an Institute of Technology to teach industrial chemistry with particular emphasis on the application of science to the industrial development of the province, then known as the [[Central Provinces and Berar]].

In 1934, the scheme was prepared for starting a two-year BSc (Tech) course. The present site for the Institute was selected in the year 1936 by Harisingh Gour. In 1937, the University appointed Ram Simha Thakur as the officer-on-special duty to oversee the construction of the Institute.

The Institute started functioning with admissions into a two-year BSc (Tech) program in Chemical Engineering, Chemical Technology, and Oil Technology on 1 August 1942 with S.A. Saletore, Professor of Organic Chemistry (Applied) as Director-in-Charge. It was officially inaugurated on 9 January 1943 by N.R. Sirkar.

The development from 1942 to 1947 was not very noteworthy because of [[World War II]]. However, the students' numbers increased to 34, and 11 members of the staff were appointed.

On 28 July 1945, the Executive Committee of the Nagpur University appointed R. B. Forster, the then-Head of the [[Institute of Chemical Technology|Department of Chemical Technology at the University of Bombay]] as Director of the Institute. Ing. H. G. Kayser took over as the Director in 1950, succeeded by P. S. Mene in 1951. The number of admissions increased to 36 and the four-year degree course started in 1951. The courses of study were revised to provide for more intensive specializations.

In 1959, the Ministry of Education recommended a recurring grant for the building and equipment. The AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education) decided to increase the intake of engineering graduates in all institutions and recommended that the Laxminarayan Institute of Technology should admit 60 students instead of 36 and start a 5 Year Integrated Course in Chemical Engineering. In 1969, the University Grants Commission (UGC) gave an additional grant for starting a three-year BSc (Tech) course in Oil Technology. The Institute took in sixty students to start the Five Year Integrated Course in 1967. During these years, the post-graduate degrees of Nagpur University in the field of Technology were awarded on the basis of a research thesis. The MTech courses (Petro-Chemical Technology, Oil Technology, Paint Technology, and Chemical Engineering) began in 1967 and were pursued more in 1969.

The institute introduced two new courses in 1971: three-year programs in Food and Petro-chemical Technology. In 1976, a BSc Technology. course in Cellulose Technology was introduced.

In response to the new educational pattern of 10+2, the Institute introduced a Four Year BTech (Chemical Engineering) course and the first set of students were admitted in 1977. In 1994, the Institute discontinued its BSc.Tech. course and replaced it with a new BTech course in Chemical Technology with a specialization in Petrochemical Technology, Food Technology, Pulp & Paper Technology, Oil Technology, and Plastic & Polymer Technology. Presently, the Institute offers a Four Year BTech (Chemical Engineering) program, Four Year BTech program in Chemical Technology with areas of specialization such as Petrochemical Technology, Food Technology, Pulp & Paper Technology, Oil Technology, Plastic & Polymer Technology, and Surface Coating Technology.

Both the houses of Maharashtra state legislature have passed the Bill of Laxminarayan Innovation Technological University (LITU). On 3 August 2023 by Legislative assembly and on 4 August 2023 by legislative council unanimously passed the bill during the monsoon session of state Legislature.

==Admissions==
Admissions to the undergraduate course are done through the [[Maharashtra Health and Technical Common Entrance Test]] and JEE Mains. The Institute offers programs through seven disciplines.
* Chemical Engineering
* Food Technology
* Petroleum Refining and Petrochemicals Technology
* Surface-coating Technology
* Paper and Pulp Technology
* Oils, Fats and Surfactants Technology
* Plastics and Polymers Technology

==Rankings==

The institute was ranked no. 46 in Mint C-Fore Top Government Engineering College Rankings in 2008 and has consistently found its place among the top fifty engineering colleges in India in leading education surveys.

