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Barrackpur Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T04:00:28Z

OrvilleBurgos99:

{{other uses|Barrackpore (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Barrackpur
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Barrackpore.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Barrackpur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| incumbent_image =
| mla = Koustav Bagchi
| party ={{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Barrackpur Lok Sabha constituency|Barrackpur]]
| constituency_no = 108
| established = 2011
| electors = 168,641
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Barrackpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 108 Barrackpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Barrackpore]] municipality and [[Titagarh]] municipality.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 15 October 2010 |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Barrackpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 15 [[Barrackpur Lok Sabha constituency|Barrackpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election!!Member!!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Silbhadra Dutta|Shilbhadra Dutta]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}<ref name="vidhansabha2011">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||[[Raj Chakraborty]]
|}

Note: For MLAs from the area in previous years see [[Titagarh Assembly constituency]].

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Barrackpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Koustav Bagchi|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Raj Chakraborty]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}[[Raj Chakraborty]] is facing controversy over the character name "Khudiram Chaki" in his film [[Hok Kolorob]] (in early 2026), with critics claiming it insults revolutionary martyrs [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]].
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Suman Ranjan Bandyopadhyay|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohammad Sorifuddin|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Barrackpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Raj Chakraborty]]
|votes = 68,887
|percentage = 46.47
|change = {{increase}}6.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Chandramani Shukla
|votes = 59,665
|percentage = 40.25
|change = {{increase}}20.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Debasish Bhowmick
|votes = 16,145
|percentage = 10.89
|change = {{decrease}}24.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,930
|percentage = 1.3
|change = {{decrease}}0.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Tapas Sarkar
|votes = 970
|percentage = 0.65
|change = {{decrease}}0.31
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 9,222
|percentage = 6.29
|change = {{increase}}1.22
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,48,492
|percentage = 68.95
|change = {{decrease}}2.83
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
|loser =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Barrackpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Silbhadra Dutta|Shilbhadra Dutta]]
|votes = 58,109
|percentage = 40.23
|change = {{decrease}}19.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Debasish Bhowmick|votes=50,790|percentage=35.16|change={{increase}}2.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Amitava Roy|votes=29,227|percentage=20.23|change={{increase}}16.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,733|percentage=1.83|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Tapas Sarkar|votes=1,384|percentage=0.96|change={{decrease}}0.43}}
{{Election box majority|votes=7,319|percentage=5.07|change={{decrease}}22.2}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,44,450|percentage=71.78|change={{decrease}}6.08}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
|loser =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Silbhadra Dutta of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Madhusudan Samanta of CPI(M).<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=108| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327192117/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=108| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Barrackpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Barrackpur]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Shilbhadra Dutta]]
|votes = 79,515
|percentage = 60.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Madhusudan Samanta|votes=43,392|percentage=32.75|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Shambhu Nath Gupta|votes=5,040|percentage=3.80|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Tapas Sarkar|votes=1,843|percentage=1.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Umasankar Biswakarma
|votes = 1,434
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|votes=36,123|percentage=27.27|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,32,558|percentage=77.86|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Barrackpore]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2011]]

April 19 (film)

2026-05-07T20:12:52Z

OrvilleBurgos99: Starting New Article

{{AfDM|page=April 19 (film) (2nd nomination)|year=2026|month=April|day=16|substed=yes|origtag=afdx}}

{{About|the 1996 Malayalam film|the 1994 Bengali film|Unishe April}}
{{Short description|1996 Indian Malayalam-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = April 19
| image = April_19_(1996_film)_poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Balachandra Menon]]
| writer = Balachandra Menon
| producer = Mohan Vettathu
| starring = Balachandra Menon [[Kausalya (actress)|Nandini]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Shanthi Krishna]]
| music = [[Raveendran]]
| cinematography = Anandakkuttan
| editing = G. Murali
| studio = GVJ Films
| released = {{Film date|1996|04|19|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''April 19''''' is a 1996 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language drama film written and directed by [[Balachandra Menon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=April 19 (1996) |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2938 |website=MalayalaChalachithram.com}}</ref> The film stars Balachandra Menon and [[Kausalya (actress)|Nandini]] in lead roles, with supporting performances by Jagathy Sreekumar and Shanthi Krishna. The music was composed by [[Raveendran]].

== Plot ==
Jayaprakash, a man from a modest background, begins his career as a taxi driver and gradually rises through determination and hard work to build a successful business empire in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |title=April 19 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/april_19 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> During this journey, he rescues a woman from a dangerous situation and later marries her. However, as his professional commitments grow, he finds himself increasingly unable to devote time to his personal life, leading to strain in his relationship. The film explores themes of ambition, success, and the impact of career-driven choices on personal relationships.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Balachandra Menon]] as Jayaprakash (JP)<ref name="MO2"/>
* [[Kausalya (actress)|Nandini]] as Nandini
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Chacko<ref name="MO">{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/balachandramenon-visits-jagathy-sreekumar.html|title=‘അളിയാ നീ വിഷമിക്കണ്ട, എല്ലാം ശരിയാകും ഞാൻ ശരിയാക്കും’|language=ml|author=സ്വന്തം ലേഖകൻ|date=18 October 2016|work=[[Manorama Online]]|access-date=4 May 2026}}</ref>
* [[Shanthi Krishna]] as Zeenath Jabbar
* [[Ratheesh]] as Jabbar
* [[Keerthi Gopinath]] as Mini Nair
* [[Indrans]] as Chandran Pillai
* [[M. S. Thripunithura]] as Pathmanabhan
* [[Bindu Panicker]] as Bhavaniyamma
* Rajkumar<ref name="MO"/>
}}

== Production ==
The film marked the acting debut of [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]], who was credited as Nandini, in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quick five: Back in the limelight|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/quick-five-back-in-the-limelight/article6856091.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719141135/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/quick-five-back-in-the-limelight/article6856091.ece|archive-date=19 July 2022|date=5 February 2015|access-date=4 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/actress-nandini-aka-kausalya-open-ups-about-her-personal-life-and-relationship-breakup/articleshow/103454748.cms?story=1|title='ആ ക്രിക്കറ്റർക്ക് അത് ബുദ്ധിമുട്ടായി'! റിലേഷൻഷിപ് ബ്രേക്കപ്പ് ആയി, ശരീരഭാരം കൂടി, ഞാൻ കല്യാണത്തിന് പറ്റിയ ആളല്ല; നന്ദിനി പറയുന്നു!|trans-title='That cricketer had a hard time'! Relationship broke up, weight gained, I'm not the right person for marriage; says Nandini!|author=മാളു. എൽ |date=7 September 2023|work=[[The Times of India|The Times of India Samayam]]|language=ml|access-date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film was composed by [[Raveendran]], with lyrics by [[S. Ramesan Nair]].<ref>{{cite web |title=April 19 songs |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2114 |website=Malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No.
! Song
! Singer(s)
! Music
! Lyrics
|-
| 1
| "Sharapoli Mala Charthi"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
| [[Raveendran]]
| [[S. Ramesan Nair]]
|-
| 2
| "Arivinumarulinum"
| Raveendran, Roshni Mohan
| Raveendran
| S. Ramesan Nair
|-
| 3
| "Devike Nin Meyyil"
| K. J. Yesudas
| Raveendran
| S. Ramesan Nair
|-
| 4
| "Mazha Peythal"
| K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki
| Raveendran
| S. Ramesan Nair
|-
| 5
| "Mazha Peythal"
| K. J. Yesudas
| Raveendran
| S. Ramesan Nair
|}

== Marketing ==
The characters used in the film's video cover are from different films but use the same actors: the image of [[Balachandra Menon]] is from ''[[Sathyameva Jayathe]]'' and that of [[Kausalya (actress)|Nandini]] is from ''[[Karumadikkuttan (film)|Karumadikkuttan]]''. Menon felt that such practices are disrespectful both to the film itself and the audience that sees itself.<ref name="MO2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/balachandramenon-april-18.html#|title=മണിയൻപിള്ളരാജുവിനെ അറിയാം മണിയൻപിള്ളയെ അറിയുമോ: ബാലചന്ദ്രമേനോൻ|date=19 April 2016|work=[[Manorama Online]]|language=ml|access-date=4 May 2026|author=സ്വന്തം ലേഖകൻ}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In 2007, the screenplays of [[Balachandra Menon|Balachandra Menon's]] films [[April 18 (film)|''April 18'']] and ''April 19'' were published together in a book titled ''Randu Thirakkathakal'', released by Malayalam poet and lyricist [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Randu Thirakkathakal April Pathinettu April 19 |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/randu-thirakkathakal-april-pathenettu-april-19/20944/ |website=Kerala Book Store}}</ref> The publication is listed among Menon's literary works in a feature on Malayala Manorama.<ref>{{cite web |title=Balachandra Menon books |url=https://specials.manoramaonline.com/Literature/2014/Balachandra-Menon/books.htm |website=Malayala Manorama}}</ref>

Menon has described the two films as thematically contrasting works, with ''April 18'' focusing on youthful aspirations and forward-looking expectations, and ''April 19'' presenting a more reflective narrative centred on the consequences of life choices. In his book, ''Ithiri Neram Othiri Karyam'' he documents about working with three generations of [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]'s family in his book ''Ithiri Neram Othiri Karyam'' as he had worked with his father [[Jagathy N. K. Achary]] in ''[[Najangalude Kochu Doctor]]''. In this film, he had worked both with Jagathy and his son Rajkumar.<ref name="MO"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0355208}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/april_19}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 drama films]]
[[Category:1990s Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balachandra Menon]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raveendran]]

Mahabharata

2026-05-05T06:27:35Z

OrvilleBurgos99: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Ancient smṛti text and Sanskrit epic}}
{{About|the Sanskrit epic}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox religious text
| name = Mahabharata
| image = Kurukshetra.jpg
| alt = Mahabharata
| caption = Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra
|author = [[Vyasa]]| period = circa 8th century BCE – 3rd century BCE 
Principally compiled in 3rd century BCE – 4th century CE
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
| verses = 100,000
| native_wikisource = महाभारतम्
| orig_lang_code = sa
| wikisource = Mahabharata
|chapters=18 Parvas}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}
{{Hindu mythology}}
{{Culture of India}}
[[File:Krishna and Arjun on the chariot, Mahabharata, 18th-19th century, India.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|[[Krishna]] and [[Arjuna]] at [[Kurukshetra]], 18th–19th-century painting]]
The '''''Mahābhārata''''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˌ|h|ɑː|ˈ|b|ɑːr|ə|t|ə|,_|ˌ|m|ɑː|h|ə|-}} {{respell|mə|HAH|BAR|ə|tə|,_|MAH|hə|-}};<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary|publisher=Chambers|year=2003|isbn=0-550-10105-5|edition=9th|chapter=Mahabharata}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Collins English Dictionary| publisher= HarperCollins|year=2018|isbn=978-0-008-28437-4|edition= 13th| chapter= Mahabharata}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120903041128/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Mahabharata "Mahabharata"]. ''[[Oxford Dictionaries Online]]''.</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Mahabharata "Mahabharata"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130209/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Mahabharata |date=4 March 2016 }}. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{langx|sa|महाभारतम्}}, {{IAST3|Mahābhāratam}}, {{IPA|sa|mɐɦaːˈbʱaːrɐt̪ɐm|pron}}, 'Great [[Bharatas (Vedic tribe)|Bharata]]') is one of the two major [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] [[Indian epic poetry|epics]] of [[ancient India]] revered in [[Hinduism]], the other being the ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref name=encindlit>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1755 | title = The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj to Jyoti) | isbn = 978-81-260-1194-0 | last1 = Datta | first1 = Amaresh | date = 1 January 2006| publisher = Sahitya Akademi }}</ref> Both are [[smriti]] texts, and together they are known as the ''[[Itihasa]]s''.

The ''Mahabharatha'' narrates the events and aftermath of the [[Kurukshetra War]], a [[war of succession]] between two groups of princely cousins, the [[Kaurava]]s and the [[Pandava|Pāṇḍava]]s. It contains [[Hindu philosophy|philosophical]] and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four "goals of life" or ''[[puruṣārtha]]'' (12.161). Among the principal works and stories in the ''Mahābhārata'' are the [[Bhagavad Gita]], the story of [[Damayanti]], [[Shakuntala]], [[Pururava]] and [[Urvashi]], [[Savitri and Satyavan]], [[Kacha (sage)|Kacha]] and [[Devayani]], [[Rishyasringa]] and an abbreviated version of the [[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]].

Traditionally, the authorship of the ''Mahābhārata'' is attributed to [[Vyasa|Vyāsa]]. There have been many attempts to unravel its historical growth and compositional layers. The bulk of the ''Mahābhārata'' was probably compiled between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE, with the oldest preserved parts not much older than around 400 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Christopher R. |title=Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Son of the Avatara |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-005411-3 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |language=en |access-date=11 January 2020 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124231/https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BrockingtonA">Brockington (1998, p. 26)</ref> The text probably reached its final form by the early [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]] ({{Circa|4th century CE}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/905466/how-did-the-ramayana-and-mahabharata-come-to-be-and-what-has-dharma-got-to-do-with-it|title=How did the 'Ramayana' and 'Mahabharata' come to be (and what has 'dharma' got to do with it)?|first=Devdutt|last=Pattanaik|website=Scroll.in|date=13 December 2018|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814160417/https://scroll.in/article/905466/how-did-the-ramayana-and-mahabharata-come-to-be-and-what-has-dharma-got-to-do-with-it/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Van Buitenen; ''The Mahabharata'' – 1; The Book of the Beginning. Introduction (Authorship and Date)</ref>

The title is translated as "Great [[Names of India|Bharat]] (India)", or "the story of the great descendants of [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]]", or as "''The Great Indian Tale''".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Stuart |first1=Tristram |author-link=Tristram Stuart |last2=Albinia |first2=Alice |author2-link=Alice Albinia |date=16 August 2007 |title=India's epic struggle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/16/fiction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806170749/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/16/fiction |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2021 |title=Mahabharata |url=https://vedicwisdomandphilosophy.wordpress.com/mahabharata/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806170749/https://vedicwisdomandphilosophy.wordpress.com/mahabharata/ |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref> The ''Mahābhārata'' is the longest epic poem known and has been described as "the longest poem ever written".<ref name="Lochtefeld2002">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA399|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=399|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124232/https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA399|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SharmaGaur2000">{{cite book|author1=T. R. S. Sharma|author2=June Gaur|author3=Sahitya Akademi (New Delhi, Inde).|title=Ancient Indian Literature: An Anthology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRp1PKX0BXoC&pg=PA137|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0794-3|page=137|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124232/https://books.google.com/books?id=IRp1PKX0BXoC&pg=PA137|url-status=live}}</ref> Its longest version consists of over 100,000 [[shloka|shlokas]] (verses) or over 200,000 individual lines (each [[shloka]] is a couplet), and long prose passages. At about 1.8 million words in total, the ''Mahābhārata'' is roughly ten times the length of the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]'' combined, or about four times the length of the ''[[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]]''.<ref>[[Howard Spodek|Spodek, Howard]]. Richard Mason. The World's History. Pearson Education: 2006, New Jersey. 224, 0-13-177318-6</ref><ref>Amartya Sen, ''The Argumentative Indian. Writings on Indian Culture, History and Identity'', London: Penguin Books, 2005.</ref> Within the Indian tradition it is sometimes called the [[fifth Veda]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Fitzgerald | first = James | title = India's Fifth Veda: The Mahabharata's Presentation of Itself | journal = Journal of South Asian Literature | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages =125–140 | year = 1985 }}</ref>

== Textual history and structure ==
[[File:Ganesa writing the Mahabharat.jpeg|thumb|Vyasa narrating the ''Mahābhārata'' to [[Ganesha]] from a 17th century Mewar manuscript.]]

The epic is traditionally ascribed to the sage [[Vyasa]], who is also a major figure in the epic.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002" /> Vyasa described it as being an ''[[itihasa]]'' ({{Translation|history}}). He also describes the [[Guru–shishya tradition]], which traces all great teachers and their students of the Vedic times.

The first section of the ''Mahābhārata'' states that it was [[Ganesha]] who wrote down the text to Vyasa's dictation, but this is regarded by scholars as a later interpolation to the epic and the "Critical Edition" does not include Ganesha.<ref>''Mahābhārata'', Vol. 1, Part 2. Critical edition, p. 884.</ref>

The epic employs the [[story within a story]] structure, otherwise known as [[Frame story|frametales]], popular in many Indian religious and non-religious works. It is first recited at ''[[Taxila|Takshashila]]'' by the sage [[Vaisampayana]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Richard H.|title=The "Bhagavad Gita": A Biography|date=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=38|isbn=978-1-4008-5197-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ3rAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Krishnan|first1=Bal|title=Kurukshetra: Political and Cultural History|date=1978|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|page=50|isbn=9788170180333|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_pUBAAAAMAAJ&q=Vaishampayana+related|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124233/https://books.google.com/books?id=_pUBAAAAMAAJ&q=Vaishampayana+related|url-status=live}}</ref> a disciple of Vyasa, to the King [[Janamejaya II|Janamejaya]] who was the great-grandson of the [[Pandava]] prince [[Arjuna]]. Many years later, the story is recited again by a professional storyteller named [[Ugrashravas|Ugrashrava Sauti]] to an assemblage of sages conducting a twelve-year sacrifice for King Saunaka Kulapati in the [[Naimiṣāraṇya (forest)|Naimisha Forest]].
[[File:Sauti recites the slokas of the Mahabharata.jpg|thumb|Sauti recites the slokas of the ''Mahabharata''.]]
The text was described by some early 20th-century [[Indology|Indologists]] as unstructured and chaotic. [[Hermann Oldenberg]] supposed that the original poem must once have carried an immense "tragic force" but dismissed the full text as a "horrible chaos."<ref>{{cite book|first=Hermann|last=Oldenberg|title=Das Mahabharata: seine Entstehung, sein Inhalt, seine Form|location=Göttingen|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=1922|lccn=24000855|oclc=4878979|lang=de}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> [[Moritz Winternitz]] (''Geschichte der indischen Literatur'' 1909) considered that "only unpoetical theologists and clumsy scribes" could have lumped the parts of disparate origin into an unordered whole.<ref>[http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm "The Mahabharata"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106205614/http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm |date=6 November 2006 }} at ''The Sampradaya Sun''</ref>

=== Accretion and [[Redaction (editorial synthesis)|redaction]] ===
Research on the ''Mahābhārata'' has put an enormous effort into recognizing and dating layers within the text. Some elements of the present ''Mahabharata'' can be traced back to Vedic times.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPOVdzZ2UIC&dq=a+history+of+indian+literature+mahabharata+date&pg=PA452 ''A History of Indian Literature''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406115439/https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPOVdzZ2UIC&dq=a+history+of+indian+literature+mahabharata+date&pg=PA452 |date=6 April 2023 }}, Volume 1 by Maurice Winternitz</ref> The background to the ''Mahābhārata'' suggests the origin of the epic occurs "after the very early [[Vedic period]]" and before "[[Maurya Empire|the first Indian 'empire']] was to rise in the third century B.C." That this is "a date not too far removed from the 8th or 9th century B.C."<ref name="BrockingtonA" /><ref name=vanB73>Buitenen (1973) pp. xxiv–xxv</ref> is likely. The ''Mahabharata'' started as an orally-transmitted tale of the charioteer [[bard]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/806662/the-mahabharata-how-an-oral-narrative-of-the-bards-became-the-didactic-text-of-the-brahmins|title=The Mahabharata: How an oral narrative of the bards became a text of the Brahmins|first=Ruchika|last=Sharma|website=Scroll.in|date=16 January 2017|access-date=16 January 2017|archive-date=17 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117134753/http://scroll.in/article/806662/the-mahabharata-how-an-oral-narrative-of-the-bards-became-the-didactic-text-of-the-brahmins|url-status=live}}</ref> It is generally agreed that "Unlike the [[Vedas]], which have to be preserved letter-perfect, the epic was a popular work whose reciters would inevitably conform to changes in language and style,"<ref name="vanB73" /> so the earliest 'surviving' components of this dynamic text are believed to be no older than the earliest 'external' references we have to the epic, which include a reference in [[Pāṇini|Panini]]'s 4th century BCE grammar [[Aṣṭādhyāyī|''Ashtadhyayi'']] 4:2:56.<ref name="BrockingtonA" /><ref name="vanB73" /> Vishnu Sukthankar, editor of the first great critical edition of the ''Mahābhārata'', commented: "It is useless to think of reconstructing a fluid text in an original shape, based on an archetype and a ''[[stemma codicum]]''. What then is possible? Our objective can only be to reconstruct ''the oldest form of the text which it is possible to reach'' based on the manuscript material available."<ref>Sukthankar (1933) "Prolegomena" p. lxxxvi. Emphasis is original.</ref> That manuscript evidence is somewhat late, given its material composition and the climate of India, but it is very extensive.

The ''Mahābhārata'' itself (1.1.61) distinguishes a core portion of 24,000 verses: the ''Bhārata'' proper, as opposed to additional secondary material, while the ''[[Grhya Sutras|Ashvalayana Grihyasutra]]'' (3.4.4) makes a similar distinction. At least three redactions of the text are commonly recognized: ''Jaya'' (Victory) with 8,800 verses attributed to Vyasa, the ''Bharata'' with 24,000 verses as recited by [[Vaisampayana]], and finally the ''Mahābhārata'' as recited by [[Ugrasrava Sauti|Ugrashrava Sauti]] with over 100,000 verses.<ref>Gupta & Ramachandran (1976), citing ''Mahabharata'', Critical Edition, I, 56, 33</ref><ref>SP Gupta and KS Ramachandran (1976), p.3-4, citing Vaidya (1967), p.11</ref> However, some scholars, such as John Brockington, argue that ''Jaya'' and ''Bharata'' refer to the same text, and ascribe the theory of ''Jaya'' with 8,800 verses to a misreading of a verse in the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' (1.1.81).<ref>{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA21|title= The Sanskrit epics, Part 2|volume= 12|first= J. L.|last= Brockington|page= 21|publisher= BRILL|year= 1998|isbn= 978-90-04-10260-6|access-date= 30 May 2020|archive-date= 7 September 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124733/https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA21|url-status= live}}</ref> The [[Redaction (editorial synthesis)|redaction]] of this large body of text was carried out after formal principles, emphasizing the numbers 18<ref>18 books, 18 chapters of the ''Bhagavadgita'' and the Narayaniya each, corresponding to the 18 days of the battle and the 18 armies (Mbh. 5.152.23)</ref> and 12. The addition of the latest parts may be dated by the absence of the ''[[Anushasana Parva]]'' and the ''[[Virata Parva]]'' from the "[[The Spitzer manuscript|Spitzer manuscript]]".<ref>The Spitzer Manuscript (Beitrage zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens), Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2004. It is one of the oldest Sanskrit manuscripts found on the [[Silk Road]] and part of the estate of Dr. Moritz Spitzer.</ref> The oldest surviving [[Sanskrit]] text dates to the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan Period]] (200 CE).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schlingloff|first=Dieter|year=1969|title=The Oldest Extant Parvan-List of the Mahābhārata|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=89|issue=2|pages=334–338|doi=10.2307/596517|jstor=596517}}</ref>

According to what one figure says at Mbh. 1.1.50, there were three versions of the epic, beginning with ''Manu'' (1.1.27), ''Astika'' (1.3, sub-Parva 5), or ''Vasu'' (1.57), respectively. These versions would correspond to the addition of one and then another 'frame' settings of dialogues. The ''Vasu'' version would omit the frame settings and begin with the account of the birth of Vyasa. The ''astika'' version would add the ''sarpasattra'' and ''ashvamedha'' material from Brahmanical literature, introduce the name ''Mahābhārata'', and identify Vyasa as the work's author. The redactors of these additions were probably [[Pañcaratra|Pancharatrin]] scholars who according to Oberlies (1998) likely retained control over the text until its final redaction. Mention of the [[Huna (people)|Huna]] in the ''[[Bhishma Parva]]'' however appears to imply that this Parva may have been edited around the 4th century.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-21|title=Vyasa, can you hear us now?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/vyasa-can-you-hear-us-now/|access-date=2020-06-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607164708/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/vyasa-can-you-hear-us-now/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Snakesacrifice.jpg|thumb|The snake sacrifice of Janamejaya]]
The ''Adi Parva'' includes the snake sacrifice (''sarpasattra'') of [[Janamejaya II|Janamejaya]], explaining its motivation, detailing why all snakes in existence were intended to be destroyed, and why despite this, there are still snakes in existence. This ''sarpasattra'' material was often considered an independent tale added to a version of the ''Mahābhārata'' by "thematic attraction" (Minkowski 1991), and considered to have a particularly close connection to [[Vedic Sanskrit|Vedic]] ([[Brahmana]]) literature. The ''[[Panchavimsha Brahmana]]'' (at 25.15.3) enumerates the officiant priests of a ''sarpasattra'' among whom the names [[Dhritarashtra]] and Janamejaya, two main figures of the ''Mahābhārata'''s ''sarpasattra'', as well as [[Takshaka]], a snake in the ''Mahābhārata'', occur.<ref>J.A.B. van Buitenen, ''Mahābhārata, Volume 1'', p.445, citing W. Caland, ''The Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa'', p.640-2</ref>

The ''[[Suparṇākhyāna|Suparnakhyana]]'', a late Vedic period poem considered to be among the "earliest traces of epic poetry in India," is an older, shorter precursor to the expanded legend of [[Garuda]] that is included in the ''Astika Parva'', within the ''Adi Parva'' of the ''Mahābhārata''.<ref name="Winternitz1996">{{cite book|author=Moriz Winternitz|title=A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA292|year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0264-3|pages=291–292|access-date=22 November 2018|archive-date=6 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210944/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA292|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Vogel1995">{{cite book|author=Jean Philippe Vogel|title=Indian Serpent-lore: Or, The Nāgas in Hindu Legend and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC&pg=PA53|year=1995|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1071-2|pages=53–54|access-date=22 November 2018|archive-date=6 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210945/https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC&pg=PA53|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Historical references ===
{{See also|Bhagavad Gita#Date and text}}
The earliest known references to ''bhārata'' and the [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] ''mahābhārata'' date to the [[Aṣṭādhyāyī|''Ashtadhyayi'']] ([[sutra]] 6.2.38)<ref>''mahān vrīhyaparāhṇagṛṣṭīṣvāsajābālabhārabhāratahailihilarauravapravṛddheṣu'', [http://sanskritdictionary.com/panini/6-2-38 'Pāṇini Research Tool', Sanskrit Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930033631/http://sanskritdictionary.com/panini/6-2-38 |date=30 September 2021 }}</ref> of [[Pāṇini|Panini]] (''fl.'' 4th century BCE) and the ''[[Grhya Sutras|Ashvalayana Grihyasutra]]'' (3.4.4). This may mean that the core 24,000 verses, known as the ''Bhārata'', as well as an early version of the extended ''Mahābhārata'', were composed by the 4th century BCE. However, it is uncertain whether Panini referred to the epic, as ''bhārata'' was also used to describe other things. [[Albrecht Weber]] mentions the [[Rigveda|Rigvedic]] tribe of the [[Bharatas (tribe)|Bharatas]], where a great person might have been designated as ''Mahā-Bhārata.'' However, as Panini also mentions figures that play a role in the ''Mahābhārata'', some parts of the epic may have already been known in his day. Another aspect is that Panini determined the [[Pitch-accent language|accent]] of ''mahā-bhārata''. However, the ''Mahābhārata'' was not recited in [[Vedic accent]].<ref>[[Johannes Bronkhorst|Bronkhorst, J.]] (2016): ''How the Brahmins Won. From Alexander to the Guptas'', Brill, p. 78-80, 97</ref>

The Greek writer [[Dio Chrysostom]] ({{Circa|40|120 CE}}) reported that [[Homer]]'s poetry was being sung even in India.<ref>Dio Chrysostom, 53.[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dio_Chrysostom/Discourses/53*.html#6 6]-7, trans. H. Lamar Crosby, [[Loeb Classical Library]], 1946, vol. 4, p. 363.</ref> Many scholars have taken this as evidence for the existence of a ''Māhabhārata'' at this date, whose episodes Dio or his sources identify with the story of the ''Iliad''.<ref>[[Christian Lassen]], in his ''Indische Alterthumskunde'', supposed that the reference is ultimate to Dhritarashtra's sorrows, the laments of Gandhari and Draupadi, and the valor of Arjuna and Suyodhana or Karna (cited approvingly in [[Maximilian Wolfgang Duncker|Max Duncker]], ''The History of Antiquity'' (trans. [[Evelyn Abbott]], London 1880), vol. 4, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gIkBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA81 p. 81]). This interpretation is endorsed in such standard references as [[Albrecht Weber]]'s ''History of Indian Literature'' but has sometimes been repeated as fact instead of as interpretation.</ref>

Several stories within the ''Mahābhārata'' took on separate identities of their own in [[Classical Sanskrit literature]]. For instance, the [[Abhijñānaśākuntalam|''Abhijnanashakuntala'']] by the Sanskrit poet [[Kalidasa]] ({{Circa|400 CE}}), believed to have lived in the era of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] dynasty, is based on a story that is the precursor to the ''Mahābhārata''. The ''[[Urubhanga]]'', a Sanskrit play written by [[Bhāsa|Bhasa]] who is believed to have lived before Kalidasa, is based on the slaying of Duryodhana by the splitting of his thighs by [[Bhima]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Ghadyalpatil|first=Abhiram|date=2016-10-10|title=Maharashtra builds up a case for providing quotas to Marathas|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/q71WZs7MNRESfXzM7UEnKI/Maharashtra-builds-up-case-for-providing-quotas-to-Marathas.html|access-date=2020-06-07|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607165207/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/q71WZs7MNRESfXzM7UEnKI/Maharashtra-builds-up-case-for-providing-quotas-to-Marathas.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The copper-plate inscription of the [[Maharaja]] Sharvanatha (533–534 CE) from Khoh ([[Satna]] District, [[Madhya Pradesh]]) describes the ''Mahābhārata'' as a "collection of 100,000 verses" (''śata-sahasri saṃhitā'').<ref name=":0" />

