Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Marri Janardhan Reddy

2026-05-06T18:45:30Z

OscarStell1647: Starting New Stub First Draft

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Marri Janardhan Reddy''' (born 29 March 1973) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. He is a former two time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nagarkurnool Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-16 |title=Marri Janardhan Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} Nerellapalli {{!}} Thimmajipet {{!}} Nagarkurnool {{!}} TRS |url=https://theleaderspage.com/marri-janardhan-reddy/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Reddy is from Nerellapalli village, Thimmajipet mandal, [[Nagarkurnool district]], Telangana. He is the son of Marri Janga Reddy. He did his schooling at Zilla Parishad High School, Badepally, Mahabubnagar district and passed Class 10 in 1987. He runs his own business.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marri Janardhan Reddy(BRS):Constituency- NAGARKURNOOL(NAGARKURNOOL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/telangana2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5727 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

Reddy first became an MLA winning the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Nagarkurnool Assembly constituency representing the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] Party. He polled 62,470 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Kuchakulla Damodar Reddy of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 14,435 votes. He retained the seat for TRS in the new Telangana state winning the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] polling 1,02,493 votes to defeat [[Nagam Janardhan Reddy|Nagam Janardhana Reddy]] by a margin of 54,354 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagarkurnool Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/nagarkurnool-telangana-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-15 |title=Telangana HC dismisses Nagam's election plea {{!}} Telangana HC dismisses Nagam's election plea |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/150823/telangana-hc-dismisses-nagams-election-plea.html |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2018 |title=Nagarkurnool Election Result 2018 Live Updates: Marri Janardhan Reddy of TRS Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nagarkurnool-election-result-2018-live-updates-marri-janardhan-reddy-of-trs-wins-1967817.html |access-date=28 April 2026 |website=News 18}}</ref> In the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023 Assembly election]], he lost to [[Kuchkulla Rajesh Reddy]], of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagarkurnool Constituency Election Results 2023: Nagarkurnool Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/nagarkurnool |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Janardhan Reddy, Marri}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mahabubabad district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]

Indian Institute of Management Raipur

2026-05-05T05:47:35Z

OscarStell1647: creating a details initial version

{{Short description|Business school in Raipur, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{primary sources|date=May 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Management Raipur
| native_name =
| image = Indian Institute of Management Raipur logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|2010|10|11}}
| other_name = IIM Raipur
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]] [[business school]]
| chairperson = Puneeth Dalmia<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/about_bog.htm |title=Indian Institute of Management Raipur, IIM Raipur |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050203/http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/about_bog.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| director = Dr. Sanjeev Prashar ''(I/C)''
| city = [[Raipur]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{Coord|21.1211|81.8246|type:edu_region:IN-CG|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| enrollment =
| undergrad =
| postgrad = [[Master of Management|PGP]]: 210 [[Master of Business Administration|ePGP]]: 200
| academic_staff = 100+
| administrative_staff =
| website = http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/
}}
The '''Indian Institute of Management Raipur''' ('''IIM Raipur''', '''IIM-RR''') is a [[business school]] and an institution of national importance <ref>{{cite web |url= https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/business-news-institutions-of-national-importance/302202 |title=B-Schools Rankings 2020: Institutions Of National Importance |magazine=Outlook India |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref> located in [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]. It is the tenth [[Indian Institute of Management]] (IIM) established by the [[Government of India]]. It was inaugurated by [[Raman Singh]], [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]] on 11 October 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/chhattisgarh/10th-IIM-inaugurated/Article1-611581.aspx |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101013053953/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/chhattisgarh/10th-IIM-inaugurated/Article1-611581.aspx |url-status= dead |archive-date= 13 October 2010 |title=10th IIM inaugurated |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 September 2011}}</ref>

==Campus==
The IIM Raipur campus is situated across 203 acres in Atal Nagar, [[Naya Raipur]], the new capital city of the state.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-05/news/39041730_1_iim-r-mm-pallam-raju-naya-raipur |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130508052424/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-05/news/39041730_1_iim-r-mm-pallam-raju-naya-raipur |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2013-05-08 |work= [[The Times of India]] | title=Educational institutes should provide solutions for regional issues: HRD Minister}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=About IIM Raipur | url=http://www.topmbaindia.com/MBA-Institute-College.aspx?Institute=IIM-Raipur-&ID=2244 | access-date=10 May 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903005534/http://www.topmbaindia.com/MBA-Institute-College.aspx?Institute=IIM-Raipur-&ID=2244 | archive-date=3 September 2011 | url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Foreign Architects to construct IIM Raipur | url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MP-RAI-foreign-architects-to-construct-iim-raipur-2363601.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914143933/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MP-RAI-foreign-architects-to-construct-iim-raipur-2363601.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 September 2012 }}</ref>
[[File:IIM Raipur.jpg|alt=IIM Raipur admin block|thumb|Admin Block]]
IIM Raipur subscribes to online resources such as ABI/ Inform Complete, Capitaline, EBSCO Business Source Complete, Prowess, Sciencedirect, Indiastat etc. The institute is a member of the Developing Library Network (DELNET) and the Indian National Digital Library in Engineering Sciences & Technology (INDEST).<ref>{{cite web|title=Library at IIM Raipur |url=http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/resour_library.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118233446/http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/resour_library.htm |archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref>

The campus also has a sports complex with ''swimming pool, squash court, GYM, shuttle badminton court, table tennis rooms'' and more sports facilities. The institute also has ''outdoor sports'' facilities like ''Lawn tennis court, basketball court and a volleyball court'' just outside the sports complex.

The hostel in the campus are single occupancies with attached bathroom with high end amenities. Also the maintenance of each individual hostel rooms have been outsourced to a contractor whose employees are available in the campus till 4PM along with carpenters and plumbers, scheduled doctor visits.

==Academics==
Similar to the other IIMs, IIM Raipur currently offers the MBA degree. It offers the following full-time and part-time academic programmes.

===Post Graduate Program in Management (PGP) / MBA===
The Post-Graduate Programme in Management extends over a period of two years, involving six trimesters with a summer internship at an organization. The first year is dedicated to the foundations for the functional areas of management, such as Marketing, Finance, Operations, Human Resource etc. In the second year the student choose a major and a minor specialization for elective courses.<ref name="iimraipur.ac.in">{{cite web|title=Post-Graduate Programme in Management (PGP) |url=http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/prog_pgp_object.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118233446/http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/prog_pgp_object.htm |archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref>

===Executive Post Graduate Program in Management (ePGP) / MBA===
The Executive Post-Graduate Programme in Management spread over a period of two years, involving six terms and a mini-term which includes Mini Dissertation and Integrated simulation project. The course will be conducted in blended mode that includes live online classes and mandatory in campus modules. The first year is dedicated to advanced core courses in the functional areas of management. The second year include courses from all major functional areas to meet specific career goals of the students depending upon their career/academic interests.<ref name="iimraipur.ac.in"/>

===Fellow Programme in Management (FPM)===
IIM Raipur has started the Fellow Programme in Management (FPM) from academic year 2012–13. FPM is a full-time Doctoral programme that offers research scholars opportunities for advanced studies and research in different area of 'management'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive Education at IIM Raipur |url=http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/prog_fellow_object.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118233446/http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/prog_fellow_object.htm |archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref>

===Post Graduate Programme in Management for Working Executive (PGPMWE)===
The Post Graduate Programme in Management for Working Executive (PGPMWE) is an intensive one and a half-year post graduate program in management, especially designed for mid/senior level professionals. The classes are held on weekends only with the duration of 12 hours a week.<ref>{{cite web|title=Graduate Programme in Management for Working Executive (PGPWE) |url=http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/prog_pgpwe_aboutus.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118233446/http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/prog_pgpwe_aboutus.htm |archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref>

===Executive Fellow Programme in Management (EFPM)===
Executive Fellow Program in Management (EFPM) is a doctoral programme in management specifically designed for working professionals with more than 10 years of work experience in industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive Fellow Programme in Management |url=http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/prog_efpm_aboutus.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118233446/http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/prog_efpm_aboutus.htm |archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref>

===Executive Education Program (EEP)===
The Executive Education Programmes of IIM, Raipur consist of:

====Advanced Management Programmes====
Advanced Management Programmes.

====Management Development Programs====
Management Development Programs (Open Programmes) are tied on faculty research, expertise knowledge diagonally to various disciplines of management and draw partakers from different organizations. These Programs are offered for Senior and Middle Level Managers of different Functional and interdisciplinary areas.

====Customized (In-Company) Programmes====
Customized (In-Company) Programmes are offered by the Institute and are designed, customized to meet the specific, precise needs of organizations
<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive Education Program Overview |url=http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/mdp_index.php |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118233446/http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/mdp_index.php |archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref>

===Teaching===
The teaching at IIM Raipur presents a mix of lectures, case studies, business games, simulation exercises, role plays, group discussions, field visits, and industry based projects.<ref>{{cite web | title=Pedagogy of IIM Raipur | url=http://iimraipur.ac.in/prog_pgp_pedag.htm | access-date=10 May 2011 | archive-date=9 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709111730/http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/prog_pgp_pedag.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> The students receive guest lectures from personalities of the corporate world, e.g. Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]], [[Duvvuri Subbarao]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.deccanherald.com/content/135992/banking-access-all-villages-2000.html |title=Banking access to all villages with 2,000 people: RBI |work=deccanherald.com |access-date=1 September 2011}}</ref>

===Admission===
Admission to the postgraduate course of IIM Raipur is through the [[Common Admission Test]] conducted in November each year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Admission policy of IIM Raipur |url=http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/admission.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118233446/http://www.iimraipur.ac.in/admission.htm |archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref> In an effort to diversify the gender of students, a bonus 30 marks to the overall score are granted to each female candidate who is not an engineer.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-25/india/29926350_1_iim-trichy-prafulla-agnihotri-iim-l |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120925061255/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-25/india/29926350_1_iim-trichy-prafulla-agnihotri-iim-l |url-status= dead |archive-date= 25 September 2012 |title='Grace' marks for girls to enter IIMs |access-date=1 September 2011 |work= [[The Times of India]] |date=25 August 2011}}</ref>

===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
|type=Institute
| NIRF_B_2022= 14
}}

IIM Raipur was ranked 2nd in CSR-GHRDC Rankings 2020.
Ranked 9 by Outlook- ICARE India MBA Rankings 2020.
It was ranked 9th in India by Outlook Magazine in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/outlook-icare-india-mba-rankings-2020-top-public-mba-institutions/302200|title = Outlook-ICARE India MBA Rankings 2020: Top Public MBA Institutions | Outlook India Magazine| date=4 February 2022 }}</ref>
Ranked 14 by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) management ranking in 2022.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_B_2022/>

== Research ==
A research subject IIM Raipur plans to focus on is Chhattisgarh's natural resources and energy management. To this end the institute plans to hire a dozen or so researchers.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.livemint.com/2011/01/24182708/IIMRaipur-plans-research-on-C.html?atype=tp |title=IIM-Raipur plans research on Chhattisgarh's natural resources - Home - livemint.com |work=livemint.com |access-date=1 September 2011}}</ref>
==Student life==
=== Equinox ===
Equinox is the Annual National Level Business and Cultural Fest of IIM Raipur. The inaugural edition of Equinox was held on 12 March 2011. The 3rd Edition of Equinox was held from 17 to 19 February 2013 and in 2019 it was renamed "Karmaanta" which means ''Business'' in Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite web | title=Equinox IIM Raipur | url=http://www.iimrp-equinox.com/ | access-date=10 May 2011 | archive-date=8 January 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108035008/http://iimrp-equinox.com/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

IIM Raipur concluded with its sixth installment of Equinox (Equinox 6.0) on 2 February 2016 amid growing fanfare.
The flagship events of Equinox 6.0 like X-Quiz_IT, Udyam, Mudit Vriddhi, Ops-Cogitate, Socialis Procurator saw increased participation from B-School campuses across India.<ref>{{cite web | title= EQUINOX 4.0 concludes with huge success. | url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/raipur/equinox-40-concludes-with-huge-success.html }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian Institute of Management]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Institutes of Management}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institute of Management Raipur}}
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Management|Raipur]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2010]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Nava Raipur]]

Manoj Kumar Yadav (Bihar politician)

2026-04-20T01:59:31Z

OscarStell1647: Starting New Bio Basic Info

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manoj Kumar Yadav
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2020
| constituency1 = [[Kalyanpur, Purvi Champaran Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| occupation = Politics
| term_end1 = 2025
| predecessor1 = [[Sachindra Prasad Singh]]
| successor1 = Sachindra Prasad Singh
}}
'''Manoj Kumar Yadav''' is an Indian politician from Bihar and a Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. Yadav won the [[Kalyanpur, Purvi Champaran Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur Assembly constituency]] on [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] ticket in the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manoj Kumar Yadav Election Result Kalyanpur Live: Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election Results 2020 Manoj Kumar Yadav Kalyanpur Seat|url=https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/manoj-kumar-yadav-kalyanpur-candidate-s04a016c03/|access-date=2021-01-26|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manoj Kumar Yadav Election Results 2020: News, Votes, Results of Bihar Assembly|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election-candidates-list-2020/manoj-kumar-yadav-04016-3|access-date=2021-01-26|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manoj Kumar Yadav(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- KALYANPUR(EAST CHAMPARAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=2104|access-date=2021-01-26|website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Manoj Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

Ambad Assembly constituency

2026-04-08T17:20:18Z

OscarStell1647: creating initial stub basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ambad
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 2,11,881
| mla = Rajeshbhaiyya Tope
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Ambad Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Bhagwant Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Jedhe Nana
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Nanasaheb Sawalaram
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || A. Ambadas
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Ankushrao Raosaheb Tope
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Bapusaheb Sakharam Solunke || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Bhalchandra Yeshwantrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Vilas Vithalrao Kharat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Kharat Vilasrao Vithalrao
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Chothe Shivaji Kundlikrao || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Rajesh Ankushrao Tope || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Rajeshbhaiyya Tope
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambad }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rajeshbhaiyya Tope |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 76,816 |percentage = 46.46% |change = {{increase}}2.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vilasbapu Vithalrao Kharat |party = Independent politician |votes = 40,127 |percentage = 24.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chothe Shivaji Kundlikrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 35,348 |percentage = 21.38% |change = {{decrease}}12.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Zende Sukhadev Sitaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,105 |percentage = 2.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salve Kacharu Madhavrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,861 |percentage = 1.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chunnilal Mohan Jadhav |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,614 |percentage = 1.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ughade Dinkar Ambadasrao |party = Prabuddha Republican Party |votes = 1,548 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,689 |percentage = 22.19% |change = {{increase}}12.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 165,932 |percentage = 78.31% |change = {{increase}}6.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 165,326}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 211,881 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}2.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rajesh Ankushrao Tope |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 52,017 |percentage = 43.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chothe Shivaji Kundlikrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 40,765 |percentage = 34.18% |change = {{decrease}}6.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dongre Bhimrao Nivratti |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,253 |percentage = 21.17% |change = {{decrease}}15.65 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,252 |percentage = 9.43% |change = {{increase}}5.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 130,163 |percentage = 72.31% |change = {{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,270}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,010 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.19 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}2.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chothe Shivaji Kundlikrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 49,628 |percentage = 40.66% |change = {{increase}}16.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kharat Vilasrao Vitthalrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,940 |percentage = 36.82% |change = {{decrease}}16.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thakur Pralhadsingh Dhansingh |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,251 |percentage = 7.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. Tukaram Santram Gayke |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 5,738 |percentage = 4.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Solunke Bapusaheb Sakharam |party = Janata Dal |votes = 4,339 |percentage = 3.56% |change = {{decrease}}14.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Magre Bhaskar Bansidhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,516 |percentage = 2.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Madanrao Limbaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,367 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hatote Bansidhar Chandrabhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 963 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,688 |percentage = 3.84% |change = {{decrease}}25.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,136 |percentage = 72.17% |change = {{increase}}6.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 122,052}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,154 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.37 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kharat Vilasrao Vitthalrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,957 |percentage = 53.49% |change = {{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Paulbudhe Bhausaheb Bapurao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 25,735 |percentage = 24.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ankush Bhalekar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 19,373 |percentage = 18.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babasaheb Uttamrao Patil Shinde |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,660 |percentage = 1.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Nathaji Govindrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 637 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,222 |percentage = 28.89% |change = {{increase}}14.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,069 |percentage = 65.87% |change = {{increase}}14.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,603}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,058 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vilas Vithalrao Kharat |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,495 |percentage = 48.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ankush Bhalekar |party = Janata Party |votes = 21,850 |percentage = 33.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nilwarn Bhalchandra Kulkarni |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,108 |percentage = 10.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raut Gangaram Govindrao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,021 |percentage = 3.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaurao Malhari Salve |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,311 |percentage = 2.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hidayat Khan Sultankhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 974 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Khaleel Syed Papamiya |party = Independent politician |votes = 398 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,645 |percentage = 14.80% |change = {{decrease}}2.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,794 |percentage = 51.41% |change = {{decrease}}4.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,157}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,872 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.22 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}5.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhalchandra Yeshwantrao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 34,017 |percentage = 53.54% |change = {{increase}}30.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ankushrao Tope |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 23,307 |percentage = 36.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bapusaheb Solanke |party = Janata Party |votes = 4,214 |percentage = 6.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anna Ranuji Kharat |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,995 |percentage = 3.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,710 |percentage = 16.86% |change = {{increase}}5.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,009 |percentage = 56.17% |change = {{decrease}}7.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,533}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,516 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.02 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}13.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Solunke Bapusaheb Sakharam |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,180 |percentage = 39.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ankushrao Raosaheb Tope |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,993 |percentage = 29.00% |change = {{decrease}}19.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhalchandra Yeshwantrao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 14,919 |percentage = 22.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhanudas Deorao Bhojane |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,012 |percentage = 4.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anna Ranuji Kharat |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,389 |percentage = 3.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,187 |percentage = 10.97% |change = {{increase}}9.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,931 |percentage = 63.95% |change = {{increase}}6.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,493}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,796 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.68 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ankushrao Raosaheb Tope |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,786 |percentage = 48.85% |change = {{decrease}}11.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annasaheb U. A. Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,967 |percentage = 47.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Dhansingh Thakur |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,986 |percentage = 3.91% |change = {{decrease}}11.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 819 |percentage = 1.61% |change = {{decrease}}34.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,531 |percentage = 57.00% |change = {{increase}}9.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,739}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,669 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. Ambadas |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,126 |percentage = 60.56% |change = {{increase}}10.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Sakharam |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 8,517 |percentage = 24.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Dhansingh |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,243 |percentage = 15.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,609 |percentage = 36.14% |change = {{increase}}15.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,748 |percentage = 47.78% |change = {{increase}}11.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,886}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,105 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nanasaheb Sawalaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,838 |percentage = 50.20% |change = {{decrease}}11.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagannath Alias Jaiwant S/o Kundalik Rao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 6,405 |percentage = 29.67% |change = {{increase}}4.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhalchandra Yeshwantrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,346 |percentage = 20.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,433 |percentage = 20.53% |change = {{decrease}}16.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 23,408 |percentage = 36.27% |change = {{increase}}5.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,589}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,536 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jedhe Nana |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,230 |percentage = 61.62% |change = {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kokil Anant Rao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 4,547 |percentage = 24.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,449 |percentage = 13.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,683 |percentage = 36.67% |change = {{increase}}3.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 18,226 |percentage = 31.20% |change = {{decrease}}4.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 18,226}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,409 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagwant Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,263 |percentage = 57.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Salar |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 4,639 |percentage = 23.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bandu Laxman |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 2,182 |percentage = 11.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devidas Rao |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,132 |percentage = 5.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Chaganlal |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 492 |percentage = 2.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,624 |percentage = 33.61% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 19,708 |percentage = 35.49% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 19,708}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,529 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
[[Category:Jalna district]]
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

M. A. Kharabela Swain

2026-04-07T23:19:58Z

OscarStell1647: Starting The Info Nd Citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. A. Kharabela Swain
| office = Member: [[13th Lok Sabha|13th]] and [[14th Lok Sabha]]
| image =
| constituency = [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore]]
| predecessor = Kartik Mohapatra
| successor = [[Srikant Kumar Jena]]
| signature =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name = Mahameghabahan Aira Kharabela Swain
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|10|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = Arasa, [[Tihidi]], [[Bhadrak]], [[Odisha]]
| other_party = [[Utkal Bharat]]
| spouse = Kalpana Swain
| children = 1 Son
| alma_mater =
| blank1 = Awards
| data1 =
| website =
| term_start = 1998
| term_end = 2009
}}

'''Mahameghabahan Aira Kharabela Swain'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=478&lastls=14 |title=M. A. Kharabela Swain |work=Lok Sabha |accessdate=17 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/loksabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5879 |title=Mahameghabahan Aira Kharabela Swain |work=Mtneta.org |accessdate=17 May 2022 }}</ref> (born 25 October 1953) was a member of the [[14th Lok Sabha]] of [[India]]. He had represented the [[Balasore (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Balasore constituency]] of [[Odisha]] and was a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) political party. He is the founder of the new political party [[Utkal Bharat]].

He resigned from [[Utkal Bharat]] Party and Rejoin [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in March 2019 in the presence of central Minister [[Dharmendra Pradhan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odishatoday.com/politics/Kharvel_Swain_floats_new_political_party_020210-7868326587236587623075834685.html |title=Kharvel Swain floats new political party 'Utkal Bharat' |work=odishatoday.com |year=2011 |quote=Kharvel Swain floated a new political party as Utkal Bharat. |accessdate=17 May 2012 |archive-date=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181109/http://www.odishatoday.com/politics/Kharvel_Swain_floats_new_political_party_020210-7868326587236587623075834685.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://utkalbharat.org/constituency.html |title=Utkal Bharat |work=utkalbharat.org |year=2012 |quote=The name of the party shall be Utkal Bharat |accessdate=17 May 2012 |archive-date=24 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724012423/http://utkalbharat.org/constituency.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Utkal Bharat==
'''Utkal Bharat''' was a [[political party]] of [[Odisha]], [[India]]. Kharbela Swain is its founder and was its president. Utkal Bharat was formed on 2 February 2010. After its formation, the party has faced [[Athagarh]] bypoll election with the candidate named "Bratati Chatterjee", then panchayat, municipality, and general election as well.<ref name="a">''Business Standard''. ''[http://www.business-standard.com/article/elections-2014/ama-odisha-utkal-bharat-form-alliance-114031301229_1.html Ama Odisha, Utkal Bharat form alliance]''</ref>

Together with the [[Aama Odisha Party]], Utkal Bharat sought an alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] for the [[2014 Indian general election]]. However, no deal was reached with the BJP. Afterward, Utkal Bharat and Aama Odisha Party formed an alliance of their own, deciding to contest elections jointly on the earthen pot symbol (allotted to the Aama Odisha Party by the [[Election Commission of India]]).<ref name="a"/> Including the party, BJP declared ''mahamenta'' (a grand alliance) in Odisha, [[Arun Jaitley]] and Chandan Mitra came to Odisha to declare the alliance and talk held between Mahamegha Bahan Aira Kharbela Swain, [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]], Arun Jaitley, Chandan Mitra, Braja Tripathy and other BJP leaders but after arriving at Delhi they broke the alliance. The party Utkal Bharat says there held an agreement between BJD and BJP government.

After the general election, the party gave 67 candidates in Jilla Parishad elections but did not win any seats. Now the party has organised "Odisha Bhagya Pariwartan Yatra" to reach near the people of Odisha. Later on, the party leader returned to BJP in 2019 election.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190402060541/https://odishasuntimes.com/utkal-bharat-founder-kharavela-swain-returns-to-bjp-in-odisha/ Article title]}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071030105924/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=478 Members of Fourteenth Lok Sabha - Parliament of India website]
* {{YouTube|JxEJH8kF5bs|Interview by ''Mera Neta''}}

{{14th LS members from Odisha}}
{{13th LS members from Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swain, Mahamegha Bahan Aira Kharbela}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Balasore]]
[[Category:People from Bhadrak district]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ganeshrao Dudhgaonkar

2026-04-07T12:57:33Z

OscarStell1647: Created new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ganeshrao Dudhgaonkar
| image =
| caption =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Parbhani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parbhani]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term = 2009-2014<ref>{{cite web|title=15 Loksabha, Ganeshrao Dudhgaonkar|url=https://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/15loksabha/dudhgaonkarganeshraonagorao|website=prsindia|accessdate=27 October 2019|language=en|date=27 October 2019|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028061944/https://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/15loksabha/dudhgaonkarganeshraonagorao|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Tukaram Renge Patil]]
| successor = [[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]]
| party = [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], [[Indian National Congress (I)]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| office1 = Minister of State in [[Government of Maharashtra]] for Technical Education, EGS and Employment
| term1 = 1983
| office2 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term2 = 1980-1985
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = Jadhav Munjaji Narayanrao ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| constituency2 = [[Basmath (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basmath]]
| office3 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term3 = 1985-1990
| predecessor3 = Bhamble Manikrao Keshavrao ([[Indian National Congress (I)]])
| successor3 = Ramprasad Wamanrao Bordikar ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| constituency3 = [[Jintur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jintur]]
| birth_name = Ganesh Nagorao Raut Dudhagaonkar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|09|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = Dudhgaon, [[Jintur]], [[Parbhani District]], [[Hyderabad State]], (present-day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| citizenship = Indian
| parents = Nagorao Raut Dudhgaonkar
| spouse = {{marriage|Sandhya Shridharrao Kadam |1970}}
| children = 2
| education = BA, LLB (1975)<ref>{{cite web|title=Loksabha MP biodata|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4376|website=india.gov.in|accessdate=27 October 2019|language=en|date=27 October 2019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| profession = Advocate, educationist<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile, Dudhgaonkar Ganeshrao|url=https://india60.com/mps/profile/dudhgaonkar-ganeshrao-nagorao|website=india60. com|accessdate=27 October 2019|language=en|date=27 October 2019}}</ref>
}}

'''Ganesh Nagorao Raut-Dudhagaonkar''' (born 9 September 1945) is an Indian politician from [[Parbhani]], [[Maharashtra]]. He was a member of the [[15th Lok Sabha]] of [[India]] representing [[Parbhani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parbhani]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web|title=Candidate info|url=https://myneta.info/ls2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=1968|website=My Neta|accessdate=27 October 2019|language=en|date=27 October 2019}}</ref> He was a member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] in 1980 and 1985, representing [[Basmath (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basmath]] and [[Jintur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jintur]], respectively. He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]], [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], and [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. Ahead of the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] he joined [[Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi]]. He defeated [[Suresh Warpudkar]], a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dudhgaonkar won election in 2009 |work=Maharashtra Times |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/-/articleshow/4541057.cms}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Dudhgaonkar married Sandhya Shridharrao Kadam on 2 June 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=Loksabha MP biodata|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4376|website=india.gov.in|accessdate=27 October 2019|language=en|date=27 October 2019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The couple has one son and one daughter. His son Sameer joined [[BJP]] in 2018.<ref>[http://www.uniindia.com/samir-dudhgaonkar-to-join-bjp/west/news/1535206.html "Dudhgaonkar to join BJP"] ''Uni India''. Accessed 26 March 2024.</ref> He completed his BA and LLB degrees. His wife, Sandhya, completed her education in Msc and Phd and is an associate professor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Management body|url=http://www.dnyanopasak.org.in/new/index.php/about-us/management-body|website=Dnyanopasak.org|accessdate=27 October 2019|language=en|date=27 October 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dudhgaonkar played a role in the development of [[Marathwada]]. He advocated for the construction of a canal for [[Jayakwadi Dam|Jayakwadi]] which stalled for 16 years. As a result, about 20 thousand hectares of land in Gangakhed, Palam and Loha talukas were deprived of irrigation. Due to the accumulation of silt in the dams in Marathwada, it was necessary to increase the height of the dams. He suggested that setting a deadline would speed the progress and launch a green revolution in [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]], [[Beed district|Beed]] and [[Latur district|Latur]] districts.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Recognizing the need for industrialization, Dudhgaonkar emphasized railway development. He suggested that development would be boosted if the Parli-Beed-Nagar route was expanded by doubling the railway tracks. He insisted that the curriculum of secondary-primary education should be on CBSE lines.
He proposed the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) concept for creating the Akola-Nanded and Nagar-Beed-Nanded national roads. He campaigned for the development of AIIMS specialty hospitals in the Marathwada area, highlighting the importance of locating in Parbhani, which he considered to be the state's epicenter. He advised the committee to make efforts for the Hajira to Nanded Gas Pipeline which benefit the Marathwada region.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Development must be done for railways, education and irrigation - Dudhgaonkar |work=Divya Marathi |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MAR-marathwada-development-must-says-dudhgaokar-2554455.html}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{15th LS members from Maharashtra}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dudhgaonkar, Ganeshrao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:People from Parbhani]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politicians from Marathwada]]

Roshan Singh Naorem

2026-03-31T18:47:34Z

OscarStell1647: Done!

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Western name order|Naorem Roshan Singh}}
{{Meitei name|Naorem|Roshan|Singh}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Roshan Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Roshan Singh Naorem
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|2|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Samurou]], [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| height = {{height|m=1.73}}
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|Left back]] / [[Midfielder#Winger|Winger]]
| currentclub = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| clubnumber = 32
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| years1 = 2017–2020
| clubs1 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
| caps1 = 18
| goals1 = 7
| years2 = 2017–2018
| clubs2 = → [[Indian Arrows]] (loan)
| caps2 = 3
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2019–
| clubs3 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| caps3 = 90
| goals3 = 2
| nationalyears1 = 2017
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps1 = 3
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalyears2 = 2022–
| nationalcaps2 = 17
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| club-update = 16:30, 18 March 2023 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 19:30, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{fb|IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[CAFA Nations Cup]]}}
{{Medal|3rd|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup|2025 Tajikistan–Uzbekistan]]|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup squads#India|Team]]}}
}}

'''Roshan Singh Naorem''' ({{langx|mni|Naorem Roshan Singh}}, born 2 February 1999) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|defender]] or [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] and the [[India national football team|India national team]].

==Club career==
In October 2017, it was announced that Roshan had joined [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]'s reserve team for the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru FC 'B' ready for inaugural season|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bengaluru-fc-b-ready-for-inaugural-season/articleshow/61053522.cms|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=Times of India|date=12 October 2017|archive-date=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131112049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bengaluru-fc-b-ready-for-inaugural-season/articleshow/61053522.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A month later, he was loaned to [[Indian Arrows]], an [[All India Football Federation]]-owned team that would consist of [[India national under-20 football team|India under-20]] players to allow them playing time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Matos Names 25-member Indian Arrows Squad for Hero I-league 2017–18|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8674|access-date=29 November 2017|work=The All India Football Federation|date=29 November 2017|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617024057/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8674|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his professional debut for the side 5 December 2017 against [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]], coming on as an 80th minute substitute for [[Edmund Lalrindika]] as Indian Arrows lost 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Arrows 0–2 Minerva Punjab|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/05/india/i-league/aiff-xi/india-minerva-fc/2683969/|website=Soccerway|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101135328/https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/05/india/i-league/aiff-xi/india-minerva-fc/2683969/|url-status=live}}</ref> Roshan was also part of the [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]] that participated in [[Bangalore Super Division]] league,<ref>{{cite news |title=Blue Colts rout Dream United to go top of BDFA Super Division |url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2019/bfc-b/blue-colts-rout-dream-united-go-top-bdfa-super-division |accessdate=28 December 2019 |work=BengaluruFC.com |date=10 December 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228034004/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2019/bfc-b/blue-colts-rout-dream-united-go-top-bdfa-super-division/ |archivedate=28 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportscafe.in/articles/football/2018/dec/27/bengaluru-fc-b-lifts-bdfa-super-division-trophy-by-beating-asc|title=Bengaluru FC B lifts BDFA Super Division Trophy by beating ASC|date=27 December 2018|website=sportscafe.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Defending Champions Bengaluru FC all set for BDFA Super Division League |url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2019/bfc-b/defending-champions-bengaluru-fc-set-bdfa-super-division-league/ |access-date=12 December 2019 |work=BengaluruFC.com |date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212133235/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2019/bfc-b/defending-champions-bengaluru-fc-set-bdfa-super-division-league/ |archive-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> where he also captained them.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=bengalurufc|title=Winger Naorem Roshan Singh will lead the 22-member Bengaluru FC team in the 2019 edition of the prestigious Durand Cup. |number=1156899838815920128|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=1 August 2019}}</ref>

Roshan was included in the senior team of [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] for the [[2019–20 Indian Super League]] season under coach [[Naushad Moosa]] but would split time between playing for the senior team and the B team in the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]. Roshan appeared as the left sided-midfielder where he showed glimpses of his talent during the [[2019 Durand Cup]] and appearance in the [[2019 AFC Cup]], where they bowed out of the group stages. His second season with Bengaluru would see him make his debut for the senior team in the [[Indian Super League]], and make 5 appearances in the [[2020 AFC Cup]].

Roshan entered his third season at Bengaluru as a full back, where he would play both left and right side due to his two-footed nature. He made 5 appearances in the [[2021 Durand Cup]] but Bengaluru would be eliminated in the semi-final stage by [[FC Goa|Goa]]. On 30 January 2022, he scored his first goal from a direct free-kick in the 56th minute as Bengaluru defeated 10-match unbeaten [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iftwc.com/roshan-singh-naorem-as-illuminating-as-his-name/|title=Roshan Singh Naorem – As illuminating as his name|first=Chetan|last=Anand|date=31 January 2022|access-date=24 March 2022|website=iftwc.com|publisher=Indian Football Team for World Cup|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201183713/https://iftwc.com/roshan-singh-naorem-as-illuminating-as-his-name/|archive-date=1 February 2022}}</ref> He would finish the season with a goal and 7 assists from 17 appearances from full-back position for the [[2021–22 Indian Super League]] season culminating in a national team call-up for friendlies against Bahrain and Belarus.

==International career==
In March 2022, Roshan was called up for the national squad by coach [[Igor Štimac]] ahead of [[India national football team|India]]'s two friendly matches against [[Bahrain national football team|Bahrain]] and [[Belarus national football team|Belarus]].<ref>{{cite news|title=7 new faces as Stimac names final list of 25 for friendlies in Bahrain|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/7-new-faces-as-stimac-names-final-list-of-25-for-friendlies-in-bahrain|access-date=21 March 2022|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|date=21 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323072947/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/7-new-faces-as-stimac-names-final-list-of-25-for-friendlies-in-bahrain|archive-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> He made his debut on 23 March against Bahrain in their 2–1 defeat, in which he assisted the goal.

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|18 March 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|roshan-singh/525731}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="4" |{{nowrap|[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]}}
|[[2017–18 I-League 2nd Division|2017–18]]
| rowspan="3" |[[I-League 2]]
|7||2||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||7||2
|-
|[[2018–19 I-League 2nd Division|2018–19]]
|8||5||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||8||5
|-
|[[2019–20 I-League 2nd Division|2019–20]]
|3||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||3||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!18
!7
!0
!0
!0
!0
!18
!7
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian Arrows]] (loan)
|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League]]
|3||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||3||0
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[2019–20 Bengaluru FC season|2019–20]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Indian Super League]]
|0||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0||1{{efn|name=statsAFCC|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Cup]]}}||0||4||0
|-
|{{nowrap|[[2020–21 Bengaluru FC season|2020–21]]}}
|2||0||0||0||1{{efn|name=statsAFCC}}||0||3||0
|-
|[[2021–22 Bengaluru FC season|2021–22]]
|17||1||5{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0||4{{efn|name=statsAFCC}}||0||26||1
|-
|[[2022–23 Bengaluru FC season|2022–23]]
|24||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||27||0
|-
|[[2023–24 Bengaluru FC season|2023–24]]
|20
|0
|0
|0
| colspan="2" |–
|20
|0
|-
|[[2024–25 Bengaluru FC season|2024–25]]
|28
|1
|0
|0
| colspan="2" |–
|28
|1
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!91!!2!!11!!0!!6!!0!!108!!2
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!112!!9!!11!!0!!6!!0!!129!!9
|}
{{notelist}}

=== International ===
{{updated|31 March 2026}}<ref name="NFTprofile">{{NFT|86837}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2022||7||0
|-
|2023||4||0
|-
|2024||2||0
|-
|2025||3||0
|-
|2026||1||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total!!17!!0
|}

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[Tri-Nation Series (India)|Tri-Nation Series]]: [[2023 Tri-Nation Series (India)|2023]]

'''Bengaluru'''
* [[Durand Cup]]: [[2022 Durand Cup|2022]]

'''Bengaluru FC B'''
*[[Bangalore Super Division]]: [[2018–19 Bangalore Super Division|2018–19]], [[2019–20 Bangalore Super Division|2019–20]]

'''Individual'''
* [[Indian Super League|Indian Super League Emerging Player of the Season]]: [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Standout performers: Hero ISL 2021-22 season awards |date=21 March 2022 |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/end-of-season-awards-2021-22-greg-stewart-named-hero-of-the-league-roshan-naorem-the-best-emerging-player |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=22 March 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322105100/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/end-of-season-awards-2021-22-greg-stewart-named-hero-of-the-league-roshan-naorem-the-best-emerging-player |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Global Sports Archive|roshan-singh/223432/}}
*[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/forward-36331-naorem-roshan-singh-profile Naorem Roshan Singh] at [[Indian Super League]]

{{Bengaluru FC squad}}
{{Indian Super League Emerging Player of the League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naorem Roshan Singh}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Imphal West district]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]

Devika Rani

2026-03-27T08:29:08Z

OscarStell1647: Created new bio

{{Short description|Indian actress (1908–1994)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Devika Rani
| native_name = দেবিকা রাণী
| image = Devika Rani in Nirmala (1938).jpg
| caption = Rani in ''[[Nirmala (1938 film)|Nirmala]]'' (1938)
| alt = Portrait of a woman smiling at the camera
| birth_name = Devika Rani Chaudhuri দেবিকা রাণী চৌধুরী
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1908|3|30}}
| birth_place = [[Visakhapatnam|Vizagapatam]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1994|3|9|1908|3|30}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| other_names = Devika Rani Roerich
| education = [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] [[Royal Academy of Music]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor|Actress]]|[[Textile design|textile designer]]|[[Fashion design|fashion designer]]}}
| years_active = 1928–1943
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Himanshu Rai]]|1929|1940|end=d}} {{marriage|[[Svetoslav Roerich]]|1945|1993|end=d}}
| relatives = [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]] (cousin) [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]] (uncle) [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (great-uncle)
| awards = [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], 1969
| honours = [[Padma Shri]], 1958
| signature = Devika Rani's signature.jpg
| signature_size = 220px
}}
'''Devika Rani Chaudhuri''' ({{IPA|bn|debika raɳi}}; 30 March 1908 – 9 March 1994), known [[Stage name| professionally]] as '''Devika Rani''' ({{langx|bn|দেবিকা রাণী}}), was an Indian actress who worked in [[Hindi cinema]]. Widely acknowledged as the First Lady of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], Devika Rani is regarded as one of the greatest actresses.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top heroines of Bollywood |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01/23 |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01/23 |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> She was the first recipient of the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] and was awarded the [[Padma Shri]]. One of the highest-paid actress of the 1930s and early 1940s, she appeared in ''[[Box Office India]]''{{'}}s "Top Actresses" list in 1940 and 1941.<ref>{{cite web |work=Box Office India |title=Top Actresses |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227120846/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-date=27 December 2012 |access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref>

Born into a wealthy, anglicized Indian family, Devika Rani was sent to boarding school in England at age nine and grew up in that country. In 1928, she met [[Himanshu Rai]], an Indian film-producer, and married him the following year. She assisted in costume design and art direction for Rai's experimental silent film ''[[A Throw of Dice]]'' (1929).{{efn|name=dice|''A Throw of Dice'' was alternately known as ''Prapancha Pash'' in India.<ref>{{cite web |last=Papamichael |first=Stella |title=A Throw Of Dice (Prapancha Pash) (2007) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/08/27/a_throw_of_dice_2007_review.shtml |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=24 August 2007 |access-date=29 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315011751/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/08/27/a_throw_of_dice_2007_review.shtml |archive-date=15 March 2015}}</ref>}} Both of them then went to Germany and received training in film-making at [[UFA Studios]] in [[Berlin]]. Rai then cast himself as hero and her as heroine in his next production, the bilingual film ''[[Karma (1933 film)|Karma]]'', made simultaneously in English and Hindi. The film premiered in England in 1933, elicited interest there for a prolonged kissing scene featuring the real-life couple, and flopped badly in India. The couple returned to Bombay, India in 1934, where Himanshu Rai established a production studio, [[Bombay Talkies]], in partnership with certain other people. They changed their studio name. The studio produced several successful films over the next 5–6 years in that time of period, and Devika Rani played the lead role in many of them. Her on-screen pairing with [[Ashok Kumar]] became popular in India.

Following Rai's death in 1940, Devika Rani took control of the studio and produced some more films in partnership with her late husband's associates, namely [[Sashadhar Mukherjee]] and [[Ashok Kumar]]. As she was to recollect in her old age, the films which she supervised tended to flop or be more average hits, while the films supervised by the partners tended to be hits. In 1945, she retired from films, married the Russian painter [[Svetoslav Roerich]] and moved to his estate on the outskirts of Bangalore, thereafter leading a very reclusive life for the next five decades. Her persona, no less than her film roles, were considered socially unconventional. Her awards include the [[Padma Shri]] (1958), [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (1969) and the Soviet Land Nehru Award (1990).
{{TOC limit|2}}

==Background and education==
Devika Rani was born as Devika Rani Choudhury on 30 March 1908 in [[Visakhapatnam|Vizagapatam]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day Visakhapatnam, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India), into an extremely affluent and educated [[Bengali people|Bengali]] family, the daughter of Col. Dr. Manmathnath Choudhury by his wife Leela Devi Choudhury.

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-11643, Rabindranath Tagore.jpg|200px|thumb|right| Rabindranath Tagore in 1931 with Devika Rani and Himanshu Rai]]

Devika's father, [[Colonel]] Manmatha Nath Chaudhuri, scion of a large landowning ''[[zamindar]]i'' family, was the first Indian Surgeon-General of [[Madras Presidency]]. Devika's paternal grandfather, Durgadas Choudhury, was the ''[[Zamindar]]'' (landlord) of [[Chatmohar Upazila]] of [[Pabna]] district of present-day [[Bangladesh]]. Her paternal grandmother, Sukumari Devi (wife of Durgadas), was a sister of the nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref>{{cite web |title=B-town women who dared! |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/photos-cinema/btownwomenwhodared/Article4-443599.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429080601/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/photos-cinema/btownwomenwhodared/Article4-443599.aspx |archive-date=29 April 2014}}</ref>{{Sfn|Erik|1980|p=93}}<ref name=pib>{{cite web |title=Devika Rani |url=http://pib.nic.in/prs/iffi2007/birth.pdf |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |access-date=8 April 2014 |page=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202142941/http://pib.nic.in/prs/iffi2007/birth.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> Devika's father had five brothers, all of them distinguished in their own fields, mainly law, medicine and literature. They were [[Knighthood|Sir]] Ashutosh Chaudhuri, Chief Justice of [[Calcutta High Court]] during the [[British Raj]]; Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri and Kumudnath Chaudhuri, both prominent [[Kolkata]]-based [[barrister]]s; [[Pramatha Chaudhuri|Pramathanath Choudhary]], the famous [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer, and Dr. Suhridnath Chaudhuri, a noted medical practitioner.<ref name=Samar>{{cite news |last=Paul |first=Samar |title=Pramatha Chaudhury's home: Our responsibility |url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/old/more.php?news_id=123723&date=2012-03-17 |access-date=8 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=17 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408223221/http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/old/more.php?news_id=123723&date=2012-03-17 |archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> The future [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]], [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]], was Devika's first cousin: their fathers were brothers to each other.

Devika's mother, Leela Devi Choudhury, also came from an equally educated family and was a niece of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Thus, Devika Rani was related through both her parents to the poet and [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Laureate]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Her father, Manmathnath Choudhury, was the son of Sukumari Devi Choudhury, sister of Rabindranath Tagore. Devika's mother, Leela Devi Chaudhuri, was the daughter of Indumati Devi Chattopadhyay, whose mother Saudamini Devi Gangopadhyay was another sister of the Nobel laureate. Thus, Devika's father and maternal grandmother were first cousins to each other, being the children of two sisters of Rabindranath Tagore.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/families/tagore.html |title=Tagore family |access-date=9 December 2014 |archive-date=13 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513104618/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/families/tagore.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nor was this all: Two of Devika's uncles (Chief Justice [[Knighthood|Sir]] Ashutosh and Pramathanath) were married to their first cousins (mother's brother's daughters), the nieces of Rabindranath Tagore: Prativa Devi Choudhury, wife of Sir Ashutosh Choudhury, was the daughter of Hemendranath Tagore, and Indira Devi Choudhury, wife of Pramathanath Choudhury, was the daughter of Satyendranath Tagore.<ref>[http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/families/tagore.html Tagore family] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024064411/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/families/tagore.html |date=24 October 2014 }}</ref> Devika thus had extremely strong family ties to [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari|Jarasanko]], seat of the Tagore family in Kolkata and a major crucible of the [[Bengali Renaissance]].

Devika Rani was sent to boarding school in England at the age of nine, and grew up there. After completing her schooling in the mid-1920s,{{Sfn|Rogowski|2010|p=168}} she enrolled in the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] (RADA) and the [[Royal Academy of Music]] in [[London]] to study acting and music.{{Sfn|Erik|1980|p=93}}<ref name=Roerich>{{cite web |title=Devika Rani Roerich |url=http://www.roerich.kar.nic.in/devika_rani.htm |publisher=Roerich & DevikaRani Roerich Estate Board, [[Government of Karnataka]] |access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> She also enrolled for courses in [[architecture]], textile and decor design, and even apprenticed under [[Elizabeth Arden]]. All of these courses, each of them a few months long, were completed by 1927, and Devika Rani then took up a job in textile design.{{Sfn|Ghosh|1995|pp=28–29}}

==Career==
In 1928, Devika Rani first met her future husband, [[Himanshu Rai]], an Indian barrister-turned-film maker, who was in London preparing to shoot his forthcoming film ''[[A Throw of Dice]]''.{{efn|name=dice}}<ref name=Roerich />{{Sfn|Ghosh|1995|p=29}} Rai was impressed with Devika's "exceptional skills" and invited her to join the production team of the film, although not as an actress.<ref name=independent>{{cite news |last=Varma |first=Madhulika |title=Obituary: Devika Rani |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-devika-rani-1431657.html |access-date=8 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=26 March 1994 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409002007/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-devika-rani-1431657.html |archive-date=9 April 2014}}</ref> She readily agreed, assisting him in areas such as costume designing and art direction.{{Sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=545}} The two also traveled to Germany for the post-production work, where she had occasion to observe the film-making techniques of the [[Weimar culture#Cinema|German film industry]], specifically of [[G. W. Pabst]] and [[Fritz Lang]].<ref name=independent /> Inspired by their methods of film-making, she enrolled for a short film-making course at [[Universum Film AG]] studio in [[Berlin]].<ref name=independent /> Devika Rani learnt various aspects of film-making and also took a special course in film acting.<ref name=Roerich /> Around this time, they both acted in a play together, for which they received many accolades in Switzerland and the [[Scandinavian countries]]. During this time she was also trained in the production unit of [[Max Reinhardt]], an Austrian theatre director.{{Sfn|Patel|2012|p=19}}

In 1929, shortly after the release of ''A Throw of Dice'', Devika Rani and Himanshu Rai were married.<ref name=independent /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210412171212/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/himanshu-rai-the-boss-of-bombay-talkies-and-his-two-wives/story-EZoFBFqkAZBIwPwwZJHRXI.html Himanshu Rai — The boss of Bombay Talkies and his two wives]</ref>

===Acting debut===
[[File:Devika Rani Himanshu Rai Kiss.jpg|thumb|Devika Rani kissing [[Himanshu Rai]] in ''[[Karma (1933 film)|Karma]]'' (1933).|alt=Devika Rani is seen sharing a full-mouth kiss with Himanshu Rai, with the former lying on the top.]]
[[File:Devika Rani in Vachan (1938).jpg|thumb|Devika Rani in ''[[Vachan (1938 film)|Vachan]]'' (1938)]]
Devika and Himanshu Rai returned to India, where Himanshu produced a film titled ''[[Karma (1933 film)|Karma]]'' (1933). The film was his first talkie, and like his previous films, it was a joint production between people from India, Germany and the United Kingdom. Rai, who played the lead role, decided to cast Devika Rani as the female lead, and this marked her acting debut. ''Karma'' is credited as having been the first [[English language]] talkie made by an Indian. It was one of the earliest Indian films to feature a kissing scene.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news |title=Karma 1933 |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/10/stories/2009011051430600.htm |access-date=13 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225746/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/10/stories/2009011051430600.htm |archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> The kissing scene, involving Himanshu Rai and Devika Rani, lasted for about four minutes,{{Sfn|Jaikumar|2006|p=229}} and eighty years later, this stands as the record for duration of a kissing scene in Indian cinema as of 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barrass |first=Natalie |title=In bed with Bollywood: sex and censorship in Indian cinema |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/apr/14/bollywood-sex-censorship-indian-cinema |access-date=28 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429001241/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/apr/14/bollywood-sex-censorship-indian-cinema |archive-date=29 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=Priyanka>{{cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Priyanka |title=India's longest kissing scene clips in Paoli film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news-interviews/Indias-longest-kissing-scene-clips-in-Paoli-film/articleshow/12934783.cms |access-date=28 April 2014 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425045146/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news-interviews/Indias-longest-kissing-scene-clips-in-Paoli-film/articleshow/12934783.cms |archive-date=25 April 2014}}</ref> Devika Rani also sang a song in the film, a bi-lingual song in English and Hindi. This song is said to be [[Bollywood]]'s first English song.{{Sfn|Ranchan|2014|p=42}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Chakravarty |first=Riya |title=Indian cinema@100: 40 Firsts in Indian cinema |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/indian-cinema-100-40-firsts-in-indian-cinema-362362 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=6 May 2014 |date=3 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504160827/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/indian-cinema-100-40-firsts-in-indian-cinema-362362 |archive-date=4 May 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Devika Rani in Anjaan (1941).jpg|thumb|Devika in [[Anjaan (1941 film)|''Anjaan'']] (1941)]]
Made simultaneously in both English and Hindi, ''Karma'' premiered in London in May 1933. Alongside a special screening for the [[House of Windsor|Royal family]] at Windsor, the film was well received throughout Europe.<ref name=karma /> Devika Rani's performance was internationally acclaimed as she won "rave reviews" in the [[Media in London|London media]].<ref name=independent /> A critic from ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' noted Devika Rani for her "beauty" and "charm" while also crediting her to be a "potential star of the first magnitude".<ref name=karma>{{cite news |title=Pathbreaker by Karma |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/pathbreaker-by-karma/article654996.ece |access-date=13 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 January 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413130953/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/pathbreaker-by-karma/article654996.ece |archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> Following the release of the film, she was invited by the [[BBC]] to enact a role in their first ever television broadcast in Britain in 1933. She also inaugurated the company's first short wave radio transmission to India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top heroines of Bollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=13 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107043308/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever/23/7051.html |archive-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> In spite of its success in England, ''Karma'' did not interest Indian audiences and turned out be a failure in India when it was released in Hindi as ''Nagin Ki Ragini'' in early 1934. However, the film received good critical response and helped Devika Rani establish herself as a leading actress in Indian cinema. Indian independence activist and poet [[Sarojini Naidu]] called her a "lovely and gifted little lady".<ref name=karma />

===Bombay Talkies===
After the critical success of ''Karma'', the couple returned to India in 1934. Although the Hindi version of the film, released in India in 1934, flopped without a trace, Himanshu Rai had established the required networks in Europe, and was able to start a film studio named [[Bombay Talkies]], partnering with [[Niranjan Pal]], a Bengali playwright and screenwriter who he had met previously in London<ref name=pib /> and [[Franz Osten]], who directed several of Rai's films.{{Sfn|Manjapra|2014|p=239}}

Upon inception, [[Bombay Talkies]] was one of the "best-equipped" film studios in the country. The studio would serve as a launch pad for future actors including [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Leela Chitnis]], [[Madhubala]], [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Ashok Kumar]] and [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]].<ref name=dc>{{cite news |last=Kohli |first=Suresh |title=Indian cinema's prima donna |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/199810/indian-cinemas-prima-donna.html |access-date=15 April 2014 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=15 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416205722/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/199810/indian-cinemas-prima-donna.html |archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref> The studio's first film ''Jawani Ki Hawa'' (1935), a [[crime thriller]],{{Sfn|Hardy|1997|p=180}} starring Devika Rani and Najm-ul-Hassan, was shot fully on a train.<ref name=independent />

===Elopement===
Najm-ul-Hassan was also Devika's co-star in the studio's next venture, ''[[Jeevan Naiya]].'' The two co-stars developed a romantic relationship, and during the shooting schedule of ''Jeevan Naiya,'' Devika eloped with Hassan. Himanshu was both enraged and distraught. Since the leading pair were absent, production was stalled. A significant portion of the movie had been shot and a large sum of money, which had been taken as credit from financers, had been spent. The studio therefore suffered severe financial losses and a loss of credit among bankers in the city while the runaway couple made merry.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

[[Sashadhar Mukherjee]], an assistant sound-engineer at the studio, had a brotherly bond with Devika Rani because both of them were [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] and spoke [[Bengali language|that language]] with each other. He established contact with the runaway couple and managed to convince Devika Rani to return to her husband. In the India of that era, divorce was legally almost impossible and women who eloped were regarded as no better than prostitutes and were shunned by their own families. In her heart of hearts, Devika Rani knew that she could not secure a divorce or marry Hassan under any circumstances. She negotiated with her husband through the auspices of Sashadhar Mukherjee, seeking the separation of her finances from those of her husband as a condition for her return. Henceforth, she would be paid separately for working in his films, but he would be required to single-handedly pay the household expenses for the home in which both of them would live. Himanshu agreed to this, in order to save face in society and to prevent his studio from going bankrupt. Devika Rani returned to her marital home. However, things would never be the same between husband and wife again, and it is said that thenceforth, their relationship was largely confined to work and little or no intimacy transpired between them after this episode.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

Despite the additional expense involved in re-shooting many portions of the film, Himanshu Rai replaced Najm-ul-Hassan with [[Ashok Kumar]], who was the brother of [[Sashadhar Mukherjee]]'s wife, as the hero of ''Jeevan Naiya.'' This marked the debut, improbable as it may seem, of Ashok Kumar's six-decade-long career in Hindi films. Najm-ul-Hassan was dismissed from his job at Bombay Talkies (this was the period in which actors and actresses were paid regular monthly salaries by one specific film studio and could not work in any other studio). His reputation as a dangerous cad established, he could not find work in any other studio. His career was ruined and he sank into obscurity.{{Sfn|Manṭo|2003|pp=244–245}}

===Golden era of Bombay Talkies===
[[File:Devika Rani et Ashok Kumar dans Achhut Kanya (1936).jpg|thumb|200x200px|Rani with her frequent co-star [[Ashok Kumar]], in ''[[Achhut Kannya]]'' (1936).]]
''[[Achhut Kannya]]'' (1936), the studio's next production was a tragedy drama that had Devika Rani and Ashok Kumar portraying the roles of an [[Untouchability|untouchable]] girl and a [[Brahmin]] boy who fall in love.{{Sfn|Manjapra|2014|p=270}} The film is considered a "landmark" in Indian cinema as it challenged the [[Caste system in India|caste system in the country]]. The casting of Devika Rani was considered a mismatch as her looks did not match the role of a poor untouchable girl by virtue of her "upper-class upbringing".{{Sfn|Majumdar|2009|p=88}} However, her pairing with Ashok Kumar became popular and they went on to star in as many as ten films together with most of them being Bombay Talkies productions.<ref name=independent />{{Sfn|Manjapra|2014|p=270}}

In the 1930s, Bombay Talkies produced several women-centric films with Devika Rani playing the lead role in all of them. In majority of the films produced by the studio, she was paired opposite Ashok Kumar, who was "overshadowed" by her.{{Sfn|Manjapra|2014|p=271}} ''[[Jeevan Prabhat]]'', released in 1937, saw a role-reversal between Devika Rani and Ashok Kumar—she played a higher-caste Brahmin woman who is mistaken by society of having an extra-marital affair with an untouchable man. Her next release ''[[Izzat (1937 film)|Izzat]]'' (1937), based on ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', was set in the medieval period and depicted two lovers belonging to enemy clans of a Maratha empire.{{Sfn|Manjapra|2014|p=270}} ''Nirmala'', released in the following year, dealt with the plight of a child-less woman who is told by an astrologer to abandon her husband to ensure successful pregnancy.{{Sfn|Manjapra|2014|p=270}} In ''[[Vachan (film)|Vachan]]'', her second release of the year, she played a [[Rajput]] princess.{{Sfn|Patel|2012|p=23}} ''[[Durga (1939 film)|Durga]]'', her only release in 1939, was a romantic drama that told the story of an orphaned girl and a village doctor, played by Ashok Kumar.<ref name=independent />{{Sfn|Baghdadi|Rao|1995|p=353}}

===Widowhood and studio decline===
Following the death of Rai in 1940, there was a rift between two parties of the Bombay Talkies led by Mukherjee and [[Amiya Chakravarty (director)|Amiya Chakravarty]].{{Sfn|Patel|2012|p=27}} Devika Rani assumed principal responsibility and took over the studio along with Mukherjee. In 1941, she produced and acted in ''[[Anjaan (1941 film)|Anjaan]]'' co-starring Ashok Kumar. In the subsequent years, she produced two successful films under the studio—''[[Basant (film)|Basant]]'' and ''[[Kismet (1943 film)|Kismet]]. Kismet'' (1943) contained anti-British messages (India was under British rule at that time) and turned out to be a "record-breaking" film.{{Sfn|Patel|2012|p=24}} Devika Rani made her last film appearance in ''[[Hamari Baat]]'' (1943), which had Raj Kapoor playing a small role.