The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked it in the 200-250 band among engineering colleges in 2021.<ref>[https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2021/EngineeringRanking150.html NIRF Engineering Rankings 2021 ]</ref>

== Accreditations ==
The institute has been accredited with A+ grade<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-23 |title=LIT gets ‘A+’ NAAC grade - The Live Nagpur |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2022/08/23/lit-gets-a-naac-grade/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)]] with a score of CGPA 3.48 out of 4.

==Notable alumni==
* [[Harish Bhimani]], Indian voiceover artiste, writer and anchor. He is the voice of Samay (Time), the narrator of the TV series [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]].
* [[Suresh Kashinath Haware]], nuclear scientist, politician and managing director of Haware Engineers & Builders Pvt. Ltd
* [[B. D. Kulkarni]], Distinguished Scientist of Chemical Engineering and Process Development at the [[National Chemical Laboratory]], Pune.
* [[G. S. Laddha]], former director of [[Alagappa College of Technology]].

==Infrastructure==
Institute has a campus of about {{convert|78|acre|m2}} located at [[Amravati]] Road in the western part of the city and houses all the departments of the Institute.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lit Nagpur |url=https://litnagpur.in/ |website=Laxminarayan Institute of Technology |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Nagpur University]]
* [[List of educational institutions in Nagpur]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://litu.edu.in/ Official site - Laxminarayan Institute of Technology]
* [https://www.litalumni.org/ Official Alumni Network - Laxminarayan Institute of Technology]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laxminarayan Institute of Technology}}
[[Category:1942 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1942]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]

1941–42 Santosh Trophy

2026-01-19T13:33:28Z

Owen79097529716:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = Santosh Trophy
| year = 1941–42
| other_titles = National Football Championship
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| country = India
| num_teams =
| winners = [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
| count = 1
| second = [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
| matches =
| goals =
| attendance =
| scoring_leader =
| prev_season =
| next_season = [[1944–45 Santosh Trophy|1944–45]]
| extra information = 60 minute matches
}}
The '''1941–42 Santosh Trophy''' was the first edition of the [[Santosh Trophy]], the main state competition for [[football in India]]. It was held in July, 1941. [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]] won the title beating [[Delhi football team|Delhi]] 5–1 in the final.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.13778/page/28/mode/1up IFA beat Delhi in football final], Bombay Chronicle, 27 July 1941</ref>

Ten teams entered the tournament but Dacca Sporting Association withdrew.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.1464/page/4/mode/1up Inter Provincial Football], Bombay Chronicle, 18 April 1941</ref> Matches were played across the country and the final was played in Calcutta.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.10129/page/12/mode/1up Schedule], Bombay Chronicle, 14 June 1941</ref>

==Preliminary matches==

===Zone A===
* [[North-West India Football Association|NWIFA]] qualified directly for the semifinals as they were the only team in the North Zone.

===Zone B===
{{football box
|team1= [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|team2= [[Rajasthan football team|Rajputana]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 0–0
|stadium= Delhi
|date= 5 July 1941
|report=
|referee=
}}

{{football box
|team1= [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|team2= [[Rajasthan football team|Rajputana]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 5–1
|stadium= Delhi
|date=
|report=
|referee=
|scorenote=replay
}}

===Zone C===

* Bengal received a walkover as [[Dacca football team|Dacca]] withdrew drew to communal riots. The match was scheduled to be held in Dacca on 13 July.<ref name=abj7>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/OUVGZm1XRVlDWTRCcjVWRXRKeWxCUT09 Dacca withdraws due to riots], Amrita Bazar Patrika, 7 July 1941</ref>

----

{{football box
|team1= [[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
|team2= [[Uttar Pradesh football team|United Provinces]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 1–0
|stadium= Patna
|date= 17 July 1941
|report=
|referee=
}}

{{football box
|team1= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|team2= [[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 0–0
|stadium= Patna
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}