=== The 18 parvas or books ===
The division into 18 parvas is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Parva
!Title
!Sub-parvas
!Contents
|-
|1
|''[[Adi Parva]]'' ''(The Book of the Beginning)''
|1–19
|How the ''Mahābhārata'' came to be narrated by [[Ugrasrava Sauti|Sauti]] to the assembled [[rishi]]s at [[Naimisharanya]], after having been recited at the ''sarpasattra'' of [[Janamejaya II|Janamejaya]] by [[Vaisampayana]] at [[Taxila|Takshashila]]. The history and genealogy of the [[Bhāratas|Bharata]] and [[Bhrigu]] races are recalled, as is the birth and early life of the [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]] [[List of characters in the Mahabharata|princes]] (''adi'' means first). Adi parva describes [[Pandava|Pandavas]]' birth, childhood, education, marriage, struggles due to conspiracy as well as glorious achievements.
|-
|2
|''[[Sabha Parva]]'' (The Book of the Assembly Hall)
|20–28
|[[Mayasura|Maya Danava]] erects the [[Mayasabha|palace and court]] (''sabha'') at [[Indraprastha]]. The Sabha Parva narrates the glorious [[Yudhisthira]]'s Rajasuya sacrifice performed with the help of his brothers and Yudhisthira's rule in Shakraprastha/[[Indraprastha]] as well as the humiliation and deceit caused by conspiracy along with their own action.
|-
|3
|''[[Vana Parva]]'' ''also'' ''Aranyaka Parva'', ''Aranya Parva'' (The Book of the Forest)
|29–44
|The twelve years of exile in the forest (''aranya''). The entire Parva describes their struggle and consolidation of strength.
|-
|4
|''[[Virata Parva]]'' (The Book of Virata)
|45–48
|The year spent incognito at the court of [[Virata]]. A single warrior ([[Arjuna]]) defeated the entire Kuru army including [[Karna]], [[Bhishma]], [[Drona]], [[Ashwatthama]], etc. and recovered the cattle of the [[Virata]] kingdom.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04026.htm SECTION XXVI (Go-harana Parva)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130220420/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04026.htm |date=30 November 2021 }} ''sacred-texts.com''.</ref>
|-
|5
| ''[[Udyoga Parva]]'' (The Book of the Effort)
|49–59
|Preparations for war and efforts to bring about peace between the Kaurava and the Pandava sides which eventually fail (''udyoga'' means effort or work).
|-
|6
| ''[[Bhishma Parva]]'' (The Book of Bhishma)
| 60–64
|The first part of the great battle, with [[Bhishma]] as commander for the Kaurava and his fall on the bed of arrows. The most important aspect of Bhishma Parva is the [[Bhagavad Gita]] narrated by [[Krishna]] to [[Arjuna]]. (Includes the Bhagavad Gita in chapters 25–42.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06025.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XXV (''Bhagavad Gita'' Chapter I) |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=3 August 2012 |archive-date=21 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521235153/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06025.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06042.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XLII (Bhagavad Gita, Chapter XVIII) |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=3 August 2012 |archive-date=21 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521231917/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06042.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|7
| ''[[Drona Parva]]'' (The Book of Drona)
|65–72
|The battle continues, with [[Drona]] as commander. This is the major book of the war. Most of the great warriors on both sides are dead by the end of this book.
|-
|8
| ''[[Karna Parva]]'' (The Book of Karna)
|73
|The continuation of the battle with [[Karna]] as commander of the [[Kaurava]] forces.
|-
|9
|''[[Shalya Parva]]'' (The Book of Shalya)
|74–77
|The last day of the battle, with [[Shalya]] as commander. Also told in detail, is the pilgrimage of Balarama to the fords of the river Saraswati and the mace fight between Bhima and Duryodhana which ends the war, since Bhima kills Duryodhana by smashing him on the thighs with a mace.
|-
|10
| ''[[Sauptika Parva]]'' (The Book of the Sleeping Warriors)
|78–80
|[[Ashwatthama]], Kripa and Kritavarma kill the remaining Pandava army in their sleep. Only seven warriors remain on the Pandava side and three on the Kaurava side.
|-
|11
| ''[[Stri Parva]]'' (The Book of the Women)
|81–85
|[[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]] and the women (''stri'') of the Kauravas and Pandavas lament the dead and Gandhari cursing [[Krishna]] for the massive destruction and the extermination of the Kaurava.
|-
|12
| ''[[Shanti Parva]]'' (The Book of Peace)
|86–88
|The crowning of [[Yudhishthira]] as king of Hastinapura, and instructions from [[Bhishma]] for the newly anointed king on society, economics, and politics. This is the longest book of the ''Mahabharata''.
|-
|13
| ''[[Anushasana Parva]]'' (The Book of the Instructions)
|89–90
|The final instructions (''anushasana'') from [[Bhishma]]. This Parba contains the last day of Bhishma and his advice and wisdom to the upcoming emperor [[Yudhishthira]].
|-
|14
| ''[[Ashvamedhika Parva]]'' (The Book of the Horse Sacrifice)<ref>The ''Ashvamedhika-parva'' is also preserved in a separate version, the ''Jaimini-Bharata'' (''Jaiminiya-Ashvamedha'') where the frame dialogue is replaced, the narration being attributed to [[Jaimini]], another disciple of Vyasa. . It describes how Arjuna alone conquered the whole earth once again. This version contains far more devotional material (related to Krishna) than the standard epic and probably dates to the 12th century. It has some regional versions, the most popular being the [[Kannada language|Kannada]] one by Devapurada Annama Lakshmisha (16th century).[http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm The Mahabharata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106205614/http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-06/features360.htm |date=6 November 2006 }}
{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}</ref>
|91–92
|The royal ceremony of the [[Ashvamedha]] (Horse sacrifice) conducted by Yudhishthira. The world conquest by Arjuna. Anugita is told by Krishna to Arjuna.
|-
|15
| ''[[Ashramavasika Parva]]'' (The Book of the Hermitage)
|93–95
|The eventual deaths of Dhritarashtra, Gandhari, and Kunti in a forest fire when they are living in a hermitage in the Himalayas. Vidura predeceases them and Sanjaya on Dhritarashtra's bidding goes to live in the higher Himalayas.
|-
|16
| ''[[Mausala Parva]]'' (The Book of the Clubs)
|96
|The materialization of Gandhari's curse, i.e., the infighting between the [[Yadu|Yadavas]] with maces (''mausala'') and the eventual destruction of the Yadavas.
|-
|17
| ''[[Mahaprasthanika Parva]]'' (The Book of the Great Journey)
|97
|The great journey of Yudhishthira, his brothers, and his wife [[Draupadi]] across the whole country and finally their ascent of the great Himalayas where each Pandava falls except for Yudhishthira.
|-
|18
| ''[[Svargarohana Parva]]'' (The Book of the Ascent to Heaven)
|98
| Yudhishthira's final test and the return of the Pandavas to the spiritual world (''[[svarga]]'').
|-
|''khila''
|''[[Harivamsa]] Parva'' (The Book of the Genealogy of Hari)
|99–100
|This is an addendum to the 18 books, and covers those parts of the life of Krishna which is not covered in the 18 parvas of the ''Mahabharata''.
|}

== Historical context ==
The historicity of the [[Kurukshetra War]] is unclear. Many historians estimate the date of the Kurukshetra war to [[Iron Age India]] of the 10th century BCE.<ref>In discussing the dating question, historian A. L. Basham says: "According to the most popular later tradition the Mahabharata War took place in 3102  BCE, which in the light of all evidence, is quite impossible. More reasonable is another tradition, placing it in the 15th century BCE, but this is also several centuries too early in the light of our archaeological knowledge. Probably the war took place around the beginning of the 9th century BCE; such a date seems to fit well with the scanty archaeological remains of the period, and there is some evidence in the Brahmana literature itself to show that it cannot have been much earlier." Basham, p. 40, citing HC Raychaudhuri, ''Political History of Ancient India'', pp.27ff.</ref> The setting of the epic has a historical precedent in Iron Age ([[Vedic India|Vedic]]) India, where the [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]] kingdom was the center of political power during roughly 1200 to 800 BCE.<ref>M Witzel, ''Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state'', EJVS vol.1 no.4 (1995); also in B. Kölver (ed.), ''Recht, Staat und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien. The state, the Law, and Administration in Classical India'', München, R. Oldenbourg, 1997, p.27-52</ref> A dynastic conflict of the period could have been the inspiration for the ''Jaya'', the foundation on which the ''Mahābhārata'' corpus was built, with a climactic battle, eventually coming to be viewed as an epochal event.

[[Puranas|Puranic literature]] presents genealogical lists associated with the ''Mahābhārata'' narrative. The evidence of the Puranas is of two kinds. Of the first kind, there is the direct statement that there were 1,015 (or 1,050) years between the birth of [[Parikshit]] (Arjuna's grandson) and the accession of [[Mahapadma Nanda]] (400–329 BCE), which would yield an estimate of about 1400 BCE for the Bharata battle.<ref>A.D. Pusalker, ''History and Culture of the Indian People'', Vol I, Chapter XIV, p.273</ref> However, this would imply improbably long reigns on average for the kings listed in the genealogies.<ref>FE Pargiter, ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', p.180. He shows estimates of the average as 47, 50, 31, and 35 for various versions of the lists.</ref> Of the second kind is analysis of parallel genealogies in the Puranas between the times of Adhisimakrishna ([[Parikshit]]'s great-grandson) and [[Mahapadma Nanda]]. Pargiter accordingly estimated 26 generations by averaging 10 different dynastic lists and, assuming 18 years for the average duration of a reign, arrived at an estimate of 850  BCE for Adhisimakrishna, and thus approximately 950  BCE for the Bharata battle.<ref>Pargiter, ''op.cit.'' p.180-182</ref>

[[File: Painted Grey Ware Culture (1200-600 BCE).png|thumb|Map of some [[Painted Grey Ware]] (PGW) sites.]]
[[B. B. Lal (archaeologist)|B. B. Lal]] used the same approach with a more conservative assumption of the average reign to estimate a date of 836 BCE, and correlated this with archaeological evidence from [[Painted Grey Ware]] (PGW) sites, the association being strong between PGW artifacts and places mentioned in the epic.<ref>B. B. Lal, ''Mahabharata and Archaeology'' in Gupta and Ramachandran (1976), p.57-58</ref> [[John Keay]] suggests "their core narratives seem to relate to events from a period prior to all but the Rig Veda."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |title=India: A History |year=2000 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |pages=42 |access-date=22 September 2024 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703190805/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |url-status=live }}</ref>

Attempts to date the events using methods of [[archaeoastronomy]] have produced, depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted, estimates ranging from the late 4th to the mid-2nd millennium BCE.<ref>Gupta and Ramachandran (1976), p.246, who summarize as follows: "Astronomical calculations favor 15th century BCE as the date of the war while the Puranic data place it in the 10th/9th century BCE. Archaeological evidence points towards the latter." (p.254)</ref> The late 4th-millennium date has a precedent in the calculation of the ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' epoch, based on planetary conjunctions, by [[Aryabhata]] (6th century). Aryabhata's date of 18 February 3102 BCE for ''Mahābhārata'' war has become widespread in Indian tradition. Some sources mark this as the disappearance of [[Krishna]] from the Earth.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lord-Krishna-lived-for-125-years/articleshow/844211.cms|title=Lord Krishna lived for 125 years | India News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=8 September 2004|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023194614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lord-Krishna-lived-for-125-years/articleshow/844211.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Aihole]] inscription of [[Pulakeshin II]], dated to Saka 556 = 634 CE, claims that 3,735 years have elapsed since the Bhārata battle, putting the date of ''Mahābhārata'' war at 3137 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/5151-years-of-gita/15033045|title=5151 years of Gita|date=19 January 2014|access-date=15 May 2015|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108190821/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/5151-years-of-gita/15033045|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Gupta and Ramachandran (1976), p.55; AD Pusalker, HCIP, Vol I, p.272</ref>

Another traditional school of astronomers and historians, represented by [[Vrddha Garga]], [[Varāhamihira]] and [[Kalhana]], place the Bharata war 653 years after the ''Kali Yuga'' epoch, corresponding to 2449 BCE.<ref>AD Pusalker, ''op.cit.'' p.272</ref> According to Varāhamihira's ''[[Bṛhat Saṃhitā]]'' (6th century), [[Yudhishthara]] lived 2,526 years before the beginning of the [[Shaka era]], which begins in the 78 CE. This places Yudhishthara (and therefore, the Mahabharata war) around 2448–2449 BCE (2526–78). Some scholars have attempted to identify the "Shaka" calendar era mentioned by Varāhamihira with other eras, but such identifications place Varāhamihira in the first century BCE, which is impossible as he refers to the 5th century astronomer [[Aryabhata]]. [[Kalhana]]'s ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' (11th century), apparently relying on Varāhamihira, also states that the Pandavas flourished 653 years after the beginning of the Kali Yuga; Kalhana adds that people who believe that the Bharata war was fought at the end of the ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' are foolish.<ref>{{cite book |author=A.M. Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=Varāhamihira and His Times |year=1991 |publisher=Kusumanjali |oclc=28644897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ |pages=31–33, 37 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703135614/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sanskrit and ''Mahābhārata'' scholar [[Robert P. Goldman]] states:
<blockquote>(The ''Mahābhārata'') cloaks itself in mythology, but I don't think the text itself should be called a myth...it's an ''[[itihasa]]'' but in the terms that the tradition understood history. It is a ''[[kāvya]]'', obviously, it is a ''[[shastra]]'', and it is a teaching method for how to live in the world - how to respect your elders, how to respect the [[brahmins]], and so on. So in answer to the question "Is it history or mythology?" I would say yes, it is both of those things, and a great deal more.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahābhārata - History or Mythology? I Prof. Robert P. Goldman|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTdm0uoz3ws|website=youtube.com |publisher=Argumentative Indians |language=en |format=video |date=November 12, 2022}}</ref></blockquote>

== Synopsis ==
[[File: Ganesha write Mahabharata.jpg|thumb|Ganesha writes the ''Mahabharata'' upon Vyasa's dictation.]]{{See also|List of characters in the Mahabharata}}
The core story of the work is that of a dynastic struggle for the throne of [[Hastinapura]], the kingdom ruled by the [[Kuru (India)|Kuru]] clan. The two collateral branches of the family that participate in the struggle are the [[Kaurava]] and the [[Pandava]]. Although the Kaurava is the senior branch of the family, [[Duryodhana]], the eldest Kaurava, is younger than [[Yudhishthira]], the eldest Pandava. Both [[Duryodhana]] and [[Yudhishthira]] claim to be first in line to inherit the throne.

The struggle culminates in the [[Kurukshetra War]], in which the [[Pandavas]] are ultimately victorious. The battle produces complex conflicts of kinship and friendship, instances of family loyalty and duty taking precedence over what is right, as well as the converse.

The ''Mahābhārata'' itself ends with the death of [[Krishna]], and the subsequent end of his dynasty and ascent of the Pandava brothers to heaven. It also marks the beginning of the Hindu age of ''[[Kali Yuga]]'', the fourth and final age of humankind, in which great values and noble ideas have crumbled, and people are heading towards the complete dissolution of right action, morality, and virtue.

=== The older generations ===
[[File: Ravi Varma-Shantanu and Satyavati.jpg|thumb|Shantanu falls in love with Satyavati, the fisherwoman. Painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]].]]

King Janamejaya's ancestor, [[Shantanu]], the king of [[Hastinapura]], had a short-lived marriage with the goddess [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and had a son, Devavrata (later to be called [[Bhishma]], a great warrior), who becomes the heir apparent. Many years later, when King [[Shantanu]] goes hunting, he sees [[Satyavati]], the daughter of the chief of fishermen, and asks her father for her hand. Her father refuses to consent to the marriage unless Shantanu promises to make any future son of Satyavati the king upon his death. To resolve his father's dilemma, [[Bhishma|Devavrata]] agrees to relinquish his right to the throne. As the fisherman is not sure about the prince's children honoring the promise, Devavrata also takes a vow of lifelong celibacy to guarantee his father's promise.

Shantanu has two sons by Satyavati, [[Chitrāngada]] and [[Vichitravirya]]. Upon Shantanu's death, Chitrangada becomes king. He lives a very short uneventful life and dies. [[Vichitravirya]], the younger son, rules [[Hastinapura]]. Meanwhile, the King of [[Kāśī]] arranges a [[swayamvara]] for his three daughters, neglecting to invite the royal family of Hastinapura. To arrange the marriage of young Vichitravirya, Bhishma attends the swayamvara of the three princesses [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]], [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]], and [[Ambalika]], uninvited, and proceeds to abduct them. Ambika and Ambalika consent to be married to Vichitravirya.

The oldest princess Amba, however, informs Bhishma that she wishes to marry the king of Shalva whom Bhishma defeated at their swayamvara. Bhishma lets her leave to marry the king of Shalva, but Shalva refuses to marry her, still smarting at his humiliation at the hands of Bhishma. Amba then returns to marry Bhishma but he refuses due to his vow of celibacy. Amba becomes enraged and becomes Bhishma's bitter enemy, holding him responsible for her plight. She vows to kill him in her next life. Later she is reborn to King [[Drupada]] as [[Shikhandi]] (or Shikhandini) and causes Bhishma's fall, with the help of [[Arjuna]], in the battle of Kurukshetra.

=== The Pandava and Kaurava princes ===
[[File:Draupadi and Pandavas.jpg|thumb|[[Draupadi]] with her five husbands – the [[Pandavas]]. The central figure is [[Yudhishthira]]; the two on the bottom are [[Bhima]] and [[Arjuna]]. [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]], the twins, are standing. Painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]], {{Circa|1900}}.]]

When Vichitravirya dies young without any heirs, Satyavati asks her first son [[Vyasa]], born to her from a previous union with the sage [[Parashara]], to [[niyoga|father children with]] the widows. Vyasa was a renunciate and had unkempt look in ochre robes and long beard. The eldest princess, Ambika, got scared looking at Vyasa and shuts her eyes when she sees him. So her son [[Dhritarashtra]] is born blind. Ambalika, the second princess, turns pale and bloodless upon seeing Vyasa, and thus her son [[Pandu]] is born pale and unhealthy (the term Pandu may also mean 'jaundiced'<ref>{{cite web |url=http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ |title=Sanskrit, Tamil and Pahlavi Dictionaries |language=de |publisher=Webapps.uni-koeln.de |date=11 February 2003 |access-date=9 February 2008 |archive-date=26 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126035307/http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>). Due to the physical challenges of the first two children, Satyavati asks Vyasa to try once again. However, Princesses Ambika and Ambalika send their maid instead, to Vyasa. This maid, unlike the princesses, is reverential towards the sage. Through this maid, Vyasa fathers a third son, [[Vidura]], who is born healthy and grows up to be one of the wisest figures in the ''Mahabharata''. He serves as Prime Minister (Mahamantri or Mahatma) to King Pandu and King Dhritarashtra.

When the princes grow up, Dhritarashtra is about to be crowned king by Bhishma when Vidura intervenes and uses his knowledge of politics to assert that a blind person cannot be king. This is because a blind man cannot control and protect his subjects. The throne is then given to Pandu because of Dhritarashtra's blindness. Pandu marries twice, to [[Kunti]] and [[Madri]]. Dhritarashtra marries [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]], a princess from Gandhara, who blindfolds herself for the rest of her life so that she may feel the pain that her husband feels. Her brother [[Shakuni]] is enraged by this and vows to take revenge on the Kuru family. One day, when Pandu is relaxing in the forest, he hears the sound of a wild animal. He shoots an arrow in the direction of the sound. However, the arrow hits the sage [[Kindama]], who was engaged in a sexual act in the guise of a deer. He curses Pandu that if he engages in a sexual act, he will die. Pandu is dejected and shares about this curse with his older queen, Kunti.

Kunti, however, had been given a boon by Sage [[Durvasa]] that she could invoke any god using a special mantra. Kunti uses this boon to ask [[Dharma]], the god of justice, [[Vayu]], the god of the wind, and [[Indra]], the lord of the heavens for sons. She gives birth to three sons, [[Yudhishthira]], [[Bhima]], and [[Arjuna]], through these gods. Kunti shares her mantra with the younger queen [[Madri]], who bears the twins [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] through the [[Ashvins|Ashwini]] twins. However, Pandu and Madri indulge in lovemaking, and Pandu dies. Madri commits suicide out of remorse. Kunti raises the five brothers, who are from then on usually referred to as the [[Pandava]] brothers.

After Pandu's death, his brother, Dhritarashtra rules the kingdom of Hastinapur, despite his blindness. He has a hundred sons, and one daughter—[[Duhsala]]—through [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]],<ref>{{cite book|last = Mani|first = Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0|authorlink =Vettam Mani|page=263}}</ref> all born after the birth of Yudhishthira. These are the [[Kaurava]] brothers, the eldest being [[Duryodhana]], and the second [[Dushasana]]. Other Kaurava brothers include [[Vikarna]] and Sukarna. The rivalry and enmity between them and the Pandava brothers, from their youth and into manhood, leads to the [[Kurukshetra]] war.

=== Lakshagraha (the house of lac) ===
After the deaths of their mother (Madri) and father (Pandu), the Pandavas and their mother Kunti return to the palace of Hastinapur. Yudhishthira is made Crown Prince by Dhritarashtra, under considerable pressure from his courtiers.

Shakuni, Duryodhana, and Dushasana plot to get rid of the Pandavas. Shakuni calls the architect [[Purochana]] to build a palace out of flammable materials like lac and ghee. He then arranges for the Pandavas and the Queen Mother Kunti to stay there, intending to set it alight. However, the Pandavas are warned by their wise uncle, [[Vidura]], who sends them a miner to dig a tunnel. They escape to safety through the tunnel and go into hiding. During this time, Bhima marries a [[demon]]ess [[Hidimbi]] and has a son [[Ghatotkacha]]. Back in Hastinapur, the Pandavas and Kunti are presumed dead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01144.htm |title=Book 1: Adi Parva: Jatugriha Parva |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-date=25 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325214549/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01144.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Marriage to Draupadi ===
[[File:Swayamvara Draupadi Arjuna Archery.jpg|thumb|[[Arjuna]] piercing the eye of the fish as depicted in [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur]] built by [[Hoysala Empire]]]]

Whilst they were in hiding, the Pandavas learn of a [[swayamvara]] which is taking place for the hand of the [[Pāñcāla]] princess [[Draupadī]]. The Pandavas, disguised as [[Brahmin]]s, come to witness the event. Meanwhile, Krishna, who has already befriended Draupadi, tells her to look out for Arjuna (though now believed to be dead). The task was to string a mighty steel bow and shoot a target on the ceiling, which was the eye of a moving artificial fish, while looking at its reflection in oil below. In popular versions, after all the princes fail, many being unable to lift the bow, Karna proceeds to the attempt but is interrupted by Draupadi who refuses to marry a suta (this has been excised from the Critical Edition of Mahabharata<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/mahabharatha015693mbp|title=THE MAHABHARATHA|last=VISHNU S. SUKTHANKAR|date=11 March 2018|publisher=BHANDARKAR ORIENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, POONA|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="bori.ac.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.bori.ac.in/mahabharata_project.html|title=The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute : Mahabharata Project|website=bori.ac.in|access-date=3 November 2019|archive-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220032420/http://www.bori.ac.in/mahabharata_project.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> as later interpolation<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/InterpolationsInTheMahabharata|title=Interpolations in the Mahabharata|last=M. A. Mehendale|date=1 January 2001|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>). After this, the swayamvara is opened to the Brahmins leading Arjuna to win the contest and marry Draupadi. The Pandavas return home and inform their meditating mother that Arjuna has won a competition and to look at what they have brought back. Without looking, Kunti asks them to share whatever Arjuna has won amongst themselves, thinking it to be [[alms]]. Thus, Draupadi ends up being the [[Fraternal polyandry|wife of all five brothers]].

=== Indraprastha ===
After the wedding, the Pandava brothers are invited back to Hastinapura. The Kuru family elders and relatives negotiate and broker a split of the kingdom, with the Pandavas obtaining and demanding only a wild forest inhabited by [[Takshaka]], the king of snakes, and his family. Through hard work, the Pandavas build a new glorious capital for the territory at [[Indraprastha]].

Shortly after this, Arjuna elopes with and then marries Krishna's sister, [[Subhadra]]. Yudhishthira wishes to establish his position as king; he seeks Krishna's advice. Krishna advises him, and after due preparation and the elimination of some opposition, Yudhishthira carries out the ''rājasūya yagna'' ceremony; he is thus recognized as pre-eminent among kings.

The Pandavas have a [[Mayasabha|new palace]] built for them, by [[Mayasura|Maya]] the [[Danava (Hinduism)|Danava]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02001.htm |title=Book 2: Sabha Parva: Sabhakriya Parva |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-date=27 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527203909/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02001.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> They invite their Kaurava cousins to Indraprastha. Duryodhana walks round the palace, and mistakes a glossy floor for water, and will not step in. After being told of his error, he then sees a pond and assumes it is not water and falls in. [[Bhima]], [[Arjuna]], the twins and the servants laugh at him.<ref name="Laughter at Duryodhana">{{cite web| url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02046.htm| title=Sabha parva| publisher=Sacred-texts.com| access-date=13 July 2015| archive-date=24 September 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133159/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02046.htm| url-status=live}}</ref> In popular adaptations, this insult is wrongly attributed to Draupadi, even though in the Sanskrit epic, it was the Pandavas (except Yudhishthira) who had insulted Duryodhana. Enraged by the insult, and jealous at seeing the wealth of the Pandavas, Duryodhana decides to host a dice-game on Shakuni's suggestion. This suggestion was accepted by Yudhisthira despite the rest of the Pandavas advising him not to play.

=== The dice game ===
[[File: Disrobing of Draupadi.jpg|thumb|Draupadi humiliated]]
[[Shakuni]], Duryodhana's uncle, now arranges a dice game, playing against Yudhishthira with loaded dice. In the dice game, Yudhishthira loses all his wealth, then his kingdom. Yudhishthira then gambles his brothers, himself, and finally his wife into servitude. The jubilant Kauravas insult the Pandavas in their helpless state and even try to disrobe Draupadi in front of the entire court, but Draupadi's disrobe is prevented by Krishna, who miraculously make her dress endless, therefore it couldn't be removed.

Dhritarashtra, Bhishma, and the other elders are aghast at the situation, but Duryodhana is adamant that there is no place for two crown princes in Hastinapura. Against his wishes Dhritarashtra calls for another dice game. The Pandavas are required to go into exile for 12 years, and in the 13th year, they must remain hidden called as ''[[Agyaata Vaasa]]''. If they are discovered by the Kauravas in the 13th year of their exile, then they will be forced into exile for another 12 years.

=== Exile and return ===
The Pandavas spend thirteen years in exile; many adventures occur during this time. The Pandavas acquire many divine weapons, given by gods, during this period. They also prepare alliances for a possible future conflict. They spend their final year in disguise in the court of the king [[Virata]], and they are discovered just after the end of the year.

At the end of their exile, they try to negotiate a return to Indraprastha with Krishna as their emissary. However, this negotiation fails, because Duryodhana objected that they were discovered in the 13th year of their exile and the return of their kingdom was not agreed upon. Then the Pandavas fought the Kauravas, claiming their rights over Indraprastha.[[File: The center of battle of Kurukshetra.jpg|thumb|A scene from the ''Mahabharata'' war, [[Angkor Wat]]: A black stone relief depicting several men wearing a crown and a dhoti, fighting with spears, swords, and bows. A chariot with half the horse out of the frame is seen in the middle.|alt=A black stone relief depicting several men wearing a crown and a dhoti, fighting with spears, swords, and bows. A chariot with half the horse out of the frame is seen in the middle.]]

=== The battle at Kurukshetra ===
{{Main|Kurukshetra War}}

[[File:Mahabharata BharatVarsh.jpg|thumb|A map of India depicting various regions during the Mahabharata period]]

The two sides summon vast armies to their help and line up at [[Kurukshetra]] for a war. The kingdoms of [[Panchala]], [[Dvārakā|Dwaraka]], Kasi, [[Kekaya]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Matsya kingdom|Matsya]], [[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]], [[Telinga]], the [[Yadu]]s of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], and some other clans like the [[Parama Kambojas]] were allied with the [[Pandava]]s. The allies of the [[Kaurava]]s included the kings of [[References of Pragjyotisha in Mahabharata|Pragjyotisha]], [[Anga]], Kekaya, Sindhudesa (including Sindhus, [[Sovira|Sauviras]] and Sivis), Mahishmati, [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] in Madhyadesa, [[Madra]], [[Gandhara]], [[Bahlika people]], [[Kambojas]], and many others. Before war is declared, [[Balarama]] expresses his unhappiness at the developing conflict and leaves to go on [[pilgrimage]]; he does not take part in the battle. Krishna participates in a non-combatant role, as charioteer ([[Sarathi (name of Krishna)|Sarathy]]) for [[Arjuna]] and offers [[Narayani Sena]] consisting of [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]] gopas to the [[Kaurava]]s to fight on their side.<ref>{{cite book| last= Nath Soni| first = Lok| title = The Cattle and the Stick An Ethnographic Profile of the Raut of Chhattisgarh| publisher=Anthropological Survey of India| page =16| isbn= 9788185579573| year= 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last= Shome| first = Alo| title = Krishna Charitra: The Essence of Bankim Chandra| page =104| isbn= 8122310354| year= 2000|publisher=Pustak Mahal}}</ref>

Before the battle, Arjuna, noticing that the opposing army includes his cousins and relatives, including his grandfather [[Bhishma]] and his teacher [[Drona]], has grave doubts about the fight. He falls into despair and refuses to fight. At this time, Krishna reminds him of his duty as a [[Kshatriya]] to fight for a righteous cause in the famous [[Bhagavad Gita]] section of the epic.

Though initially adhering to chivalrous notions of warfare, both sides soon adopt dishonorable tactics. At the end of the 18-day battle, only the Pandavas, [[Satyaki]], [[Kripa]], [[Ashwatthama]], [[Kritavarma]], [[Yuyutsu]] and Krishna survive. Yudhisthira becomes king of Hastinapur. All warriors who died in the Kurukshetra war go to [[swarga]].

=== The end of the Pandavas ===
[[File:Totheforest.jpg|thumb|left|Gandhari, blindfolded, supporting Dhrtarashtra and following Kunti when Dhritarashtra became old and infirm and retired to the forest. A miniature painting from a 16th-century manuscript of part of the Razmnama, a [[Persian language|Persian]] translation of the ''Mahabharata'']]

After "seeing" the carnage, [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]], who had lost all her sons, curses [[Krishna]] to be a witness to a similar annihilation of his family, for though divine and capable of stopping the war, he had not done so. Krishna accepts the curse, which bears fruit 36 years later.