She handpicked newcomer [[Dilip Kumar]] for a role in ''[[Jwar Bhata (1944 film)|Jwar Bhata]]'' (1944), produced by her on behalf of the studio. An internal politics that arose in the studio led prominent personalities including Mukherjee and Ashok Kumar to part ways with her and set up a new studio called [[Filmistan]].{{Sfn|Patel|2012|p=24}} Due to lack of support and interest, she decided to quit the film industry. In an interview to journalist Raju Bharatan, she mentioned that her idea of not willing to compromise on "artistic values" of film-making as one of the major reasons for her quitting the industry.{{Sfn|Patel|2012|pp=24–25}}

== Personal life ==
Following her retirement from films, Devika Rani married Russian painter [[Svetoslav Roerich]], son of Russian artist [[Nicholas Roerich]], in 1945. After marriage, the couple moved to [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] where they got acquainted with the [[Nehru - Feroze Gandhi family|Nehru family]]. During her stay in Manali, Devika Rani made a few documentaries on wildlife. After staying in Manali for some years, they moved to [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], and settled there managing an export company.{{Sfn|Patel|2012|p=25}} The couple bought a {{Convert|450|acre|m2}} estate on the outskirts of the city and led a solitary life for the remainder of their lives.<ref name=independent/><ref name=navhindtimes>{{cite news |last=Kharegat |first=Pheroze |title=The Sad Saga of Roerich Treasures |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/sad-saga-roerich-treasures |access-date=15 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Navhind Times]] |date=20 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416192630/http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/sad-saga-roerich-treasures |archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>

== Death ==
She died of [[bronchitis]] on 9 March 1994—a year after Roerich died—in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rediff Special/M D Riti |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/oct/04spec.htm |access-date=28 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020073206/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/oct/04spec.htm |archive-date=20 October 2012 |date=4 October 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Devika Rani Roerich |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19940311&id=SjIcAAAAIBAJ&pg=3370,289179 |access-date=28 April 2014 |newspaper=[[Sarasota Herald-Tribune]] |date=11 March 1994}}</ref> At her funeral, Devika Rani was given full state honors.{{Sfn|Kaur|2013|p=12}} Following her death, the estate was on litigation for many years as the couple had no legal claimants; Devika Rani remained childless throughout her life. In August 2011, the [[Government of Karnataka]] acquired the estate after the [[Supreme Court of India]] passed the verdict in favour of them.<ref name=navhindtimes /><ref>{{cite news |title=Roerichs' Tataguni estate to get a new life |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Roerichs-Tataguni-estate-to-get-a-new-life/articleshow/30644059.cms |access-date=15 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 February 2014 |author=Rohith B. R. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221081251/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Roerichs-Tataguni-estate-to-get-a-new-life/articleshow/30644059.cms |archive-date=21 February 2014}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Devika Rani 2011 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Devika Rani on a 2011 stamp of India]]
Devika Rani was called the first lady of Indian cinema.<ref name=dc/>{{Sfn|Rogowski|2010|p=169}}{{Sfn|Rishi|2012|p=98}} She is credited for being one of the earliest personalities who took the position of Indian cinema to [[World cinema|global standards]].{{Sfn|Manjapra|2014|pp=258}} Her films were mostly tragic romantic dramas that contained social themes.{{Sfn|Manjapra|2014|p=271}} The roles played by her in films of Bombay Talkies usually involved in romantic relationship with men who were unusual for the social norms prevailing in the society at that time, mainly for their caste background or community identity.{{Sfn|Manjapra|2014|p=270}} Rani was highly influenced by the German cinema by virtue of her training at the UFA Studios;{{Sfn|Rogowski|2010|p=169}} Although she was influenced by German actress [[Marlene Dietrich]],<ref name=dc/> her acting style was compared to [[Greta Garbo]],{{Sfn|Kaur|2013|p=12}} thus leading to Devika Rani being named the "Indian Garbo".{{Sfn|Imprint|1973|p=31}}<ref>{{cite news |title=The Indian Garbo |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/the-indian-garbo/article1-6374.aspx |access-date=29 April 2014 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=30 May 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429190734/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/the-indian-garbo/article1-6374.aspx |archive-date=29 April 2014}}</ref>

Rani's attire, both in films and sometimes in real life, were considered "risque" at that time.{{Sfn|Manjapra|2014|pp=270–271}} In his book ''Bless You Bollywood!: A tribute to Hindi Cinema on completing 100 years'', Tilak Rishi mentions that Devika Rani was known as the "Dragon Lady" for her "smoking, drinking, cursing and hot temper".{{Sfn|Rishi|2012|p=112}} In 1958, the [[Government of India]] honoured Devika Rani with a [[Padma Shri]], the country's fourth highest civilian honour. She became the first ever recipient of the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], the country's highest award for films, when it was instituted in 1969.{{Sfn|Kaur|2013|p=12}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Dadasaheb Phalke Awards |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/dadasahebphalke.asp |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=14 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427193700/http://dff.nic.in/dadasahebphalke.asp |archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> In 1990, [[Soviet Russia]] honoured her with the "Soviet Land Nehru Award".<ref>{{cite web |title=Eye catchers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19900215-ravi-shankar-enthralls-audience-at-indian-music-groups-annual-festival-in-bombay-812334-1990-02-14 |work=[[India Today]] |date=15 February 1990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004331/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ravi-shankar-enthralls-audience-at-indian-music-groups-annual-festival-in-bombay/1/314831.html |archive-date=2 May 2014}}</ref> A postage stamp commemorating her life was released by the [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]] in February 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stamps 2011 |url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2011.aspx |publisher=Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications & Information Technology (India) |access-date=14 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518083952/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2011.aspx |archive-date=18 May 2012}}</ref> In 2020, [[Kishwar Desai]] published a book titled ''[[The Longest Kiss: The Life and Times of Devika Rani]]'', which sheds light on Devika Rani's professional accomplishments and her personal misfortunes.<ref>[https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2020/12/22/the-longest-kiss-kishwar-desai-devika-rani-biography.html "'The Longest Kiss' sheds light on Devika Rani's life kept away from world"]. ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-longest-kiss-the-life-and-times-of-devika-rani-by-kishwar-desai-101629463941946.html "Review: The Longest Kiss; The Life and Times of Devika Rani by Kishwar Desai"]. ''[[Hindustan Times]]''. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2022.</ref>

==Filmography==
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Karma (1933 film)|Karma]]'' (1933)
* ''[[Jawani Ki Hawa]]'' (1935)
* Mamta Aur Mian Biwi (1936)
* ''[[Jeevan Naiya]]'' (1936)
* ''[[Janmabhoomi (1936 film)|Janmabhoomi]]'' (1936)
* Achhoot Kannya (1936)
* ''[[Savitri (1937 film)|Savitri]]'' (1937)
* ''[[Jeevan Prabhat]]'' (1937)
* ''[[Izzat (1937 film)|Izzat]]'' (1937)
* ''[[Prem Kahani (1937 film)|Prem Kahani]]'' (1937)
* ''[[Nirmala (1938 film)|Nirmala]]'' (1938)
* ''[[Vachan (1938 film)|Vachan]]'' (1938)
* Durga (1939)
* ''[[Anjaan (1941 film)|Anjaan]]'' (1941)
* ''[[Hamari Baat]]'' (1943)
{{colend}}

==Family tree==
{{main|Tagore_family#Family_tree}}

== See also ==
* [[Leela Chitnis]]
* [[List of Hindi film actresses#1930s|List of Hindi film actresses of the 1930s]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |last1=Baghdadi |first1=Rafique |last2=Rao |first2=Rajiv |title=Talking films |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OalZAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Indus |isbn=978-81-7223-197-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Erik |first=Barnouw |title=Indian film |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_cKAQAAMAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated |isbn=978-0-19-502682-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Nabendu |title=Ashok Kumar: His Life and Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dB1lAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Indus |isbn=978-81-7223-218-4}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Gulzar |last2=Nihalani |first2=Govind |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Saibal |author-link1=Gulzar |author2-link=Govind Nihalani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC |year=2003 |chapter=Biographies |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=81-7991-066-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Hardy |first=Phil |title=The BFI Companion to Crime |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLm-dlJ-fLAC |year=1997 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-21538-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Jaikumar |first=Priya |title=Cinema at the End of Empire: A Politics of Transition in Britain and India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pq_kryQIkQkC |year=2006 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=0-8223-3793-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Kaur |first=Simren |title=Fin Feather and Field |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5P8EznCsooC |year=2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-0066-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Neepa |title=Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s-1950s |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdM2Ben3alIC |year=2009 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09178-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Manjapra |first=Kris |title=Age of Entanglement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8YXAgAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72631-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Manṭo |first=Saʻādat Ḥasan |title=Black Margins: Stories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dip_nMXIsiUC |year=2003 |publisher=Katha |isbn=978-81-87649-40-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Patel |first=Bhaichand |title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC |year=2012 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08572-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Ranchan |first=Vijay |title=Story of a Bollywood Song |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3h2AgAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |id=GGKEY:9E306RZQTQ7}}
*{{cite book |last=Rishi |first=Tilak |title=Bless You Bollywood!: A tribute to Hindi Cinema on completing 100 years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWlYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT112 |year=2012 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1-4669-3962-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Rogowski |first=Christian |title=The Many Faces of Weimar Cinema: Rediscovering Germany's Filmic Legacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eR-H75ZxHnUC&pg=PA169 |year=2010 |publisher=Camden House |isbn=978-1-57113-429-5}}
*{{cite journal |title=1973 imprint |journal=Imprint |year=1973 |volume=13 |issue=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjoZAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Business Press |ref={{harvid|Imprint|1973}}}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|id=0710151|name=Devika Rani}}

{{Tagore family}}
{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}

{{authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rani, Devika}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Tagore family]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:People from Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Kaushal

2026-03-26T14:37:39Z

OscarStell1647: creating a data more to come!

{{Infobox given name
| name = Kaushal
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| gender = Male
| meaning = Clever<ref name="Navarro2015">{{cite book|author=Yvonne Navarro|title=First Name Reverse Dictionary: Given Names Listed by Meaning, 2d ed.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQsyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA223|accessdate=30 April 2019|date=24 January 2015|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0996-6|pages=223–}}</ref>
| region = [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Nepal]]
| language = [[Sanskrit]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]]
| origin =
| alternative spelling =
| nickname =
| variant forms =
| related names =
| name day =
| derived =
| languageorigin =
| variant = Kushal<ref>{{cite web | last1=Sharma | first1=Mahesh | title=INDIAN BABY NAMES: Baby Names | date=9 May 2015 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5UkCQAAQBAJ&dq=kushal+name+india&pg=PT60 }}</ref>
| shortform =
| petname =
| cognate =
| derivative =
| seealso =
| popularity =
| footnotes =
| wikt =
}}
'''Kaushal''' is a [[Hindu]] given name and surname common in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Nepal]].

== List of people ==
===Given name===
* [[Kaushal Acharjee]], Indian cricketer
* [[Kaushal Inamdar]], Indian singer
* [[Kaushal Kishore (politician)|Kaushal Kishore]], Indian politician
* [[Kaushal Lokuarachchi]], Sri Lankan cricketer
* [[Kaushal Silva]], Sri Lankan cricketer
* [[Kaushal Singh]], Indian cricketer
* [[Kaushal Kumar Verma]], Indian mathematician
* [[Kaushal Yadav (soldier)]], Indian military commander

=== Surname ===
* [[Alka Kaushal]], Indian actress
* [[Avdhash Kaushal]], human rights activist
* [[Kamini Kaushal]], Indian Actress
* [[Jagannath Kaushal]], Indian politician
* [[Raj Kaushal]], Indian director
* [[Swaraj Kaushal]], Indian politician and lawyer
* [[Swati Kaushal]], Indian author
* [[Tharindu Kaushal]], Sri Lankan cricketer
* [[Vicky Kaushal]], Indian actor

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{given name|type=both}}
[[Category:Hindu given names]]
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language surnames]]

Youth in India

2026-03-26T08:47:42Z

OscarStell1647: done

{{Short description|Overview of the youths in India}}
[[File:47 Raika School - eating together (3384824242).jpg|thumb|School lunch at Raika Primary School in [[Gujarat]]]]
[[India]] is the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|most populated]] country in the world with nearly a fifth of the [[World population|world's population]]. According to {{UN Population|source}} the population stood at {{UN Population|India}}.

India has more than 50% of its population below the age of 25 and more than 65% below the age of 35. In 2020, the average age of an Indian is 29 years, compared to 37 for China and 48 for Japan. By 2030, India's [[dependency ratio]] will be just over 0.4.<ref>{{cite news|last=Basu |first=Kaushik |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6911544.stm |title=India's demographic dividend |work=BBC News|date=25 July 2007 |access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref> However, the number of [[children in India]] peaked more than a decade ago and is now falling. The number of children under the age of five peaked in 2007 and the number of Indians under 15 years old peaked in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's population growth will come to an end: the number of children has already peaked|url=https://ourworldindata.org/indias-population-growth-will-come-to-an-end|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Our World in Data|date=15 January 2019 |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah }}</ref>

There are significant issues affecting young people around [[education in India|education]]. Other persistent problems include [[child labour in India|child labour]], [[malnutrition in India|malnutrition]], [[street children in India|street children]], [[child marriage in India|child marriage]], and [[child trafficking in India|child trafficking]].

==Education==
[[File:Indian Preschool.jpg|thumbnail|Indian Pre-Primary School children (Divine Orchids International Preschool, [[Jawhar]])]]
[[File:वाजेघर अंगणवाडी, वेल्हे, पुणे.jpg|thumbnail|Anganwadi centre at Velhe, Pune district, 2019]]
{{Main|Education in India|Literacy in India}}
{{See also|Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009}}
As per the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2012, 96.5% of all rural children between the ages of 6-14 were enrolled in school. This is the fourth annual survey to report enrollment above 96%. India has maintained an average enrolment ratio of 95% for students in this age group from year 2007 to 2014. As an outcome the number of students in the age group 6-14 who are not enrolled in school has come down to 2.8% in the year academic year 2018 (ASER 2018).<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://img.asercentre.org/docs/ASER%202018/Release%20Material/aserreport2018.pdf|title=ASER-2018 RURAL, Annual Status of Education Report (Rural)|publisher=ASER Centre|year=2019|isbn=9789385203015|location=India|pages=47}}</ref> Another report from 2013 stated that there were 229 million students enrolled in different accredited urban and rural schools of India, from Class I to XII, representing an increase of 23 lakh students over 2002 total enrolment, and a 19% increase in girl's enrolment.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Enrolment-in-schools-rises-14-to-23-crore/articleshow/18123554.cms Enrollment in schools rises 14% to 23 crore] The Times of India (22 January 2013)</ref> While quantitatively India is inching closer to universal education, the quality of its education has been questioned particularly in its government run school system. While more than 95 percent of children attend primary school, just 40 percent of Indian adolescents attend secondary school (Grades 9–12).
Since 2000, the World Bank has committed over $2 billion to education in India. Some of the reasons for the poor quality include absence of around 25% of teachers every day.<ref>Sharath Jeevan & James Townsend, [http://www.ssireview.org/blog/entry/teachers_are_a_solution_to_education_reform_in_india Teachers: A Solution to Education Reform in India] Stanford Social Innovation Review (17 July 2013)</ref> States of India have introduced tests and education assessment system to identify and improve such schools.<ref>B.P. Khandelwal, [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001398/139804e.pdf Examinations and test systems at school level in India] UNESCO, pages 100-114</ref>

[[File:Government_Primary_School,Kharwada_Amona_Bicholim_Goa.jpg|thumb|School children reading books in government primary school library, in [[Goa]]]]
The primary education in India is divided into two parts, namely Lower Primary (Class I-IV) and Upper Primary (Middle school, Class V-VIII). The Indian government lays emphasis on primary education ( Class I-VIII ) also referred to as elementary education, to children aged 6 to 14 years old.<ref name="Blackwell93-94">Blackwell, 93–94</ref> Because education laws are given by the states, duration of primary school visit alters between the Indian states. The Indian government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that the children do not enter unsafe working conditions.<ref name="Blackwell93-94" /> However, both free education and the ban on child labour are difficult to enforce due to economic disparity and social conditions.<ref name="Blackwell93-94" /> 80% of all recognised schools at the elementary stage are government run or supported, making it the largest provider of education in the country.<ref name="dise.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.dise.in/ar2005.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231235835/http://www.dise.in/ar2005.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2008 |access-date=8 February 2016 |title=DISE--District Information System for Education }}</ref>

However, due to a shortage of resources and lack of political will, this system suffers from massive gaps including high pupil to teacher ratios, shortage of infrastructure and poor levels of teacher training. Figures released by the Indian government in 2011 show that there were 5,816,673 elementary school teachers in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dise.in/Downloads/Publications/Publications%202009-10/Flash%20Statistics%202009-10.pdf|title=flashstatistics2009-10.pdf|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> {{as of|2012|March|}} there were 2,127,000 secondary school teachers in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/RPE-2010-11.pdf |title=Report to the People on Education 2010-11 |author=Ministry of Human Resource Development |location=New Delhi |date=March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417135724/http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/RPE-2010-11.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2012 |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
Education has also been made free<ref name="Blackwell93-94"/> for children for 6 to 14 years of age or up to class VIII under the [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act]] 2009.<ref name="education.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://education.nic.in/Elementary/free%20and%20compulsory.pdf |title=The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act |author=Ministry of Law and Justice (Legislative Department) |date=27 August 2009 |access-date=8 February 2016 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919172506/http://education.nic.in/Elementary/free%20and%20compulsory.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2009 }}</ref>

The National Sample Survey Organisation and the National Family Health Survey collected data in India on the percentage of children completing primary school which are reported to be only 36.8% and 37.7% respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.unicef.org/files/Social_Exclusion_of_Scheduled_Caste_Children_from_Primary_Education_in_India.pdf
|title=Social Exclusion of Scheduled Caste Children from Primary Education in India|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source: UNICEF}}</ref> On 21 February 2005, the Prime Minister of India said that he was pained to note that "only 47 out of 100 children enrolled in class I reach class VIII, putting the dropout rate at 52.78 percent."<ref name="unicef.org">{{cite web |url= http://www.unicef.org/india/education_1551.htm
|title=Global campaign for education- more teachers needed|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source: UNICEF India}}</ref> It is estimated that at least 35 million, and possibly as many as 60 million, children aged 6–14 years are not in school.<ref name="chathamhouse.org">{{cite web |url= http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Asia/bpindiaeducation.pdf
|title=The Challenges for India's Education System|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source: Chatham House}}</ref>

==Nutrition==
{{Main|Malnutrition in India}}
The [[World Bank]] estimates that [[India]] is one of the highest ranking countries in the world for the number of children suffering from [[malnutrition]]. The prevalence of underweight children in India is among the highest in the world, and is nearly double that of [[Sub Saharan Africa]] with dire consequences for mobility, mortality, productivity and economic growth.<ref>
{{cite web |url= http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html|title= World Bank Report|access-date=2009-03-13|work=Source: The World Bank (2009)|quote= World Bank Report on Malnutrition in India}}</ref>

On the [[Global Hunger Index]] India is on place 67 among the 80 nations having the worst hunger situation which is worse than nations such as [[North Korea]] or [[Sudan]]. 25% of all hungry people worldwide live in India. Since 1990 there has been some improvements for children but the proportion of hungry in the population has increased. In India 44% of children under the age of 5 are underweight. 72% of infants and 52% of married women have [[anaemia]]. Research has conclusively shown that [[malnutrition]] during pregnancy causes the child to have increased risk of future diseases, physical retardation, and reduced cognitive abilities.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130510153609/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-15/india/30629637_1_anganwadi-workers-ghi-number-of-hungry-people Superpower? 230 million Indians go hungry daily], Subodh Varma, 15 Jan 2012, The Times of India,</ref>

===Socio-economic status===
When it comes to child malnutrition, children in low-income families are more malnourished than those in high-income families. The [[public distribution system]] in India which account for distribution of wheat and rice only, by which the proteins are insufficient by these cereals which leads to malnutrition also. Some cultural beliefs that may lead to malnutrition is religion. Among these is the influence of religions, especially in India are restricted from consuming meat. Also, other Indians are strictly vegan, which means, they do not consume any sort of animal product, including dairy and eggs. This is a serious problem when inadequate protein is consumed because 56% of poor Indian household consume cereal to consume protein. It is observed that the type of protein that cereal contains does not parallel to the proteins that animal product contain (Gulati, 2012).<ref>Gulati, A., Ganesh-Kumar, A., Shreedhar, G., & Nandakumar, T. (2012). Agriculture and malnutrition in India. Food And Nutrition Bulletin, 33(1), 74–86</ref> This phenomenon is most prevalent in the rural areas of India where more malnutrition exists on an absolute level. Whether children are of the appropriate weight and height is highly dependent on the socio-economic status of the population.<ref>{{cite web|title=HUNGaMA Survey Report|url=http://www.hungamaforchange.org/HungamaBKDec11LR.pdf|publisher=Naandi foundation|access-date=1 February 2012}}</ref> Children of families with lower socio-economic standing are faced with sub-optimal growth. While children in similar communities have shown to share similar levels of nutrition, child nutrition is also differential from family to family depending on the mother's characteristic, household ethnicity and place of residence. It is expected that with improvements in socio-economic welfare, child nutrition will also improve.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kanjilal|first=Barun |author2=Mazumdar |author3=Mukherjee |author4=Rahman|title=Nutritional status of children in India: household socio-economic condition as the contextual determinant|journal=International Journal for Equity in Health|date=January 2010|volume=9|pages=19–31|article-number=19 |doi=10.1186/1475-9276-9-19|pmid=20701758 |pmc=2931515 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The rates of [[Malnutrition in India|malnutrition]] are exceptionally high among adolescent girls and pregnant and lactating women in India, with repercussions for children's health.{{efn|"Reports of National Health & Family Survey, United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, and WHO have highlighted that rates of malnutrition among adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, and children are alarmingly high in India. Factors responsible for malnutrition in the country include mother’s nutritional status, lactation behaviour, women’s education, and sanitation. These affect children in several ways including stunting, childhood illness, and retarded growth."<ref name="NarayanJohn2018"/>}}<ref name="NarayanJohn2018">{{cite journal|last1=Narayan|first1=Jitendra|last2=John|first2=Denny|last3=Ramadas|first3=Nirupama|title=Malnutrition in India: status and government initiatives|journal=Journal of Public Health Policy|volume=40|issue=1|year=2018|pages=126–141|issn=0197-5897|doi=10.1057/s41271-018-0149-5|pmid=30353132|s2cid=53032234}}</ref>

===Midday Meal Nutrition Scheme===
{{Main|Midday Meal Scheme}}
The Midday Meal Scheme is a [[school meal]] programme of the [[Government of India]] designed to improve the [[nutrition]]al status of school-age children nationwide,<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url = http://home.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/newsroom/wfp207424.pdf|title = India: A Desk Review of the Mid-Day Meals Programme|date = July 2007|last = Chettiparambil-Rajan|first = Angelique|access-date = 28 July 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131020230641/http://home.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/newsroom/wfp207424.pdf|archive-date = 20 October 2013|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> by supplying free lunches on working days for children in primary and upper primary classes in government, government aided, local body, Education Guarantee Scheme, and alternative innovative education centres, ''[[madrasa]]'' and ''[[kuttab|maqtab]]s'' supported under [[Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan]], and National Child Labour Project schools run by the ministry of labour.<ref name=":12">{{cite web|url=http://mdm.nic.in/Files/Right%20to%20information/Frequently_Asked_Questions_on_MDM.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions on Mid Day Meal Scheme |access-date=24 June 2014}}</ref> Serving 120,000,000 children in over 1,265,000 schools and Education Guarantee Scheme centres, it is the largest such programme in the world.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://mdm.nic.in/aboutus.html |title=About the Mid Day Meal Scheme |publisher=Mdm.nic.in |access-date=28 July 2013}}</ref>

== Youth unemployment ==
{{excerpt|Youth unemployment|India}}In April 2025, the overall unemployment rate was 5.1%, while the youth unemployment rate (ages 15–29) was 13.8% nationwide. Youth unemployment is higher in urban areas (about 17.2%) compared to rural areas (around 12.3%). Within this age group, young women faced higher unemployment than young men.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=Unemployment rate at 5.1% in April, youth joblessness hits 13.8%: Govt's first monthly data - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/unemployment-rate-at-51-in-april-youth-joblessness-hits-138-govts-first-monthly-data-476476-2025-05-15 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-15 |title=India’s first monthly job survey shows 5.1% unemployment rate in April 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indias-first-monthly-job-survey-shows-5-1-unemployment-rate-in-april-2025/articleshow/121193348.cms |access-date=2025-12-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Child labour==
{{main|Child labour in India}}

[[File:Fruit seller in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|upright|A young fruit seller in the streets of [[Kolkata]] ]]
In 2011, the national census of India found that the total number of [[child labour]]ers, aged [5–14], to be at 10.1 million, out of the total of 259.64 million [[Children and adolescents in India|children]] in that age group.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.aspx Age Data C13 Table (India/States/UTs ), Final Population - 2011 Census of India]</ref> The child labour problem is not unique to India; worldwide, about 217 million children work, many full-time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/child-labour/lang--en/index.htm |title=Child Labour - ILO |year=2011 |publisher=ILO, United Nations}}</ref>

As per the [[Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986]], amended in 2016 ("CLPR Act"), a "Child" is defined as any person below the age of 14, and the CLPR Act prohibits employment of a Child in any employment including as a domestic help. It is a cognizable criminal offence to employ a Child for any work. Children between age of 14 and 18 are defined as "Adolescent" and the law allows Adolescent to be employed except in the listed hazardous occupation and processes which include mining, inflammable substance and explosives related work and any other hazardous process as per the Factories Act, 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mondaq.com/india/x/602434/employee+rights+labour+relations/Child+Labour+Prohibition+And+Regulation+Amendment+Act+2016+Of+India |title=India: Child Labour (Prohibition And Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016 Of India}}</ref> In 2001, an estimated 1% of all child workers, or about 1,20,000 children in India were in a hazardous job.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://labour.nic.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Reports/Annual%20Report%202009-10%20English.pdf |title=Children and Work (Annual Report 2009) |year=2008 |publisher=Census 2001 |page=108}}</ref> Notably, the Constitution of India prohibits child labour in hazardous industries (but not in non-hazardous industries) as a Fundamental Right under Article 24.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/constitution/constitutionofindia.html |title=Constitution of India |website=Vakilno1.com |publisher=Government of India}}</ref> [[UNICEF]] estimates that India with its larger population, has the highest number of labourers in the world under 14 years of age, while sub-Saharan African countries have the highest percentage of children who are deployed as child labourers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_background.html |title=India- The big picture |work=UNICEF |publisher=[[UNICEF]] |access-date=19 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/sowc2011/pdfs/SOWC-2011-Main-Report_EN_02092011.pdf |title=THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN - 2011 |year=2012 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref><ref name="Madslien">{{Cite news |last=Madslien |first=Jorn |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3451117.stm |title=ILO: 'Child labour prevents is ver |date=4 February 2004 |work=BBC News |access-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The [[International Labour Organization]] estimates that agriculture, at 60 percent, is the largest employer of child labour in the world,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_126685.pdf |title=Facts on Child Labor - 2010 |year=2011 |publisher=ILO, Geneva}}</ref> while the United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] estimates 70% of child labour is deployed in agriculture and related activities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000394/index.html |title=Agriculture accounts for 70 percent of child labour worldwide |year=2006 |publisher=FAO, United Nations |access-date=2021-11-10 |archive-date=2020-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114214137/http://www.fao.org/Newsroom/en/news/2006/1000394/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Outside of agriculture, child labour is observed in almost all [[Labour in India#Labour structure in India|informal sector]]s of the Indian economy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://labour.nic.in/cwl/welcome.html |title=Child Labour |publisher=Labour.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512153454/http://labour.nic.in/cwl/welcome.html |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=13 July 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://labour.nic.in/cwl/ListHazardous.htm |title=Archived copy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129102953/http://labour.nic.in/cwl/ListHazardous.htm |archive-date=29 January 2012 |access-date=2012-02-09 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncpcr.gov.in/Reports/Child_Labour_in_Rural_areas_with_special_focus_on_Migration_Agriculture_%20Mining_by_Neera_Burra.pdf |title=Child labour in rural areas with a special focus on migration, agriculture, mining and brick kilns |last=Burra |first=Neera |publisher=National Commission for Protection of Child Rights |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124054134/http://ncpcr.gov.in/Reports/Child_Labour_in_Rural_areas_with_special_focus_on_migration_agriculture_%20mining_by_Neera_Burra.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2009 |access-date=19 October 2009}}</ref>

The presence of a large number of child labourers is regarded as a serious issue in terms of economic welfare. Children who work fail to get necessary education. They do not get the opportunity to develop physically, intellectually, emotionally and psychologically.<ref name="ncpcr">{{Cite web |url=http://ncpcr.gov.in/Reports/Magnitude_of_Child_Labour_in_India_An_Analysis_of_Official_Sources_of_Data_Draft.pdf |title=Magnitude of Child Labour in India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008082441/http://ncpcr.gov.in/reports/magnitude_of_child_labour_in_india_an_analysis_of_official_sources_of_data_draft.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In terms of the physical condition of children, children are not ready for long monotonous work because they become exhausted more quickly than adults. This reduces their physical conditions and makes the children more vulnerable to disease.<ref>Lieten, G. K. (2004). Child labour and poverty. In G. K. Lieten (Ed.), Working children around the world: Child rights and child reality, 63-80. New Delhi: Institute For Human Development.</ref>

==Street children==
[[File:Boy in New Delhi - Kristian Bertel.jpg|thumb|A street child in [[New Delhi]].]]
{{Main|Street children in India}}

[[India]] has an estimated one hundred thousand or more street children in each of the following cities: [[New Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Poonam R. Naik, Seema S. Bansode, Ratnenedra R. Shinde & Abhay S. Nirgude |year=2011 |title=Street children of Mumbai: demographic profile and substance abuse |journal=[[Biomedical Research]] |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=495–498}}</ref>
Mainly because of family conflict, they come to live on the streets and take on the full responsibilities of caring for themselves, including working to provide for and protecting themselves. Though street children do sometimes band together for greater security, they are often exploited by employers and the police.<ref name= Chatterjee>{{cite journal
| last = Chatterjee
| first = A.
| title = India: The forgotten children of the cities
| publisher = Unicef
| location = Florence, Italy
| year = 1992
| url = http://ideas.repec.org/p/ucf/innstu/innstu92-7.html
| access-date = February 20, 2012}}</ref><ref name= Bose>{{cite journal
| last = Bose
| first = A.B.
| title = The Disadvantaged Urban Child in India
| journal = Innocenti Occasional Papers, Urban Child Series
| year = 1992
| url = http://ideas.repec.org/p/ucf/iopucs/iopucs92-5.html
| access-date = February 20, 2012}}</ref>

Their many vulnerabilities require specific legislation and attention from the government and other organisations to improve their condition.<ref name=Benitez>{{cite journal
|last = Thomas de Benítez
|first = Sarah
|title = State of the world's street children
|journal = Consortium for Street Children
|year = 2007
|url = http://www.streetchildren.org.uk/content.asp?pageID=88
|access-date = February 20, 2012
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120222170433/http://www.streetchildren.org.uk/content.asp?pageID=88
|archive-date = February 22, 2012
}}</ref>

==Child marriage==
[[File:ChildMarriageIndiabySDRC.jpg|thumb|Child Marriage India by SDRC]]
{{main|Child marriage in India}}

Child marriage in India, according to the [[Indian law]], is a [[marriage in India|marriage]] where either the woman is below the age of 21 or the man is below the age of 21. Most child marriages involve underage women, many of whom are in poor [[Socio-economic issues in India|socio-economic conditions]].

Child marriages are prevalent in [[India]]. Estimates vary widely between sources as to the extent and scale of child marriages. The [[International Center for Research on Women]]-[[UNICEF]] publications have estimated India's child marriage rate to be 47% from a sample surveys of 1998,<ref name=icrw98>{{cite web|url=http://www.icrw.org/child-marriage-facts-and-figures|title=Child Marriage Facts and Figures|access-date=2020-10-28|archive-date=2018-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828070027/https://www.icrw.org/child-marriage-facts-and-figures/|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the [[United Nations]] reports it to be 30% in 2005.<ref name=un05>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/indwm/ww2005/tab2a.htm|title=United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics}}</ref> The [[Census of India]] has counted and reported married women by age, with proportion of females in child marriage falling in each 10 year census period since 1981. In its 2001 census report, India stated zero married girls below the age of 10, 1.4 million married girls out of 59.2 million girls aged 10–14, and 11.3 million married girls out of 46.3 million girls aged 15–19.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">.[http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/C-Series/c_series_tables_2001.aspx Table C-2 Marital Status by Age and Sex] Subtable C0402, India Total Females Married by Age Group, 2001 Census of India, Government of India (2009)</ref> [[Times of India]] reported that 'since 2001, child marriage rates in India have fallen by 46% between 2005 and 2009.<ref name=toi2012>K. Sinha [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nearly-50-fall-in-brides-married-below-18/articleshow/11829410.cms Nearly 50% fall in brides married below 18] The Times of India (February 10, 2012)</ref>[[Jharkhand]] is the state with highest child marriage rates in India (14.1%), while Kerala is the only state where child marriage rates have increased in recent years.<ref name=toi2012/><ref>R Gopakumar, [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/170084/child-marriages-high-kerala.html Child marriages high in Kerala] Deccan Herald (June 19, 2013)</ref> [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was reported to be the only state with lowest child marriage cases at 0.4% in 2009.<ref name=toi2012/> Rural rates of child marriages were three times higher than urban India rates in 2009.<ref name=toi2012/>

Child marriage was outlawed in 1929, under Indian law. However, in the British colonial times, the legal minimum age of marriage was set at 14 for girls and 18 for boys. Under protests from Muslim organizations in the undivided British India, a personal law [[Sharia]]t Act was passed in 1937 that allowed child marriages with consent from girl's guardian.<ref name=usfca>Hilary Amster, [http://www.usfca.edu/law/docs/child_marriage/ Child marriage in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204544/http://www.usfca.edu/law/docs/child_marriage/ |date=14 July 2014 }} University of San Francisco (2009)</ref> After independence and adoption of Indian constitution in 1950, the child marriage act has undergone several revisions. The minimum legal age for marriage, since 1978, has been 18 for women and 21 for men. The child marriage prevention laws have been challenged in Indian courts,<ref name=usfca/> with some Muslim Indian organizations seeking no minimum age and that the age matter be left to their personal law.<ref name=rbit>M.G. Radhakrishnan and J. Binduraj, [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20130715-child-marriage-indian-union-muslim-league-kerala-underage-marriages-764491-1999-11-29 In a league of their own] India Today (July 5, 2013)</ref><ref name=ik2001>[http://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/877770/?formInput=muslim%20child%20marriage Muzaffar Ali Sajjad And Ors. vs State Of Andhra Pradesh on 9 November, 2001] Andhra Pradesh High Court, India</ref> Child marriage is an active political subject as well as a subject of continuing cases under review in the highest courts of India.<ref name=rbit/>

Several states of India have introduced incentives to delay marriages. For example, the state of [[Haryana]] introduced the so-called ''Apni Beti, Apna Dhan'' program in 1994, which translates to "My daughter, My wealth". It is a [[conditional cash transfer]] program dedicated to delaying young marriages by providing a government paid bond in her name, payable to her parents, in the amount of {{INRConvert|25000}}, after her 18th birthday if she is not married.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|publisher=International Center for Research on Women|title=Child Marriage Facts and Figures|date=26 May 2011 |url=http://www.icrw.org/media/news/motivation-prevent-child-marriage}}</ref>

[[Child marriage]] has been traditionally prevalent in India but is not so continued in Modern India to this day. Historically, child brides would live with their parents until they reached puberty. In the past, child widows were condemned to a life of great agony, shaved heads, living in isolation, and being shunned by society.<ref name="kamat_gandhi_status">{{cite web |last=Kamat |first=Jyotsana |title=Gandhi and status of women (blog) |url=http://www.kamat.com/mmgandhi/gwomen.htm |website=kamat.com |publisher=Kamat's Potpourri |date=19 December 2006 |access-date=24 December 2006}}</ref> Although child marriage was outlawed in 1860, it is still a common practice.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lawson |first=Alastair |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1617759.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Child marriages targeted in India |date=24 October 2001}}</ref> The [[Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929]] is the relevant legislation in the country.

According to UNICEF's "State of the World’s Children-2009" report, 47% of India's women aged 20–24 were married before the legal age of 18, rising to 56% in rural areas.<ref>{{cite book |last=UNICEF | author-link = UNICEF |contribution=Table 9: Child protection | editor-last = UNICEF | editor-link = UNICEF |title=The state of the world's children 2009: maternal and new born health |url=http://www.unicef.org/sowc09/docs/SOWC09_Table_9.pdf |publisher=[[UNICEF]] |year=2009}}</ref> The report also showed that 40% of the world's child marriages occur in India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dhar |first=Aarti |title=40 p.c. child marriages in India: UNICEF |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/40-p.c.-child-marriages-in-India-UNICEF/article16353462.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 January 2009}}</ref>

==Sexual abuse==
{{See also|Rape in India}}

===Laws===
{{Main|Child sexual abuse laws in India}}

Child sexual abuse laws in India have been enacted as part of the [[child protection]] policies of [[India]]. The [[Parliament of India]] passed the 'Protection of Children Against Sexual Offences Bill, 2011' regarding [[child sexual abuse]] on 22 May 2012 into an Act.<ref name="ChildLineIndia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.childlineindia.org.in/Child-Sexual-Abuse-and-Law.htm|title=Child Sexual abuse and law|website=ChildLineIndia|publisher=Dr.Asha Bajpai|access-date=2020-10-28|archive-date=2019-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408210429/http://www.childlineindia.org.in/Child-Sexual-Abuse-and-Law.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Parliament passes bill to protect children from sexual abuse |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/parliament-passes-bill-to-protect-children-from-sexual-abuse-214437 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=22 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="test1">[https://sites.google.com/site/keralamedicolegalsociety/home-1/important-laws-and-rules/pcasa-act-2012-1/html The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012] Kerala Medico-legal Society website</ref> The rules formulated by the government in accordance with the law have also been notified on the November 2012 and the law has become ready for implementation.<ref>[http://www.gangothri.org/?q=node/1 Law for Protecting Children from Sexual Offences]</ref> There have been many calls for more stringent laws.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_activists-bemoan-lack-of-laws-to-deal-with-child-sexual-abuse_1465900|title=Activists bemoan lack of laws to deal with child sexual abuse|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=13 November 2010|access-date=14 May 2012|last=Taneja|first=Richa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/need-stricter-laws-to-deal-with-child-abuse/774959/ |title=Need stricter laws to deal with child abuse cases: Court |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2011 |access-date=14 May 2012}}</ref>

==Child trafficking==
{{Main|Child trafficking in India}}

India has one of the largest population of children in the world - Census data from 2011 shows that India has a population of 472 million children below the age of eighteen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20171113-human-trafficking-minor-girls-west-bengal-jharkhand-child-and-women-development-1077354-2017-11-03|title=Human trafficking for sex: Thousands of girls live in slavery while society remains silent|last=Punj|first=Shweta|date=3 November 2017|website=India Today|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> Protection of children by the state is guaranteed to Indian citizens by an expansive reading of Article 21<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1199182/|title=Article 21 in The Constitution Of India 1949|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2018-09-28}}</ref> of the Indian constitution, and also mandated given India's status as signatory to the UN [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]].

India has a very high volume of [[Trafficking of children|child trafficking]]. As many as one child disappears every eight minutes, according to the [[National Crime Records Bureau]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/10/16/indias-missing-children-by-the-numbers/|title=India's Missing Children, By the Numbers|last=Shah|first=Shreya|newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=16 October 2012}}</ref> In some cases, children are taken from their homes to be bought and sold in the market. In other cases, children are tricked into the hands of traffickers by being presented an opportunity for a job, when in reality, upon arrival they become enslaved. In [[India]], there are many children trafficked for various reasons such as [[Child labor in India|labor]], begging, and sexual exploitation. Because of the nature of this crime; it is hard to track; and due to the poor enforcement of laws, it is difficult to prevent.<ref>Harlan, Emily K. "It Happens in the Dark: Examining Current Obstacles to Identifying and Rehabilitating Child Sex-Trafficking Victims in India and the United States." University of Colorado Law Review, vol. 83, 01 July 2012, p. 1113.</ref> Due to the nature of this crime, it is only possible to have estimates of figures regarding the issue. India is a prime area for child trafficking to occur, as many of those trafficked are from, travel through or destined to go to India. Though most of the trafficking occurs within the country, there is also a significant number of children trafficked from [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="ChildLine India">{{cite web|url=http://www.childlineindia.org.in/child-trafficking-india.htm|title=Vulnerable Children - Child Trafficking India|website=www.childlineindia.org.in|access-date=2020-10-28|archive-date=2013-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925104950/http://www.childlineindia.org.in/child-trafficking-india.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are many different causes that lead to child trafficking, with the primary reasons being poverty, weak law enforcement, and a lack of good quality public education. The traffickers that take advantage of children can be from another area in India, or could even know the child personally. Children who return home after being trafficked often face shame in their communities, rather than being welcomed home.<ref>, Chopra, Geeta. Child Rights in India. [Electronic Resource]: Challenges and Social Action. Springer eBooks., New Delhi: Springer India : Imprint: Springer, 2015., 2015.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Childline India]]
* [[Children's Day (India)]]
* [[Children's Film Society, India]]
* [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]
* [[Odisha State Child Protection Society]]
* [[Save the Children India]]
* [[Youth in Indian politics]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|33em}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Asia topic|Youth in}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Youth in India]]

Ayutthaya Kingdom

2026-03-23T19:39:57Z

OscarStell1647: enhanced citations for consistency to improve readability

{{Short description|Siamese kingdom in Southeast Asia (1351–1767)}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = {{native name|th|อาณาจักรอยุธยา}} {{transliteration|th|Anachak Ayutthaya}}
| conventional_long_name = Ayutthaya Kingdom
| common_name = Ayutthaya
| era = [[Post-classical era]], [[early modern era]]
| event_pre = First tributary embassy to China
| date_pre = 1292{{efn|group=infobox|Before Ayutthaya's official foundation date. Ayutthaya was first referred to as "Xian" in Chinese records.}}<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=46, 51|year=2017|isbn=978-1-316-64113-2|location=|edition=}}</ref>
| event_start = Kingdom official establishment
| date_start = 4 March 1351<ref name="Cambridge University Press"/>
| event1 = Lopburi and Suphanburi rivalry
| date_event1 = 1370–1409
| event2 = Union with the [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Northern Cities]]
| date_event2 = 1378–1569{{efn|group=infobox|"Northern Cities" ({{transliteration|th|Mueang Nua}}) is often used by Thai historians to refer to Sukhothai and Phitsanulok.}}<ref name=":7"/>
| event3 = [[Vassal state|Vassal]] of the [[Toungoo dynasty]]
| date_event3 = 1564–68, 1569–84
| event4 = Golden Age of Ayutthaya
| date_event4 = 1605–1767<ref name=":7"/>
| event5 = Invasions from [[Konbaung dynasty|Konbaung]]
| date_event5 = 1759–60, 1765–67
| event_end = [[Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767)|Fall of Ayutthaya]]
| date_end = 7 April 1767
| life_span = 1351–1767
| p1 = Sukhothai Kingdom{{!}}Northern Cities
| p2 = Lavo Kingdom{{!}}Lopburi
| p3 = Suphannabhum{{!}}Suphanburi
| p4 = Phip Phli
| p5 = Siam Confederation (Xiān)
| s1 = Thonburi Kingdom
| s2 = Phimai
| s3 = Phitsanulok
| s4 = Uttaradit province{{!}}Sawangburi
| s5 = Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom{{!}}Nakhon Si Thammarat
| image_flag = Flag of Thailand (Ayutthaya period).svg
| flag_type = [[List of Thai flags#Historical flags|Trade flag]] (1680–1767)
| image_coat = Seal of Ayutthaya (King Narai) goldStamp bgred.png
| symbol_type = Seal (1657–1688)
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Map of Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1390.jpg|upright=1|frameless]]|1390, [[Ramesuan (king of Ayutthaya)|Ramesuan I]]'s era|[[File:Map of Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1468.jpg|upright=1|frameless]]|1468, [[Borommatrailokkanat|Ramesuan II]]'s era|[[File:Map of Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1603.jpg|upright=1|frameless]]|1603, [[Naresuan]]'s era|[[File:Map of Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1686.jpg|upright=1|frameless]]|1686, [[Narai]]'s era|[[File:Map of Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1767.jpg|upright=1|frameless]]|1767, [[Ekkathat]]'s era|default=2}}
| capital = {{ubli|[[Ayutthaya Historical Park|Ayutthaya]] ({{nowrap|1351–1463,}} {{nowrap|1488–early 1680s,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-316-64113-2|location=|page=64}}</ref>}} {{nowrap|1688–1767)}}|[[Phitsanulok Province|Phitsanulok]] (principal capital: 1463–{{circa}} 1488, secondary capital until {{circa}} 1590)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-316-64113-2|location=|pages=64, 69, 78}}</ref> |[[Lopburi Province|Lopburi]] (early 1680s<ref name="ReferenceA" />–1688)}}
| common_languages = {{ubli|[[Thai language#Old Thai|Old Thai]]{{nbsp}}– official 1351–late 17th century<ref name="lieberman" />
|[[Thai language|Early Modern Thai]]{{nbsp}}– official during late 17th century.|[[Mon language|Mon]]<ref name="siam">{{cite AV media |title=The Siam Society Lecture: A History of Ayutthaya (28 June 2017) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xA5I0jxoV8 |via=YouTube | date=21 May 2020 |access-date=3 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>{{nbsp}}– early common language<ref name="lieberman">{{cite book |last1=Lieberman |first1=Victor |title=Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History) |date=2003 |pages=|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521800860|edition=Kindle }}</ref>|[[Khmer language|Khmer]]<ref name="siam" />{{nbsp}}– early prestige language;<ref name="lieberman" /> spoken among ethnic [[Khmer people|Khmer]]
|[[Malay language|Malay]]{{nbsp}}– diplomatic language (predominant especially prior to the 16th century); spoken among ethnic Malays<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-316-64113-2|location=|pages=205–07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Siam Society Lecture: Uma Amizade Duradoura (31 May 2018) |website = [[YouTube]]| date=27 April 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_JAH_LBc4g |language=en |quote=6:14–6:40}}</ref>
|[[Persian language|Persian]]{{nbsp}}– diplomatic language (16th century; 1660s–1670s)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-316-64113-2|pages=127–129, 206}}</ref>
|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{nbsp}}– diplomatic language (predominant from early 16th century)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-316-64113-2|page=206}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Siam Society Lecture: Uma Amizade Duradoura (31 May 2018) |website = [[YouTube]]| date=27 April 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_JAH_LBc4g |language=en |quote=50:02–50:52}}</ref>
|Various [[Chinese language|Chinese dialect]]s (late Ayutthaya period; spoken among ethnic [[Chinese people|Chinese]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lieberman |first1=Victor |title=Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History) |date=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521800860|edition=Kindle }}</ref>}}
| religion = {{ubl|'''Majority:''' [[Theravada Buddhism]]|'''Minority:''' [[Hinduism]], [[Roman Catholicism]], [[Islam]]}}
| currency = {{ubl|[[Shell money|Cowrie shell]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wicks|first=Robert S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs1q9VEoEkoC|title=Money, Markets, and Trade in Early Southeast Asia: The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems to AD 1400|date=1992 |publisher=SEAP Publications|isbn=978-0-87727-710-1|language=en|pages=177–182}}</ref>|[[Bullet money|Photduang]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=เงินตรา|trans-title=Currency|url=http://www.royalthaimint.net/ewtadmin/ewt/mint_web/ewt_news.php?nid=46|publisher=[[Royal Thai Mint]]|access-date=29 August 2022|date=2014}}</ref>}}
| government_type = [[Mandala (political model)|Mandala kingdom]]
* {{ubil|City-state confederation (1351–15th century)<ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |title=Ayutthaya Rising: From Land or Sea? |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |date=2003 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=41–62 |doi=10.1017/S0022463403000031 |jstor=20072474 |s2cid=154278025 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072474 |issn=0022-4634|archivedate=22 April 2025|archiveurl=https://ia601702.us.archive.org/27/items/ayutthaya-rising-from-land-or-sea/Ayutthaya%20Rising%20From%20Land%20or%20Sea.pdf|url-access=subscription }}</ref>}}
* {{ubil|Mandala confederation (15th century–1600)<ref name="jstor.org" />}}
* {{ubil|Mercantile absolutism (1600–1767)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=i, 170–171|year=2017|isbn=978-1-316-64113-2|location=|edition=Kindle}} "From 1600, peace paved the way for Ayutthaya to prosper as Asia's leading entrepot under an expansive mercantile absolutism."</ref>}}
| leader1 = [[Uthong]]
| year_leader1 = 1351–1369 (first)
| leader2 = [[Ekkathat]]
| year_leader2 = 1758–1767 (last)
| title_leader = [[Monarchy of Thailand|Monarch]]
| deputy1 = [[Borommatrailokkanat|Ramesuan (II)]]
| year_deputy1 = 1438–1448 (first)
| deputy2 = [[Uthumphon|Phonphinit]]
| year_deputy2 = 1757–1758 (last)
| title_deputy = [[Front Palace|Viceroy]]
| area_km2 = 966,000
| stat_year1 = {{circa}} 1600<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lieberman |first1=Victor |title=Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History) |date=2003 |page=295 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521800860|edition=Kindle }} "Siam's population must have increased from c. 2,500,000 in 1600 to 4,000,000 in 1800."</ref>
| stat_pop1 = ~2,500,000
| today = {{hlist|[[Thailand]]|[[Myanmar]]|[[Malaysia]]|[[Cambodia]]|[[China]]|[[Laos]]|[[Vietnam]]}}
| footnotes = {{notelist|group=infobox}}
| demonym = Krung Tai • Tai
}}
{{Contains special characters|Thai}}
{{History of Thailand}}
The '''Ayutthaya Kingdom'''{{efn-lr|{{IPAc-en|ɑː|ˈ|j|uː|t|ə|j|ə}}; {{langx|th|อยุธยา}}, {{RTGS|''Ayutthaya''}}, [[IAST]]: {{IAST|''Ayudhyā''}} or {{IAST|''Ayodhyā''}}, {{IPA|th|ʔā.jút.tʰā.jāː|pron|Ayutthaya Pronunciation (TH).ogg}}}} or the '''Empire of Ayutthaya'''{{sfn|Wyatt|2003|p=86}} was a [[Thai people|Thai]] kingdom that existed in [[Southeast Asia]] from 1351<ref name="Cambridge University Press"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayutthaya {{!}} National Virtual Museum |url=https://thai-heritage.org/ayutthaya/ |access-date=2023-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Siam Society Lecture: A History of Ayutthaya (28 June 2017) | date=21 May 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xA5I0jxoV8 |access-date=2023-10-29}}</ref> to 1767, centered around the city of [[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]], in Siam, or present-day [[Thailand]]. European travellers in the early 16th century called Ayutthaya one of the three great powers of Asia (alongside [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] and [[Ming dynasty|Ming China]]),<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=|year=2017|isbn=978-1-316-64113-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/reception-ambassador-siam-1686 |title=Reception of the Ambassador of Siam, 1686|date=22 June 2021 |publisher=Palace of Versailles}}</ref> although the Chinese chronicles recognise the kingdom as one of its tributary states.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KIMURA |first=KANAKO |title=The King of Ayutthaya's Golden Letters to the Ming Emperor and the Shogun |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/281909/1/zinbun_53_137.pdf |journal=ZINBUN |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=137–154 |via=JSPS KAKENHI}}</ref> The Ayutthaya Kingdom is considered to be the precursor of modern Thailand, and its developments are an important part of the [[history of Thailand]].<ref name="Cambridge University Press"/>

The name Ayutthaya originates from [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], a [[Sanskrit]] word. This connection stems from the [[Ramakien]], Thailand's national epic. The Ayutthaya Kingdom emerged from the [[Mandala (political model)|mandala]] or merger of three maritime city-states on the Lower [[Chao Phraya]] Valley in the late 13th and 14th centuries ([[Lopburi province|Lopburi]], [[Suphan Buri province|Suphanburi]], and Ayutthaya).<ref name=":1"/> The early kingdom was a maritime confederation, oriented to post-[[Srivijaya]] Maritime Southeast Asia, conducting raids and tribute from these maritime states. After two centuries of political organization from the [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Northern Cities]] and a transition to a hinterland state, Ayutthaya centralized and became one of the great powers of Asia. From 1569 to 1584, Ayutthaya was a vassal state of [[Toungoo dynasty|Toungoo Burma]]; but quickly regained independence. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Ayutthaya emerged as a center of international trade and its culture flourished. The reign of [[Narai]] ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 1657–1688) was known for Persian and later, European, influence and the sending of the [[Siamese embassy to France (1686)|1686 Siamese embassy]] to the French court of King [[Louis XIV]]. The Late Ayutthaya Period saw the departure of the French and English but growing prominence of the Chinese. This period has been described as a "golden age" of Siamese culture and saw the rise in Chinese trade and the introduction of capitalism into Siam,{{sfn|Wyatt|2003|pp=109–110}} a development that would continue to expand in the centuries following the fall of Ayutthaya.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-316-64113-2|location=|edition=Kindle}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lieberman |first1=Victor |title=Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History) |date=2003 |page=290 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521800860|edition=Kindle}} "From the early 1700s well into the 19th century Chinese not only dominated Siam's external trade…"</ref>

Ayutthaya's failure to create a peaceful order of succession and the introduction of capitalism undermined the traditional organization of its elite and the old bonds of labor control which formed the military and government organization of the kingdom. In the mid-18th century, the Burmese [[Konbaung dynasty]] invaded Ayutthaya in [[Burmese–Siamese War (1759–1760)|1759–1760]] and [[Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767)|1765–1767]]. In April 1767, after a 14-month siege, the city of Ayutthaya fell to besieging Burmese forces and was completely destroyed, thereby ending the 417-year-old Ayutthaya Kingdom. Siam, however, quickly recovered from the collapse and the seat of Siamese authority was moved to [[Thonburi Kingdom|Thonburi]]-[[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Bangkok]] within the next 15 years.<ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref name=":4" />

== Toponymy ==
In foreign accounts, Ayutthaya was called "Siam"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayutthaya {{!}} Ancient Capital of Thailand {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ayutthaya-Thailand |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=Britannica}}</ref> but people of Ayutthaya called themselves ''[[Tai peoples|Tai]]'', and their kingdom ''Krung Tai'' ({{langx|th|กรุงไท}}) meaning 'Tai country' ({{linktext|กรุง|ไท}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Benjamin |date=2020-10-05 |title=Cultural Profile: Ayutthaya Kingdom, the Buddhist State of Siam |url=https://pathsunwritten.com/thailand-ayutthaya-kingdom/ |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=Paths Unwritten}}</ref> The [[Fra Mauro map]] of the world, made in circa 1450, features Ayutthaya city under the [[Latin]] name "Scierno".<ref name=":3">{{cite news |last=Bhumiprabhas |first=Subhatra |date=2006-09-06 |title=Scierno: the Land of Smiles |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/09/06/headlines/headlines_30012911.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222725/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/09/06/headlines/headlines_30012911.php |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=2019-05-06 |work=The Nation |df=dmy-all}}</ref> This name was derived from the [[Persian language|Persian]] "Shahr-I-Naw", meaning 'New City'.<ref name=":3" /> Early Iberian and Italian sources preserve several related variant spellings that also appear to refer to Ayutthaya, including forms such as ''Cernouem'' and ''Cernomé'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] compilations, and ''Xarnauz'' and ''Sarnau'' in other accounts.<ref name="Silpa-Ayutthaya-Toponymy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_38772 |title=จาก "แชร์นอเนิม" มาเป็น "ซาร์เนา" ชื่อเก่าอยุธยาก่อนการเข้ามาของโปรตุเกส |trans-title=From "Cernonem" to "Sarnau": old names for Ayutthaya before the Portuguese arrival |last=ตั้งศิริวานิช |first=ธวัชชัย |website=[[Silpa Wattanatham]] |date=5 March 2023 |language=th |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref> A handwritten nautical chart attributed to [[Vesconte de Maggiolo]] (c. 1508) labels Ayutthaya as ''Zerena''.<ref name="Silpa-Ayutthaya-Toponymy" /> Some early Portuguese descriptions characterize ''Xarnauz'' as a "Christian" kingdom, a wording that may reflect European assumptions about non-Muslim states rather than local religion.<ref name="Silpa-Ayutthaya-Toponymy" /> It was also referred to as ''Iudea'' (and ''Iudiad'') in a c. 1662–1663 bird's-eye view painting of Ayutthaya attributed to [[Johannes Vingboons]], commissioned by the [[Dutch East India Company]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Roberts|first= Edmund |author-link= Edmund Roberts (diplomat) |title= Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock during the years 1832–3–4 |url= https://archive.org/details/embassytoeaster00unkngoog |year= 1837 |publisher= Harper & Brothers |oclc=12212199 |page=image 288 |chapter= XVIII City of Bang-kok |quote= The spot on which the present capital stands, and the country in its vicinity, on both banks of the river for a considerable distance, were formerly, before the removal of the court to its present situation called Bang-kok; but since that time, and for nearly sixty years past, it has been named Sia yuthia, (pronounced See-ah you-tè-ah, and by the natives, Krung, that is, the capital;) it is called by both names here, but never Bang-kok; and they always correct foreigners when the latter make this mistake. The villages which occupy the right hand of the river, opposite to the capital, pass under the general name of Bang-kok.}}</ref><ref name="Rijksmuseum-SK-A-4477">{{cite web |title=VOC-vestigingen |url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/collectie/object/VOC-vestigingen--10844c1f956e0846a1ea5e635e444377 |website=Rijksmuseum |publisher=[[Rijksmuseum]] |language=nl |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> Alternative spelling is ''Iudia'' in a 1683 illustration by [[Alain Manesson Mallet|Alain Mallet]]. The capital city of Ayutthaya is officially known as ''Krung Thep Dvaravati Si Ayutthaya'' ({{langx|th|กรุงเทพทวารวดีศรีอยุธยา}}), as documented in historical sources.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boeles |first=J.J. |date=1964 |title=The King of Sri Dvaravati and His Regalia |url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1964/03/JSS_052_1f_Boeles_KingOfDvaravatiAndRegalia.pdf |journal=Journal of the Siam Society |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=102–103 |access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Pongsripian |first=Winai |date=1983 |title=Traditional Thai historiography and its nineteenth century decline |url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/34506710/544360.pdf |publisher=University of Bristol |page=21|access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blagden |first=C.O. |date=1941 |title=A XVIIth Century Malay Cannon in London |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41559979 |journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=19 |issue=1|pages=122–124 |jstor=41559979 |access-date=13 April 2023|quote=TA-HTAUNG TA_YA HNIT-HSE SHIT-KHU DWARAWATI THEIN YA – 1128 year (= 1766 AD) obtained at the conquest of Dwarawati (= Siam). One may note that in that year the Burmese invaded Siam and captured Ayutthaya, the capital, in 1767.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=JARUDHIRANART |first=Jaroonsak |title=THE INTERPRETATION OF SI SATCHANALAI |url=http://ithesis-ir.su.ac.th/dspace/handle/123456789/2174 |publisher=Silpakorn University |date=2017 |access-date=13 April 2023|quote=Ayutthaya, they still named the kingdom after its former kingdom as "Krung Thep Dvaravati Sri Ayutthaya".|page=31|type=Thesis }}</ref>