{{football box
| team1 = [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
| goals1 = * [[Bachi Khan]] {{goal}}
* Somana {{goal}}
* D Banerjee {{goal}} {{goal}}
| goals2 =
| score = 4–0
| stadium = Patna
| date = 21 July 1941 <ref name=abj12>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/WWRLQ09xdCtVVFd5WG1ac3QyRlBsQT09 Bengal's comfortable win], Amrita Bazar Patrika, 22 July 1941</ref>
| report =
| referee = H. Cage
| scorenote = replay
| event =
| time =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
| attendance =
}}

===Zone D===
{{football box
| team1 = [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu football team|Madras]]
| goals1 = * Nanjunda {{goal}}
* Karim {{goal}}
* Habib {{goal}}
| goals2 =
| score = 3–0
| stadium = SIAA Grounds, Madras
| date = 6 July 1941 <ref name=ab7j>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/OUVGZm1XRVlDWTRCcjVWRXRKeWxCUT09 Mysore defeat Madras, 3-0], 7 July 1941, Amrita Bazar Patrika</ref>
| report = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19410707&printsec=frontpage&hl=en
| referee = PN Ramachandran
}}

{{football box
| team1 = [[Maharashtra football team|Bombay]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]
| goals1 = [[Bobby Langton|Langton]] {{goal}} {{goal}} Hill {{goal}} Bhimrao {{goal}}
| goals2 = Nanjunda {{goal|13}}
| score = 4–1
| stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]], Bombay
| date = 13 July 1941 <ref name=abj14/>
| report = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19410714&printsec=frontpage&hl=en
| referee = Swallow
}}

The score was 1–1 at half-time.

==Semifinals==
{{football box
| team1 = [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
| team2 = [[North-West India Football Association|NWIFA]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| score = 3–2
| stadium = Delhi
| date = 12 July 1941 <ref name=abj14/>
| report =
| referee = Harnam Singh
| event =
| time =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
| attendance =
}}

{{football box
| team1 = [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra football team|Bombay]]
| goals1 = P De Mello {{goal|65}}
| goals2 =
| score = 1–0
| stadium = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]
| date = 24 July 1941 <ref>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/nw_document/abp/24016 Bengal in final], Amrita Bazar Patrika, 15 July 1941, p.9</ref>
| report = http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/nw_document/abp/24016
| referee = T Shome
}}

==Final==
There was a shower before the final and both teams started cautiously. The gates for the match was 6175 rupees and 4 annas (Rs. 6175.25). The Bengal-Bombay semifinal at the same venue collected 6492 rupees and 8 annas.

De Mello scored the first goal in the fourth minute directly from a corner kick, an [[Corner kick#Scoring a goal directly from a corner: Olympico goal|"Olympic Goal"]]. "The ball came in the trek of an archaic parabola and swerved into the net within the far post."<ref name=abj27/> Hameeduddin equalised in the ninth minute with a rising shot, from a pass by Atma Ram. In the 22nd minute, the Delhi goal keeper Daley missed by a center by Noor Mohammad. The ball was headed on by D. Banerjee for De Mello to score his second goal. Bengal led 2–1 at half time.

The third Bengal goal came in the eighth minute of the second half, Banerjee playing an angular shot from the right across Daley from a pass by Bhattacharjee. Bhattacharjee scored in the 16th and 23rd minutes, Sunil Ghosh providing both assists. Ghosh suffered a head injury at the start of the match but returned in the eleventh minute.

Bengal was presented the trophy by Mrs H.R. Norton, the wife of the President of [[Indian Football Association]]. The chief guests for the final were Mrs Norton and B. C. Ghosh, the vice president of the IFA.<ref name=abj27/>

{{football box
| team1 = [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
| goals1 = * P De Mello {{goal}} {{goal}}
* A Bhattacharjee {{goal}} {{goal}}
* D Banerjee {{goal}}
| goals2 = * Hameeduddin {{goal}}
| score = 5–1
| stadium = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]
| date = 26 July 1941 <ref name=abj27>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/nw_document/abp/24044 Bengal emerge triumphant], Amrita Bazar Patrika, 27 July 1941, p.12 </ref>
| report = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19410727&printsec=frontpage&hl=en
| referee = P. Misra
}}