The Pandavas, who had ruled their kingdom meanwhile, decide to renounce everything. Clad in skins and rags they retire to the [[Himalaya]] and climb towards heaven in their bodily form. A stray dog travels with them. One by one the brothers and Draupadi fall on their way. As each one stumbles, Yudhishthira gives the rest the reason for their fall ([[Draupadi]] was partial to [[Arjuna]], [[Nakula]] and Sahadeva were vain and proud of their looks, and Bhima and Arjuna were proud of their strength and archery skills, respectively). Only the virtuous Yudhishthira, who had tried everything to prevent the carnage, and the dog remain. The dog reveals himself to be the god Yama (also known as Yama Dharmaraja) and then takes him to the underworld where he sees his siblings and wife. After explaining the nature of the test, Yama takes Yudhishthira back to heaven and explains that it was necessary to expose him to the underworld because (Rajyante narakam dhruvam) any ruler has to visit the underworld at least once. Yama then assures him that his siblings and wife would join him in heaven after they had been exposed to the underworld for measures of time according to their vices.

Arjuna's grandson [[Parikshit]] rules after them and dies bitten by a snake. His furious son, Janamejaya, decides to perform a snake sacrifice (''[[sarpasattra]]'') to destroy the snakes. It is at this sacrifice that the tale of his ancestors is narrated to him.

=== The reunion ===
The ''Mahābhārata'' mentions that [[Karna]], the Pandavas, Draupadi and Dhritarashtra's sons eventually ascended to [[svarga]] and "attained the state of the [[god]]s", and banded together – "serene and free from anger".<ref>{{cite book |title=Mahabharata |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mahabharata0000raja |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter=Yudhishthira's final trial |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=2005 |edition=45th |first=Chakravarti |last=Rajagopalachari |author-link=C. Rajagopalachari |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7276-368-8}}</ref>

== Themes ==
[[File:M 134 Short.png|thumb|The god Krishna acts as a charioteer to Arjuna in the battle of the Bhagavad Gita, a section of the Mahabharata. Taken from an illustrated manuscript scroll, 1795 C.E. held in the [https://images.is.ed.ac.uk/luna/servlet/detail/UoE~3~3~210~198024:Mahabharata-Scroll-Section-134?qvq=q:LIMIT%3A%20UoE~3~3;lc:UoE~3~3&mi=253&trs=264 archive collection] at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.]]

=== Just war ===
The ''Mahābhārata'' offers one of the first instances of theorizing about ''[[Dharma-yuddha|dharmayuddha]]'', "[[Just war theory|just war]]", illustrating many of the standards that would be debated later across the world. In the story, one of five brothers asks if the suffering caused by war can ever be justified. A long discussion ensues between the siblings, establishing criteria like ''proportionality'' (chariots cannot attack cavalry, only other chariots; no attacking people in distress), ''just means'' (no poisoned or barbed arrows), ''just cause'' (no attacking out of rage), and fair treatment of captives and the wounded.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Just War in Comparative Perspective|author=Robinson, P.F.|date=2003|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-3587-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwjC1peqwx0C&pg=PA117|page=117|access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref>

== Translations, versions and derivative works ==
=== Translations ===
[[File:Razmnama Bhishma.jpg|right|thumb|Bhishma on his death-bed of arrows with the [[Pandavas]] and [[Krishna]]. Folio from the ''[[Razmnama]]'' (1761–1763), Persian translation of the ''Mahabharata'', commissioned by Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]. The Pandavas are dressed in Persian armour and robes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plantcultures.org/pccms/action/showItem?id=340 |title=picture details |publisher=Plant Cultures |access-date=1 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113221249/http://www.plantcultures.org/pccms/action/showItem?id=340 |archive-date=13 November 2007 }}</ref>]]

The first [[Bengali language|Bengali]] translations of the ''Mahabharata'' emerged in the 16th century. It is disputed whether [[Kavindra Parameshwar]] of [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] (based in [[Chittagong]] during his writing) or [[Sri Sanjay]] of [[Sylhet]] was the first to translate it into Bengali.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Mohanta, Sambaru Chandra|article=Mahabharata}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|language=bn|url=https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/|work=Thikana|title=বাংলা সাহিত্যে সিলেট|author=Husam, Shamshad|access-date=31 October 2022|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026220509/https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A [[Persian language|Persian]] translation of ''Mahabharata'', titled ''[[Razmnameh]]'', was produced at [[Akbar]]'s orders, by [[Faizi]] and [[ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni]] in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book| last= Gaṅgā Rām| first = Garg| title = Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 1| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=0U2QRpDv2KMC&pg=PR12| page =129| isbn= 978-81-7022-376-4| year= 1992| publisher = Concept Publishing Company}}</ref>

The first complete English translation was the [[Victorian literature|Victorian]] prose version by [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]],<ref>Several editions of the [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]] translation of the ''Mahabharata'' incorrectly cite the publisher, Pratap Chandra Roy, as the translator and this error has been propagated into secondary citations. See the publisher's preface to the current Munshiram Manoharlal edition for an explanation.</ref> published between 1883 and 1896 (Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers) and by [[Manmatha Nath Dutt]] ([[Motilal Banarsidass]] Publishers). Most critics consider the translation by Ganguli to be faithful to the original text. The complete text of Ganguli's translation is in the [[public domain]] and is available online.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511230051/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm |date=11 May 2008 }} at the [[Internet Sacred Text Archive]]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | author = P. Lal | author-link = P. Lal | title = Kisari Mohan Ganguli and Pratap Chandra Roy | place = Calcutta | journal = An Annotated Mahabharata Bibliography | url = http://mahabharata-resources.org/ganguli-roy.html | access-date = 9 September 2013 | archive-date = 5 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140605081003/http://mahabharata-resources.org/ganguli-roy.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

An early poetry translation by [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]] and published in 1898 condenses the main themes of the ''Mahābhārata'' into English verse.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19630 The ''Mahabharata of Krishna''-Dwaipayana Vyasa translated by Romesh Chunder Dutt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010000053/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19630 |date=10 October 2011 }} at the Online Library of Liberty.</ref> A poetic rendering of the full epic into English, done by the poet [[Purushottama Lal|P. Lal]] and completed posthumously by his student, was published by [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahabharata in English verse : The art of translation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20240122-mahabharata-in-english-verse-the-art-of-translation-2487859-2024-01-12 |website=India Today |language=en |date=12 January 2024}}</ref> The P. Lal translation is a non-rhyming verse-by-verse rendering, and it is the only edition in any language to include all slokas in all recensions of the work (not just those in the ''Critical Edition''). Dr. Pradip Bhattacharya stated that the P. Lal version is "known in academia as the '[[vulgate]]'".<ref name=Bhattacharya>{{Cite web|title=Review : Bibek DebRoy: The Mahabharata, volume 7|url=https://pradipbhattacharya.com/2017/05/27/review-bibek-debroy-the-mahabharata-volume-7/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=pradipbhattacharya.com|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215243/https://pradipbhattacharya.com/2017/05/27/review-bibek-debroy-the-mahabharata-volume-7/|url-status=live}}</ref> The text is a "[[transcreation]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=The Mahabharata of Vyasa – WritersWorkshopIndia.com |url=https://www.writersworkshopindia.com/books/the-mahabharata-of-vyasa-all-volumes/ |website=www.writersworkshopindia.com}}</ref> rather than a traditional translation.<ref name=AgarwalVol10>{{Cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Abhinav|date=2015-04-12|title=Book review: 'The Mahabharata' Volume 10 translated by Bibek Debroy|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-the-mahabharata-volume-10-translated-by-bibek-debroy-2076809|access-date=2021-05-31|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602221604/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-the-mahabharata-volume-10-translated-by-bibek-debroy-2076809|url-status=live}}</ref>

A project to translate the full epic into English prose, translated by various hands, began to appear in 2005 from the [[Clay Sanskrit Library]], published by [[New York University]] Press. The translation is based not on the ''Critical Edition'' but on the version known to the commentator [[Nīlakaṇṭha Caturdhara|Nīlakaṇṭha]]. Currently available are 15 volumes of the projected 32-volume edition.

Indian Vedic [[Shripad Damodar Satwalekar|Scholar Shripad Damodar Satwalekar]] translated the Critical Edition of Mahabharata into Hindi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Artwork – Buddha Statues & Hindu Books – Exotic India Art|url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/complete-mahabharata-translated-by-padma-bhushan-shripad-damodar-satwalekar-set-of-16-volumes-NAI945/%7Caccess-date=2021-06-27|access-date=2021-06-27|website=www.exoticindiaart.com|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124735/https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/complete-mahabharata-translated-by-padma-bhushan-shripad-damodar-satwalekar-set-of-16-volumes-nai945/%7caccess-date=2021-06-27|url-status=live}}</ref> which was assigned to him by the [[Government of India]]. After his death, the task was taken up by Shrutisheel Sharma.<ref>S R, Ramaswamy (1972). ''ಮಹಾಭಾರತದ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ''. Mysore: Kavyalaya Publishers.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Veda Vyasa |first=S. D. Satwalekar |url=http://archive.org/details/Mahabharata_with_Hindi_Translation_-_SD_Satwalekar |title=Mahabharata with Hindi Translation – SD Satwalekar |publisher=Sanskrit eBooks |language=Sanskrit}}</ref><ref group="note">Sadwalekar has two translations in Hindi. To read BORI CE in Hindi specifically, go for the translations he published starting from 1968(BORI was published in 1966).</ref>

Indian economist [[Bibek Debroy]] also wrote an unabridged English translation in ten volumes. Volume 1: Adi Parva was published in March 2010, and the last two volumes were published in December 2014. Abhinav Agarwal referred to Debroy's translation as "thoroughly enjoyable and impressively scholarly".<ref name=AgarwalVol10/> In a review of the seventh volume, Bhattacharya stated that the translator bridged gaps in the narrative of the Critical Edition, but also noted translation errors.<ref name=Bhattacharya/> Gautam Chikermane of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote that where "both Debroy and Ganguli get tiresome is in the use of adjectives while describing protagonists".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chikermane|first=Gautam|date=2012-07-20|title=Review: The Mahabharata: Volume 5|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-mahabharata-volume-5/story-4N0tAg3jNLWFeWkxfCbHEP.html|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215505/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-mahabharata-volume-5/story-4N0tAg3jNLWFeWkxfCbHEP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another English prose translation of the full epic, based on the ''Critical Edition'', is in progress, published by [[University of Chicago]] Press. It was initiated by [[Indologist]] [[J. A. B. van Buitenen]] (books 1–5) and, following a 20-year hiatus caused by the death of van Buitenen, is being continued by several scholars. [[James L. Fitzgerald]] translated book 11 and the first half of book 12. David Gitomer is translating book 6, Gary Tubb is translating book 7, [[Christopher Minkowski]] is translating book 8, [[Alf Hiltebeitel]] is translating books 9 and 10, Fitzgerald is translating the second half of book 12, [[Patrick Olivelle]] is translating book 13, and Fred Smith is translating book 14–18.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fitzgerald|first=James|date=2009|title=Reading Suggestions for Getting Started|url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio|access-date=|website=Brown|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204021051/https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Frederick M. Smith|url=https://clas.uiowa.edu/religion/people/frederick-m-smith|website=University of Iowa|access-date=12 October 2021|archive-date=24 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172737/https://clas.uiowa.edu/religion/people/frederick-m-smith|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many condensed versions, abridgments and novelistic prose retellings of the complete epic have been published in English, including works by [[Ramesh Menon (writer)|Ramesh Menon]], [[William Buck (translator)|William Buck]], [[R. K. Narayan]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]], Kamala Subramaniam, [[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi|K. M. Munshi]], Krishna Dharma Dasa, Purnaprajna Dasa, [[Romesh Chunder Dutt|Romesh C. Dutt]], Bharadvaja Sarma, [[John D. Smith]] and [[Sharon Maas]].{{citationneeded|date=January 2026}}

=== ''Critical Edition'' ===
Between 1919 and 1966, scholars at the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], [[Pune]], compared the various manuscripts of the epic from India and abroad and produced the ''Critical Edition'' of the ''Mahābhārata'', on 13,000 pages in 19 volumes, over the span of 47 years, followed by the ''[[Harivamsha]]'' in another two volumes and six index volumes. This is the text that is usually used in current ''Mahābhārata'' studies for reference.<ref>[http://www.virtualpune.com/html/channel/edu/institutes/html/bhandark.shtml Bhandarkar Institute, Pune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019070605/http://www.virtualpune.com/html/channel/edu/institutes/html/bhandark.shtml |date=19 October 2018 }}—Virtual Pune</ref> This work is sometimes called the "Pune" or "Poona" edition of the ''Mahabharata''.

=== Regional versions ===
Many regional versions of the work developed over time, mostly differing only in minor details, or with verses or subsidiary stories being added. These include the [[Tamil culture|Tamil]] street theatre, [[terukkuttu]] and [[kattaikkuttu]], the plays of which use themes from the Tamil language versions of ''Mahābhārata'', focusing on [[Draupadi]].<ref>{{Cite book| last = Srinivas| first = Smriti| title = Landscapes of Urban Memory| publisher = Orient Longman| orig-year = 2001| year = 2004| isbn = 978-81-250-2254-1| oclc = 46353272| page = 23}}</ref> [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and his [[Kavi Darbar]] produced their own version of the ''Mahabharata'', with it consisting of eighteen main books like the original. However, the Sikh version of the Mahabrata was lost after the [[Second siege of Anandpur|evacuation of Anandpur]] in 1704. In the 19th century, [[Narinder Singh of Patiala|Maharaja Narinder Singh]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]] attempted to re-create the lost Sikh version of the Mahabharata and produced his own version.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Satnam |title=The Road to Empire: The Political Education of Khalsa Sikhs in the Late 1600s |date=15 October 2024 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520399389 |pages=200–205 |chapter=The Sikh Raj of Anandpur - The Evacuation of Anandpur and the Loss of the Vidiya Sagar}}</ref>

[[File: Wayang Wong Bharata Pandawa.jpg|thumb|The [[Pandava]]s and [[Krishna]] in an act of the Javanese ''[[wayang wong]]'' performance]]

Outside the Indian subcontinent, in [[Indonesia]], a version was developed in ancient [[Java]] as [[Kakawin Bhāratayuddha]] in the 11th century under the patronage of King [[Dharmawangsa]] (990–1016)<ref>{{cite book| title=The Javanization of the Mahābhārata, Chapter 15. Indic Transformation: The Sanskritization of Jawa and the Javanization of the Bharata| year=2006| publisher=ANU Press| doi=10.22459/A.09.2006| isbn=9780731521326| url=http://press.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html| editor-last1=Bellwood| editor-last2=Fox| editor-last3=Tryon| editor-first1=Peter| editor-first2=James J.| editor-first3=Darrell| doi-access=free| access-date=6 October 2014| archive-date=11 November 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111122107/http://press.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html| url-status=live}}</ref> and later it spread to the neighboring island of [[Bali]], which remains a Hindu majority island today. It has become the fertile source for Javanese literature, dance drama ([[wayang wong]]), and [[wayang]] shadow puppet performances. This Javanese version of the ''Mahābhārata'' differs slightly from the original Indian version.{{refn|group=note|For example, [[Draupadi]] is only wed to [[Yudhishthira]], not to all the Pandava brothers; this might demonstrate ancient Javanese opposition to [[polyandry]]. {{citation needed|date=March 2016}} The author later added some female characters to be wed to the Pandavas, for example, Arjuna is described as having many wives and consorts next to [[Subhadra]]. Another difference is that [[Shikhandi]]ni does not change her sex and remains a woman, to be wed to [[Arjuna]], and takes the role of a warrior princess during the war. {{citation needed|date=March 2016}} Another twist is that [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]] is described as an antagonistic character who hates the Pandavas: her hate is out of jealousy because, during Gandhari's [[swayamvara]], she was in love with Pandu but was later wed to his blind elder brother instead, whom she did not love, so she blindfolded herself as a protest.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}}} Another notable difference is the inclusion of the [[Punakawan]]s, the clown servants of the main figures in the storyline. These [[Semar]], [[Petruk]], Gareng, and Bagong, who are much-loved by Indonesian audiences. {{citation needed|date=March 2016}} There are also some spin-off episodes developed in ancient Java, such as [[Arjunawiwaha]] composed in the 11th century.

A [[Kawi language|Kawi]] version of the ''Mahabharata'', of which eight of the eighteen ''parvas'' survive, is found on the Indonesian island of [[Bali]]. It has been translated into English by Dr. [[I. Gusti Putu Phalgunadi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Indonesian-Ramayana-Uttarakanda-Gusti-Putu-Phalgunadi/3848278350/bd|title=Indonesian Ramayana: The Uttarakanda by Dr. I Gusti Putu Phalgunadi: Sundeep Prakashan, New Delhi 9788175740532 Hardcover, First edition.|website=abebooks.com|access-date=2018-11-27|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804000559/https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Indonesian-Ramayana-Uttarakanda-Gusti-Putu-Phalgunadi/3848278350/bd|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Derivative literature ===
[[Bhasa]], the 2nd- or 3rd-century CE Sanskrit playwright, wrote two plays on episodes in the ''Marabharata'', ''[[Urubhanga]]'' (''Broken Thigh''), about the fight between [[Duryodhana]] and [[Bhima]], while ''[[Madhyamavyayoga]]'' (''The Middle One'') set around [[Bhima]] and his son, Ghatotkacha. The first important play of 20th century was ''[[Andha Yug]]'' (''The Blind Epoch''), by [[Dharamvir Bharati]], which came in 1955, found in ''Mahabharat'', both an ideal source and expression of modern predicaments and discontent. Starting with [[Ebrahim Alkazi]], it was staged by numerous directors. [[V. S. Khandekar]]'s Marathi novel, ''Yayati'' (1960), and [[Girish Karnad]]'s debut play ''Yayati'' (1961) are based on the story of King [[Yayati]] found in the ''Mahabharat''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia|author=Don Rubin|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-05933-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MUiXjMUl34C&pg=PA219|page=195|ref=Ru|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124734/https://books.google.com/books?id=-MUiXjMUl34C&pg=PA219|url-status=live}}</ref> Bengali writer and playwright, [[Buddhadeva Bose]] wrote three plays set in Mahabharat, ''Anamni Angana'', ''Pratham Partha'' and ''Kalsandhya''.<ref>[http://www.boloji.com/hinduism/084.htm The Mahabharata as Theatre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114220734/http://boloji.com/hinduism/084.htm |date=14 January 2010 }} by Pradip Bhattacharya, 13 June 2004.</ref> [[Pratibha Ray]] wrote an [[Moortidevi Award|award]] winning novel entitled [[Yajnaseni (novel)|Yajnaseni]] from [[Draupadi]]'s perspective in 1984. Later, [[Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni]] wrote a similar novel entitled ''[[The Palace of Illusions: A Novel]]'' in 2008. Gujarati poet [[Chinu Modi]] has written long narrative poetry ''[[Bahuk]]'' based on the figure [[Bahuka (Nala)|Bahuka]].<ref name="bk">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Topiwala |first=Chandrakant |encyclopedia=Gujarati Sahityakosh (Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature) |title=Bahuk |language= gu |year=1990 |publisher= [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |volume=2 |location=Ahmedabad |pages=394 }}</ref> [[Krishna Udayasankar]], a Singapore-based Indian author, has written several novels which are modern-day retellings of the epic, most notably the Aryavarta Chronicles Series. [[Suman Pokhrel]] wrote a [[Yajnaseni (play)|solo play]] based on [[Yajnaseni (novel)|Ray's novel]] by personalizing and taking [[Draupadi]] alone in the scene.

[[Amar Chitra Katha]] published a 1,260-page [[Mahabharata (comics)|comic book version of the ''Mahabharata'']].<ref name="Amar Chitra Katha Mahabharata">{{cite book | title=Amar Chitra Katha Mahabharata | publisher=Amar Chitra Katha | author=Pai, Anant | year=1998 | location=Mumbai | page=1200 | isbn=978-81-905990-4-7 | editor=Pai, Anant | others=Kadam, Dilip (illus.)}}</ref>

=== In film and television ===
[[File:FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg|right|thumb|Krishna as portrayed in [[Yakshagana]] from [[Karnataka]] which is based largely on stories of ''Mahabharata'']]

In [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], several film versions of the epic have been made, dating back to 1920. The ''Mahābhārata'' was also reinterpreted by [[Shyam Benegal]] in ''[[Kalyug (1980 film)|Kalyug]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm |title=What makes Shyam special |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=17 January 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112210119/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm |archive-date=12 January 2011 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> [[Prakash Jha]] directed 2010 film [[Raajneeti]] was partially inspired by the ''Mahabharata''.<ref name="Raajneeti Controversy">{{cite news |title=Fact of the matter |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article439799.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 May 2010 |author=Kumar, Anuj |access-date=11 August 2013 |archive-date=30 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330142142/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article439799.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Mahabharat (2013 film)|2013 animated adaptation]] holds the record for India's most expensive animated film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahabharat-theatrical-trailer-animated-film-112591.html|title=Mahabharat: Theatrical Trailer (Animated Film)|date=19 November 2013|access-date=16 December 2013|archive-date=17 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217000203/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahabharat-theatrical-trailer-animated-film-112591.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1988, [[B. R. Chopra]] created a television series named ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]].'' It was directed by [[Ravi Chopra]],<ref name="TV">{{IMDb title|qid=Q3312543|title=Mahabharat}} (1988–1990 TV series)</ref> and was televised on India's national television ([[Doordarshan]]). The same year as ''Mahabharat'' was being shown on Doordarshan, that same company's other television show, ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', also directed by Shyam Benegal, showed a 2-episode abbreviation of the ''Mahabharata'', drawing from various interpretations of the work, be they sung, danced, or staged. In the [[Western world]], a well-known presentation of the epic is [[Peter Brook]]'s nine-hour play, which premiered in [[Avignon]] in 1985, and its five-hour movie version [[The Mahabharata (1989 film)|''The Mahābhārata'']].<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q2917578|title=The Mahabharata}} (1989 mini-series).</ref> In the late 2013 ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' was televised on STAR Plus. It was produced by Swastik Productions Pvt.

A [[Zee TV]] television series aired from 26 October 2001 to 26 July 2002 and starred Siraj Mustafa Khan as [[Krishna]] and Suneel Mattoo as [[Yudhishthira]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/international-news/zee-tv-to-launch-two-mythological-serials-4627.html|title=Zee TV to launch two mythological serials|date=2001-12-25|website=Exchange4Media Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020113/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Good Lord!|date=2002-01-13|website=Tribune India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-khan-excited-about-maha-kavya-mahabharat/articleshow/1632627753.cms|title=Sanjay Khan excited about Maha Kavya Mahabharat|date=2001-10-21|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>

Uncompleted projects on the ''Mahābhārata'' include one by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/feb/24/news1|title=In brief: Mahabharat will be most expensive Indian movie ever|newspaper=The Guardian|date=24 February 2003|via=www.theguardian.com|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-date=26 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326140711/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/feb/24/news1|url-status=live}}</ref> and a theatrical adaptation planned by [[Satyajit Ray]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IndiaStar book review: Satyajit Ray by Surabhi Banerjee |author=C. J. Wallia |year=1996 |url=http://www.indiastar.com/satyajitray.html |access-date=31 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514050120/http://www.indiastar.com/satyajitray.html |archive-date=14 May 2008 }}</ref>

===Other adaptations===
The ''Mahabharata'' was adapted by the BBC into a nine-part radio drama entitled ''Mahabharata Now''. The action is instead updated to modern-day India and, thus, hinges its action less on the fate of an entire kingdom but instead that of a massive conglomerate company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0014fxp |title="Mahabharata Now", BBC}}</ref>

===In folk culture===
Every year in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]] of [[Uttarakhand]], villagers perform the ''[[Pandav Lila]]'', a ritual re-enactment of episodes from the ''Mahabharata'' through dancing, singing, and recitation. The ''lila'' is a cultural highlight of the year and is usually performed between November and February. Folk instruments of the region, [[dhol]], [[damau]] and two long trumpets [[bhankore]], accompany the action. The amateur actors often break into a spontaneous dance when they are "possessed" by the spirits of the figures of the ''Mahabharata''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sax |first=William Sturman |date=2002 |title=Dancing the Self: Personhood and Performance in the Pāṇḍava Līlā of Garhwal |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 9780195139150}}</ref>

=== Jain version ===
{{Further|Salakapurusa}}
[[File: Neminath Wedding.JPG|thumb|Depiction of wedding procession of Neminatha. The enclosure shows the animals that are to be slaughtered for food for weddings. Overcome with Compassion for animals, Neminatha refused to marry and renounced his kingdom to become a Shramana]]

[[Jainism|Jain]] versions of ''Mahābhārata'' can be found in the various [[Jain texts]] like ''[[Harivamsapurana]]'' (the story of [[Harivamsa]]) ''Trisastisalakapurusa Caritra'' (Hagiography of 63 Illustrious persons), ''Pandavacharitra'' (lives of [[Pandava]]s) and ''Pandavapurana'' (stories of [[Pandava]]s).<ref>{{Cite book| last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh | title =Collected Papers on Jaina Studies | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | year =2000 | location =Delhi | isbn =978-81-208-1691-6 }} p. 351-52</ref> From the earlier canonical literature, ''Antakrddaaśāh'' (8th cannon) and ''Vrisnidasa'' (''upangagama'' or secondary canon) contain the stories of [[Neminatha]] (22nd [[Tirthankara]]), Krishna and Balarama.<ref>{{Cite book| last =Shah | first =Natubhai | title =Jainism: The World of Conquerors | publisher =Sussex Academy Press | year =1998 | location =Sussex | series =Volume I and II | isbn =978-1-898723-30-1 }} vol 1 pp. 14–15</ref> Prof. [[Padmanabh Jaini]] notes that, unlike in the Hindu Puranas, the names Baladeva and Vasudeva are not restricted to Balarama and Krishna in Jain Puranas. Instead, they serve as names of two distinct classes of mighty brothers, who appear nine times in each half of time cycles of the [[Jain cosmology]] and rule half the earth as half-chakravartins. Jaini traces the origin of this list of brothers to the Jinacharitra by [[Bhadrabahu]] swami (4th–3rd century BCE).<ref>{{Cite book| last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh | title =Collected Papers on Jaina Studies | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | year =2000 | location =Delhi | isbn =978-81-208-1691-6 }} p. 377</ref> According to [[Jain cosmology]] Balarama, Krishna and Jarasandha are the ninth and the last set of Baladeva, Vasudeva, and Prativasudeva.<ref name="Jaini 1998">{{Cite book| last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh | title =The Jaina Path of Purification | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | year =1998 | location =New Delhi | isbn =978-81-208-1578-0 }} p.305</ref> The main battle is not the Mahabharata, but the fight between Krishna and Jarasandha (who is killed by Krishna as Prativasudevas are killed by Vasudevas). Ultimately, the Pandavas and Balarama take renunciation as [[Jain monk]]s and are reborn in heavens, while on the other hand Krishna and Jarasandha are reborn in hell.<ref>{{Cite book| last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh | title =Collected Papers on Jaina Studies | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | year =2000 | location =Delhi | isbn =978-81-208-1691-6 }} p. 351</ref> In keeping with the [[Karma in Jainism|law of karma]], Krishna is reborn in hell for his exploits (sexual and violent) while Jarasandha for his evil ways. Prof. Jaini admits a possibility that perhaps because of his popularity, the Jain authors were keen to rehabilitate Krishna. The Jain texts predict that after his karmic term in the hell is over sometime during the next half time-cycle, Krishna will be reborn as a Jain [[Tirthankara]] and attain [[Moksa (Jainism)|liberation]].<ref name=" Jaini 1998" /> Krishna and Balrama are shown as contemporaries and cousins of 22nd Tirthankara, Neminatha.<ref>{{Cite book| last =Roy | first =Ashim Kumar | title =A history of the Jainas | publisher =Gitanjali Pub. House | year =1984 | location =New Delhi | isbn =978-0-8364-1136-2 | oclc =11604851 | page=20}}</ref> According to this story, Krishna arranged young Neminath's marriage with Rajemati, the daughter of Ugrasena, but Neminatha, empathizing with the animals which were to be slaughtered for the marriage feast, left the procession suddenly and renounced the world.<ref>{{Cite book| last =Helen | first =Johnson | editor =Muni Samvegayashvijay Maharaj|title =Trisastiśalākāpurusacaritra of Hemacandra: The Jain Saga| orig-year=1931 | publisher =Oriental Institute| year =2009 | location =Baroda | language =en|isbn =978-81-908157-0-3|volume=Part II}} refer story of Neminatha</ref><ref name="Devdutt 2017">{{cite web | title=How different are the Jain Ramayana and Jain Mahabharata from Hindu narrations? | author=Devdutt Pattanaik | website=Devdutt | date=2 March 2017 | url=http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/mahabharata/differentnarrations.html | access-date=22 March 2017 | author-link=Devdutt Pattanaik | archive-date=7 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307111548/http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/mahabharata/differentnarrations.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Kuru family tree ==
{{Kuru family tree}}

== Cultural influence ==
In the [[Bhagavad Gita]], [[Krishna]] explains to [[Arjuna]] his duties as a warrior and prince and elaborates on different [[Yoga|Yogic]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yoga.about.com/od/bhagavadgita/a/thegita.htm |title=Introduction to the Bhagavad Gita |publisher=Yoga.about.com |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-date=3 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203185714/http://yoga.about.com/od/bhagavadgita/a/thegita.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Vedantic]] philosophies, with examples and analogies. This has led to the ''Gita'' often being described as a concise guide to [[Hindu philosophy]] and a practical, self-contained guide to life.<ref>Maharishi Mahesh Yogi; ''On the Bhagavad Gita: A New Translation and Commentary with Sanskrit Text'', chapters 1 to 6, Preface p. 9</ref> In more modern times, [[Swami Vivekananda]], Netaji [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and many others used the text to help inspire the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>Stevenson, Robert W., "Tilak and the Bhagavadgita's Doctrine of Karmayoga", in Minor, p. 44.</ref><ref>Jordens, J. T. F., "Gandhi and the Bhagavadgita", in Minor, p. 88.</ref>

It has also inspired several works of modern [[Hindi]] literature, such as [[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]]'s ''[[Rashmirathi]]'', which is a rendition of ''Mahabharata'' centered around [[Karna]] and his conflicts. It was written in 1952, and won the prestigious [[Jnanpith Award]] in 1972.