==History==
===Origins===
{{See also|History of Thailand|Xiān|Qiān Zhī Fú|Lavo Kingdom|Suphannabhum}}
The lower Chao Phraya Basin around the turn of the second millennium was split between [[Lavo Kingdom]], which dominated the eastern half of the Lower Chao Phraya, and [[Suphannabhum]], which dominated the west. The western lower Chao Phraya Basin was also influenced by [[Khmer Empire|Angkorian]] culture but not direct Angkorian political and military influence.<ref name=":4">{{cite book |last1=Lieberman |first1=Victor B. |last2=Victor |first2=Lieberman |title=Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 |date= 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-65854-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQl2AQAACAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7"/> Ayutthaya, argued by [[Charnvit Kasetsiri]], was the merger of four different port polities along the Lower Chao Phraya Basin: Lopburi (Lavo),<ref name="thai-heritage.org">{{Cite web |title=AYUTTHAYA {{!}} National Virtual Museum |url=https://thai-heritage.org/ayutthaya/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> Suphanburi, Ayutthaya, and Phetchaburi. Suphanburi had first sent a tribute mission to [[Song dynasty]] in 1180 and Phetchaburi to the [[Yuan dynasty]] in 1294 and tribute missions to [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijaynagar empire]] between 1400 and 1500.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=R. B. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/charnvit-kasetsiri-the-rise-of-ayudhya-a-history-of-siam-in-the-fourteenth-and-fifteenth-centuries-east-asian-historical-monographs-xii-194-pp-kuala-lumpur-etc-oxford-university-press-1976-1425/159F505F141EF6AE6E7A0222D188A96A |title=Charnvit Kasetsiri: The rise of Ayudhya: a history of Siam in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. (East Asian Historical Monographs.) xii, 194 pp. Kuala Lumpur, etc.: Oxford University Press, 1976. £14.25. |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=February 1978 |volume=41 |pages=202–203 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00058286 |s2cid=161257067 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-ayutthaya/52FC0674CC0532A8F1EDB01CC37E703B |title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World |last2=Phongpaichit |first2=Pasuk |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-19076-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lieberman |first1=Victor B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQl2AQAACAAJ |title=Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 |last2=Victor |first2=Lieberman |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-65854-9}}</ref> The earliest written records of Ayutthaya in the Chinese chronicles is that a Chinese official fled to Xian in 1282/83. Xian first sent an embassy to the Yuan dynasty in 1292, after which the Yuan requested another embassy. While older and traditional scholars argue that the ethnically Thai [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Sukhothai]] or Suphanburi was the ''Xiān''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lek-prapai.org/home/view.php?id=5382 |title=รายการ "อดีตในอนาคต" ตอนที่ ๑๗ สุพรรณภูมิ |access-date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519112555/http://lek-prapai.org/home/view.php?id=5382%2F |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":8" /> mentioned in Chinese sources, more recent scholarship, like [[Chris Baker (writer)|Chris Baker]] and [[Pasuk Phongpaichit]], argue that ''Xian'' referred to Ayutthaya as that was the same name later used for Ayutthaya by the Chinese court. Michael Vickery argued that it is likely the Chinese used Xian to refer to the lower Chao Phraya Basin from its inception.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=VickeryReview />

One of the earliest foreign sources to mention [[Xiān]] are the [[Đại Việt]] texts compiled during the reign of [[Lý Anh Tông]], says merchants from Xiān Kingdom ({{lang|zh|暹羅}}) and others arrived at ''Hǎidōng'' ({{lang-vi-hantu|海東}}) and requested permission to trade and set up a trading post at ''Yún tún'' ({{lang-vi-hantu|雲屯}}) in 1149.<ref name=ctext/>{{hatnote inline|:line 61}} Other requests for trade were sent in 1241<ref name=ctext/>{{hatnote inline|:line 29}} and 1360.<ref name=ctext3>{{cite web|url=https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=310580|title=大越史記全書《卷之七》|work=中國哲學書電子化計劃|language=zh|accessdate=11 November 2024|trans-title=The Complete Historical Records of Dai Viet "Volume 7"|archivedate=18 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182144/https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=310580}}</ref>{{hatnote inline|:line 109}} Xian also sent tributes to [[Đại Việt]] in 1182<ref name=ctext/>{{hatnote inline|:line 25}} and 1334.<ref>[[wikisource:zh:摩崖紀功文|摩崖紀功文]]; {{hatnote inline|original text:歲在乙亥，季秋，帝親率六師巡于西鄙，占城國世子、眞臘國、暹國及蠻酋道匡、葵禽、車勒，新附杯盆蠻酋道聲，車蠻諸部各奉方物，爭先迎見。獨逆俸執迷，畏罪未即來朝。季冬，帝駐蹕于密州巨屯之原，乃命諸將及蠻夷之兵入于其國，逆俸望風奔竄，遂降詔班師。}}</ref> In 1313–1315, Xiān attempted to annex [[Champa]] but failed due to the reinforcements from [[Đại Việt]].<ref name=ctext2>{{cite web|url=https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=813962|title=大越史記全書《卷之六》|work=中國哲學書電子化計劃|language=zh|accessdate=11 November 2024|trans-title=The Complete Historical Records of Dai Viet "Volume 6"}}</ref>{{hatnote inline|:line 148}}<ref name=champa>{{Citation|last=Na Nakhon|first=Prasert|type=Thesis|pages=110–223|trans-title=Stories Related To The Sukhothai Stone Inscriptions|year=1998|title=เรื่องเกี่ยวกับศิลาจารึกสุโขทัย|url=https://kukr.lib.ku.ac.th/kukr_es/prasert/search_detail/dowload_digital_file/23734%0A%0A%0A%0A/18321|archivedate=11 November 2024|publication-place=Bangkok|publisher=[[Kasetsart University]]|language=th|isbn=974-86374-6-8|access-date=30 October 2024
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111000000/https://kukr.lib.ku.ac.th/kukr_es/prasert/search_detail/dowload_digital_file/23734%0A%0A%0A%0A/18321}} [https://archive.org/details/stories-related-to-the-sukhothai-stone-inscriptions Alt URL]</ref>{{rp|121–3}} There was also a record of [[Thai people|Siamese]] led by ''Passara'', son of the king of Siam, settled in [[Java]] and established the city of ''Passaraan'' in 800.<ref name=java>{{cite book|url=https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/historyofjava01raff/historyofjava01raff.pdf|title=History of Java|author=[[Stamford Raffles]]|publisher=|place=London|date=1817}}</ref>{{rp|xvi}}

Archaeological findings have found evidence of buildings on the island of Ayutthaya prior to the 12th century. Pottery shards have been discovered to have been dated as early as the 1270s. Some temples to the east of Ayutthaya, off the island, have been known to exist before the traditional founding of the kingdom in 1351.<ref name=":1"/> Recent archaeological works reveal pre-existing [[baray]]s superimposed on by subsequent structures. The ''Tamnan mulasasana'' Buddhist chronicle notes that in the 1320s, two Buddhist monks visited Ayutthaya in search of scriptures and that a previous monk had been honored by the "King of Ayodhia" on his return from [[Sri Lanka|Lanka]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |last2=Phongpaichit |first2=Pasuk |title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=44–46 |edition=Kindle |url=https://www.amazon.com/History-Ayutthaya-Early-Modern-World-ebook/dp/B071KX8HY5/ref=tmm_kin_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr= |language=English}}</ref> Since the late 13th century, expeditions were sent to the [[Malay Peninsula]] and Sumatra in the goal of extracting resources to gain a share of the maritime trade.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ |title=A History of Ayutthaya |last2=Phongpaichit |first2=Pasuk |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-107-19076-4 |pages=43 |language=en}}</ref> Other contemporary scholars argued that Ayutthaya had been an important commercial center since the 11th century or at least several centuries prior to 1351.<ref name=VickeryReview>{{cite web |url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1979/03/JSS_067_2k_Vickery_ReviewArticleNewTamnanAboutAyutthaya.pdf |first=Charnvit |last=Kasetsiri |title=Review Article: A New Tamman About Ayudhya – The Rise of Ayudhya: A History of Siam in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries}}</ref>

Twenty-first century archaeological surveys found that the name of the pre-Ayutthaya cities on the Khao Kop Inscription dated to the 14th–15th centuries is '''Ayothaya Si Ram Thep Nakhon''' ({{langx|th|อโยธยาศรีรามเทพนคร}}),<ref>[https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/image_detail/25692 Wat Khao Kop Inscription Face 2]. ''Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre''. Retrieved on 11 October 2024.</ref> as stated in the Thai Chronicle, ''Phraratchaphongsawadan Nuea'' ([[Northern Chronicle|Royal Chronicle of The North]] compiled in 1807 collected from old books from period of King [[Narai]] and stories told by northerners).<ref name="phiromanukul.2024"/>{{rp|68}} At least three royal decrees in Thai were enacted during that period, and the name of the king who ruled Ayodhaya in the oldest of the three royal decrees, ''The Miscellaneous Laws'' (Thai: ''Phra Aiyakan Betset'') (1225), is found as King [[Uthong II]], who reigned from 1205 to 1253<ref>''Rūang Kotmāi trā 3 dūang'' [Three Seals Law] (1978) ''เรื่องกฎหมายตราสามดวง'' (in Thai). Bangkok: The Fine Arts Department of Thailand. p. 414. {{OCLC|934462978}}</ref> (not to be confused with King [[Uthong]] reigning from 1351 to 69). It was also found that [[Thai language|Thai]] was used as the official language at that time, which reflected the social changes of the people in the Chao Phraya River Basin.<ref name="phiromanukul.2024">Phiromanukul, Rungrot. (2024). ''Ayōthayā kō̜n Sukhōthai ton kamnœ̄t Ayutthayā'' [Ayodhaya before Sukhothai, the origin of Ayutthaya] ''อโยธยาก่อนสุโขทัย ต้นกำเนิดอยุธยา'' (in Thai). Bangkok: Matichon. pp. 68, 295–296. {{ISBN|978-974-0-21878-4}} {{OCLC|1423565170}}</ref>{{rp|295–296}}

The existence of ''Ayothaya Si Ram Thep Nakhon'' is also mentioned in the Burmese chronicle, ''[[Hmannan Yazawin]]'', which mentions the Gywan warriors, who are descendants of the [[Northern Thai people|Thai Yuan]],<ref name=giles>Giles, Francis H. "[https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/JSS_030_3b_Giles_AnalysisOfVanVlietsAccountContinued.pdf Analysis of Van Vliet's Account of Siam, Part Eight: Concerning Titles in Siam]," ''The Journal of the Siam Society'' 30(3)(1938): 332. "Arawsa is undoubtedly Ayocha (Ayudhya) and the Gyawns are descendants of the Thai Yuan who accompanied Prince Phromkuman of Yonoknakhon in his victorious war against the Khom when he came as far South as Khamphaeng Saen."</ref> marched to [[Thaton kingdom]] in 1056 as inscribed on the Burmese inscriptions at Arakan Pagoda, [[Mandalay]].<ref name=burma>Archaeological Survey of Burma (ed.). (1897). ''Inscriptions copied from the stones collected by King Bodawpaya and placed near the Arakan Pagoda, Mandalay, Vol. II''. Rangoon: SGP. p. 627.</ref> The ''Hmannan Yazawin'' said the south-eastward country of the Gywans, also called ''Ayoja''.<ref>The Text Publication Fund of the Burma Research Society. (1923). [https://ia904706.us.archive.org/4/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.81533/2015.81533.The-Glass-Palace-Chronicle-Of-The-Kings-Of-Burma_text.pdf ''The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma'']{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. (Translated by Pe Maung Tin and G.H. Luce). LONDON: Oxford University Press. p. 106. "… south-eastward the country of the Gywans, also called Ayoja; …"</ref> [[George Cœdès]] pointed out that ''Ayoja'' or ''Arawsa'' meant Ayudhya or Siam.<ref>Cœdès, George. "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1925_num_25_1_3044 Documents sur l'Histoire Politique et Religieuse du Laos Occidental]," ''Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient'' 25(1925): 24. {{doi|10.3406/befeo.1925.3044|doi-access=free}} {{ISSN|1760-737X}} "''Le Hmannan Yazawin (trad. Maung Tin et Luce, pp. 99 et 106) place les Gywam au Sud-Est des Birmans et dit que leur contrée est aussie appelée Arawsa ou Ayoja, c'est-à-dire Ayudhya = le Siam.''"</ref>

The Malay annals (''[[Sulalatus Salatin]]'') and History of the Malay Kingdom of Patani (''Sejarah Kerajaan Melayu Patani'') say that prior to 1160, the Siam-Thai of Ayutthaya (Tai-Shan's or Siam-Asli, literally "aboriginal Siamese") were migrating southward and penetrating far into the Malay Peninsula.<ref>Multiple sources:
* Syukri, Ibrahim. (1985). [https://archive.org/details/historyofmalayki0000ibra/page/6/mode/2up ''History of the Malay Kingdom of Patani (Sejarah Kerajaan Melayu Patani)'']. (Translated by Conner Bailey and John N. Miksic).The Monographs in International Studies Southeast Asia, No. 68. Athens, OH: Center for International Studies, Ohio University. p. 7. {{ISBN|0896801233}}
* Thompson, Peter Anthony. (1910). ''Siam: An Account of the Country and the People''. Boston, MA; Tokyo: J.B. Millet Company. p. 22. {{LCCN|10030568}} {{OL|6525212M}}</ref> The History of the Malay Kingdom of Patani highlights the fact that Patani rulers treated the Siam-Thai of Ayutthaya (but not [[Sukhothai Kingdom]]) as equals rather than vassals when discussing the southward expansion of Siam.<ref>Liow, Joseph Chinyong. (2009). ''Islam, Education, and Reform in Southern Thailand: Tradition & Transformation''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 108. {{ISBN|978-981-230-953-2}}</ref> In the 12th century, the [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] were successful in establishing states such as [[Kedah Sultanate|Kedah]], [[Malacca Sultanate|Melaka]], and [[Temasek]]. However, [[Patani Kingdom|Patani]] and other surrounding territories remained under the control of the aboriginal Siamese.<ref>Jory, Patrick. (2013). ''Ghosts of the Past in Southern Thailand: Essays on the History and Historiography of Patani''. Singapore: National University of Singapore (NUS Press). p. 261 {{ISBN|978-9971-69-635-1}}</ref>

====Pre-Ayutthaya cities====
{{for|list of rulers during the Pre-Ayutthaya era|Lavo Kingdom#After 11th century: Ayodhya as seat}}
Archaeology surveys performed near Wat Khun Mueang Chai have found traces of pre–1100s buildings. Old temples in the area to the east may have been forest monasteries, similar to the pattern of other early towns. Digs have yielded pottery shards dating back to the 1270s.<ref name=chris/>{{rp|46}} According to the Northern Chronicle, the earliest settlement was found in 944{{efn-lr|name=A}} on the south bank of [[Lopburi River]] near the present-day [[Wat Thammikarat]] by a royal lineage from Bang Pan (present-day in [[Phran Kratai district|Phran Kratai]], [[Kamphaeng Phet province|Kamphaeng Phet]]), Phra Maha Phuttha Sakhon (พระมหาพุทธสาคร),{{sfn|Thepthani|1953|p=95}} who ruled the city until he died in 964.<ref name=p60/>{{rp|30}} However, his successor was despoiled by [[Narai I|Narai]] (not to be confused with King [[Narai]] reigning from 1656 to 88), the son of King [[Chandrachota]] from Lavo Kingdom,<ref name=p60/>{{rp|33}} who was of the [[Suphannabhum]] lineage.<ref name=yonok>{{cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/พงศาวดารโยนก_-_แช่ม_บุนนาค_-_๒๔๗๙.pdf|title=Yonok Chronicle|date=1936|access-date=16 December 2024|language=th}}</ref>{{rp|191}} Narai renamed the city Ayodhya ({{lang|th|อโยธยา}}) and eventually set it [[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]]'s new capital.<ref name=mati>{{cite web|last1=ธีระเนตร |first1=พันธุ์ทิพย์ |url=https://www.matichon.co.th/news-monitor/news_771434|title=3,000ปี ลพบุรีไม่เคยร้าง "ขรรค์ชัย-สุจิตต์" ชวนทอดน่องเมืองละโว้ ค้นต้นกำเนิดอยุธยา|date=18 December 2017|accessdate=26 October 2023|language=th|work=[[Matichon]]|archivedate=26 October 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231026145922/https://www.matichon.co.th/news-monitor/news_771434}}</ref> The former capital was then renamed [[Lopburi]].{{sfn|Thepthani|1953|p=101}} The majority of Ayodhya's inhabitants are supposed to have migrated from [[Dvaravati]]'s [[Ayodhyapura|Ayojjhapura]] following its fall in 946, as well as residents from [[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]]'s [[Lopburi|Lavapura]] who fled after the city was destroyed by [[Angkor]] in 1001.<ref name=mati2>{{cite web|url=https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_563337|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241218222126/https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_563337|url-status=dead|archive-date=2024-12-18|title=ฤๅเมืองโบราณศรีเทพ คือ 'อโยธยา-มหานคร' ในตำนานพระแก้วมรกต และตำนานพระสิกขีปฏิมาศิลาดำ?|date=16 June 2022|accessdate=19 December 2024|language=th|work=[[Matichon]]|trans-title=Is the ancient city of Sri Thep the ‘Ayutthaya-the metropolis’ in the legend of the Emerald Buddha and the legend of the black stone Buddha Sikhi Patima?|author=Pensupa Sukkata}}</ref> The rising of Ayodhya happened after the fall of [[Kamalanka]] or Mevilimbangam, centered at [[Nakhon Pathom]], which was sacked by the [[Chola]] and [[Pagan Kingdom|Pagan]] in 1030 and 1058, respectively.<ref name=kama>{{cite web|url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1974/03/JSS_062_1m_ChandChirayuRajani_ReviewArticleBackgroundToSriVijaya.pdf|title=Background to the Sri Vijaya Story – Part I|author=Chand Chirayu Rajani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725075434/https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1974/03/JSS_062_1m_ChandChirayuRajani_ReviewArticleBackgroundToSriVijaya.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2020 }}</ref>{{rp|180–3}}<ref name=fineart>{{cite book|url=https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2022/11/file/mcpd33eEWS9MvfPoHfCcII65qwbmCUAG4DUnaWRO.pdf|title=โบราณวิทยาเรื่องเมืองอู่ทอง|page=232|place=Bangkok|trans-title=Archaeology of U Thong City|author=[[Fine Arts Department]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110084007/https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2022/11/file/mcpd33eEWS9MvfPoHfCcII65qwbmCUAG4DUnaWRO.pdf |archive-date=2024-11-10 |language=th}}</ref>{{rp|95, 105}} Ayodhya then overshadowed Lopburi and other cities in the lower Chaophraya Plain by exploiting opportunities created by the decline of the [[Srivijaya]] trading network in the 13th century.<ref name=chris/>{{rp|47}}

After the end of Narai's reign in 1087, Ayodhya fell under the power struggles between nine [[amatya]]s for two years,{{sfn|Thepthani|1953|p=101}} and was won by Phra Chao Luang (พระเจ้าหลวง), who relocated the city, in 1097, southward to the east bank of the [[Chao Phraya River]] near the mouth of the Mae Bia River (แม่น้ำแม่เบี้ย), south of the present [[Wat Phanan Choeng]].{{sfn|Thepthani|1953|p=102}} However, since he had no male heir, he had his only daughter marry Sai Nam Phueng ({{lang|th|สายน้ำผึ้ง}}),{{sfn|Thepthani|1953|p=103–4}} son of Kraison Rat ({{lang|th|ไกรศรราช}}) who was of [[Mon people|Mon]]'s [[Mueang Chaliang|Chaliang]] and [[Tai people|Tai]]'s [[Chiang Saen]] lineages and served as the [[Lopburi|Lavapura]] king at that time.<ref name=p60/>{{rp|21, 23}} Their descendants, later known as the Uthong (Lavo) dynasty, continued to rule Ayodhya until the traditional establishment of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1351.

During the pre-Aytthaya period, Ayodhya was mentioned as ''[[Xiān]]'' ({{lang|zh|暹}}; or Siam)<ref name=chris>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-ayutthaya/ayutthaya-rising/8AAECCAD77F21CEB4103936A97D3F176|date=2 September 2021|accessdate=22 April 2025|author1=Chris Baker|author2=Pasuk Phongpaichit|chapter=Ayutthaya Rising|title= A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=43–8|archivedate=22 April 2025|archiveurl=https://ia801403.us.archive.org/15/items/ayutthaya-rising/Ayutthaya%20Rising.pdf|isbn=9781108120197|doi=10.1017/9781108120197|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/a-history-of-ayutthaya/52FC0674CC0532A8F1EDB01CC37E703B}}</ref>{{rp|46}} in several Chinese and [[Đại Việt]] texts from 1149<ref name=ctext>{{cite web|url=https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=771692|title=大越史記全書《卷之四》|work=中國哲學書電子化計劃|language=zh|accessdate=11 November 2024|archivedate=5 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705194437/https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=771692|trans-title=The Complete Historical Records of Dai Viet "Volume 4"}}</ref>{{hatnote inline|:line 61}} to the official establishment of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1351.<ref name=xi>{{cite web|url=https://www.matichon.co.th/politics/news_3927751|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250116002007/https://www.matichon.co.th/politics/news_3927751|url-status=dead|archive-date=2025-01-16|title=อ.ธรรมศาสตร์เปิดผลขุดค้น 'อโยธยา' ก่อนตั้งกรุงศรีฯ แนะชั่งน้ำหนักปมรถไฟความเร็งสูง ความเจริญต้องคู่อนุรักษ์|date=15 April 2024|accessdate=16 January 2025|language=th|work=[[Matichon]]|trans-title=Thammasat University lecturer reveals excavation results of 'Ayutthaya' before the establishment of Krung Sri, suggests weighing the issue of high-speed trains, development must go hand in hand with conservation.}}</ref> There are many records of Xiān invasion of [[Champa]],<ref name=ctext2/>{{hatnote inline|:line 148}} ''Dān mǎ xī'' ({{lang|zh|單馬錫}}, identified as far as Tumasik, or [[Singapore]]),<ref name=xian>{{cite journal|url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2004/03/JSS_092_0d_Ishii_ExploringNewApproachToEarlyThaiHistory.pdf|title=Exploring a New Approach to Early Thai History|date=2004|volume=92|journal=Journal of the Siam Society|author=Yoneo Ishii|pages=37–42|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715205744/https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2004/03/JSS_092_0d_Ishii_ExploringNewApproachToEarlyThaiHistory.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-15 }}</ref>{{rp|39}} Xī lǐ ({{lang|zh|昔里}}),<ref name=xian/>{{rp|39}} Ma-li-yü-êrh (Melayu),<ref name=luce>{{cite journal|url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1958/03/JSS_046_2b_Luce_EarlySyamInBurmasHistory.pdf|title=The Early Syam in Burma's History|author=Luce, G.H.|journal=[[Journal of the Siam Society]]|volume=46|date=1958|pages=123–213|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701080246/https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1958/03/JSS_046_2b_Luce_EarlySyamInBurmasHistory.pdf |archive-date=2024-07-01 }}</ref>{{rp|140}} and [[Samudera Pasai Sultanate]] on [[Sumatra]],<ref name=sri>{{cite web|url=https://www.sac.or.th/portal/th/article/detail/608|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241105234239/https://www.sac.or.th/portal/th/article/detail/608|url-status=dead|archive-date=2024-11-05|title=ปาไซ-สยามยุทธ์: "พ่อขุนแดนใต้" รบ "แขกสุมาตรา"|date=17 May 2024|trans-title=Pasai-Siam Wars: "King of the South" fights the "Muslim"|language=th|author=Tongjai Hutangkur|work=[[Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre]]}}</ref> as well as a well-known bas relief panel of [[Angkor Wat]] showing mercenaries of the Khmer army, who, among others, are identified as ''syam-kuk'', perhaps "of the land of Siam." One cannot be certain what ethnolinguistic group these mercenaries belonged to, but many scholars have thought them to be [[Thai people|Siam people]].<ref name=preecha>{{cite journal|url=https://ans-names.pitt.edu/ans/article/view/1181/1180|title=Thai or Siam?|author=Preecha Juntanamalaga|pages=69–84|journal=Names a Journal of Onomastics|volume=36|issue=1–2|date=1988|doi=10.1179/nam.1988.36.1-2.69|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320123829/https://ans-names.pitt.edu/ans/article/view/1181/1180 |archive-date=2022-03-20 |url-access=subscription|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|70}} In 1431, a [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyu]] ship reported that “the King of Xian had punished the previous chief of [[Palembang]] and had put a new chief in power.<ref name=chris/>{{rp|49}}

According to [[The Customs of Cambodia]] written by [[Zhou Daguan]] as an official delegation sent by the [[Yuan Dynasty]] to [[Angkor]] from 1296–1297, the Siamese people exerted significant influence over [[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]]'s [[Lopburi|Lavapura]] and appeared in huge numbers in the Angkorian capital of [[Yasodharapura]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Reviewed Work: A record of Cambodia: the land and its people by Zhou Daguan, Peter Harris, David Chandler|journal = Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|volume = 166|issue = 1|pages = 155–157|jstor = 27868568|last1 = Leang|first1 = UN|year = 2010}}</ref><ref name="siamese">{{cite book |author=Zhou Daguan|title=A Record of Cambodia: The Land and Its People|translator=Peter Harris |publisher=Silkworm Books |year= 2007 |isbn=978-1628401721 }}</ref> It was recorded by Zhou Daguan that Cambodia also imported cloth and silkworms from Xian, and suffered from repeated attacks by its people.<ref name=chris/>{{rp|46}} Thus, the Siamese invasion of Angkor might have begun in the 1290s.<ref name="Coedes2">{{cite book |last=Coedès |first=George |title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |others=trans. Susan Brown Cowing |year=1968 |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1 |editor=Walter F. Vella |author-link=George Coedès}}</ref>{{rp|211}}<ref name="Maspero">Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., {{ISBN|9747534991}}</ref>{{rp|90}}

The Laotian [[Wat Phra That Phanom|Phra That Phanom Chronicle]] refers to Ayodhya before the traditional formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom by several names, including Pahalanakhon ({{lang|th|พาหละนคร}}), [[Dvaravati]], and Sri Ayodhiya Dvaravati Nakhon ({{lang|th|ศรีอโยธิยาทวารวดีนคร}}). Meanwhile, the [[Lan Na]]'s Yonok Chronicle mentions Ayodhya during this period as Guru Rath ({{lang|th|กุรุรัฐ}}; {{lit|Country of [[Guru]]}} {{lang|san|गुरु}}), which is almost identical to the [[Kamalanka#As Ge Luo She Fen and Gē Luó|Kolo Kingdom]] {{lang|zh|哥罗国}} or Kamalanka in several Chinese texts that existed from the 1st to 11th century. It was ruled by King Guru Wongsa ({{lang|th|กุรุวงศา}}; {{lit|Family of Guru}}), and its people were called ''Khlom'' ({{lang|th|กล๋อม}}), which has been mispronounced as [[Khom]] till the present day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_115115|title=บ้านเมืองอีสาน-สองฝั่งโขง ใน "อุรังคธาตุ" ตำนานพระธาตุพนม|trans-title=Northeastern towns and cities on both sides of the Mekong River in "Urankathathu", the legend of Phra That Phanom|language=th|date=4 August 2024|author=Yutthaphong Matwises|website=silpa-mag.com|accessdate=28 May 2025|archive-date=27 May 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250527193218/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_115115|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{multiple image
|align = center
|total_width = 550
|image1 = Khao Khlang Nak-004.jpg
|caption1 = Ruin in [[Si Thep Historical Park|Si Thep]], which was speculated to be [[Dvaravati]]'s [[Ayodhyapura|Ayojjhapura]],<ref name=mati2/> the predecessor to Ayodhya.<ref name=13th>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072298|title=Relics, Oaths and Politics in Thirteenth-Century Siam|date = 2020|author=[[David K. Wyatt]]|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=32|issue=1|pages=3–65|jstor=20072298|archivedate=11 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611162914/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072298|access-date=14 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|56}}
|image2 = Siamese Mercenaries Angkor Wat 0876.jpg
|caption2 = Image of Siamese mercenaries of [[Xiān]] in [[Angkor Wat]], dated the 12th century. The Siamese later became a major rival of [[Angkor]].
|image3 = 001 Vihara seen from the Side (9188173523).jpg
|caption3 = [[Wat Phanan Choeng]], founded in the pre-Ayutthaya period during the reign of Ayodhya's King Sai Nam Peung (r. 1111–1165)
}}

====Traditional founding of Ayutthaya====
[[File:Construction of Ayutthaya Painting by Nai Im 1887.png|thumb|The founding of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya by king [[Uthong|Ramatibodi I]], painting made by Nai Im according to the royal decree of king [[Chulalongkorn]] in 1897.]]
Ayutthaya was traditionally founded by King [[Uthong]] on 4 March 1351.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |last2=Phongpaichit |first2=Pasuk |title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=43 |edition=Kindle |url=https://www.amazon.com/History-Ayutthaya-Early-Modern-World-ebook/dp/B071KX8HY5/ref=tmm_kin_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr= |language=English}}</ref> This fact, however, has been subject to long scholarly debate. According to Chris Baker-Pasuk Phongpaichit, there are at least seven legends about who Uthong was: "a Northern Thai prince, a fugitive Chinese prince from the sea, a Khmer noble from Angkor, a ruler from one of the gulf cities, or a [[Chola dynasty|Chola]]."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Siam Society Lecture: A History of Ayutthaya (28 June 2017) | website=[[YouTube]] | date=21 May 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xA5I0jxoV8 |language=en |quote=14:53}}</ref> Other than being the legendary founder of Ayutthaya, the only thing known about Uthong in the chronicles is the year of his death.<ref name=":1"/>

Before the official establishment of the kingdom, the lower [[Chao Phraya River|Menam Valley]] entered the conflict-free era in the 12th century; artifacts and ruins dating back to the 12th–13th centuries found in the area indicate that there was a massive migration from surrounding neighbors, such as the [[Khmer people|Khmer]] from the east, the [[Mon people|Mon]] from the west, and the [[Tai people|Tai]]-[[Mon people|Mon]] from the north. Several modern mandalas then emerged, such as [[Suphannabhum]], [[Phip Phli]], [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Sukhothai]], as well as Ayutthaya Kingdom.<ref name=suphan>{{cite journal|title=การสังเคราะห์องค์ความรู้ประวัติศาสตร์รัฐสุพรรณภูมิ จังหวัดสุพรรณบุรี ด้วยกระบวนการการมีส่วนร่วม|trans-title=Synthesis of Suphannabhume historical Knowledge in Suphanburi Province by Participatory Process|language=th|date=2017|journal=Journal of Nakhonratchasima College|volume=11|issue=1|pages=272–290|author=Chantas Piantham|url=http://journal.nmc.ac.th/th/admin/Journal/2560Vol11No1_724.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210070743/http://journal.nmc.ac.th/th/admin/Journal/2560Vol11No1_724.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-10 }}</ref>{{rp|272–3}}

===Early maritime dominance===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200" align="centre">
File:Ayutthaya Kingdom map in the 14th century.png|The Ayutthaya heartland (red), invaded territories (light red) and the Northern Cities (blue) in the 14th century
File:Ayutthaya attack on Malay.jpg|Ayutthaya attack and subjugation of the Malay peninsula and Sumatra between the 13th–16th century, according to [https://ia600404.us.archive.org/16/items/ayutthaya-rising-from-land-or-sea/Ayutthaya%20Rising%20From%20Land%20or%20Sea.pdf Chris Baker: ''Ayutthaya rising from land or sea?'']
File:Fra Mauro map, sector XX.jpg|Ayutthaya is shown in the [[Fra Mauro map]] of the world (c. 1450) under the name "Scierno", derived from the Persian "Shahr-I-Naw", meaning 'New City'<ref>{{cite news|first=Subhatra |last=Bhumiprabhas|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/09/06/headlines/headlines_30012911.php|title=Scierno: the Land of Smiles|work=The Nation|access-date=2019-05-06|date=2006-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222725/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/09/06/headlines/headlines_30012911.php|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
</gallery>
In the 1290s through to the 1490s, Ayutthaya sent forces down to the peninsula and demanded tribute from the Malay principalities down to [[Early history of Singapore|Temasek]] ([[Kingdom of Singapura|Singapura]] (modern Singapore)) and [[Sumatra]]. The early Ayutthaya polity was a maritime-oriented confederation, more in line with the Malay polities of Maritime Southeast Asia than with states inland like Sukhothai and the Northern Cities. Muslim and European mapmakers labeled the [[Malay Peninsula]] up to the [[Tenasserim coast]] as part of Ayutthaya in the 15th and early 16th centuries. Early Ayutthaya did not keep records and their early dynastic chronology is likely fabricated by later Ayutthaya elites writing their histories: the early chronology in the palace chronicles does not correlate with the Ayutthaya temple chronicles nor the Chinese court chronicles.<ref name=":7" /><ref name="jstor.org" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wade |first1=Geoff |title=The "Ming shi-lu" as a Source for Thai History: Fourteenth to Seventeenth Centuries |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |date=2000 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=273 |doi=10.1017/S0022463400017562 |jstor=20072252 |hdl=10722/42537 |s2cid=162645676 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072252 |issn=0022-4634|hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Mandalas1360-2.png|thumb|Intersecting [[Mandala (political model)|mandalas]] circa 1360: from north to south: [[Lan Xang]], [[Lanna]], [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Northern Cities]], Ayutthaya, [[Khmer Empire|Angkor]] and [[Champa]]]]
The integrity of the patchwork of cities of the early Ayutthaya Kingdom was maintained largely through familial connections under the [[Mandala (political model)|mandala]] system.<ref name="higham">{{harvnb|Higham|1989|p=355}}</ref> King Uthong had his son, Prince [[Ramesuan (king of Ayutthaya)|Ramesuan]], the ruler of Lopburi (Lavo),<ref name="thai-heritage.org" /> his brother, the ruler of Praek Sriracha<ref>สมเด็จพระศรีราชาธิราช</ref>(in modern [[Chainat Province]]) and his brother-in-law, [[Borommarachathirat I|Khun Luang Pa-ngua]], the ruler of Suphanburi. The ruler of Phetchaburi was his distant relative.<ref>{{cite book |last1=ภูมิศักดิ์ |first1=จิตร |title=สังคมไทย ลุ่มแม่น้ำเจ้าพระยาก่อนสมัยศรีอยุธยา |date=2004 |publisher=สำนักพิมพ์ฟ้าเดียวกัน |isbn=974-92593-1-9}}</ref> The king would appoint a prince or a relative to be the ruler of a city, and a city that was ruled by a prince was called ''[[Muang|Muang Look Luang]]'' ({{langx|th|เมืองลูกหลวง}}). Each city ruler swore allegiance and loyalty to the King of Ayutthaya but also retained certain privileges.

Politics of Early Ayutthaya was characterized by rivalries between the two dynasties; the [[List of monarchs of Thailand#1st Uthong dynasty (1351–1370)|Uthong dynasty]] based on Lopburi (Lavo) and the [[List of monarchs of Thailand#1st Suphannaphum dynasty (1370–1388)|Suphannabhum dynasty]] based on Suphanburi. Traditional narratives argued that Ayutthaya conquered Sukhothai, [[Angkor]], etc., but more modern narratives argue that territorial conquest was a European thing and not a Southeast Asian thing. Rather, the processes which saw Ayutthaya expand was one of political merger and consolidation between the cities at the head of the peninsula and slowly ascending up the Chao Phraya River Basin to the Northern Cities.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |date=2003 |title=Ayutthaya Rising: From Land or Sea? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072474 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=41–62 |doi=10.1017/S0022463403000031 |jstor=20072474 |s2cid=154278025 |issn=0022-4634|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
The culture of early Ayutthaya, described by [[Ma Huan]], a scribe on [[Zheng He's voyages]], in the early 15th century, described Ayutthaya as a rowdy port town, whose men practice fighting on water, and where the affairs of everyday life was arranged by the women. The cities on the peninsula regularly complained to the Chinese court about constant Siamese attacks down the peninsula around this time period.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/JSS_095_0b_Rodao_CastiliansDiscoverSiam.pdf |title=The Castilians Discover Siam: Changing Visions and Self-discovery|author=Florentino Rodao|date=2007|journal=Journal of Siam Society|volume=95|archivedate=27 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227222205/https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/JSS_095_0b_Rodao_CastiliansDiscoverSiam.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|7}}

===Age of warfare===
The 1430s through to 1600 marked a period of rising warfare throughout Mainland Southeast Asia. In 1500, the Portuguese noted that Ayutthaya had 100 elephants, 50 years later, Ayutthaya had 50,000 elephants. Ayutthaya began launching military land expeditions far to the west and east. In the west, Ayutthaya fought to acquire the cities of [[Tavoy]], [[Mergui]], Tenasserim, and [[Martaban]] in the late 15th century. Song China's increasing interests to sea commerce at the turn of the second millennium made trade between China and the Indian Ocean especially lucrative. In the 1430s, [[Fall of Angkor|Ayutthaya attacked Angkor]], but did not sack the city, although Ayutthaya did install a short-lived puppet ruler.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Palace Law Codes under [[Borommatrailokkanat]] exemplified the newfound attention to warfare, citing a number of rewards for the number of enemies beheaded. The introduction of elephants, guns, and mercenaries made wars in Southeast Asia much more chronic and much more deadly. By the late 16th century, [[Bago, Burma|Pegu (Bago)]] suffered a severe conscript revolt, Ayutthaya phrai fled into the forests or bribed the conscription officers, and the construction of sturdier and stronger city walls made warfare largely ineffective.<ref name=":1" />{{Page needed|date=August 2025}}<ref name=":2" />

====Transition to a hinterland state====
{{See also|Ayutthaya-Lan Na War|History of Phitsanulok Province}}
The Ayutthaya Kingdom shifted from a maritime state to more of a hinterland state during the 15th and 16th centuries. Its absorption of the Northern Cities and the shifting of trade power to the inland trade routes with China facilitated this change of policy. The reign of King [[Borommatrailokkanat]] was the peak of this merger between the basin and the [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Northern Cities]], being the scion of generations of intermarriage between the two.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Even though Borommatrailokkanat symbolized the merger between North and South, the [[Lan Na|Lan Na Kingdom]], a state North of Ayutthaya (modern-day [[Northern Thailand]]), contested Ayutthaya's growing influence over the Northern Cities. The [[Ayutthaya-Lan Na War]] was fought over the Upper Chao Phraya valley for control of the Northern Cities. Whether he preferred the Northern Cities to Ayutthaya or the necessity to have a capital closer to the war, Borommatrailokkanat moved his capital to [[History of Phitsanulok province|Phitsanulok]]. Lan Na suffered setbacks and Borommatrailokkanat eventually sued for peace in 1475.<ref name=":1"/>

Ayutthaya's sphere of influence down the peninsula was contested by the [[Malacca Sultanate]]. Ayutthaya launched several abortive conquests against Malacca which was diplomatically and economically fortified by the military support of [[Ming dynasty|Ming China]]. In the early-15th century the Ming admiral [[Zheng He]] established a base of operation in the port city, making it a strategic position the Chinese could not afford to lose to the Siamese. Under this protection, Malacca flourished, becoming one of Ayutthaya's great foes until the [[capture of Malacca (1511)|capture of Malacca]] by the Portuguese.<ref name="malacca">{{cite book |last=Jin |first=Shaoqing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmpkR6l5MaMC&q=zheng+he+mansur+shah&pg=PA58 |title=Zheng He's voyages down the western seas |publisher=China Intercontinental Press |year=2005 |isbn=9787508507088 |editor=Office of the People's Government of Fujian Province |location=Fujian, China |page=58 |access-date=2 August 2009}}</ref> Ayutthaya's attention to the portage routes across the upper peninsula meant that it did not send a military expedition to the lower peninsula and the Malay States throughout the 16th century.

====Centralization and dominance of the Northern lords====
{{See also|Chatusadom|Muang}}
[[File:Three Chedi(s) of Wat Phra Si Sanphet.jpg|thumb|Three pagodas of [[Wat Phra Si Sanphet]] which house the remains of King [[Borommatrailokkanat]], [[Borommarachathirat III]], and [[Ramathibodi II]]]]
Ayutthaya's sphere of influence was now stretched from the Northern Cities to the Malay Peninsula, with its heartland centered around the old Ayutthaya-Suphanburi-Lopburi-Phetchaburi polity. The ''Muang Look Luang'' system was inadequate to govern relatively vast territories. The government of Ayutthaya was centralized and institutionalized under King Borommatrailokkanat in his reforms promulgating in Palatine Law of 1455, which became the constitution of Ayutthaya for the rest of its existence and continued to be the constitution of Siam until 1892, albeit in altered forms. The central government was dominated by the ''[[Chatusadom]]'' system ({{langx|th|จตุสดมภ์}} lit. "Four Pillars), in which the court was led by two [[Prime Ministers]]; the ''[[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Samuha Nayok]]'' the Civil Prime Minister and the ''[[Ministry of Defence (Thailand)|Samuha Kalahom]]'' the Grand Commander of Forces overseeing Civil and Military affairs, respectively. Under the ''Samuha Nayok'' were the Four Ministries. In the regions, the king sent not "rulers" but "governors" to govern cities. The cities were under governors who were from nobility not rulers with privileges as it had previously been. The "Hierarchy of Cities" was established and cities were organized into four levels. Large, top level cities held authorities over secondary or low-level cities.

The increased wealth of Ayutthaya resulted in the beginnings of a chronic succession struggle for the Ayutthaya throne. Due to the lack of stable [[succession law]], from each succession from the 16th century onwards, princely governors or powerful dignitaries claiming their merit gathered their forces and moved on the capital to press their claims, culminating in several bloody coups.<ref name="succ">{{cite web |title=The Aytthaya Era, 1350–1767 |url=http://countrystudies.us/thailand/7.htm |access-date=25 July 2009 |website=U. S. Library of Congress}}</ref> With the dominance of the Suphanburi clan, it now had to face the militaristic nobles of the Northern Cities, who increasingly came south for wealth prospects at an increasingly wealthy and powerful Ayutthaya.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":1"/> The first real succession struggles in Ayutthaya occurred in the early 16th century, with the Northern lords playing a prominent role. Under the reign of [[Maha Chakkraphat]], the Northern lords, led by the Lord of Phitsanulok, [[Mahathammarachathirat (king of Ayutthaya)|Maha Thammarachathirat]], became kingmakers in Ayutthaya. The final nail for this transition was the overthrow of the Suphanburi clan from the Ayutthaya throne following the 1569 Burmese capture of Ayutthaya, placing Maha Thammarachathirat on the Ayutthaya throne.<ref name=":1"/>

The 15th century also marked a turning point in Ayutthaya's view of itself. King Borommatrailokkanat performed some sort of coronation ceremony, the first in Ayutthaya history, in the 1460s. Prior to the 15th century, Ayutthaya's palaces and temples were inferior in grandeur to cities such as Sukhothai and Phitsanulok. By the early 16th century, Ayutthaya had now rivalled its regional competitors in its city grandeur, building magnificent wats and palaces for kings with a number of tributary states.<ref name=":1"/>

====First Burmese wars====
{{Main|Burmese–Siamese wars}}

[[File:Burmese-Siamese War of 1548-49.svg|thumb|200px|King [[Tabinshwehti]] of Pegu's [[Burmese–Siamese War (1547–49)|invasion of Ayutthaya in 1547–1549]].]]
Starting in the middle of the 16th century, the kingdom came under repeated attacks by the [[Taungoo dynasty]] of [[Burma]]. The [[Burmese–Siamese War (1547–49)|Burmese–Siamese War (1547–1549)]] resulted in a failed Burmese siege of Ayutthaya. [[Burmese–Siamese War (1563–1564)|A second siege (1563–1564)]] led by King [[Bayinnaung]] forced King [[Maha Chakkraphat]] to surrender in 1564. The royal family was taken to Pegu (Bago), with the king's second son [[Mahinthrathirat]] installed as the vassal king.<ref name="Phayre">{{cite book | title= History of Burma, including Burma Proper, Pegu, Taungu, Tenasserim, and Arakan| last=Phayre|first=Sir Arthur P|year=1883|edition=1967|publisher=Susil Gupta|location=London}}</ref>{{RP|111}}<ref name="Harvey-1925">{{cite book | last=Harvey|first=G E |title=History of Burma|publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.| year=1925 | location=London}}</ref>{{RP|167–170}} In 1568, Mahinthrathirat revolted when his father managed to return from Pegu as a [[bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]]. [[Burmese–Siamese War (1568–1569)|The ensuing third siege captured Ayutthaya in 1569]] and Bayinnaung made [[Maha Thammaracha (king of Ayutthaya)|Maha Thammarachathirat]] (also known as Sanphet I) his vassal king, instating the [[List of Thai monarchs#Sukhothai dynasty (1569–1629)|Sukhothai dynasty]].<ref name="Harvey-1925"/>{{RP|167}}

In May 1584, less than three years after Bayinnaung's death, [[Uparaja]] [[Naresuan]] (or Sanphet II), the son of Sanphet I, proclaimed Ayutthaya's independence. This proclamation resulted in repeated invasions of Ayutthaya by Burma which the Siamese fought off ultimately finishing in an [[elephant duel]] between King [[Naresuan]] and Burmese heir-apparent [[Mingyi Swa]] in [[Burmese–Siamese War (1584–1593)|1593 during the fourth siege of Ayutthaya]] in which [[Naresuan]] famously slew Mingyi Swa,<ref name=Kohn>{{cite book |last1=Kohn |first1=George Childs |title=Dictionary of Wars |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofwars0000kohn |url-access=registration |date=1999 |publisher=Facts on File, Inc. |location=New York |isbn=0-8160-3928-3 |edition=Revised}}</ref>{{RP|443}} although the existence of this battle has been challenged by modern scholars such as [[Sulak Sivaraksa]]. Today, this Siamese victory is [[Public holidays in Thailand#National observances|observed]] annually on 18 January as [[Royal Thai Armed Forces]] day. Later that same year warfare erupted again (the [[Burmese–Siamese War (1593–1600)]]) when the Siamese invaded Burma, first occupying the [[Tanintharyi Region|Tanintharyi province]] in southeast Burma in 1593 and later the cities of [[Moulmein]] and [[Mottama|Martaban]] in 1594. In 1599, the Siamese attacked the city of Pegu but were ultimately driven out by Burmese rebels who had assassinated Burmese King [[Nanda Bayin]] and taken power.<ref name=Kohn/>{{RP|443}}

In 1613, after King [[Anaukpetlun]] reunited Burma and took control, the Burmese invaded the Siamese-held territories in Tanintharyi province, and took Tavoy. In 1614, the Burmese invaded Lan Na which at that time was a vassal of Ayutthaya. Fighting between the Burmese and Siamese continued until 1618 when a treaty ended the conflict. At that time, Burma had gained control of Lan Na and while Ayutthaya retained control of southern Tanintharyi (south of Tavoy).<ref name="Phayre"/>{{RP|127–130}}<ref name=Kohn/>{{RP|443}}

===Peace and commerce===
[[File:AMH-5638-KB Map of East India.jpg|thumb|left|Map of South East Asia, published by Nicolaas Visscher II (1649–1702). The map shows the entire trading region of the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC).]]
The cessation of warfare around 1600 gave way to a prolonged period of peace and commerce, beginning with the reign of [[Ekathotsarot|Ekathotsorot]]. The Portuguese and Dutch conquest of Malacca encouraged Asian traders to bypass Malacca by crossing the portage route mid-peninsula, controlled by Ayutthaya. This was a period of the great Asian empires: [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Safavid Empire]], [[Mughal Empire]], Ming and [[Qing China]], and [[Tokugawa Shogunate|Tokugawa]] Japan. Ayutthaya therefore became the lucrative middleman for trade between the global empires of the Early Modern World. Kings and nobles turned to hunting, trade, and the competition for the throne with the ending of warfare.<ref name=":1"/>

This period of Ayutthaya is also characterized by the emergence of mercantile absolutism, where the king had a virtual monopoly on all incomes into the kingdom, allowing the king to build new temples and palaces, sponsor ceremonies, and enshroud the monarchy in ritual mysticism. The king had the power to appoint governors of cities in the inner Ayutthaya mueang (cities) as well as appoint ministers in charge of the government. This however all made the target of the throne much more lucrative and rewarding than before. To be able to successfully put your target onto the throne would immensely reward its facilitators as much as the winner of the crown. The ability to appoint a [[Front Palace]] was effective in times of war but became a double-edged sword in regards to peace. Foreigners, due to their lack of connections within the kingdom, often became prominent officials within the Ayutthaya court during this period.<ref name=":1"/>

====Later Phitsanulok dynasty to early Prasat Thong dynasty====
[[File:Army-of-Yamada-Nagamasa-in-Ayutthaya-Kingdom.png|thumb|right|Pictured in this Siamese painting, the mercenary army of Japanese adventurer [[Yamada Nagamasa]] played a pivotal role in court intrigue during the first half of the 17th century.]]
In 1605, Naresuan died of illness while on campaign against a Burmese spillover conflict in the [[Shan State|Shan]] region, leaving a greatly expanded Siamese kingdom to be ruled by his younger brother, [[Ekathotsarot]] (Sanphet III).<ref name="Damrong">Rajanubhab, D., 2001, Our Wars With the Burmese, Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd., {{ISBN|9747534584}}</ref>{{RP|173–180}} Ekathotsarot's reign was marked with stability for Siam and its sphere of influence, as well as increased foreign interactions, especially with the [[Dutch Republic]], [[Portuguese Empire]], and Tokugawa Shogunate (by way of the [[Red Seal Ships]]), among others. Indeed, representatives from many foreign lands began to fill Siam's civil and military administration – Japanese traders and mercenaries led by [[Yamada Nagamasa]], for example, had considerable influence with the king.<ref name ="Chakrabongse">Chakrabongse, C., 1960, Lords of Life, London: Alvin Redman Limited</ref>{{RP|51}}

Ekathotsarot's era ended with his death in 1610/11.<ref name=":0" /> The question of his succession was complicated by the alleged suicide of his eldest legitimate son, Suthat, while his second legitimate son, [[Si Saowaphak]], was never legally designated as an heir by Ekathotsarot himself. Nonetheless, Si Saowaphak succeeded to the throne against his late father's wishes, and led a short and ineffective reign in which he was kidnapped and held hostage by Japanese merchants, and later murdered.<ref name="Damrong" />{{RP|203–206}} After this episode, the kingdom was handed to [[Songtham]], a lesser son born of Ekathotsarot and a first-class concubine.