==Squads==
* Bombay : F. E.Edden (captain, Bombay Gymkhana); James (British Infantry) and S. Thompson (H.V.M.); Raja (B.E.S.T), Alexander (Y.M.C.A) and Telang (B.E.S.T); Bhimrao (Y.M.C.A), Rashad (Muslim Sports), Hill (British Infantry), Butchi (B.E.S.T) and [[Bobby Langton|Langton]] (British Infantry). Reserves : Drynan (GK, Heavy Battery), Higgins (Heavy Battery), Osbourne (Police), Karunakar (Caltex) and Swami (W.I.A.A) <ref name=ab11j>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/SHhMNlgybnh5NHdWM0lNV2lmRWtmZz09 Bombay team], Amrita Bazar Patrika, 11 July 1941</ref>
* Mysore : Kadirvelu; Habeeb and Atkinson; Sheriff, Khader and Chinnaswamy; Nanjunda, Laxminarayan, Swaminathan, Murgesh and Rahmat <ref name=abj14>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/nw_document/abp/23879 Bombay defeat Mysore 4-1], Amrita Bazar Patrika, 14 July 1941, p.4</ref>
* Delhi : Daley; Kaul, Qamaruddin, Yousuf, [[Afzal Khan (footballer)|Afzal Khan]] and Sardar Mirza; Habeed, Nawab, Akhtar, Atma Ram and Fayaz Khan
* Rajputana : N Lodrick; H. Dean, A Rahim; Mobeen Ahmad, Sajjad Mohammad, Samiullah; Mumtaz Ahmed, Atta Mohammad, Debi Singh, Wahiduddin and Sikandar Khan <ref name=abj14/>

==Notes==
Some of the teams were referred to after their football associations. This article uses the names by which the teams came to be known.

* IFA Bengal (Indian Football Association) - [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
* WIFA Bombay (Western India Football Association) - [[Maharashtra football team|Bombay]]
* NWIFA ([[North-West India Football Association|North West India Football Association]]) - [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab and Balochistan]]
* Delhi FA - [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Santosh Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1941-42 Santosh Trophy}}
[[Category:Santosh Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:1941–42 in Indian football]]

India–Netherlands relations

2026-01-09T22:05:16Z

Owen79097529716: new

{{multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2014}}
{{third-party|date=July 2014}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|India-Netherlands|Netherlands|India|envoy2=[[Reenat Sandhu]]|envoy1=Mrs Marie Louisa Gerards|envoytitle2=Indian Ambassador to [[Netherlands]]|envoytitle1=Netherlands Ambassador to [[India]]|mission2=Embassy of India in [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]]|mission1=Embassy of Netherlands in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]}}

'''India–Netherlands relations''' are the [[bilateral relations]] between [[India]] and the [[Netherlands]]. India maintains an embassy in [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]] and the Netherlands maintains an [[embassy]] in [[New Delhi]] and a [[consulate general]] in [[Mumbai]]. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1947 the same year India became [[Independence|independent]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Sorry for the inconvenience. | url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/NETHERLANDS.pdf | access-date=2026-01-09 | website=mea.gov.in}}</ref>
[[File:Buitenrustweg 2, Den Haag.jpg|thumb|Embassy of India in The Hague]]
==History==
{{see also|Dutch India}}
{{unreferencedsect|date=November 2023}}
[[File:De_handelsloge_van_de_VOC_in_Hougly_in_Bengalen_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4282.jpeg|thumb|left|300px|Factory in [[Hugli-Chuchura]], Dutch Bengal. Hendrik van Schuylenburgh, 1665.]]
The India–Netherlands interaction in one form or another date back to the early 17th century as far as 1605 when the Dutch entered the [[Mughal Empire]] for trading purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-British-1600-1740 | title=India - Colonialism, Mughal Empire, Trade | Britannica }}</ref> Dutch presence on the Indian subcontinent lasted from 1605 to 1825.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/modern-indian-history/dutch-in-india/#:~:text=History%20of%20Dutch%20in%20India&text=They%20first%20landed%20in%20Masulipatam,lasted%20from%201605%20to%201825.&text=The%20Dutch%20came%20to%20India,spices%20from%20Asia%20in%20Europe. | title=Dutch in India }}</ref> Merchants of the [[Dutch East India Company]] first established themselves in [[Dutch Coromandel]], notably [[Pulicat]], as they were looking for textiles to exchange with the spices they traded in the [[Dutch East Indies|East Indies]]. [[Dutch Suratte]] and [[Dutch Bengal]] succeeded in 1616 and 1627 respectively. After the Dutch conquered [[Dutch Ceylon|Ceylon]] from the Portuguese in 1656, they took the Portuguese forts on the [[Dutch Malabar|Malabar]] coast five years later as well, to secure Ceylon from Portuguese invasion.