== Explanatory notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== General sources ==
* Badrinath, Chaturvedi. ''The Mahābhārata: An Inquiry in the Human Condition'', New Delhi, Orient Longman (2006).
* Bandyopadhyaya, Jayantanuja (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C Class and Religion in Ancient India]''. Anthem Press.
* {{Cite book |last=Basham |first=A. L. |title=The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before The Coming of the Muslims|year=1954 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York }}
* Bhasin, R. V. ''Mahabharata'' published by National Publications, India, 2007.
* J. Brockington. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C The Sanskrit Epics]'', Leiden (1998).
* Buitenen, Johannes Adrianus Bernardus (1978). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wFtXBGNn0aUC The Mahābhārata]''. 3 volumes (translation / publication incomplete due to his death). [[University of Chicago Press]].
* Chaitanya, Krishna (K.K. Nair). ''The Mahabharata, A Literary Study'', Clarion Books, New Delhi 1985.
* Gupta, S. P. and Ramachandran, K. S. (ed.). ''Mahabharata: myth and reality''. Agam Prakashan, New Delhi 1976.
* [[Alf Hiltebeitel|Hiltebeitel, Alf]]. ''The Ritual of Battle, Krishna in the Mahabharata'', SUNY Press, New York 1990.
* Hopkins, E. W. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hC1d-xN6nzoC The Great Epic of India]'', New York (1901).
* Jyotirmayananda, Swami. ''Mysticism of the Mahabharata'', Yoga Research Foundation, Miami 1993.
* Katz, Ruth Cecily ''Arjuna in the Mahabharata'', University of South Carolina Press, Columbia 1989.
* {{Cite book|last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |title=India: A History |year=2000 |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tarbo7OzEO8C }}
* {{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: (Volume 1) The Vedic Age |year=1951 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd. |location=London |title-link=The History and Culture of the Indian People}}
* Lerner, Paule. ''Astrological Key in Mahabharata'', David White (trans.) Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 1988.
* Mallory, J. P (2005). ''In Search of the Indo-Europeans''. [[Thames & Hudson]]. {{ISBN|0-500-27616-1}}
* Mehta, M. ''The problem of the double introduction to the Mahabharata'', [[JAOS]] 93 (1973), 547–550.
* Minkowski, C. Z. ''Janamehayas ''Sattra'' and Ritual Structure'', JAOS 109 (1989), 410–420.
* Minkowski, C. Z. 'Snakes, ''Sattras'' and the Mahabharata', in: ''Essays on the Mahabharata'', ed. A. Sharma, Leiden (1991), 384–400.
* [[Hermann Oldenberg|Oldenberg, Hermann]]. ''Zur Geschichte der Altindischen Prosa'', Berlin (1917)
* Oberlies, Th. 'The Counsels of the Seer Narada: Ritual on and under the surface of the Mahabharata', in: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-0tcQr3WzqsC New methods in the research of epic]'' (ed. H. L. C. Tristram), Freiburg (1998).
* Oldenberg, H. ''Das Mahabharata'', Göttingen (1922).
* [[Pāṇini]]. ''Ashtādhyāyī''. [http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/chandravasu/book4.pdf Book 4]. Translated by Chandra Vasu. [[Benares]], 1896. {{in lang|sa|en}}
* Pargiter, F. E. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', London 1922. Repr. Motilal Banarsidass 1997.
* {{Cite book|last=Sattar|first=Arshia (transl.)|author-link=Arshia Sattar|title=The Rāmāyaṇa by Vālmīki|publisher=Viking|year=1996|page=696|isbn=978-0-14-029866-6}}
* Sukthankar, Vishnu S. and Shrimant Balasaheb Pant Pratinidhi (1933). ''The Mahabharata: for the first time critically edited''. [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]].
* Sullivan, Bruce M. ''Seer of the Fifth Veda, Krsna Dvaipayana Vyasa in the Mahabharata'', Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 1999.
* Sutton, Nicholas. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rFyUHC-ORp4C Religious Doctrines in the Mahabharata]'', Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 2000.
* Utgikar, N. B. "The mention of the Mahābhārata in the Ashvalayana Grhya Sutra", Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, Poona (1919), vol. 2, Poona (1922), 46–61.
* Vaidya, R. V. ''A Study of Mahabharat; A Research'', Poona, A.V.G. Prakashan, 1967
* [[Michael Witzel|Witzel, Michael]], ''Epics, Khilas and Puranas: Continuities and Ruptures'', Proceedings of the Third Dubrovnik International Conference on the Sanskrit Epics and Puranas, ed. P. Koskiallio, Zagreb (2005), 21–80.

== External links ==
{{wikisourcelang|sa|महाभारतम्|''Mahabharata''}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|The Mahabharat}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm Sacred-Texts: Hinduism] – English translation of 18 parvas of ''Mahabharata''
* [http://mahabharata-resources.org/harivamsa/harivamsa-cs-index.html harivamsham – mahaabhaarat khila parva] – English translation of harivamsa Parva of ''Mahabharata''
* [https://bombay.indology.info/mahabharata/statement.html Sanskrit etext of the ''Mahābhārata'' online] (licensed and approved by [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|BORI]])
* [http://www.holybooks.com/mahabharata-all-volumes-in-12-pdf-files/ All volumes in 12 PDF files] (Holybooks.com, 181 MB in total)
* [https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio.html#Poona Reading Suggestions, J. L. Fitzgerald, Das Professor of Sanskrit, Department of Classics, Brown University]
* [https://sanskritdocuments.org/mirrors/mahabharata/mahabharata-bori.html Critical Edition Prepared by Scholars at Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute BORI]
* {{librivox book | title=The Mahabharata by Vyasa: The epic of ancient India condensed into English verse| author=Dutt}}

{{Mahabharata}}
{{Works based on the Mahabharata|state=collapsed}}
{{Hindu deities and texts}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{National epic poems}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mahabharata| ]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
[[Category:Epic poems in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Hindu poetry]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Kurukshetra]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC poems]]
[[Category:Frame stories]]

Sita: Warrior of Mithila

2026-05-04T15:28:54Z

OrvilleBurgos99: put up basic stub w/ refs

{{short description|2017 novel by Amish Tripathi}}
{{lead too short|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = yes
| name = Sita: Warrior of Mithila
| author = [[Amish Tripathi]]
| illustrator =
| image = Sita Warrior of Mithila cover.jpg
| cover_artist = Sideways, Arthat Studio
| country = India
| language = English
| subject = {{hlist|[[Fantasy literature|Fantasy]]|[[Epic fantasy|Epic]]}}
| genre = [[Fantasy]]
| publisher = [[Westland Press]]
| pub_date = 29 May 2017
| media_type = Paperback
| isbn = 978-93-86224-58-3
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by = [[Scion of Ikshvaku]]
| followed_by = [[Raavan: Enemy of Aryavarta]]
}}

'''''Sita: Warrior of Mithila''''' is the fifth book of [[Amish Tripathi]], fifth book of Amishverse, and second book of [[Ram Chandra Series]]. It was released on 29 May 2017. Ram Chandra Series is a retelling of the most famous epic of India, the [[Ramayana]]. Each book in the series focuses on one important character of the Ramayana. ''Sita: Warrior of Mithila'' focuses on the story of [[Sita]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/amish-tripathi-launches-cover-of-latest-book-sita-warrior-of-mithila/story-xiJtmmpQBH8blCWLkw791K.html|title=Amish Tripathi launches cover of latest book Sita: Warrior of Mithila|date=3 May 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

==Plot synopsis==
During a trip [[Janaka|Janak]], the king of [[Videha|Mithila]] and his wife Sunaina find a child on the road, being protected by a vulture. They adopt the child and name her [[Sita]], for she was found in a furrow. As an adolescent, Sita is sent to the [[ashram]] of Rishi Shvetaketu for her studies. There she learns about martial arts and gains knowledge on different subjects. She also makes friendship with a girl Radhika, and her cousin [[Hanuman]], who was a Vayuputra—the tribe left by the previous Mahadev, Lord [[Rudra]]. He is also a Naga whose appearance looks like the head of a monkey placed on a human body. When Sita is 14 years old, Maharishi [[Vishvamitra]]—head of the Malayaputra tribe who serve the [[Dashavatara|next Vishnu]]—visits Shvetaketu's ashram. Impressed by Sita's skills and knowledge (and a strange connection which he remembers due to the sound of a hill myna), he elects her as the seventh Vishnu but asks her to keep it a secret. Sita also wins the trust of Jatayu, a Naga member of the Malayaputras.

After Sita returns to Mithila, she is bereaved upon her mother Sunaina's death. She also has to take care of her younger sister [[Urmila]]. With Janak being engrossed in spiritual work, Sita is made the prime minister of Mithila. She is able and makes many reforms in the kingdom with the help of her childhood friend Samichi, who served as the chief of the police force. After Mithila's financial condition stabilized, Sita visited the Malayaputra capital city of Agastyakootam to continue training for becoming the next Vishnu. However, she starts suspecting Vishwamitra's reasoning for choosing her over [[Rama]], the prince of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] and the son of king [[Dasharatha|Dashrath]] the supreme ruler of India. Through Radhika she learned that Ram was also being considered for becoming the next Vishnu by his mentor Rishi [[Vashistha]]
Sita plans a marriage alliance with Ram through a [[Swayamvara|Swayamvar]], but is enraged to learn that the Lankan king [[Ravana|Raavan]] and his brother [[Kumbhakarna|Kumbhakaran]] have also come there. She manipulates the situation with Vishwamitra so that Ram's name is announced as the first suitor.Ram wins the Swayamvar and marries Sita, while his brother Lakshman marries Urmila. The next day, Raavan besieges Mithila with 10,000 soldiers, and Ram is forced to use the [[Biological agent|biological weapon]] Asurastra by Viswamitra who emotionally blackmails Ram, even though its usage is forbidden by Lord Rudra. The Lankan army is defeated and Raavan escapes on his helicopter, [[Vimana|Pushpak Viman]]. Ram returns to Ayodhya and decides to take a 14-year exile as punishment for breaking Lord Rudra's rule. Sita holds a grudge against Vishwamitra for forcing Ram to use the weapon and never speaks to him. Together with Lakshman she joins Ram on the exile, but enlists help from Jatayu and his men, to protect Ram and supply the trio with the anti-ageing drink, Somras.

Numerous incidents occur during their exile and thirteen years pass by. One day, with Ram and Lakshman out hunting, the camp is attacked by Raavan and his soldiers. Sita rushes to help a wounded Jatayu but loses the fight against so many soldiers. She is abducted and carried unconscious into the Pushpak Viman. Once she regains conscious she attempts to kill Raavan in the vehicle but is stopped by a woman drawing a blade to her throat. With Raavan being alerted, Sita turns back and, in a twist, is startled to see that it is Samichi, revealing that she has been a traitor all along.

==Development==
[[File:Raveena-Tandon-launches-the-cover-of-Amish’s-book-‘Sita-Warrior-of-Mithila’.jpg|thumb|left|Actress [[Raveena Tandon]] launches the book cover, with Tripathi on her right]]
The book is based on [[Sita]], the legendary Indian queen regarded as an incarnation of [[Lakshmi]]. The title was revealed by the author at his Facebook Page. The story begins with King [[Janaka|Janak]] of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] finding a girl child abandoned in a field. She is mysteriously guarded by a vulture from a pack of wolves. King Janak adopts her but he had not wondered that this orphan girl will be the one needed for the protection of the divine land of India from the demon-like desires of King Raavan. It follows through Sita's childhood and tutelage, her marriage with Ram, and ultimately her 14-year exile, accompanied by her husband Ram and his brother Lakshman.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/apr/01/sita-is-my-warrior-hero-amish-tripathi-1588428.html|title=Sita is my warrior hero: Amish Tripathi|work=[[New Indian Express]]|date=April 2017 |access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/interviews/i-have-portrayed-sita-as-a-warrior-a-strong-woman-says-amish-about-his-upcoming-book/articleshow/57854968.cms|title=I have portrayed Sita as a warrior, a strong woman', says Amish about his upcoming book|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref> According to a survey conducted by [[Landmark Bookstores]], the book as deemed as the most anticipated book of 2017 with 36.85% of the participants of the survey inclined to buy it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/apr/25/whats-the-most-anticipated-book-of-2017-1597327.html|title=What's the most anticipated book of 2017?|work=New Indian Express|date=25 April 2017|access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>

==Critical response==
Gayatri Jayaraman's review in [[News18.com]] was positive in her review of the book, saying "''Sita: Warrior of Mithila'' is not so much a book about a spouse of a Lord past, as much as an inquiry into the feminine principle of statesmanship... It would be a crying shame to dismiss this as just another work of [[mythic fiction|mythological fiction]]. It is transformatively so much more."<ref>{{cite news |title=Sita - Warrior of Mithila Book Review: Not Just Another Work of Mythological Fiction |url= http://www.news18.com/news/books/sita-warrior-of-mithila-book-review-not-just-another-work-of-mythological-fiction-1415813.html |publisher= [[News18.com]] |date= 29 May 2017|access-date=30 May 2017|last=Jayaraman|first=Gayatri}}</ref>

Rosheena Zehra's review of ''Sita: Warrior of Mithila'' in Thequint.com says, Reviewing a writer like Amish is always a challenge. It is easier to write off trashy books, but admiration takes time. Praise demands investment of thought, or so I conclude from personal experience. With this book, Amish has given us a Sita who is fielding armies single-handedly, is a champion archer, an efficient queen, and an able administrator. Additionally, it is refreshing to find a female protagonist in mainstream art whose physical appearance is not prioritised in her portrayal. Amish's book talks about philosophy, uses proper grammar and yet appeals to readers.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thequint.com/books/2017/05/31/amish-new-book-sita-warrior-of-mithila |title=Amish's New Book: Sita Warrior of Mithila|publisher= Thequint.com|date= 31 May 2017|access-date=31 May 2017|last=Zehra|first=Rosheena}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.authoramish.com/sita-warrior-of-mithila/ ''Sita: Warrior of Mithila''] at AmishTripathi.com

{{Amish Tripathi}}
{{Byomkesh Bakshi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sita: Warrior of Mithila}}
[[Category:2017 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Westland Books books]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Fiction set in the 4th millennium BC]]
[[Category:Novels by Amish Tripathi]]
[[Category:Novels based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Rama]]

Rajive Kumar

2026-04-24T21:16:11Z

OrvilleBurgos99: creating initial bio first draft!

{{Short description|Former Chief Secretary of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajive Kumar
| office = 1st [[Chairperson of Uttar Pradesh Real Estate Regulatory Authority]]
| order =
| image = File:The Secretary, Ministry of Shipping, Shri Rajive Kumar in New Delhi on September 29, 2015 (cropped).jpg
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| successor = Sanjay Bhoosreddy
| term_end = {{end date|df=yes|2023|06|30}}
| term_start = {{start date|df=yes|2018|08|09}}
| office2 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Road Transport and Highways Secretary of India]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| office1 = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor1 = [[Rahul Bhatnagar]]
| successor1 = [[Anup Chandra Pandey]]
| term_end1 = {{start date|df=yes|2018|06|30}}
| term_start1 = {{start date|df=yes|2017|06|29}}
| term_end2 = {{start date|df=yes|2017|06|27}}
| term_start2 = {{start date|df=yes|2017|05|16}}
| birth_name = Rajive Kumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|06|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bulandshahr]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name=":DoAP GoUP">{{Cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/IAS-GradationList2016.pdf|title=Gradation list of Uttar Pradesh Cadre IAS officers - 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|page=3|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021010956/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/IAS-GradationList2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| alma_mater = ([[Master of Science|MS]]) [[Lucknow University]] ([[Master in Public Administration|MPA]]) [[Harvard University]]
| occupation = Retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]
| profession = [[Civil servant]]
| office3 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Shipping Secretary of India]]
| term_start3 = {{start date|df=yes|2014|12|01}}
| term_end3 = {{start date|df=yes|2017|06|27}}
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| governor = [[Ram Naik]]
| minister3 = Nitin Gadkari
| predecessor2 = [[Sanjay Mitra (civil servant)|Sanjay Mitra]]
| successor2 = [[Yudhvir Singh Malik]]
| minister2 = [[Nitin Gadkari]]
| appointer = [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
| appointer1 = [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| appointer2 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| appointer3 = Appointments Committee of the Cabinet
| governor1 = Ram Naik
| nominator = [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| 3blankname1 = [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 3namedata1 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| Religion =
| Hinduism =
}}
'''Rajive Kumar''' (born 28 June 1958) is a retired 1981 batch [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service officer]] from the [[Uttar Pradesh]] cadre who served as the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]], in addition to this he also served as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Shipping Secretary of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14247&PageId=|title=Rajive Kumar - Executive Record Sheet|last=|first=|date=|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref>

== Education ==
Kumar holds a [[Master of Public Administration]] degree in [[public administration]] from [[Harvard Kennedy School]] at [[Harvard University]],<ref name=":DoAP GoUP" /><ref name=":0" /> and a [[Master of Science]] degree in [[physics]] from [[Lucknow University]].<ref name=":DoAP GoUP" /><ref name=":0" />

==Career==
===Indian Administrative Service===
Kumar has served in various key positions for both the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] and the [[Government of India]], including as the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] and [[Resident commissioner (India)|Principal Resident Commissioner]] of Uttar Pradesh, [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] of [[Meerut division|Meerut]], [[Saharanpur division|Saharanpur]] and [[Faizabad division|Faizabad]] [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|divisions]], the managing director of [[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation]], managing director of Uttar Pradesh State Mineral Corporation, executive director of [[Department of Infrastructure and Industrial Development#Udyog Bandhu|Udyog Bandhu]], Director (Revenue Intelligence) in the [[Department of Revenue (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Revenue]], the [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] of [[Mathura district|Mathura]] and [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]] [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|districts]], and as the vice chairperson of the [[Mathura]] Development Authority in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wmu.se/people/shri-rajive-kumar|title=Board of Governors - Rajiv Kumar|last=|first=|date=|website=[[World Maritime University]]|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref> and as [[Secretary to the Government of India|Union Road Transport and Highways Secretary]], [[Secretary to the Government of India|Union Shipping Secretary]] and as special secretary in the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]], [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|additional secretary]] in the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]], and as a [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|joint secretary]] in the Department of Economic Affairs of the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] in the [[Government of India|Indian government]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

====Shipping Secretary====
[[File:Rajive Kumar, IAS addressing a workshop.jpg|thumb|Kumar (left) addressing a workshop|alt=|left]]
Kumar was appointed as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Shipping Secretary]] of India by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC) on 1 December 2014.<ref name="ACC">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx|title=ACC Appointments|last=|first=|date=25 November 2014|website=[[Press Information Bureau of India]]|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> He was given the additional charge of [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] by the ACC on 10 May 2017.<ref name="ACC" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/major-reshuffle-of-secretaries-across-key-ministries/article9691621.ece|title=Major reshuffle of Secretaries across key Ministries|last=|first=|date=10 May 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] Business Line|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> He demitted the offices on 27 June 2017, when his was repatriated to his state cadre by the [[Government of India]], on the request of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]].<ref name=":5" />
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi going around an exhibition at the Maritime India Summit, in Mumbai on April 14, 2016. The Secretary, Ministry of Shipping, Shri Rajive Kumar is also seen.jpg|thumb|Kumar (left) with [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]] (centre)]]

==== Chief Secretary of Uttar Pradesh ====
After being repatriated to his state cadre by the [[Government of India]] on the request of the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Government Uttar Pradesh]] on 20 June 2017,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/8815125_Shipping-secretary-Rajive-Kumar-sent-back-to-UP.html|title=Shipping secretary Rajive Kumar sent back to UP|last=|first=|date=20 June 2017|website=[[Press Trust of India]]|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> Kumar was appointed the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] and [[Resident commissioner (India)|Principal Resident Commissioner]] of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] on 29 June 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/rajiv-kumar-appointed-new-chief-secretary-of-up-117062900522_1.html|title=Rajiv Kumar appointed new Chief Secretary of UP|last=|first=|date=29 June 2017|website=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/rajiv-kumar-takes-over-as-up-chief-secretary/articleshow/59368654.cms|title=Rajiv Kumar takes over as UP chief secretary|last=|first=|date=29 June 2017|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-rajive-kumar-is-chief-secretary-40-ias-officers-moved-4728557/|title=Rajive Kumar is Chief Secretary, 40 IAS officers moved|last=Seth|first=Maulshree|date=30 June 2017|website=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-ias-officer-rajive-kumar-takes-over-up-chief-secretary-1718540|title=Senior IAS officer Rajive Kumar Takes Over UP Chief Secretary|last=|first=|date=29 June 2017|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/rajive-kumar-new-chief-secy-bhatnagar-gnida-chairman/articleshow/59377915.cms|title=Rajive Kumar new chief secy, Bhatnagar GNIDA chairman|last1=Keelor|first1=Vandana|last2=Mishra|first2=Subhash|date=30 Jun 2017|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref>

Kumar demitted the office of chief secretary—and simultaneously superannuated from service—on 30 June 2018, serving as Uttar Pradesh's top bureaucrat for more than a year, and was succeeded by [[Anup Chandra Pandey]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jun/27/ac-pandey-appointed-new-chief-secretary-of-uttar-pradesh-1834618.html|title=AC Pandey appointed new chief secretary of Uttar Pradesh|date=27 June 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=25 July 2018|agency=Express News Service|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|oclc=243883379}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/anup-chandra-pandey-appointed-new-chief-secretary-of-up/States/news/1272657.html|title=Anup Chandra Pandey appointed new chief secretary of Uttar Pradesh|date=27 June 2018|website=[[United News of India]]|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|access-date=25 July 2018|agency=United News of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/my-priority-is-redressal-of-public-grievances-new-cs/articleshow/64811894.cms|title=My priority is redressal of public grievances: New CS|date=1 July 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 July 2018|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|oclc=23379369}}</ref> Kumar's tenure as chief secretary was generally considered successful.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/kumar-set-an-example-for-successors/articleshow/64773951.cms|title=Kumar set an example for successors|last=Mishra|first=Subhash|date=28 June 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 July 2018|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]|agency=Times News Network|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|oclc=23379369}}</ref>

=== Post-IAS ===
After his retirement from the Indian Administrative Service, Kumar was nominated to become the Government of Uttar Pradesh as the first chairperson of the [[Uttar Pradesh Real Estate Regulatory Authority]] (UP RERA) in August 2018;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/former-up-chief-secretary-is-rera-chief/articleshow/65276007.cms|title=Former UP chief secretary is RERA chief|date=5 August 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 October 2018|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]|agency=Times News Network|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|oclc=23379369}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/retd-chief-secretary-appointed-up-rera-chief-118080500330_1.html|title=Retd chief secretary appointed UP RERA chief|date=5 August 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=31 October 2018|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|oclc=496280002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/ex-up-cs-made-rera-chief-of-up/states/news/1310140.html|title=Ex UP CS made RERA chief of UP|date=5 August 2018|website=[[United News of India]]|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|access-date=31 October 2018|agency=[[United News of India]]}}</ref> Kumar was sworn in as the chairperson of UP RERA by [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh governor]], [[Ram Naik]], on 9 August 2018 and served the office till 30 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/rajiv-kumar-taken-oath-of-new-rera-president-3232595/|title=राज्यपाल ने राजीव कुमार को रेरा अध्यक्ष पद की शपथ ग्रहण करायी|last=Singh|first=Mahendra Pratap|date=9 August 2018|work=[[Rajasthan Patrika|Patrika]]|access-date=31 October 2018|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|language=hi-IN|trans-title=The governor swore Rajive Kumar in as RERA chairperson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/other-news/rajiv-kumar-sworn-in-as-president-of-lee-rera/articleshow/65342075.cms|title=राजीव कुमार ने ली रेरा के अध्यक्ष पद की शपथ|date=10 August 2018|work=[[Navbharat Times]]|access-date=31 October 2018|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]|others=Navbharat Times Bureau|language=hi-IN|trans-title=Rajive Kumar took oath as RERA chairperson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-rare-president-took-charge-said-give-a-weeks-time-allocation-to-the-allottees-18300882.html|title=रेरा अध्यक्ष ने संभाला पदभार, कहा हफ्तेभर का वक्त दीजिए, आवंटियों को मिलेगी राहत|date=10 August 2018|work=[[Dainik Jagran]]|access-date=31 October 2018|agency=Jagran News Network|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|language=hi-IN|trans-title=RERA chairperson assumes office; said give a week's time; allottees will get relief|oclc=416871022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Rajive Kumar}}
* {{URL|1=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14247&PageId=|2=Executive record sheet as maintained by the Department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions of the Government of India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Rajive}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:People from Bulandshahr]]
[[Category:Chief secretaries of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:District magistrate]]

Ajara, India

2026-04-23T03:26:08Z

OrvilleBurgos99: Starting A Post

{{Verification|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ajara
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.12|N|74.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| | governing_body = [[Nagar Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 660
| population_total = 18000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = [http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Ajara%20&district=Kolhapur 416505]
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|maharashtra.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ajara''' is a [[census town]] and the headquarters of Ajara [[Tehsil|Taluka]] in the [[Kolhapur district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is a developing city with a [[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat]] (municipal council).

Ajara is mainly known for its Ajara Ghansal Tandul rice. Two rivers flow through the town, the Chitra and the Hiranyakeshi. Ramtirth, a site where [[Rama]], [[Lakshmana]], and [[Sita]] are believed to have stayed during their 14-year [[Vanavasa|''vanvas'']] (exile), is located here.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024|reason=This claim about Ramtirth needs to be verified}}

== Geography ==
Ajara is located at {{Coord|16.12|N|74.2|E|}}, with an average elevation of {{Convert|660|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It is known for its scenic, green landscape.

Ajara is 84 km from Kolhapur and 33 km from the [[Amboli Ghat|Amboli]] Hill station. The nearest major city is [[Gadhinglaj]]. Ite is a village in Ajara.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Ajara had a population of 18,000, with males comprising 51% of the population and females 49%. The town has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy is 55%, while female literacy is 45%. Twelve percent of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Ajara%20&district=Kolhapur |title=Pin code of Ajara |publisher=citypincode.in |access-date=2014-03-22}}</ref> [[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the predominant language spoken in the town.

==Geographical indication==
[[Ajara Ghansal rice]] was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 31 March 2016 (valid until 25 March 2034).<ref>{{cite news |title=Seven agriculture products get GI tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/seven-agriculture-products-get-gi-tag/articleshow/52579129.cms |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=4 June 2016}}</ref>

Ajara Taluka Shetkari Vikas Mandal from Ajara, proposed the GI registration of Ajara Ghansal rice. After filing the application in March 2014, the chilli was granted the GI tag in 2016 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Ajara Ghansal rice" exclusive to the rice grown in the region. It thus became the first rice variety from Maharashtra and the 11th type of goods from Maharashtra to earn the GI tag.

==Notable people==
* [[Shivaji Sawant]], writer<ref name="e027">{{cite web | title=Who Was Shivaji Sawant? The Author Who Wrote Chhava| website=Free Press Journal | date=20 February 2025 | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/who-was-shivaji-sawant-the-author-who-wrote-chhava-list-of-other-must-read-books-by-legendary-writer | access-date=28 February 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Pedrewadi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kolhapur district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

{{Kolhapur-geo-stub}}

Chiraia Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:25:20Z

OrvilleBurgos99: added first details v1 - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Chiraia
|type= SLA
| map_image = 20-Chiraia constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|incumbent_image =
|mla = [[Lal Babu Prasad Gupta]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|preceded_by = [[Avaneesh Kumar Singh]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|division = [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
|established = 2008
| electors = 289,283
| reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Chiraia Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[East Champaran district|Purvi Champaran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, 20. Chiraiya Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Chiraiya and Patahi [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Chiraia Assembly constituency is part of 4. [[Sheohar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Chiraia Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/chiraia.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Avaneesh Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Lal Babu Prasad Gupta]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chiraia<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lal Babu Prasad Gupta]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:90572}}
|percentage = 45.65
|change = {{increase}}8.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Laxmi Narayan Prasad Yadav
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:51212}}
|percentage = 25.81
|change = {{decrease}}1.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Achchhelal Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:34874}}
|percentage = 17.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjay Singh
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:15590}}
|percentage = 7.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janshakti Janta Dal
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2920}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2474}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change = {{increase}}0.34
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:39360}}
|percentage = 19.84
|change = {{increase}}9.75
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:198418}}
|percentage = 68.59
|change = {{increase}}11.96
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Chiraia<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Lal Babu Prasad Gupta]]
|votes = {{formatnum:62904}}
|percentage = 37.62
|change = {{decrease}}4.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Acchelal Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:46030}}
|percentage = 27.53
|change = {{decrease}}11.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Laxmi Narayan Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:16395}}
|percentage = 9.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Avaneesh Kumar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:11430}}
|percentage = 6.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:9273}}
|percentage = 5.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Madhurendra Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4518}}
|percentage = 2.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prabhash Ranjan Urf Chandan
|votes = {{formatnum:1923}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1526}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change = {{decrease}}0.72
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16874}}
|percentage = 10.09
|change = {{increase}}7.14
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:167191}}
|percentage = 56.63
|change = {{increase}}1.19
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chiraia<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Lal Babu Prasad Gupta]]
|votes = {{formatnum:62831}}
|percentage = 42.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Laxmi Narayan Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:58457}}
|percentage = 39.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Avaneesh Kumar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:12172}}
|percentage = 8.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Om Prakash
|votes = {{formatnum:4531}}
|percentage = 3.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hiralal Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:1754}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Arun Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1559}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satrudhan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1327}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2418}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4374}}
|percentage = 2.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:148082}}
|percentage = 55.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|26|40|26|N|85|16|47|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of East Champaran district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Anamika Khanna

2026-04-18T13:41:30Z

OrvilleBurgos99:

{{short description|Indian fashion designer (born 1971)}}
{{Cleanup-PR|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox fashion designer
|name = Anamika Khanna
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|07|19|df=yes}}
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|education =
|label_name = {{hlist|Anamika Khanna|Ana-mika}}
|awards =
|known_for =
|occupation = Fashion designer
}}

'''Anamika Khanna''' (born 19 July 1971) is an Indian [[fashion designer]] from [[Kolkata]].<ref name="businessoffashion1">{{Cite web |title=Anamika Khanna is part of the BoF 500 |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/anamika-khanna |access-date=11 October 2019 |website=The Business of Fashion}}</ref> She is the first Indian designer to have an International label: "Ana mika".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/12309.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525003357/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/12309.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 May 2007 |title=Designer Anamika Khanna ready with international label – Telugu Movie News |website=Indiaglitz.com |date=28 December 2004 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azafashions.com/designers/anamika-khanna/246|title=Anamika Khanna {{!}} Designer Sarees, Lehengas, Kurta Sets {{!}} Aza Fashions|website=Azafashions.com|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/anamika-khanna-the-designer-whom-designers-celebrate/article1-1247427.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723054429/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/anamika-khanna-the-designer-whom-designers-celebrate/article1-1247427.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 July 2015|title=Anamika Khanna: The designer whom designers celebrate | brunch|date=2 August 2014|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>

Before entering the fashion industry, Anamika was a [[Indian classical dance|classical dancer]] and painter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anamika Khanna is part of the BoF 500|url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/anamika-khanna|website=The Business of Fashion|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
Khanna's career started in the year 1998. In 2003, she was invited to [[Pakistan]] to show her bridal collections as a part of Bridal Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiafashionweek.com/news/9420.html |title=Bridal Asia Creates Pan-Universal Bridal Script Profile @ India Fashion Week |accessdate=17 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721053809/http://www.indiafashionweek.com/news/9420.html |archivedate=21 July 2015 }}</ref> In 2004, she launched her international label: Ana mika,<ref name="boldsky1">{{cite web|url=http://www.boldsky.com/fashion-designers/anamika-khanna.html |title=Anamika Khanna Fashion Designer | Anamika Khanna Fashion Shows |publisher=Boldsky |date= |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref> and showcased her collections at the [[Lakme Fashion Week]]'s Grand Finale.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/grand-finish/ |title=Grand Finish |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 January 2015 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref> In 2005, she displayed her collection "The Botanist" at the Will's Fashion Wee Spring/Summer edition,<ref name="boldsky1" /> and took part in the [[London Fashion Week]]. She got exclusive contracts from British department store [[Harrods]] and was covered by the magazines: Glamour (Paris), Vogue (October 2005 edition in UK) and Vogue Best Buy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aashniandco.com/a/collections/anamika-khanna |title=Aashni + Co - Aashni + Co |accessdate=17 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721070912/http://aashniandco.com/a/collections/anamika-khanna |archivedate=21 July 2015 }}</ref>

In 2007, she participated at the [[Paris Fashion Week]] along with [[Manish Arora]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.99celebs.in/fashion-designers/anamika-khanna.html |title=Anamika Khanna Biography | Biography of Anamika Khanna |accessdate=17 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721191736/http://www.99celebs.in/fashion-designers/anamika-khanna.html |archivedate=21 July 2015 }}</ref> and in 2008 in the HDIL India Couture Week,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highheelconfidential.com/sonam-kapoor-anamika-khanna-hdil-couture-week/ |title=HDIL Couture Week: Anamika Khanna |website=Highheelconfidential.com |date=19 September 2008 |accessdate=4 September 2016 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030151/http://www.highheelconfidential.com/sonam-kapoor-anamika-khanna-hdil-couture-week/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> presenting her signature cowl-shaped dresses that closely resembled the [[dhoti]] worn by [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anamika-khanna-gave-dhoti-a-whole-new-dimension-1191787 |title=Anamika Khanna gave dhoti a whole new dimension |website=Daily News and Analysis |date=20 September 2008 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref> [[Sonam Kapoor]] walked the ramp for the first time and she was wearing a golden cowl-shaped gown embellished with [[zardosi]] with a top adorned with Mukesh work. She also participated in the Will's Lifestyle Fashion Week Grand Finale Autumn/Winter edition.