[[File:พระมณฑปและบันไดนาควัดพระพุทธบาท.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Wat Phra Phutthabat]], Saraburi, constructed by King [[Songtham]] as a royal pilgrimage site]]

Songtham temporarily restored stability to Ayutthaya and focused inward on religious construction projects, most notably a great temple at [[Wat Phra Phutthabat]]. In the sphere of foreign policy, Songtham lost suzerainty of Lan Na, [[Post-Angkor period|Cambodia]] and Tavoy,<ref name ="Damrong" />{{RP|207–208}} expelled the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Tricky Vandenberg |url=http://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Settlements_Portuguese.html |title=History of Ayutthaya – Foreign Settlements – Portuguese Settlement |publisher=Ayutthaya-history.com |access-date=2013-10-20}}</ref> and expanded Siam's foreign trade ties to include both the [[English East India Company]] and [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]], along with new merchant colonies in Siam representing communities from all across Asia.<ref name="Chakrabongse"/>{{RP|53–54, 56}} Additionally, Songtham maintained the service of Yamada Nagamasa, whose Japanese mercenaries were at this point serving as the king's own [[royal guard]].<ref name="Damrong" />

[[File:Wat Chaiwatthanaram by drone.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Wat Chaiwatthanaram]], constructed by King [[Prasat Thong]] during the Age of Peace and Commerce (1600–1688)]]

As Songtham's life began to fade, the issue of succession generated conflict once again when both King Songtham's brother, Prince Sisin, and his son, Prince [[Chetthathirat]], found support for their claims among the Siamese court. Although Thai tradition typically favored brothers over sons in matters of inheritance, Songtham enlisted the help of his influential cousin, [[Prasat Thong]] to ensure his son would inherit the kingdom instead. When Songtham died in 1628, Prasat Thong used his alliance with Yamada Nagamasa's mercenaries to purge everyone who had supported Prince Sisin's claim, eventually capturing and executing Sisin as well.<ref name="Damrong" />{{RP|213}} Soon Prasat Thong became more powerful in Siam than the newly crowned King Chetthathriat, and through further intrigue staged a coup in which Chetthathirat was deposed and executed in favor of his even younger brother [[Athittayawong]], whom Prasat Thong intended to use as a puppet ruler.<ref name="Damrong" />{{RP|215–216}}

This form of government was quickly met with resistance by elements within the Thai court who were dissatisfied with the idea of having two acting heads of state. Since Prasat Thong already ruled Siam in all but name as [[Kalahom]], he opted to resolve the issue by orchestrating the final dethronement and execution of the child king in 1629. Thus, Prasat Thong had completely usurped the kingdom by double (perhaps triple) regicide, extinguishing the Sukhothai dynasty 60 years after its installation by the Burmese.<ref name="Damrong" />{{RP|216}} Many of King Prasat Thong's former allies abandoned his cause following his ascension to the throne. In the course of quelling such resistance, Prasat Thong assassinated his former ally Yamada Nagamasa in 1630 (who now opposed Prasat Thong's coup), and promptly banished all the remaining Japanese from Siam.<ref name="Chakrabongse" /> While a community of Japanese exiles were eventually welcomed back into the country, this event marks the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate's long-standing formal relationship with the Ayutthaya Kingdom.<ref name="Chakrabongse" />

====Persian and French influences====
{{Main|Narai|Siamese revolution of 1688}}

{{Multi image
| total_width = 280
| image1 = Bird's Eye View of Iudiad City (Ayutthaya) c1665.jpg
| image2 = View of Ayutthaya City (Iudia) by Alain Mallet 1683.png
| image3 = View of Iudea (Ayutthaya), Capital of Siam ca. 1662 (SK-A-4477).jpg
| perrow = 2
| align = right
| footer_align = center
| footer = Clockwise: 1. Painting by [[Johannes Vingboons]] of Ayutthaya, c. 1665. 2. View of Ayutthaya City, by [[Alain Manesson Mallet|Alain Mallet]] 1683. 3. Painting of Ayutthaya c. 1665, painted by Johannes Vingboons, ordered by the [[Dutch East India Company]].
}}

Upon his death in 1656, King Prasat Thong was succeeded first by his eldest son, [[Chai (king of Ayutthaya)|Chai]], who was almost immediately deposed and executed by the late King's brother, [[Si Suthammaracha]], who in turn was defeated in single combat by his nephew, [[Narai]].<ref name="Damrong" />{{RP|216–217}} Narai finally assumed a stable position as King of Ayutthaya with the support of a mainly foreign court faction consisting of groups that had been marginalized during the reign of his father, Prasat Thong. Among his benefactors were, notably, Persian, Dutch, and Japanese mercenaries.<ref name="Damrong" /> It should therefore come as no surprise that the era of King Narai was one of an extroverted Siam. Foreign trade brought Ayutthaya not only luxury items but also new arms and weapons. In the mid–17th century, during King [[Narai]]'s reign, Ayutthaya became very prosperous.<ref name="wyatt2">{{harvnb|Wyatt|2003|pp=90–121}}</ref>

In 1662 war between [[Burmese–Siamese War (1662–1664)|Burma and Ayutthaya]] erupted again when King Narai attempted to take advantage of unrest in Burma to seize control of Lan Na.<ref>Rajanubhab</ref>{{RP|220–227}} Fighting along the border between the two adversaries continued for two years and at one time Narai seized Tavoy and Martaban. Ultimately, Narai and the Siamese ran out of supplies and returned home back within their border.<ref name="Phayre" />{{RP|139}}<ref name=Kohn/>{{RP|443–444}}

{{Multi image
| total_width = 280
| image1 = Audience with Narai, 1685-10-18 (b).jpg
| image2 = Innocent XI Dec 1688.jpg
| image3 = Siege of Bangkok 1688 Fortress Map Verquains.png
| perrow = 2
| align = right
| footer_align = center
| footer = Clockwise: 1.The French ambassador [[Chevalier de Chaumont]] presents a letter from Louis XIV to King Narai. Constance Phaulkon is seen kowtowing in the lower left corner of the print. 2. The Siamese embassy, with Father [[Guy Tachard]] meeting with [[Pope Innocent XI]], 23 December 1688. 3. The 1688 Siamese siege of the French fortress in Bangkok.
}}

While commercially thriving, Narai's reign was also socially tumultuous. Much of this can be attributed to three-way conflict between the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]], [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French]], and [[English East India Company|English]] trading companies now operating in Siam at an unprecedented intensity due to Siam's role as a center of trade, fostered by Narai. Of these competing foreign influences, Narai tended to favour relations with the French, wary of the growing Dutch and English colonial possessions in the [[South China Sea]].<ref name = "Chakrabongse" />{{RP|58}} Soon, Narai began to welcome communities of French [[Jesuits]] into his court, and pursue closer relations with both France and [[Holy See|the Vatican]].<ref name="Damrong" />{{RP|243–244}} Indeed, the many diplomatic missions conducted by Narai to such far-flung lands are some of the most celebrated accomplishments of his reign. Narai as well leased the ports of [[Bangkok]] and [[Mergui]] to the French, and had many French generals incorporated into his army to train it in Western strategy and supervise the construction of European-style forts.<ref>{{cite book |author=Cruysse, Dirk van der |title=Siam and the West |publisher=Silkworm |location=Chiang Mai |year=2002 |pages=343}}</ref> During this time, Narai abandoned the traditional capital of [[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]] for a new [[King Narai's Palace|Jesuit-designed palace]] in [[Lopburi]].<ref name="Damrong" />{{RP|250–251}}

As a growing Catholic presence cemented itself in Siam, and an unprecedented number of French forts were erected and garrisoned on land leased by Narai, a faction of native Siamese courtiers, Buddhist clergy, and other non-Catholic and/or non-French elements of Narai's court began to resent the favourable treatment French interests received under his reign.<ref name="Chakrabongse" />{{RP|63}} This hostile attitude was especially directed at [[Constantine Phaulkon]], a Catholic Greek adventurer and proponent of French influence who had climbed to the rank of Narai's Prime Minister and chief advisor of foreign affairs.<ref>[http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/317794/it-all-started-back-when-bangkok-was-just-a-french-fort When Bangkok was just a French fort]</ref> Much of this turmoil was primarily religious, as the French Jesuits were openly attempting to convert Narai and the royal family to [[Catholicism]].<ref name="Chakrabongse" />{{RP|62}}

Narai was courted not just by Catholic conversion, but as well by proselytizing Muslim Persians, [[Chams]] and [[Makassar people|Makassars]] in his court, the later of which communities launched an unsuccessful [[Makassar revolt of 1686|revolt in 1686]] to replace Narai with a Muslim puppet king.<ref name=MS>{{cite web|url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/2001/JSS_090_0f_Smithies_AccountOfMakasarRevolt.pdf|author=Michael Smithies|title=Accounts of the Makassar Revolt, 1686|website=Siamese-heritage.org|access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref> While members of the anti-foreign court faction were primarily concerned with Catholic influence, there is evidence to suggest that Narai was equally interested in Islam, and had no desire to fully convert to either religion.<ref>{{cite book |author=Muhammad Rabi' ibn Muhammad Ibrahim |translator=J. O'Kane |title=The Ship of Sulaiman |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1972 |pages=98–99}}</ref>

Nonetheless, a dissatisfied faction now led by Narai's celebrated elephantry commander, [[Phetracha]], had long planned a coup to remove Narai. When the king became seriously ill in May 1688, Phetracha and his accomplices had him arrested along with Phaulkon and many members of the royal family, all of whom were put to death besides Narai, who died in captivity in July of that year.<ref name ="Damrong" /> {{RP|271–273}}<ref name ="Smithies" >''Mission Made Impossible: The Second French Embassy to Siam, 1687'', by Michael Smithies, Claude Céberet, Guy Tachard, Simon de La Loubère (2002) Silkworm Books, Thailand {{ISBN|974-7551-61-6}}</ref>{{RP|46, 184}} With the king and his heirs out of the way, Phetracha then usurped the throne and officially crowned himself King of Ayutthaya on 1 August.<ref name = "Smithies" /> {{RP|184}}

King Phetracha took Mergui back from French control almost immediately, and began the pivotal [[Siege of Bangkok]], which culminated in an official French retreat from Siam. Phetracha's reign, however, was not stable. Many of Phetracha's provincial governors refused to recognize his rule as legitimate, and rebellions by the late Narai's supporters persisted for many years.<ref name="Damrong" />{{RP|276–277}} The most important change to Siam in the aftermath of the revolution was Phetracha's refusal to continue Narai's foreign embassies. King Phetracha opted instead to reverse much of Narai's decisions and closed Thailand to almost all forms of European interaction except with the Dutch.<ref name="Damrong" />{{RP|273–276}}

===Late Ayutthaya period===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200" align="centre">
File:Ayutthaya City Plan Sketch Kaempfer 1690.png|Ayutthaya City Plan Sketch by [[Engelbert Kaempfer]] (1690)
File:Laos - Division territòriala vèrs 1750 (vuege).png|Ayutthaya and Mainland Southeast Asia in 1707. ''Note:'' Southeast Asian political borders remained relatively undefined until the modern period.
File:Veue-de-siam-by-henri-abraham-chatelain-1719.jpg|"Veuë de Siam" (View of Siam), engraving from Henri Abraham Chatelain's Atlas Historique (1719), depicting Ayutthaya.
File:Map of Ayutthaya (Judia) Golden Age by Francois Valentijn 1726.png|Map of Ayutthaya (Judia) during the golden age by Francois Valentijn 1726
</gallery>

====Continued prosperity and increased Chinese connections====
Despite the departure of most Europeans from Ayutthaya, their economic presence in Ayutthaya was negligible in comparison to the Ayutthaya China-Indian Ocean trade. Lieberman, later reinforced by Baker and Phongpaichit, refutes the idea that Siam's alleged isolationism from global trade following the French and English departure in 1688 led to Ayutthaya's gradual decline leading up to its destruction by the Burmese in 1767, stating: {{blockquote|Clearly, however, the late 1600s and especially the early 1700s inaugurated a period not of sustained decline, but of Chinese-assisted economic vitality that would continue into the 19th century.<ref>Lieberman 2003, 299 (Kindle Edition)</ref><ref name="lieberman" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=211–212, 258|year=2017|isbn=978-1-316-64113-2|location=|edition=Kindle}}</ref>}}

Instead, the 18th century was arguably the Ayutthaya Kingdom's most prosperous,<ref>{{cite web |title=Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit, "A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World |url=https://newbooksnetwork.com/chris-baker-and-pasuk-pongpaichit-a-history-of-ayutthaya-siam-in-the-early-modern-world-cambridge-up-2017 |website=New Books Network |language=en}}</ref> particularly due to trade with [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]]. The growth of China's population in the late 17th–18th centuries, alongside nationwide rice shortages and famines in Southern China, meant that China was eager to import rice from other nations, particularly from Ayutthaya. During the Late Ayutthaya Period (1688–1767), the Chinese population in Ayutthaya possibly tripled in size to 30,000 from 1680 to 1767. The Chinese played a pivotal role in stimulating Ayutthaya's economy in the last 100 years of the kingdom's existence and eventually played a pivotal role in Siam's quick recovery from the [[Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767)|Burmese invasions of the 1760s]],<ref>Lieberman 2003, 299 (Kindle Edition) "…the late 1600s and especially the early 1700s inaugurated a period not of sustained decline, but of Chinese-assisted economic vitality that would continue into the 19th century."</ref>{{sfn|Wyatt|2003|p=109}} whose post-Ayutthaya monarchs ([[Taksin]] and [[Rama I]]), held close ties, through blood and through political connections, to this [[Thai Chinese|Sino-Siamese]] community.<ref name="lieberman" />

====Succession conflicts and corruption====
Between 1600 and 1767, all but two royal successions were contested with a mini civil war in the capital. The throne became such a powerful and lucrative source of wealth during the 150 years of prosperity that many royals harboured ambitions to seize the throne. An Ayutthaya noble in the 18th century lamented that a large portion of court officials and able generals were killed in multiple succession struggles over the previous 90 years.<ref name="A History of Ayutthaya">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |last2=Phongpaichit |first2=Pasuk |title=A History of Ayutthaya |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-19076-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> The last monarch, [[Ekkathat]], alongside his brother, [[Uthumphon]], undermined Prince [[Thammathibet]], the Front Palace Uparaj and designated heir to his father, King [[Borommakot]], by instigating or exposing his affair with two of his fathers' consorts. Prince Thammathibet was executed for his alleged crimes.

Corruption was rampant due to economic prosperity. Position buying and bribery for political offices became commonplace.<ref name="A History of Ayutthaya"/>

====Introduction of capitalism, rise of commoners, and proto-nationalism====
The mass arrival of Chinese farming settlers to Siam in 18th century introduced Capitalism to Siam. The past 150 years of growth encouraged phrai to flee the bonds of government control and become peasant farmers in the countryside to earn wealth. People fled the government phrai system in a variety of other ways, including entering the monkhood and fleeing into the wilderness.<ref name="A History of Ayutthaya"/>

A new category for people now appeared in the late Ayutthaya records, called phrai mangmi, or a rich "serf".<ref name="A History of Ayutthaya"/>

From 1688 onwards, the period was characterized by the increasing severity of commoner revolts. The 1688 mass commoner revolt against French Catholicism was unprecedented in Ayutthaya history prior to 1688.<ref name="A History of Ayutthaya"/> The revolts of 1688 also marked the beginning of proto-nationalism, in which the concept of a proto-Siamese Buddhist nationality was formed. However, Ayutthaya kings only occasionally viewed themselves as the defender of "the kingdom, people [sic], and Buddhism", which wouldn't be fully realized until the Thonburi and Bangkok regimes in response to the traumatic destruction of the Siamese state in 1767.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Siam Society|page=91 |title=The image of the Burmese enemy in Thai perceptions and history writings|first=Sunait|last=Chutintaranond|url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1992/03/JSS_080_1l_SunaitChutintaranond_ImageOfBurmeseEnemy.pdf|accessdate=30 August 2023|date=1992|archivedate=15 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715205410/https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1992/03/JSS_080_1l_SunaitChutintaranond_ImageOfBurmeseEnemy.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":4"/><ref name="A History of Ayutthaya"/>

====Nobility and Buddhism====
[[File:Weliwita Sri Saranankara thera.jpg|thumb|160px|A painting of [[Weliwita Sri Saranankara Thero]] (1698-1778) a [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] monk, is widely known. He was the pioneer in the revival of [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka]] and re-established the [[Upasampada]] in Sri Lanka with the help of the [[Mahasangha]] in [[Siam]].<ref name="c">{{cite web | url=http://www.island.lk/2003/05/20/featur03.html | title=Pioneer of Buddhist renaissance of modern Sri Lanka | publisher=The Island | date=2003-05-20 | access-date=22 February 2014 | author=Weeraratne, Dr. W. G.}}</ref>]]
The 150 years of prosperity brought significant fortunes to the Ayutthaya elite. The Ayutthaya elite created theatre tropes and held elaborate celebrations, funeral ceremonies, and were awarded royal titles, all of which was previously privilege only to royalty.

Kings and nobles now contested with one another for control of the decreasing pool of labour. Repeated Ayutthaya laws on improving the controls of labour highlighted the increasing failures of the elite to control the people.

The turmoil which resulted from increasing wealth resulted in the Ayutthaya nobility turning towards the reformation of Buddhism as a new source of societal order. This was symbolized with the reign of King [[Borommakot]] (1733–1758), who was championed as a pious king for having all the characteristics of a virtuous and pious [[Bodhisattva]]: building and restoring new temples and dramatically transforming the Ayutthaya skyline during his reign.<ref name="A History of Ayutthaya"/> In 1753, following the request made by a delegation of Sri Lankan monks who travelled to Ayutthaya, Borommakot sent two Siamese monks to reform [[Theravada Buddhism]] in [[Sri Lanka]].

It will however take until the early Rattanakosin period for the surviving Ayutthaya nobility (under the future King [[Rama I]] of the Rattanakosin Kingdom) to successfully reform Buddhism in their image and form a near unbroken bond between the Siamese monarchy and Buddhism lasting until the present in modern Thailand.<ref name="A History of Ayutthaya"/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="160px" align="centre">
File:จิตรกรรมฝาผนังสมัยอยุธยา.JPG|18th-century Ayutthaya temple murals in Wat Ko Kaew Suttharam, [[Phetchaburi]], constructed by King [[Borommakot]] (r. 1733–1758)
File:001 Wihan Phra Mongkhon Bophit (9197756441).jpg|Wihan Phra Mongkhon Bopit, one of King Borommakot's major construction projects that drastically transformed the 18th century Ayutthaya skyline
</gallery>

====Military and political situation to 1759====
In the period between 1600 and 1759, the scale of war subsided compared to the preceding era of warfare. Narai tried (and failed) to capture Chiang Mai in the 1650s and 1660s. Ayutthaya fought with the [[Nguyễn Lords]] (Vietnamese rulers of south Vietnam) for control of [[Cambodia]] starting around 1715. In contrast, the Ayutthaya Kingdom and the Restored Taungoo Burma overall generally engaged in harmonious relations with each other and traded an embassy with each other in the 17th century.

Ayutthaya's military organization had remained virtually unchanged for the next 150 years. Ayutthaya still heavily relied on its mercenary forces. It had failed to create an elite military caste like the [[Samurai]] of Japan or the [[Sikh]] [[Rajput]]s, perhaps due to Ayutthaya kings purposely undermining the creation of such an elite group of warriors that can significantly influence or challenge the throne. On the other hand, the city of Ayutthaya relied on the wet season monsoons making the city impenetrable to a siege for six months a year. Ayutthaya had over time amassed a huge stockpile of large cannons and arms that amazed the Burmese when they opened the treasury of Ayutthaya in the sack of Ayutthaya in 1767. It however lacked the men to arm these weapons, with the failure of the Ayutthaya corvee system and increased economic incentives for phrai to escape due to greater integration with the world's economy over the past 150 years of peace.<ref name=":7"/>

===Fall of Ayutthaya===
{{Main|Burmese–Siamese War (1759–1760)|Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767)|Siege of Ayutthaya (1766–1767)}}

[[File:Burmese-Siamese war (1765-1767) map - EN - 001.jpg|thumb|175px|1765–1767 Burmese invasion routes]]
[[File:D85 3734 อนุสรณ์สถานแห่งชาติ The National Memorial of Thailand Photographed by Trisorn Triboon (27).jpg|thumb|250px|Modern depiction of the 1767 Fall of Ayutthaya]]
The weakened Burmese [[Toungoo dynasty]] was overthrown by the [[Mon people|Mons]] of [[Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom]] in 1752.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last1=Topich |first1=William J. |title=The History of Myanmar |last2=Leitich |first2=Keith A. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Wyatt|2003}}{{rp||page=116}} [[Alaungpaya|Aung Zeiya]], a local Burmese leader, arose against the Mons and reconquered [[Upper Myanmar|Upper Burma]], proclaiming himself [[Alaungpaya|King Alaungpaya]] and establishing militaristic regime of the new [[Konbaung dynasty]]. Alaungpaya proceeded to conquer the Mons of [[Lower Myanmar|Lower Burma]] in 1757,<ref name=":22" />{{sfn|Wyatt|2003}}{{rp||page=116}} unifying Burma under his rule. Next year, in 1758, the Mons rebelled in Lower Burma against Alaungpaya<ref name=":22" /> but were quelled and took refuge in Siamese-held [[Tanintharyi Region|Tenasserim Coast]]. Alaungpaya demanded that Siam repatriate the Mon rebels but Ayutthaya was not cooperative. The Burmese king was then convinced that Siam supported the Mon rebels. Alaungpaya also sought to expand his powers and glory in accordance with [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|''Chakravartin'']] ideology of universal ruler.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Thant Myint-U |title=The River of Lost Footsteps |publisher=Faber & Faber |year=2011}}</ref> Alaungpaya marched his war-hardened Burmese armies to attack Ayutthaya in mid-1759 conquering Tenasserim, coming through the [[Singkhon Pass]] and attacking on the way to northwestern outskirts of [[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya city]] itself in early 1760. Ayutthaya was not prepared for war.{{sfn|Wyatt|2003}}{{rp||page=116}} Long absence of external threats and economic prosperity in the mid-eighteenth century rendered traditional conscription system useless and ineffective. Manpower shortage undermined Siamese defense system.<ref name=":52">{{Cite book |last1=Watson |first1=Noelle |title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places |last2=Schellinger |first2=Paul |last3=Ring |first3=Trudy |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2012}}</ref> Panicked Ayutthayan people beseeched the more-capable temple king Uthumphon to leave monkhood to lead the defenses. Fortunately, the treacherous wet rainy season arrived, obliging the Burmese to retreat. Alaungpaya himself was either ill and injured from cannon explosion, died on his way back to Burma in 1760. Ayutthaya was thus saved from Burmese conquest for one last time.

After the Burmese retreat, Siam did little to improve or reform its own military in preparation against Burmese invasions. Ekkathat pressured Uthumphon to return to monkhood permanently in mid-1760 and resumed powers. Prince Thepphiphit, who had been exiled to Ceylon previously in 1758, became involved in local rebellion and was repatriated to Siam in 1762,<ref name="Ruangsilp-2007">{{cite book |last=Ruangsilp |first=Bhawan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xBGwFrYnaMC |title=Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch Perceptions of the Thai Kingdom c. 1604–1765 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-08475-7 |place=Leiden, Netherlands |access-date=20 November 2009}}</ref> upsetting Ekkathat. The new Burmese king [[Hsinbyushin]], who had partaken in the 1759–1760 invasion of Siam, was determined to accomplish the unfinished campaign of his father Alaungpaya to conquer Ayutthaya. Burma conquest of Lanna (modern [[Northern Thailand]]) in 1763 and Laos in 1765 allowed Burmese access to vast manpower.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Andaya |first1=Barbara Watson |title=A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830 |last2=Andaya |first2=Leonard Y. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015}}</ref> Hsinbyushin ordered the grand invasion of Ayutthaya through two routes; the [[Dawei|Tavoy]]-Tenasserim route with 20,000 Burmese-Mon men under [[Maha Nawrahta]] and the Lanna route under [[Ne Myo Thihapate|Nemyo Thihapate]] with 20,000 Burmese-Lanna men.<ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=Phraison Salarak (Thien Subindu) |first=Luang |title=Intercourse between Burma and Siam as recorded in Hmannan Yazawindawgyi |year=1916 |location=}}</ref> These two routes were to converge on Ayutthaya. In early 1765, the Burmese Tavoy regiment conquered [[Western Thailand|Western Siam]].<ref name=":6" /> In mid-1765, Nemyo Thihapate marched his Burmese-Lanna regiment to attack and conquer Northern Siam. Suppression of peripheral governors in response to internal rebellions meant that little could be provided for frontline defences. Siamese peripheral cities fell to Burmese invaders one-by-one. Maha Nawrahta marched his main column from Tavoy to attack Ayutthaya in November 1765.<ref name=":72" /> William Powney,<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=na Pombejra |first=Dhiravat |date=2017 |title=Alangkapuni: An English Captain at the Siege of Ayutthaya |url=https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/158017/114430 |journal=Journal of the Siam Society| volume=105 |pages=115–129 }}</ref> a British merchant who happened to be trading in Ayutthaya, led British-Siamese forces to attack the Burmese in the Battle of Nonthaburi in December 1765 but was defeated.

Two Burmese invading regiments eventually converged on Ayutthaya in January 1766 and laid siege. Maha Nawrahta placed his Tavoy regiment at Siguk (modern [[Bang Ban district]]) to the west of Ayutthaya in Nemyo Thihapate at Paknam Prasop (ฺ[[Bang Pahan district]]) to the north. Ayutthaya initially fared well in the siege due to abundance of supplies as Ayutthayan defenders simply waited for rainy season to arrive. The Burmese, however, did not plan to leave. [[Bang Rachan|Bang Rachan camps]], a group of self-defenders in [[Khai Bang Rachan district|Bang Rachan]], managed to locally resist Burmese occupying forces for five months in early 1766.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heroes Of Khai Bang Rachan Monument And Khai Bang Rachan Park |url=https://www.tourismthailand.org/Attraction/heroes-of-khai-bang-rachan-monument-and-khai-bang-rachan-park |website=Tourism Thailand}}</ref> When the rainy season approached, the Burmese held their grounds by staying on flotillas and concentrated on high grounds.{{sfn|Wyatt|2003}}{{rp||page=118}} The Burmese approached Ayutthaya city walls in September 1766. In early 1766, due to conflicts over the [[Shan States]], [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]] invaded Burma in the [[Sino-Burmese War]]. Burmese king Hsinbyushin urged his commanders to finish up the conquest of Ayutthaya in order to divert forces to the Chinese front. The besieging Burmese then constructed twenty-seven fort towers surrounding Ayutthaya<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Soe Thuzar Myint |date=2011 |title=Yodayar Naing Mawgun by Letwe Nawrahta: A Contemporary Myanmar Record, Long Lost, of How Ayutthaya Was Conquered |url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/JSS_099_0d_SoeThuzarMyint_YodayarNaingMawgun.pdf |journal=Journal of the Siam Society}}</ref> to escalate the siege in January 1767. The situation for Ayutthayan defenders became dire as more Siamese people surrendered to the Burmese<ref name=":15" /> to escape from anarchy and starvation. [[Taksin|Phraya Tak]], a Siamese military man of Chinese heritage, upon realizing the hopelessness of the defences of Ayutthaya, gathered men and broke through Burmese siege in January 1767 to seek for new position in Eastern Siam. French-Portuguese Christians and Chinese immigrants provided the last defence line south of Ayutthaya. In March 1767, Ekkathat attempted to reach a truce with the Burmese but failed.<ref name=":72" /> Shortly after that, Maha Nawrahta died, leaving Nemyo Thihapate to assume command over all Burmese besiegers. The Burmese put down Chinese and Christian resistances in March 1767.

In April 1767, Nemyo Thihapate ordered the digging of underground tunnel into Ayutthaya, setting fire on the foundations of the city walls, causing the north-eastern portion of the walls to collapse, allowing the Burmese to enter the city. After enduring fourteen months of siege, the four-century-old Siamese royal capital finally fell to the Burmese invaders on 7 April 1767.{{sfn|Wyatt|2003}}{{rp||page=118}} Unlike the previous fall of Ayutthaya in 1569,<ref name=":6" /> the Burmese destruction of Ayutthaya in April 1767 was permanent, profound and extensive. Palaces and temples were burned to the ground and inhabitants were indiscriminately slaughtered. Ekkathat, the last king of Ayutthaya, either died from starvation or random fatal gunshot. Treasures and cultural artifacts were seized. The Buddha image of Phra Si Sanphet, which stood at [[Wat Phra Si Sanphet|Wat Phra Si Sanphet Temple]] for two centuries and a half as the [[Palladium (protective image)|palladium]] of Ayutthaya kingdom, was destroyed and molten for gold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=War Phra Sri Sanphet |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_PhraSisanphet.html |website=Ayutthaya History}}</ref> An estimated 200,000 Siamese died during the war and 30,000<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wattanasukchai |first=Sirinya |date=2 May 2013 |title=On the walls of Mandalay |website=Bangkok Post |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/348017/on-the-walls-in-mandalay}}</ref> to 100,000 Siamese people, including the temple king Uthumphon, other members of Ban Phlu Luang dynasty and thousands of courtiers, were deported ''en masse'' from [[Central Thailand]] to Burmese capital of [[Inwa|Ava]]. The Burmese conquest of Siam in 1767 left Siam depopulated<ref name=":6" /> for about a century after until the mid-nineteenth century. Nemyo Thihapate and Burmese victors left Ayutthaya in June 1767,<ref name=":72" /> leaving Mon commander Thugyi or Suki{{Clarify|reason=different people or different name?|date=June 2025}} in charge of relatively small Burmese occupying forces at Phosamton north of Ayutthaya.<ref name=":112">{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Patit Paban |title=The History of Thailand |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010}}</ref> Local regimes emerged from various regional centers due to absence of central authority.{{sfn|Wyatt|2003}}{{rp||page=122}}

Lieberman states that, "hundreds of thousands possibly died during the [1765–67] Burmese invasion."<ref>Lieberman 2003, 293 (Kindle Edition)</ref> Many people were either forcibly taken by the Burmese or fled into the forests. Objects were hauled back to Burma. Whatever that wasn't movable was burned by Burmese soldiers.<ref name=":7" /><ref name="youtube.com">{{cite web |title=เล่าเรื่องเสียกรุงศรีอยุธยา ครั้งที่ 2 (15เม.ย.62) ฟังหูไว้หู {{!}} 9 MCOT HD | website=[[YouTube]] | date=15 April 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Ng3jGB0n5w |language=en}}</ref> Historians Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit describe the fall of the city as a failure of defence and a failure of dealing with rising wealth. By 1767, Ayutthaya had become a prize that many kingdoms would seek.{{Vague|date=June 2025}} In an age where warfare was fought among kings than{{Clarify|date=June 2025}} ethnic boundaries, a number of Siamese joined the Burmese in the sack of Ayutthaya. Ayutthaya nobles who were seized from Ayutthaya settled according to their stations at the court of Ava and settled in well, according to the Burmese chronicles. Historian Nidhi Eoseewong, says the "kingdom fell even before the walls of Ayutthaya fell".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |last2=Phongpaichit |first2=Pasuk |title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-19076-4 |page=268 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-ayutthaya/52FC0674CC0532A8F1EDB01CC37E703B}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |last2=Phongpaichit |first2=Pasuk |title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-19076-4 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-ayutthaya/52FC0674CC0532A8F1EDB01CC37E703B}}</ref><ref name="youtube.com" />

====Aftermath====
{{Main|Taksin's reunification of Siam}}
[[File:View of Ayuthia, Siam, now known to the Siamese as Krung Kao Wellcome L0020134.jpg|thumb|250px|The skyline of Ayutthaya, photographed by [[John Thomson (photographer)|John Thomson]], early 1866]]
One general, Phraya [[Taksin]], former governor of [[Tak province|Tak]] and of Siamese-Chinese descent, began the [[Taksin's reunification of Siam|reunification effort]].<ref name="Syamananda">{{harvnb|Syamananda|1990|p=94}}</ref><ref name="Wood">{{harvnb|Wood|1924|pp=254–264}}</ref> He gathered his forces and retook the ruined capital of Ayutthaya from the Burmese garrison at Pho Sam Thon in June 1767, using his connections to the Chinese community to lend him significant resources and political support.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lieberman |first1=Victor |title=Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History) |date=2003 |page= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521800860|edition=Kindle }}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=|year=2017|isbn=978-1-316-64113-2|location=|edition=Kindle}}</ref> He finally established a capital at [[Thonburi]], across the [[Chao Phraya River]] from the present capital, [[Bangkok]]. Thaksin ascended the throne, becoming known as King Taksin. By 1771, he had defeated all of the local warlords and reunited Siam, with the exception of the cities of Mergui and Tenasserim. The conflict between Burma and Siam would last for another 50 years, depopulating large areas of Siam (including the Northern Cities and Phitsanulok, the former second capital of Ayutthaya) and leaving some areas deserted as late as the 1880s.<ref name="Syamananda" /><ref name="Wood" /><ref name=":7" />{{sfn|Wyatt|2003}}{{page needed|date=February 2023}}

The palaces and temples of Ayutthaya were destroyed, and the city was described by a Danish visitor in 1779 as being buried in undergrowth and inhabited by elephants and tigers.<ref name="cambridge.org">{{cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|date=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-19076-4|page=258|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-ayutthaya/52FC0674CC0532A8F1EDB01CC37E703B}}</ref> Ayutthaya however represented centuries of political and economic development that was hard to destroy. It was soon resettled, its former temples being used for festivals and celebrations.<ref name=":5" /> The post-Ayutthaya monarchs took apart most of the ruins that survived the Burmese sack for the construction of the new capital at Bangkok for symbolic and practical reasons. Bangkok was the successor of Ayutthaya in the eyes of the new Bangkok elite and therefore had to transfer its spiritual power through the reuse of its bricks to build Bangkok<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rod-ari |first1=Melody |chapter=Beyond the Ashes: The Making of Bangkok as the Capital City of Siam |title=Political Landscapes of Capital Cities |date=2016 |pages=155–180 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1dfnt2b.10 |publisher=University Press of Colorado|doi=10.5876/9781607324690.c004 |jstor=j.ctt1dfnt2b.10 |isbn=9781607324683 }}</ref> while the prospect of future Burmese invasions meant that there was not enough time to build a capital via the traditional method during the early Rattanakosin Kingdom.

==Government==
===Kings===
{{See also|List of monarchs of Thailand|Monarchy of Thailand|Uparaja}}
[[File:Burmese Depiction of an Ayutthaya King.jpg|thumb|A Burmese depiction of an Ayutthaya king, either depicting [[Uthumphon]] or [[Ekkathat]]]]
[[File:Battle at Pa Than Bridge.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A painting, depicting the event in which two sons of King [[Intharacha (king of Ayutthaya)|Intharacha]] fought each other to the death on elephants at Pa Than Bridge.]]
In its early maritime phase, Ayutthaya rulers were leaders of a port city. Ma Huan described the ruler of Ayutthaya in the 15th century as a ruler wearing gold-trimmed pants who rides on an elephant inspecting the city with one attendant and a ruler who lives in a modest-looking residence. Their relationships to the other cities were a first among equals status. Early Ayutthaya rulers had to balance their interests alongside those of their city vassal states. As Ayutthaya incorporated the Northern Cities and adapted their government functions in the 15th and 16th centuries, Ayutthaya rulers became more regal and assumed more power at the cost of their vassal cities. As the kings became richer through trade in the 17th century, they used their wealth to express their power, including the shrouding of the monarch in Angkorian and Brahmic rituals and symbolism.<ref name=":7" />

The kings of Ayutthaya from the 17th century onwards were absolute monarchs with semi-religious status. Their authority derived from the ideologies of Hinduism and Buddhism as well as from natural leadership. The king of Sukhothai was the inspiration of Inscription 1 found in Sukhothai, which stated that King Ramkhamhaeng would hear the petition of any subject who rang the bell at the palace gate. The king was thus considered as a father by his people.

At Ayutthaya, however, the paternal aspects of kingship disappeared. The king was considered the ''chakkraphat'' ([[Sanskrit]] ''[[chakravartin]]'') who through his adherence to the law made all the world revolve around him.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu:85/Thai/literature/ramakian/introduction.htm |title=Introduction |work=South East Asia site |publisher=Northern Illinois University |access-date=3 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531133851/http://www.seasite.niu.edu:85/thai/literature/ramakian/introduction.htm |archive-date=31 May 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> According to Hindu tradition, the king is the [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]], destroyer of demons, who was born to be the defender of the people. The Buddhist belief in the king is as righteous ruler ({{langx|sa|dharmaraja}}) who strictly follows the teaching of [[Gautama Buddha]] and aims at the well-being of his people.

The kings' official names were reflections of those religions: Hinduism and Buddhism. They were considered as the incarnation of various Hindu gods: [[Indra]], [[Shiva]], or Vishnu ([[Rama]]). The [[Coronation of the Thai monarch|coronation ceremony]] was directed by [[brahmin]]s as the [[deva (Hinduism)|Hindu god]] Shiva was "lord of the universe". However, according to the codes, the king had the ultimate duty as protector of the people and the annihilator of evil.

According to [[Buddhism]], the king was also believed to be a [[bodhisattva]]. One of the most important duties of the king was to build a temple or a Buddha statue as a symbol of prosperity and peace.<ref name="Hindu" />

For locals, another aspect of the kingship was also the analogy of "The Lord of the Land" or "He who Rules the Earth" (''Phra Chao Phaendin''). According to the court etiquette, a special language, ''[[Rachasap]]'' ({{langx|sa|Rājāśabda}}, 'royal language'), was used to communicate with or about royalty.<ref name="rachasap">{{cite web|url=http://www.mahidol.ac.th/thailand/language.html |title=The National Language |date=1 November 2002 |website=Mahidol University |access-date=17 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305072132/http://www.mahidol.ac.th/thailand/language.html |archive-date=5 March 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref> In Ayutthaya, the king was said to grant control over land to his subjects, from nobles to commoners, according to the ''sakna'' or ''[[sakdina]]'' system<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unescap.org/huset/lgstudy/country/thailand/thai.html|date=12 February 2002 |title=Thailand: Brief Description of the Country and its National/State Government Structure |website=[[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific|UN ESCAP]] |access-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420221210/http://www.unescap.org/huset/lgstudy/country/thailand/thai.html |archive-date=20 April 2012 |quote=The traditional government system and social structure in Siam during this period was known as the ''Sakdina'' system. All land was owned by the ruler who granted land to members of the royal family and the nobility according to their ranks in the traditional bureaucratic hierarchy. |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> codified by King [[Borommatrailokkanat#Feudal rank|Borommatrailokkanat]] (1448–1488). The ''sakdina'' system was similar to, but not the same as [[feudalism]], under which the monarch does not own the land.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://links.org.au/node/1754 |title=Class and politics in Thailand |author=Giles Ji Ungpakorn |author-link=Giles Ji Ungpakorn |date=2 April 2012 |work=Thailand's Crisis and the Fight for Democracy |publisher=Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal |access-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401180416/http://links.org.au/node/1754 |archive-date=1 April 2012 |quote=This was a system of direct control over humans, rather than the use of land ownership to control labour…. |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref> While there is no concrete evidence that this land management system constituted a formal [[palace economy]], the French [[François-Timoléon de Choisy]], who came to Ayutthaya in 1685, wrote, "the king has absolute power. He is truly the god of the Siamese: no-one dares to utter his name." Another 17th century writer, the Dutchman [[Jan van Vliet]], remarked that the King of Siam was "honoured and worshipped by his subjects second to god." Laws and orders were issued by the king. For sometimes the king himself was also the highest judge who judged and punished important criminals such as traitors or rebels.<ref name="indiaruin">{{cite journal|last=Bavadam|first=Lyla|date=14 March 2006|title=Magnificent Ruins|journal=Frontline|volume=26|issue=6|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2606/stories/20090327260606600.htm|access-date=17 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107134247/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2606/stories/20090327260606600.htm|archive-date=7 November 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In addition to the ''sakdina'' system, another of the numerous institutional innovations of [[Borommatrailokkanat#Royal rank|Borommatrailokkanat]] was to adopt the position of ''[[uparaja]]'', translated as 'viceroy' or 'prince', usually held by the king's senior son or full brother, in an attempt to regularise the succession to the throne{{snd}}a particularly difficult feat for a polygamous dynasty. In practice, there was inherent conflict between king and ''uparaja'' and frequent disputed successions.<ref name="uparaja">{{cite web|url=http://www.soravij.com/mahauparaja.html|title=HM Second King Pinklao|publisher=Soravij|access-date=17 October 2009|archive-date=10 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510011852/http://www.soravij.com/mahauparaja.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, it is evident that the power of the throne of Ayutthaya had its limits. The hegemony of the Ayutthaya king was always based on his charisma based on his age and supporters. Without supporters, bloody coups took place from time to time. The most powerful figures of the capital were always generals, or the Minister of Military Department, ''Kalahom''. During the last century of Ayutthaya, bloody fighting among princes and generals, aiming at the throne, plagued the court.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

With the exception of [[Naresuan]]'s succession by [[Ekathotsarot]] in 1605, 'the method of royal succession at Ayutthaya throughout the seventeenth century was battle.'<ref name="Phongpaichit">{{Cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |last2=Phongpaichit |first2=Pasuk |date=2017 |title=A History of Ayutthaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=158 |isbn=9781107190764 |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> Although European visitors to Thailand at the time tried to discern any rules in the Siamese order of succession, noting that in practice the dead king's younger brother often succeeded him, this custom appears not to have been enshrined anywhere.<ref name="Phongpaichit"/> The ruling king did often bestow the title of ''uparaja'' upon his preferred successor, but in reality, it was an 'elimination process': any male member of the royal clan (usually the late king's brothers and sons) could claim the throne of Ayutthaya for himself, and win by defeating all his rivals.<ref name="Phongpaichit"/> Moreover, groupings of nobles, foreign merchants, and foreign mercenaries actively rallied behind their preferred candidates in hopes of benefiting from each war's outcome.<ref name="Phongpaichit"/>

===Mandala system===
{{Main|Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)}}

Ayutthaya politically followed the mandala system, commonly used throughout Southeast Asia kingdoms before the 19th century. In the 17th century, the Ayutthaya monarchs were able to frequently appoint non-natives as governors of Ayutthaya-controlled towns and cities, in order to prevent competition from its nobility. By the end of the Ayutthaya period, the Siamese capital held strong sway over the polities in the lower Chao Phraya plain but had a gradually looser control of polities the further away from the capital at Ayutthaya.<ref name="A History of Ayutthaya"/> The Thai historian [[Sunait Chutintaranond]] notes, "the view that Ayudhya was a strong centralized state" did not hold and that "in Ayudhya the hegemony of provincial governors was never successfully eliminated."<ref>O.W. Wolters, pp. 142–143 citing Chutintaranond, 1990, pp. 97–98</ref><ref name="JSS_078_1i_Sunait_Mandala">{{cite journal|last=Chutintaranond |first=Sunait |year=1990 |title=Mandala, Segmentary State and Politics of Centralization in Medieval Ayudhya |journal=[[Journal of the Siam Society]] |volume=JSS Vol. 78.1i |issue=digital |page=image 11 |publisher=Siam Heritage Trust |url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_078_1i_SunaitChutintaranond_MandalaSegmentaryStateInMedievalAyudhaya.pdf |access-date=March 17, 2013 |quote=Nevertheless, the Ayudhya kings, as they are described in indigenous and foreign records, never successfully eliminated the hegemony of provincial governors.}}</ref>

==Political development==
===Social classes===
{{See also|Thai nobility|Thai royal ranks and titles}}
[[File:Siamese (Thai) State Officials Envoys 1759.jpg|thumb|150px|Portrait of Siamese State Officials, one of portrait paintings collection in [[Portraits of Periodical Offering|The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Imperial Qing by Xie Sui]], 18th century painting in the [[National Palace Museum]], Taipei.]]
The [[Borommatrailokkanat#Reforms|reforms of King Borommatrailokkanat]] (r. 1448–1488) placed the king of Ayutthaya at the centre of a highly stratified social and political hierarchy that extended throughout the [[realm]]. Despite a lack of evidence, it is believed that in the Ayutthaya Kingdom, the basic unit of social organization was the village community composed of extended family households. Title to land resided with the headman, who held it in the name of the community, although peasant proprietors enjoyed the use of land as long as they cultivated it.<ref name="apex">{{cite web|url=http://www.mahidol.ac.th/thailand/ayutthaya.html |title=Ayutthaya |date=1 November 2002 |website=Mahidol University |access-date=1 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223050933/http://www.mahidol.ac.th/thailand/ayutthaya.html |archive-date=23 February 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref> The lords gradually became [[courtier]]s ({{linktext|อำ|มา|ตย์}}) and [[tribute|tributary rulers]] of minor cities. The king ultimately came to be recognized as the earthly [[incarnation]] of Shiva or Vishnu and became the sacred object of politico-religious [[Cult (religious practice)|cult practices]] officiated over by royal court Brahmans, part of the Buddhist court retinue. In the Buddhist context, the ''devaraja'' (divine king) was a bodhisattva. The belief in divine kingship prevailed into the 18th century, although by that time its religious implications had limited impact.

===Ranking of social classes===
{{See also|Sakdina}}
[[File:Kosa Pan Ambassador of Siam Portrait 1686 Crop.jpg|thumb|150px|The Ayutthayan official [[Kosa Pan]] wearing [[Lomphok]] and Khrui signifying status|left]]
With ample reserves of land available for cultivation, the realm depended on the acquisition and control of adequate manpower for farm labor and defense. The dramatic rise of Ayutthaya had entailed constant warfare and, as none of the parties in the region possessed a technological advantage, the outcome of battles was usually determined by the size of the armies. After each victorious campaign, Ayutthaya carried a number of conquered people back to its own territory, where they were assimilated and added to the labour force.<ref name="apex" /> [[Ramathibodi II#Establishment of Corv. C3.A9e system|Ramathibodi II]] (r. 1491–1529) established a [[corvée]] system under which every freeman had to be registered as a ''phrai'' (servant) with the local lords, ''chao nai'' ({{linktext|เจ้า|นาย}}). When war broke out, male ''phrai'' were subject to [[impressment]]. Above the ''phrai'' was a ''nai'' ({{linktext|นาย}}), who was responsible for military service, [[wikt:corvée|corvée]] labour on public works, and on the land of the official to whom he was assigned. ''Phrai Suay'' ({{linktext|ไพร่|ส่วย}}) met labour obligations by paying a tax. If he found the forced labour under his ''nai'' repugnant, he could sell himself as a ''that'' ({{linktext|ทาส}}, 'slave') to a more attractive ''nai'' or lord, who then paid a fee in compensation for the loss of corvée labour. As much as one-third of the manpower supply into the 19th century was composed of ''phrai''.<ref name="apex" />

[[File:Portrait of Siamese Aristocrats (Thai) 1759.png|thumb|150px|Portrait of Siamese aristocrats from [[Portraits of Periodical Offering|The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Imperial Qing by Xie Sui]], 18th century painting in the [[National Palace Museum]], Taipei.]]

Wealth, status, and political influence were interrelated. The king allotted rice fields to court officials, provincial governors, and military commanders, in payment for their services to the crown, according to the ''[[sakdina]]'' system. Understandings of this system have been evaluated extensively by Thai social scientists like [[Jit Phumisak]] and [[Kukrit Pramoj]]. The size of each official's allotment was determined by the number of commoners or ''phrai'' he could command to work it. The amount of manpower a particular headman, or official, could command determined his status relative to others in the hierarchy and his wealth. At the apex of the hierarchy, the king, who was symbolically the realm's largest landholder, theoretically commanded the services of the largest number of ''phrai'', called ''phrai luang'' ('royal servants'), who paid taxes, served in the royal army, and worked on the crown lands.<ref name="apex" />

However, the recruitment of the armed forces depended on ''nai'', or ''mun nai'', literally meaning 'lord', officials who commanded their own ''phrai som'', or 'subjects'. These officials had to submit to the king's command when war broke out. Officials thus became the key figures in the kingdom's politics. At least two officials staged coups, taking the throne themselves while bloody struggles between the king and his officials, followed by purges of court officials, were common.<ref name="apex" />

King Borommatrailokkanat, in the early-16th century, established definite allotments of land and ''phrai'' for the royal officials at each rung in the hierarchy, thus determining the country's social structure until the introduction of salaries for government officials in the 19th century.<ref name="apex" />

[[File:Social Hierarchy in the Ayutthaya Era of Siam.svg|thumb|center|upright=1.5|Social Hierarchy in the Ayutthaya Era of Siam]]

{| width=60% class="wikitable"
|-
! width="10%" | Social class
! width="40%" | Description
|-
| ''munnai''
| Tax-exempt administrative elite in the capital and administrative centres.<ref name=Lieberman-2003>{{cite book | last= Lieberman | first= Victor B. | title= Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland | year=2003 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-80496-7}}</ref>{{RP|272}}
|-
| ''phrai luang''
| Royal servicemen who worked a specified period each year (possibly six months) for the crown.<ref name=Lieberman-2003/>{{RP|271}} They were normally prevented from leaving their village except to perform corvées or military services.<ref name=Lieberman-2003/>{{RP|273}}
|-
| ''phrai som''
| Commoners with no obligation to the crown. They vastly outnumbered the ''phrai luang''.<ref name=Lieberman-2003/>{{RP|271}}
|}
[[File:Siam Peerage Titles Explaination.jpg|thumb|Ayutthayan peerage [[system]]]]
Outside this system to some extent were the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|sangha]] (Buddhist monastic community), which all classes of men could join, and the overseas Chinese. [[Wat]]s became centers of Thai education and culture, while during this period the Chinese first began to settle in Thailand and soon began to establish control over the country's economic life.<ref name="apex" />

The Chinese were not obliged to register for corvée duty, so they were free to move about the kingdom at will and engage in commerce. By the 16th century, the Chinese controlled Ayutthaya's internal trade and had found important places in civil and military service. Most of these men took Thai wives as few women left China to accompany the men.<ref name="apex" />

[[File:万国来朝图 (Siam delegates in Peking in 1761).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|225px|Siam delegates (暹罗国) in Peking in 1761. ''[[万国来朝图]]'']]

Uthong was responsible for the compilation of a ''[[Dharmaśāstra]]'', a legal code based on Hindu sources and traditional Thai custom. The ''Dharmaśāstra'' remained a tool of Thai law until late in the 19th century. A bureaucracy based on a hierarchy of ranked and titled officials was introduced, and society was organized in a related manner. However, the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] was not adopted.<ref name="usstate">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2814.htm|title=Background Note: Thailand|date=July 2009|website=US Department of State|access-date=8 November 2009}}</ref>

The 16th century witnessed the rise of Burma, which had overrun [[Chiang Mai]] in the [[Burmese–Siamese War (1563–64)|Burmese-Siamese War of 1563–1564]]. In 1569, Burmese forces, joined by Thai rebels, mostly royal family members of Thailand, captured the city of Ayutthaya and carried off the whole royal family to Burma ([[Burmese–Siamese War (1568–70)|Burmese-Siamese War 1568–1570]]). Thammarachathirat (1569–1590), a Thai governor who had aided the Burmese, was installed as vassal king at Ayutthaya. Thai independence was restored by his son, King Naresuan (1590–1605), who turned on the Burmese and by 1600 had driven them from the country.<ref name="subindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.friesian.com/perigoku.htm|title=The Periphery of China – Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Burma, Tibet, and Mongolia|last=Ross|first=Kelly L.|year=2008|website=Freisian School|access-date=8 November 2009}}</ref>

Determined to prevent another treason like his father's, Naresuan set about unifying the country's administration directly under the royal court at Ayutthaya. He ended the practice of nominating royal princes to govern Ayutthaya's provinces, assigning instead court officials who were expected to execute policies handed down by the king. Thereafter royal princes were confined to the capital. Their power struggles continued, but at court under the king's watchful eye.<ref name="tring">{{cite book|last=Ring|first=Trudy|author2=Robert M. Salkin|others=Sharon La Boda|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|location=Chicago|year=1995|volume=5|pages=56|isbn=1-884964-04-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&q=Naresuan++freemen&pg=PA56|access-date=10 December 2009}}</ref>

To ensure his control over the new class of governors, Naresuan decreed that all freemen subject to ''phrai'' service had become ''phrai luang'', bound directly to the king, who distributed the use of their services to his officials. This measure gave the king a theoretical monopoly on all manpower, and the idea developed that since the king owned the services of all the people, he also possessed all the land. Ministerial offices and governorships{{snd}}and the sakdina that went with them{{snd}}were usually inherited positions dominated by a few families often connected to the king by marriage. Indeed, marriage was frequently used by Thai kings to cement alliances between themselves and powerful families, a custom prevailing through the 19th century. As a result of this policy, the king's wives usually numbered in the dozens.<ref name="tring" />

Even with Naresuan's reforms, the effectiveness of the royal government over the next 150 years was unstable. Royal power outside the crown lands{{snd}}in theory, absolute{{snd}}was in practice limited by the laxity of the civil administration. The influence of central government and the king was not extensive beyond the capital. When war with the Burmese broke out in the late 18th century, provinces easily abandoned the capital. As the enforcing troops were not easily rallied to defend the capital, the city of Ayutthaya could not stand against the Burmese aggressors.<ref name="tring" />

===Military===
{{Main|Military history of Thailand|History of the Thai armed forces before 1852}}

{{multiple image
| align = centre
| total_width = 700
| image1 = Ayutfphetwpananchoeng0506.jpg
| caption1 = Pom Phet Fortress, surviving remnant of the defensive fortifications that guarded the city of Ayutthaya; restored. [[Wat Phanan Choeng]] is visible in the background.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Ayutthaya – Historical Sites – Phet Fortress |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Historical_Sites_FortPhet.html |website=ayutthaya-history.com |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>
| image2 = Naresuan life - Wat Suwan Dararam - Section 13 (2142 BE).jpg
| caption2 = King [[Naresuan]] enters an abandoned [[Bago, Burma]] in 1600, mural painting by Phraya Anusatchitrakon, Wat Suwandararam, [[Ayutthaya Historical Park]].
}}

Ayutthaya's military was the origin of the [[Royal Thai Army]]. The army was organized into a small standing army of a few thousand, which defended the capital and the palace, and a much larger conscript-based wartime army. Conscription was based on the ''phrai'' system (including phrai luang and phrai som), which required local chiefs to supply their predetermined quota of men from their jurisdiction on the basis of population in times of war. This basic system of military organization was largely unchanged down to the early [[Rattanakosin period]].

The main weaponry of the [[infantry]] largely consisted of swords, spears and bow and arrows. The infantry units were supported by [[cavalry]] and [[war elephant|elephantry]] corps.

===Territory===
According to a French source, Ayutthaya in the 18th century included these principal cities: Martaban, [[Ligor]] or Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Tenasserim, [[Junk Ceylon]] or [[Phuket]] Island, [[Singora]] or [[Songkhla]]. Her tributaries were [[Patani (historical region)|Patani]], [[Pahang]], [[Perak]], [[Kedah]] and Malacca.<ref>Dictionaire geographique universel. Amsterdam & Utrecht: Chez Francois Halma, 1750. p. 880.</ref>

Particularly in the South, Ayutthaya's claims were often discredited or underplayed by the Malay sultanates, resulting in some number of military expeditions starting in the 17th and 18th centuries to subjugate querulous sultanates, most infamously with King [[Narai]]'s military expedition to the [[Sultanate of Singora]] in 1680.

[[File:Chao Phraya River in Siam (Ayutthaya) Map by Valentijn 1726.png|thumb|center|upright=3.4|Chao Phraya River in Siam (Ayutthaya) Map by Valentijn 1726]]

==Culture and society==
===Population===
[[File:La_Loubere_Kingdom_of_Siam.jpg|thumb|180px|alt=Engraving showing Siamese officials, a woman with a child, and traditional stilt houses.|Siamese officials, a woman with her child, and architecture of the late 17th-century Ayutthaya Kingdom, as depicted by [[Simon de la Loubère]]]]
For the entirety of the Ayutthaya Kingdom's duration, it was largely managed by a society of a service nobility composed of a few thousand and serfs (phrai) composed of the rest of the population, comparable to the contemporary [[Ancien Regime]] in France or [[Feudalism]] in the rest of Europe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Thailand, economy and politics |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-9835600661 |edition=2nd}}</ref> The social ladder existed during times of war and, particularly during the late Ayutthaya period, of rich commoners challenging the societal status quo of the Ayutthaya Kingdom as a result of commercial prosperity during the kingdom's last 150 years of peaceful existence.

According to the historian [[Chris Baker (writer)|Chris Baker]], the Ayutthaya peasantry practiced commuter agriculturalism and largely lived in dense areas along the canals leading up to the city of Ayutthaya and other cities within the kingdom, producing homemade goods and textiles for the international market.

===Language===
What is now known as the [[Thai language|Siamese (Thai) language]] was initially spoken only by the Ayutthaya elite, while everyday people throughout the Chao Phraya delta spoke a medley of [[Mon language|Mon]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], and [[Tai languages|Tai]] dialects. The Portuguese [[Tomé Pires]] described in the early 16th century that "The people [of Siam], and almost the language, are like those of [Mon] [[Hanthawaddy kingdom|Pegu]]," which may suggest that many or most common people still did not identify with the Tai-language culture of the elites as late as 1515.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lieberman |first1=Victor |title=Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History) |date=2003 |pages=324|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521800860|edition=}}</ref> By the Late Ayutthaya period (1688–1767), the Siamese language and culture had gradually grown to transcend social classes and had been adopted by many of the local people throughout the kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lieberman |first1=Victor |title=Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History) |date=2003 |pages=325|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521800860|edition=}}</ref>

The [[Khmer language]] was an early prestige language of the Ayutthaya court, until it was supplanted by the Siamese language.<ref name="lieberman" /> However it was still continually spoken by the ethnic [[Khmer people|Khmer]] community living in Ayutthaya. Many variants of [[Chinese language|Chinese]] were spoken in the Ayutthaya Kingdom, with the Chinese becoming a large minority in the kingdom during the Late Ayutthaya period.<ref name="lieberman" />

Various minor minority languages spoken in the Ayutthaya Kingdom included [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Cham language|Cham]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].

===Religion===
[[File:Wat Phanan Choeng-1.jpg|thumb|The immense, {{convert|19|m}} gold-covered seated Buddha in [[Wat Phanan Choeng]]. Built in 1324, the temple predates the traditional foundation date of the city in 1351]]
[[File:วัดเกาะแก้วสุทธาราม จ.เพชรบุรี (15).jpg|thumb|Buddhist mural in Wat Ko Kaew Suttharam, [[Phetchaburi]]; mural painting in Siam flourished during the late Ayutthaya period in the 18th century.]]
Ayutthaya's main [[religion]] was [[Theravada Buddhism]]. However, many of the elements of the political and social system were incorporated from [[Hindu]] scriptures and were conducted by [[Brahmin]] priests.<ref name="usstate" /> Many areas of the kingdom also practiced [[Mahayana Buddhism]], [[Islam]]<ref name="muslims in the kingdom of ayyuthaya">{{cite web|url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/514/1/1.pdf|title=Muslims in the Kingdom of Ayyuthaya|last=Sheik Ahmad|first=Omar Farouk|publisher=UKM|access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref> and [[Christianity]], influenced by French [[Missionaries]] who arrived through China in the 17th century. Some small areas converted to [[Roman Catholicism in Thailand|Roman Catholicism]].<ref name="ayuttayabuddhism">{{cite web|url=http://www.cjourney.info/english/cjarticles/112006/buddhisminayuttaya.php |title=Buddhism in Ayutthaya (1350–1767) |last=Indobhasa |first=Sao |year=2009 |publisher=Ceylon Journey |access-date=22 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825135817/http://www.cjourney.info/english/cjarticles/112006/buddhisminayuttaya.php |archive-date=25 August 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> The influence of Mahayana and Tantric practices also entered Theravada Buddhism, producing a tradition called [[Southern Esoteric Buddhism|Boran Kammatthana]].

The natural world was also home to a number of spirits which are part of the [[Satsana Phi]]. ''Phi'' ({{langx|th|ผี}}) are spirits of buildings or territories, natural places, or phenomena; they are also ancestral spirits that protect people, or can also include malevolent spirits. The ''phi'' which are guardian deities of places, or towns are celebrated at festivals with communal gatherings and offerings of food. The spirits run throughout [[Thai folklore]].{{sfnp|Tossa| Nattavong|MacDonald |2008|pp=75–89}}

''Phi'' were believed to influence natural phenomena including human illness and thus the [[Baci ceremony|baci]] became an important part of people identity and religious health over the millennia. [[Spirit house]]s were an important folk custom which were used to ensure balance with the natural and supernatural world. Astrology was also a vital part to understanding the natural and spiritual worlds and became an important cultural means to enforce social taboos and customs.