Apart from textiles, the items traded in Dutch India include precious stones, indigo, and silk across India, saltpeter and opium in Dutch Bengal, and pepper in Dutch Malabar. Indian slaves were imported on the [[Spice Islands|Maluku Islands]] and in the [[Cape Colony (Dutch)|Cape Colony]].

In the second half of the eighteenth century the Dutch lost their influence more and more. The [[Kew Letters]] relinquished all Dutch colonies to the British, to prevent them from being overrun by the French. In the [[Battle of Colachel]] (1741), Travancore king [[Marthanda Varma]]'s army defeated the Dutch East India Company, resulting in the complete eclipse of Dutch power in Malabar. Although Dutch Coromandel and Dutch Bengal were restored to Dutch rule by virtue of the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]], they returned to British rule owing to the provisions of the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]]. Under the terms of the treaty, all transfers of property and establishments were to take place on 1 March 1825. By the middle of 1825, therefore, the Dutch had lost their last trading posts in India. Nevertheless, remains of the Dutch period can be found from [[Surat]] to [[Kolkata]] as well as in other parts of India.

==State visits==
In June 2015, Dutch Prime Minister [[Mark Rutte]] made an official visit to New Delhi where he held talks with Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/india-netherlands-set-a-road-map-for-cooperation-1001996.html|title=News, Breaking News, Latest News, News Headlines, Live News, Today News CNN-News18|access-date=23 September 2015|archive-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029200438/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/india-netherlands-set-a-road-map-for-cooperation-1001996.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://india.nlembassy.org/news/2015/06/india-netherlands-joint-communique.html |title=INDIA-NETHERLANDS JOINT COMMUNIQUÉ | Embassy, Consulate-General, Consulates and NBSO's, India |access-date=23 September 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183459/http://india.nlembassy.org/news/2015/06/india-netherlands-joint-communique.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In June 2017, Prime Minister Narendra Modi arrived in the Netherlands on the final leg of his three-nation tour during which he held talks with his Dutch counterpart Mark Rutte to strengthen bilateral ties.

In May 2018, Prime Minister [[Mark Rutte]] arrived in New Delhi for a 2-day official visit with various ministers from his cabinet to discuss various issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/29917/IndiaNetherlands+Joint+Statement+during+visit+of+Prime+Minister+of+Netherlands+to+India+May+24+2018|title = India-Netherlands Joint Statement during visit of Prime Minister of Netherlands to India (May 24, 2018) | work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India }}</ref>

In October 2019, King [[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|Willem-Alexander]] arrived in New Delhi after accepting an invite by President [[Ram Nath Kovind]]. King Willem-Alexander discussed with PM [[Narendra Modi]] about politics and economy before going to [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit of King and Queen of the Netherlands to India {{!}} Embassy of India, The Hague, The Netherlands |url=https://www.indianembassynetherlands.gov.in/page/visit-of-king-and-queen-of-the-netherlands-to-india/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=www.indianembassynetherlands.gov.in |language=english}}</ref>

==Modern era relations==
{{unreferencedsect|date=November 2023}}
===Economic relations===
[[File:VT-ALK Air India एअर इंडिया (4935145000).jpg|thumb|right|[[Air India]] Boeing 777-337(ER) at [[Schiphol Airport]].]]