In 2009, she became the finale designer at the [[Lakme Fashion Week]] (LFW) Fall/Winter edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anamika-khanna-s-finale-at-lakme-fashion-week-1219017 |title=Anamika Khanna's finale at Lakme Fashion Week |website=Daily News and Analysis |date=5 January 2009 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref> In 2010, she took part in The India Premier London Fashion Week's Autumn/Winter collection.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/article99905.ece |title=Namastey London |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 February 2010 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref> In 2011, she showcased her creations at the Lakme Summer Resort.<ref name="makeupandbeauty1">{{cite web|url=http://makeupandbeauty.com/lfw-2011-anamika-khanna/ |title=Lakme Summer Resort 2011 Anamika Khanna Show – Indian Makeup Beauty |website=Makeupandbeauty.com |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref> In 2012, at the Delhi Couture Week she showcased her signature dhoti-pants together with [[sari]] drapes and floor-length jackets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vogue.in/content/runway-review-anamika-khanna-couture-week |title=Runway Review: Anamika Khanna at Couture Week |website=Vogue |date=10 August 2012 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref> In 2013, at the PCJ Delhi Couture Week, her collection had shararas, capes, gilets, vests and coats with a color combination of black, white and gold. Tribal jewellery designed by [[Suhani Pittie]], Anamika's sister, was also a part of the collection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vogue.in/content/anamika-khanna-2 |title=Anamika Khanna | Fashion Shows |website=Vogue |date=2 August 2013 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>

Khanna showcased her collection at [[Bvlgari]]’s [[India]] launch in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highheelconfidential.com/sonam-kapoor-bvlgari-anamika-khanna-fashion-show/ |title=In Anamika Khanna |website=Highheelconfidential.com |date=20 November 2014 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref> She is also associated with [[Bvlgari]] Singapore. She also introduced a number of trends in adorning oneself at the [[Lakme Fashion Week]] Summer, 2015. Some examples include lip colours like dark burgundy and geometric shapes in the form of golden leaves starting from the temples and ending at the inner side of the cheekbones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vogue.in/content/beauty-trends-lakme-fashion-week-summer-resort-2015#1 |title=Beauty report: Lakmé Fashion Week Summer Resort 2015 | Trends |website=Vogue |date=23 March 2015 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref> In 2016, for her show at India Couture Week she associated with Amrapali Jewellers, Jaipur to debut her jewellery collection.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vogue.in/content/you-need-to-watch-out-for-anamika-khanna-and-amrapali-jaipurs-collaboration/#s-cust2 |title=You need to watch out for Anamika Khanna and Amrapali Jaipur's collaboration | Vogue India | Fashion | Insider |access-date=10 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411055547/http://www.vogue.in/content/you-need-to-watch-out-for-anamika-khanna-and-amrapali-jaipurs-collaboration/#s-cust2 |archive-date=11 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The line-up included everything from traditional [[Nose-jewel|naths]] to timeless [[polki]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elle.in/article/anamika-khanna-collaborates-with-amrapali-jewels-for-debut-jewellery-collection/|title=Anamika Khanna collaborates with Amrapali Jewels for debut jewellery collection|website=Elle India|date=22 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehauterfly.com/fashion/india-couture-week-2016-anamika-khanna-amrapali/|title=#ICW2016: How Stunning Are These Jewellery Pieces By Amrapali?|first=Japleen|last=Kaur|date=25 July 2016|website=Hauterfly}}</ref>

===Celebrity associations===
[[Sonam Kapoor]] was seen wearing Khanna's creations at various red carpet events, including [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]] red-carpet gala in 2013, Cannes 2014 and Cannes 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kalkifashion.com/blogs/category/anamika-khanna/|title=Anamika Khanna Dresses {{!}} Anamika Khanna Dresses Online|website=Kalki Fashion Blog|access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/cannes-2016-sonam-kapoor-delights-in-anamika-khanna-at-nice-airport-1406346|title=Cannes 2016: Sonam Kapoor Delights in Anamika Khanna at Nice Airport – NDTV Movies|website=NDTVMovies.com|date=14 May 2016 |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-cannes-2016-sonam-kapoor-looks-gorgeous-in-anamika-khanna-dress-for-her-day-one-2212578|title=Cannes 2016: Sonam Kapoor looks gorgeous in Anamika Khanna dress for her day one|first=Rucha|last=Sharma|date=15 May 2016|website=DNA India}}</ref> [[Kareena Kapoor]] had worn Khanna's creation at Lakme Fashion Week 2015 and at various red carpet events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/lakme-fashion-week-2015-grand-finale-kareena-kapoor-khan-sizzles-anamika-khannas-creation-626976|title=Lakme Fashion Week 2015 Grand Finale: Kareena Kapoor Khan Sizzles in Anamika Khanna's Creation [Photos]|last=Sen|first=Sushmita|date=23 March 2015|website=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glamcheck.com/bollywood/2013/12/23/kareena-kapoor-in-anamika-khanna-black-and-gold-outfit/|title=Kareena Kapoor sizzles in Anamika Khanna Black and Gold Outfit|website=glamcheck.com|date=23 December 2013 |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref> Kapoor's sister, [[Karisma Kapoor|Karishma]] was also seen donning Khanna's label.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/fashion/story/karisma-kapoor-gorgeous-clothes-judge-miss-india-australia-lifest-343226-2016-09-26|title=Karisma Kapoor outshone everyone at Miss India Australia!|first=Hemul|last=Goel|date=September 26, 2016|website=India Today}}</ref> [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] was seen on the red carpet at Jio MAMI 18th Mumbai Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://voompla.com/2016/10/21/jacqueline-hosts-jio-mami-film-festival-in-fusion-anamika-khanna-sari. |title= Jacqueline hosts Jio MAMI Film Festival in fusion Anamika Khanna sari - Voompla|website=voompla.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031161508/http://voompla.com/2016/10/21/jacqueline-hosts-jio-mami-film-festival-in-fusion-anamika-khanna-sari/ |archive-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> Mira Rajput chose to wear Anamika Khanna lehenga at her wedding, she chose not just one but four outfits from the designer at her wedding.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/story/shahid-kapoor-mira-rajput-wedding-outfits-anamika-khanna-kunal-rawal-shahidkishaadi-281027-2015-07-07|title=Exclusive: Anamika Khanna reveals details of Mira Rajput's wedding outfit|first=Hemul|last=Goel|date=July 7, 2015|website=India Today}}</ref>

Sonakshi Sinha has worn designs by Anamika, including a notable appearance at the IIFA Awards in a lungi-style skirt paired with a short embellished jacket.<ref name="idiva.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.idiva.com/news-style-beauty/7-times-our-bollywood-style-icons-stunned-in-anamika-khanna-outfits/16111052. |title= 7 Times Our Bollywood Style Icons Stunned in Anamika Khanna Outfits | iDiva|website=www.idiva.com |date= 11 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117175452/http://www.idiva.com/news-style-beauty/7-times-our-bollywood-style-icons-stunned-in-anamika-khanna-outfits/16111052 |archive-date=17 November 2016}}</ref> Getting together for an event with Madhuri Dixit, Deepika Padukone looked suave beyond words in an Anamika Khanna off-white netted saree with a long cape jacket.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/celeb-style/Deepika-and-Madhuri-look-so-stylish-together-we-cant-decide-who-looks-better/articleshow/53650053.cms|title=Deepika and Madhuri look so stylish together we can't decide who looks better|website=The Times of India|date=11 August 2016 |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref>

[[Deepika Padukone]] wore an Anamika Khanna saree at the [[Time 100]] Gala in New York in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/deepika-padukone-looks-gorgeous-in-a-anamika-khanna-ensemble-at-the-time-100-red-carpet-see-pics-1729009.html|title=Deepika Padukone Looks Gorgeous in a Anamika Khanna Ensemble at the Time 100 Red Carpet; See Pics|website=News18|date=25 April 2018}}</ref> Shilpa Shetty, Sridevi, Madhuri Dixit, Alia Bhatt and Shraddha Kapoor have at least once graced an event in an Anamika Khanna's ensemble. Singer Kanika Kapoor recently hosted a Diwali bash for delegates of Dolce & Gabbana, she chose to wear Anamika Khanna at the special occasion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.missmalini.com/2016/10/14/kanika-kapoor-looks-like-goddess-anamika-khanna/|title=Kanika Kapoor Looks Like A Goddess In Anamika Khanna!|website=MissMalini|date=October 2016 }}</ref>

Anamika Khanna designed the 10 kg velvet [[lehenga]] that was studded with [[pearls]], gold and silver and was given as a gift by [[Simi Garewal]] to [[Lady Gaga]] – her celebrity guest at her talk show: ‘Simi Selects: [[India]]’s Most Desirable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/simi-gifts-lady-gaga-a-10-kg-lehenga/article1-731607.aspx |title=Hindustan Times – Archive News |accessdate=17 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723054507/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/simi-gifts-lady-gaga-a-10-kg-lehenga/article1-731607.aspx |archivedate=23 July 2015 }}</ref> Recently, [[Sonam Kapoor]] along with sister Rhea Kapoor wore outfits from Anamika's collection of Everything is AK-OK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highonpersona.in/fashion/is-everything-is-ak-ok-plagarised-or-not|title=Is 'Everything is AK-OK' plagiarised or not? See What diet Sabya and Kapoor Sisters have to say about it|website=highonpersona.in|date=13 January 2019|accessdate=11 January 2019|archive-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153417/http://www.highonpersona.in/fashion/is-everything-is-ak-ok-plagarised-or-not/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Oprah donned Khanna's outfits at various occasions, from the [[Women in the World#Women in the World Annual Summit|Women in the World Summit]] to special reception at the [[Black Panther (film)|Black Panther]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.highheelconfidential.com/oprah-winfrey-in-anamika-khanna-at-black-panther-awards-season-event-also-seen-on-her-on-elle-india/|title=In Anamika Khanna|date=19 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bwg-SCGnMun/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/Bwg-SCGnMun |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|title=Anamika Khanna on Instagram: "Oprah in an Anamika Khanna at the @womenintheworld summit. Repost @nowthisnews @oprah's advice for young women: 'Save yourself. And then…"|website=Instagram}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Other celebrities including Deepika Padukone, [[Nita Ambani]] Isha Ambani, Shloka Mehta, Radhika Merchant, Katrina Kaif, Neha Dhupia are seen wearing her creations at various occasions.<ref name="idiva.com" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/deepika-kareena-close-anamika-khannas-show-at-lakme-fashion-week-748938|title=Deepika, Kareena Close Anamika Khanna's Show at Lakme Fashion Week – NDTV Movies|website=NDTVMovies.com|access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.highheelconfidential.com/nita-ambani-in-anamika-khanna-at-mami-mumbai-film-festival-2016-opening-night/|title=In Anamika Khanna|date=22 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/jio-mami-2015-mukesh-and-neeta-ambani-host-a-star-studded-after-party-1158655.html|title=JIO MAMI 2015: Mukesh and Nita Ambani host a star-studded after party|date=31 October 2015|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southindiafashion.com/2016/10/katrina-kaif-in-anamika-khanna-at-mami-mumbai-film-festival.html|title=Katrina Kaif in Anamika Khanna|date=27 October 2016}}</ref>

===Influence in Bollywood===
Khanna has designed collections for a number of [[Bollywood movies]] like ''Mausam'', ''Fashion'', ''Aisha'', and ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]''. She was the costume designer for the lead actress of the movie ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]'' released in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.notchmag.com/fashion/july2013/fashion-designer-anamika-khanna |title=Anamika Khanna on her dressing the best in Bollywood |website=Notchmag.com |date= |accessdate=4 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723022247/http://www.notchmag.com/fashion/july2013/fashion-designer-anamika-khanna |archive-date=23 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Khanna has designed the outfits that [[Simi Garewal]] wore in her talk show: ‘Simi Selects: [[India]]’s Most Desirable’.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-simi-comes-with-new-show-chats-with-most-desirable-singles-2152403.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721042603/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-simi-comes-with-new-show-chats-with-most-desirable-singles-2152403.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2015 |title=Simi comes with new show, chats with most desirable singles |website=Daily.bhaskar.com |date=1 June 2011 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>

==Notable shows==
* '''[[Lakme Fashion Week]] (1999)''': Khanna was among the 33 designers, who were part of India's first [[Lakme Fashion Week]] at Taj Palace, New Delhi.
* '''Wills Fashion Week, 2005''':She presented her spring/summer collection titled The Botanist at the WFW. Her collection consisted of clothes made from [[muslin]] and [[chiffon (fabric)|chiffon]].
*'''[[Paris Fashion Week]] (2007)''': Khanna presented her designs at the [[Paris Fashion Week]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stylebistro.com/runway/Paris%20Fashion%20Week%20Spring%202007/Jean%20Paul%20Gaultier |title=Jean Paul Gaultier at Paris Fashion Week Spring 2007 |website=Stylebistro.com |date= |accessdate=4 September 2016 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321121615/https://www.stylebistro.com/runway/Paris%20Fashion%20Week%20Spring%202007/Jean%20Paul%20Gaultier |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stylebistro.com/runway/Paris%20Fashion%20Week%20Fall%202007/Elie%20Saab |title=Elie Saab at Paris Fashion Week Fall 2007 |website=Stylebistro.com |date= |accessdate=4 September 2016 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321121615/https://www.stylebistro.com/runway/Paris%20Fashion%20Week%20Fall%202007/Elie%20Saab |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''HDIL India Couture Week (2008)''':Khanna's collection involved her signature dhoti-pants. The clothes were created using fine cotton, [[chiffon (fabric)|chiffon]], [[satin]] and [[georgette (fabric)|georgette]]. The focus of the collection was on cuts and drapes.<ref name="boldsky1"/>
*'''[[Lakme Fashion Week]] (2009)''': Khanna at the [[Lakme Fashion Week]] presented a bridal collection featuring modern [[silhouettes]], flawless embroidery and a wide variety of colours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weddingsutra.com/blog/index.php/2015/01/21/lakme-collaborates-with-anamika-khanna-to-set-the-biggest-trends-this-summer/ |title=Lakmé collaborates with Anamika Khanna to set the biggest trends this Summer | WeddingSutra Editors Blog – |website=Weddingsutra.com |date=21 January 2015 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>
*'''The India Premier [[London Fashion Week]] (2010)''': Khanna participated in the Autumn/Winter edition of The India Premier [[London Fashion Week]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/namastey-london/article99905.ece |title=Namastey London |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 February 2010 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>
*'''Lakme Summer Resort (2011)''':Khanna presented her collections that consisted of [[kurtas]] embroidered with [[chikan (embroidery)|chikan]] work, [[pajamas]], [[lehenga]]s, [[churidar]]s, Jodhpuri pants and mojris.<ref name="makeupandbeauty1"/> Her collection was primarily black and white.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highheelconfidential.com/anamika-khanna-lakme-fashion-weeksummer-resort-2011/ |title=Anamika Khanna: LFW Summer/Resort 2011 |website=Highheelconfidential.com |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>
*'''Delhi Couture Week (2012)''': Khanna presented a collection that comprised Kashmiri embroidery, [[zardosi]] and Parsi gara. In addition to dhoti-pants, her collection also featured floor-length [[jackets]] and [[waistcoats]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vogue.in/content/runway-review-anamika-khanna-couture-week#.VX-1vfmqqko |title=Runway Review: Anamika Khanna at Couture Week | Insider |website=Vogue |date=10 August 2012 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>
*'''PCJ Delhi Couture Week (2013)''': Khanna's collection featured clothes created from traditional wedding wear .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vogue.in/content/anamika-khanna-vine |title=Must Watch: Anamika Khanna's couture show | Trends |website=Vogue |date=2 August 2013 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>
*'''India Couture Week(2014)''': Khanna presented her collection called ‘Luxury 2014’. It consisted of embroidered vests, lace capes/[[kimono]], [[lehenga]]s, [[sari]]s, and [[churidar]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jugnistyle.com/style/anamika-khanna-india-couture-week-2014/ |title=Vintage Inspiration by Anamika Khanna at India Couture Week 2014 : Jugni Style |accessdate=17 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721010700/http://jugnistyle.com/style/anamika-khanna-india-couture-week-2014/ |archivedate=21 July 2015 }}</ref>
*'''Lakme Fashion Week (2015)''': Khanna was the finale designer and [[Bollywood]] stars [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] walked the ramp in outfits that she designed (a black cropped top with a pair of wide-legged pants for Deepika while a black, silver and white ensemble for Kareena).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/deepika-kareena-close-anamika-khannas-show-at-lakme-fashion-week-748938 |title=Deepika, Kareena Close Anamika Khannas Show at Lakme Fashion Week – NDTV Movies |website=Movies.ndtv.com |date= |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>
*'''Indian Couture Week (2016)''': Khanna showcased her collection with [[Bollywood]] fashionista [[Sonam Kapoor]] as the show stopper, dressed in a loose blouse and a hued floral embroidered half saree. She further extended her aesthetic by foraying into jewellery design by collaborating with Amrapali Jewelers, Jaipur royalty-inspired range of costume jewellery.
*'''India Couture Week (2017)''' :<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/india-couture-week-icw-2017-designer-anamika-khanna-talks-about-her-collection-luxury-2017-1471575.html|title=ICW 2017: Anamika Khanna Talks About Her Collection Luxury 2017|website=News18|date=25 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/fashion-and-beauty/day-1-india-couture-week-2017-with-anamika-khanna-and-rohit-bal|title=Day 1: FDCI India Couture Week 2017 With Anamika Khanna And Rohit Bal|date=25 July 2017|website=Verve Magazine}}</ref>
*'''[[Lakme Fashion Week]] (2018)''': Khanna presented her collection at the grand finale with [[Kareena Kapoor]] Khan as the showstopper; it was influenced by various tribes of the world and was an amalgamation of the modern and experimental.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/fashion/cid/1383731|title=Fashion|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/lakme-fashion-week-2018-kareena-kapoor-khan-is-showstopper-for-anamika-khanna-4336525.html|title=Lakmé Fashion Week 2018: Kareena Kapoor Khan is showstopper for Anamika Khanna|date=5 February 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref> There was deconstruction, fringe and print in a palette of crème, ecru, red and the blackest black. The collection was about tribe of strong and powerful women who are not afraid to ‘do their own thing'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swirlster.ndtv.com/style/lakme-fashion-week-2018-day-5-kareena-kapoor-closes-anamika-khanna-s-grand-finale-1808537|title=Lakme Fashion Week 2018 Day 5: Kareena Kapoor Closes Anamika Khanna's Grand Finale|first=Dayle|last=Pereira|date=February 5, 2018|website=swirlster.ndtv.com}}</ref>
*'''Everything is AKOK, RTW SS19''': With SS19 Khanna launched her first collection on Instagram. The collection was inspired by what she describes as underground warriors, women who like her, battle immense challenges but are able to pull through and make the world a more caring, interesting, and beautiful place: living goddesses who are anything but just domestic and refuse to stand still on a pedestal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/designer-anamika-khanna-new-ethnic-wear-collection-ak-ok-lehengas|title=Designer Anamika Khanna On Her Inspiration Behind Her AK-OK Lehenga Collection|website=Vogue India|date=20 March 2019 }}</ref>

==Style==
Khanna has modernised Indian craft through her collections featuring the usage of [[zardosi]], [[dhoti]]-pants, shararas, and [[lehenga]]s. Her collections can be termed as decorously Indian but Goth, Punk and Bohemian at the same time.<ref name="livemint1" /> She has set forth a new trend in draping [[saris]] through three different drapes: The tulip drape, the wavy drape and the two-pallu in [[dhoti]]-style drape.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://styleblog.g3fashions.in/designers-fancy-saree-draping-styles/ |title=How to wear Designer Saree | G3Fashion.com |website=Styleblog.g3fashions.in |date= 27 July 2014|accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>

Khanna has been [[instrumental]] towards the modernisation of Indian [[craft]] through her modern wear made from Indian textiles. She has reinterpreted the [[Maharashtra|Maharashtrian]] nine-yard [[sari]] to create dhoti-pants.<ref name="livemint1">{{cite web|author=Shefalee Vasudev |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tTxH0WTDdEF18wKmfPXKIM/Profile--Anamika-Khanna.html |title=Profile | Anamika Khanna |publisher=Livemint |date=17 August 2013 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref> They are actually [[dhoti]] style saris and have become the signature creations of Anamika Khanna. They have been worn by leading [[Bollywood]] superstars like [[Sonam Kapoor]] on multiple occasions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalkifashion.com/designers/anamika-khanna.html |title=Anamika Khanna Dresses | Anamika Khanna Dresses Online |website=Kalkifashion.com |date= |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref> Anamika Khanna has set a new trend through her draped saris. She is well known for introducing the [[tulip]] drape, the wavy drape, and the two-pallu-in-dhoti drape.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://styleblog.g3fashions.in/designers-fancy-saree-draping-styles |title=How to wear Designer Saree | G3Fashion.com |website=Styleblog.g3fashions.in |date= |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>

Her collections featuring [[Wedding dress|Trousseau]], Prêt and Couture have been worn by Bollywood superstars to International Celebrities, including the likes of [[Oprah Winfrey]], [[Arianna Huffington]], [[Natalia Vodianova]], [[Zadie Smith]] and even [[Sophia (robot)|Sophia]], the first social humanoid robot<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/anamikakhanna01/posts/2233708700221000|title=Anamika Khanna|via=Facebook}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2020}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/anamikakhanna01/posts/2233724793552724|title=Anamika Khanna|via=Facebook}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2020}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/magazine-covers/news/4259/Gorgeous-humanoid-robot-Sophia-is-now-a-Cosmo-girl.html|title=Gorgeous humanoid robot Sophia is now a Cosmo girl!|website=peepingmoon.com/|date=11 January 2019 }}</ref>

==Awards & achievements==

She is also the first female Indian fashion designer to display her collections at the [[Paris Fashion Week]] held in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anamika-s-paris-jaunt-1088909|title=Anamika's Paris jaunt & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=4 April 2007|work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> Ana mika was offered an exclusive contract by British Retail Giant Harrod's after her participation in the [[London Fashion Week]], 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sareez.wordpress.com/2010/09/01/indian-fashion-goes-international-with-anamika-khanna/ |title=Indian Fashion goes International with Anamika Khanna | Designer Indian Outfits – Traditional Indian Clothing |website=Sareez.wordpress.com |date=1 September 2010 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>

Her philanthropist side was evident when she helped raise large amounts for the Tata cancer hospitals children's wing and for the Akshay Patra Foundation, with a show in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grazia.co.in/fashion/news/anamika-khanna-woos-london-for-a-cause |title=Anamika Khanna Woos London For A Cause | Grazia India |website=Grazia.co.in |date=9 March 2015 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>

Anamika Khanna was one of the three designers who presented their collections in Khadi at the fashion show held by [[Fashion Design Council of India]] (FDCI) in coordination with [[Gujarat]] State Khadi and Village Industries for [[Narendra Modi]]’s made in [[India]] project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/glamour-khadi-on-the-ramp/20150203.htm |title=Khadi on the ramp – Rediff.com Get Ahead |work=Rediff.com |date=3 February 2015 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref> She is among the first Indian fashion designers to present their collections in [[Pakistan]] as part of the [[Bridal]] Asia event.

[[National Designer Award]] – Best Bold Silhouettes Couture Award (2023).<ref name="ITAnamika">{{cite web |title=World Designer Forum announces National Designer Awards 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/world-designer-forum-announces-national-designer-awards-2024-2483795-2024-01-03 |website=India Today |date=3 January 2024}}</ref>

She collaborated with the brand [[Bvlgari]] to launch them in New Delhi and did a private event with them in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vogue.in/content/bulgari-returns-india-after-four-years |title=Bulgari returns to India after four years | Parties |website=Vogue |location=India |date=21 November 2014 |accessdate=4 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721192253/http://www.vogue.in/content/bulgari-returns-india-after-four-years |archive-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Featured in Business of Fashion for five consecutive years, Khanna has been listed by BOF500 as a crucial part in shaping the $2.4 trillion fashion industry.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/anamika-khanna|title=Anamika Khanna is part of the BoF 500|website=The Business of Fashion|date=15 July 2022 }}</ref> She was yet again awarded as the most stylish designer by the ''Hindustan Times'' and bestowed with the title at The Hindustan Times India's Most Stylish Awards, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ht-india-s-most-stylish-awards-2019-show-live-updates-shah-rukh-khan-anil-kapoor-katrina-kaif-kareena-kapoor-khan-akshay-kumar/story-RjJyUuxCbDwXdgQx4q8wvJ.html|title=HT India's Most Stylish 2019 highlights: Kareena Kapoor, Katrina Kaif, Ranveer Singh win big|date=29 March 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In 2006, she was selected by the [[Elle magazine]] as one of the 50 Style Icons of the Year. Verve Magazine included her in its 2006 Verve Power Issue as well as in its list of 50 Powerful Women in 2010.<ref name="moneycontrollic"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.verveonline.com/86/people/powerwomen02.shtml |title=People | Verve's 50 Power Women 2010 |website=Verveonline.com |date= |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref> She was also featured in the Verve Perennial Stylish People list. [[India Today]] selected her as one of [[India]]’s 25 most powerful women in 2011<ref name="hauteitis.com"/> while [[Femina (India)|Femina]] included her in its list of 50 Most Powerful Women in [[India]] as well as in the list of 100 People Impacting [[India]] the Most.<ref name="hauteitis.com"/> Anamika Khanna was also included in the list of 25 most beautiful people by the Hi! Blitz magazine.