===Arts and performances===
{{See also|Muay Boran|Sepak takraw}}
=== Khon theatre ===
[[File:Khon Thammasat 20090306 01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Khon]] performance, a famous dance in the Ayutthaya period.]]
The myth and epic stories of [[Ramakien]] provide the Siamese with a rich source of dramatic materials. The royal court of Ayutthaya developed classical dramatic forms of expression called ''[[khon]]'' ({{langx|th|โขน}}) and ''[[Lakhon nok|lakhon]]'' ({{langx|th|ละคร}}). ''Ramakien'' played a role in shaping these dramatic arts. During the Ayutthaya period, ''[[khon]]'', or a dramatized version of Ramakien, was classified as ''[[lakhon nai]]'' or a theatrical performance reserved only for aristocratic audience. The Siamese drama and classical dance later spread throughout mainland Southeast Asia and influenced the development of high-culture art in most countries, including Burma, and Laos.<ref name=Low-1839>{{cite book|last=Low|first=James|title=James Low, On Siamese Literature |year=1839|page=177|url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/2001/JSS_095_0i_Smyth_JamesLowOnSiameseLiterature.pdf}}</ref>

Historical evidence shows that the Thai art of stage plays must have already been highly evolved by the 17th century. [[Louis XIV]], the Sun King of France, had a formal diplomatic relation with Ayutthaya's [[King Narai]]. In 1687, France sent the diplomat [[Simon de la Loubère]] to record all that he saw in the Siamese Kingdom. In his famous account ''[[Du Royaume de Siam]]'', La Loubère carefully observed the classic 17th century theatre of Siam, including an epic battle scene from a khon performance, and recorded what he saw in great detail:

{{blockquote|The Siamese have three sorts of Stage Plays: That which they call Cone [khôn] is a figure dance, to the sound of the violin and some other instruments. The dancers are masked and armed, and represent rather a combat than a dance. And though every one runs into high motions, and extravagant postures, they cease not continually to intermix some word. Most of their masks are hideous, and represent either monstrous Beasts, or kinds of Devils. The Show which they call Lacone is a poem intermix with Epic and Dramatic, which lasts three days, from eight in the morning till seven at night. They are histories in verse, serious, and sung by several actors always present, and which do only sing reciprocally … The Rabam is a double dance of men and women, which is not martial, but gallant … they can perform it without much tying themselves, because their way of dancing is a simple march round, very slow, and without any high motion; but with a great many slow contortions of the body and arms.<ref name="SLL-1693">{{cite book |last1=La Loubère |first1=Simon |title=The Kingdom of Siam |date=1693|page=49 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=1986}}</ref>}}

Of the attire of Siamese Khôn dancers, La Loubère recorded that, "[T]hose that dance in Rabam, and Cone, have gilded paper-bonnets, high and pointed, like the Mandarins caps of ceremony, but which hang down at the sides below their ears, which are adorned with counterfeit stones, and with two pendants of gilded wood."<ref name="SLL-1693"/>

=== Muay Thai ===
[[File:Nai Khanom Dtom story.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Nai Khanom Tom]], the legendary Ayutthaya-era fighter celebrated as the Father of [[Muay Thai]].]]
La Loubère also observed the existence of [[muay Thai]] and muay Laos, noting that they looked similar (i.e., using both fists and elbows to fight) but the hand-wrapping techniques were different.<ref name="SLL-1693"/> Muay Thai from the Ayutthaya period (better known as Muay Boran) would greatly influence the modern sport of Muay Thai.

The accomplishment and influence of Thai art and culture, developed during the Ayutthaya period, on the neighboring countries was evident in the observation of [[James Low (East India Company officer)|James Low]], a British scholar on Southeast Asia, during the early-Rattanakosin Era: "The Siamese have attained to a considerable degree of perfection in dramatic exhibitions – and are in this respect envied by their neighbours the Burmans, and Laos who all employ Siamese actors when they can be got."<ref name=Low-1839/>{{RP|177}}

[[Krabi-krabong]] is a form of sword fighting developed in Ayutthaya that is now recognized as an essential element of traditional Thai culture and arts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thailand's Ancient Modern Kingdom {{!}} The Mark of Empire {{!}} Ayutthaya | website=[[YouTube]] | date=30 May 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLEl875HH8w |language=en |quote=11:48–14:31}}</ref> [[Wat Phutthaisawan]], a major ancient temple in Ayutthaya, is considered to be the birthplace of krabi-krabong.

=== Barge procession ===
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[[File:Simon de la loubere balon-du-corps-du-roy-de-siam-1687.jpg|thumb|The royal barge of the King of Siam (1687–1688), illustrated by La Loubère, the French envoy to Siam under King [[Louis XIV]].]]
The Royal Barge Procession of Ayutthaya Scroll was made in 1797 by Chao Phraya Phra Khlang (Nhon) (1782–1805).<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=10 Dec 2019 |title=กระบวนพยุหยาตราทางชลมารค |url=https://tkapp.tkpark.or.th/stocks/content/TreasuresOfTheKingdom2015/3/document1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210233234/https://tkapp.tkpark.or.th/stocks/content/TreasuresOfTheKingdom2015/3/document1.html |archive-date=10 Dec 2019 |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=TK Park, Thailand Knowledge Park}}</ref> The royal tradition of traveling in the Royal Barge Procession dates back to the Ayutthaya era.<ref name=":9" /> It has continued and been maintained to later eras until the present king's reign.<ref name=":9" /> The epic poem "Lilit Phayuhayatra Phetphuang" describes a detailed depiction of royal processions during the Ayutthaya era.<ref name=":9" /> It was composed by Chao Phraya Phra Khlang (Nhon) in 1797 under the royal command of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok Maharaj (1737–1809).<ref name=":9" /> It's based on memories of events witnessed during the late Ayutthaya period.<ref name=":9" /> The descriptions of the royal barges in "Lilit Phayuhayatra Phetphuang" are similar to those mentioned in accounts from the inhabitants of Ayutthaya.<ref name=":9" />

===Literature===
{{Main|Thai literature#Literature of the Ayutthaya Period}}
Ayutthaya was a kingdom rich in literary production. Even after the sack of Ayutthaya in 1767, many literary masterpieces in the Thai language survived. However, Ayutthayan literature (as well as Thai literature before the modern era) was dominated by verse composition (i.e., poetry), whereas prose works were reserved to legal matters, records of state affairs and historical chronicles. Thus, there are many works in the nature of epic poetry in the Thai language. The Thai poetical tradition was originally based on indigenous poetical forms such as [[Thai poetry#Rai|''rai'']] (ร่าย), [[Thai poetry#Khlong|''khlong'']] (โคลง), [[Thai poetry#Kap|''kap'']] (กาพย์) and [[Thai poetry#Klon|''klon'']] (กลอน). Some of these poetical forms{{snd}}notably ''khlong''{{snd}}have been shared between the speakers of tai languages since ancient time (before the emergence of Siam).

====Sanskrit influence on the Siamese language====
{{See also|Thai language|List of loanwords in Thai}}
Through Buddhist and Hindu influence, a variety of ''[[Chanda]]'' prosodic meters were received via [[Ceylon]]. Since the Thai language is mono-syllabic, a huge number of loan words from Sanskrit and Pali are needed to compose these classical [[Sanskrit]] meters. According to B. J. Terwiel, this process occurred with an accelerated pace during the reign of King [[Borommatrailokkanat]] (1448–1488) who reformed Siam's model of governance by turning the Siamese polity into an empire under the [[mandala (political model)|mandala]] feudal system.<ref name=Terwiel>{{cite book| last=Terwiel| first=B.J.| chapter=The Introduction of Indian Prosody Among the Thai|title=Ideology and Status of Sanskrit-Contribution to the History of Sanskrit Language| publisher=E.J.Brill| editor=Jan E. M. Houben| year=1996|isbn=9-0041-0613-8}}</ref>{{RP|307–326}} The new system demanded a new imperial language for the noble class. This literary influence changed the course of the Thai or Siamese language, setting it apart from other ''tai'' languages, by increasing the number of Sanskrit and Pali words drastically and imposing the demand on the Thais to develop a writing system that preserves the orthography of Sanskrit words for literary purpose. By the 15th century, the Thai language had evolved into a distinctive medium along with a nascent literary identity of a new nation. It allowed Siamese poets to compose in different poetical styles and mood, from playful and humorous rimed verses, to romantic and elegant ''klong'' and to polished and imperious ''chan'' prosodies modified from classical Sanskrit meters. Thai poets experimented with these different prosodic forms, producing innovative "hybrid" poems such as ''Lilit'' ({{langx|th|ลิลิต}}, an interleave of [[Thai poetry#Khlong|''khlong'']] and [[Thai poetry#Kap|''kap'']] or [[Thai poetry#Rai|''rai'']] verses) or ''Kap hor Klong'' ({{langx|th|กาพย์ห่อโคลง}} – [[Thai poetry#Khlong|''khlong'']] poems enveloped by [[Thai poetry#Kap|''kap'']] verses). The Thai thus developed a keen mind and a keen ear for poetry. To maximize this new literary medium, however, an intensive classical education in Pali was required. This made poetry an exclusive occupation of the noble classes. However, B.J. Terwiel notes, citing a 17th-century text book ''Jindamanee'', that scribes and common Siamese men, too, were encouraged to learn basic Pali and Sanskrit for career advancement.<ref name=Terwiel/>{{RP|322–323}}

====''Ramakien''====
{{Main|Ramakien}}
[[File:Mural-LE2.jpg|thumb|[[Hanuman]] protects [[Rama]]s Pavilion (wall painting, "Room 53" of the gallery in the [[Wat Phra Kaew]])]]
Most countries in Southeast Asia share an Indianised culture. Traditionally, therefore, Thai literature was heavily influenced by the [[Culture of India|Indian culture]] and Buddhist–Hindu ideology since the time it first appeared in the 13th century. [[Thailand]]'s [[national epic]] is a version of the story of Rama-Pandita, as recounted by Gotama Buddha in the Dasharatha Jataka called the '''Ramakien''',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Many Ramayanas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia|url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?brand=eschol&chunk.id=d0e3418&docId=ft3j49n8h7&toc.id=d0e3418}}</ref> translated from Pali and rearranged into Siamese verses. The importance of the Ramayana epic in Thailand is due to the Thai's adoption of the Hindu religio-political ideology of kingship, as embodied by Rama. The Siamese capital, Ayutthaya, was named after the holy city of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], the city of Rama. Thai kings of the current dynasty from Rama VI forward, and retroactively, have been referred to as "[[Rama (Kings of Thailand)|Rama]]" to the present day (relations with the west caused the crown to seek a brief name to convey royalty to both Thais and foreigners, following European styles).

A number of versions of the Ramakien epic were lost in the destruction of Ayutthaya in 1767. Three versions currently exist. One of these was prepared under the supervision (and partly written by) King [[Rama I]]. His son, [[Buddha Loetla Nabhalai|Rama II]], rewrote some parts for [[Thai dance#Khon|khon]] drama. The main differences from the original are an extended role for the monkey god [[Hanuman]] and the addition of a [[happy ending]]. Many of popular poems among the Thai nobles are also based on Indian stories. One of the most famous is Anirut Kham Chan which is based on an ancient Indian story of Prince [[Anirudha]].

====Khun Chang Khun Phaen: the Siamese epic folk poem====
{{Main|Khun Chang Khun Phaen}}
[[File:SephaPerformance.jpg|170px|thumb|right|Modern performance of ''sepha'' oral recitation of Thai poetry.]]
In the Ayutthaya period, folktales also flourished. One of the most famous folktales is the story of ''[[Khun Chang Khun Phaen]]'' ({{langx|th|ขุนช้างขุนแผน}}), referred to in Thailand simply as "''Khun Phaen''", which combines the elements of romantic comedy and heroic adventures, ending in high tragedy. The epic of ''Khun Chang Khun Phaen'' (KCKP) revolves around ''Khun Phaen'', a Siamese general with superhuman magical powers who served the King of Ayutthaya, and his love-triangle relationship between himself, Khun Chang, and a beautiful Siamese girl named Wan-Thong. The composition of KCKP, much like other [[oral tradition|orally-transmitted]] epics, evolved over time. It originated as a recitation or ''[[sepha]]'' within the Thai oral tradition from around the beginning of the 17th century (c. 1600). Siamese [[troubadour]]s and [[minstrel]]s added more subplots and embellished scenes to the original story line as time went on.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|title=The Career of Khun Chang Khun Phaen|journal=Journal of the Siam Society|volume=97|year=2009|pages=1–42|url=http://www.siam-society.org/pub_JSS/jss097BakerPasuk.pdf|access-date=14 October 2017|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044526/http://www.siam-society.org/pub_JSS/jss097BakerPasuk.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the late period of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, it had attained the current shape as a long work of [[epic poem]] with the length of about 20,000 lines, spanning 43 ''[[samut khoi|samut thai]]'' books. The version that exists today was composed with ''klon'' meter throughout and is referred to in Thailand as ''nithan Kham Klon'' ({{langx|th|นิทานคำกลอน}}) meaning a 'poetic tale'.

===Architecture===
{{See also|Architecture of Thailand|Thai temple art and architecture}}
The Ayutthaya Buddhist temple falls into one of two broad categories: the ''[[stupa]]''-style solid temple and the ''[[Prang (architecture)|prang]]''-style ({{langx|th|ปรางค์}}). The prangs can also be found in various forms in Sukhothai, Lopburi, Bangkok ([[Wat Arun]]). Sizes may vary, but usually the prangs measure between 15 and 40 meters in height, and resemble a towering corn-cob like structure.

Prangs essentially represent Mount Meru. In Thailand Buddha relics were often housed in a vault in these structures, reflecting the belief that the Buddha is a most significant being, having attained enlightenment and having shown the path to enlightenment to others.<ref>{{cite web|author=Guido Vanhaleweyk|url=http://www.ayutthaya2020.com/prang.asp |title=The difference between Khmer prangs and Thai (Ayutthaya) prangs|publisher=Ayutthaya2020.com |access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:พระปรางค์ประธาน วัดพุทไธยสวรรค์.jpg|The main prang of [[Wat Phutthaisawan]], Ayutthaya
File:Sangphet Prasat (II).jpg|Replica of Sanphet Prasat Palace at [[Ancient Siam]] in Samut Prakan. Reconstructed from archaeological and historical evidence, the original hall served as Ayutthaya's administrative.
</gallery>

===Notable archeological sites===
{{See also|Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city)#Notable cultural sites}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
!width="100"|Name
!width="100"|Picture
!width="100"|Built
!width="100"|Sponsor(s)
!width="100"|Notes
|-
| [[Chan Palace]], [[Phitsanulok]]
| [[File:Reconstruction model of Chan Royal Palace based on Santi Leksukhum's work 04.jpg|150px]]
| Built during the [[Sukhothai period]] (1238–1438)
| King [[Maha Thammaracha I|Li Thai]] of [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Sukhothai]]
| Former royal residence of the [[Front Palace]]s of Ayutthaya: King [[Borommatrailokkanat]], and King [[Naresuan]]. Used as a royal residence from the Sukhothai period until it was abandoned by Naresuan.
|-
| [[Wat Phanan Choeng]]
| [[File:วัดพนัญเชิงวรวิหาร by Pholtograph.jpg|150px]]
| 1324
| King [[Sai Nam Peung]] of Ayodhya
| Built 27 years before the founding of Ayutthaya; revered temple, still in use
|-
| [[Wat Phutthaisawan]]
| [[File:พระปรางค์ประธาน วัดพุทไธยสวรรค์.jpg|150px]]
| Before 1351
| King [[Uthong]]
| Built before Ayutthaya was founded; birthplace of Thai [[krabi-krabong]] sword fighting
|-
| [[Wat Thammikarat]]
| [[File:Ruins of Chedi Singha Lom Wat Thammikarat.jpg|150px]]
| Before 1351
|
|
|-
| [[Wat Phra Si Sanphet]]
| [[File:Wat phra sri sanpetch (Temple), Ayutthaya, Thailand.jpg|150px]]
| 1351
| King [[Uthong]]
|
|-
| [[Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon]]
| [[File:Ayutthaya Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon 2.jpg|150px]]
| 1357<ref name="Wat Yai Chaimongkhon">{{cite web |last1=Vandenburg |first1=Tricky |title=Wat Yai Chaimongkhon |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_YaiChaiMongkhon.html |website=History of Ayutthaya – Temples and Ruins |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref>
| King [[Uthong]]<ref name="Wat Yai Chaimongkhon"/>
|
|-
| Wat Phra Ram
| [[File:Wat Phra Ram - Day.jpg|150px]]
| 1369
| King [[Ramesuan (king of Ayutthaya)|Ramesuan]]
|
|-
| [[Wat Mahathat (Ayutthaya)|Wat Mahathat]]
| [[File:วัดมหาธาตุ 3.jpg|150px]]
| 1374
| King [[Borommarachathirat I]]
|
|-
| [[Wat Ratchaburana, Ayutthaya|Wat Ratchaburana]]
| [[File:Entrance of Wat Ratchaburana (Ayutthaya).jpg|150px]]
| 1424
| King [[Borommarachathirat II]]
|
|-
| Front Palace, Ayutthaya
| [[File:Wangchankasemayutt0605.jpg|150px]]
|
|
| Main residence of the [[Front Palace]]s of Ayutthaya. Restored by King [[Mongkut]]. Currently houses the Chan Kasem National Museum.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Ayutthaya – Historical Sites – Chandra Kasem Palace |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Historical_Sites_ChanKasemPalace.html |website=ayutthaya-history.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Elephant Kraal, Ayutthaya|Elephant Kraal Pavilion]]
| [[File:เพนียดคล้องช้าง 2012-1.jpg|150px]]
| 16th century<ref>{{cite web |title=The Elephant Kraal of Ayutthaya |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/elephant-kraal-ayutthaya |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref>
|
| Royal elephant kraal formerly used by Ayutthaya monarchs, one of the few still existing in Thailand. Used as an elephant camp today.
|-
| [[Wat Na Phra Men]]
| [[File:Ubosot of Wat Na Phra Men.jpg|150px]]
| 1503<ref name="Temples and Ruins - Wat Na Phra Men">{{cite web |last1=Vandenberg |first1=Tricky |title=Temples and Ruins – Wat Na Phra Men |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_NaPhraMen.html |website=History of Ayutthaya |access-date=21 July 2021 |date=September 2009}}</ref>
| King [[Ramathibodi II]]
| One of the best preserved Ayutthaya temples. Survived the [[Fall of Ayutthaya]] in 1767. Restored during the reign of [[Rama III|Nangklao]] ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 1824–51).<ref name="Temples and Ruins - Wat Na Phra Men"/>
|-
| [[Chedi Phukhao Thong]]
| [[File:Wat Phu Khao Thong (Ayutthaya).jpg|150px]]
| 1587 (rebuilt in 1744)<ref name="Wat Phukhao Thong">{{cite web |last1=Vandenberg |first1=Tricky |title=Wat Phukhao Thong |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_PhukhaoThong.html |website=History of Ayutthaya – Temples and Ruins |access-date=21 July 2021 |date=July 2009}}</ref>
| Prince (later King) [[Naresuan]] King [[Borommakot]]<ref name="Wat Phukhao Thong"/>
| Built to commemorate a battle victory following Ayutthaya's liberation from Burma in 1584<ref name="Wat Phukhao Thong"/>
|-
| [[Wat Phra Phutthabat]], [[Saraburi province|Saraburi]]
| [[File:วัดพระพุทธบาทราชวรมหาวิหาร อ.พระพุทธบาท จ.สระบุรี (13).jpg|150px]]
| 1624<ref>{{cite web |title=Wat Phra Phutthabat Ratchaworamahawihan |url=https://www.tourismthailand.org/Attraction/wat-phra-phutthabat-ratchaworamahawihan |website=tourismthailand.org |access-date=28 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| King [[Songtham]]
| Pilgrimage site in [[Thailand]] up to the present.
|-
| [[Wat Chai Watthanaram]]
| [[File:Sunset at Wat Chaiwatthanaram, Ayutthaya, Thailand.jpg|150px]]
| 1630
| King [[Prasat Thong]]
|
|-
| Prasat Nakhon Luang
| [[File:02-ปราสาทนครหลวง.jpg|150px]]
| 1631<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Ayutthaya – Royal Residences –Prasat Nakhon Luang |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Royal_Residences_PrasatNakhonLuang.html |website=ayutthaya-history.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prasat Nakhon Luang, Nakhon Luang, Thailand |url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1113/thailand/nakhon-luang/prasat-nakhon-luang |website=Asian Architecture |language=EN}}</ref>
| King [[Prasat Thong]]
| Mostly reconstructed during the reign of King [[Chulalongkorn]].
|-
| [[King Narai's Palace]], [[Lopburi Province|Lopburi]]
| [[File:King Narai Palace Inner Gate.jpg|150px]]
| 1666
| King [[Narai]]
| Palace of King Narai from 1666 until his death in 1688
|-
| [[Wat Kudi Dao]]
| [[File:โบสถ์วัดกุฎีดาวด้านหลัง.jpg|150px]]
| Before 1711<ref name="ayutthaya-history.com">{{cite web |last1=May |first1=Ken |title=History of Ayutthaya – Temples And Ruins |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_Kudidao.html |website=Wat Kudi Dao |access-date=21 July 2021 |date=September 2009}}</ref>
| Prince, later King [[Borommakot]]<ref name="ayutthaya-history.com"/>
| A good example of 18th-century Late Ayutthaya architecture. Partially restored.<ref name="ayutthaya-history.com"/>
|-
| Wat Ko Kaew Suttharam, [[Phetchaburi Province|Phetchaburi]]
| [[File:จิตรกรรมฝาผนังสมัยอยุธยา.JPG|150px]]
| 1734<ref name="Wat Ko Kaew Suttharam">{{cite web |title=Wat Ko Kaew Suttharam |url=https://www.thailandee.com/en/visit-thailand/wat-ko-kaew-suttharam-phetchaburi-116 |website=Thailandee.com |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref>
| King [[Borommakot]]<ref name="Wat Ko Kaew Suttharam"/>
| One of the best examples of 18th-century Ayutthaya temple (wat) murals
|-
| Wihan Phra Mongkhon Bophit
| [[File:001 Wihan Phra Mongkhon Bophit (9197756441).jpg|150px]]
| Heavily renovated during the reign of King [[Borommakot]] (r. 1733–1758)
| King [[Borommakot]]
| Heavily damaged by the Burmese sack in 1767, the wihan's current appearance is largely from King [[Borommakot]]'s major renovations of the temple in the 18th century. Largely reconstructed in the mid-20th century.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vandenburg |first1=Tricky |title=Wat Yai Chaimongkhon |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_YaiChaiMongkhon.html |website=History of Ayutthaya – Temples and Ruins |access-date=19 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Sanphet Prasat Palace
|[[File:Sangphet Prasat (I).jpg|150px]]
|15th century (original). Replica built in 2000s.
|King [[Borommatrailokkanat (Ramesuan)|Baromatrai Lokanat]]
|The original Sanphet Prasat palace was in Ayutthaya City. The replica is in [[Mueang Boran]] (The Ancient City) Museum in Bangkok.
|}

===Daily life===
====Clothing====
{{See also|History of Thai clothing#Ayutthaya|Traditional Thai clothing}}
[[File:Siam traditional clothes.jpg|thumbnail|right|upright|300px|Thai traditional costumes in [[Bangkok National Museum]]]]
Three clothing styles were evident in the Ayutthaya period. Each style depended on social class.

1. Court clothing (worn by the king, queen, concubines, and senior government officials):
* '''Men''': The king wore ''[[Chada and mongkut|mongkut]]'' ({{langx|th|มงกุฎ}}), as headgear, round [[Mandarin collar]] with ''[[khrui]]'' and wore ''[[Sampot Chang Kben|chong kben]]'' ({{langx|th|โจงกระเบน}}), as trousers.
** Court officers, (who served in the royal palace) wore ''[[lomphok]]'', as headgear, ''khrui'', and wore ''chong kben''.
* '''Women''' The queen wore ''[[Chada and mongkut|chada]]'' ({{langx|th|ชฎา}}), as headgear, ''[[sabai]]'' ({{langx|th|สไบ}}), (a breast cloth that wrap over one shoulder around chest and back) and wore ''[[Sampot|pha nung]]'' ({{langx|th|ผ้านุ่ง}}), as a skirt.
** Concubines wore long hair, ''sabai'', and ''pha nung''.
2. Nobles (rich citizens):
* '''Men''': wore mandarin collar shirt, a ''mahadthai'' hair style ({{langx|th|ทรงมหาดไทย}}), and wore ''chong kben''.
* '''Women''': wore the ''sabai'' and ''pha nung''.
3. Villagers:
* '''Men''': wore a loincloth, displayed a naked chest, a ''mahadthai'' hair style, sometimes wore ''[[sarong]]'' or ''chong kben''.
* '''Women''': wore the ''sabai'' and ''pha nung''.

==Economy==
{{See also|Constantine Phaulkon|Maria Guyomar de Pinha|Baan Hollanda}}
[[File:The history of Japan, giving an account of the ancient and present state and government of that empire - of its temples, palaces, castles and other buildings, of its metals, minerals, trees, plants, (14563443949).jpg|thumb|Map of Ayutthaya Chao Phraya River course in the 17th century|344x344px]]
The Thais never lacked a rich food supply. Peasants planted [[rice]] for their own consumption and to pay taxes. Whatever remained was used to support religious institutions. From the 13th to the 15th centuries, however, a transformation took place in Thai rice cultivation. In the highlands, where rainfall had to be supplemented by a system of irrigation<ref name="Luo-2000">{{cite journal| last1 = Luo | first1 = Wei | last2 = Hartmann | first2 = John | last3=Li | first3= Jinfang | last4=Sysamouth | first4= Vinya|date= December 2000|title= GIS Mapping and Analysis of Tai Linguistic and Settlement Patterns in Southern China|journal= Geographic Information Sciences|volume= 6 |issue= 2|pages= 129–136 |location= DeKalb|publisher= [[Northern Illinois University]]| doi = 10.1080/10824000009480541 | bibcode = 2000AnGIS...6..129L | s2cid = 24199802 |access-date= 28 May 2013|url= http://www.niu.edu/landform/papers/JGIS_Tai_Origin.pdf}}</ref> to control water levels in flooded paddies, the Thais sowed the glutinous rice that is still the staple in the geographical regions of the north and northeast. But in the floodplain of the Chao Phraya, farmers turned to a different variety of rice{{snd}}the so-called [[floating rice]], a slender, non-glutinous grain introduced from Bengal{{snd}}that would grow fast enough to keep pace with the rise of the water level in the lowland fields.<ref name="dopa">{{cite web|url=http://www.dopa.go.th/English/history/econ2.htm |title=The Economy and Economic Changes |website=Department of Provincial Administration |access-date=30 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120133003/http://www.dopa.go.th/English/history/econ2.htm |archive-date=20 November 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>

The new strain grew easily and abundantly, producing a surplus that could be sold cheaply abroad. Ayutthaya, at the southern extremity of the floodplain, thus became the hub of economic activity. Under royal patronage, corvée labour dug canals on which rice was brought from the fields to the king's ships for export to China. In the process, the Chao Phraya delta{{snd}}mud flats between the sea and firm land hitherto considered unsuitable for habitation{{snd}}was reclaimed and cultivated. Traditionally the king had a duty to perform a religious ceremony to bless the rice planting.<ref name="dopa" />

Although rice was abundant in Ayutthaya, rice exports were banned from time to time when famine occurred because of natural calamity or war. Rice was usually bartered for luxury goods and armaments from Westerners, but rice cultivation was mainly for the domestic market and rice export was evidently unreliable.

===Trade and currency===
{{See also|History of Thai money}}
{{Multi image
| total_width = 280
| image1 = Damoen Saduk Floating Market.jpg
| image2 = Cowrie and Tical Phot Duang Money of Siam 1751.png
| image3 = Coin Museum Thailand by Trisorn Triboon 64.jpg
| perrow = 2
| align = right
| footer_align = center
| footer = Clockwise: 1. [[Floating market]], a marketplace in Ayutthaya period, where goods are sold from boats. 2. Cowrie and tical phot duang money of Siam 1751. 3. Phot duang coins at Coin Museum Thailand
}}

Ayutthaya officially used [[cowrie shell]]s, ''prakab'' (baked clay coins), and ''[[pod duang]]'' as currencies. ''Pod duang'' became the standard medium of exchange from the early-13th century to the reign of King [[Chulalongkorn]].

===Ayutthaya as international trading port===
Trade with Europeans was lively in the 17th century. In fact European merchants traded their goods, mainly modern arms such as rifles and cannons, for local products from the inland jungle such as ''[[sappan]]'' (lit. 'bridge'){{citation needed|date=March 2021}} woods, deerskin, and rice. [[Tomé Pires]], a Portuguese voyager, mentioned in the 16th century that Ayutthaya, or ''Odia'', was "rich in good merchandise". Most of the foreign merchants coming to Ayutthaya were European and Chinese, and were taxed by the authorities. The kingdom had an abundance of rice, salt, dried fish, [[Arrack (drink)|arrack]], and vegetables.<ref>Tome Pires. ''The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires''. London, The Hakluyt Society, 1944, p. 107</ref>

Trade with foreigners, mainly the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]], reached its peak in the 17th century. Ayutthaya became a main destination for merchants from China and Japan. It was apparent that foreigners began taking part in the kingdom's politics. Ayutthaya's kings employed foreign mercenaries who sometimes joined the wars with the kingdom's enemies. However, after the purge of the French in the late-17th century, the major traders with Ayutthaya were the Chinese. The Dutch from the [[Dutch East Indies Company]] (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC), were still active. Ayutthaya's economy declined rapidly in the 18th century, until the Burmese invasion caused the total collapse of Ayutthaya's economy in 1767.<ref name="dutchayutt">{{cite web|url=http://ayutthaya-history.com/Settlements_Dutch.html|title=The Dutch in Ayutthaya|last=Vandenberg|first=Tricky|date=March 2009|website=History of Ayutthaya|access-date=1 January 2010}}</ref>

====Contacts with the West====
[[File:Portuguese in Thailand.png|alt=|thumb|379x379px|[[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] in Thailand Gulf 16th and 17th century:{{ubl|Light Green – territories conquered or ceded|Dark Green (Allied) – Ayutthayan territories|Yellow – Main Portuguese factories}}]]
In 1511, immediately after having conquered [[Portuguese Malacca|Malacca]], the Portuguese sent a diplomatic mission headed by [[Duarte Fernandes]] to the court of King [[Ramathibodi II]] of Ayutthaya. Having established amicable relations between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Siam, they returned with a Siamese envoy who carried gifts and letters to the King of Portugal.<ref>Donald Frederick Lach, Edwin J. Van Kley, "Asia in the making of Europe", pp. 520–521, University of Chicago Press, 1994, {{ISBN|978-0-226-46731-3}}</ref> The Portuguese were the first Europeans to visit the country. Portuguese mercenaries would also play a major role in the invasion of Lanna in 1539 by King [[Chairachathirat]], and Portuguese soldiers would be considered a respected fighting force for the Kingdom across its existence.<ref name="Chakrabongse"/>{{rp|37}} Five years after that initial contact, Ayutthaya and Portugal concluded a treaty granting the Portuguese permission to trade in the kingdom. A similar treaty in 1592 gave the Dutch a privileged position in the rice trade.

Foreigners were cordially welcomed at the court of [[Narai]] (1657–1688), a ruler with a cosmopolitan outlook who was nonetheless wary of outside influence. Important commercial ties were forged with Japan. Dutch and English trading companies were allowed to establish factories, and Thai diplomatic missions were sent to Paris and The Hague. By maintaining these ties, the Thai court skillfully played off the Dutch against the English and the French, avoiding the excessive influence of a single power.<ref name="francethai">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.go.th/web/117.php |title=The Beginning of Relations with Buropean Nations and Japan (sic) |year=2006 |website=Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=11 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021015173117/http://www.mfa.go.th/web/117.php |archive-date=15 October 2002 }}</ref>

In 1664, however, the Dutch used force to exact a treaty granting them extraterritorial rights as well as freer access to trade. At the urging of his foreign minister, the Greek adventurer [[Constantine Phaulkon]], Narai turned to France for assistance. French engineers constructed fortifications for the Thais and built a new palace at [[Lopburi]] for Narai. In addition, French missionaries engaged in education and medicine and brought the first printing press into the country. [[Louis XIV]]'s personal interest was aroused by reports from missionaries suggesting that Narai might be converted to Christianity.<ref name="conphal">{{cite book|last=Smithies|first=Michael|title=Three military accounts of the 1688 "Revolution" in Siam|publisher=Orchid Press|location=Bangkok|year=2002|pages=12, 100, 183|isbn=974-524-005-2}}</ref>

The French presence encouraged by Phaulkon, however, stirred the resentment and suspicions of the Thai nobles and Buddhist clergy. When word spread that Narai was dying, a general, [[Phetracha]] (reigned 1688–1693) staged a [[coup d'état]], [[Siamese revolution of 1688|the 1688 Siamese revolution]], seized the throne, killed the designated heir, a Christian, and had Phaulkon put to death along with a number of missionaries. He then expelled the remaining foreigners. Some studies said that Ayutthaya began a period of alienation from European traders, while welcoming more Chinese merchants. But other recent studies argue that, due to wars and conflicts in Europe in the mid-18th century, European merchants reduced their activities in the East. However, it was apparent that the Dutch East Indies Company or VOC was still doing business in Ayutthaya despite political difficulties.<ref name="conphal" />

<gallery>
File:Chart of Chao Phraya to Bangkok VOC Ships c1635.png|[[Dutch East India Company]] merchant ships to Bangkok.
File:Lopburi King Narai plate.jpg|Memorial plate in Lopburi showing King Narai with French ambassadors.
File:Siamese Ambassadors and Artus de Lionne 1686 by Jacques Duplessis.jpg|The 1686 Siamese embassy, accompanied by their translator, Abbot [[Artus de Lionne]]. Painted by [[Jacques Vigouroux Duplessis]] ({{circa|1680}}–1732).
File:LA ROYALLE & MAGNIFIQVE AVDIENCE Donnée Par le Tres haut, Tres Puissant, & Tres Auguste - Monarque LOVIS LE GRAND, Roy de France, & de Nauarre, Aux tres Jllustres Ambassadeurs, du Magnifique Roy de SIAM... - btv1b55002377j.jpg|Siamese embassy to Louis XIV in 1686, by Nicolas de Larmessin.
File:Siam Ambassadors at Court of Louis XIV 1686 S Le Clerc.png|Siam Ambassadors at the Court of King Louis XIV 1686. The Siamese ambassadors came from Ayutthaya to the [[Palace of Versailles]] in France. They were led by the noble diplomat Kosa Pan. Engraving made by [[Sébastien Le Clerc]].
File:Reception of Siamese Ambassadors (Kosa Pan) in Paris Painting 1686.png|Reception of Siamese ambassadors at the Missions étrangères de Paris (Paris Foreign Missions), December 1686. The Siamese diplomats wear [[Lomphok]] headgear. Kosa Pan is one of the dignitaries.
File:Françoise Foliot - Eclipse de soleil au Siam en 1688.jpg|French Jesuits observing an [[eclipse]] with King [[Narai]] and his court in April 1688, shortly before the Siamese revolution.
File:Ok-khun Chamnan Chaichong Diplomat Portrait 1688.png|[[Ok-khun Chamnan]], a Siamese ambassador who visited France and Rome on an embassy in 1688
File:Kosa Pan, Charles Le Brun, 1686.jpg|A portrait of [[Kosa Pan]], a Thai ambassador accredited by King Narai of Ayutthaya to the court of King Louis XIV of France, by [[Charles Le Brun]], 1686
</gallery>

====Contacts with East Asia====
{{See also|Zheng He|Yamada Nagamasa}}
Between 1405 and 1433, the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]] sponsored a series of [[Treasure voyages|seven naval expeditions]]. [[Emperor Yongle]] designed them to establish a Chinese presence, impose imperial control over trade, and impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin. He also might have wanted to extend the [[tributary system]]. It is believed that the Chinese fleet under Admiral [[Zheng He]] travelled up the Chao Phraya River to Ayutthaya on three occasions.

Meanwhile, a Japanese [[colony]] was established in Ayutthaya. The colony was active in trade, particularly in the export of deer hides and saphan wood to Japan in exchange for Japanese [[silver]] and Japanese handicrafts (swords, lacquered boxes, high-quality paper). From Ayutthaya, Japan was interested in purchasing [[Chinese silk]]s, as well as [[deerskin]]s and ray or shark skins (used to make a sort of [[shagreen]] for Japanese [[sword]] handles and [[scabbard]]s).<ref>Boxer, p. 293</ref>

The Japanese quarters of [[Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]] were home to about 1,500 Japanese inhabitants (some estimates run as high as 7,000). The community was called ''Ban Yipun'' in Thai, and was headed by a Japanese chief nominated by Thai authorities.<ref name=yoneo154>Ishii Yoneo. "Siam and Japan in pre-modern times: a note on mutual images". In Denoon, p. 154.</ref> It seems to have been a combination of traders, [[Christians|Christian]] converts (''[[Kirishitan]]'') who had fled their home country to various Southeast Asian countries following the persecutions of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] and [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], and unemployed former samurai who had been on the losing side at the [[battle of Sekigahara]].<ref name=yoneo154 />

Padre [[António Francisco Cardim]] recounted having administered the sacrament to around 400 Japanese Christians in 1627 in the Thai capital of [[Ayutthaya Province|Ayutthaya]] ("a 400 japoes christaos")<ref name=yoneo154 /> There were also Japanese communities in [[Ligor]] and [[Pattani, Thailand|Patani]].<ref name="Boxer, p.297">Boxer, p. 297</ref>

<gallery>
File:ZhengHeShips.gif|Early 17th-century Chinese woodblock print, thought to represent Zheng He's ships.
File:วัดพนัญเชิงวรวิหาร by Pholtograph.jpg| ''Luang Pho Tho'' or ''Sam Pao Kong'', the highly revered Buddha statue in [[Wat Phanan Choeng]] temple was visited in 1407 by [[Zheng He]] during [[Treasure voyages|the naval expedition]].
File:Japanese Red Seal Ship Shuinsen 1634.png|A 1634 Japanese [[Red seal ship]]. Tokyo Naval Science Museum.
File:Ayutthaya City Map (Siam) by Loubere 1691.jpg|The Japanese quarter in Ayutthaya is indicated at the bottom center ("Japonois") of the map, 1691.
File:Yamada-Nagamasa-Portrait-Shizuoka-Sengen-Shrine.png|Portrait of ''Yamada Nagamasa'' {{circa|1630}}
File:Ayutthaya Japanese village 4.jpg|Interior of the [[Japanese Village (Ayutthaya)|Japanese Village]] museum in Ayutthaya
</gallery>

====Notable foreigners in 17th century Ayutthaya====
* [[Constantine Phaulkon]], Greek adventurer and first councillor of King Narai
* [[François-Timoléon de Choisy]]
* Father [[Guy Tachard]], French Jesuit writer and Siamese Ambassador to France (1688)
* [[Louis Laneau]], Apostolic Vicar of Siam
* [[Claude de Forbin]], French Admiral
* [[Yamada Nagamasa]], Japanese adventurer who became the ruler of the Nakhon Si Thammarat
* [[George White (merchant)]], English merchant
* [[:nl:Jeremias van Vliet|Jeremias van Vliet]], Dutch [[Opperhoofd]]

==Historiography==
===Contemporary accounts of Ayutthaya===
{{See also|Ayutthaya Testimonies}}
The amount to which Ayutthaya texts were destroyed in the Burmese sack of 1767 varies greatly. Van Vliet's written records on Siam is the earliest written history of Siam and Ayutthaya, which date from the early to mid 17th century and likely used the religious temple chronicles as his source. The earliest surviving palace chronicle is the [[Luang Prasoet chronicle]], which dates from 1681. The histories of Ayutthaya was not regarded as important until the age of commerce and peace in the 17th and 18th centuries. The religious chronicles are also important to understanding Ayutthaya, which date as early as the 16th century. Early Ayutthaya did not write down its history. A significant portion of written evidence must therefore come from outside accounts. Aside from Van Vliet, a number of Europeans in the 17th and early 18th century wrote surviving accounts of Siam. The Chinese palace chronicles are also instrumental in analyzing Ayutthaya's history.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-316-64113-2|edition=|location=}}</ref>

The [[Ayutthaya Testimonies]] are another important account of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. Based on the testimonies of the former inhabitants of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and survived by three different documents, these accounts attests to the description of the city of Ayutthaya and the Ayutthaya Kingdom prior to and during its fall in 1767.

===Post-Ayutthaya historiography===
The history of the Ayutthaya Kingdom overall has been a neglected period of historiography in Thailand, as well as abroad, characterized by well-researched and popular histories of subperiods of Ayutthaya. [[Chris Baker (writer)|Chris Baker]] and [[Pasuk Phongpaichit]]'s "''A History of Ayutthaya: Siam In the Early Modern World''", published in 2017, was the first English-academic book to have analyzed the full four hundred years of the Ayutthaya Kingdom's existence. The historiography of Southeast Asia originated from post-colonial capitals. As Thailand had never been fully colonized, it never had a European patron from which national histories could be written about themselves until the arrival of the Americans in the 1960s.<ref name="siam" /><ref name=":0"/>

In the early Rattanakosin period, King [[Rama I]] compiled all surviving Ayutthaya law records and published the [[Three Seals Law]] in 1805. Early Rattanakosin period documents traced their "national" origins to the founding of Ayutthaya in 1351. In the early 20th-century however, Thai elites, influenced by Western ideas of European nationalism and the nation state, used that framework to create a nationalist history of Thailand, implementing it in ways deemphasized Ayutthaya's importance to Thai history by portraying the Sukhothai Kingdom as the first "Thai" kingdom or golden age of "Thai-ness" (Buddhism, Thai-style democracy, free trade, abolition of slavery), Rattanakosin as the "rebirth", and Ayutthaya as a period of decline between Sukhothai and Rattanakosin. This resulted in Ayutthaya being largely forgotten in the historiography of Thailand for half a century following the works of [[Prince Damrong]] in the early 20th century.<ref name="siam" /><ref>{{cite web |title=เปิดตัวหนังสือ "Studies in Thai and Southeast Asian Histories" : ชาญวิทย์ เกษตรศิริ |website = [[YouTube]]| date=8 November 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbdTD3Rv-MY |access-date=27 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The nationalist-themed histories of Ayutthaya, pioneered by [[Prince Damrong]], primarily featured the stories of kings fighting wars and the idea of territorial subjugation of neighboring states. These historical themes remains influential in Thailand and in Thai popular history up until the present, which has only been challenged by a newer generation of historians and academics in Thailand and abroad starting in the 1980s, emphasizing the long-neglected commercial and economic aspects which were important to Ayutthaya. New released sources and translations from a variety of historical records (China, the Netherlands, etc...) have made the researching of Ayutthaya history more accessible in the past two and three decades.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite AV media |title=Day 1 : Three Decades of Ayutthaya World Heritage |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul3_1CBYYws |via=YouTube | date=10 January 2022 |access-date=30 January 2022 |language=en |quote=56:05}}</ref>

Since the 1970s, newer generations of academics have come up and challenged the old historiography, paying more attention and publishing works about the history of Ayutthaya, prominently beginning with [[Charnvit Kasetsiri]]'s "''The Rise of Ayudhya''", published in 1977.<ref name="siam" /><ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-316-64113-2|location=|edition=}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |title=2017 07 13 Ayutthaya and Writing Thai History Today |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1V60Soz0O0 |via=YouTube | date=15 August 2017 |publisher=FCCT Events |access-date=28 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=เปิดตัวหนังสือ "Studies in Thai and Southeast Asian Histories" : ชาญวิทย์ เกษตรศิริ |website = [[YouTube]]| date=8 November 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbdTD3Rv-MY |access-date=27 February 2022 |language=en}} "8:49"</ref> Kasetsiri, in 1999, argues that, "Ayutthaya was the first major political, cultural, and commercial center of the Thai."<ref name="siam" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|last2=Phongpaichit|first2=Pasuk|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-316-64113-2|location=|edition=Kindle|pages=xiii}}</ref>

===The "General Crisis" hypothesis===
{{See also|The General Crisis}}
The idea that Ayutthaya suffered a decline following the departure of Europeans in the late 17th century was an idea popularized, at first, in the Rattanakosin court, in an attempt to legitimize the new dynasty over the Ayutthaya Ban Phlu Luang dynasty, and more famously by [[Anthony Reid (academic)|Anthony Reid]]'s book on the "Age of Commerce" in recent decades. However, more recent studies, such as by [[Victor Lieberman]] in "Strange Parallels in Southeast Asia" and by Baker and Phongpaichit in "A History of Ayutthaya", have mostly refuted Reid's hypothesis, in particular Lieberman criticizing Reid's methodology of using the example of Maritime Southeast Asia to explain Mainland Southeast Asia, citing the opening of Qing China's revocation of its maritime ban and the subsequent increase in trade between China and Siam and Ayutthaya's historical importance as a regional Asian trade center rather than one in which Europeans held any power or any significant influence for any extended period of time.<ref name=":5">{{cite book |last1=Lieberman |first1=Victor |title=Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History) |date=2003 |pages=|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521800860|edition=}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref>{{cite AV media |title=Conference: Exploring Maritime Heritage Dynamics – Dhiravat Na Pombejra |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoGPYGibMuU |via=YouTube | date=17 December 2015 |access-date=28 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="siam" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Bhuddaheadkjfmartin.jpg|Detached Buddha head encased in fig tree roots
File:Ayutthayakingdomkjfmartin1.jpg|Seated Buddha, Ayutthaya
File:Ayutthayakjfmartin.jpg|Seated Buddha, Ayutthaya
File:Ayutthaya Historical Park 1.jpg|[[Ayutthaya Historical Park]]
File:Ayutthaya Historical Park 3.jpg|Ayutthaya Historical Park
File:WatMahathatOldTime.jpg|The main prang of [[Wat Mahathat (Ayutthaya)|Wat Mahathat]], collapsed in 1904, photographed in the early twentieth century
File:วิหารมงคลบพิตร.jpg|Wihan Phra Mongkhon Bophit before restoration in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century
File:Ayutthaya Wat Na Phra Men 2.jpg|Interior of Wat Na Phra Men
</gallery>

==In popular culture==
* ''[[Love Destiny (TV series)]]'' ({{langx|th|[[:wikt:บุพเพสันนิวาส|บุพเพสันนิวาส]]}}; ''Bupphesanniwat''), 2018 Thai historical television series.
* ''[[The Legend of Suriyothai]]'', 2001 Thai biographical historical drama film series about Queen [[Suriyothai]].
* ''[[King Naresuan (film)]]'', 2007–2015 Thai biographical historical drama film series about King [[Naresuan]].

==See also==
* [[Ayutthaya Historical Park]]
* [[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province|Ayutthaya Province]]
* [[Baan Hollanda]]
* [[Bang Rajan]]
* [[Thai monarchs' family tree|Family tree of Ayutthaya kings]]
* [[History of Thailand]]
* [[List of monarchs of Thailand#Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767)|List of Ayutthaya kings]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-lr|refs=

{{efn-lr|Calculated from the text given in the chronicle: "สิ้น 97 ปีสวรรคต ศักราชได้ 336 ปี พระยาโคดมได้ครองราชสมบัติอยู่ ณ วัดเดิม 30 ปี"<ref name=p60>[[wikisource:th:พงศาวดารเหนือ (2474)/พงศาวดาร|Northern Chronicle]]</ref>{{rp|30}} which is transcribed as "…at the age of 97, he passed away in the year 336 of the [[Chula Sakarat]]. Phraya Kodom reigned in the Mueang Wat Derm for 30 years…."|name=A}}

}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==General references==
* Original text adapted from the ''[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/thtoc.html Library of Congress Country Study of Thailand]''
* {{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |last2=Phongpaichit |first2=Pasuk |title=A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ |year=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-1-316-64113-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Higham|first=Charles |title=The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-ifNH4uK0LAC&pg=PA355 |year=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge, England |isbn=0-521-27525-3 |access-date=6 September 2009 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kohn |first1=George Childs |title=Dictionary of Wars |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofwars0000kohn |url-access=registration |date=1999 |publisher=Facts on File, Inc. |location=New York |isbn=0-8160-3928-3 |edition=Revised}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lieberman |first1=Victor |title=Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History) |date=2003 |pages=|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521800860|edition=}}
* {{cite book |last=Marcinkowski |first= M. Ismail |title=From Isfahan to Ayutthaya: Contacts between Iran and Siam in the 17th Century |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RssPMqruX6kC&pg=PA53 |year=2005 |publisher=Pustaka Nasional |place=Singapore |isbn=9971-77-491-7 |access-date=8 August 2009}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rajanubhab |first1=Prince Damrong |title=Our Wars with the Burmese |date=2001 |publisher=White Lotus |location=Bangkok |isbn=974-7534-58-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Syamananda|first=Rong |title=A History of Thailand |year=1990|publisher=Chulalongkorn University|isbn=974-07-6413-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Wood |first=William Alfred Rae |title=A History of Siam |url=https://archive.org/details/ost-history-historyofsiam035038mbp |year=1924 |publisher=Fisher Unwin Ltd|place=London}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tossa |first1=Wajupp |first2=Kongdeuane |last2=Nattavong |first3=Margaret Read |last3=MacDonald |title=Lao Folktales |year=2008 |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |isbn=978-1-59158-345-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Wyatt |first=David K. |title=Thailand: A Short History |year=2003 |publisher=Yale University Press |place=New Haven, Connecticut |isbn=0-300-08475-7 }}
* {{cite book|last=Thepthani|first=Phra Borihan|title=Thai National Chronicles: the history of the nation since ancient times|date=1953|access-date=5 November 2023|language=th|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105023428/http://www.car.chula.ac.th/rarebook/book2/clra53_0235/mobile/index.html#p=1|publisher=S. Thammasamakkhi|url=http://www.car.chula.ac.th/rarebook/book2/clra53_0235/mobile/index.html}}

==Further reading==
===General works===
* {{cite book |author=Bhawan Ruangsilp|title=Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch Perceptions of the Thai Kingdom, Ca. 1604–1765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xBGwFrYnaMC&q=774+787+srivijaya|year=2007|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-15600-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chrystall |first1=Beatrice |title=Connections Without Limit: The Refiguring of the Buddha in the Jinamahanidana |date=2004 |publisher=Harvard University |location=Cambridge |type=Dissertation}}
* {{cite book |last1=Listopad |first1=John A |title=The Art and Architecture of the Reign of Somdet Phra Narai |date=1995 |publisher=University of Michigan |location=Ann Arbor |type=Dissertation}}
* {{cite book |last1=Peerapun |first1=Wannasilpa |title=The Economic Impact of Historic Sites on the Economy of Ayutthaya, Thailand |date=1991 |publisher=University of Akron |type=Dissertation}}
* {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=George V |title=The Dutch East India Company in the Kingdom of Ayutthaya, 1604–1694 |date=1974 |publisher=Northern Illinois University |type=Dissertation}}
* {{cite book |last=Smithies |first= Michael |title=A Siamese Embassy Lost in Africa 1686: The Odyssey of Ok-Khun Chamman| location= Chiang Mai |publisher=Silkworm Books |date=1999 |isbn=978-974-710-095-2}}

===''Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya''===
There are 18 versions of ''Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya'' (''Phongsawadan Krung Si Ayutthaya'') known to scholars. See: {{cite book|last=Wyatt|first=David K.|title=Chronicle of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya|publisher=The Center for East Asian Cultural Studies for UNESCO, The Toyo Bunko|location=Tokyo|year=1999|pages=Introduction, 14|isbn=978-4-89656-613-0}}
* Fifteenth-Century Fragment – [http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_065_1b_Vickery_2K125FragmentLostChronicleOfAyutthaya.pdf Michael Vickery version] (in English and Thai) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20130512211512/http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/thesis/showthesis_th.asp?id=0000004152 Ubonsi Atthaphan version in pp. 215–231] (in Thai)
* Van Vliet Chronicle (1640) – Translated and compiled by the Dutch merchant. The original Thai manuscripts disappeared.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130512195328/http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/dbcollection/rarebook/showrarebook.asp?id=80 The Luang Prasoet Version] (1680) – Ayutthaya History (in Thai)
* CS 1136 Version (1774)
* The Nai (Nok) Kaeo Version (1782) – [https://web.archive.org/web/20130512211512/http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/thesis/showthesis_th.asp?id=0000004152 in pp. 232–244] (in Thai)
* CS 1145 Version (1783)
* ''Sanggitiyavamsa'' – Pali chronicle compiled by Phra Phonnarat, generally discussing Buddhism History of Thailand.
* CS 1157 Version of Phan Chanthanumat (1795)
* Thonburi Chronicle (1795)
* Somdet Phra Phonnarat Version (1795) – Thought to be identical to Bradley Version below.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181005184448/http://www.ebookstou.org/readonline/Default.aspx?bid=1 ''Culayuddhakaravamsa'' Vol. 2 – Pali chronicle. Includes other three versions of the chronicle.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185033/http://www.ayutthayastudies.aru.ac.th/content/view/139/64/ Phra Chakraphatdiphong (Chat) Version (1808)] (in Thai)
* Brith Museum Version (1807)
* Wat Ban Thalu Version (1812)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181005184448/http://www.ebookstou.org/readonline/Default.aspx?bid=1 ''Culayuddhakaravamsa'' Sermon (1820) ] – includes other three versions of the chronicle.
* Bradley or Two-Volume Version (1864) – formerly called Krom Phra [[Paramanuchit]] Chinorot Version. [Vol. 1] [Vol. 2] [Vol. 3] or [https://web.archive.org/web/20130512201102/http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/dbcollection/rarebook/showrarebook.asp?id=296 Vol.1] [ Vol. 2]
* [http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_061_1c_Wyatt_AbridgedChronicleOfAyudhyaOfPrinceParamanuchitchinorot.pdf Pramanuchit's Abridged Version (1850)] (in English)
* Royal Autograph Version (1855) – [http://dl.kids-d.org/handle/123456789/2626 Vol. 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003235909/http://dl.kids-d.org/handle/123456789/2626 |date=3 October 2018 }}, [http://dl.kids-d.org/handle/123456789/2627 Vol. 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003234657/http://dl.kids-d.org/handle/123456789/2627 |date=3 October 2018 }}

Some of these are available in Cushman, Richard D. (2000). ''The Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya: A Synoptic Translation'', edited by David K. Wyatt. Bangkok: [[The Siam Society]].

===Burmese accounts===
These are Burmese historical accounts of Ayutthaya.
* [[Kham Hai Kan Chao Krung Kao]] (''Lit.'' Testimony of inhabitants of Old Capital (i.e., Ayutthaya))
* [[Kham Hai Kan Khun Luang Ha Wat]] (''Lit.'' Testimony of the "King who Seeks a Temple" (nickname of King Uthumphon)) – [http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1931/JSS_028_2d_PrinceVivadhanajaya_StatementOfKhunLuangHaWat.pdf An English translation.]
* Palm Leaf Manuscripts No. 11997 of the Universities Central Library Collection or ''Yodaya Yazawin'' – Available in English in Tun Aung Chain tr. (2005) ''Chronicle of Ayutthaya'', Yangon: Myanmar Historical Commission

===Western accounts===
* ''Second Voyage du Pere Tachard et des Jesuites envoyes par le Roi au Royaume de Siam.'' Paris: Horthemels, 1689.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ayutthaya Kingdom}}
* Online Collection: [https://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/s/sea/ Southeast Asia Visions Collection by Cornell University Library]
* [http://ayutthaya-history.com/index.html Ayutthaya Historical Research]

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Divyanka Tripathi

2026-03-22T20:04:48Z

OscarStell1647: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1984)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Divyanka Tripathi
| image = Divyanka Tripathi snapped at Ankit Tiwari’s birthday celebration.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Tripathi in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1984|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Vivek Dahiya (actor)|Vivek Dahiya]]|2016}}
| known for = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
* ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''
*''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 8]]''
*''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11]]''
}}
| alma_mater = Nehru Institute of Mountaineering
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Divyanka Tripathi|Full list]]
}}

'''Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya''' ({{nee}} '''Tripathi''';<ref name="times12">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Divyanka-Tripathi-changes-name-to-Divyanka-Tripathi-Dahiya/articleshow/53297698.cms |title=Divyanka Tripathi changes name to Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya |last=Bhandari |first=Jhanvi |date=20 July 2016 |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 July 2016 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405211813/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Divyanka-Tripathi-changes-name-to-Divyanka-Tripathi-Dahiya/articleshow/53297698.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> {{IPA|hns|d̪ɪˈʋjaŋka t̪ɾɪˈpaːʈʰi|pron}}; born 14 December 1984) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi]] television.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/minor-girl-raped-on-independence-day-in-chandigarh-divyanka-tripathi-is-scared-to-have-a-daughter/articleshow/60081112.cms |title=Minor girl raped on Independence Day in Chandigarh, Divyanka Tripathi is scared to have a daughter |date=16 August 2017 |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426130915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/minor-girl-raped-on-independence-day-in-chandigarh-divyanka-tripathi-is-scared-to-have-a-daughter/articleshow/60081112.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the highest-paid [[List of Hindi television actresses|television actresses]] in India,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/kapil-sharma-to-ram-kapoor-10-highest-paid-indian-tv-actors-who-charge-a-hefty-amount-per-episode |title=Kapil Sharma to Hina Khan, 10 highest-paid Indian TV actors who charge a hefty amount per episode |date=30 June 2022 |work=GQ India |access-date=10 January 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921114453/https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/kapil-sharma-to-ram-kapoor-10-highest-paid-indian-tv-actors-who-charge-a-hefty-amount-per-episode |url-status=live}}</ref> She is a recipient of [[List of awards and nominations received by Divyanka Tripathi|several accolades]] including three [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Awards]], nine [[Indian Telly Awards]] and seven [[Gold Awards]]. She has appeared in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} [[Forbes Celebrity 100|Celebrity 100]] list since 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes India 100 Celebs 2019: Deepika Padukone And Alia Bhatt Make Top 10; Sara Ali Khan Debuts |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/forbes-india-100-celebs-2019-deepika-padukone-and-alia-bhatt-make-top-10-sara-ali-khan-debuts-2151247 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

She is known for playing the double roles of Vidya Pratapsingh and Divya Shukla in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]'' and Dr. Ishita Bhalla in [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2019 |title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein's Divyanka Tripathi clarifies she is not unprofessional, states she once didn't get work due to rumours |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbateins-divyanka-tripathi-clarifies-she-is-not-unprofessional-states-she-once-didnt-get-work-due-to-rumours/photostory/69757348.cms |access-date=2 June 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=13 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613040711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbateins-divyanka-tripathi-clarifies-she-is-not-unprofessional-states-she-once-didnt-get-work-due-to-rumours/photostory/69757348.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> both of these show earned her [[ITA Award for Best Actress - Popular]] and [[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Jury|Best Actress - Jury]]. In 2017, participated in the dance reality show ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 8]]'' and emerged as the winner.<ref name="nbwinner2">{{cite web |title=Divyanka Tripathi And Vivek Dahiya Are The Winners Of Nach Baliye 8 |url=http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/nach-baliye-8-finale-divyanka-tripathi-and-vivek-dahiya-are-the-winners-1716830 |access-date=26 June 2017 |publisher=NDTV |date=25 June 2017 |archive-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625233215/http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/nach-baliye-8-finale-divyanka-tripathi-and-vivek-dahiya-are-the-winners-1716830 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, she participated at ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11]]'' as a contestant where she emerged as the runner-up.