India has developed into a rapidly expanding economy, focused on technological development and technical and scientific cooperation.

Despite the continuing economic crisis in the Euro Zone and slow growth of Dutch economy itself, bilateral trade between India and Netherlands continued to gather momentum. Trade and investment cooperation a key component of India–Netherlands relationship has shown satisfactory growth over the years. Two way trade continue to grow steadily, reaching Euro 5.287 billion in 2011. During first seven months of 2012, Indian exports increased by 9.6% while total bilateral trade increased 9.45%.

Netherlands remains among the top 10 partners of India in terms of trade volume with positive balance of trade in favour of India. It is also one of the largest investors in terms of [[Foreign direct investment in India|Foreign Direct Investment]] (FDI) into India with Indian investments into Netherlands during the period 1996-2010 amounted to $11.46 billion. FDI inflows from Netherlands into India during the period 2000 to 2011 stood at US$5.62 billion (6th largest overall). FDI during financial year 2011-12 amounted to $1.409 billion.

Presently there are 174 Indian companies based in Netherlands attracted by Dutch taxation system which is transparent, stable, flexible and has no withholding tax on ongoing interests and royalty payments, advance tax assessment certainly and competitive corporate tax rate of 20-25% and no capital tax on contribution of capital.

There have been major acquisitions and mergers by Indian companies including that of Tata Corus (now [[Tata Steel]]), [[Apollo Vredestein B.V.|Apollo-Vredestein]], acquisition of [[Theodoor Gilissen Bankiers|Theodoor Gilissen]] by [[Hinduja Group]] and many Indian companies and exploring the possibilities for further tie-ups.

The proposal for opening a branch of [[State Bank of India]] in [[Amsterdam]] is also under way. {{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Many Dutch multinationals like [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]], [[Unilever]], [[KLM]] and major banks like [[ING Group|ING]] and [[Rabobank]] have significant and growing presences in India. Dutch SMEs with niche technologies and world class expertise are also actively looking at the Indian market. Similarly, several major Indian IT companies have established their presence in Netherlands.

===Een Hoog===
The relationship between youth in both nations has also been steadily improving. Top scientists have attributed majority of this growth to the social and cultural ties being built at the César Franck Institute of International relations, colloquially known as "Een Hoog" (English: one high/Hindi: एक उनन्चा). The researchers at Een Hoog are constantly working to improve these relations and have suggested support (both financial and spirit oriented) from either of the governments will likely help speed up the process.

==Resident diplomatic missions==
* India has an embassy in [[The Hague]].
* the Netherlands has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] and consulates-general in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] and [[Mumbai]].
==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Pol|first= Bauke Van Der|title= The Dutch East India Company in India: A Heritage Tour Through Gujarat, Malabar, Coromandel and Bengal|year= 2014|publisher= Parragon Books|isbn= 978-1-4723-7605-3}}
==See also==
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of Netherlands]]
* [[Indians in the Netherlands]]

==References==
Part of this page was copied from [http://www.government.nl/issues/international-relations/india government.nl], under the terms of the [[Creative Commons license#Zero / public domain|CC0]] license (see [http://www.government.nl/copyright here]).
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Relations of India and the Netherlands}}
* [http://www.minbuza.nl/binaries/content/assets/minbuza/nl/import/nl/reizen_en_landen/landenoverzicht/i/india/india.pdf Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs on diplomatic relations with India]
* [http://www.mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?160/Netherlands Indian Ministry of Foreign Affairs on India-Netherlands relations]

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of the Netherlands}}
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[[Category:India–Netherlands relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Netherlands]]

Ananda Hota

2026-01-08T01:29:02Z

Owen79097529716: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[RAD@home]]

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