Khanna has been recently nominated for the [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icicibank.com/aboutus/article.page?identifier=news--20141111115728149 |title=Ms. Chanda Kochhar and ICICI Bank adopt 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' |publisher=ICICI Bank |date= |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref> She has been listed in the Business of Fashion elite list of 500 people shaping the global [[fashion industry]].<ref name="businessoffashion1" /> She was invited as a Speaker at a Panel Discussion<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiaconference.com/2017/speakers/anamika-khanna/|title=Anamika Khanna « India Conference|access-date=10 April 2017|archive-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411135217/http://indiaconference.com/2017/speakers/anamika-khanna/|url-status=dead}}</ref> in a student-run conference held at Harvard Business School & Harvard Kennedy School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiaconference.com/2017/|title=India Conference|access-date=10 April 2017|archive-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411060208/http://indiaconference.com/2017/|url-status=dead}}</ref> For five consecutive years she has been featured in the BOF500, the definitive professional index of the people shaping the $2.4 trillion fashion industry, hand-selected by the editors of The Business of Fashion, based on hundreds of nominations received from current BoF 500 members, extensive data analysis and research.<ref name="auto"/>

Invited by the Royals! At the official start of UK-India Year of Culture, the couturier was invited by the Queen of the United Kingdom and The Duke of Edinburgh at Buckingham Palace to grace the occasion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/anamikakhanna01/photos/a.1617567735168436/1861942027397671/?type=3|title=Anamika Khanna|via=Facebook}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2020}}

===Awards and nominations===
====Awards====
* Texcellence Award – Outstanding [[Boutique]] (2004)
* Kingfisher Award – Fashion Designer of the Year (2004)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fashionfad.in/designer-biography/anamika-khanna/ |title=Anamika Khanna – Fashionfad |website=Fashionfad.in |date=25 September 2009 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>
* [[FICCI]] Ladies Organization's Young Woman Achiever's Award (2006)<ref name="moneycontrollic">{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/lic_housing/lic/story.php?id=47031 |title=>> Lic >> Dream House >> Designer profile: ANAMIKA KHANNA |website=Moneycontrol.com |date=16 September 2008 |accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>
* Marudhar Gaurav Award from the [[Rajasthan]] Foundation, Kolkata (2007)<ref name="moneycontrollic"/>
* [[FICCI]] Ladies Organization Woman of Substance Award (2008)<ref name="hauteitis.com">{{cite web|url=http://hauteitis.com/anamika-khanna/ |title=Anamika Khanna | Haute It is |accessdate=17 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721150905/http://hauteitis.com/anamika-khanna/ |archivedate=21 July 2015 }}</ref>
* Bharat Nirman Award (2010)<ref name="hauteitis.com"/>
* [[Audi]] RITZ Icon Award (2011)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2492806.ece|title=Awards for individuals, brands|date=28 September 2011|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
* She Award (2011)<ref name="hauteitis.com"/>
* Export Council Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fdci.org/Member.aspx?mid=-1527310253 |title=Fashion Design Council of India |publisher=FDCI |date= |accessdate=4 September 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190422/http://www.fdci.org/Member.aspx?mid=-1527310253 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Hello! Hall of Fame Awards – Designer of the Year award (2016)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hello-Hall-of-Fame-Awards-2016-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/51787769.cms | title=Hello! Hall of Fame Awards 2016: Complete list of winners | date=28 January 2017 | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Kiran | last=Kaur | accessdate=24 January 2019 }}</ref>
*Fashionably Yours Award by T2, The Telegraph (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/the+telegraph-epaper-telegrap/fashionably+yours+award-newsid-65565974|title=Fashionably Yours Award – The Telegraph|website=Dailyhunt}}</ref>
*Indian Affairs Fashion Designer of the Year 2017 at the 8th Annual India Leadership Conclave & Indian Affairs Business Leadership Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indialeadershipconclave.in/top-fashion-designers-anushka-khanna-anamika-khanna-sonaakshi-raajpriyadarshini-raosurily-goelmasaba-gupta-in-race-at-india-leadership-conclave-2017/|title=Top Fashion Designers Anushka Khanna, Anamika Khanna, Sonaakshi Raaj, Priyadarshini Rao, Surily Goel, Masaba Gupta in race at India Leadership Conclave 2017|date=15 July 2017}}</ref>
* Vogue Women of The Year Awards – Designer of the Year (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/glamour-here-are-2018s-vogue-women-of-the-year-awards-winners/20181030.htm|title=Here are 2018's Vogue Women of the Year Awards winners|website=Rediff}}</ref>
* [[Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards]] - Trailblazing Fashion Designer of the Year (2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865|title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Edition 2 Winners list: Kiara Advani, Janhvi to Kartik Aaryan, a look at who won what!|date=7 April 2023|website=PINKVILLA}}</ref>

====Nominations====
* [[MTV]] Youth Icon Awards – Breakthrough Designer of the Year (2003)
* [[MTV]] Lycra Style Awards – Designer of the Year (2004)
* F Awards – Designer of the Year (2004)
* [[MTV]] Style Awards – Designer of the Year (2005)<ref name="moneycontrollic"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, Anamika}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women artists from West Bengal]]

Bhatkal Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:36:01Z

OrvilleBurgos99: Starting A Entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhatkal
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 79
| map_image = 79-Bhatkal constituency.svg
| mla = [[Mankala Vaidya|M. S. Vaidya]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Sunil Biliya Naik
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Uttara Kannada district|Uttara Kannada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Uttara Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uttara Kannada]]
| established = 1966
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:222794}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Bhatkal Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Uttara Kannada district]].

The constituency is infamous for [[Communal violence|Communal tensions]] due to notable presence of [[Hindutva]] groups and [[Indian Mujahideen|Islamic fundamentalism.]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-19 |title=From communal harmony to terror infamy: How Bhatkal became a constant on intel agencies’ radar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-communal-harmony-to-terror-infamy-how-bhatkal-became-a-constant-on-intel-agencies-radar-101631991815771.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814114441/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-communal-harmony-to-terror-infamy-how-bhatkal-became-a-constant-on-intel-agencies-radar-101631991815771.html |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Offensive charm |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/anant-kumar-hegde-and-his-offensive-charm/cid/1683512 |work=[[Telegraph]]}}</ref>

In April 10, 1996 a sitting [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from this constituency was assassinated by [[Gun|gunfire]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dev |first=Arun |date=2018-03-10 |title=The Forgotten Political Murder That Changed Bhatkal’s Fate Forever |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/bhatkal-bjp-chittaranjan-death-coastal-karnataka |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nanjappa |first=Vicky |title=How placid Bhatkal turned into a communal hotspot |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-placid-bhatkal-became-a-communal-hotspot/20100622.htm |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

== Electorate ==
The constituency has around 2.15 lakhs votes. Nearly 1.6 lakh voters i.e. more than 70% of vote base are [[Hindus]], followed by [[Muslims]] at nearly 55,000 who are 25.4% and [[Christians]] at 7300 forming 3.4% of the electorate. Among [[Hindus|Hindu]] vote base the single major group is [[Idiga|Namdharis]] constituting about 70,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-06 |title=Karnataka polls: In 'terror-tainted' Bhatkal, Hindu-Muslim divide polarises voters as well as decides candidates |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/karnataka-polls-in-terror-tainted-bhatkal-hindu-muslim-divide-polarises-voters-as-well-as-decides-candidates-4457875.html |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] forms 10.1% of the electorate with nearly 22,000 votes.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || J. M. Manjanath || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || S. M. Yahya Siddika Umar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Siddiq Mohamed Yahya Bin Umer || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="3" | Rama Narayan Naik || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Dr. U. Chittaranjan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1996 elections in India#Karnataka|1996 By-election]] || [[Shivanand Naik]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || J. D. Naik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Shivanand Naik]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || J. D. Naik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Mankala Vaidya]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Sunil Biliya Naik || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Mankala Vaidya]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhatkal <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Bhatkal">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Bhatkal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1079.htm?ac=79 |accessdate=26 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426084139/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1079.htm?ac=79 |archivedate=26 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mankala Vaidya]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 100,442 |percentage = 57.45% |change = {{increase}}10.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunil Biliya Naik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 67,771 |percentage = 38.76% |change = {{decrease}}11.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagendra Naik |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,502 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,223 |percentage = 0.70% |change = {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,671 |percentage = 18.69% |change = {{increase}}15.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 175,090 |percentage = 78.59% |change = {{increase}}1.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 174,848}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 222,794 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.75 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}7.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhatkal <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sunil Biliya Naik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 83,172 |percentage = 50.14% |change = {{increase}}38.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mankal Vaidya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 77,242 |percentage = 46.56% |change = {{increase}}29.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,986 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gafoor Sab |party = All India Mahila Empowerment Party |votes = 1,446 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,930 |percentage = 3.57% |change = {{decrease}}3.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 166,100 |percentage = 77.35% |change = {{increase}}6.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 165,886}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,750 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.23 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}21.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhatkal <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mankala Vaidya]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 37,319 |percentage = 28.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Enayathullah Shabandri |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 27,435 |percentage = 20.91% |change = {{increase}}17.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shivanand Naik]] |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 26,657 |percentage = 20.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. D. Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,766 |percentage = 16.59% |change = {{decrease}}28.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govinda Jattappa Naik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,791 |percentage = 11.27% |change = {{decrease}}22.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhushan Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,571 |percentage = 1.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mulla Nadeem Ahmed |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,285 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kumar Nagappa Heble |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,047 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hosad Santosh Hanumant Prabhu |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 902 |percentage = 0.69% |change = {{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,884 |percentage = 7.53% |change = {{decrease}}3.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 134,596 |percentage = 70.97% |change = {{increase}}7.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 131,191}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,664 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.66 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}16.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhatkal <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = J. D. Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,079 |percentage = 44.72% |change = {{increase}}4.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Shivananda Narayana |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,913 |percentage = 33.64% |change = {{decrease}}11.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yashodhara Ganapa Naik |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 12,538 |percentage = 11.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Parameshwar Tippayya |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,211 |percentage = 3.84% |change = {{decrease}}5.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhushan Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,946 |percentage = 2.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Zakriya |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,437 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Santosha Hanumantha Prabhu |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,437 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shetty Girish Lokeshwar |party = Rashtriya Hindustan Sena Karnataka |votes = 1,179 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,166 |percentage = 11.09% |change = {{increase}}7.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,792 |percentage = 63.48% |change = {{decrease}}1.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,740}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,949 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.52 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhatkal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shivanand Naik]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,471 |percentage = 44.71% |change = {{increase}}0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. D. Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,301 |percentage = 40.70% |change = {{decrease}}6.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yashodhar Naik |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 9,333 |percentage = 8.98% |change = {{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof Tanaveer Asif Zerdi |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,774 |percentage = 2.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hegde Shripad Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,045 |percentage = 1.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhushan K. R |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,016 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,170 |percentage = 4.01% |change = {{increase}}1.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,940 |percentage = 64.62% |change = {{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,940}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,852 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.09 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhatkal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = J. D. Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,004 |percentage = 47.02% |change = {{increase}}39.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shivanand Naik]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,567 |percentage = 44.29% |change = {{decrease}}12.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rama Narayan Naik |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,763 |percentage = 8.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,437 |percentage = 2.73% |change = {{decrease}}18.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,043 |percentage = 64.83% |change = {{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,334}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,698 |percentage = 3.97% |change = {{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,508 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.54 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1996 elections in India#Karnataka|1996 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Bhatkal <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeNov1996/index.htm |title=Bye Elections - 1996 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shivanand Naik]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,145 |percentage = 56.30% |change = {{increase}}5.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Damodar Gardikar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 28,718 |percentage = 35.04% |change = {{increase}}22.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,904 |percentage = 7.20% |change = {{decrease}}18.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = I. M. Rizwan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,202 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,427 |percentage = 21.26% |change = {{decrease}}3.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 83,754 |percentage = 60.43% |change = {{decrease}}8.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,969}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,762 |percentage = 2.10% |change = {{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,606 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhatkal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. U. Chittaranjan |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 45,308 |percentage = 50.55% |change = {{increase}}44.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Laxmi Manjappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,931 |percentage = 25.59% |change = {{decrease}}13.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gouda Shambu Narayan |party = Janata Dal |votes = 10,843 |percentage = 12.10% |change = {{decrease}}24.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman. S. Naik |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 9,600 |percentage = 10.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lalita. G. Hegde |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 941 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,377 |percentage = 24.97% |change = {{increase}}22.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,470 |percentage = 69.35% |change = {{increase}}5.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,623}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,846 |percentage = 2.02% |change = {{decrease}}5.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,889 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.88 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhatkal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rama Narayan Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,513 |percentage = 39.43% |change = {{increase}}15.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gardikar Damodar Narayan |party = Janata Dal |votes = 27,421 |percentage = 36.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gouda Shambu Narayan |party = Janata Party |votes = 8,529 |percentage = 11.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Victor Rodrigues |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,508 |percentage = 6.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gajanan Parameshwar Naik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,473 |percentage = 5.98% |change = {{decrease}}14.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,092 |percentage = 2.80% |change = {{decrease}}15.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,680 |percentage = 63.55% |change = {{increase}}1.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,840}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,840 |percentage = 7.24% |change = {{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,957 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.39 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhatkal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rama Narayan Naik |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,621 |percentage = 43.07% |change = {{decrease}}8.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gouda Shambu Narayan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,890 |percentage = 24.30% |change = {{decrease}}23.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhav Rama Naik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,471 |percentage = 20.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Uppur Chitttranjan |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,815 |percentage = 10.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devadiga Annappa Bhaira |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,369 |percentage = 2.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,731 |percentage = 18.77% |change = {{increase}}14.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,418 |percentage = 62.30% |change = {{decrease}}7.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,166}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,252 |percentage = 2.14% |change = {{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,768 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}8.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhatkal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rama Narayan Naik |party = Janata Party |votes = 30,119 |percentage = 52.05% |change = {{increase}}11.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Yahya Siddika Umar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,746 |percentage = 47.95% |change = {{increase}}42.72 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,373 |percentage = 4.10% |change = {{decrease}}9.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,790 |percentage = 69.60% |change = {{decrease}}4.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,865}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,925 |percentage = 3.22% |change = {{increase}}0.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,909 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.79 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}2.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhatkal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Siddiq Mohamed Yahya Bin Umer |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 30,800 |percentage = 54.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. U. Chittaranjan |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,867 |percentage = 40.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Vasantrao Ganap |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,961 |percentage = 5.23% |change = {{decrease}}50.71 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,933 |percentage = 14.01% |change = {{decrease}}7.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,258 |percentage = 74.46% |change = {{increase}}12.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,628}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,630 |percentage = 2.80% |change = {{increase}}2.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,245 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.19 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhatkal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Yahya Siddika Umar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,751 |percentage = 55.94% |change = {{increase}}24.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madev Bin Rama Naik |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 14,074 |percentage = 34.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakkumane Rama Shivappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,686 |percentage = 6.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Honnappa Devu Naik |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,162 |percentage = 2.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,677 |percentage = 21.33% |change = {{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,074 |percentage = 61.94% |change = {{increase}}8.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,673}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,927 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.68 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhatkal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = J. M. Manjanath |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 16,655 |percentage = 55.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Suraya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,224 |percentage = 31.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. A. H. A. Saheb |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 3,876 |percentage = 13.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,431 |percentage = 24.97% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,241 |percentage = 53.18% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,755}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,501 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Praja Socialist Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Uttara Kannada district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

[[Category:Uttara Kannada district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1966]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coord|14|74.54|display=title}}

Jhabar Singh Kharra

2026-04-10T03:11:21Z

OrvilleBurgos99: done...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jhabar Singh Kharra
| image =
| native_name =
| office = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Minister of State]], [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| governor = [[Kalraj Mishra]]
| term_start = 30 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Shanti Kumar Dhariwal]]
| successor =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| 2blankname = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|* Urban Development (I/C)
* Self-Governance (I/C)}}
| office1 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Deependra Singh Shekhawat]]
| constituency1 = [[Srimadhopur Assembly constituency|Srimadhopur]]
| term_start2 = 2013
| term_end2 = 2018
| successor2 = [[Deependra Singh Shekhawat]]
| predecessor2 = [[Deependra Singh Shekhawat]]
| constituency2 = [[Srimadhopur Assembly constituency|Srimadhopur]]
| office3 = [[Sri Madhopur|Pradhan, Panchayat Samiti, Sri Madhopur]]
| term_start3 = 2005
| term_end3 = 2010
| native_name_lang =
| party = [[BJP|Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| birth_name = {{birth date and age|1956|10|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bharani [[Sikar district|Sikar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| parents = [[Harlal Singh Kharra]]
| children =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession =
| spouse =
| education = [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com.]]
}}

'''Jhabar Singh Kharra''' (born 1 October 1956) is an Indian politician currently serving as a [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Minister of State]] of Urban Development & Self-Governance Department In [[Government of Rajasthan]]. He is [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|14th, & 16th]], [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Srimadhopur Assembly constituency|Srimadhopur]]. He is a member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/srimadhopur-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830415-2023-12-03|title=Srimadhopur, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP candidate Jhabar Singh Kharra wins on Srimadhopur seat.|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm|title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies:Trends & Results Dec-2023|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|access-date = 2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/srimadhopur-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-1647053|title =Srimadhopur Election Result 2023 Live|date =3 December 2023|publisher=abplive. com|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

==Career==
From 2013 to 2018, he was elected as MLA from Srimadhopur assembly constituency.<ref name= News18.com/>

Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]],<ref name="News18.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajasthan/jhabar-singh-kharra-assembly-candidate-s20aed2008a039e2023c002/|title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Jhabar Singh Kharra won in Shrimadhopur in Sikar|publisher=news18.com}}</ref> he was re-elected as MLA from the Srimadhopur assembly constituency, defeating Deependra Singh, the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress ]] (INC), by a margin of 14,459 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title= Srimadhopur Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Jhabar Singh Kharra with 81,080 defeats INC's Deependra Singh
|date=3 December 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/srimadhopur-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470650-2023-12-03|publisher=indiatoday. in|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= RAJASTHAN ELECTION 2023: SRIMADHOPUR ASSEMBLY SEAT
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/Srimadhopur-39|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kharra, Jhabar Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:People from Sikar district]]
{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Aamhi Saare Khavayye

2026-04-07T05:50:43Z

OrvilleBurgos99:

{{Short description|2007 Indian Marathi language cookery show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Cookery]]
| company = The Ocean Entertainment
| writer =
| screenplay =
| director = Mangesh Kharat
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| image = Aamhi Saare Khavayye.jpg
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| list_episodes =
| num_episodes = 3622 
| producer = Amit Aarekar
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| runtime = 22-44 minutes
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2007|05|01}}
| last_aired = present
| related =
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
}}

'''''Aamhi Saare Khavayye''''' ({{translation|We are all foodies}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] cookery show aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ठरलं! 'आम्ही सारे खवय्ये' 'या' दिवशी येणार भेटीला; वाचा वेळ, झी मराठीची कोणती मालिका घेणार निरोप?|url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/aamhi-sare-khawayye-to-return-on-zee-marathi-find-out-the-date-and-which-show-its-replacing-psn14|website=[[Sakal]]|language=mr|access-date=2025-08-01}}</ref> The show is hosted by Sankarshan Karhade and [[Prashant Damle]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=T P Lahane showcases his culinary skills|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/t-p-lahane-showcases-his-culinary-skills/articleshow/53724735.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2016-08-16}}</ref> It premiered from 1 May 2007 by replacing ''Manasi Tumchya Ghari''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Shivani Baokar flaunts her German proficiency in Aamhi Saare Khavayye|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/navratri-special-actress-shivani-baokar-flaunts-her-german-proficiency-in-aamhi-saare-khavayye/articleshow/66178891.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref> The show completed 3000 episodes on 5 November 2018 and it is [[List of longest-running Indian television series|Zee Marathi's second longest-running Indian television show]] in the [[Marathi language]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sankarshan Karhade and Ashok Patki croon for the title track of Vaadalvat - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sankarshan-karhade-and-ashok-patki-croon-for-the-title-track-of-vaadalvat/articleshow/66472880.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-11-02}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Prashant Damle]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get set for Gudi Padwa delicacies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/get-set-for-gudi-padwa-delicacies/articleshow/57859256.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2017-03-27}}</ref>
* Sankarshan Karhade<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘चला हवा येऊ द्या’ पाठोपाठ ‘झी मराठी’ने बदलली आणखी एका कार्यक्रमाची वेळ; अवघ्या महिनाभरात केला बदल, जाणून घ्या…|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-aamhi-sare-khavayye-show-time-changes-only-after-one-month-sva-00-5357480/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|access-date=2025-09-08}}</ref>
* Devvrata Jategaonkar<ref>{{Cite web|title='आम्ही सारे खवय्ये'च्या सेटवर अद्वैत दादरकर भावूक|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/adwait-dadarkar-get-emotional-on-amhi-sare-khawayye-set-zee-marathi/494334|website=[[Zee News]]|language=mr|access-date=2019-10-28}}</ref>
* [[Mrunal Dusanis]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=सासू सुनांची खवय्येगिरी|url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/1440111/gudhi-padwa-2017-zee-marathi-aamhi-saare-khavayye-special-episode/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|access-date=2017-03-26}}</ref>
* Rani Gunaji<ref>{{Cite web|title=Navratri Special: Shruti Marathe gets a sweet surprise|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/navratri-special-shruti-marathe-gets-a-sweet-surprise/articleshow/66161337.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-10-11}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanjay Mone to prepare a special recipe|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/aamhi-saare-khavayye-sanjay-mone-to-prepare-a-special-recipe/articleshow/67319290.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref>
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
|-
|2018
|rowspan="2"|Best Anchor
|rowspan="2"|Sankarshan Karhade
|-
|2022
|}

=== Special episode (1 hour) ===
# 23 July 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sankarshan Karhade and Prashant Damle hosted Aamhi Sare Khavayye is back with a new season|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sankarshan-karhade-and-prashant-damle-hosted-aamhi-sare-khavayye-is-back-with-a-new-season/articleshow/94393919.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2022-09-23}}</ref>
# 13 September 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bharat Ganeshpure appears in Aamhi Saare Khavayye|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bharat-ganeshpure-appears-in-aamhi-saare-khavayye/articleshow/65801004.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref>
# 18 September 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shreya Bugde features in Aamhi Saare Khavayye’s kitchen|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shreya-bugde-features-in-amhi-saare-khavayyes-kitchen/articleshow/65839540.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-09-17}}</ref>
# 10 October 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tula Pahate Re’s Gayatri Datar gets a surprise on Aamhi Saare Khavayye|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/navratri-special-tula-pahate-res-gayatri-datar-gets-a-surprise-on-aamhi-saare-khavayye/articleshow/66146415.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-10-10}}</ref>
# 18 October 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=Isha Keskar to get a surprise on the sets of Aamhi Saare Khavayye|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/navratri-special-isha-keskar-to-get-a-surprise-on-the-sets-of-aamhi-saare-khavayye/articleshow/66213159.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-10-15}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web | url = http://www.zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial_ask.aspx?zsid=59 | title = Aamhi Saare Khavayye | archive-date = 2014-04-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140422170137/http://www.zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial_ask.aspx?zsid=59 | access-date = 2022-11-30 | url-status = live }}
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/amhi-sare-khavaiyee-%e2%80%93-jodicha-mamla/0-6-4z5793174 ''Aamhi Saare Khavayye''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Marathi Programmes}}

[[Category:2007 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]

Miss Grand India 2025

2026-04-05T14:41:04Z

OrvilleBurgos99: starting a info!

{{short description|3rd Miss Grand India pageant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox beauty pageant
| image = Vishakha Kanwa.png
| image_size =
| caption = Vishakha Kanwa
| date = July 13, 2025
| venue = Zee Studion, [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| presenters = Sakul Limpapanon
| entrants = 29
| placements = 12
| acts =
| broadcaster = Grand TV
| debuts = {{Hlist|[[Andhra Pradesh]]|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]|[[Indian Canadians|Indian diaspora in Canada]]|[[Mizoram]]|[[Sikkim]]|[[Tripura]]}}
| winner = Vishakha Kanwar ([[Rajasthan]])
| award1 label =
| award1 =
| award2 label =
| award2 =
| photogenic = Manya Chandra ([[Delhi]])
| congeniality =
| before = [[Miss Grand India 2024|2024]]
| next = [[Miss Grand India 2026|2026]]
}}
{{External media
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPi5ZsJsNBc&ab_channel=GrandTV Grand final competition]
}}
'''Miss Grand India 2025''' was the 3rd [[Miss Grand India]] pageant,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastindiastory.com/prabha-chettri-marches-to-the-miss-grand-india-2025-finals/|title=Prabha Chettri Marches to the Miss Grand India 2025 Finals|date=5 May 2025|accessdate=5 May 2025|author=Somashis Gupta|website=East India Story|archivedate=5 May 2025|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20250505175641/https://eastindiastory.com/prabha-chettri-marches-to-the-miss-grand-india-2025-finals/}}</ref> held on 13 July 2025 at the Zee Studion in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=mgin25/><ref name=hin>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/bokaro-priyanshu-choudhary-will-represent-jharkhand-in-miss-grand-2025-jharkhand-news-jhs25071301874|title=मिस ग्रैंड इंडिया के फाइनल पहुंची झारखंड की प्रियांशु चौधरी, पिता चलाते हैं ऑटो, बेटी जयपुर में आयोजित प्रतियोगिता में करेगी प्रतिनिधित्व - MISS GRAND INDIA 2025|trans-title=Priyanshu Chaudhary of Jharkhand reached the finals of Miss Grand India, father drives an auto, daughter will represent in the competition organized in Jaipur - MISS GRAND INDIA 2025|date=13 July 2025|accessdate=14 July 2025|language=hi|work=[[ETV Network]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250713181009/https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/bokaro-priyanshu-choudhary-will-represent-jharkhand-in-miss-grand-2025-jharkhand-news-jhs25071301874|archive-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> Twenty-nine candidates from different [[states and union territories of India]] competed for the right to represent the country in the parent tournament, [[Miss Grand International 2025]].<ref name=ne7/><ref name="tri">{{cite web |author=Kamal Jamatia |date=18 April 2025 |title=Arya Debbarma Makes History as First-Ever Miss Grand Tripura |url=https://aguli.in/index.php/2025/04/17/arya-debbarma-makes-history-as-first-ever-miss-grand-tripura/ |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20250424090800/https://aguli.in/index.php/2025/04/17/arya-debbarma-makes-history-as-first-ever-miss-grand-tripura/ |archivedate=24 April 2025 |accessdate=24 April 2025 |website=aguli.in}}</ref>

The contest was won by Vishakha Kanwar of [[Rajasthan]], making her eligible to represent India internationally in the parent stage,<ref name=re2025/> to be held in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] on 18 October 2025.<ref name=mgivenue25>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarintv.com/news/entertain/506193|title=เปิดลิสต์! 5 อีเวนต์ระดับโลก ปักหมุดประเทศไทยเป็นเจ้าภาพ|trans-title=Open the list! 5 world-class events, pinpointing Thailand as host|date=11 February 2025|publisher=AmarinTV|language=th|archivedate=11 February 2025|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20250211114338/https://www.amarintv.com/news/entertain/506193#45%}}</ref> Meanwhile, the first runner-up, Vanlalnuntluangi, was set to compete at [[Miss Eco International]] pageant.<ref name=fi>{{cite web|url=https://timesofsenapati.com/vishaka-kanwar-crowned-miss-grand-india-2025-mizorams-vanlalnuntluangi-shines-as-1st-runner-up/|title=Vishaka Kanwar Crowned Miss Grand India 2025; Mizoram's Vanlalnuntluangi Shines as 1st Runner-up|date=14 July 2025|work=Times of Senapati|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250716192015/https://timesofsenapati.com/vishaka-kanwar-crowned-miss-grand-india-2025-mizorams-vanlalnuntluangi-shines-as-1st-runner-up/|archive-date=2025-07-16}}</ref>

The pageant's preliminary and final rounds were also attended by Miss Grand International 2024 [[CJ Opiaza]] of the Philippines and Miss Grand International's president [[Nawat Itsaragrisil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/618615/cj-opiaza-arrives-in-india-home-country-of-erstwhile-queen-rachel-gupta|title=CJ Opiaza arrives in India, home country of erstwhile queen Rachel Gupta|date=12 July 2025|accessdate=14 July 2025|author=Armin P. Adina|work=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250713175933/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/618615/cj-opiaza-arrives-in-india-home-country-of-erstwhile-queen-rachel-gupta|archive-date=2025-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vgt.vn/hoa-hau-hoa-binh-an-do-gay-tranh-cai-du-doi-vi-ket-qua-hau-mg-2024-bi-phe-truat-ihyes-20250714t7486417/?lang=en|title=Miss Grand India caused a heated controversy because of the results after MG 2024 was dethroned|date=14 July 2025|accessdate=15 July 2025|work=VGT TV|author=Minh Lợi|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250714181523/https://vgt.vn/hoa-hau-hoa-binh-an-do-gay-tranh-cai-du-doi-vi-ket-qua-hau-mg-2024-bi-phe-truat-ihyes-20250714t7486417/?lang=en|archive-date=2025-07-14}}</ref>

==Background==
This edition was the first [[Miss Grand India]] under directorship of Akanksha Thakur of Star Entertainment Production.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=RESIGN TO BE BANNED FROM ALL PAGEANTS UNDER STAR ENTERTAINMENT SAYS THE NEW NATIONAL DIRECTOR OF MISS GRAND INDIA |url=https://fashionbrunet.com/V2/images/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Fashionbrunet |language=en-US}}</ref> After obtaining the franchise, Star Entertainment Production allocated state-level competition licenses to independent organizers, who appointed their state representatives to participate at the national level.<ref name=mizo>{{cite web|url=https://www.exploremizoram.com/2025/05/miss-grand-mizoram-2025-vanlalnuntluangi.html|title=Miss Grand Mizoram 2025 – Vanlalnuntluangi|date=15 May 2025|accessdate=17 May 2025|author=Amos MS Dawngzuala|website=www.exploremizoram.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250516195915/https://www.exploremizoram.com/2025/05/miss-grand-mizoram-2025-vanlalnuntluangi.html|archive-date=2025-05-16}}</ref><ref name=prabha>{{cite web|url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/sikkims-prabha-chettri-selected-as-finalist-for-miss-grand-india-2025|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20250505174118/https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/sikkims-prabha-chettri-selected-as-finalist-for-miss-grand-india-2025|title=Sikkim's Prabha Chettri selected as finalist for Miss Grand India 2025|date=4 May 2025|archivedate=5 May 2025|accessdate=5 May 2025|work=[[Sikkim Express]]}}</ref> The 2025 edition marks the [[Tripura]] entries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-17 |title=Arya Debbarma Makes History As First-Ever Miss Grand Tripura - Aguli |url=https://aguli.in/index.php/2025/04/17/arya-debbarma-makes-history-as-first-ever-miss-grand-tripura/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Results==
===Main placements===
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="background: none";
|-
|
{| class="floatright" style="font-size: 90%";
|+ Miss Grand India 2025 result by state
|-
| colspan=3|
{{Image label begin|image=Miss Grand India 2025 Result.svg|width=260|float=right}}
{{Image label small|x=-138.0|y=-16.0|scale=-1|text='''[[Delhi|Delhi (2)]]:'''}}
{{Image label small|x=-138.0|y=-28.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle deep-orange white letter-r.svg|14px|link=Delhi]]: 1}}
{{Image label small|x=-138.0|y=-42.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle grey white letter-u.svg|14px|link=Delhi]]: 1}}
{{Image label small|x=-148.0|y=-63.0|scale=-1|text='''[[Assam|Assam (2)]]:'''}}
{{Image label small|x=-148.0|y=-75.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle grey white letter-u.svg|14px|link=Assam]]: 2}}
{{Image label small|x=-171.0|y=-163.0|scale=-1|text='''[[Nagaland|Nagaland (3)]]:'''}}
{{Image label small|x=-171.0|y=-175.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle deep-orange white letter-r.svg|14px|link=Nagaland]]: 1}}
{{Image label small|x=-171.0|y=-189.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle grey white letter-u.svg|14px|link=Nagaland]]: 2}}
{{Image label small|x=-62.0|y=-105.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle brown white letter-w.svg|14px|link=Rajasthan]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-162.0|y=-112.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle grey white letter-u.svg|14px|link=Bihar]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-129.0|y=-150.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle grey white letter-u.svg|14px|link=Chhattisgarh]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-48.0|y=-135.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle deep-orange white letter-r.svg|14px|link=Gujarat]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-156.0|y=-131.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:JSO´s rating tag 12.svg|14px|link=Jharkhand]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-78.0|y=-204.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle grey white letter-u.svg|14px|link=Karnataka]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-82.0|y=-220.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle grey white letter-u.svg|14px|link=Karnataka]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-82.0|y=-139.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:JSO´s rating tag 12.svg|14px|link=Madhya Pradesh]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-98.0|y=-136.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle grey white letter-u.svg|14px|link=Madhya Pradesh]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-114.0|y=-133.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle grey white letter-u.svg|14px|link=Madhya Pradesh]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-68.0|y=-172.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:JSO´s rating tag 12.svg|14px|link=Maharashtra]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-83.0|y=-164.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle grey white letter-u.svg|14px|link=Maharashtra]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-98.0|y=-159.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle grey white letter-u.svg|14px|link=Maharashtra]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-219.0|y=-140.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle deep-orange white letter-r.svg|14px|link=Mizoram]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-232.0|y=-88.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:JSO´s rating tag 12.svg|14px|link=Arunachal Pradesh]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-192.0|y=-93.5|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle grey white letter-u.svg|14px|link=Sikkim]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-106.0|y=-182.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:JSO´s rating tag 12.svg|14px|link=Telangana]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-204.0|y=-129.5|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle grey white letter-u.svg|14px|link=Tripura]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-116.0|y=-95.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:JSO´s rating tag 12.svg|14px|link=Uttar Pradesh]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-130.0|y=-105.5|scale=-1|text=[[File:Eo circle grey white letter-u.svg|14px|link=Uttar Pradesh]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-177.0|y=-135.0|scale=-1|text=[[File:JSO´s rating tag 12.svg|14px|link=West Bengal]]}}
{{Image label end}}
|-
| colspan=2|Color key:
|-
| {{Legend|#550000ff|Winner|text=[[File:Eo circle brown white letter-w.svg|15px|link=Rajasthan]]}}||{{Legend|#ff5555ff|Top 12|text=[[File:JSO´s rating tag 12.svg|15px]]}}
|-
| {{Legend|#d40000ff|Runner-up|text=[[File:Eo circle deep-orange white letter-r.svg|15px|link=New Delhi]]}}||{{Legend|#87cddeff|Unplaced|text=[[File:Eo circle grey white letter-u.svg|15px]]}}
|-
| colspan=2| {{Legend|#ccccccff|No representative}}
|}
|}