==Early life and education==
Tripathi was born on 14 December 1984<ref name="birthdate">{{cite news |title=Divyanka Tripathi gifts herself a holiday on birthday |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/divyanka-tripathi-gifts-herself-a-holiday-on-birthday |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=IANS |date=14 December 2015 |access-date=3 March 2024 }}</ref> in [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |date=17 July 2015 |title=Divyanka Tripathi: Since I'm from Bhopal, I know how to prepare Iftaar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Divyanka-Tripathi-Since-Im-from-Bhopal-I-know-how-to-prepare-Iftaar/articleshow/48100669.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303122132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Divyanka-Tripathi-Since-Im-from-Bhopal-I-know-how-to-prepare-Iftaar/articleshow/48100669.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She was educated at Carmel Convent School, Bhopal. She then graduated from the Sarojini Naidu Government Girls PG College in Bhopal.<ref>{{cite news |title=On Divyanka Tripathi's Birthday, Know Interesting Facts About Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Star |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/on-divyanka-tripathis-birthday-know-interesting-facts-about-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-star-6614395.html |work=News18 |date=14 December 2022 |access-date=3 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303092220/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/on-divyanka-tripathis-birthday-know-interesting-facts-about-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-star-6614395.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="intoday.in">{{cite magazine |last1=Chawla |first1=Medha |date=14 October 2015 |title=From being a tomboy to having three boyfriends, TV's queen Divyanka Tripathi opens up |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/divyanka-tripathi-of-yeh-hain-mohabbatein-fame-talks-about-relationship-with-ssharad-malhotra-family-heartbreaks-and-stardom-267940-2015-10-13 |magazine=India Today |access-date=3 March 2024}}</ref> She completed a mountaineering course from Nehru Institute of Mountaineering in [[Uttarkashi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=From Divyanka Tripathi to Ram Kapoor, 10 of television's most educated actors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/divyanka-tripathi-to-ram-kapoor-10-of-televisions-most-educated-actors-4411992/ |work=The Indian Express |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=3 March 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tripathi started her career as an anchor on [[All India Radio]], Bhopal. She participated in ''Pantene Zee Teen Queen'' in 2003 and won the title of Miss Beautiful Skin.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 February 2017 |title=Divyanka Tripathi Photos: 50 Best Photos Of Top TV Star Divyanka Tripathi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/divyanka-tripathi-photos-50-best-photos-of-top-tv-star-divyanka-tripathi-1660690 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212409/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/divyanka-tripathi-photos-50-best-photos-of-top-tv-star-divyanka-tripathi-1660690 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2004, Tripathi participated in ''[[India's Best Cinestars Ki Khoj]]'' and ended up being in top 8 from Bhopal zone.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 May 2020 |title=Divyanka Tripathi's shows before Yeh Hai Mohabbatein |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/divyanka-tripathi-tv-shows-before-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-banoo-main-teri-dulhann-cinestars-ki-khoj-comedy-circus-6398157/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205243/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/divyanka-tripathi-tv-shows-before-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-banoo-main-teri-dulhann-cinestars-ki-khoj-comedy-circus-6398157/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She again contested from the Indore zone where she was declared the runner up.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/divyanka-tripathi-to-devoleena-bhattacharjee-a-look-at-popular-tv-actors-started-their-journey-with-reality-shows/photostory/81972241.cms |title=Divyanka Tripathi to Devoleena Bhattacharjee; a look at popular TV actors who started their journey with reality shows |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 April 2021}}</ref> This ensured her qualification for phase 2 of the contest where she lost eventually.<ref name="intoday.in"/> In 2005, she was crowned Miss Bhopal.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 May 2015 |title=Divyanka Tripathi's London outifits will give you major fashion goals! |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/stars/divyanka-tripathi/divyanka-tripathi-was-the-winner-of-miss-bhopal-contest-photogallery-times-of-india/articleshow/47371714.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624213443/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/stars/divyanka-tripathi/divyanka-tripathi-was-the-winner-of-miss-bhopal-contest-photogallery-times-of-india/articleshow/47371714.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tripathi made her acting debut in a telefilm for [[Doordarshan]] and later presented a show called ''Akash Vani''.<ref name="DT akash vani">{{cite web |date=29 November 2017 |title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein's Ishita aka Divyanka Tripathi started her career with this TV actor! |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-s-ishita-aka-divyanka-tripathi-started-her-career-with-this-tv-actor-414472 |website=INDIA TV NEWS |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211104/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-s-ishita-aka-divyanka-tripathi-started-her-career-with-this-tv-actor-414472 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, she acted in Star One's ''[[Yeh Dil Chahe More]]'' as Payal followed by ''Viraasat'' as Melanie in 2006. In August 2006, Tripathi was roped in for [[Zee TV]]'s drama fiction ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]'' by playing the dual roles of Vidya and Divya.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Not-getting-older-Divyanka-Tripathi/articleshow/2304709.cms |title=Not getting older: Divyanka Tripathi |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106235112/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Not-getting-older-Divyanka-Tripathi/articleshow/2304709.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She received recognition for the role of Vidya and her onscreen pair with [[Sharad Malhotra]]. She won many awards for her performance in the show including the [[Indian Television Academy Awards|Indian Television Academy Award for Best Actress in Drama Category]]<ref name="itaa2007">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2007 |title=The Idea ITA Awards, 2007 |work=indiantelevisionacademy.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006030252/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2007 |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> and the [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face]].<ref name="ita2007">{{cite web |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm |title=Indian Telly Awards, 2007 |work=indiantelevision.com |access-date=25 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722173647/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm |archive-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The show ran for three years and ended in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Soaps-drop-off-air-without-fanfare/articleshow/4265387.cms |title=Soaps drop off air without fanfare |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 March 2009}}</ref> She participated in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Khana Khazana]]'' as a contestant in 2006.
[[File:Divyanka Tripathi at the audio release of 'From Sydney With Love'.jpg|thumb|left|Tripathi in 2012]]
In 2007, Tripathi participated in [[Sahara One]]'s reality show, ''[[Jjhoom India]]'' as a contestant.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/divyanka-i-cant-show-skin/articleshow/3407465.cms |title=Divyanka: I can't show skin |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 August 2008}}</ref> In 2008, she participated in [[Imagine TV]]'s ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 July 2020 |title=Nach Baliye to Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa, here's a look at Saroj Khan's television stint |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/saroj-khan-tv-shows-nach-baliye-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-nachle-ve-6488042/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205251/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/saroj-khan-tv-shows-nach-baliye-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-nachle-ve-6488042/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year she presented 9X's ''Jalwa Four 2 Ka 1''.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 October 2008 |title=9X to launch new 'Jalwa' series in Sunday slot |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/9x-to-launch-new-jalwa-series-in-sunday-slot/ |website=BizAsia}}</ref> In 2009, Tripathi featured in the second season of [[StarPlus]]'s horror thriller ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} In 2010, she played the role of Rashmi Sharma, a housewife in [[Sony SAB|SAB TV]]'s comedy drama ''[[Mrs. & Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale]]''. In 2011 Tripathi participated in [[Imagine TV]]'s ''[[Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout]]''. She later played the lead in SAB TV's ''[[Chintu Chinki Aur Ek Badi Si Love Story]]'' as Suman, followed by appearing in an episodic appearance in ''Adaalat''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv-actress-divyanka-tripathi-will-be-seen-in-an-upcoming-episode-of-sony-tvs-adaalat-/articleshow/9182075.cms |title=TV actress Divyanka Tripathi will be seen in an upcoming episode of Sony TV's Adaalat |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 July 2011}}</ref> In 2012, she acted in Star Plus's ''[[Teri Meri Love Stories]]'' as Nikita opposite [[Mohammed Iqbal Khan|Iqbal Khan]].

In 2013, she portrayed the character of Dr. Ishita Bhalla, an infertile dentist who marries a chief executive officer, in order to provide maternal affection to his daughter in [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s show ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' opposite [[Karan Patel]].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 August 2013 |title=Ekta Kapoor's Mera Tera Rishta Purana awaits slot on TV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ekta-kapoors-mera-tera-rishta-purana-awaits-slot-on-tv-613446 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128101209/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ekta-kapoors-mera-tera-rishta-purana-awaits-slot-on-tv-613446 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 November 2013 |title=Divyanka Tripathi in Ekta Kapoor's next on Star Plus: 'Money is important but not at the cost of my dignity' |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-money-is-important-but-not-at-the-cost-of-my-dignity/20131126.htm#1 |website=Rediff |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729103613/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-money-is-important-but-not-at-the-cost-of-my-dignity/20131126.htm#1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 December 2013 |title=I am okay if people have forgetten me: TV actress Divyanka Tripati |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/i-am-okay-if-people-have-forgetten-me-tv-actress-divyanka-tripati/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212417/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/i-am-okay-if-people-have-forgetten-me-tv-actress-divyanka-tripati/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Divyanka Tripathi on the sets 'Ye Hai Mohabbatein'.jpg|right|thumb|Tripathi on the sets of ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' in 2015]]
The show premiered in December 2013 and ran successfully for six years until it ended at the end of 2019.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 November 2013 |title=Ekta Kapoor's new show on TV next month |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ekta-kapoor-s-new-show-on-tv-next-month/story-y2wUAZTUGr0OtlCLeHLJaN.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621092153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ekta-kapoor-s-new-show-on-tv-next-month/story-y2wUAZTUGr0OtlCLeHLJaN.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 November 2013 |title=Star Plus to launch 'Yeh Hai Mohabbatein' |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-plus-to-launch-yeh-hai-mohabbatein/ |website=BizAsia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 November 2019 |title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein To Go OFF AIR, Yeh Hai Chahatein Gets Its Launch Date! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-to-go-off-air-on-december-20-yeh-hai-chahatein-launch-date-1112489 |website=ABP |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204538/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-to-go-off-air-on-december-20-yeh-hai-chahatein-launch-date-1112489 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her portrayal of Ishita won her many awards and nominations such as the [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role]],<ref name="Telly Awards 2014">{{cite web |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/2014/index/pages/popular |title=Indian Telly Awards 2014 – Popular |work=indiantelevision.com |access-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626121135/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/2014/index/pages/popular |archive-date=26 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the Lions Gold Award for Best Actress in Lead Role, and the [[Zee Gold Awards|Boroplus Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role]].<ref name="SPA 2014">{{cite news |title=Star Parivaar Awards 2014: And the winners are... (see pics) |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/star-parivaar-awards-2014-winners-list-15207.html |access-date=24 February 2021 |work=India TV News |date=24 June 2014 |language=en |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306060420/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/star-parivaar-awards-2014-winners-list-15207.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, she received a Shan-E-Bhopal Award.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desai |first1=Shraddha |title=City girl Divyanka Tripathi honoured at Bharat Bhavan in Bhopal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhopal/City-girl-Divyanka-Tripathi-honoured-at-Bharat-Bhavan-in-Bhopal/articleshow/47440643.cms |access-date=24 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=29 May 2015 |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305205812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhopal/City-girl-Divyanka-Tripathi-honoured-at-Bharat-Bhavan-in-Bhopal/articleshow/47440643.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, she received two awards at the Gold Awards for Face of The Year and Best Actress in a Lead Role.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

In 2016, Tripathi participated in [[Colors TV]]'s sports reality show, ''Box Cricket League 2''. Later in the same year, she made a cameo appearance in [[Life OK]]'s ''[[Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant]]'' along with [[Anita Hassanandani]], [[Hina Khan]] and [[Karanvir Bohra]]. In 2017, she participated in ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 8]]'' with her husband [[Vivek Dahiya (actor)|Vivek Dahiya]] and emerged as the winner while [[Mohit Sehgal]], [[Sanaya Irani]] became finalists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/nach-baliye-8-divyanka-tripathi-and-vivek-dahiya-confirm-to-be-part-of-the-show-825211 |title=Nach Baliye 8: Divyanka Tripathi and Vivek Dahiya CONFIRM to be part of the show! |date=3 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nach-baliye-8-winner-divyanka-tripathi-and-vivek-dahiya-walk-away-with-the-trophy-4721608/lite/ |title=Nach Baliye 8 winners are Divyanka Tripathi and Vivek Dahiya. Here's everything that happened on the show |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202843/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nach-baliye-8-winner-divyanka-tripathi-and-vivek-dahiya-walk-away-with-the-trophy-4721608/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, Tripathi made an appearance on ''[[Kanpur Wale Khuranas]]''. In early 2019, Tripathi presented [[StarPlus|Star Plus]]'s singing reality show ''[[The Voice India|The Voice 3]]''.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} In June 2019, Tripathi made a cameo appearance in ''[[Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum]]'' starring [[Dipika Kakar]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 June 2019 |title=Dipika Kakar confirms that Divyanka Tripathi was the first choice for Kahan Hum Kahan Tum lead role |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-dipika-kakar-confirms-that-divyanka-tripathi-was-the-first-choice-for-kahan-hum-kahan-tum-lead-role-527223 |website=INDIA TV NEWS}}</ref> In 2020, she made an appearance on ''The Greedy Closet''. In December 2020, Tripathi presented Sony TV's crime show, [[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]] until March 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 December 2020 |title=Divyanka Tripathi to host Crime Patrol Satark: Women Against Crimes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/divyanka-tripathi-turns-host-for-crime-patrol-7105533/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-divyanka-tripathi-wont-host-crime-patrol-beyond-this-month-confirms-saying-it-was-supposed-to-be-a-short-stint/articleshow/81397396.cms |title=Exclusive - Divyanka Tripathi won't host Crime Patrol beyond this month; confirms saying 'It was supposed to be a short stint' |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 March 2021 |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413120603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-divyanka-tripathi-wont-host-crime-patrol-beyond-this-month-confirms-saying-it-was-supposed-to-be-a-short-stint/articleshow/81397396.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, she participated in [[Colors TV]]'s stunt based reality show, ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11]]'' as a contestant.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-divyanka-tripathi-to-participate-in-khatron-ke-khiladi-11/articleshow/82195112.cms?from=mdr |title=Exclusive! Divyanka Tripathi to participate in Khatron Ke Khiladi 11 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 April 2021 |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626220446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-divyanka-tripathi-to-participate-in-khatron-ke-khiladi-11/articleshow/82195112.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2021 |title=Divyanka Tripathi: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11 is a very different leap in my career graph |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/divyanka-tripathi-khatron-ke-khiladi-11-is-a-very-different-leap-in-my-career-graph-7343714/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204528/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/divyanka-tripathi-khatron-ke-khiladi-11-is-a-very-different-leap-in-my-career-graph-7343714/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 May 2021 |title=Sanaya Irani out of Khatron Ke Khiladi 11, Saurabh Raaj Jain joins: Here's final the list of contestants |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sanaya-irani-out-of-khatron-ke-khiladi-11-saurabh-raaj-jain-joins-final-list-of-contestants-7301662/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Divyanka_Vivek_ZRA.jpg|thumb|With her husband [[Vivek Dahiya (actor)|Vivek Dahiya]], 2016]]

Tripathi dated actor [[Sharad Malhotra]], her co-actor from ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]'' for 8 years, but they broke up in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/revealed-why-did-divyanka-tripathi-and-ssharad-malhotra-break-up/article_18ad3b40-c1fd-11e4-8876-57f3edbb57c1.html |title=Revealed: Why Did Divyanka Tripathi and Ssharad Malhotra Break Up? |work=India West |access-date=3 March 2015 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603091530/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/revealed-why-did-divyanka-tripathi-and-ssharad-malhotra-break-up/article_18ad3b40-c1fd-11e4-8876-57f3edbb57c1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 16 January 2016, she got engaged to her ''Ye Hai Mohabbatein'' co-actor [[Vivek Dahiya (actor)|Vivek Dahiya]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Divyanka Tripathi-Vivek Dahiya get engaged: All you wanted to know about their love story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/divyanka-tripathi-vivek-dahiya-engaged-all-you-wanted-to-know-about-their-love-story-304571-2016-01-19 |access-date=24 February 2021 |work=India Today |date=19 January 2016 |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305064538/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/divyanka-tripathi-vivek-dahiya-engaged-all-you-wanted-to-know-about-their-love-story-304571-2016-01-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple got married on 8 July 2016 in [[Bhopal]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Divyanka Tripathi, Vivek Dahika get married |agency=Press Trust of India |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 July 2016 |access-date=21 July 2016 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/divyanka-tripathi-vivek-dahika-get-married/article8828592.ece |archive-date=9 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709100828/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/divyanka-tripathi-vivek-dahika-get-married/article8828592.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Media image==
In 2014, Tripathi was ranked 23 among the "35 Hottest Actresses In Indian Television" by MensXP.com, an Indian lifestyle website for men.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrity-photos/23861-35-hottest-actresses-in-indian-television-p8.html |title=35 Hottest Actresses in Indian Television |publisher=MensXP.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502202708/http://m.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrity-photos/23861-35-hottest-actresses-in-indian-television-p8.html |archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> In 2017, she became the first Indian television actress to appear in the ''[[Forbes India|Forbes]]'' [[Forbes Celebrity 100|Celebrity 100]] list, a list based on the income and popularity of India's celebrities, ranking 96th. For the next two years, she was ranked 94th & 79th respectively.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/10 |title=2017 Celebrity 100 |magazine=Forbes India |access-date=28 March 2021 |archive-date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223160756/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/divyanka-tripathi-dahiya-indian-tv-actress-appear-forbes-list/ |title=Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya has been declared as the highest valued Indian television actress |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=BizAsia |date=18 January 2018 |archive-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128021105/https://www.bizasialive.com/divyanka-tripathi-dahiya-indian-tv-actress-appear-forbes-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2019/divyanka-tripathi-dahiya/1819/157 |title=Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya - 2019 Celebrity 100 |work=Forbes India |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2019-celebrity-100/1819/all |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, for her performance as Ishita, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' placed her at second position in its "Top 10 television actresses" list.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dubey |first=Swati |date=29 December 2017 |title=Top 10 television actresses of 2017: Divyanka Tripathi, Jennifer Winget and Shivangi Joshi find place in the list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/top-10-television-actresses-of-2017-4981500/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=11 January 2020 |archive-date=20 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520190705/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/top-10-television-actresses-of-2017-4981500/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, ''[[The Times of India|Times]]'' ranked her 3rd in the ''Top 10 Popular Actress'' in Television.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/top-10-indian-tv-actresses-who-are-more-famous-than-their-bollywood-counterparts/articleshow/62754988.cms|title=Top 10 TV Actress|newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 March 2018 |access-date=17 August 2024}}</ref>

In 2017, Tripathi posted some emotional tweets condemning the rape of a 12-year-old girl in Chandigarh on Independence Day (15 August), some of which she addressed to Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], urging him to take strict action against the rapist.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goyal |first1=Divya |title=Divyanka Tripathi Tweets To PM Modi: Rid Us Of Rapist Filth |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/divyanka-tripathi-tweets-to-pm-modi-rid-us-of-rapist-filth-1738217 |access-date=28 March 2021 |publisher=NDTV |date=16 August 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224042301/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/divyanka-tripathi-tweets-to-pm-modi-rid-us-of-rapist-filth-1738217 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the same year, Tripathi was [[Internet troll|trolled]] for her character Haryanavi from the serial ''Yeh Hai Mohabbatein''. She was called pathetic and disgusting for using dark brown makeup for this role. About this Tripathi replied to the troll by saying:

{{blockquote| If I chose to be dark... How's it pathetic? Do you find it pathetic? You guys don't even think before bashing! Which Indian actor will voluntarily choose to look dark on screen? It's not usual!!!", "Know me first before judging! I'm doing that make up myself! Everyday! So please... Watch the track, understand and respect instead of writing baseless provocative comments!<ref>{{cite news |title=Trolled for her Haryanvi look in Yeh Hai Mohabbatein, Divyanka Tripathi gives a befitting reply to the hater |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/trolled-for-her-haryanvi-look-in-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-divyanka-tripathi-gives-a-befitting-reply-to-the-hater/articleshow/62542005.cms |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=17 January 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628083238/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/trolled-for-her-haryanvi-look-in-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-divyanka-tripathi-gives-a-befitting-reply-to-the-hater/articleshow/62542005.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>}}In 2020, Tripathi won the title of "International Iconic Most Popular Face Of Indian Television 2020".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2020 |title=International Iconic Awards 2020: Shaheer Sheikh, Erica Fernandes win big |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/news-international-iconic-awards-2020-shaheer-sheikh-erica-fernandes-win-big-2863447 |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805124454/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/news-international-iconic-awards-2020-shaheer-sheikh-erica-fernandes-win-big-2863447 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tripathi honored with [[Champions of Change (award)|Champions of Change]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Divyanka Tripathi honoured with the Champion of Change Award 2021 in Madhya Pradesh; hubby Vivek Dahiya cheers for her, 'You are a delight to MP and to India' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/divyanka-tripathi-honoured-with-the-champion-of-change-award-2021-in-madhya-pradesh-hubby-vivek-dahiya-cheers-for-her-you-are-a-delight-to-mp-and-to-india/articleshow/90804242.cms |website=The Times of India |date=12 April 2022 |access-date=18 February 2023 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218134646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/divyanka-tripathi-honoured-with-the-champion-of-change-award-2021-in-madhya-pradesh-hubby-vivek-dahiya-cheers-for-her-you-are-a-delight-to-mp-and-to-india/articleshow/90804242.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2006
| ''[[India's Best Cinestars Ki Khoj]]''
|Contestant
|
|
|-
| 2006–2008
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''
| Vidya Sagar Pratapsingh
|rowspan=2|Main role
|
|-
| 2008–2009
| Divya Amar Shukla
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Khana Khazana]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
| ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Jalwa Four 2 Ka 1''
| Presenter
|
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2009
| rowspan = "2" | ''Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai'' – ''Intezaar''
| Radhika
|
|
|-
| Meera
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Mrs. & Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale]]''
| Rashmi Sharma
|Main role
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
| ''[[Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout]]''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
|''[[Chintu Chinki Aur Ek Badi Si Love Story]]''
|Chinki
|Main role
|
|-
| ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
| Kumud Sharma / Flavia Golmes
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Teri Meri Love Stories]]''
| Nikita
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ramayan (2012 TV series)|Ramayan]]''
| Devi Apsara
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Resham
|
|
|-
| ''[[Comedy Circus]]''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
| 2013–2019
| ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
| Dr. Ishita Bhalla
| Main role
|
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/ |title=Box Cricket League Teams: BCL 2014 Team Details With TV Actors & Names of Celebrities |date=14 December 2014 |work=india.com |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910025418/http://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| [[Nach Baliye#Season 8|Nach Baliye 8]]
| Winner
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2017 |title=Nach Baliye 8 winners are Divyanka Tripathi and Vivek Dahiya. Here's everything that happened on the show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nach-baliye-8-winner-divyanka-tripathi-and-vivek-dahiya-walk-away-with-the-trophy-4721608/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[The Voice (Indian season 3)|The Voice 3]]''
| Host
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abraham |first1=Letty Mariam |title=Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya glad to be the solo anchor The Voice India |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/divyanka-tripathi-dahiya-glad-i-will-only-anchor-the-voice-india-405358 |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=Mid-day |date=18 January 2019 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014071902/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/divyanka-tripathi-dahiya-glad-i-will-only-anchor-the-voice-india-405358 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Karan Wahi to replace Divyanka Tripathi in The Voice |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/article/karan-wahi-to-replace-divyanka-tripathi-in-the-voice/405942 |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=Times Now |date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424075813/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/article/karan-wahi-to-replace-divyanka-tripathi-in-the-voice/405942 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''
|Presenter
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11]]''
| Contestant
| 1st runner-up
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 11 winner is Arjun Bijlani, Divyanka Tripathi is 1st runner-up |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/khatron-ke-khiladi-11-winner-is-arjun-bijlani-divyanka-tripathi-is-1st-runner-up-1857474-2021-09-27 |url-status=live |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926185250/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/khatron-ke-khiladi-11-winner-is-arjun-bijlani-divyanka-tripathi-is-1st-runner-up-1857474-2021-09-27 |archive-date=26 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 13]]''
|Challenger
|
|
|}

====Special appearances====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2005
|''Viraasat''
|Melanie Kapoor
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|''[[Kasamh Se]]''
| rowspan="3" |Vidya
|
|-
|''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar]]''
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Chotti Bahu]]''
|
|-
|2010
|[[F.I.R. (TV series)|''F.I.R.'']]
|Rashmi
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
|Suman
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''
| rowspan="6" |Ishita
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Tere Sheher Mein]]''
|
|-
|[[Nach Baliye|''Nach Baliye 7'']]
|
|-
|''[[Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
|
|-
|''[[Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
| rowspan="4" |Herself
|
|-
|''[[Kanpur Wale Khuranas]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum]]''
|
|-
|[[Nach Baliye|''Nach Baliye 9'']]
|
|-
|''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''
|Ishita
|
|-
|2020
|''The Greedy Closest''
|rowspan="3"|Herself
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch The Greedy Closet TV Serial 3rd January 2020 Full Episode 13 Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/the-greedy-closet/0-6-2226/ep-13-manish-malhotra-and-divyanka-tripathi/0-1-309438 |website=ZEE5 |date=3 January 2020 |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029203109/https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/the-greedy-closet/0-6-2226/ep-13-manish-malhotra-and-divyanka-tripathi/0-1-309438 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Mika Di Vohti''
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Mika Singh tries speed-dating on Swayamvar, thanks Divyanka Tripathi for 'tips' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/mika-singh-tries-speed-dating-on-swayamvar-mika-di-vohti-thanks-divyanka-tripathi-for-her-tips-101655984462305.html |access-date=14 October 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029203108/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/mika-singh-tries-speed-dating-on-swayamvar-mika-di-vohti-thanks-divyanka-tripathi-for-her-tips-101655984462305.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 11)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 11]]''
|
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
| 2012
| ''Lala Hardaul''
| Rani Padmavati
|<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5gbBchlev0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/d5gbBchlev0 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Divyanka Tripathi Mukesh Tak On film Lala Hardol Lala Hardaul Basal News |date=31 July 2012 |access-date=29 March 2021 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| ''A Divorce to Remember''
| Zara
|{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Coldd Lassi Aur Chicken Masala]]''
| Chef Nithya Sharma
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Coutinho D`Souza |first1=Natasha |title=Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya: I shot with Pradeep Sarkar a month ago |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/divyanka-tripathi-dahiya-i-shot-with-pradeep-sarkar-a-month-ago-23277293 |access-date=11 July 2023 |work=Mid-day |date=25 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711161707/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/divyanka-tripathi-dahiya-i-shot-with-pradeep-sarkar-a-month-ago-23277293 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Adrishyam – The Invisible Heroes]]''
| Parvati
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Riya |date=18 March 2024 |title=Adrishyam trailer: Eijaz Khan's 'invisible hero' is on a mission to save country in spy thriller |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-adrishyam-trailer-eijaz-khan-invisible-hero-on-a-mission-to-save-country-in-spy-thriller-3081862 |work=DNA India |access-date=23 August 2024 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409154202/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-adrishyam-trailer-eijaz-khan-invisible-hero-on-a-mission-to-save-country-in-spy-thriller-3081862 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[The Magic Of Shiri]]''
| Shiri
|<ref>{{cite news|title='The Magic of Shiri' trailer: Divyanka Tripathi, Jaaved Jaaferi open up on being part of magical tale|url=https://theprint.in/feature/the-magic-of-shiri-trailer-divyanka-tripathi-jaaved-jaaferi-open-up-on-being-part-of-magical-tale/1658460/|access-date=11 July 2023|work=[[ThePrint|The Print]]|agency=ANI|date=7 July 2023}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Singer
!Label
!Ref.
|-
|2022
|''Babul Da Vehda''
|[[Asees Kaur]]
|MB Music
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2022 |title=Divyanka Tripathi's Debut In Meet Bros Music Video As A Punjabi Bride Will Steal Your Heart |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/divyanka-tripathi-s-debut-in-meet-bros-music-video-as-a-punjabi-bride-will-steal-your-heart-1504181 |url-status=live |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091649/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/divyanka-tripathi-s-debut-in-meet-bros-music-video-as-a-punjabi-bride-will-steal-your-heart-1504181 |archive-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by Divyanka Tripathi}}

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*{{IMDb name|3724910}}
*{{BH person|divyanka-tripathi}}
*{{Instagram|divyankatripathidahiya}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{Nach Baliye}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Divyanka Tripathi
| list =
{{Indian Telly Award Best Lead Actress}}
{{Indian Telly Award Fresh New Face Female}}
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Lead Actress}}
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Divyanka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bhopal]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Female models from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nach Baliye winners]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Talatal Ghar

2026-03-18T03:00:58Z

OscarStell1647: basic adjusted section per standard format additionally and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox building
| name = Talatal Ghar
| image = File:Talatal Ghar in Sivasagar, Assam.jpg
| caption = View of talatal ghar from one side
| pushpin_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.9663056|94.6246917|region:IN-AS|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Sivasagar]] [[Assam]] [[India]]
| architect = Ghanashyam Khanikar
| client = [[Suremphaa]] or [[Rajeswar Singha]]
| other_designers = Seng Konwari
| engineer =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date = {{start date and age|1765}}
| demolished_date =
| cost =
| structural_system = Bricks and indigenous varieties of cement
| architectural_style = Mixed Architecture
| size =
}}
The '''''Talatal Ghar''''' {{IPA|as|tɔlatɔl ɡʱɔɹ|}}) is an 18th-century palace and military base located in [[Rangpur (Ahom capital)|Rangpur]], {{Convert|4|km||}} from present-day [[Sivasagar]], [[Assam]], [[India]]. It is the largest of the monument built during the [[Ahom dynasty|Ahom era]]. King [[Rudra Singha]] was responsible for the construction of Kareng Ghar, but the present structure was built by king [[Rajeswar Singha]] (Surempha). It was initially built as an army base. It had 2 tunnels and 3 underground floors. Currently this structure is in dilapidated condition, the present ruins betray the grandeur that the palace was once endowed with.

== History ==
King [[Rudra Singha]] had shifted his capital from [[Garhgaon]] to [[Rangpur, Assam|Rangpur]] in 1707 (then known as Tengabari). He started the construction of the Talatal Ghar, but it was initially built of semi-permanent materials. He especially brought an architect from [[Cooch Behar]], Ghanashyam,<ref>"Ghanashyam, the artisan from Bengal employed to construct the Ranghar and the Kareng of Rangpur city,
was put to death after being caught red handed with a map of the city concealed
between two layers of a water pot." {{Harvcol|Gogoi|2017|p=71}}</ref> whom he appointed as the chief architect and entrusted him with the duty of designing the new capital city of Rangpur. Later his successor king [[Rajeswar Singha]] constructed the Talatal Ghar with major additions in bricks. The upper floor which is currently exposed had earlier chambers made of wood, timber and other impermanent materials, which were burnt during the [[Moamaria rebellion]], Burmese invasions and by British.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Enigmatic Talatal Ghar: Epitomizing Ahom Glory |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/node/2790471 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref>

The palace consisted of 7 storeys, of which 4 storeys can be seen on the ground and the other 3 storeys which were underground were sealed and filled during the [[Colonial Assam|British era]]<ref>{{Harvcol|Nath|2005|pp=71–72}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/tourism/talatal-ghar.html |title=Talatal Ghar - Kareng Ghar, Sivasagar, Rangpur, Ahom royal palace, Sibsagar, Assam, India |publisher=Onlinesivasagar.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}</ref>

==Architecture and Compartments==

=== Talatal Ghar ===
[[File:Kareng Ghar inside 1.jpg|thumb|Room adjacent to the Puja Ghar, the wall of this chamber was used to keep the idols of the gods|left]]
The ''Talatal Ghar'' was initially built as an army base. It houses two secret tunnels, and three floors below ground level which were used as exit routes during the Ahom conflicts with other kingdoms or enemy attack (and which give the structure its name).<ref>{{Harvcol|Nath|2005|pp=72}}</ref> At present the palace appears to be a building with irregular shape. The ground storey was used as horse stables, store rooms and, servant quarters. The royal apartments were located in the upper floors which are now to a great extent disappeared due to being made of semi-permanent materials.[[File:Kareng Ghar 3.JPG|thumb|Entrance of Kareng (Royal-Chamber) with few surviving floral relics on the top]](''[[Swargadeo]]'' ''[[Rajeswar Singha]]'') added the three floors below ground, which make up the ''Talatal Ghar''. This is made of brick and an indigenous type of cement (a mixture of [[Bora saul|Bora Chaul]]—a sticky variety of rice grain—eggs of swan, etc.). The ''Talatal Ghar'' had two secret tunnels. One, about {{Convert|3|km||}} in length, connected the ''Talatal Ghar'' to the [[Dikhow River]], while the other, {{Convert|16|km||}} long, led to the ''[[Garhgaon]]'' Palace, and was used as an escape route in case of an enemy attack.<ref>{{Harvcol|Nath|2005|pp=72}}</ref>

=== Chambers and Compartments ===
[[File:Ahom Cannon.jpg|thumb|Three big cannons kept in Talatal Ghar. In middle there is one of the biggest cannon produced during Ahom era named as Bahikhowa Barphukanar Bortop]]
From east to west, several rooms run along a long corridor; and from north to south are numerous smaller wings. The ground floor served as stables, store rooms, and servants' quarters. The ''Kareng Ghar'' was built mainly of wood, which deteriorated over time. The royal apartments were on the upper story, of which only a few rooms now remain, close to an octagonal room on the northern wing which once served as the prayer house. There are stairs leading up to the terrace. To the north of the staircase, there is the Mantranaghar (Conference-room) and east of it there is the Barcharā (Assembly hall) which was made of bamboo and wooden pillars near it, was the royal archives called Ghandia Bhoral under the Gandhia Baruah and Gandhia Phukan.<ref>"(B)uranjis were closely guarded, at least the official ones, the reason why they were kept in the ''Gandhia Bhoral'' (store house/library) under the supervision of an Ahom official called ''Gandhia Barua''." {{harvcol|Narzary|2021|p=13}}</ref> To the east there is the assembly hall of Nyay-Sodha-[[Phukan]] (Court of chief justice), to the south there is the assembly hall of Bhitarual Phukan (the secret Assembly Hall). An isolated room stands in the south which is believed to have been used by the queen during her confinement. On the south-west stands another isolated room, possibly the royal kitchen.<ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|1999–2000|p=27}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcol|Archaeological Survey Report|1902}}</ref> The interior and exterior of the palace were once beautifully engraved with reliefs of hunting scenes, floral designs, god and goddesses which only a few has survived.<ref>{{harvcol|Konwar|2014|pp=1–13}}</ref>
[[File:Structures at Kareng Ghar 6.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Horse stables in the ground floor]]
The ''Rangpur'' Palace was once surrounded by a brick fortification and an earthen fort ''(Garh'') with [[Levee|dikes]] filled with water. There is a ''[[Gola Ghar]]'' built in Do-chala style, for the purpose of storing ''(''gunpowder and ammunition), near the palace.
[[File:Golaghar (Magazine House) of the Ahom Kings 04.jpg|thumb|[[Gola Ghar]] (Magazine House) near Talatal ]]

== Archaeological Survey ==
Archaeological excavations of Talatal Ghar in 2000–2001, unearthed a buried structure on the North-western and North-eastern side of the complex. Among the archaeological remains were brick platform, pathway, long walls, drain made of terracotta pipes and the ceramic objects found were vases, vessels, dishes, bowls etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Survey of India(ASI), Guwahati Circle, Assam |url=http://asiguwahaticircle.gov.in/excavation9.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=asiguwahaticircle.gov.in}}</ref>

However, the first Ground Penetrating Survey (GPR) in the northeast, undertaken at two Ahom monuments in the Sivasagar district in early April 2015, did not reveal the existence of any secret tunnel. The survey was carried out by [[IIT Kanpur]], in collaboration with the ''Guwahati'' circle of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], over a period of five days at ''Talatal Ghar'' and ''Ahom'' Royal Palace (''Kareng Ghar''), both in ''Sivasagar'' district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Ahom-monuments-have-no-hidden-tunnels-Survey/articleshow/46995148.cms|title = Ahom monuments have no hidden tunnels: Survey | Guwahati News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
File:TALATAL GHAR9.jpg|Remains of Brick rampart in Talatl Ghar enclosure
File:Kareng Ghar (Talatal Ghar) of the Ahom Kings 04.jpg|Puja Ghar and the surviving royal apartments
File:Kareng Ghar front view.jpg|Front view of Talatal Ghar
File:Kareng Ghar (Talatal Ghar) of the Ahom Kings 19.jpg|Side view of Nyay-Sodha-Phukan's Barchora
File:TALATAL GHAR.jpg|Inside of Talatal Ghar
File:Kareng Ghar (Talatal Ghar) of the Ahom Kings 13.jpg|Illusion at Talatal Ghar
File:Talatal Ghar (Kareng side view).jpg|Side view of the royal chamber
File:Structures at Kareng Ghar 5.jpg|Bar Chora (royal-court)
</gallery>

==See also==
* ''[[Rang Ghar| Rang Ghar, Sivasagar]]''
* ''[[Sivasagar]]''
* ''[[Charaideo]]''

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|group=notes}}

; Citations
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography
* {{Citation| last=Nath | given=Hemanta Kumar | title=Arowan | publisher=Rangpur Utsav Celebration Committee, Sivasagar | year=2005}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gogoi |first1=Khagen |title=Ahom warfare evolution nature and strategy |date=2017 |location=Gauhati University}}
* {{Citation |last1=Biswas |first1=S.S. |title=Sibsagar |date=2011}}
*{{Citation| last=Gogoi | given=Prem | title= Boranjiya Parasa Rangpur | publisher= Rangpur Tinisah Basar Otjapan Samiti, Sivasagar | year=1999–2000}}
* {{Citation| last= Archaeological Survey Report| title= Archaeological Survey Report| publisher= Government of India, Bengal Circle| date=March 1902}}
* {{cite journal |year=2021 |last=Narzary |first=Dharitri |title=Buranjis and the Asian History Writing Tradition |journal=History and Sociology of South Asia |volume=15 |number=1–2 |pages=7–27 |doi=10.1177/22308075221077716|s2cid=247544118 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Konwar |first1=Paranan |title=Town Planning and Architectural Study of The Medieval Ahom Royal Palaces at Che-Hong (Gargāon) and Che-Muan (Rangpur) |date=2014}}

{{Forts in India}}

[[Category:Capitals of Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Assam]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Assam]]
[[Category:Forts in Assam]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Palaces in Assam]]
[[Category:Sivasagar district]]
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 1769]]

Barabanki district

2026-03-16T09:36:08Z

OscarStell1647: small fix

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barabanki district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Building of Tehsildar of Nagar Parishad Nawabganj Barabanki.jpg
| image_caption = Nagar palika building in [[Barabanki]]
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Barabanki.svg
| map_caption = Location of Barabanki district in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|26.92|81.20}}
| coor_pinpoint = Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ayodhya division|Ayodhya]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Barabanki]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = # '''[[Nawabganj, Barabanki|Nawabganj]]'''
# '''[[Fatehpur, Barabanki|Fatehpur]]'''
# '''[[Ram Sanehi Ghat]]'''
# '''[[Haidergarh]]'''
# '''[[Ramnagar, Barabanki|Ram Nagar]]'''
# '''[[Sirauli Ghauspur]]'''
| area_total_km2 = 3891.5
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3,260,699
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 330803
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 61.75%<ref name=districtcensus/>
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 910
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Shashank Tripathi, IAS
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Barabanki (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = {{olist|[[Barabanki Assembly constituency|Barabanki]]|[[Kursi Assembly constituency|Kursi]]|[[Ram Nagar, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Ram Nagar]]|[[Zaidpur Assembly constituency|Zaidpur]]|[[Dariyabad Assembly constituency|Dariyabad]]|[[Haidergarh Assembly constituency|Haidergarh]]}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = UP-41
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 27 (India)|NH 27]], [[National Highway 727H (India)|NH 727H]], [[National Highway 927 (India)|NH927]], [[National Highway 28 (India, old numbering)|NH28]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 1050 mm
| website = {{URL|http://barabanki.nic.in/}}
}}
'''Barabanki district''' is one of the five [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|districts]] of [[Ayodhya division]] in the central [[Awadh]] region of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. [[Barabanki]] city is the administrative headquarters of Barabanki district. Total area of Barabanki district is 3891.5 Sq. km.<ref>{{Cite web|title=District Barabanki, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Land of Dewa and Mahadeva {{!}} India|url=https://barabanki.nic.in/|access-date=8 March 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> It borders seven other districts of Uttar Pradesh. With its most northern point it shares borders with the [[Sitapur district]], while its north-eastern boundary is defined by the Ghagra, beyond which lie the districts of [[Bahraich district]] and [[Gonda district]]. Its eastern border is shared with [[Ayodhya district]], and the Gomti forms a natural boundary to the south, dividing it from the [[Amethi district]]. On the west, it adjoins the [[Lucknow district]].

It has a population of 2,673,581, with a population density of {{convert|686.50| /km2}}.

Barabanki district is situated between 27°19′ and 26°30′ north latitude, and 80°05′ and 81°51′ east longitude; it runs in a south-easterly direction, confined by the nearly parallel streams of the [[Ghaghara]] and [[Gomti]]. The extreme length of the district from east to west may be taken at {{convert|57|mi|order=flip|abbr=on}}, and the extreme breadth at {{cvt|58|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}}; the total area is about {{cvt|1504|sqmi|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}}.

In 1856, the district came, with the rest of [[Oudh State]], under [[British Raj|British rule]]. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the whole of the Barabanki [[Taluqdar|talukdars]] joined the mutineers, but offered no serious resistance following the capture of [[Lucknow]].<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877">{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the province of Oudh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA255|series=BARA BANKI DISTRICT ARTICLE #226-263|year=1877|page=255}}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Bara Banki |volume=3|page=379}}</ref>

Barabanki district stretches out in a level plain interspersed with numerous lakes and marshes. In the upper part of the district the soil is sandy, while in the lower part it is clay and produces finer crops.<ref name="EB1911"/> The district is fed by the rivers [[Ghaghra]] (forming the northern boundary), [[Gomti]] (flowing through the middle of the district), Kalyani and Rait and their tributaries, for the major part of the year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Geography {{!}} District Barabanki, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://barabanki.nic.in/about-district/geography/|access-date=1 January 2021|website=barabanki.nic.in/}}</ref> Some rivers [[wadi|dry out]] in the summer, and become flooded during the rainy season. The changing course of the river Ghagra alters the land area of the district.

The principal crops are rice, wheat, potato, pulse and other food grains and sugarcane.<ref name="EB1911"/> Both of the bordering rivers of Barabanki are navigable. The district is traversed by two lines of the Northern Railway and North-Eastern Railway, with branches having total length of {{convert|131|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://barabanki.nic.in/stat.htm |title=District Statistics |publisher=Barabanki.nic.in |date=1 April 1954 |access-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930012022/http://barabanki.nic.in/stat.htm |archive-date=30 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The district roadways include connections to [[National Highway 28 (India)|National Highway 28]], state highways and various link roads.

==Etymology==
[[File:Barabanki Ghantaghar.jpg|thumb|Barabanki Clock Arch]]

The area was once known as Jasnaul, from ''Jas'', a Raja of the Bhar tribe, who is said to have founded it before 1000 AD. Following the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquest]], the lands were divided into twelve, with the new owners quarrelling so incessantly that they were called the ''Barah Banke'', or twelve quarrelsome men. ''Banka'', in [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], means a bully or brave. Others derive the name from ''ban'', meaning wood or jungle, and interpret Barabanki as the twelve shares of jungle.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />

==History==
The current Barabanki district was first established by the British upon their annexation of [[Oudh State]] in 1856.<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Bara Banki: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XLVIII Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1903 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=125–8, 162–3 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113235 |access-date=15 April 2021}}</ref> Originally, the district was known as '''Daryabad district''' because its headquarters were at [[Dariyabad, Barabanki|Daryabad]], but in 1859 they were relocated to Barabanki.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The name "Barabanki" was chosen for the district's official name over "[[Nawabganj, Barabanki|Nawabganj]]", then the more common name of the town, for two reasons: first, to avoid any possible confusion with other places called Nawabganj, and second, because the civil station was technically located outside of Nawabganj in the small revenue village of Barabanki.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Previously, under the [[Nawabs of Awadh]], the area that would become Barabanki district was divided between five [[Chakla (administrative unit)|chakla]]s: Daryabad-Rudauli, Ramnagar, Dewa-[[Jahangirabad Raj]], Jagdispur, and Haidargarh.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

===Early history and legends===
Barabanki district is mostly within what was the [[Pachhimrath]] division<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3MoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA34|title=Gazetteer of the province of Oudh|author=Oudh, William Charles Benett |access-date=30 December 2013|publisher=Printed at the Oudh Government Press|page=34|year=1878}}</ref> of the kingdom of Rama.<ref name="Henry">{{cite book|author=Henry Crossley Irwin|title=The Garden of India; Or, Chapters on Oudh History and Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ON_NTrHBs80C|date=October 2009|publisher=BiblioBazaar|isbn=978-1-115-53816-9}}</ref>

[[File:parijat-tree-at-Kintoor-Barabanki-001.jpg|thumb|right|Parijat tree at Kintoor, Barabanki]]
[[Parijaat tree, Kintoor|Parijaat tree]] is a protected [[Adansonia digitata|baobab]] tree in the village of [[Kintoor]], and is considered sacred to Hindus.<ref name=Wickens>{{cite book |title=The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia |url=https://archive.org/details/baobabspachycaul00wick_929 |url-access=limited |last=Wickens |first=Gerald E. |author2=Pat Lowe |year=2008 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=978-1-4020-6430-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/baobabspachycaul00wick_929/page/n97 61] }}</ref> Located near the Kunteshwar Mahadeva temple (established by [[Kunti]]), the tree is said to grow from Kunti's ashes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bend in the Sarayu: A Soota Chronicle |last=Kameshwar |first=G. |year=2006 |publisher=[[Rupa & Co.]] |isbn=978-81-291-0942-2 |page=159 }}</ref> The tree is very old, though its age has not been scientifically determined.<ref>{{cite book |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Bara Banki |year=1993 |publisher=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] |oclc=7625267 |page=21 }}</ref>

Before 1000 AD, Jas, a raja of the Bhar tribe, is said to have founded the locality of Jasnaul which later became Barabanki.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />

===Medieval India===
[[File:Muharram (Ta'ziya) procession Barabanki India (Jan 2009).jpg|thumb|right|Indian [[Shia]] [[Muslim]]s take out a [[tazia]] procession on [[day of Ashura]] in Barabanki, [[India]], Jan 2009.]]

Muslim Infiltration was first tried in what is now the district at Satrikh, in 1030 AD (421 [[Hijri year|AH]]).<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" /> The Muslim conquest saw Sihali attacked and its Hindu sovereign killed.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" /> Bhar chief Raja Sohil Deo (or Sohel Dal) of Sahet-Mahet and Rathor monarch Sri Chandradeo of Kannauj fought a battle in Satrikh village of the district and drove out the Foreign Muslim Army in the Battle of Bahraich.<ref name="Henry"/>

In 1049 AD (441 AH), the kings of Kanauj and Manikpur were again attacked but the foreigners were defeated and driven away from [[Oudh State|Oudh]]. The Muslim invasion was not successful in Bara Banki as elsewhere.
After, Tarain 1192, Moslems again attacked this region and Ayodhya but were not very successful till the reign of Khiljis and Firoz Tuglaq.The foreigners followed a policy of religious persecution and conversions. They also settled many foreigners and gave them fertile tracts in Ramnagar, Daryabad, Zaidpur, Rudauli areas.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

From 1350 to about 1750 AD, Muslim immigrants settled in great number in the district.<ref name="Henry"/> The Muslims first permanently settled in Oudh.<ref name="GeoBI">{{cite book|author=George Smith|title=The Geography of British India, Political & Physical|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C20DAAAAQAAJ|year=1882|publisher=John Murray|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C20DAAAAQAAJ/page/n225 185]}}</ref>

Rudauli was occupied {{circa|700 AH}}, in the reign of Alla-ud-din Khilji, whose forces had destroyed nearly every remaining seat of Chhattri power. Rasulpur was conquered about 1350 AD. Daryabad was founded about 1444 AD by Dariab Khan Subahdar and his brother Fateh Khan colonised. Fatehpur. The villages of Barauli and Barai, near Rudauli, were occupied and became large estates until about the middle of the fifteenth century.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />

Simultaneously, however, with this latter immigration of the Muslims, there was one of Chhattris. The mysterious tribe of Kalhans, which numbers some twenty thousand persons, are said to be descended from Achal Singh, who came in as a soldier of fortune with Dariab Khan about 1450 AD. Singh had large properties, with a possible capital at Bado Sarai on the old bank of the Ghagra.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />

The wars had by then shifted to fighting between Muslim princes, with Hindu soldiers employed. The battleground was the Oudh borderland between Sharqis of Jaunpur (where Ibrahim Shah Shargi reigned) and the Lodis of Delhi. Dariab Khan settled Hindu soldiers as garrisons. Oudh clans, said to have emigrated from Gujarat, included the Kalhans, the Ahban, the Pan war, the Gahlot, the Gaur, and the Bais.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />

The isolated Suryavanshi estate of Haraha and the Sombanshi [[Bahrelia]] estate of Surajpur were established by small colonies of Kshatriya foot-steps soldiers.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />

===Mughal era (1526–1732)===
During [[Akbar]]'s reign, the district was divided under the [[Sarkar (administrative division)|sirkars]] of Oudh, Lucknow and Manikpur.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://barabanki.nic.in/introduction.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010421061033/http://www.barabanki.nic.in/introduction.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2001 |title=barabanki.nic.in, History, ORIGIN OF NAME OF DISTRICT |publisher=Barabanki.nic.in |access-date=30 December 2013 }}</ref> [[Ain-i-Akbari]] mentions the following ''[[pargana]]s'' (administrative units) during the reign of the Akbar:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oudh (India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3MoAAAAYAAJ&q=Pachhimrath&pg=PA34|title=Gazetteer of the Province of Oudh ...: N-Z|date=1878|publisher=Printed at the Oudh Government Press|language=en}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=July 2020}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number
! ''Muhals'' of Ain-i-Akbari
! ''Parganas'' as of 1878
! ''Sarkars'' of Ain-i-Akbari
|-
| 1
| Ibrahimabad
| Ibrahimabad
| Oudh
|-
| 2
| Basorhi
| Basorhi
| Oudh
|-
| 3
| Bakteha
| Baksaha
| Oudh
|-
| 4
| Daryabad
| Daryabad
| Oudh
|-
| 5
| Rudauli
| Rudauli
| Oudh
|-
| 6
| Sailuk
| Sailuk
| Oudh
|-
| 7
| Subeha
| Subeha
| Oudh
|-
| 8
| Satrikh
| Satrikh
| Oudh
|-
| 9
| Bhitauli
| Bhitauli
| Lucknow
|-
| 10
| Dewa
| Dewa
| Lucknow
|-
| 11
| Kumbhi
| Dewa
| Lucknow
|-
| 12
| Kursi
| Kursi
| Lucknow
|-
| 13
| Kahanjra
| Kursi
| Lucknow
|-
| 14
| Siddhaur
| Siddhaur
| Lucknow
|-
| 15
| Sidhipur
| Siddhaur
| Lucknow
|-
| 16
| Sihali
| Khiron
| Lucknow
|-
| 17
| Bhilwal
| Haidergarh
| Manikpur
|-
|}

===Nawabs of Awadh (1732–1856)===
{{overly detailed|section|date=July 2020}}
Newal Rae, the naib of [[Vizier|wazir]] [[Safdar Jang]], was defeated and killed at the [[Kali River (Karnataka)|Kali river]] by the Bangash Afghans of Farukhabad, who then overran the province except a few of the fortified towns. In 1749 AD, Jang with an army of 60,000 men was defeated. The Mughal authority might have been overthrown had the Oudh Chhattris revolted at this time, but they waited until Jang had bribed or beaten the Rohillas out of the country in 1750 AD (1164 AH).<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />

The tribes gathered themselves together under the leadership of Raja Anup Singh of Ramnagar Dhameri, the [[Janwar (Rajputs)|Janwar]] of Balrampur, the Bisens of Gonda, and numerous other lords. The forces assembled for an attack on [[Lucknow]], whose troops had gone into Rohilkhand. The Shekhzadas of Lucknow came out to meet the enemy, joined by the Khanziidas of Mahmudabad and Bilahra, who were connected with them by marriage.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />

The Musalmans, headed by Nawab Muizz-ud-din Khan of Mahmudabad, were victorious in battle at Chheola Ghat on the Kalyani, on the road to Lucknow. The [[Balrampur]] raja was killed and some 15,000 were killed or wounded on both sides. The [[Khanzada Rajputs|Khanzadas]] then rose to power. The Raikwars were proportionately depressed; the estates of both Baundi and Ramnagar were divided, and but a few villages left with the raja. The process of agglomeration commenced again {{circa|1816}}, on the death of [[Saadat Ali Khan II]]. In 1856, the Ramnagar raja had recovered the family estate and added to it, while his brother of Baundi had similarly added 172 villages to his domain.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />

There were a total forty-three ''[[tehsil|taluqa]]''. The principal chiefs of Bara Banki during the last years of Nawabi were:<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />
* Taluqa of [[Jahangirabad Raj]] – The taluqdar was a Qidwai, [[Raja Farzand Ali Khan]]. He inherited the property through marriage to the daughter of [[Raja Razzak Baksh Khan]]. Farzand Ali Khan was the inspector in charge of the Sikandarbagh at Lucknow. On one occasion of the last king of Awadh visiting the garden, he was struck with the appearance of this young man, and presenting him with a '''khilat''', directed him to attend at the palace., With such a signal mark of the royal favour, Farzand Ali Khan's advancement was rapid, and, under the interest of the influential eunuch, Bashir-ud-daula, he obtained a farman designating him the [[Raja of Jahangirabad]]. This taluqdar followed the deposed king to Calcutta and was there during the mutinies. Raja Farzand Ali Khan was very intelligent and well able to manage his estate with prudence and circumspection., he was the son of [[Raja Lutf Ali Khan]] of Maila Raiganj, [[Nawabganj, Barabanki]].
* Taluqa of Ramnagar – The large property of 253 villages belonged to Raja Sarabjit Singh. The raja was the head of the Raikwar clan, which immigrated to Oudh from the hill country of Kashmir {{circa|1400}}.
* Taluqa of Haraha – Owned by Raja Narindr Bahadur, the head of the Surajbans Thakurs. He was the son of Raja Chbatarpat Singh, and both were afflicted with mental incapacity. The estate consisted of sixty-six villages and paid a revenue of {{INR|55,000}}. Certain members of the Raja's family held the estates of Ranimau Qiampur in a separate ''qubuliat''{{clarify|date=July 2020}} in the Nawabi, and thus escaped being placed under the taluqdar's sanad.{{clarify|date=July 2020}}
* Taluqa of Surajpur – This estate comprised fifty-six villages. The proprietor was Udatt Partab Singh, the head of [[Bahrelia]]. He was mentally and physically unfit to manage his estate, but so long as his maternal grandfather, Udatt Narain, lived there was no fear of under-proprietors, tenants or patwaris defrauding the family.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* The late Raja Singji was a formidable and violent landholder until he was attacked by Maharaja Man Singh with Captain Orr of the British company's frontier police. They killed almost 70 of his inmate robbers. He was captured and taken prisoner to Lucknow, where he died in jail. Many of his inmate robbers escaped and migrated to neighbouring districts. It was mainly owing to the bad example set by Singji that the Daryabad district was so turbulent under the native government, that amils and chaklas were to use a native expression unable to breathe in it (''Nak Mein Dam Karta Tha'').{{relevance inline|date=July 2020}}
* Taluqa of Barai – Chaudhri Ghulam Farid, a Siddiqi Shekh, was the largest landholder of the Rudauli ''tahsil''. He owned thirty-nine villages. In the settlement at annexation, he gave half of the estate to the children of his cousin, Mumtaz Ahmad.
* Taluqas of Rudauli and ''parganas'' of Bhitauli, Daryabad and Surajpur were other important settlements.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />
Few other later important taluqas were:
* Taluqa of Usmanpur – Founded by Raja Kaunsal Singh, who obtained the estate for military service under the Mughal Emperor Humayun. His son Lakhan Singh converted to Islam, and took the name Lakhu Khan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@khalid.afzal67/history-of-bisen-khanzada-community-in-awadh-region-33884696b9d7|title = History of Bisen Khanzada Community in Awadh region|date = 18 October 2018}}</ref>
* Taluqas of Satrikh – This estate comprised 85 villages. It had been ruled by the Chaudharys, descendants of the original Usmanis who immigrated to Oudh in the early part of the millennium. They were dispossessed for resistance to the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]], and Satrikh estate was ruled by Taluqdar Qazi {{a.k.a.}} Kazi Ikram Ahmad.

===Rebellion of 1857===
Unlike what occurred in the districts of Hardoi, Gonda, and Lucknow, the whole body of the [[taluqdar]]s in this district joined the cause of the deposed king and the mutineers. They offered no resistance, however, of any moment to the advance of the British troops after the [[Siege of Lucknow|capture of Lucknow]] in the battle of Nawabganj.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />

===British Raj (1858–1947)===
{{overly detailed|section|date=July 2020|This is of very little interest and should be summarised here, with possible other notes under administration.}}
The Sadr station (district headquarters) was placed at annexation and also after the mutinies at Daryabad. However, due to the stagnation of water in the immediate vicinity of the town, and to the prevalence of fever, the headquarters was moved in 1859 to Nawabganj, Bara Banki.<ref name="SettlementRptBbk1871">[https://books.google.com/books?id=rPGUcqr_aTEC&q=Bara+Banki&pg=RA1-PA28 Report of the regular settlement of the Bara Banki district] By Francis Edward A. Chamier, Settlement Officer, Bara Banki, 18 January 1871 {{PD-notice}}</ref>

During 1869 census of Oudh, thirteen large towns or ''kasbahs'' were identified in the district:<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_4IAAAAQAAJ&q=kintoor&pg=RA1-PR5 |title=The report on the census of OUDH], Volume II, Appendices and Statistical Tables |chapter=Appendix B |page=v |first1= J. Charles |last1=Williams |publisher=Oudh Government Press |date=1869}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
Nawabgunj,
Musauli,
Rasauli,
Satrikh,
Zaidpur,
Sidhaur,
Dariabad,
Ichaulia,
Rudauli,
Ram Nagar,
Bado Sarai,
Kintoor and
Fatehpur. The census also noted the following were ''tahsils'' and ''parganas'':
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Tahsil
! Pargana
|-
| rowspan=4|Nawaba Ganj
| Nawabganj
|-
|Patabganj
|-
|Satrikh
|-
|Sidhaur
|-
| rowspan=5|Ram Nagar
| Ramnagar
|-
|Bhitouli
|-
|Bado Sarai
|-
|Fatehpur
|-
|Mohammedpur
|-
| rowspan=5|Sani Ghat
| Dariabad
|-
|Surajpur
|-
|Mawai Mahulara
|-
|Barsorhi
|}

In 1870, before the addition of two parganas from Lucknow (i.e. Kursi & Dewa) and one pargana each from Rae Bareli and Sultanpur (i.e. Haidergarh and Subeha, respectively), Bara Banki district had area of {{convert|1285|sqmi|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}} and had following subdivisions:<ref name="SettlementRptBbk1871"/>{{page needed|date=July 2020}}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| Tahsil (subdistrict)
!rowspan=2| Pargana
!rowspan=2| No. of Villages
!colspan=3| Area
! rowspan=2|Major Talukas & Talukdars
|- valign=top
! sq miles
! km2
! acres
|-
| rowspan=4|Nawabaganj
| Nawabganj
|align="right"| 77
| {{convert|50,484|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
| rowspan=4|I.— Jehangirabad, Raja Farzand Ali Khan II.— Sohailpur Bhanmau, Mir Buniad Husen and Amjad Husen. III.— Satrikh, Kazi Sarfraz Ali. IV.— Simrawan, Bissein Thakur Sheo Sahai. V.— Shahpur, Ghulam Abbas and Mahomed Amir. VI.— Gaddia, Shekh Zainulabdin. VII.— Usmanpur, Thakurain Zahur-un-nissa.
|-
| Partabganj
|align="right"| 54
| {{convert|35,834|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|-
| Satrikh
|align="right"| 43
| {{convert|29,358|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|-
| Siddhaur
|align="right"| 224
| {{convert|90,377|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|-
| rowspan=5| Daryabad-Rudauli (''later named to Ram Sanehi Ghat'')
| Daryabad
|align="right"| 241
| {{convert|136,931|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
| rowspan=5|I.— Surajpur Raja Udatpertab Singh, Burhelia Thakur. II.— Haraha, Raja Narindur Bahadur, Surajbans Thakur. III.— Kamiar, Shere Bahadur, Kalhans Thakur. IV.— Rampur, Rai Ibram Bali, Kaisth. V.— Saidanpur, Latafat-ullah and Inayat-ullah. VI.— Nirauli, Chaudhri Husen Baksh. VII.— Amirpur, Inayat Rassul. VIII.— Purai, Mahomed Abid. IX.- Daryabad, Rai Rajeshwar Bali.
|-
| Surajpur
|align="right"| 107
| {{convert|61,645|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|-
| Rudauli
|align="right"| 196
| {{convert|110,553|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|-
| Mawai
|align="right"| 51
| {{convert|45,469|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|-
| Barsorhi
|align="right"| 44
| {{convert|21,958|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|-
| rowspan=4| Ramnagar
| Ramnagar
|align="right"| 168
| {{convert|71,756|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
| rowspan=4|I.— Ramnagar, Raja Sarabjit Singh, Raikwar Thakur. II.— Bilheri, Raja Ibad Ali. III.— Mahmudabad, Raja Amir Hussan Khan. IV.— Bhatwamau, Badshah Husen Khanzada. V.— Muhammadpur, Ganga Singh, Raikwar.
|-
| Fatehpur
|align="right"| 251
| {{convert|98,532|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|-
| Muhammadpur
|align="right"| 83
| {{convert|39,568|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|-
| Bado Sarai
|align="right"| 56
| {{convert|30,541|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- style="background: #ffffcc"
| colspan=2 | Total
|align=right| 1,595
| {{convert|323,011|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
||
|}

In 1871 about half the district was held by 43 [[talukdar]]s; there were also 5,397 village [[zemindar]]s (landowners), and 1,354 under-proprietors. The [[taluka]]s were as follows:<ref name="SettlementRptBbk1871"/>{{page needed|date=July 2020}}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|- valign=top
! rowspan=2| Name of Taluka
! rowspan=2| Name of Talukdar
! rowspan=2| No. of Villages
! colspan=3| Area
|- valign=top
! sq miles
! km2
! acres
|- valign=top
| Ramnagar
| Raja Sarabjit Singh
| align=center | 358
| {{convert|108,286|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Huraha
| Raja Nurindur Bahadur Singh
| align=center | 66
| {{convert|29,960|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Bhanmau
| Mir Umjad Hosein
| align=center | 10
| {{convert|5,233|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Jehagerabad
| Raja Farzand Ali Khan
| align=center | 72
| {{convert|22,751|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Surajpur
| Raja Talaywand Koer
| align=center | 64
| {{convert|36,388|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Mahmudabad
| Raja Amir Hassan Khan
| align=center | 89
| {{convert|28,680|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Man Singh
| Maharaja Man Singh
| align=center | 16
| {{convert|13,009|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Malaraiganj
| Nawab Ali Khan
| align=center | 11
| {{convert|3,235|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Shahabpur
| Mahomed Amir and Gholam Abbas
| align=center | 8
| {{convert|3,578|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Simrawan
| Thakur Sheosahai
| align=center | 8
| {{convert|4,188|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Sohailpur
| Mir Umjad Hosein
| align=center | 8
| {{convert|2,458|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Ushdamow
| Panday Bahadur Singh
| align=center | 16
| {{convert|3,684|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Usmanpur
| Thakur Roushan Zama Khan
| align=center | 25
| {{convert|7,325|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}

|- valign=top
| Kharkha
| Mahomed Hosein
| align=center | 10
| {{convert|4,593|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Guddia
| Shaikh Zainulabdin
| align=center | 12
| {{convert|1,933|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Satrikh
| Kazi Ikram Ahmed
| align=center | 85
| {{convert|9,420|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|-
| Gootiah
| Hakim Kurrum Ali
| align=center | 13
| {{convert|5,549|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Subeha
| Surfaraz Ahmed
| align=center | 1
| {{convert|564|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Sulaunpur
| Nawab Ali Khan
| align=center | 6
| {{convert|3,892|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|-
| Kotwa
| Abid Ali
| align=center | 1
| {{convert|331|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Motree
| Bhugwant singh
| align=center | 1
| {{convert|1,040|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Tribadiganj
| Raja Thakurpershad Tribadi
| align=center | 2
| {{convert|813|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Lillowly
| Buxshee Harpershad
| align=center | 11
| {{convert|2,510|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|-
| Nurhowl
| Shaik Boo Ali
| align=center | 3
| {{convert|1,465|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Mirpur
| Nusserudeen
| align=center | 4
| {{convert|2,416|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Baytowly
| Maharaja Runbir Singh
| align=center | 5
| {{convert|3,535|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Rampur
| Thakur Gooman Singh
| align=center | 1
| {{convert|357|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Jubrahpur
| Thakur Ruder Pratab Singh
| align=center | 2
| {{convert|700|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Bilharrah
| Raja Ibad Ali Khan
| align=center | 41
| {{convert|15,838|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Muhammadpur
| Thakur Ganga Singh
| align=center | 26
| {{convert|4,981|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Bhatwamau
| Badsha Hasan Khan
| align=center | 23
| {{convert|8,459|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|-
| Rampur
| Rai Ibram Balli
| align=center | 35
| {{convert|13,571|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Kumyar
| Shere Bahadur
| align=center | 10
| {{convert|13,430|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Sydanpur
| Latafat-ul-lah and Mayet-ul-lah
| align=center | 13
| {{convert|5,428|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Pushka
| Naipal Singh
| align=center | 4
| {{convert|2,129|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Raneemau
| Outar Singh
| align=center | 14
| {{convert|5,687|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Nurrowly
| Chaudhri Razah Husain
| align=center | 45
| {{convert|23,157|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Barrai
| Chaudhri Gholam Farid and Mahboob-ul-Rahamn
| align=center | 46
| {{convert|16,039|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Purai
| Meer mahomaed Abid
| align=center | 14
| {{convert|6,722|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Amirpur
| Chaudhri Ishan Russul
| align=center | 13
| {{convert|4,557|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Burrowly
| Chaudhri Wazeer Ali
| align=center | 25
| {{convert|3,871|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Nearah
| Shere Khan
| align=center | 13
| {{convert|2,993|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top
| Retch
| Raghunath Singh
| align=center | 1
| {{convert|2,183|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|- valign=top style="background: #ffffcc"
|colspan=2|Total
| align=center | 1,158
| {{convert|4,36,574|acre|sqmi km2|1|order=flip|disp=table}}
|}

In 1877, Barabanki was one of the three districts of the then Lucknow division.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Irwin |first=Henry Crossley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ON_NTrHBs80C&q=Barabanki |title=The Garden of India; Or, Chapters on Oudh History and Affairs |date= October 2009|publisher=BiblioBazaar |isbn=978-1-115-53816-9 |language=en}}</ref> Its area was {{convert|1768|sqmi|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}} and population was 1,113,430.

As per ''1877 Gazetteer of the province of Oudh'' there were:<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />
* Four ''tehsils'':
** Nawabganj
** Ram Sanehi Ghat
** Fatehpur
** Haidergarh
* Nine ''thanas'':
** Nawabganj
** Zaidpur
** Tikaitnagar
** Sanehi Ghat
** Bhilsar
** Fatehpur
** Kursi
** Ramnagar
** Haidergarh
* Courts, following were officers with civil, criminal and revenue powers:
** a deputy commissioner
** two assistant commissioner
** three extra assistant commissioner
** four tehsildars
** four honorary magistrates

===Independence movement===
In the struggle for independence from 1922 to 1934 during the Khilafat movement, the district participated in the growing movement against foreign fabrics, etc.<ref name="DJ">{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/barabanki-9567077.html | title=छोटे-बड़े आंदोलनों में सहभागी बने थे बाराबंकीवासी (Hindi) | publisher=Dainik Jagran | date=13 August 2012 | access-date=16 August 2012}}</ref> On 26 October 1942, Brij Bahadur and Hans Raj ({{a.k.a.}} Sardar) planted a bomb in a police outpost at Barabanki, known as Barabanki Outpost Bomb Case.<ref name="QIMUP">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PExuAAAAMAAJ&q=%2226th+October%2C+1942%22 | title=Quit India movement in U.P.: sabotage, bomb, and conspiracy cases | publisher=NP Publishers | year=1992 | access-date=30 June 2013 | author=Rakesh Ranjan Bakshi | page=45}}</ref>

==Geography==
Barabanki district is for the most part flat agricultural lands studded with groves. The most elevated point is about {{convert|430|ft|m|order=flip}} above sea level, and there are few points of view from which any expanse of the countryside can be surveyed. In the north, the topography is broken by a {{convert|20|ft|m|order=flip|adj=on}} ridge running parallel to the Ghaghra at a distance of {{convert|1|to|3|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}, which is said to indicate the former right bank of this river. These lands are undulating and richly wooded, while to the south there is a gentle slope down to the Gomti. The district is intersected at various parts by rugged ravines.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />

===Rivers and waters===
====Ghaghra====
The principal river in the district is the [[Ghaghara|Ghaghra]] at a short distance from Bahramghat; it is formed by the Himalaya-fed rivers Chauka and Sarda, which meet in the Fatehpur tehsil. It is {{convert|1.5|to|2|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} wide in the rainy season and about {{convert|0.5|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} wide during the dry season, when the discharge is about {{convert|19000|cuft/s|m3/s}}. For {{convert|48|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}}, the river divides the Barabanki district from the districts of Bahraich and Gonda. It flows in a south-easterly direction past Ayodhya, and empties into the Ganges at Arrah. This river is navigable for flat-bottomed steamers as far as Bahramghat, and is used by country boats in considerable numbers between Bahramghat and Sarun district. The principal ferries are at Kaithi, Kamiar, and Paska Ghat; a floating bridge operates at Bahramghat during the cold season. The river's flood plains generally have fine crops of rice, but the water sometimes lies too long after the rains and rots them, and the spring crops cannot be sown. The river is not utilised for irrigation.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />

====Gomti====
Next in importance is the [[Gomti]], which runs through the tahsil of Haidargarh and some portion of the tehsil Ram Sanehi Ghat, and separates the Bara Banki district from the districts of Lucknow, Sultanpur and Faizabad. Like the Ghagra, it runs in a south-easterly direction, has a well-defined bank and a stream which is fordable in the dry weather, when it is about {{convert|120|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} wide. The circuitous course of the Gomti covers {{convert|105|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} though the direct distance is half that distance. It is therefore not very efficient for transportation, though there is considerable traffic by country boats. Its dry weather discharge is {{convert|500|cuft/s|m3/s|order=flip}}. Its water is at a lower level than the Ghagra, and it is not used for irrigation. At the junction of the Kalyani, the Ghagra is only {{convert|301|ft|m|order=flip}} above sea level.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />

====Kalyani====
The Kalyani River rises in the Fatehpur tahsil, and empties into the Gomti near the village of Anarpatti.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" /> In the rains of 1872, the Kalyani presented a vast volume of water – {{convert|269|ft|m|order=flip}} broad and {{convert|337|ft|m|order=flip}} deep – rushing at {{convert|5.74|mph|order=flip|abbr=on}} with a discharge of {{convert|51540|cuft/s|m3/s|order=flip}}. In typical monsoons, the maximum discharge is about three-quarters of this.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" /> The river is crossed by a railway bridge with six spans of {{convert|60|ft|m|order=flip}}.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />

====Jamuriha and Reth====
[[File:Jamuriya Nala at Railway Station Road Bridge Barabanki.jpg|thumb|left|View of Jamuriya Nala (a brook) from Railway Station Road Bridge, Barabanki. This brook flows through Barabanki city, dividing it in half.]]
[[File:Reth river Barabanki.jpg|thumb|View of Reth river in [[Barabanki city]] as seen from railway bridge crossing over it.]]
The Jamuriha and Reth, both in the Nawabganj tehsil, are the only other notable streams in this district. Their general characteristics are the same: they have significant flows during rains which have carved steep and rugged banks broken by innumerable ravines. They flow into the Gomti. [[Haidergarh]], Deviganj, Choury and [[Alapur]] are settlements on the Reth, while Jamuriha passes through [[Barabanki city]] (Barabanki revenue village on one side and [[Nawabganj, Barabanki|Nawabganj Tehsil hq]] on other).<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />

====Tanks, jheels and wetlands====
There are numerous [[temple tank|tanks]] and jheels,{{clarify|date=July 2020}} especially in the tehsils of Daryabad, Ram Sanehi Ghat, and Nawabganj. Seven per cent of the area is covered with water; many of the tanks are in course of being deepened, earth is removed to replenishing cultivated land, though such efforts are complicated by conflicting rights to the tanks. Some of the jheels are navigable by small boats for sport or pleasure. The finest jheel in this district,{{according to whom|date=July 2020}} that named Bhagghar, is situated in the Suratganj; it covers less than {{convert|2|sqmi|abbr=on|order=flip}} There is another in Dewa, covering about {{convert|5|sqmi|abbr=on|order=flip}} with water and marsh. Parva, Nardahi, and Ganhari Jheel are the major wetlands.<ref name="Gazetteer Oudh 1877" />

====The Gomti-Kalyani doab====
This [[doab]] is a fertile area of about {{convert|146,526|ha|abbr=on}}. It is bounded by the Kalyani river to the north, the Gomti river and its tributary to the south, the Sarda Sahayak feeder channel to the west, and the confluence of the Gomti and Kalyani rivers to the east.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gangapedia.iitk.ac.in/sites/default/files/issue-18(2).pdf |title=Restoration Plan of Gomti River with Designated Best Use Classification of Surface Water Quality based on River Expedition, Monitoring and Quality Assessment |access-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232344/http://gangapedia.iitk.ac.in/sites/default/files/issue-18%282%29.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130609134552/http://bhagirathi.iitr.ac.in/dspace/bitstream/123456789/583/1/2.pdf Optimum Utilisation of Surface Water and Ground Water Potential Using Fuzzy Approach], XXXII National Systems Conference, NSC 2008, 17–19 December 2008</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=10,25,624|13=1911|14=9,42,608|15=1921|16=8,95,722|17=1931|18=9,25,401|19=1941|20=10,11,287|21=1951|22=10,99,754|23=1961|24=12,34,931|25=1971|26=14,24,536|27=1981|28=17,40,799|29=1991|30=21,12,782|31=2001|32=26,73,581|33=2011|34=32,60,699|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901|access-date=4 February 2020|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211022459/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html}}</ref>|align=center}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Barabanki district had a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 3,260,699.<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web|year=2011|title=District Census Handbook: Barabanki|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1182/download/3742/DH_2011_0945_PART_A_DCHB_BARA_BANKI.pdf|access-date=|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> It then ranked 107th out of [[Districts of India|India's 640 districts]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district had a population density of {{convert|740|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 26.40%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Barabanki had a [[sex ratio]] of 887 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1,000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 61.75%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Only 10.15% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes made up 26.51% of the population.<ref name=districtcensus/>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Barabanki district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|76.84}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|22.61}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.55}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

Hinduism is the largest religion. Islam is a large minority, and is in equal proportions with Hinduism in urban areas.

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Barabanki district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 91.54 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 6.16 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] |value3 = 2.11 |color3 = indianred
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.19 |color4 = grey
|thumb=right
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 91.54% of the district population spoke [[Hindi]] (or a related language), 6.16% [[Urdu]] and 2.11% [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

One of the many languages spoken in the district is [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], a vernacular in the Hindi [[dialect continuum|continuum]] spoken by over 38 million people, mainly in the [[Awadh]] region of India.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|editor=M. Paul Lewis|encyclopedia=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|title=Awadhi: A language of India|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=awa|access-date=28 September 2011|edition=16th|year=2009|publisher=SIL International|location=Dallas, Texas}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
===Administration and divisions===
{{overly detailed|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Barabanki DMO.jpg|thumb|Office of District Magistrate/Collector]]
[[File:Barabanki HPO.jpg|thumb|Barabanki Head Post Office]]
[[File:Barabanki Kotwaali.jpg|thumb|Barabanki Kotwaali]]
Barabanki is one of the five constituent districts of [[Faizabad Division]]. The other districts being [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]], [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]], Amethi and [[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]]. The division is headed by the divisional commissioner.

As of 2003–04, the district contained 7 ''[[tehsil]]s'', 17 [[Community development block|block]]s, 154 ''[[nyaya panchayat]]'' and 1,140 ''[[gram sabha]]s''.<ref name="whereincity">{{cite web|url=http://www.whereincity.com/india/uttar-pradesh/ballia.php |title=District Barabanki |publisher=Whereincity.com |date=7 April 1905 |access-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912170737/http://whereincity.com/india/uttar-pradesh/ballia.php |archive-date=12 September 2013 }}</ref>

As per 1991 data, there were 1,812 inhabited villages and 31 inhabited villages.{{clarify|date=July 2020}}
In 2001, there were 14 towns and cities, 2 ''[[nagar palika parishad]]s'', 1 [[cantonment]] area, 10 ''nagar panchayats'' and 1 census town.<ref name="whereincity" />

==== Land administration ====
Barabanki District is divided into six subdivisions, popularly known as ''tehsils'': [[Nawabganj, Barabanki|Nawabganj]], [[Tehsil Fatehpur|Fatehpur]], [[Ram Sanehi Ghat|Ramsanehi Ghat]], [[Haidergarh]], [[Ramnagar, Barabanki|Ram Nagar]] and [[Sirauli Ghauspur]]. The District Revenue Administration is headed by the District Collector (also known as District Magistrate), with the office at the collectorate, and these ''tehsils'' are under the charge of sub-divisional magistrates.

==== Development ====
District-level developmental activities are coordinated by the Chief Development Officer whose office is at the [[District Rural Development Agency]] (DRDA) at the collectorate. The district-level offices for monitoring the developmental activities of Blocks at Barabanki are located at Vikas Bhawan.{{clarify|date=July 2020}} Block development officers, who head each of the 15 development blocks of the district, carry out the development schemes on behalf of the government. The development blocks are: [[Banki, Uttar Pradesh|Banki]], Masauli, [[Dewa, India|Dewa]], Harakh, Fatehpur, Haidergarh, Dariyabad, [[Suratganj]], Siddhaur, Pure Dalai, Nindura, Trivediganj, Ram Nagar, Sirauli Ghauspur and Banikodar.

====Law and order====
The law and order administration is jointly coordinated by the District Magistrate and the Superintendent of Police. The district is subdivided into 22 police stations (''thanas''), each of which is headed by an inspector or sub-inspector of police. 12 police stations are rural and 9 are rural.{{clarify|date=July 2020}}<ref name="whereincity" /> These police stations are: Haidergarh, Satrikh, Dariyabad, Baddupur, Dewa, Kursi, Zaidpur, Mohammadpur, Ram Nagar, Fatehpur, Safderganj, Kotwali, Ramsanehi Ghat, Asandra, Subeha, Tikait Nagar, Lonikatra, Masauli, Kothi, Ghungter, Badosarai and Jahangirabad.

====Urban====
The district has 14 urban administrative bodies for its towns, which are:
* Nawabganj Nagar Parishad for Barabanki Town
* Fatehpur Nagar Panchayat for Fatehpur Town Area
* Zaidpur Nagar Panchayat for Zaidpur Town Area
* Dariyabad Nagar Panchaya for Dariyabad Town Area
* Ramnagar Nagar Panchayat for Ramnagar Town Area
* Satrikh Nagar Panchayat for Satrikh Town Area
* Haidergarh Nagar Panchayat for Haidergarh Town Area
* Dewa Nagar Panchayat for Dewa Town Area
* Siddhaur Nagar Panchayat for Siddhaur Town Area
* Tikaitnagar Nagar Panchayat for Tikaitnagar Town Area
* Rudauli Nagar Parishad for Rudauli Town
* Banki Nagar Panchayat for Banki Town Area
* Cantonment Board for Cantonment Area in Barabanki
* Rampur Bhavanipur Census Town
* Subeha Nagar panchayat for Subeha town (effective 2008)

====Electoral====
{{anchor|List of electoral constituencies of Barabanki district}}

=====Parliament and state assembly=====
Barabanki district has seven [[Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|state-assembly]] constituencies which fall under two [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies. They are:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black;"
|- style="background:#9cf;"
! {{abbr|No.|number}}
! No of Assembly Constituency
! Name of Assembly Constituency
! Assembly Constituency Reservation Status
! Total Booths in Assembly Constituency
! Net Voters in Assembly Constituency
! No of Parliamentary Constituency
! Name of Parliamentary Constituency
! Parliamentary Constituency Reservation Status
! Net Voters in Parliamentary Constituency
! Ref
|-
| 1
| 266
| [[Kursi Assembly constituency|Kursi]]
| General
| 343
| 295030
| rowspan=5|53
| rowspan=5|[[Barabanki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barabanki]]
| rowspan=5|Scheduled castes (SC)
| rowspan=5|1,435,692
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/266_AC_Statistics_English.aspx |title=Chief Electoral Officeer, Uttar Pradesh: Information and Statistics: AC's, PC's Booths: Assembly Constituencies: 266-Kursi |publisher=Ceouttarpradesh.nic.in |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| 267
| [[Ram Nagar, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Ram Nagar]]
| General
| 323
| 260,400
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/267_AC_Statistics_English.aspx |title=Chief Electoral Officeer, Uttar Pradesh: Information and Statistics: AC's, PC's Booths: Assembly Constituencies: 267-Ram Nagar |publisher=Ceouttarpradesh.nic.in |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| 268
| [[Barabanki Assembly constituency|Barabanki]]
| General
| 322
| 289,765
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/268_AC_Statistics_English.aspx |title=Chief Electoral Officeer, Uttar Pradesh: Information and Statistics: AC's, PC's Booths: Assembly Constituencies: 268-Barabanki |publisher=Ceouttarpradesh.nic.in |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| 269
| [[Zaidpur Assembly constituency|Zaidpur]]
| SC
| 359
| 302,189
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/269_AC_Statistics_English.aspx |title=Chief Electoral Officeer, Uttar Pradesh: Information and Statistics: AC's, PC's Booths: Assembly Constituencies: 269-Zaidpur |publisher=Ceouttarpradesh.nic.in |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| 272
| [[Haidergarh Assembly constituency|Haidergarh]]
| SC
| 327
| 288308
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/272_AC_Statistics_English.aspx |title=Chief Electoral Officeer, Uttar Pradesh: Information and Statistics: AC's, PC's Booths: Assembly Constituencies: 272-Haidergarh |publisher=Ceouttarpradesh.nic.in |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| 270
| [[Dariyabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dariyabad]]
| General
| 337
| 304,073
| rowspan=2|54
| rowspan=2|[[Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faizabad]] (partial)
| rowspan=2|General
| rowspan=2|150,6120
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/270_AC_Statistics_English.aspx |title=Chief Electoral Officeer, Uttar Pradesh: Information and Statistics: AC's, PC's Booths: Assembly Constituencies: 270-Dariyabad |publisher=Ceouttarpradesh.nic.in |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 7
| 271
| [[Rudauli Assembly constituency|Rudauli]] (partial)
| General
| 304
| 282,890
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/271_AC_Statistics_English.aspx |title=Chief Electoral Officeer, Uttar Pradesh: Information and Statistics: AC's, PC's Booths: Assembly Constituencies: 271-Rudauli |publisher=Ceouttarpradesh.nic.in |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>
|}

======State assembly======
Sitting {{abbr|MLAs|members of legislative assembly}} (As of 2026):<ref name="BBK-Political">{{cite web |url=http://barabanki.nic.in/politics.htm |title=Political Scene of the district |publisher=Barabanki.nic.in |access-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316145553/http://barabanki.nic.in/politics.htm |archive-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref>
* Sakendra Pratap Verma, 266-Kursi, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
* Fareed Mehfooz Kidwai, 267-Ramnagar, [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
* Dharamraj Singh Yadav, 268-Barabanki, [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
* Gaurav Kumar Rawat, 269-Zaidpur, [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
* Dinesh Rawat, 272-Haidergarh, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
* Satish Chandra Sharma, 270-Dariyabad, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]

======State council======
Barabanki district sends two members to [[Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad|state-council]]. Sitting members are:<ref name="BBK-Political"/>
# Rajesh Yadav "Raju"
# Ram Naresh Rawat

===Basic amenities===
{{overly detailed|date=July 2020}}
Following is the list of public amenities (1999–2002 data):<ref name="whereincity" />

====Communication services====
* Urban Post Office 26
* Rural Post Office 339
* Telegraph Office 19
* Telephone Connections 25691

====Public distribution system====
* Rural fair-price shops 1094
* Urban fair-price shops 118
* Bio-gas plants 4645
* Cold storage 16

====Electricity====
* Total electrified villages 1103
* Total electrified towns/cities 13
* Electrified Schedule Caste localities 1149

====Water supply====
Area covered under water supply using taps/ handpumps of India Mark-2:
* Village 1812
* Towns/city 14

==Economy==
The district's economy is primarily based on agriculture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cgwb.gov.in/nr/hydro/dist16.pdf |title=Introduction BARABANKI DISTRICT |access-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226175322/http://cgwb.gov.in/nr/hydro/dist16.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2012 }}</ref> Agriculture, bio-gas plants, animal husbandry, and small-scale industries provide direct and indirect employment.<ref name="iisdindia">{{cite web|url=http://iisdindia.org/rural_development.html |title=Rural Development |publisher=Iisdindia.org |access-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917121205/http://iisdindia.org/rural_development.html |archive-date=17 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://typo3.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/fsn/docs/Success_story_India.pdf|title=Success story of a project implemented in 4 blocks of Barabanki and Raebareli districts of U.P. India for improving Livelihood Security through Livestock based Farming System|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726165342/http://typo3.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/fsn/docs/Success_story_India.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
[[File:Bara Banki district, Uttar Pradesh, India.jpg|right|thumb|Farmer with bullock cart]]
In Barabanki the net irrigated area is 84.2% (compared to the Uttar Pradesh average of 79%). The intensity{{clarify|date=July 2020}} of irrigation in Barabanki is 176.9% (compared to the state average of 140%). Most of irrigation in Barabanki is done through private [[tube well]]s (69%) and canals (30%).

Subsistence agriculture is practised in Barabanki, with up to five crops rotated per year.<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?240192 A Full Round Meal], Outlook India, Business/Cover Stories, 13 April 2009</ref> The dominant crops are cereals (occupying 68.4 per cent of cropped areas), mainly paddy (rice) (34.4%) and wheat (31.3%). Other crops include pulses (10.1%) and sugarcane 3.6%), and potatoes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/potato-glut-price-slump-lead-to-losses-for-up-farmers/story-Qj3ywUuHBFfVp3ucnvaORN.html|title=Potato glut, price slump lead to losses for UP farmers|date=6 March 2017|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref> (2.8%). [[Wheat]], [[rice]] and [[maize]] are chief [[food crop]]s of the district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/dec252001/1526.pdf|title=Use of mint essential oil as an agrichemical: Control of N-loss in crop fields by using mint essential oil-coated urea as fertilizer|date=10 October 2006|access-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010162118/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/dec252001/1526.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agriculture-industry-india.com/agro-programme-schemes/technology-mission-fsp.html |title=Sub-programme on Maize-based Cropping Systems for Food Security in India under GOI-UNDP Food Security Programme |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807175303/http://www.agriculture-industry-india.com/agro-programme-schemes/technology-mission-fsp.html |archive-date=7 August 2008 }}</ref> [[Opium]], [[menthol|menthol oil]], [[sugarcane]], fruits ([[mango]], [[banana]], etc.), vegetables ([[potato]], [[tomato]], [[mushroom]], etc.), flowers ([[gladiolus]], etc.), [[spices]], etc. are the chief [[cash crop]]s<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/up-district-to-emerge-as-menthol-oil-hub/333719/ UP district to emerge as menthol oil hub], 8 September 2008, 5:41 IST</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811091225/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-26/lucknow/28278209_1_opium-cultivation-new-licences-cbn Low Returns And A Rigid Govt Policy Alienating Opium Farmers Of Barabanki], TNN, 26 July 2010, 05.18 am IST</ref><ref>[http://www.smeindia.net/export_schemes/DOCS/A-4/agriculture.pdf STATEMENT OF AEZ NODAL OFFICERS (UPDATED)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724070708/http://www.smeindia.net/export_schemes/DOCS/A-4/agriculture.pdf |date=24 July 2011 }}, The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)</ref><ref name="Zone-IV">{{cite web|url=http://www.zpdicarkanpur.org.in/downloads/farmerst-list(Zone-IV)-2.pdf |title=List of Progressive/Innovative Farmers of Zone-IV, Kanpur }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.iisr.nic.in/NewsLetterJuly2009.pdf IISR Newsletter] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170001/http://www.iisr.nic.in/NewsLetterJuly2009.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}, INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SUGARCANE RESEARCH, LUCKNOW, Vol. 16 No. 2, JULY 2009</ref><ref>[http://laloo.instablogs.com/entry/traditionally-a-potato-growing-area-becomes-a-new-leaf-for-gen-nxt-banana-crop/ Traditionally a Potato growing area becomes a new leaf for Gen. Nxt. "BANANA CROP"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222024807/http://laloo.instablogs.com/entry/traditionally-a-potato-growing-area-becomes-a-new-leaf-for-gen-nxt-banana-crop |date=22 December 2009 }}, SPSingh, Ghaziabad: 15 November 2009</ref> for export.<ref name="apeda" /> Barabanki has been major hub of opium production since British rule; the district opium officer, based at Afeem Kothi, is the only one in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Mindless-rule-dues-up-UPs-sea-of-poppies/articleshow/50003995.cms|title=Mindless rule dues up UP's sea of poppies | Lucknow News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>

Barabanki leads the country in menthol farming, with {{convert|20000|acre|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}} under cultivation.<ref name="apeda">{{citation|doi=10.1016/S0926-6690(01)00113-3|title=Characteristics of menthol mint Mentha arvensis cultivated on industrial scale in the Indo-Gangetic plains|journal=Industrial Crops and Products|volume=15|issue=3|pages=189–198|year=2002|last1=Srivastava|first1=R.K.|last2=Singh|first2=A.K.|last3=Kalra|first3=A.|last4=Tomar|first4=V.K.S.|last5=Bansal|first5=R.P.|last6=Patra|first6=D.D.|last7=Chand|first7=S.|last8=Naqvi|first8=A.A.|last9=Sharma|first9=S.|last10=Kumar|first10=Sushil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ficciagroindia.com/aic/general/menthol.htm|title=ficciagroindia.com|website=www.ficciagroindia.com|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220081533/http://www.ficciagroindia.com/aic/general/menthol.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Apart from crop farming, [[livestock]]-based farming,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naip.icar.org.in/downloads/Summary/C3_IVRI.pdf|title=Holistic Approach for improving Livelihood Security through Livestock based Farming System in Barabanki and Raebareli districts of U.P.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180912/http://www.naip.icar.org.in/downloads/Summary/C3_IVRI.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> [[broiler]] farming,<ref name="Zone-IV" /> and [[Fish farming|fish cultivation]] is also prevalent in the district.<ref name="Zone-IV" /> [[Bee keeping]] is practised in the Dewa block of the district.<ref name="iisdindia" /><ref name="Zone-IV" />

The district is home to a Regional Agriculture Seed Testing & Demonstration Station of the federal Department of Agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://seednet.gov.in/Material/SeedTestingLabs.htm|title=Seed Testing Labs in India|website=seednet.gov.in|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref> In 2004, a [[Krishi Vigyan Kendra]] (KVK, agricultural science centre) was established in the district under [[Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology]].<ref>[http://www.naarm.ernet.in/agrigateway/KVK/Kvk-UttarPradesh.asp Uttar Pradesh & Uttarakhand - Krishi Vigyan Kendra]{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The [[Institute for Integrated Society Development]] established a Rural Technology Development and Dissemination Centre in 2002 at Nindura Block of Barabanki District.<ref name="iisdindia" /> National Fertilizers Limited has established a Soil Testing Lab in the district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalfertilizers.com/offices2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218081340/http://www.nationalfertilizers.com/offices2.htm|url-status=dead|title=National Fertilizers Limited|archive-date=18 February 2011|website=www.nationalfertilizers.com|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref> Information and Communication Technologies has a centre in the district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/51025/ZipAgExtension1/ag_extension1/Materials/May6Session2/ITapplications-Agriwatch.pdf|title=Server Error|website=info.worldbank.org|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>

===Cottage industry===
* [[Handicrafts]] industry<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wcd.nic.in/projsanc/step22-24dec09.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201041558/http://wcd.nic.in/projsanc/step22-24dec09.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Recommendation of the Project Sanctioning Committee (PSC) on the Project Proposals Considered in the Meeting Held on 22-24 December 2009 Under Step Scheme|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref>
* Handloom industry<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barabankihandloom.com/|title=Pashmina Shawls Manufacturers, Exporter of Pashmina Shawls, Pure Pashmina Shawls Suppliers, India|website=www.barabankihandloom.com|access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref>
: Weaving products including scarfs, shawls and stoles, some of which are exported.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nimsme.org/pdf/News_March09.pdf |title=Bulletin: ''Some new designs of handloom clusters...'' |journal=National Institute for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (An Organisation of the Ministry of MSME, Government of India) |volume=8 |issue=3 |date=March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612054356/http://www.nimsme.org/pdf/News_March09.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/NhqfYulsjzlSF2e4bYGKkI/The-weavers-of-Barabanki.html|title=The weavers of Barabanki|first=Osama|last=Manzar|date=13 April 2016}}</ref> These products are broadly categorised as rayon fibre or cotton yarn. Barabanki scarves were displayed at a national handloom expo.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1464787.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602124328/http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1464787.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 June 2013 | title=National handloom expo to open Saturday | work=Indian Express| date=15 February 2013 | access-date=15 February 2013}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=July 2020}} Barabanki has also emerged as a handkerchief production hub.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sify.com/news/handkerchief-business-generating-employment-in-uttar-pradesh-news-national-km1rkchcieg.html |title=Handkerchief business generating employment in Uttar Pradesh |date=27 December 2010 |work=Sify |access-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017182257/http://www.sify.com/news/handkerchief-business-generating-employment-in-uttar-pradesh-news-national-km1rkchcieg.html |archive-date=17 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Embroidery]],
:[[Zardozi]]- In 2013 the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indication Registry (GIR)]] accorded the [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication (GI)]] registration to the ''[[Zardozi|Lucknow Zardozi]]'' – the world-renowned textile embroidery from Lucknow. The Zardozi products manufactured in areas in [[Lucknow]] and six surrounding districts of Barabanki, [[Unnao district|Unnao]], [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]], [[Rae Bareli district|Rae Bareli]], [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]] and [[Amethi district|Amethi]] became a brand and can carry a registered logo to confirm their authenticity.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lucknow zardozi gets GI registration|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/lucknow-zardozi-gets-gi-registration-113042400432_1.html|access-date=10 July 2013|newspaper=The Business Standard|date=24 April 2013 }}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=July 2020|This has to do with six other districts, not Barabanki itself.}}

===Industry===
There are six industrial areas in the District Barabanki,<ref name="IP-BBK">{{cite web | url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIP%20Barabanki%20JNS%20Yadav%20AD%20EI.pdf | title=Brief Industrial Profile of Barabanki District | publisher=Ministry of MSME, Govt. of India | access-date=4 July 2013 | author=MSME-DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE, KANPUR | archive-date=12 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612092041/http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIP%20Barabanki%20JNS%20Yadav%20AD%20EI.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[UP State Industrial Development Corporation|UPSIDC]] Agro Park, Kursi Road, Barabanki<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://upsidc.com/agropark.htm|title=Agro Parks|website=upsidc.com|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130203444/http://www.upsidc.com/agropark.htm|archive-date=30 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Industrial Area, Dewa Road, Barabanki
* Industrial Area, Rasool Panah, Fatehpur, Barabanki
* Mini Industrial Area, Ismailpur, Dewa, Barabanki
* Mini Industrial Area Amarsanda, Barabanki
* Mini Industrial Area Sohilpur, Harkh, Barabanki

The companies and factories include:
* India PolyFibres Limited<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emt-india.net/eca2004/award2004/Petrochemical/India+Polyfibres+Limited+Barabanki.pdf|title=emt-india.net|website=www.emt-india.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emt-india.net/eca2004/award2004/Petrochemical/India+Polyfibres+Limited+Barabanki.pdf|title=emt-india.net|website=www.emt-india.net|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>
:The Company is engaged in manufacturing of polyester staple fibre, polyester, and tow with technology from Du Pont, US.
* U.P. State Spinning Mill, Barabanki
* U.P. State Sugar Corp. Ltd., Barabanki
* DSM Sugar, Rauzagaon, Barabanki, U.P.<ref>[http://www.dst.gov.in/about_us/ar99-2000-td-mmp.htm Annual Report 1999-2000] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901015327/http://www.dst.gov.in/about_us/ar99-2000-td-mmp.htm |date=1 September 2010 }}, Department of Science and Technology, GOI</ref>
* Hally Industries pvt. Ltd., Barabanki – supplies welding electrodes and owns a wire-drawing unit and a rice mill
* J.R. Agro Industries Limited<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jragro.com/|title=Untitled|website=www.jragro.com|access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jragro.com/|title=Untitled|website=www.jragro.com|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref> – operates a solvent extraction plant and a vegetable oil refinery.
* J.R. Organics Ltd. (formally Somaiya Organics Ltd.)
* Bharat Rubber Industries – supplies rubber and rubber-related products/<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tqvision.com/|title=TQ VISION :: SA8000 ISO Certification Consultants for ISO 9001:2015 Quality, SEDEX, C-TPAT, ISO 14001, HACCP, ISO 22000, CE Mark, IRIS Railway, ISO 21001, ISO 45001, ISO 50001, ISO 55000, ISO 27001 ISMS, BIFMA, ISO 20000, BSCI, ISO 22301, Kosher, ISO 13485, Delhi India, ISO Audit Agency, ISO 31000 Risk|website=www.tqvision.com|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>
* Shree Shyam Industries, Tehsil Fatehpur

===Solar power plant===
The first 2 megawatt-capacity solar power plant project of Uttar Pradesh is situated in Sandauli village of Barabanki district, it was inaugurated on 10 May 2012 and become operational in January 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/First-2-MW-solar-power-plant-of-Uttar-Pradesh-switched-on/articleshow/13089185.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915163916/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-11/lucknow/31668749_1_solar-power-power-plant-solar-energy | url-status=live | archive-date=15 September 2013 | title=First 2 MW solar power plant of Uttar Pradesh switched on | date=11 May 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Next-big-move-in-UP-energy-from-the-sun/articleshow/18481530.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035110/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-13/lucknow/37078773_1_solar-energy-renewable-purchase-obligation-solar-power | url-status=live | archive-date=11 April 2013 | title=Next big move in UP, energy from the sun | date=13 February 2013 | access-date=13 February 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | author=Bisht, Arvind Singh}}</ref> The plant was set up by Technical Associates Ltd.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/uttar-pradesh-akhilesh-yadav-three-day-industry-meet-india-today-152975-2013-01-30 | title=At three-day industry meet in Agra, Akhilesh hard sells UP to prospective investors with sops and six new policies | publisher=India Today | date=31 January 2012 | access-date=13 February 2013 | author=Mishra, Ashish}}</ref>

==Culture==
=== Cultural heritage ===
In 2011–12 almost 2 million people visited the twin sites of [[Lodheshwar Mahadev Mandir]] and Deva Sharif shrine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-low-on-agenda-of-tourists-visiting-UP/articleshow/16273578.cms|title=Lucknow low on agenda of tourists visiting UP | Lucknow News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>

===Notable people===

* Royalty
** [[Rajeshwar Bali]] (1889–1944), 13th Taluqdar - Rampur Dariyabad, Honorary Magistrate, Barabanki, Minister of Education & Health United Provinces
* Athletes
** [[K. D. Singh (field hockey)|K. D. Singh]], (2 February 1922{{snd}}27 March 1978), [[field hockey]] player. He was captain of the gold medal-winning [[India at the 1952 Summer Olympics|Indian Olympic Hockey team]] at the [[1952 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="bbk-nic-per">{{cite web|url=http://barabanki.nic.in/person.htm|title=Personalities|access-date=10 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930011918/http://barabanki.nic.in/person.htm|archive-date=30 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** [[Beni Prasad Verma]],(11 February 1941 – 27 March 2020) was an Indian politician and a member of the Samajwadi Party. Earlier he was with Samajwadi Party of Mulayam Singh Yadav, then he joined Indian National Congress and was elected on its ticket to Lok Sabha in 2009. In 2016 he rejoined Samajwadi Party.
** [[Atul Verma]], won India its first [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] [[archery]] medal, a bronze in the [[Archery at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' individual|boys' individual]] [[Archery at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics|archery competition]] at the [[2014 Youth Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Atul wins bronze, creates history|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/youth-olympic-games-atul-wins-bronze-creates-history/article6354356.ece|access-date=27 August 2014|work=The Hindu|date=26 August 2014|location=Kolkata|quote=Atul Verma won India its first Olympic archery medal – a bronze – at the Youth Olympic Games at Nanjing on Tuesday. The boy from Barabanki (Uttar Pradesh) ...}}</ref>
* Religious figures
** [[Jagjivan Das]] (born 1727, date of death unknown), founder of the [[Satnaami]] branch of Hinduism. He wrote ''Aagam Paddhati'', ''Agh Vinaash'', ''Gyan Prakash'', ''Maha Pralay'', ''Param Granth'', ''Prem-Path'', and ''Shabd-Sagar''.<ref name="bbk-nic-per" />
** [[Gazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu|Sayyed Salar Sahu Ghazi]] of [[Satrikh]] (died 1200s), who won the recognition of his contemporaries and exerted one of the most powerful influences in [[Awadh]] spiritual history.<ref>"Pluralism to Separatism Qasbas in Colonial Awadh", Mushirul Hasan - [[Oxford University Press]]</ref><ref>Sheikh Hussainuddin, (1937). ''Tazkira-e-Fani'', the life and times of Shah Abdur Razzaq, "Al-Maktaba-e-Monamia".</ref>
** [[Waris Ali Shah]], (1819–1905), a [[Sufi]] saint from [[Dewa, India|Dewa]], was the founder of Warsi order of Sufism and a poet. He wrote ''Hans-Jawahir''.<ref name="bbk-nic-per" />
** [[Ayatollah]] [[Mufti]] [[Sayyid|Syed]] [[Syed Mir Muhammad Quli Musavi|Muhammad Quli]] [[Khan (title)|Khan]] – wrote ''Kintoori'', principal ''Sadr Amin'' at the British court in Meerut.<ref name="roots">[http://www.al-huda.com/Article_4of79.htm '''Roots of North Indian Shi‘ism in Iran and Iraq''' Religion and State in Awadh, 1722-1859] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013223006/http://al-huda.com/Article_4of79.htm |date=13 October 2010 }}, ''by J. R. I. Cole, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford''</ref><ref name="sacred">''[http://www.bandung2.co.uk/books/Files/Religion/Sacred%20Space%20and%20Holy%20War.pdf Sacred Space and Holy War The Politics, Culture and History of Shi`ite Islam] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718140016/http://www.bandung2.co.uk/books/Files/Religion/Sacred%20Space%20and%20Holy%20War.pdf |date=18 July 2011 }}'' by Juan Cole, I.B.Tauris Publishers, London · New York</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ketabeqom.com/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130210032007/http://ketabeqom.com/index.php/page,SiteEn.FullBookInfoEn/bookId,2554?PHPSESSID=a32bd4c0ccfca52eb9ec4aeaa9aef9e3|url-status=dead|title=شرکت تعاونی ناشران و کتابفروشان استان قم|first=شرکت تعاونی ناشران و کتابفروشان استان|last=قم|website=فروشگاه اینترنتی کتاب قم|access-date=4 February 2020|archive-date = 10 February 2013}}</ref>
* [[Ayatollah]] [[Sayyid|Syed]] [[Mir]] [[Hamid Hussain Musavi]] ''Kintoori'' ''Lakhnavi'' (died 1880) author of ''Abaqat ul Anwar fi Imamat al Ai'imma al-Athar''.<ref name="roots" /><ref name="islam">[https://books.google.com/books?id=6JrL2GdwkVsC&q=kinturi&pg=PA284 Islam, politics, and social movements] ''By Edmund Burke, Ervand Abrahamian, Ira M. Lapidus''</ref><ref>[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/3385087/Leader-of-Heaven Leader of Heaven] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103105321/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/3385087/Leader-of-Heaven |date=3 January 2010 }} #18</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/thaqalayn/nontl/Abaqat.htm|title='Abaqat al-Anwar|date=4 November 2013}}</ref><ref>''[http://www.wofis.com/asset/Books/018.pdf Ghadeer-E-Khum Where the Religion was Brought to Perfection]'' By I.H. Najafi, Published by a Group of Muslim Brothers, Tehran, Iran.</ref>
** [[Maulana]] [[Abdul Majid Daryabadi|Abdul Majid ''Daryabadi'']]
* Military
** [[Ibrahim Bek]] of Dewa.
* Literary
** [[Khuda Bakhsh Sheikh]] of [[Dariyabad, Barabanki|Dariyabad]], wrote poetry and a biography of [[Waris Ali Shah]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://barabanki.nic.in/person.htm |title=Personalities: Literary |work=The Official Website of Barabanki |publisher=Ministry of Communication & Information Technology, Government of India; Barabanki-225001 |access-date=20 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930011918/http://barabanki.nic.in/person.htm |archive-date=30 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** [[Khumar Barabankvi|Khumār Barabankvi]] (1919–1999), an Urdu poet and lyricist.
** [[Maulvi|Mawlwi]] [[Abdul Bari Nadvi|Abdul Bari]] ''Nadwi'', was member of first Managing Committee of [[Darul Mussannefin Shibli Academy]]<ref name="shibli">{{Cite web|url=http://www.shibliacademy.org/book/export/html/4|title=Early History|website=www.shibliacademy.org|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>
** [[Majaz]] Lucknowi is prominent Urdu poet from Barabanki. He hails from *Rudauli and maternal uncle of famous lyricist [[Javed Akhtar]].
* Politicians
** [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]], Freedom Fighter and Congress leader
** [[Mohsina Kidwai]], politician
** [[Amir Haider]], politician
** [[Beni Prasad Verma]], politician, former MP and [[Ministry of Steel (India)|Ministry of Steel]] of India
** [[P. L. Punia|Panna Lal Punia]], former Member of Loksabha from [[Barabanki (Lok Sabha constituency)]], politician
** [[Upendra Singh Rawat]], current Member of Loksabha from [[Barabanki (Lok Sabha constituency)]], politician
** [[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai]], politician
** [[Anantram Jaiswal]], politician
* Others
** [[Sheikh|Shaikh]] [[Abdul Quddus Gangohi|Abd al-Quddus]] ''Gangohi'' (1456–1537) bin Shaykh Muhammad Ismail bin Shaykh safi al-djn Hanafi Ghaznavi Chishti Gangohi, a Sufi Shaykh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/sai/bb_files/Digby_Gangohi.PDF|title=#1|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref>
** [[Ahmad Hindi|Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi]], paternal grandfather of [[Ayatollah Khomeini]], was born in [[Kintoor]].<ref name="islam" /><ref>[http://www.iranian.com/Books/1999/June/Khomeini/index.html From Khomein, ''A biography of the Ayatollah''], 14 June 1999, The Iranian</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rNrMilgHKKEC&dq=Seyyed+Ahmad+Musavi+Hindi&pg=PA199 The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism] By Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=B-ihPNR4iaoC&dq=Seyyed+Ahmad+Musavi+Hindi&pg=PA2 Khomeini: life of the Ayatollah, Volume 1999] By Baqer Moin</ref>
** [[Naseeruddin Shah]], an actor was born in 1950 in Barabanki.
** [[Shiva Balak Misra]], geologist, writer and social worker
** [[Mushirul Hasan]],:originally belongs to village Muhammadpur, [[Tehsil Fatehpur]], historian,<ref name="Amazon">{{cite book|title=The Nehrus: Personal Histories|first=Mushirul|last=Hasan|date=1 May 2006|publisher=Mercury Books|isbn = 1845600193}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The book on trial: fundamentalism and censorship in India |last=Kumar |first=Girja |chapter=Mushirul Hasan: victim of academic politics |pages=253–272 |year=1997 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0525-2 }}</ref> author<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/s?_encoding=UTF8&sort=relevancerank&search-alias=books&field-author=Mushirul%20Hasan|title=Amazon.com: Mushirul Hasan: Books|website=Amazon}}</ref> and ex-Vice-Chancellor of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] University at Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sack Jamia Millia Islamia Vice-Chancellor: BJP |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/25/stories/2008092557681200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202074428/http://hindu.com/2008/09/25/stories/2008092557681200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 September 2008 |access-date=5 October 2010 }}</ref>


==Transport==
===Road transport===
[[National Highway 28 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 28]] (NH-28) passes through the district. It is well connected to other cities by means of roadways. Passenger road transport services in Uttar Pradesh started in 1947 with the operation of bus service on the [[Lucknow]]–[[Barabanki city|Barabanki]] route by [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|UP Government Roadways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upsrtc.com/history.htm |title=UPSRTC |access-date=27 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104065838/http://upsrtc.com/history.htm |archive-date=4 January 2010 }} UPSRTC History</ref>
* Bus Station/Bus Stop 93

===Railway===
{{Main|Barabanki Junction railway station}}
Both the Northern Railway and the North Eastern Railway pass through Barabanki district, with a total of {{convert|131|km|abbr=on}} of broad-gauge line and 19 stations.

==Education==
===Schools and intermediate colleges===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
* [[Government Inter College Barabanki|Government Inter College]], Barabanki city
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], Sonikpur, Trivediganj, Barabanki
* [[Saraswati Shishu Mandir]], Barabanki city
* [[Saraswati Vidya Mandir Inter College, Barabanki]] city

===Engineering colleges===
* [[Jahangirabad Institute of Technology]], Jahangirabad
* [[Sagar Institute of Technology & Management]], Faizabad Road

===Polytechnic institute===
* [[Government Polytechnic Barabanki]], Jahangirabad Road

===Other professional institutions===
* [[Jahangirabad Media Institute]], Jahangirabad

===Research institutions===
* [[International Rice Research Institute]] - branch Tikarhar Road, Kursi, Barabanki<ref name=tandfonline>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1300/J411v20n01_12|title= Natural Biodiversity for Salinity and Alkalinity Tolerance in Scented Rice Cultivar Kalanamak|journal= Journal of Crop Improvement|volume= 20|issue= 1–2|pages= 205–221|year= 2007|last1= Singh|first1= Neelam|last2= Pathak|first2= M. D.|last3= Zaidi|first3= Najam W.|last4= Singh|first4= H. N.|last5= Srivastava|first5= P. C.|last6= Singh|first6= U. S.|s2cid= 82779666}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|http://barabanki.nic.in}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Barabanki district
| North = [[Sitapur district]], [[Bahraich district]]
| Northeast = [[Gonda district]]
| East = [[Ayodhya district]]
| Southeast = [[Sultanpur district]]
| South = [[Rae Bareli district]]
| Southwest = [[Lucknow district]]
| West = [[Lucknow district]]
| Northwest = [[Sitapur district]]
}}

{{Navboxes
| list =
{{Barabanki district}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Faizabad division topics}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barabanki District}}
[[Category:Barabanki district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ayodhya division]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]

Janani (1999 film)

2026-03-03T21:18:34Z

OscarStell1647: creating new entry v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Janani
| image =
| caption =
| director =[[Rajeevnath]]
| producer =
| story = [[Renji Panicker]]
| screenplay = [[Paul Zacharia|Zachariah]] Rajeevnath
| starring = [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]

| cinematography = Suresh P Nair
| editing = [[Beena Paul]]
| studio = Chitranjali
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1999}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}
'''''Janani''''' is a 1999 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Rajeevnath]], starring [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] in the lead role. Rajeevnath won the [[National Film Award for Best Direction]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-28880220070808|title="Casablanca" to be remade on Indian shores|last=Tharakan|first=Tony|date=8 August 2007|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/12nath.htm|title=Paris Hilton is no Mother Teresa|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author=[[Shobha Warrier]]|date=12 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000216/main4.htm|title=B.R. Chopra gets Phalke award|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The film is about seven nuns who take care of an orphaned baby.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/04/arts/science/arts-briefly.html|title=Is Paris Hilton The Next Mother Teresa?|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=4 April 2006}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Father
* [[Roslin (Malayalam actress)|Roslin]] as Sister Victoria
* [[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Santhakumari]] as Servant Eliyamma
* Kavitha Ladnier as Sister Mary Ann
* [[Bobby Kottarakkara]] as Kuttichan
* Latheef as Doctor
* Rukhmini

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Ouseppachan]], with lyrics penned by [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]], John Panickal, and [[Gireesh Puthenchery]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Soundtrack Album
|-
! # !! Song !! Lyrics !! Singers
|-
| 1 || "Athyunnathangal" || [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] || [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| 2 || "Bhoomukham Kaanum" || John Panickal || K. J. Yesudas
|-
| 3 || "Kunjikunjomana" || Kavalam Narayana Panicker || K. J. Yesudas
|-
| 4 || "Kunjikunjomana" || Kavalam Narayana Panicker || [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| 5 || "Manjaadi Manikkutta" || Kavalam Narayana Panicker || [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| 6 || "Nasrethil Uyarnnoru Nakshthram" || John Panickal || [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
|-
| 7 || "Niraamayaa Nee Varavaayi" || Gireesh Puthenchery || [[Sreenivas]]
|-
| 8 || "Venalkkariyila" || Kavalam Narayana Panicker || K. S. Chithra
|}

==Awards==
; [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] - [[Sujatha Mohan]]

== Reception ==
Reviewing the film at the Palm Springs Film Festival in 2000, Robert Koehler of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' opined that "What appears to be a drama about how an elderly nun will fit into convent culture dissolves into random sequences of various innocuous relationships".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2000/film/reviews/janani-1200460645/|title=Janani|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Koehler|first=Koehler|date=22 January 2000}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0255368}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films whose director won the Best Director National Film Award]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Trinity Academy of Engineering

2026-02-14T07:00:45Z

OscarStell1647: done

{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Trinity Academy of Engineering
| native_name =
| image = Trinity_academy_of_engineering1.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = 2009
| closed =
| type = Private
| endowment =
| budget =
| chairman =
| principal = Dr.R.J.Patil
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = Pune
| state = Maharashtra
| country = India
| campus = 120 acres
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| athletics =
| colours =
| sports =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| website = {{URL|http://tae.kjei.edu.in/}}
| footnotes =
| image_name =
| coor =
| colors =
| affiliations = [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
| social media =
}}

The '''Trinity Academy of Engineering'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/principal-speak-students-exposed-to-experimental-problem-based-learning-to-help-them-solve-real-life-problems/story-gOuMxPHGRIJRUWWEIoj9iP.html|title=Principal Speak: Experimental learning for students to solve real-life problems, says Nilesh Uke of KJEI's Trinity Academy of Engineering|date=2020-02-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> is a technical education institute in the city of Pune, India. The institute is affiliated with the University of Pune<ref>[http://bcud.unipune.ac.in/utilities/college_search/CEGP016020_ENG/Pune_University_College] ''University of Pune'' Retrieved 13 August 2014.</ref> and managed by the KJ's Educational Institutes (KJEI).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/over-360-students-of-kj-educational-institutes-placed-through-campus-interviews/articleshow/73490265.cms|title=Over 360 students of KJ Educational Institutes placed through campus interviews - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=21 January 2020 |access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> It has been accredited by the National Board of Accreditation and recognized by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE). The institute has also been awarded an "A" Grade by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) and [[Directorate of Technical Education]], Maharashtra.