<div style="white-space:nowrap">
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Position
! Candidate<ref name=mgin25>{{cite web|url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/mizoram/miss-grand-india-2025-mizorams-vanlalnuntluangi-named-1st-runner-up-nagalands-tsurila-jankhuingru-3rd-runner-up/|title=Miss Grand India 2025: Mizoram's Vanlalnuntluangi Named 1st Runner-Up, Nagaland's Tsurila Jankhuingru 3rd Runner-Up|date=13 July 2025|work=Northeast Live|archive-date=13 July 2025|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20250713154430/https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/mizoram/miss-grand-india-2025-mizorams-vanlalnuntluangi-named-1st-runner-up-nagalands-tsurila-jankhuingru-3rd-runner-up/}}</ref>
!International placement
|-
!Miss Grand India 2025
|
* #28 [[Rajasthan]] – Vishakha Kanwar
|Unplaced – [[Miss Grand International 2025]]
|-
!1st Runner-Up
|
* #27 [[Mizoram]] – Vanlalnuntluangi
|
|-
!2nd Runner-Up
|
* #13 [[Gujarat]] – Nandini Patel
|
|-
!3rd Runner-Up
|
* #26 [[Nagaland]] – Tsurila Jankhiungru
|
|-
!4th Runner-Up
|
* #25 [[Delhi]] – Tancy Renu Pal
|
|-
!Top 12
|
* #3 [[Telangana]] – Apoorva T
* #5 [[Arunachal Pradesh]] – Gianga Ramching<ref name=aru>{{cite web|url=https://arunkhabar.in/geyir-gongo-crowned-miss-grand-arunachal-2026/|title=Geyir Gongo crowned Miss Grand Arunachal 2026|work=The Arun Khabar|date=19 January 2026|accessdate=26 January 2026}}</ref>
* #11 [[Delhi]] – Manya Chandra
* #14 [[Madhya Pradesh]] – Nandini Sharma
* #18 [[West Bengal]] – Reshmi Deokota
* #21 [[Uttar Pradesh]] – Sanskriti Sharma
* #22 [[Maharashtra]] – Shemonyl Wankadia
|
|}
</div>

===Special awards===
<div style="white-space:nowrap">
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Awards
! Candidate
|-

!Best in Interview
|
* #26 [[Nagaland]] – Tsurila Jankhiungru<ref name=mgin25/>
|-
!Best in Swimsuit
|
* #27 [[Mizoram]] – Vanlalnuntluangi<ref name=re2025>{{cite web|url=https://www.virthli.in/2025/07/vishaka-kanwar-crowned-miss-grand-india.html|date=13 July 2025|accessdate=14 July 2025|website=www.virthli.in|title=Vishaka Kanwar Crowned Miss Grand India 2025; Mizoram's Vanlalnuntluangi Named 1st Runner-Up|author=Virthil|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250713174935/https://www.virthli.in/2025/07/vishaka-kanwar-crowned-miss-grand-india.html|archive-date=2025-07-13}}</ref>

|-
!Miss Social Media
|
* #27 [[Mizoram]] – Vanlalnuntluangi<ref name=re2025/>

|}
</div>

==Contestants==
The following contestants have been confirmed.<ref name=set2contestant>{{cite web|url=https://voting.starentertainmentproduction.com/ranking/|accessdate=22 May 2025|work=Star Entertainment|title=Ranking Miss Grand India 2025 Contestants|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521180955/https://voting.starentertainmentproduction.com/ranking/ |archive-date=21 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name=set3>{{cite web|url=https://voting.starentertainmentproduction.com/voting/vote-for-your-favorite-finalist/|accessdate=11 June 2025|work=Star Entertainment|title=Ranking Miss Grand India 2025 Contestants|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711123718/https://voting.starentertainmentproduction.com/voting/vote-for-your-favorite-finalist/|archive-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>

{{table alignment}}{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left col2left sticky-header" style="font-size: 95%;"
! State
! Candidate
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]||Gianga Ramching
|-
|[[Assam]] I||Sweety Gayari
|-
|[[Assam]] II||Gitashree Deka
|-
|[[Bihar]]||Ritika Rani
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]]||Lipee Meshram
|-
|[[Delhi]] I||Tancy Renu Pal
|-
|[[Delhi]] II||Manya Chandra
|-
|[[Gujarat]]||Nandini Patel
|-
|{{nowrap|[[Indian Canadians|Indian diaspora in Canada]]}}||Anshu Singh
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]||Priyanshu Chaudhary
|-
|[[Karnataka]] I||Sahana Gunaki
|-
|[[Karnataka]] II||Khushi Tikare
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]] I||Nandini Sharma
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]] II||{{nowrap|Kanak Bharti Goswami}}
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]] III||Neelam Vamankar
|-
|[[Maharashtra]] I||Shemonyl Wankadia
|-
|[[Maharashtra]] II||Alisha Pathan
|-
|[[Maharashtra]] III||Anaaya Gardner
|-
|[[Mizoram]] ||Vanlalnuntluangi
|-
|[[Nagaland]] I ||Kevilenuo Semou
|-
|[[Nagaland]] II ||Tsurila Jankhiungru
|-
|[[Nagaland]] III||Phangmei Konyak
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]||Vishakha Kanwar
|-
|[[Sikkim]] ||Sakshi Pradhan
|-
|[[Telangana]]||Apoorva T
|-
|[[Tripura]]||Prity Tripura
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]] I||Sanskriti Sharma
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]] II||Muskan Tyagi
|-
|[[West Bengal]]||Reshmi Deokota
|}

;Withdrawn candidates
*[[Assam]] – Aditi Rajkhowa ([[Guwahati]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/starentertainmentproduction/photos/national-finalist-of-miss-grand-india-2025-introducing-aditi-rajkhowa-representi/1220796280048164/?_rdr|title=National Finalist of Miss Grand India 2025|date=23 April 2025|accessdate=13 May 2025|work=Star Entertainment Production|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250513125306/https://www.facebook.com/starentertainmentproduction/photos/national-finalist-of-miss-grand-india-2025-introducing-aditi-rajkhowa-representi/1220796280048164/?_rdr|archive-date=2025-05-13}}</ref>
*[[Delhi]] – Radhika Singhal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/starentertainmentproduction/posts/national-finalist-of-miss-grand-india-2025-introducing-radhika-singhal-a-model-s/1221931226601336/|title=National Finalist of Miss Grand India 2025|date=24 April 2025|accessdate=13 May 2025|work=Star Entertainment Production|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250513134125/https://www.facebook.com/starentertainmentproduction/posts/national-finalist-of-miss-grand-india-2025-introducing-radhika-singhal-a-model-s/1221931226601336/|archive-date=2025-05-13}}</ref>
*[[Delhi]] – Khushi Verma<ref name=set1contestant>{{cite web|url=https://voting.starentertainmentproduction.com/ranking/|title=Miss Grand India 2025 – Vote For Your Favorite Finalist|date=16 May 2025|accessdate=17 May 2025|work=Star Entertainment Production|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516195735/https://voting.starentertainmentproduction.com/ranking/ |archive-date=16 May 2025 }}</ref>
*[[Madhya Pradesh]] – Apoorva Sharma ([[Gwalior]])<ref name=set1contestant/>
*[[Madhya Pradesh]] – Trasha Saxena ([[Bhopal]])<ref name=set1contestant/>
*[[Indian Americans|Indian diaspora in USA]] – [[Shriya Boppana]] ([[Herndon, Virginia|Herndon]])<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/starentertainmentproduction/posts/national-finalist-of-miss-gruand-india-2025-introducing-shriya-boppana-born-in-h/1220221223439003/|title=National Finalist of Miss Grand India 2025|date=22 April 2025|accessdate=13 May 2025|work=Star Entertainment Production|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250513134735/https://www.facebook.com/starentertainmentproduction/posts/national-finalist-of-miss-gruand-india-2025-introducing-shriya-boppana-born-in-h/1220221223439003/|archive-date=2025-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Chokita |title=Two Cultures and a Crown - Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20250601/282737707766963?srsltid=AfmBOopyeuakyGLXWZkX4xWRLRYWXQpuveBxOvnkvdpiFwsWrVosEcnr |access-date=2025-06-23 |via=PressReader}}</ref>
*[[Maharashtra]] – Nehha Mahesh Shinde ([[Pune]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/starentertainmentproduction/photos/national-finalist-of-miss-grand-india-2025-introducing-nehha-mahesh-shinde-a-pro/1221975669930225/?_rdr|title=National Finalist of Miss Grand India 2025|date=24 April 2025|accessdate=13 May 2025|work=Star Entertainment Production|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250513135507/https://www.facebook.com/starentertainmentproduction/photos/national-finalist-of-miss-grand-india-2025-introducing-nehha-mahesh-shinde-a-pro/1221975669930225/?_rdr|archive-date=2025-05-13}}</ref>
*[[Tripura]] – Aarya Debbarma<ref name=tri/>

==List of regional coordinators==
The following is a list of the 2025 Miss Grand India regional licensees.
{{div col|colwidth=20em|rules=yes|gap=0em}}
* [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] – Ilahe Modeling & Finishing School (2) {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
* [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Tripura]] – Jaijaiwanka Lamare (7)<ref name=ne7>{{cite web|url=https://wyrta.com/chimkti-ka-jaijaiwanka-lamare-kam-ka-tre-yow-pynman-ya-ka-miss-grand-northeast-india/|title=Chimkti ka Jaijaiwanka Lamare kam ka tre yow pynman ya ka Miss Grand Northeast India|date=17 February 2025|accessdate=23 February 2025|language=kha|trans-title=Jaijaiwanka Lamare obtains Miss Grand Northeast India License|website=wyrta.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250222180555/https://wyrta.com/chimkti-ka-jaijaiwanka-lamare-kam-ka-tre-yow-pynman-ya-ka-miss-grand-northeast-india/|archive-date=2025-02-22}}</ref>
* [[Bihar]] – School of Dreams modeling academy<ref name=bihar>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DGLhG_eN-lI/|title=School of Dreams joins Miss Grand India 2025 as the Talent Partner for Bihar!|date=18 February 2025|accessdate=23 February 2025|work=Miss Grand India}}</ref>
* [[Karnataka]] – The Model Voice {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
* [[Madhya Pradesh]] – Beyond Infinity Talent Academy (BITA) {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
* [[Mumbai]] – PMT Model & Pageant Training Academy<ref name=mumbai>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DGNAQr1SVGf/|date=19 February 2025|accessdate=23 February 2025|work=Miss Grand India|title=PMT Model & Pageant Training Academy joins Miss Grand India 2025 as the Talent Partner for Mumbai!}}</ref>
* [[Rajasthan]] – [[Miss Rajasthan]] by Yogesh Mishra {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
* [[Sikkim]] – ''Sikkim Glamour World'' by David Rai {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
* [[Tamil Nadu]] – ''Southernwood Model Academy'' by Nayana Sai {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
* [[Uttarakhand]] – Sinmit Communication<ref name=utt>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DGKVAjqSpfV/|title=Sinmit Communication joins Miss Grand India 2025 as the Talent Partner for Uttarakhand!|date=16 February 2025|accessdate=23 February 2025|work=Miss Grand India}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India}}
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{{Navboxes|
| title = [[Miss Grand International]] participating countries and territories
| list =
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[[Category:Miss Grand India]]
[[Category:2025 beauty pageants|Grand India]]
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Jodha Akbar

2026-03-29T19:11:39Z

OrvilleBurgos99:

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{about|the television series|the film|Jodhaa Akbar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jodha Akbar - ZeeTV.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Historical drama]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| developer = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| starring = [[Rajat Tokas]] [[Paridhi Sharma]] [[Lavina Tandon]]
| director = [[Santram Varma]] Ranjan Singh Vicky Chauhan Arshad Yunus Khan Kadar Kazi (KK)
| screenplay = R M Joshi Anil Nagpal Binita Desai Manish Paliwal Kirtida Gautam Neha Singh Mayuri Roy Chaudhary Sahil Dogra Koel Chaudhuri '''Dialogues''' Dheeraj Sarna
| creative_director = Shaalu Kadar Kazi (KK)

| theme_music_composer = Lalit Sen
| country = India
| language = Hindi Urdu
| num_episodes = 566 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetv.com/shows/jodha-akbar/video/|title=Jodha Akbar – Watch All Episodes Online in HD for Free – OZEE – Zee TV Page:1|website=zeetv.com}}</ref>
| num_seasons = 1
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| editor = Vikas Sharma Vishal Sharma Sandeep Bhatt
| cinematography = Santosh Suryavashi
| location = [[Jaipur]] [[Karjat]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 24 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| channel = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2013|6|18|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2015|8|7|df=y}}
}}

'''''Jodha Akbar''''' was an Indian [[historical drama]] television series that aired from June 18, 2013 to August 7, 2015 on [[Zee TV]]. The show was produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under [[Balaji Telefilms]], and had starred [[Rajat Tokas]] and [[Paridhi Sharma]]. Critics have praised the series for its acting performances, scope, soundtrack and production values.

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=February 2024}}
Jalaluddin Mohammad, a warrior and son of Emperor Humayun and Hameeda Bano Begum, became the Emperor of the Mughal dynasty at a very young age. He is influenced by his regent Bairam Khan and his foster mother Maham Anga. Khan trains Jalal to be a ruthless ruler and control his kingdom through terror and fear. Jalal becomes a heartless and fearsome ruler whom the people dislike. He desires to conquer the entire Hindustaan and the golden Rajputana. Jodha Bai, princess of Amer, daughter of Raja Bharmal and Rani Mainavati, is a kind and intelligent young girl who believes that rule is spread by love and togetherness, not by force.

When Jodha is at a temple to offer prayers on her birthday, along with Moti Bai, her friend, a band of mughal soldiers enter the temple to loot the jewellery on the goddess. When Moti tries to stop them, they try to molest her. Angered, Jodha pledges to destroy Jalal and present his head before the goddess. Later, Moti, embarrassed by the turn of events, attempts to commit suicide, but Jodha prevents her.

Meanwhile, Jalal, with the help of Sujamal, attacks Amer and wins the battle. He demands high monthly taxes from Amer and keeps Jodha's brothers as hostages. Later, when Sharifuddin continued to increase his demands, King Bharmal's friend suggests that he should meet Jalal to negotiate. During the meeting, Bharmal's friend advises him to marry Jodha to Jalal. Jodha disagrees and tries to poison herself, but after much persuasion agrees to the marriage for Amer's safety, but with two conditions: to remain a Hindu after her marriage and to carry the statue of Krishna with her to Agra. Jalal agrees despite the protests of his courtiers and advisors, as he wants to humiliate her in return of her insults. After the marriage, Jodha maintains her distance. Later, Jalal's wife and childhood friend, Rukaiya, becomes pregnant. The kingdom rejoices at the thought of an heir, but the happiness is short-lived as Maham Anga poisons Rukaiya, leading to a miscarriage. Anga frames Jodha and her family for the miscarriage, but Jodha is proved innocent. Jalal accepts his mistake and feels guilty for doubting Jodha. He gives Jodha freedom to divorce him and head back to Amer if she wishes. Jodha accepts but her mother refuses. Jodha tries to commit suicide but Jalal saves her. Jalal develops sympathy for Jodha. He realizes how lonely she has become. He starts spending more time with her, and Jodha realizes Jalal means well for his people.

Jalal and Jodha finally fall in love. Jodha becomes pregnant with twins, one of whom Rukaiya claims. While Jalal denies this claim, Jodha promises her one of the twins. The twins are killed shortly after birth, their death plotted by Jalal's enemies, who hunts them down and kills them. The death of the twins leaves the kingdom in sorrow, and Jalal, Jodha and Rukaiya are devastated. Jodha and Jalal again grow distant while Jalal turns into his former cruel self to avenge his sons' lives. He stays away from his court in Salim's sanctuary, along with Jodha for two years. Jodha and Jalal reconcile, and Jodha becomes pregnant, giving birth to another son whom Jalal names Salim. Jalal and Jodha return to the court and upon seeing the child, Rukaiya tries to claim him, but is met by Jalal's wrath. She then vows to destroy Salim.

Salim, a few years older, is loved by everyone. He meets a girl named Nadhira, who is the daughter of the woman who once saved Salim's life when he was a baby. Nadhira and Salim instantly dislike each other. Salim is manipulated by Rukaiya through wine and drugs. She plants false scenarios in his mind to make him hate his parents, and entices him into women and addictions. His behaviour becomes more irrational, leading to the banishment of Nadhira and her family. This angers Jalal to the point that he sends Salim to live in a war field until he becomes an adult. Salim grows up to be indifferent, hating his parents, but having a soft spot for Rukaiya. Upon returning to Agra, Salim bonds with his brothers but never seeks his parents. He falls in love with a girl, Anarkali, only to discover she is Nadhira. She had changed her name to find work in Agra. Salim hates her, believing he had been betrayed.

Salim and Anarkali work out their relationship problems. Rukaiya's true intentions are unveiled. Salim realises his mistakes and regrets not trusting his parents more.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Rajat Tokas]] as [[Akbar|Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar "Akbar I"]]: Emperor of the Mughal Empire; Humayun and Hamida Banu Begum's son; Hassan, Hussain, aram bano, Murad, Daniel and Jahangir I's father;
* [[Paridhi Sharma]] as [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Jodha Bai "Mariam-uz-Zaman"]]: MALIKA-E-HIND, Mallika-e-Muezamma, Wali Nimat Begum, Chief Empress consort of the Mughal Empire; Princess of Amer, Hassan Mirza, Hussain Mirza and Jahangir I's mother;
* [[Lavina Tandon]] as [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum]]: Chief Empress, MALIKA-E-KHAAS, [[Padshah Begum]], consort of the Mughal Empire; Akbar I's first wife; Humayun's niece, Hussain Mirza's foster mother
** [[Smilie Suri|Smiley]] [[Smilie Suri|Suri]] as [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum|Ruqaiya]] [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum|Sultan]] [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum|Begum]] (for first few episodes)
** [[Jagrati Sethia]] as young [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum]]
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]] as [[Maham Anga]]: WAZIR-E-ALIA, Prime minister of Mughal Sultanate, Chief wet nurse and foster mother of Akbar
* Manisha Yadav as [[Salima Sultan]]: Chief Empress consort of the Mughal Empire; Humayun's niece; Akbar I's third wife; Bairam Khan's widow, Rahim and Murad's foster mother
* Chhaya Ali Khan as [[Hamida Banu Begum|Hamida Banu Begum "Mariam Makani"]]: MALIKA-E-AZAM, Former Chief Empress consort of the Mughal Empire, mother of Akbar
* [[Ravi Bhatia]] as [[Jahangir|Mirza Nur-ud-din Baig Muhammad Khan Salim "Jahangir I"]]:<ref>{{cite web|last1=Maheshwri|first1=Neha|title=Now, Jannat's younger brother to play Salim in a historical show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Now-Jannats-younger-brother-to-play-Salim-in-a-historical-show/articleshow/44917566.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 October 2017|date=24 October 2014}}</ref> Emperor of the Mughal Empire; Akbar I and Jodha Bai's son
** Ayaan Zubair Rahami as Crown Prince Salim of the Mughal Empire
* [[Heena Parmar]] as [[Anarkali|Anarkali "Sharf-un-Nisa"]], A courtesan
** Saniya Touqeer as Child Anarkali

===Recurring===
* Ankita Dubey / Ankita Chaudhry as Moti Bai: Jodha's companion and chief servant
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as
** Adham Khan: Maham Anga's son; Haider's father
** Haider Khan: Adham Khan and Javeda's son
* Prianca Shharma/Praveshika Chouhan as Javeda Begum: Adham Khan's wife; Haider Khan's mother
* [[Parag Tyagi]] as Sharifuddin Hussain: Khwaja Moin's son; Bakshi Banu's estranged husband; Mehtab's father
* Sonakshi More as [[Bakshi Banu Begum]]: Mughal princess; Jalal's half-sister; Sharifuddin's estranged wife; Mehtab's mother
* Shraddha Singh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Actress Shraddha Singh bags Shoaib Ibrahim starrer Ajooni |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-actress-shraddha-singh-bags-shoaib-ibrahim-starrer-ajooni-220723 |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> as Gulbadan begum: Humayun's half sister, author of Humayun-nama
* Lokendra Rajawat as [[Ataga Khan|Shamsuddin Atgah Khan]], Akbar's caretaker
* Amarpreet Rait as Jiji Anga: chief servant and companion of Malika-e-azam (Hamida Bano), one of Akbar's Foster mother, Atgah Khan's wife
* Ashok Devaliya as Hoshiyar Khan: chief servant ([[Eunuch|Kasim]]) of Ruqaiya
* Manoj Patel as Resham Khan: Chief servant ([[Eunuch|Kasim]]) of Maham Anga
* Rajeev Saxena as Raja [[Bharmal]] of [[Amber, India|Amer]], Jodha's Father
* Natasha Sinha as Rani Champavathi Solanki (Mainavathi) of [[Chaulukya]], Jodha's mother
* Kunal Bhatia / [[Tejender Singh Kadewale]] as Rajkumar [[Bhagwant Das]]: Maan Singh and Maan Bai's father, Jodha's Brother
* Nupur Saxena / Unknown as Rai Kanwar: Bhagwant's wife; Maan Singh and Maan Bai's mother
* Ankit Raizada as [[Man Singh I|Maan Singh]], Jodha's Nephew
* [[Jyotsna Chandola]] as [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Maan Bai]], Jodha's Niece
* [[Farida Dadi]] as Rani Apoorva devi of [[Bikaner]], Rajmatha of [[Amber, India|Amer]], Bharmal's mother; Jodha's grandmother
* [[Dharti Bhatt]] as Sukanya of Dhawalgarh, Jodha's sister
* Pragati Choursiya as Shivani, Jodha's sister
* Bhakti Narula as Lilavati, Apoorva's daughter-in-law, Jodha's aunt
* Kalyani Trivedi / Zarina Roshan Khan as Shagunibai: Priestess of Kaali Temple, clairvoyant
* Kaif Ali Khan / [[Ayush Anand]] as [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan]]: Bairam Khan's son with his deceased wife; Jalal and Salima Sultan's adoptive son
** Veer Lodaya as child Rahim
* [[Juhi Aslam]] as Zakira, servant Jodha bai, former servant of Benazir
* [[Vicky Batra]] as Kunwar Sujamal: Bharmal's nephew; Jodha's cousin
* Gandharva Pardeshi as Rajkumar Jaganath
* Dev Bishit as Rajkumar Khangar
* Akhil Vaid as Rajkumar Raj Singh
* Nisha Pareek as Naazima Begum: woman living in the [[Harem]] (Palace of Queens)
* Kiran Shergill as Ruksaar Begum: Daniyal Mirza's mother; woman living in the [[Harem]] (Palace of Queens)
* Nisha Pareek as Nazima Begum: including the wife of Jalal; woman living in the [[Harem]] (Palace of Queens)
* Vaibhav Singh as Aziz Koka: Atgah Khan's son
* Vijay Badlani as Ramtanu Pandey aka [[Tansen]]: Rajput musician of Mughal court
* Shaurya Singh / Lokesh Batta as [[Todar Mal|Todarmal]]
* [[Gopal Singh (actor)|Gopal Singh]] as Mahesh Das aka [[Birbal]]
* Sweety Walia as Mahesh Das's wife
* Neeru Singh as adult Mehtab: Sharifuddin and Bakshi Bano's daughter
** [[Sumbul Touqeer]] as child Mehtab
* Shoaib Khan as child Haider
* [[Sheezan Khan]] as
** [[Sultan Murad Mirza]]
** Young [[Akbar]]
** Ricky Patel as child Murad Mirza
* Gaurav Sharma as [[Sultan Daniyal Mirza]]: Ruksaar's son
** Unknown as child Daniyal Mirza
* Kunal Khosla as [[Qutubuddin Koka]]
** Unknown as child Qutub
* Angel Fernandes as child Aaram Bano
* Geet Sharma as Khanum
* [[Anurag Sharma (actor)|Anurag Sharma]] as [[Maharana Pratap]]
* Ajay Paul Singh Andotra as Lakshman Das: Minister Amer
* Aryan Maheshwari as a palace official
* Riney Aryaa as Saira
* Manju Raizada as Hakima Sahiba: The royal healer
* Gaurrav Walia as Amaanullah Khan
* Raanveer Chahal as Rashid Khan: Nadira/Anarkali's father
* Sammanika Singh as Zil Bahar: Nadira/Anarkali's mother
* Mohammed Saud Mansuri as child Qadir (2014)
* Amit Sehgal as Abu Fazal
* Rohit Joshi as Farhan: Salim's friend

===Guest===
* [[Naved Aslam]] as [[Bairam Khan]]: Rahim's father; Salima Sultan's late husband; Akbar's former mentor and caretaker
* [[Pranav Misshra]] as [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim]]: Humayun and Mah Chuchak's son
* [[Mita Vashisht]] as [[Mah Chuchak Begum]]: Empress of Kabul, Humayun's widow; Jalal's enemy
* [[Shilpa Raizada]] as Nigaar: Humayun and Chaand's daughter
* Neha Dandale as Chaand Begum: Nigaar's mother
* Gagan Kang as Abul Maali, Mah chuchak's Son-in-law
* [[Meghna Naidu]] as Benazir, Poison Maiden [[vishkanya]](Zehreeli Dosheeza) from Harem of Kabul
*[[Prince Singh]] as [[Raja Suryabhan]], Jodhabai's ex fiancee
* Javed Pathan as Sheikh Gadai
* Harjeet Walia as Chugtai Khan: Official of Mughal Sultanate, King Bharmal's friend
* Sanjeev Jaiswal as King Achal Singh of Dhawalgarh, Sukanya's father in law
* Bobby Kumar as Etmaad Khan: a dancer ([[Eunuch|Kasim]]). He appeared in the episode of Sujamal's case about sending a letter to Jodha and he also witnessed with his own eyes that Atgah Khan was killed by Adham Khan. (2013)
* [[Ketan Karande]] as Khaibar Zaara
* Surbhi Sidhu as Sakeena/Atifa
* Gaurrav Walia as Amaan-ullaah khan
* Manish Bishla as Mirza Kasim
* Chetna Kaintura as Zeenat
* Shiv Mishra as priest at the temple while Jodha was praying for Qadir's recovery
* Munendra Singh Kushwah as Raja Khambar Singh: the king of an inland tribe
* Shiny Dixit as Bela: King Khambar's daughter
* Babita Anant as Kaushalya: villagers
* Vishnu Bholwani as Jagdev
* Abhilash Chaudhary as Raja Drumak
* Melanie Pais as Laboni, Witch
* [[Kamalika Guha Thakurta]] as Damo: Laboni's Mother
* Kishan Bhan as Jogi Uday Nath: Taantrik

==Historical accuracy==
Certain Hindu groups claimed Jodhaa was married to Akbar's son, Jahangir, and was a non-Rajput born to a low caste concubine. Individuals protested against the show along with ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'', another historical series that aired on [[Set india|Sony TV]].<ref name="Protests-1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Protest-against-two-TV-shows/etarticleshow/20395536.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614080830/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/tv/39713447_1_jodha-akbar-jodhaa-akbar-jodha-bai|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-06-14|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Protests against Ekta Kapoor's Jodha Akbar |last1=Shukla |first1=Richa }}</ref>

The title of the series was criticised by members of the [[Kshatriya]] community as a misleading, politically motivated historical revision that minimised [[Rajput]] history. The community protested against the series in [[Rajasthan]], and alleged that if the name was not changed, they would not allow any [[Balaji Telefilms]] productions to be released in the state.<ref name="Protests-1"/> [[Ekta Kapoor]] stated, "I always believe it's 80% history and 20% folklore. There are enough proofs that say it's true, but then some people say it's not. Akbar had a certain graph and we know that. We cannot negate that he changed his heart from a power-hungry ruler to a non-biased one because of his queen."<ref name="Protests-2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130610012925/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-07/tv/39789197_1_jodha-akbar-ekta-kapoor-jet-lag I have sleepless nights because of Jodha Akbar: Ekta Kapoor]</ref>