==Campus==
The college has about 200 faculty members,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/faculty-development-programme-held-at-trinity/articleshow/72879017.cms|title=Faculty development programme held at Trinity - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> 67 laboratories, 1 central library and 100 administrative and support staff.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Spread over an area of {{convert|110|acre|m2}}, the academic area consists of five major buildings. The campus has three major canteens, 4 coffee and snack outlets that remain open during the college hours{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}, and an auditorium with ceiling fans.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

The hostel is equipped with a mess facility for students and also has wifi. It is located in the campus.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==Courses==
The college offers the following graduate and postgraduate courses: 
'''B.E. M.E.& MCA Degree course <ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.promilo.com/courses-listing/mca-course-under-it-software-colleges
|title=MCA Degree Course
|website=Promilo
|access-date=14 February 2026
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214123456/https://www.promilo.com/courses-listing/mca-course-under-it-software-colleges
|archive-date=14 February 2026
}}</ref>:'''
* Civil Engineering (60 seats)
* Computer Engineering(60 seats)
* Electronics and Communication Engineering(60 seats)
* Mechanical Engineering (60seats)
* Information Technology (60seats)
* MCA (60seats)
* Construction management (24 seats)
* CAD-CAM (24 seats)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Pune]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University]]

Kaurihar

2026-02-05T04:30:28Z

OscarStell1647: creating initial pg w/ sources!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaurihar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kaudihar, Saraswati Pur
| nickname = Kaudihar
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.5875|N|81.6662|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Soraon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 229411
| registration_plate = UP-70
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kaudihar''' is a [[Community development block|block]] of [[Soraon]] [[tehsil]] in [[Prayagraj district]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prayagraj.nic.in/development-block/|title=Blocks | District Prayagraj, Government of Uttar Pradesh | India}}</ref> Kaurihar is located on the Lucknow-Prayagraj National Highway, at a distance of 22 km from the [[Prayagraj District|District headquarter]].
till the year 2019. It was the biggest block of [[Uttar Pradesh]] having more than 125 gram sabhas. In the year 2019 Kaudihar was divided into three blocks Kaurihar, [[Shringverpur]] Dham and Bhagwatpur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-city-prayagraj-will-be-set-up-23-block-19413731.html|title = प्रयागराज में अगले माह से हो जाएंगे 23 ब्लॉक Prayagraj News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कौड़िहार के 54 गांवों को मिलाकर भगवतपुर बनेगा नया ब्लाक, सीएम ने की घोषणा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/181541017640-allahabad-news |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Now there are 36 Gram Sabhas in Kaudihar Block. Kaurihar is a very famous market where a weekly cattle market is held on every Thursday and Sunday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रयागराज में आज भी कई क्षेत्रों में साइकिल पर लगती है खोया मंडी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/mawa-mandi-on-bicycle-in-prayagraj/507394 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Prayagraj district]]

{{Allahabad-geo-stub}}

Prabuddha Banerjee

2026-01-27T17:23:54Z

OscarStell1647: Details

{{Short description|Indian music director and film composer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
'''Prabuddha Banerjee''' is an Indian music director and film composer who primarily works in Bengali films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Debolina |title=Scoring for films depend on the essence of the story: Prabuddha Banerjee |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/scoring-for-films-depend-on-the-essence-of-the-story-prabuddha-banerjee/articleshow/68200672.cms |access-date=2023-02-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He collaborated with some well known directors like [[Kaushik Ganguly]], [[Suman Mukhopadhyay]], Indranil Roychowdhury, [[Srijit Mukherji]] and [[Bratya Basu]].

== Discography ==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2026}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Ref
|-
|2003
|''[[Bhalo Theko]]''
|[[Goutam Halder]]
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Via Darjeeling]]''
|Arindam Nandy
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Ekti Tarar Khonje]]''
|[[Avik Mukhopadhyay]]
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Abosheshey]]''
|Aditi Roy
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Phoring]]''
|Indranil Roychowdhury
|
|-
|2016
|''Bhalobashar Shohor''
|Indranil Roychowdhury
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music director Prabuddha Banerjee on Bhalobashar Shohor |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/music-director-prabuddha-banerjee-on-bhalobashar-shohor |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''Ka Kha Ga Gha''
|Dr. Krishnendu Chatterjee
|
|-
|''[[Debi (2018 film)|Debi]]''
|[[Anam Biswas]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|''[[Nagarkirtan]]''
|[[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-23 |title=Nagarkirtan movie review: Kaushik Ganguly's film offers scathing commentary on transgender life in Indian society |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nagarkirtan-movie-review-kaushik-gangulys-film-offers-scathing-commentary-on-transgender-life-in-indian-society-6140571.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jyeshthoputro]]''
|Kaushik Ganguly
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2019-04-27 |title=Jyeshthoputro Review: Resonating with restrained brilliance |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/marquee/jyeshthoputro-review-resonating-with-restrained-brilliance-1502749406.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Posham Pa]]''
|[[Suman Mukhopadhyay]]
|
|-
|''[[Surjo Prithibir Chardike Ghore]]''
|Arijit Biswas
|
|-
|2020
|''Nazarband''
|Suman Mukhopadhyay
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Dictionary (film)|Dictionary]]''
|[[Bratya Basu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Roushni |title=Dictionary trailer: Shunned husband meditates on nature of relationships |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/feb/2/28618/dictionary-trailer-shunned-husband-meditates-on-nature-of-relationships |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202172023/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/feb/2/28618/dictionary-trailer-shunned-husband-meditates-on-nature-of-relationships |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=www.cinestaan.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[Abhijaan (2022 film)|Abhijaan]]''
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-28 |title=Parambrata on Soumitra Chatterjee's biopic Abhijaan: It seeks to explore multi-faceted personality of the legendary actor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/parambrata-on-soumitra-chatterjees-biopic-abhijaan-7249272/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Belashuru]]''
|[[Nandita Roy]] & [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
|
|-
|''[[Lokkhi Chele]]''
|Kaushik Ganguly
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=কৌশিক গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়ের মাস্টারস্ট্রোক, 'লক্ষ্মী ছেলে'র মতো ছবি গত ৫ বছরে তৈরি হয়নি |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/lokkhi-chele-movie-review-a-must-watch/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Haami 2]]''
|Nandita Roy & Shiboprosad Mukherjee
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|''[[Kaberi Antardhan]]''
|[[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Director Kaushik Ganguly on looking at love in the time of political unrest through Kaberi Antardhan |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/director-kaushik-ganguly-on-looking-at-love-in-the-time-of-political-unrest-through-kaberi-antardhan/cid/1912689 |access-date=2023-03-21 | newspaper=The Telegraph | location=India | first=Soujannya | last=Das | date=28 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''Mayar Jonjal''
|Indranil Roychowdhury
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Sankha |title=Prabuddha Banerjee on experimenting with 'Mayar Jonjal' music |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/prabuddha-banerjee-on-experimenting-with-mayar-jonjal-music/articleshow/79164811.cms |access-date=2023-02-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ghore Pherar Gaan]]''
|Aritra Sen
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Ghore Pherar Gaan' teaser celebrates the innocence of Parambrata and Ishaa's fresh pairing |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ghore-pherar-gaan-teaser-celebrates-the-innocence-of-parambrata-and-ishaas-fresh-pairing/articleshow/95223426.cms |access-date=2023-02-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Raktabeej]]''
|[[Nandita Roy]] & [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|''[[Hubba (film)|Hubba]]''
|[[Bratya Basu]]
|
|-
|''[[Oti Uttam]]''
|[[Srijit Mukherji]]
|
|-
|''[[Alaap (2024 film)|Alaap]]''
|Premendu Bikash Chaki
|
|-
| style="background:#ffc;" |''Putul Nacher Itikotha''
|[[Suman Mukhopadhyay]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Roushni |title=Suman Mukhopadhyay announces adaptation of classic Bengali novel Putul Nacher Itikatha |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jan/21/32964/suman-mukhopadhyay-announces-adaptation-of-classic-bengali-novel-putul-nacher-itikatha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523115014/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jan/21/32964/suman-mukhopadhyay-announces-adaptation-of-classic-bengali-novel-putul-nacher-itikatha |url-status=live |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==

* [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]] for ''[[Jyeshthoputro]]<ref name="17thaward">{{cite web |title=17th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/98_17thNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725172021/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/98_17thNfacatalogue.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2020 |access-date=2 September 2020 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=38 }}</ref>''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
* {{Cite web|title=Prabuddha Banerjee|website=[[IMDb]]| url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm2985371/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Prabuddha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian music directors]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Peyton's myotis

2026-01-04T21:37:16Z

OscarStell1647: New!

{{Short description|Species of vesper bat}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author2=Görföl, T.|author=Csorba, G.|date=2017|title=''Myotis peytoni''|volume=2017|article-number=e.T85568321A85568324|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T85568321A85568324.en|access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref>
| taxon = Myotis peytoni
| authority = [[Robert Charles Wroughton|Wroughton]] & [[species:Kathleen V. Ryley|Ryley]], 1913
| range_map = Distribution of Myotis montivagus.png
| range_map_caption = Peyton's myotis range in yellow (underestimation of the actual range extent)
| synonyms = ''Myotis montivagus peytoni''
}}

'''Peyton's myotis''' ('''''Myotis peytoni'''''), also known as '''Peyton's whiskered bat''', is a [[species]] of [[Vespertilionidae|vesper bat]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite mdd|title=''Myotis peytoni'' Wroughton & Ryley, 1913|id=1005454|access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
It was described in 1913, and was generally considered a subspecies of the [[Burmese whiskered bat]] (''M. montivagus'') for about a century. However, a 2013 study reclassified it as a distinct species on morphological grounds, using cranial and dental features.<ref name="iucn" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Görföl|first=Tamás|last2=Estók|first2=Péter|last3=Gábor|first3=Csorba|date=2013-03-28|title=The Subspecies Of ''Myotis montivagus'' - Taxonomic Revision And Species Limits (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)|url=https://zenodo.org/record/5736085|journal=Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae|volume=59|issue=1|pages=41–59|doi=10.5281/zenodo.5736085}}</ref> This has also been followed by the [[American Society of Mammalogists]], the [[IUCN Red List]], and the [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|ITIS]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name="iucn" /><ref>{{ITIS |taxon= Myotis peytoni |id=946600 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
It is restricted to [[South India|peninsular India]], where it ranges from the vicinity of [[Vishakhapatnam]] west to the [[Karnataka]] coast, and as far south as inland [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is thought to inhabit lowland [[tropical forest]]s. In 1913, individuals of ''M. peytoni'' were recorded swarming among the rocky crevices of [[Jog Falls]], and this was also the [[Type (biology)|type locality]] of the species.<ref name="iucn" />

== Status ==
This species may potentially be a cave-dweller, so it may be threatened by [[caving]]. In addition, as it is known to inhabit tall forests, it may be threatened by deforestation. However, very little information is known about this species, and it is thus classified as [[Data Deficient]] on the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name="iucn" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q81849714}}

[[Category:Mouse-eared bats]]
[[Category:Bats of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Bats of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1913]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Robert Charles Wroughton]]

Snehrashmi

2025-12-31T08:01:09Z

OscarStell1647: done

{{short description|Gujarati language author from India (1903-1991)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox writer
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| pseudonym = Snehrashmi
| birth_name = Jhinabhai Ratanji Desai
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1903|04|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chikhli, Gujarat|Chikhli]], [[Bombay Presidency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1991|01|06|1903|04|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| resting_place =
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| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
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'''Jhinabhai Ratanji Desai''' (16 April 1903 – 6 January 1991), popularly known by his pen name '''Snehrashmi''', was a [[Gujarati language]] author and [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence activist]].

==Biography==
Desai was born on 16 April 1903 at [[Chikhli, Gujarat|Chikhli]], [[Bombay Presidency]]. He left studies of [[matriculation]] and joined [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]] in 1920. He joined [[Gujarat Vidyapith]] in [[Ahmedabad]] in 1921 and graduated with a political science degree in 1926. He taught history and political science at Gujarat Vidyapith from 1926 to 1928. He was jailed from 1932 to 1933 for his involvement in Indian independence activities. He joined Rashtriya Shala in 1934 as the principal. He joined [[Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Vidyalaya]] in Ahmedabad as principal in 1938 and later served as its director.<ref>{{cite book|title=India Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbBJAQAAIAAJ|year=1972|publisher=INFA Publications.|page=193}}</ref> He served as the acting Vice Chancellor of [[Gujarat University]] thrice. He presided over [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] at [[Madras]] in 1972.<ref name=gsp>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Snehrashmi.html |language =Gujarati |title =દેસાઈ ઝીણાભાઈ રતનજી, 'સ્નેહરશ્મિ' (Desai Jhinabhai Ratanji, 'Snehrashmi') |work=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|access-date =9 September 2014}}</ref> He also served as a senate and syndicate member in different universities of Gujarat. He also served as a member of the [[Sahitya Akademi]] and Historical Records Commission.

He also served as president of [[Surat]] City Congress.<ref name="YājñikaSheth2005">{{cite book|author1=Acyuta Yājñika|author2=Suchitra Sheth|title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C&pg=PA215|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-400038-8|pages=214–215}}</ref><ref name="DesāīDesāī1997">{{cite book|author1=Hakūmatarāya Desāī|author2=Kiraṇa Desāī|title=The Pardi Annakhed Satyagraha: Adivasi Assertion for Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZWGAAAAIAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Centre for Social Studies|page=46}}</ref> Many Congress leaders in the 1920s aligned themselves with [[Hindu Mahasabha]] in [[Shuddhi (Hinduism)|Shuddhi]] campaign. However, Snehrashmi was one of few who was against divisive politics. Hindu-Muslim relations later reached a low point in Surat and resulted in an economic boycott of the minority community. Snehrashmi, to lessen the impact of the boycott, convinced [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Patel]] and organised a khadi exhibition. Patel himself attended the exhibition and locally famous Razaak band played at the venue which helped achieve the objective of breaking the boycott of Muslims.<ref name="YājñikaSheth2005" />

He died on 6 January 1991.<ref name="gsp2">{{cite web|url=http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/photo-gallery/sahitya-sarjako/SnehaRashmi.html |language =Gujarati |title =દેસાઈ ઝીણાભાઈ રતનજી, 'સ્નેહરશ્મિ' (Desai Jhinabhai Ratanji, 'Snehrashmi') |work=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|access-date =9 September 2014}}</ref>

==Works==
Desai's initial works were influenced by nationalist sentiments and Gandhian ideals as he participated in the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="Duggal1988">{{cite book|author=Kartar Singh Duggal|title=Writer in freedom struggle, India & Bulgaria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDUaAAAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Twenty-first Century India Society|pages=67–72}}</ref><ref name="Malik1981">{{cite book|author=Yogendra K. Malik|title=South Asian intellectuals and social change: a study of the role of vernacular-speaking intelligentsia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZvZAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Heritage|page=194|isbn=9780836408256}}</ref> His later works were more focused on beauty and emotions. He chiefly wrote poetry and short stories but also ventured into the other forms of literature.<ref name=gsp/>

===Poetry===
His poetry collections ''Ardhya'' (1935) and ''Panghat'' (1948) including ''Bar Majoor nu Geet'' (The Song of Twelve Peasants) are the examples of Gandhian influence.<ref name="Sharma1992">{{cite book|author=Sita Ram Sharma|title=Gujarati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IVhAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-7041-545-9|pages=83–87}}</ref> His other poetry collections are ''Atitni Pankhmathi'' (1974), ''Kshitije Tya Lambavyo Hath'' (1984), and ''Nijleela'' (1984).<ref name=gsp/><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996">{{cite book|author1=Nalini Natarajan|author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA115|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|page=115}}</ref>

He introduced ''[[haiku]]'', Japanese short form of poetry, in Gujarati literature and popularized it.<ref name=gsp/><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996"/><ref name="Satyendra2000">{{cite book|author=Kuśa Satyendra|title=Dictionary of Hindu Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcAwrV60cpAC&pg=PA15|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-159-4|pages=15–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Japan Review: Bulletin of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LePkAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=International Research Center for Japanese Studies|page=19}}</ref> ''Soneri Chand Rooperi Suraj'' (1967) is a collection of 359 haiku and six [[tanka]] poems.<ref>{{cite book|title=East Asian Literatures: Japanese, Chinese and Korean : an Interface with India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7gLNXa6jXsC&pg=PA268|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-205-9|page=268}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Writing Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WjVAAAAMAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Nirmala Sadanand Publishers.|page=27}}</ref> ''Kevalveej'' (1984) and ''Sunrise on the Snowpeaks'' are his other haiku collections.<ref name=gsp/>

''Tarapo'' (1980) and ''Ujani'' are collections of [[children's poetry]]. ''Sakal Kavita'' is a collection of all his poems published between 1921 and 1984.<ref name=gsp/>

===Short story===
''Gata Aasopalav'' (1934) was his first short story collection.<ref name="Das1995">{{cite book|author=Sisir Kumar Das|title=History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA671|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-798-9|page=671}}</ref> ''Tutela Taar'' (1934), ''Swarg ane Prithvi'' (1935), ''Moti Bahen'' (1955), ''Heera na Latkaniya'' (1962), ''Shrifal'' (1969), ''Kala Topi'' (1962) and ''Snehrashmi ni Shreshth Vartao'' (1983) are his other short story collections.<ref name=gsp/><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996"/>

===Autobiography===
His autobiography starts from 1920. His childhood till schooling is described in ''Mari Duniya'' (1970). It is followed by ''Safalyatanu'' (1983) which has detailed account of the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]] and its leaders. It ends in 1933.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKS2AAAAIAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Sähitya Akademi.|page=37}}</ref> It is followed by two more volumes, ''Ughade Navi Kshitijo'' (1987) and ''Vali Nava Aa Shrung''.<ref name=gsp/>

===Other works===
''Antarpat'' (1961) is a novel about social and cultural dimensions. ''Matodu ne Tulsi'' (1983) is a collection of plays. ''Bharat na Ghadvaiya'' (1957) is a biographocal collection. ''Pratisad'' (1984) is his book on criticism. '' Kavya Sangraha'' with [[Umashankar Joshi]] (1937), ''Sahitya Pallav'' (1941) and ''Sahitya Pathavali'' (1966) are his other compilations.<ref name=gsp/><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996"/>

==Recognition==
Desai was awarded the President's Award as the best teacher in 1961. He received the [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] in 1967 and the [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] in 1979.<ref name=gsp/> In 1987, he received the [[Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar]].

Gujarat Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]] dedicated [[Sneh Rashmi Botanical Garden|Snehrashmi Botanical Garden]] in Surat in his memory in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble CM dedicates ‘Snehrashmi Botanical Garden’ at Surat & lays foundation of Rs. 44 Cr River Front Project |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/honble-cm-dedicates-%E2%80%98snehrashmi-botanical-garden%E2%80%99-at-surat-lays-foundation-of-rs-44-cr-river-front-project-3838}}</ref> [[Uma-Snehrashmi Prize|Uma-Snehrashmi Paritoshik]], instituted first by Desai in his deceased daughter's memory, is conferred by [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]].

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Snehrashmi}}
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Haiku poets]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]

Bachelor of Agriculture

2025-10-23T17:05:42Z

OscarStell1647:

{{Short description|Undergraduate academic degree}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Globalize|article||2name=||date=May 2017}}
{{farming}}
A '''Bachelor of Agriculture'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachelor of Agriculture - The University of Melbourne |url=https://study.unimelb.edu.au/find/courses/undergraduate/bachelor-of-agriculture/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=University of Melbourne |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=England |first=University of New |date=2024-01-16 |title=Bachelor of Agriculture |url=https://www.une.edu.au/study/courses/bachelor-of-agriculture |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=University of New England |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachelor of Agriculture :: Lincoln University |url=https://www.lincoln.ac.nz/study/study-programmes/programme-search/bachelor-of-agriculture/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Lincoln University in New Zealand}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachelor of Agriculture |url=http://eweb.ouc.edu.cn/5446/list.htm |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Ocean University of China}}</ref> ('''BAgr''') is an [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] [[academic degree]] awarded for a course or program in the field of [[agricultural science]].

The degree typically encompasses a comprehensive study of various aspects of agriculture, including [[animal science]], [[soil science]], [[Agribusiness|agricultural business]], [[agronomy]], and [[agricultural technology]]. The program aims to equip students with a broad understanding of agricultural principles and practices, as well as the application of scientific and technological advancements in agriculture. Graduates with this degree often pursue careers in farming, agricultural management, research, and agribusiness. The duration of the program varies by country and institution but generally spans three to four years at postsecondary level.

== Variations ==

=== Canada ===
In Canada, the bachelor's degree in agriculture differs from a Bachelor of Science degree in that the courses focus on agriculture: for example, the student will study [[agricultural economics]] rather than [[economics]]. Like [[engineering]] or [[forestry]], [[agricultural science]] courses are infused with practicality.<ref>[http://www.nsac.ns.ca/prospectivestudents/programs NSAC example of programs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205100324/http://www.nsac.ns.ca/prospectivestudents/programs/|date=5 February 2007}} Retrieved 8 November 2007</ref>

The [[Ontario Agricultural College]] (founded 1873) began awarding a three-year Bachelor of Science in Agriculture degree through the [[University of Toronto]] in 1888: a fourth year to the program was added in 1902.<ref>[http://www.oac.uoguelph.ca/about/overview.cfm OAC history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002205115/https://www.uoguelph.ca/oac |date=2 October 2022 }} Retrieved 8 November 2007</ref> Later, the Bachelor of Science in Agriculture program in Canada predominantly consists of four-year study in college.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture {{!}} Faculty of Agricultural, Life & Environmental Sciences |url=https://www.ualberta.ca/agriculture-life-environment-sciences/programs/undergraduate-programs/degree-programs/agriculture/index.html#:~:text=The%20Bachelor%20of%20Science%20in,role%20of%20biotechnology%20in%20society. |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=www.ualberta.ca |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709233854/https://www.ualberta.ca/agriculture-life-environment-sciences/programs/undergraduate-programs/degree-programs/agriculture/index.html#:~:text=The%20Bachelor%20of%20Science%20in,role%20of%20biotechnology%20in%20society. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/tags/agriculture |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=www.utoronto.ca |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709233854/https://www.utoronto.ca/news/tags/agriculture |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== China ===
In China, the Bachelor of Agriculture is an independent degree{{Efn|The Bachelor of Agriculture is a separate degree from the Bachelor of Science degree.|name=china-degree}} and one of the thirteen statutory types of bachelor's degrees. It is awarded to students who have completed an undergraduate program majoring [[plant production]], [[nature conservation]] and [[Ecology|environmental ecology]], [[Animal husbandry|animal production]], [[veterinary medicine]], [[forestry]], [[aquaculture]] and [[fishery]], or [[Grassland|grassland science]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Education]] |date=2019-01-22 |title=普通高等学校本科专业目录－国务院国有资产监督管理委员会 |url=http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n4470048/n10286230/n10286301/c10315168/content.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709005050/http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n4470048/n10286230/n10286301/c10315168/content.html |archive-date=2022-07-09 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=[[State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[National People's Congress]] |date=2004-08-28 |title=中华人民共和国学位条例 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/sjzl_zcfg/zcfg_jyfl/202204/t20220421_620264.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709005536/http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/sjzl_zcfg/zcfg_jyfl/202204/t20220421_620264.html |archive-date=2022-07-09 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=[[Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China]]}}</ref>

=== United States ===
In the [[United States]], the [[Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act|Morrill Act]] of 1862 (also known as the Land Grant Act) had a large influence on the rise of agricultural education and the spread of the bachelor's degree in agriculture. By the early part of the 20th century, all the agriculturally important states had at least one college or university awarding the bachelor's degree in agriculture.

=== India ===
The Bachelor of Science in Agriculture degree in India is typically a 4-year course under credit based semester system. [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|'''''The Indian Council of Agricultural Research''''']] is the key institute which drafts, renews the syllabus and also runs national institutes and research facilities across the nation. State governments are given rights to run Public Agriculture Universities, establish KVKs (Farmer's knowledge centres), Research Stations across the state. The curriculum is broad and interdisciplinary, consisting of courses in [[Agronomy]], Basic mathematics, Crop Botany, Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Microbiology, Crop physiology, Horticulture, Plant Pathology, Entomology, Agricultural Economics, Extension education, Genetics and Plant Breeding, Soil Science, Food technology, Nematology, Soil Microbiology, Agricultural Chemistry, Food Microbiology, Organic farming, Precision Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Environmental Studies, Disaster management & Bio-informatics.

Like, the Bachelor of Science in Agriculture is considered as a 'professional' degree by [[Government of India]], it has to be distinguished from other science degrees. Hence, it is advised to suffix "Honours" after the B.Sc. hence address as '''B.Sc. (Honours) Agriculture'''. However, in recognition to its 4-year duration, the degree holders are given some benefits like receiving higher stipend than BSc holders in DBT supported post graduate courses in Biotechnology. For the Gazetted post like Agricultural Officer (Agronomist), the basic educational requirement is B.Sc. in agriculture.<ref>[http://www.jnu.ac.in/Admission/MScAgri09.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718124755/http://www.jnu.ac.in/Admission/MScAgri09.htm|date=18 July 2009}} Retrieved 23 June 2009</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Bachelor of Science]]
* [[List of agricultural universities and colleges]]
* [[List of tagged degrees]]

{{Academic degrees}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bachelor Of Science Agriculture }}
[[Category:Bachelor's degrees|Agriculture]]
[[Category:Agriculture in India]]
[[Category:Agricultural education]]

[[cs:BcA.]]

Purna Chandra Baka

2025-09-29T23:15:46Z

OscarStell1647: Done!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency|Chitrakonda]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Dambaru Sisa
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
}}
'''Purna Chandra Baka''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chitrakonda Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Chitrakonda Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/chitrakonda-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Chitrakonda Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chitrakonda-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917597.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baka, Purna Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2024–25

2025-08-18T17:57:37Z

OscarStell1647: new

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2024–25
| team1_image = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
| team1_name = Sri Lanka
| team2_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg
| team2_name = West Indies
| from_date = 13
| to_date = 26 October 2024
| team1_captain = [[Charith Asalanka]]
| team2_captain = [[Shai Hope]] (ODIs) [[Rovman Powell]] (T20Is)
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 1
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Charith Asalanka]] (145)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Sherfane Rutherford]] (204)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (6)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Alzarri Joseph]] (4) [[Gudakesh Motie]] (4)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Charith Asalanka]] (SL)
| no_of_twenty20s = 3
| team1_twenty20s_won = 2
| team2_twenty20s_won = 1
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Kusal Mendis]] (113)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]] (91)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (5) [[Maheesh Theekshana]] (5)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Romario Shepherd]] (4)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Pathum Nissanka]] (SL)
}}

The [[West Indies cricket team]] toured Sri Lanka in October 2024 to play the [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.windiescricket.com/fixtures/comp_id/8400/ |title=West Indies in Sri Lanka schedule and fixtures |work=Cricket West Indies |access-date=20 September 2024 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920052154/https://www.windiescricket.com/fixtures/comp_id/8400/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The tour consisted of three [[One Day International]] (ODI) and three [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Men's Future Tours Programme |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/08/17/9ecd5af8-4657-475f-ae1e-733b04f69750/Men-s-FTP-upto-2027.pdf |access-date=17 September 2024 |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226133751/https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/08/17/9ecd5af8-4657-475f-ae1e-733b04f69750/Men-s-FTP-upto-2027.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.windiescricket.com/series/west-indies-in-sri-lanka-2024-20745/ |title=2024 West Indies in Sri Lanka |work=Cricket West Indies |access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref> In November 2023, [[Sri Lanka Cricket]] (SLC) announced its international calendar for 2024 and confirmed the bilateral series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://srilankacricket.lk/2023/11/mens-2024-future-tours-program-of-sri-lanka-cricket/ |title=Men's 2024 Future Tours Program of Sri Lanka Cricket |access-date=20 September 2024 |work=Sri Lanka Cricket |date=29 November 2023}}</ref>

West Indies won the first T20I by five wickets, with [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]] and [[Evin Lewis]], both scoring match winning half-centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132006/brandon-king-evin-lewis-drive-west-indies-to-victory |title=Brandon King, Evin Lewis drive West Indies to victory |work=Cricbuzz |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref> The hosts won the second T20I by 73 runs, with [[Pathum Nissanka]]'s 54 and [[Dunith Wellalage]]'s 3/9.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132039/nissanka-wellalage-star-in-sri-lankas-series-levelling-win |title=Nissanka, Wellalage star in Sri Lanka's series-levelling win |work=Cricbuzz |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref> Sri Lanka won the third and final T20I by nine wickets, with [[Kusal Mendis]] and [[Kusal Perera]], both scoring unbeaten half-centuries of 68 and 55 respectively,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-in-sri-lanka-2024-25-1451810/sri-lanka-vs-west-indies-3rd-t20i-1451816/match-report |title=Kusal Mendis and Kusal Perera fifties power SL to series win |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref> to secure their first ever T20I series victory over West Indies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tt.loopnews.com/content/sri-lanka-win-first-t20-series-against-west-indies |title=Sri Lanka win first T20 series against West Indies |work=Loop Trinidad & Tobago News |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sri-lanka-beat-west-indies-win-t20i-series-2-1-2618846-2024-10-17 |title=Mendis, Perera star as Sri Lanka script historic T20I series win over West Indies |work=India Today |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto"
|-
!colspan="2" |{{cr|SL}}
!colspan="2" |{{cr|WIN}}
|-
!ODIs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132086/chamindu-wickramasinghe-picked-for-west-indies-odis |title=Chamindu Wickramasinghe picked for West Indies ODIs |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref>
!T20Is<ref>{{cite web|url=https://srilankacricket.lk/2024/10/sri-lanka-t20i-squad-for-west-indies-series/ |title=Sri Lanka T20I squad for West Indies series |work=[[Sri Lanka Cricket]] |access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref>
!ODIs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/west-indies-t20i-and-odi-squads-announced-for-sri-lanka-tour/ |title=West Indies T20I and ODI Squads Announced For Sri Lanka Tour |work=[[Cricket West Indies]] |date=4 October 2024}}</ref>
!T20Is<ref name=WI>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wi-vs-sl-andre-russell-nicholas-pooran-opt-out-of-sl-t20is-jewel-andrew-bolts-into-odi-squad-1453818 |title=Russell, Pooran opt out of SL T20Is; Andrew bolts into ODI squad |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=4 October 2024}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Charith Asalanka]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Asitha Fernando]]
* [[Avishka Fernando]]
* [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
* [[Janith Liyanage]]
* [[Nishan Madushka]]
* [[Dilshan Madushanka]]
* [[Kamindu Mendis]]
* [[Kusal Mendis]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Pathum Nissanka]]
* [[Sadeera Samarawickrama]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mohamed Shiraz]]
* [[Maheesh Theekshana]]
* [[Jeffrey Vandersay]]
* [[Dunith Wellalage]]
* [[Chamindu Wickramasinghe]]
|
* [[Charith Asalanka]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Dinesh Chandimal]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Asitha Fernando]]
* [[Avishka Fernando]]
* [[Binura Fernando]]
* [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
* [[Kusal Mendis]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Kamindu Mendis]]
* [[Pathum Nissanka]]
* [[Kusal Perera]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Matheesha Pathirana]]
* [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]]
* [[Maheesh Theekshana]]
* [[Nuwan Thushara]]
* [[Jeffrey Vandersay]]
* [[Dunith Wellalage]]
* [[Chamindu Wickramasinghe]]
|
* [[Shai Hope]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Alzarri Joseph]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Jewel Andrew]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Alick Athanaze]]
* [[Keacy Carty]]
* [[Roston Chase]]
* [[Matthew Forde]]
* [[Shamar Joseph]]
* [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]]
* [[Evin Lewis]]
* [[Gudakesh Motie]]
* [[Sherfane Rutherford]]
* [[Jayden Seales]]
* [[Romario Shepherd]]
* [[Hayden Walsh Jr.]]
|
* [[Rovman Powell]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Roston Chase]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Fabian Allen]]
* [[Alick Athanaze]]
* [[Andre Fletcher]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Terrance Hinds]]
* [[Shai Hope]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Alzarri Joseph]]
* [[Shamar Joseph]]
* [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]]
* [[Evin Lewis]]
* [[Gudakesh Motie]]
* [[Sherfane Rutherford]]
* [[Romario Shepherd]]
* [[Shamar Springer]]
|}
[[Andre Russell]], [[Nicholas Pooran]], [[Shimron Hetmyer]] and [[Akeal Hosein]] withdrew from the series citing personal reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/131873/pooran-russell-among-seniors-to-skip-sri-lanka-tour |title=Pooran, Russell among seniors to skip Sri Lanka tour |work=Cricbuzz |access-date=19 October 2024 |date=5 October 2024}}</ref> Seventeen-year-old [[Jewel Andrew]] was named in the ODI squad.<ref name=WI />

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 13 October 2024
| time = 19:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 179/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Charith Asalanka]] 59 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Romario Shepherd]] 2/39 (4 overs)
| score2 = 180/5 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]] 63 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Matheesha Pathirana]] 2/27 (3.1 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1451814.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Dambulla]]
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm = [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shamar Springer]] (WI) made his T20I debut.
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 October 2024
| time = 19:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 162/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Pathum Nissanka]] 54 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Romario Shepherd]] 2/23 (3 overs)
| score2 = 89 (16.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rovman Powell]] 20 (17)
| wickets2 = [[Dunith Wellalage]] 3/9 (4 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 73 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1451815.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Dambulla]]
| umpires = [[Lyndon Hannibal]] (SL) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm = [[Pathum Nissanka]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Dunith Wellalage]] (SL) made his T20I debut.
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 17 October 2024
| time = 19:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 162/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rovman Powell]] 37 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 2/19 (3 overs)
| score2 = 166/1 (18 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kusal Mendis]] 68[[not out|*]] (50)
| wickets2 = [[Gudakesh Motie]] 1/31 (4 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1451816.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Dambulla]]
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Prageeth Rambukwella]] (SL)
| motm = [[Kusal Mendis]] (SL)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==ODI series==
===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 20 October 2024
| time = 14:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 185/4 (38.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sherfane Rutherford]] 74[[not out|*]] (82)
| wickets1 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 2/18 (6 overs)
| score2 = 234/5 (31.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Charith Asalanka]] 77 (71)
| wickets2 = [[Gudakesh Motie]] 3/47 (8 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1451817.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kandy]]
| umpires = [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL) and [[Asif Yaqoob]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Charith Asalanka]] (SL)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Sri Lanka were set a revised target of 232 runs from 37 overs due to rain.
| notes = [[Nishan Madushka]] (SL) made his ODI debut.
* [[Charith Asalanka]] (SL) scored his 2,000th run in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailynews.lk/2024/10/21/sports/657876/asalanka-madushka-shine-in-sls-first-odi-win/ |title=Asalanka, Madushka shine in SL’s first ODI win |work=Daily News |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref>
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 23 October 2024
| time = 14:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 189 (36 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sherfane Rutherford]] 80 (82)
| wickets1 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 4/40 (8 overs)
| score2 = 190/5 (38.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Charith Asalanka]] 62[[not out|*]] (61)
| wickets2 = [[Alzarri Joseph]] 2/30 (6 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1451818.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kandy]]
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The match was reduced to 44 overs per side due to rain.
| notes = The partnership between [[Sherfane Rutherford]] and [[Gudakesh Motie]] (119) was the highest 9th-wicket partnership for West Indies in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricket.one/match-hub/record-alert-rutherford-motie-slam-119-run-partnership-for-9th-wicket-in-wis-rescue/67191a27b43e4df265bd58e2 |title=Record Alert! Rutherford, Motie Slam 119-Run Partnership For 9th Wicket In WI's Rescue |work=OneCricket |access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref>
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 26 October 2024
| time = 14:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 156/3 (23 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kusal Mendis]] 56[[not out|*]] (22)
| wickets1 = [[Roston Chase]] 1/20 (2 overs)
| score2 = 196/2 (22 overs)
| runs2 = [[Evin Lewis]] 102[[not out|*]] (61)
| wickets2 = [[Asitha Fernando]] 1/39 (5 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 8 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1451819.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kandy]]
| umpires = [[Prageeth Rambukwella]] (SL) and [[Asif Yaqoob]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Evin Lewis]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain interrupted play with Sri Lanka at 81/1 in 17.2 overs. The match was then reduced to 23 overs per side.
* West Indies were set a revised target of 195 runs from 23 overs.
| notes = [[Jewel Andrew]] (WI) made his ODI debut.
* [[Kusal Mendis]] (SL) scored his 4,000th run in ODIs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Balasuriya |first1=Madushka |title=Lewis' 61-ball century trumps Kusal's 19-ball fifty in 23-over shootout |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-in-sri-lanka-2024-25-1451810/sri-lanka-vs-west-indies-3rd-odi-1451819/match-report |access-date=27 October 2024 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=26 Oct 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

== Statistics ==

=== Most runs (T20I) ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Rank
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Runs
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Player
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Teams
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Innings
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Average
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |High Score
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Strike Rate
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |50
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |'''113'''
| style="background:gold;" |'''[[Kusal Mendis]]'''
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |{{flagicon|SL}}
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |'''3'''
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |'''56.50'''
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |'''68[[Not out|*]]'''
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |124.17
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |1
|-
| align="center" |2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |'''104'''
|[[Pathum Nissanka]]
| align="center" |{{flagicon|SL}}
| rowspan="4" align="center" |3
| align="center" |34.66
| align="center" |54
| align="center" |128.39
| align="center" |1
|-
| align="center" |3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |'''91'''
|[[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]]
| align="center" |{{flagicon|WIN}}
| align="center" |30.33
| align="center" |63
| align="center" |151.66
| align="center" |1
|-
| align="center" |4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |'''85'''
|[[Kusal Perera]]
| rowspan="2" align="center" |{{flagicon|SL}}
| align="center" |42.50
| align="center" |55'''[[Not out|*]]'''
| align="center" |'''154.54'''
| align="center" |1
|-
| align="center" |5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |'''70'''
|[[Kamindu Mendis]]
| align="center" |35.00
| align="center" |51
| align="center" |129.62
| align="center" |1
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="9" |Last Updated: 02 November 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Today's Cricket Match {{!}} Cricket Update {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/series/batting-most-runs-career/west-indies-in-sri-lanka-t20i-series-2024-25-16680 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Most wickets (T20I) ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Rank
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Wickets
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Player
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Teams
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Innings
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Best
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Average
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Economy
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |4W
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |1
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |'''5'''
| style="background:gold;" |'''[[Maheesh Theekshana]]'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |{{flagicon|SL}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |3
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |2/7
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |11.40
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |5.60
| align="center" | -
|-
|{{sortname|Wanindu|Hasaranga}}
| align="center" |2/24
| align="center" |18.80
| align="center" |8.54
| align="center" | -
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |2
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |'''4'''
|[[Matheesha Pathirana]]
| align="center" |{{flagicon|SL}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 3
| align="center" |2/27
| align="center" |13.50
| align="center" |7.53
| align="center" | -
|-
|[[Romario Shepherd]]
| align="center" |{{flagicon|WIN}}
| align="center" |2/23
| align="center" |21.50
| align="center" |8.60
| align="center" | -
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 3
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''3'''
|[[Charith Asalanka]]
| rowspan="2" align="center" |{{flagicon|SL}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |2
| align="center" |2/6
| align="center" |'''6.66'''
| align="center" |'''5.00'''
| align="center" | -
|-
| [[Dunith Wellalage]]
| align="center" |'''3/9'''
| align="center" |15.00
| align="center" |5.62
| align="center" | -
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="10" |Last Updated: 02 November 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Today's Cricket Match {{!}} Cricket Update {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/series/bowling-most-wickets-career/west-indies-in-sri-lanka-t20i-series-2024-25-16680 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Most runs (ODI) ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Rank
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Runs
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Player
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Teams
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Innings
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Average
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Strike Rate
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |High Score
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |100
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |50
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |'''204'''
| style="background:gold;" |'''[[Sherfane Rutherford]]'''
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |{{flagicon|WIN}}
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |3
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |204.00
| align="center" |107.36
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |80
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | -
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |'''3'''
|-
| align="center" |2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |'''145'''
|[[Charith Asalanka]]
| rowspan="2" align="center" |{{flagicon|SL}}
| align="center" |3
| align="center" |72.50
| align="center" |107.40
| align="center" |77
| rowspan="2" align="center" | -
| align="center" |2
|-
| align="center" |3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |'''107'''
|[[Nishan Madushka]]
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |53.50
| align="center" |109.18
| align="center" |69
| align="center" |1
|-
| align="center" |4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |'''103'''
|[[Evin Lewis]]
| align="center" |{{flagicon|WIN}}
| align="center" |1
| align="center" | '''-'''
| align="center" |167.21
| align="center" |'''102[[Not out|*]]'''
| align="center" |'''1'''
| align="center" | -
|-
| align="center" |5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |'''101'''
|[[Kusal Mendis]]
| align="center" |{{flagicon|SL}}
| align="center" |3
| align="center" |36.00
| align="center" |'''167.44'''
| align="center" |56[[Not out|*]]
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |1
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="9" |Last Updated: 02 November 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Today's Cricket Match {{!}} Cricket Update {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/series/batting-most-runs-career/west-indies-in-sri-lanka-odi-series-2024-25-16681 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|
|}

=== Most wickets (ODI) ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Rank
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Wickets
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Player
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Teams
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Innings
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Best
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Average
! scope="col" style="background:#9cf;" |Economy
!5W
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |'''6'''
| style="background:gold;" |'''{{sortname|Wanindu|Hasaranga}}'''
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |{{flagicon|SL}}
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |3
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |'''4/40'''
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |'''13.66'''
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" |5.12
| align="center" | -
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" |2
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |'''4'''
|[[Gudakesh Motie]]
| align="center" |{{flagicon|WIN}}
| rowspan="3" align="center" |3
| align="center" |3/47
| align="center" |21.50
| align="center" |3.90
| align="center" | -
|-
|[[Asitha Fernando]]
| align="center" |{{flagicon|SL}}
| align="center" |3/35
| align="center" |25.50
| align="center" |6.37
| align="center" | -
|-
|[[Alzarri Joseph]]
| align="center" |{{flagicon|WIN}}
| align="center" |2/30
| align="center" |27.50
| align="center" |6.47
| align="center" | -
|-
| align="center" |3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |'''3'''
|[[Maheesh Theekshana]]
| align="center" |{{flagicon|SL}}
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |3/25
| align="center" |21.33
| align="center" |'''4.57'''
| align="center" | -
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="10" |Last Updated: 02 November 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Today's Cricket Match {{!}} Cricket Update {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/series/bowling-most-wickets-career/west-indies-in-sri-lanka-odi-series-2024-25-16681 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-in-sri-lanka-2024-25-1451810 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket in 2024–25}}
{{International cricket tours of Sri Lanka}}

[[Category:West Indian cricket tours of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2024–25]]
[[Category:2024 in Sri Lankan cricket]]
[[Category:2024 in West Indian cricket]]

Pathardeva Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T09:49:43Z

OscarStell1647: New!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pathardeva
| map_image = 338-Pathardeva.svg
| mla = [[Surya Pratap Shahi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Deoria district|Deoria]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,38,872
| constituency_no = 338
}}
'''Pathardeva''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Pathardeva in the [[Deoria district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. Pathardeva is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Deoria Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 338 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Shakir Ali (politician)|Shakir Ali]]<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Surya Pratap Shahi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathardeva<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Surya Pratap Shahi
|votes = {{formatnum:93858}}
|percentage = 46.65
|change = {{decrease}}5.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Brahmashankar Tripathi
|votes = {{formatnum:65177}}
|percentage = 32.4
|change = {{increase}}2.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Parvej Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:33667}}
|percentage = 16.73
|change = {{increase}}4.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ambar Jahan
|votes = {{formatnum:1956}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:954}}
|percentage = 0.47
|change = {{decrease}}0.29
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28681}}
|percentage = 14.25
|change = {{decrease}}8.19
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:201183}}
|percentage = 59.37
|change = {{decrease}}0.94
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate '''Surya Pratap Shahi''' won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Shakir Ali''' by a margin of 42,997 votes.<ref name="election2017-1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/pathardeva.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Pathardev<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Surya Pratap Shahi
|votes = {{formatnum:99812}}
|percentage = 52.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shakir Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:56815}}
|percentage = 29.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Neeraj
|votes = {{formatnum:22790}}
|percentage = 11.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Harun Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:4139}}
|percentage = 2.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Zainul Abedin
|votes = {{formatnum:1820}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1450}}
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:42997}}
|percentage = 22.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:191614}}
|percentage = 60.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Deoria district]]
* [[Deoria Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.58|83.92|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Deoria district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

National Highway 21 (India, old numbering)

2025-07-29T01:49:36Z

OscarStell1647: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 205 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

National Highway 752G (India)

2025-02-27T17:14:09Z

OscarStell1647: further adjusted information after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 752G
| length_km = 404
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q56242223|title=National Highway 752G|zoom = 7 |frame-lat=20.75|frame-long=74.53 |text= Map of National Highway '''752G''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| direction_a = North
| direction_b = South
| terminus_a = Sendwa
| terminus_b = [[Shirdi]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 52
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 52 
| next_route = 160 
| states = [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 752G''', commonly referred to as '''NH 752G''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/173465.pdf|title=New national highways notifications dated Jan, 2017|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=19 Aug 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=19 Aug 2018}}</ref> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 52 (India)|National Highway 52]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=19 Aug 2018}}</ref> NH-752G traverses the states of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]] in India.

== Route ==
Sendwa, Khetia, Shahada, Prakasha, Nandurbar, Visarwadi, Sakri, Pimpalner, Satana, Deola, Chandvad, Manmad, Yeola, Kopargaon, [[Shirdi]].<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/174498.pdf|title=National highways substitution notification.|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=19 Aug 2018}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}

: {{jct|NH|52|country=IND}} Terminal near Sendwa.<ref name=":1" />
: {{jct|NH|160|country=IND}} Terminal near Shirdi.<ref name=":122" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/6853980 NH 752G on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH52 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:National highways in Madhya Pradesh]]

Ali Mili Gupchili

2024-12-30T02:33:48Z

OscarStell1647: creating new bio first draft

{{Short description|Marathi language child game show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ali Mili Gupchili.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| genre = Game show Talk show
| language = Marathi
| country = India
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 20
| writer =
| director =
| starring = [[Atul Parchure]] Snehalata Vasaikar
| company =
| producer =
| runtime = 45 minutes
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|01|17}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2020|03|21}}
}}

'''''Ali Mili Gupchili''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] TV game and talk show which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atul Parchure and Snehalata Vasaikar’s 'Alimili Gupchili' to premiere soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/atul-parchure-and-snehalata-vasaikars-alimili-gupchili-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/73169746.cms|access-date=2023-02-22|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The show was hosted by [[Atul Parchure]], Snehalata Vasaikar and Arnav Kalkundri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अतुल परचुरे म्हणतोय 'अळीमिळी गुपचिळी'|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/new-serial-on-zee-marathi-alimili-gupchili/504354|access-date=2022-02-22|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|language=mr}}</ref> It premiered from 17 January 2020 and stopped on 21 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=मुलांच्या मस्तीमुळे अनेकदा आईवडिलांची अळीमिळी गुपचिळी|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/swarajya-rakshak-sambhaji-soyarabai-fame-snehalata-vasaikar-shared-her-daughter-experience-in-alimili-gupchili/505263|access-date=2023-02-22|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Concept ==
The host interacts with celebrity guests about relationship with their children. Host plays different games with these children in this show.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Kids can take our wicket anytime", says 'Alimili Gupchili' show host Atul Parchure - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/kids-can-take-our-wicket-anytime-says-alimili-gupchili-show-host-atul-parchure/articleshow/73289805.cms|access-date=2023-02-22|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Guests ==
* Snehalata Vasaikar<ref>{{Cite web|title="My daughter winked at her father right after birth", reveals 'Alimili Guchili' TV show host Snehalata Vasaikar - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/my-daughter-winked-at-her-father-right-after-birth-reveals-alimili-guchili-tv-show-host-snehalata-vasaikar/articleshow/73322641.cms|access-date=2023-02-22|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Swapnil Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jeevlaga actor Swwapnil Joshi and his family to grace the show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/alimili-gupchili-jeevlaga-actor-swwapnil-joshi-and-his-family-to-grace-the-show/articleshow/74713551.cms|access-date=2023-02-22|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Adinath Kothare]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=महेश कोठारेंची नात प्राणी- पक्ष्यांचे आवाज काढते तेव्हा...|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/television-show-alimili-gupchili-veteran-marathi-actor-mahesh-kothares-grand-daughter-dance-and-acting-skills-watch-video/512067|access-date=2022-02-22|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Samidha Guru]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=अभिजीत गुरु आणि अद्वैत दादरकरच्या मुलींची धमाल, चिमुकल्या मीराने सादर केले 'बहोत हार्ड' रॅप|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/mazya-navryachi-bayko-famce-adwait-dadarkar-and-abhijit-guru-in-alimili-gupchili-126696066.html|access-date=2022-02-22|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/alimili-gupchili/0-6-2399 ''Ali Mili Gupchili''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]

Market goddesses

2024-10-31T23:32:49Z

OscarStell1647: Starting First Info From Scratch

{{Infobox deity
| type = Meitei
| name = Market goddesses
| deity_of = 
| member_of = [[Lairembi]]s
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names = Keithen Kabi Lairembising
| hiro =
| Old_Norse =
| script_name =
| script =
| affiliation = [[Sanamahism]]
| cult_center =
| abode = marketplaces
| planet = 
| weapon = 
| battles =
| artifacts = 
| animals =
| symbol = 
| adherents =
| height =
| age =
| tree =
| day =
| color = 
| number =
| consort = 
| parents =
| siblings =
| offspring = 
| predecessor =
| successor =
| army =
| mount =
| texts = Khamnung Engal Leishaba Puya
| gender = Female
| Greek_equivalent =
| Roman_equivalent =
| Etruscan_equivalent =
| Christian_equivalent =
| Slavic_equivalent =
| Canaanite_equivalent =
| equivalent1_type =
| equivalent1 =
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| equivalent2 =
| region = [[Manipur]]
| ethnic_group = [[Meitei people|Meitei]]
| festivals =
}}
{{Meitei mythology}}
{{Sanamahism}}
'''Market goddesses''' or merchant goddesses ({{langx|mni|Keithel Kabi Lairembising}}, {{langx|omp|Keithel Kapi Lailempising}}) are the goddesses known for keeping different market shops in [[Meitei mythology]] and religion [[Sanamahism]], the indigenous religion of [[Manipur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465686/page/n79/mode/2up|title=Khamnung Engal Leishaba Puya Ahumsuba Saruk Langbachakkee Nongdalai Faoba|last=Meitei|first=Manglem|date=1990|pages=79|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/15B7re.pdf|title=পোইরৈ মৈতৈ লৈপাক্কী কৈথেল - Hueiyen Lanpao|website=hueiyenlanpao.com|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/B7-13.pdf|title=Puwarida Eikhoigi Keithel Machat, Maong-Matou Amadi Chiraba Tanphamda Keithel Nupisingna Loukhiba Thoudang|website=hueiyenlanpao.com|language=mni}}</ref> Different sources have different answers to how many shopkeeping goddesses there are. They are Cheng Leima, Chinga Leima, Heipok Leima, Hei Leima, Laa Leima, Phu Leima, Pishum Leima, Thangching Leima, Waisheng Leima, Waithou Leima and Waal Leima.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhUHEAAAQBAJ&dq=lai+keithel+kaba&pg=PA487|title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last1=Meitei|first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|last3=Arunkumar|first3=M. C.|date=2020-11-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-29629-7|pages=487|language=en}}</ref>

== List ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Selling items
|-
|Cheng Leima ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯦꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ}}||Goddess of rice}})
|[[rice]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|Chinga Leima ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯡꯉꯥ ꯂꯩꯃ}}||Lady of Chinga}})
|[[cereal]]s, [[Legume|legumes]], [[vegetable]]s<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|Chinga Leima ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯄꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ}}||Lady of Heipok}})
|iron tools, [[daggers]], [[Knife|knives]], [[scissors]], [[Ladle (spoon)|ladles]], [[tongs]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|Hei Leima ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩ ꯂꯩꯃ}}||Goddess of fruit}})
|fruits and sweets <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|Laa Leima ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥ ꯂꯩꯃ}}||Goddess of banana leaves}})
|[[banana leaves]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|Phu Leima ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯐꯨ ꯂꯩꯃ}}||Goddess of pots}})
|pots and plates <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|Pishum Leima ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯤꯁꯨꯝ ꯂꯩꯃ}}||Lady of Pishum}})
|clothes for deities, belts, upper body clothing, gold and silver jewellery<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|Thangching Leima ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯡꯆꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ}}||Lady of Thangching}})
|[[taro]], [[herbs]], [[chili peppers]], [[chives]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|Waisheng Leima ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯋꯥꯢꯁꯦꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ}}||Waisheng Lady}})
|salt cakes<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|Waithou Leima ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯋꯥꯢꯊꯧ ꯂꯩꯃ}}||Lady of Waithou}})
|edible oils <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|Waal Leima ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯋꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯃ}}}})
|Lady associated with cooking, eating and kitchens<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|}

== See also ==
* [[Emoinu]], Goddess of wealth and prosperity
* [[Phouleima]], Goddess of agriculture, paddy and rice

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465841|title=Khamnung Engal Leishaba Amasung Langdai Puya Kaibiron Kumbabataretsuba|last=Meitei|first=manglem|date=2005}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465919|title=Khamnung Engal Leishaba Sana Puya Langbachak Taruksuba Saruk|last=Meitei|first=manglem|date=2005}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466029|title=Khamnung Engal Leishaba Manga Suba|last=Meitei|first=Manglem|date=2003}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465930|title=Khamnung Engal Leishaba Hayam Hayichak|last=Meitei|first=manglem|date=1988}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465225|title=Khamnung Ingal Leishaba Part. 5|last=Meitei|first=Manglem|date=2003}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465216|title=Khamnung Eengan|last=Akoijamba Piba|date=1986}}
{{Sanamahi1}}

[[Category:Meitei goddesses]]

Hansraj

2023-06-13T20:10:00Z

OscarStell1647: creating new info from scratch

{{wikt|sa:हंसराज}}
'''Hanshraj ''' or '''Hans Raj''' may refer to:

==People==
*[[Hansraj Bhardwaj]] (born 1937), Indian politician
*[[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir]] (born 1954), member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India
*[[Hansraj Gupta]] (1902–1988), Indian mathematician specialising in number theory
*[[Hans Raj Hans]] (born 1964), Indian singer
*[[Hans Raj Khanna]] (1912–2008), judge at the Supreme Court of India (1971–1977)
*[[Jugal Hansraj]] (born 1972), Indian actor and director presently based at Mumbai
*[[Lala Hansraj Gupta]], educationist, social worker and philanthropist, Padma Vibhushan recipient
*[[Mahatma Hansraj]] (1864–1938), follower of Swami Dayanand, who founded Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System in India in 1886

==Institutions==
*[[Hans Raj College]], Delhi
*[[Hans Raj Model School]], New Delhi
*[[Hansraj Morarji Public School]], combined primary, junior and senior school in Mumbai, India
*[[Kulachi Hansraj Model School]], Dayanand Anglo Vedic school established in 1972 by the late Shri Darbari Lal

{{disambiguation|given name|surname}}
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Eklavya Model Residential School, Vankuva

2023-05-24T21:11:10Z

OscarStell1647: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Eklavya Model Residential School]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Somavadi

2023-04-02T06:38:24Z

OscarStell1647: stub

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Somavadi
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.8293148|N|73.4161865|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra, India|Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mawal taluka|Mawal]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| area_total_ha = 317
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 200
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 105 / 95 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 02114
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#MH.E2.80.94Maharashtra|MH]]-14
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati Raj]]
| website = {{URL|pune.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Somavadi''' is a village in India, situated in the [[Mawal taluka]] of [[Pune district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]]. It encompasses an area of {{cvt|317|ha|acre|0}}.<ref name="census2011"/>

==Administration==
The village is administrated by a [[sarpanch]], an elected representative who leads a [[gram panchayat]]. At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], the gram panchayat governed five villages and was based at [[Shirdhe]].<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411165725/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2725_PART_A_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |archivedate=2019-04-11 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2725_PART_A_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |page=1201 |title=Census of India 2011: Maharashtra: District Census Handbook Part A: Pune |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2019-05-23}}</ref>

==Demographics==
At the 2011 census, the village comprised 37 households. The population of 200 was split between 105 males and 95 females.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311054952/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2725_PART_B_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-11 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2725_PART_B_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |page=408 |title=Census of India 2011: Maharashtra: District Census Handbook Part B: Pune |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2019-05-19}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of villages in Mawal taluka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Talukas in Pune district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mawal taluka]]

{{Pune-geo-stub}}