==Production==
[[File:NDStudios4.JPG|thumb|right|Rajat Tokas during the shooting of the ''Jodha Akbar'' at [[ND Studios, Karjat]].]]
The producer of the show, [[Ekta Kapoor]] was influenced by the 2008 big screen movie, ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'', directed by Bollywood's [[Ashutosh Gowariker]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/After-film-Jodha-Akbar-saga-now-a-TV-show/Article1-844836.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424110526/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/After-film-Jodha-Akbar-saga-now-a-TV-show/Article1-844836.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2012|title=Ekta to produce Jodha Akbar on the lines of 2009 hit film Jodha Akbar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.com/news/tv/ekta-kapoor-comes-up-with-jodha-akbar-50220746-in-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212143939/http://www.in.com/news/tv/ekta-kapoor-comes-up-with-jodha-akbar-50220746-in-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-12-12|title=Latest News, Trending Topics, Top Stories, HD Videos & Photos, Live TV Channels, Lifestyle, Sports, Entertainment |website=In.com}}</ref>

[[Rajat Tokas]] who had earlier worked with [[Ekta Kapoor]] in the [[Indian soap opera|soap opera]], ''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]'' was selected to play the role of the protagonist ''Akbar''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metromasti.com/tv/gossip/Rajat-Tokas-might-play-the-role-of-Akbar-in-new-show-Jodha-Akbar/21500|title=Loading...|website=metromasti.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/oct/311012-Rajat-Tokas-to-play-Akbar-in-Ektas-new-show.htm|title=Rajat Tokas to play Akbar in Ekta's new show|website=mid-day.com}}</ref>

[[Ekta Kapoor]] stated she conducted 7000 auditions for the female protagonist Jodha across the nation before selecting [[Paridhi Sharma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetv.com/news-media/gossip-trivia/thats-not-my-jodha-says-ekta-kapoor.html|title=That's not my Jodha! says Ekta Kapoor|publisher=ZEE TV}}</ref>

[[Ashwini Kalsekar]] was selected to play the role of [[Maham Anga]], Akbar's primary caretaker and protector.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Ashwini-as-Maham-Anga-in-Ektas-Jodhaa-Akbar/articleshow/16686611.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030081344/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-05/tv/34278343_1_ashwini-kalsekar-afsar-bitiya-emperor-akbar|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-30|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Ashwini as Maham Anga in Ekta's Jodhaa Akbar?|date=5 October 2012 }}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
| rowspan="8" | '''2013'''
| rowspan="6" | '''[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]'''
| ''Best Historical/Mythological Show''
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| {{won}}<ref name="ITA 2013">[http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2013 Winners & Nominees of Indian Television Academy Awards, 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924040713/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2013 |date=24 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Actor in Negative Role''
| [[Chetan Hansraj]]
| rowspan="5" {{won}}<ref name="ITA 2013"/>
|-
| ''Best Actress in Negative Role''
| [[Ashwini Kalsekar]]
|-
| ''Best Art Direction''
| Sandesh and Vishwanath
|-
| ''Best Costumes''
| Nidhi Yasha
|-
| ''Best Actor (Drama)''
| [[Rajat Tokas]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]'''
| ''BIG Star Most Entertaining TV Show (Fiction)''
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| rowspan="2" {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5890|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216182337/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5890|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2013|title=Nominations of Big Star Entertainment Awards 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>
|-
| ''BIG Star Most Entertaining TV Actor''
| [[Rajat Tokas]]
|-
| rowspan="14" | '''2014'''
| rowspan="3" | '''[[Star Guild Awards]]'''
| ''Best Historical Series''
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| rowspan="3" {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starguildawards.org/9th_apsara_awards_winners.html|title=Star Guild Awards – Winners|website=starguildawards.org|access-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324173348/http://starguildawards.org/9th_apsara_awards_winners.html|archive-date=24 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Director (Fiction)''
| Santram Verma
|-
| ''Best Actor in Leading Role''
| [[Rajat Tokas]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | '''[[Zee Gold Awards|7th Boroplus Gold Awards]]'''
| ''Best Actress in Negative Role (Critics)''
| [[Ashwini Kalsekar]]
| rowspan="6" {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/zee-gold-awards-2014-list-of-winners-list-jodha-akbar-beintehaa-diya-baati-140309.html|title=Zee Gold Awards 2014 Complete List Of Winners|date=20 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Actor in Negative Role (Critics)''
| [[Chetan Hansraj]]
|-
| ''Best Actress in Supporting Role (Critics)''
| [[Lavina Tandon]]
|-
| ''Golden Debutante of the year(Female)''
| [[Paridhi Sharma]]
|-
| ''Best Actor in a Lead Role (Critics)''
| [[Rajat Tokas]]
|-
| ''[[Gold Award for Best Television Show (Fiction)|Best Television Show of the Year (Fiction)]]''
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-

| rowspan="5" | '''[[Indian Telly Awards]]'''
| ''[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in Negative Role]]''
| [[Ashwini Kalsekar]]
| rowspan="5" {{won}}<ref>[http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners Winners of 13th Indian Telly Awards, 2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914102910/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners |date=14 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face - Female|Best Fresh New Face (Female)]]''
| [[Paridhi Sharma]]
|-
| ''[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role]]''
| [[Rajat Tokas]]
|-
| ''Best Ensemble Cast''
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| ''Best Historical Series''
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| '''2015'''
| '''[[Star Guild Awards]]'''
| ''Best Ongoing Drama Series''
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starguildawards.org/index.html|title=Star Guild Awards Home|website=starguildawards.org}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb title|3426342}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/jodha-akbar/0-6-447 ''Jodha Akbar''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Works set in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Akbar]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Tansen]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 16th century]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Jahangir]]
[[Category:Television series about Islam]]

Jayatasimha

2026-03-29T19:04:25Z

OrvilleBurgos99:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jayatasimha
| title = [[Maharajadhiraja]]
| succession = King of [[Naddula]]
| reign = c. 1193–1197 CE
| dynasty = [[Chahamanas of Naddula]]
| predecessor = [[Kelhanadeva]]
| father = Kelhanadeva
}}
'''Jayata-simha''' ([[IAST]]: Jayatasiṃha, r. c. 1193–1197 CE) was an Indian king belonging to the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana dynasty]]. He ruled the area around [[Naddula]] (present-day Nadol in [[Rajasthan]]). He was probably [[Battle of Kasahrada (1197)|defeated]] by the [[Ghurid]] general [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], and the Naddula kingdom disintegrated after his death.

== Reign ==

Jayatasimha was the son of his predecessor [[Kelhanadeva]]. As a prince, he assisted his father in administration.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=262}} After Kelhanadeva's death, Jayatasimha ascended the throne of Naddula, while his brother Sodhaladeva ruled the province of [[Mandavyapura]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=260}} An 1194 CE [[Sadri]] inscription shows that he assumed the title ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]''.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=139}}

By the mid-1190s CE, the Muslim [[Ghurid]] dynasty had defeated the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] in north, gaining control of their capital [[Ajmer]]. In 1197 CE, the Ghurid general [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] launched a southern expedition from Ajmer. According to the 13th century Muslim historian [[Hasan Nizami]], by the time Qutb al-Din reached Nandul (Naddula), he found the fort abandoned. A confederacy of local Hindu rulers assembled at [[Mount Abu]] to oppose him, but Qutb al-Din defeated them.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=262}} Jayatasimha appears to have been one of these Hindu rulers. Historian R. B. Singh identifies him with Rai Karan, who is said to have escaped after the defeat.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=263}} [[Dasharatha Sharma]] believes that he might have been one of the rulers who were killed or taken prisoner.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=140}}

After Jayatasimha, the Naddula kingdom disintegrated into several principalities. According to an [[Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple|Achaleshvara]] inscription, the [[Guhilas of Medapata|Guhila]] ruler [[Jaitrasimha]] destroyed Naddula and defeated the Turushkas. According to historian R. B. Singh, this suggests that the Ghurids had captured Naddula, and [[Jaitrasimha]] defeated their local governor. Later, the [[Chahamanas of Javalipura|Jalor Chahamana]] king [[Udayasimha]] (a relative of Jayatasimha), gained control of Naddula.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=264}} However, historian D. C. Ganguly believes that [[Jaitrasimha]] may have plundered Naddula ''after'' Udayasimha's conquest of Jalore.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}}

[[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|G. H. Ojha]] and Dasharatha Sharma theorize that Jayatasimha was succeeded by [[Maharaja]] Samantasimha, who is attested by five inscriptions dated 1199-1201 CE.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=140}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=264}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |author=D. C. Ganguly |chapter=Northern India During The Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries |editor=R. C. Majumdar |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The Struggle for Empire |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQtuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |oclc=26241249 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}

{{Chahamanas of Naddula}}

[[Category:Chahamana kings of Naddula]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]

Lok Sabha

2026-03-28T08:30:26Z

OrvilleBurgos99: added info

{{Short description|Lower house of the Parliament of India}}
{{About||the upper house|Rajya Sabha|current list of Lok Sabha members|List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha}}
{{Pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Lok Sabha
| legislature = [[18th Lok Sabha]]
| coa_pic = Lok Sabha.svg
| coa_caption =
| coa_res = 300px
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Lower house
| body = Parliament of India
| term_limits = Maximum 5 years
| leader1_type = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]]
| leader1 = [[Om Birla]]
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 = 17 June 2019
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]]
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 = 23 June 2019
| leader3_type = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] ([[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha|Leader of the House]])
| leader3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = 26 May 2014
| leader8_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader8 = [[Rahul Gandhi]]
| party8 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election8 = 9 June 2024
| leader9_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha#List of deputy leaders of the opposition in Lok Sabha|Deputy Leader of Opposition]]
| leader9 =
| party9 =
| election9 =
| leader10_type = [[Secretary General of the Lok Sabha|Secretary General]]
| leader10 = [[Utpal Kumar Singh]]
| party10 =
| election10 = 30 November 2020
| seats = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|'''543''']]
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:India 18th Lok Sabha 2025.svg|300px]]|By party|[[File:India 18th Lok Sabha November Alliance Wise 2024.svg|300px]]|By alliance}}
| structure1_res = 300px
| structure1_alt = Lok Sabha
| political_groups1 =
'''[[Third Modi ministry|Government]] (292)'''
{{Party legend|National Democratic Alliance|292}}
* {{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|240}}
* {{Party legend|Telugu Desam Party|16}}
* {{Party legend|Janata Dal (United)|12}}
* {{Party legend|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|7}}
* {{Party legend|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|5}}
* {{Party legend|Janata Dal (Secular)|2}}
* {{Party legend|Janasena Party|2}}
* {{Party legend|Rashtriya Lok Dal|2}}
* {{Party legend|Apna Dal (Sonelal)|1}}
* {{Party legend|Asom Gana Parishad|1}}
* {{Party legend|All Jharkhand Students Union|1}}
* {{Party legend|Hindustani Awam Morcha|1}}
* {{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|1}}
* {{Party legend|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|1}}
'''[[Official Opposition]] (232)''' 
{{Party legend|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|232}}
* {{Party legend|Indian National Congress|100}}{{efn|
* {{party legend|Indian National Congress|98}} 
* {{party legend|Independent|2|shortname=IND}}}}
* {{Party legend|Samajwadi Party|37}}
* {{Party legend|All India Trinamool Congress|28}}
* {{Party legend|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|22}}
* {{Party legend|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|9}}
* {{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar|8}}
* {{Party legend|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|4}}
* {{Party legend|Rashtriya Janata Dal|4}}
* {{Party legend|Indian Union Muslim League|3}}
* {{Party legend|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|3}}
* {{Party legend|Communist Party of India|2}}
* {{Party legend|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|2}}
* {{Party legend|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|2}}
* {{Party legend|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|2}}
* {{Party legend|Bharat Adivasi Party|1}}
* {{Party legend|Kerala Congress|1}}
* {{Party legend|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|1}}
* {{Party legend|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|1}}
* {{Party legend|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|1}}
* {{Party legend|Independent |1|shortname=IND}}
'''{{Party legend|Other Opposition|16}}'''
* {{Party legend|YSR Congress Party|4}}
* {{Party legend|Aam Aadmi Party|3}}
* {{Party legend|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)|2|shortname=AD(WPD)}}
* {{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|1}}
* {{Party legend|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|1}}
* {{Party legend|Shiromani Akali Dal|1}}
* {{Party legend|United People's Party Liberal|1}}
* {{Party legend|Zoram People's Movement|1}}
* {{Party legend|Independent|2|shortname=IND}}
{{Party legend|Casual vacancy|3}}
| term_length = 5 years
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting]]
| first_election1 = [[1951–52 Indian general election|25 October 1951 – 21 February 1952]]
| last_election1 = [[2024 Indian general election|19 April – 1 June 2024]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Indian general election|By April 2029]]
| session_room = File:View of Lok Sabha chamber in the New Parliament building, New Delhi.jpg
| session_res = 300px
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Lok Sabha Chamber, [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan]], 118, Rafi Marg, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India – 110001 {{Coord|28|37|3|N|77|12|30|E|type:landmark_region:IN-DL|display=title, inline}}
| constitution = [[Constitution of India]]
| rules = [https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2495198/1/Rules_of_Procedures_E_2019_16th_edition.pdf The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha] (English)
| website = {{URL|https://sansad.in/ls}}
|background_color = #2E8B57
}}

The '''Lok Sabha''', also known as the '''House of the People''', is the [[lower house]] of the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of India]], where the [[upper house]] is [[Rajya Sabha]]. [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of the Lok Sabha]] are elected by an adult [[universal suffrage]] and a [[first-past-the-post]] system to represent their respective [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituencies]], and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the [[president of India]] on the advice of the [[Union Council of Ministers|union council of ministers]]. The house meets in the Lok Sabha chamber of the [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]] in [[New Delhi]].

The maximum membership of the house as allotted by the [[Constitution of India]] is 552 before the abolition of Anglo-Indian seats, currently it is 550.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/ls.htm|access-date=12 February 2022|work=[[Lok Sabha]]|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531211047/https://loksabha.nic.in/ls.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2025, the house has 543 elected members. Between 1952 and 2020, [[Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha|two additional members]] of the [[Anglo-Indian]] community were nominated by the president of India on the advice of the [[Government of India|Indian government]], and the practice was abolished in January 2020 by the [[One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|104th amendment]] to the Indian constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|title=Anglo Indian Representation To Lok Sabha, State Assemblies Done Away; SC-ST Reservation Extended For 10 Years: Constitution (104th Amendment) Act To Come Into Force On 25th Jan|work=Live law|access-date=25 January 2020|date=23 January 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112184618/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution (One hundred and fourth amendment) Act, 2019 |date=21 January 2020|url=https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/consti.104amend.pdf | work=The Gazette of India Extraordinary |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The new parliament has a maximum seating capacity for 888 members in Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shankar|first1=B.L.|title=The Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha|date=13 January 2011|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.003.0008|series=The Indian Parliament|pages=292–328|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=12 February 2022|last2=Rodrigues|first2=Valerian|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.003.0008|isbn=978-0-19-806772-6|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413234845/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.001.0001/acprof-9780198067726-chapter-8|url-status=live}}</ref>

About 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives of [[scheduled castes]] (84) and [[scheduled tribes]] (47). The [[quorum]] for the House is 10% of the total membership the house. Unless dissolved sooner, the house continues to operate for five years from the date of its first meeting. However, when a [[States of emergency in India|state of emergency in India]] is declared, this period may be extended by the parliament of India by law or decree.<ref name="Parliament of India: Lok Sabha">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.html|title=Parliament of India: Lok Sabha|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601044824/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.html|archive-date=1 June 2015|work=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf|title=Part V—The Union. Article 83.|page=40|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> The [[18th Lok Sabha]] is the latest to be elected in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-at-evening-meet-pm-modi-to-chalk-out-action-plan-for-next-few-days-2042484|title=PM Modi's New Cabinet Could See Prestige Posts For Smriti Irani, Bengal|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524113003/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-at-evening-meet-pm-modi-to-chalk-out-action-plan-for-next-few-days-2042484|url-status=live}}</ref> The Lok Sabha proceedings are televised live on [[Sansad TV]], operating from within the parliament premises.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sansadtv.nic.in/|title=Sansad TV Live|work=[[Sansad TV]]|access-date=24 June 2023|archive-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624134859/https://sansadtv.nic.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

An exercise to redraw the boundaries of the Lok Sabha constituencies is carried out by the [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation commission]]. It is carried out every decade based on the [[census of India]], the last of which was conducted in [[2011 Census of India|2011]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/807644/a-decade-from-now-three-states-will-contribute-a-third-of-lok-sabha-mps|title=A decade from now, three states will contribute a third of Lok Sabha MPs|date=6 May 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508112100/http://scroll.in/article/807644/a-decade-from-now-three-states-will-contribute-a-third-of-lok-sabha-mps|archive-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> This provision was temporarily suspended between 1976 and 2001 following a [[Constitution of India#Amendments|constitutional amendment]] to incentivize the family planning program which was being implemented.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ElectoralSystem/electoral_system.asp|title=Electoral system|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105005609/http://www.eci.gov.in/ElectoralSystem/electoral_system.asp|archive-date=5 January 2007}}</ref> The elections for the seats are conducted by the [[Election Commission of India|election commission]].

== History ==
A major portion of the [[Indian subcontinent]] was under [[British Raj|British rule]] from 1858 to 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=4|title=Indian Freedom Struggle (1857–1947) – Culture and Heritage – Know India: National Portal of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722223343/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=4|archive-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> During this period, the office of the [[Secretary of State for India]] (along with the [[Council of India]]) was the authority through whom [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent, and the office of [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] was created, along with an Executive Council in India, consisting of high officials of the British government. The [[Indian Councils Act 1861]] provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members. The [[Indian Councils Act 1892]] established legislatures in each of the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provinces of British India]] and increased the powers of the Legislative Council. Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power remained limited, and the electorate very small. The [[Indian Councils Act 1909]] admitted some [[Indian people|Indians]] to the various councils. The [[Government of India Act 1919]] further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration, creating the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], for which [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House, New Delhi]], was built and opened in 1927.<ref>''The Journal of Parliamentary Information'', Volume 46 (2000), pg. 400</ref>

The [[Government of India Act 1935]] introduced provincial autonomy and proposed a federal structure in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/government-india-act-1935|title=Government of India Act of 1935 – Dictionary definition of Government of India Act of 1935 |website=encyclopedia.com|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143840/https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/government-india-act-1935|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947, divided British India (which did not include the [[Princely state]]s) into two newly independent countries, India and Pakistan, which were to be [[dominion]]s under [[the Crown]] until they had each enacted a new constitution. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form, which now included all the princely states which had not [[Princely states of Pakistan|acceded to Pakistan]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

According to ''[[Article 74 of the Constitution of India|Article 79]] (Part V-The Union.)'' of the Constitution of India, the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States ([[Rajya Sabha]]) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf Part V—The Union. Article 79. p. 38] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }}</ref>

The Lok Sabha (House of the People) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952.<ref>{{cite web|website=The Indian Express|title=How India pulled off its first general election|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/india-first-general-election-nehru-9265134/|access-date=14 April 2024|date=12 April 2024|language=en}}</ref>

=== List ===
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Formation of Lok Sabha over time<ref>{{cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: Cabinet approves dissolution of the Sixteenth Lok Sabha |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1572570 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2019 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: Cabinet approves Summoning of Parliament after General Election, 2019 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1573018 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2024 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: Press Communique |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2022888 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: First Session of 18th Lok Sabha to be Held from 24th June to 3rd July, 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2024630 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
! Lok Sabha
! Commencement Date
! Dissolution Date
! Duration
!Prime Minister
!Deputy Prime Minister
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|First]]
|13 May 1952
|4 April 1957
|{{Age in years, months and days|1952|5|13|1957|4|4}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| rowspan="3" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]
|10 May 1957
|31 March 1962
|{{Age in years, months and days|1957|5|10|1962|3|31}}
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]
|16 April 1962
|3 March 1967
|{{Age in years, months and days|1962|4|16|1967|3|3}}
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] and [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]
|16 March 1967
|27 December 1970
|{{Age in years, months and days|1967|3|16|1970|12|27}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Indira Gandhi]]
|[[Morarji Desai|Moraji Desai]] (till 1969)
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]]
|19 March 1971
|18 January 1977
|{{Age in years, months and days|1971|3|19|1977|1|18}}
|''Vacant''
|-
|[[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]
|25 March 1977
|22 August 1979
|{{Age in years, months and days|1977|3|25|1979|8|22}}
|[[Morarji Desai]] and [[Charan Singh]]
|[[Charan Singh]], [[Jagjivan Ram]] and [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|[[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]
|21 January 1980
|31 December 1984
|{{Age in years, months and days|1980|1|21|1984|12|31}}
|[[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| rowspan="2" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]
|15 January 1985
|27 November 1989
|{{Age in years, months and days|1985|1|15|1989|11|27}}
|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
|[[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]
|18 December 1989
|13 March 1991
|{{Age in years, months and days|1989|12|18|1991|3|13}}
|[[V. P. Singh]] and [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|[[Devi Lal]]
|-
|[[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]
|9 July 1991
|10 May 1996
|{{Age in years, months and days|1991|7|9|1996|5|10}}
|[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| rowspan="3" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]
|22 May 1996
|4 December 1997
|{{Age in years, months and days|1996|5|22|1997|12|4}}
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[I. K. Gujral]]
|-
|[[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]
|23 March 1998
|26 April 1999
|{{Age in years, months and days|1998|3|23|1999|4|26}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
|[[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]
|20 October 1999
|6 February 2004
|{{Age in years, months and days|1999|10|20|2004|2|6}}
|[[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]
|2 June 2004
|18 May 2009
|{{Age in years, months and days|2004|6|2|2009|5|18}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Manmohan Singh]]
| rowspan="5" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]
|1 June 2009
|18 May 2014
|{{Age in years, months and days|2009|6|1|2014|5|18}}
|-
|[[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]
|4 June 2014
|24 May 2019
|{{Age in years, months and days|2014|6|4|2019|5|24}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Narendra Modi]]
|-
|[[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]
|17 June 2019
|5 June 2024
|{{Age in years, months and days|2019|6|17|2024|6|5}}
|-
|'''[[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]'''
|'''24 June 2024'''
|'''present'''
|'''{{Age in years, months and days|2024|6|24}}'''
|}

== Qualifications ==
{{See also|Election Commission of India}}

''Article 84'' (under Part V. – The Union)<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf Part V—The Union. Article 81. p. 41] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }}</ref> of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha, which are as follows:
# They should be a citizen of India, and must subscribe before the [[Election Commission of India]], an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the [[Third Schedule]] of the [[Indian Constitution]].
# They should not be less than 25 years of age.
# They possess other such qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].
# They should not be proclaimed criminal i.e. they should not be a convict, a confirmed debtor or otherwise disqualified by law; and
# They should have their name in the electoral rolls in any part of the country.

However, a member can be disqualified from being a member of Parliament:
# If they hold the office of profit;
# If they are of unsound mind and stand so declared by a competent court
# If they are an undischarged insolvent;
# If they are not a citizen of India, or have voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State, or are under any acknowledgement of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State;
# If they are violating party discipline (as per the Tenth Schedule of the constitution); disqualified under [[Representation of the People Act (India)|Representation of People Act]].
A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances (during the normal functioning of the House):
# When the holder of the seat, by writing to the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|speaker]], resigns.
# When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House, without prior permission of the Speaker.
# When the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament.
# A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the 'Anti-Defection Law'.
Furthermore, as per ''article 101'' (Part V.—The Union)<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf Part V—The Union. Article 81. pp. 46, 47] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }}</ref> of the Indian Constitution, a person cannot be:
# A member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other.
# A member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State.

=== System of elections in Lok Sabha ===
Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India, based on [[universal suffrage]]. Elections are by the people directly to the Lok Sabha and each state is divided into territorial constituencies under two provisions of the Constitution:
# Each state is allotted several seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population was as close to uniform as possible. This provision does not apply to states having a population of less than 6 million. The number of seats per state has been frozen under the constitutional amendment of 1976.
# Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituency]] and the number of seats allotted to it (in each case, one) remain the same throughout the state. This principle is upheld by the boundary reviews mentioned above.

Notes:
#The expression "population" while distributing seats among states refers to the population ascertained at the [[Census of India|census]] of 1971, per the Constitutional Amendment of 1976.<ref name="indiagov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf|title=The Constitution of India|website=india.gov.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328123059/https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2021}}</ref>
#The expression "population" while distributing constituencies within a state refers to the population ascertained at the census of 2011.<ref name="indiagov" />

== Powers ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
The Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha.

*[[Motion of no confidence|Motions of no confidence]] against the [[Government of India|government]] can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha. If passed by a majority vote, the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and the [[Council of Ministers of India|Council of Ministers]] resign collectively. The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion and hence has no real power over the executive. This is because the Constitution of India has only made the Union Council of ministers responsible to the Lok Sabha, not to the Rajya Sabha.
*[[Money bill]]s can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and upon being passed, are sent to the [[Rajya Sabha]], where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days. If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha, or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House, or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha, the bill is considered passed. The [[Economy of India|budget]] is presented in the Lok Sabha by the [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] in the name of the President of India.
*In matters about non-financial (ordinary) bills, after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha), it is sent to the other house, where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months. If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House, or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house, it results in a deadlock. This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses, presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a [[Plurality (voting)|simple majority]]. Though the Constitution has placed both houses on the same footing in this regard, in reality, it is the Lok Sabha's opinions that mostly prevail—due to its bigger numerical strength.
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any [[Constitution of India#Amendments|Bill for Constitutional Amendment]] (by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting).
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the [[President of India#Impeachment|impeachment of the President]] (by two-thirds of the membership of the House).
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in the impeachment process (initiating and passing a motion for the removal) of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts (by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting), who then can be removed by the President of India.
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency (by two-thirds majority) or constitutional emergency (by simple majority) in a state.
*If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a [[National Emergency in India|National Emergency]], the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament. It cannot be dissolved. This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha. But there is a possibility that the president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six-month if the said proclamation ceases to operate.

In conclusion, the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters. Even in those matters in which the Constitution has placed both Houses on an equal footing, the Lok Sabha has more influence due to its greater numerical strength. This is typical of parliamentary democracies, many of which have a lower house that is more powerful than the upper.

== Procedure ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}

=== Procedure in the House ===
The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to time there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha. The items of business, a notice of which is received from the Ministers/ Private Members and admitted by the Speaker, are included in the daily List of Business which is printed and circulated to members in advance.

=== Sessions ===
The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The Constitution empowers the President to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than a six-month gap between the two sessions. Hence the Parliament must meet at least twice a year. But, three sessions of Lok Sabha are held in a year:
*Budget session: February to May.
*Monsoon session: July to September.
*Winter session: November to mid-December.

When in session, Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 p.m. depending upon the business before the House. Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays.

=== Question Hour ===
The first hour of every sitting is called [[Question Hour]]. Asking questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members, and during Question Hour they may ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration and government policy in the national and international spheres. Every minister whose turn it is to answer questions has to stand up and answer for his department's acts of omission or commission.

Questions are of three types—Starred, Unstarred, and Short Notice. A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is distinguished by an asterisk mark. An unstarred question is not called for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked. An answer to such a question is given in writing. A minimum period of notice for starred/unstarred questions is 10 clear days. If the questions given notice are admitted by the Speaker, they are listed and printed for an answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of the question pertains.

The normal period of notice does not apply to short-notice questions that relate to matters of urgent public importance. However, a short-notice question may be answered only on short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and the Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter notice. A short-notice question is taken up for answer immediately after the Question Hour, popularly known as Zero Hour.

=== Zero Hour ===
The time immediately following the Question Hour has come to be known as "Zero Hour". It starts at around noon (hence the name) and members can, with prior notice to the Speaker, raise issues of importance during this time. Typically, discussions on important Bills, the Budget, and other issues of national importance take place from 2 p.m. onwards.

=== Business after Question Hour ===
After the Question Hour, the House takes up miscellaneous items of work before proceeding to the main business of the day. These may consist of one or more of the following: Adjournment Motions, Questions involving breaches of Privileges, Papers to be laid on the Table, Communication of any messages from Rajya Sabha, Intimations regarding President's assent to Bills, Calling Attention Notices, Matters under Rule 377, Presentation of Reports of Parliamentary Committee, Presentation of Petitions, miscellaneous statements by Ministers, Motions regarding elections to Committees, Bills to be withdrawn or introduced.

=== Main business ===
The main business of the day may be consideration of a bill or financial business or consideration of a resolution or a motion.

==== Legislative business ====
Legislative proposals in the form of a bill can be brought forward either by a minister or by an individual member. In the former case, it is known as a government bill and in the latter case, it is known as a private members' bill. Every bill passes through three stages—each called readings—before it is passed. To become law it must be passed by both the houses of Parliament, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, and then assented to by the president.

==== Financial business ====
The presentation, discussion of, and voting on the annual general and railways budgets—followed by the passing of the appropriations Bill and the finance bill—is a long, drawn-out process that takes up a major part of the time of the House during its budget session every year.

==== Motions and resolutions ====
Among other kinds of business that come up before the House are resolutions and motions. Resolutions and motions may be brought forward by the government or by individual members. The government may move a resolution or a motion for obtaining the sanction to a scheme or opinion of the house on an important matter of policy or a grave situation. Similarly, an individual member may move a resolution or motion to draw the attention of the house and the government to a particular problem. The last two and half hours of sitting every Friday are generally allotted for the transaction of individual members' business. While private members' bills are taken up on one Friday, private members' resolutions are taken up on the succeeding Friday, and so on.

=== Parliamentary committees ===
Most of the business of drafting a bill or amendments is initially discussed and debated in the parliamentary committees. Since the time for legislation is limited, the work of all departments of the government and any special focus tasks are delegated to the committees, wherein the committees shall prepare the initial draft of the bill/amendment for consideration by both the houses. They consist of members of both houses.

There are primarily two kinds of parliamentary committees based on their nature:-
* Parliament Standing Committees (PSC) – Permanent in nature, reconstituted from time to time with every new election.
** Department based
** Others
* Ad hoc committees – Created for a specific purpose and ceases to exist when that purpose is achieved.

=== Half-an-Hour discussion ===
A half-an-hour discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the [[Table of the House]] and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact. Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion. Usually, the half-an-hour discussion is listed on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays only. In one session, a member is allowed to raise not more than two half-hour discussions. During the discussion, the member, who has given notice, makes a short statement, and not more than four members, who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places on the ballot, are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact. Thereafter, the minister makes replies. There is no formal motion before the house nor voting.

=== Discussion on matters of urgent public importance ===
Members may raise discussions on matters of urgent public importance with the permission of the Speaker. Such discussions may take place two days a week. No formal motion is moved in the House nor is there any voting on such a discussion.

=== Debate in the House ===
After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken, other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them. Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the chair. A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided to employ a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member.

==== Division ====
A division is one of the forms in which the decision of the House is ascertained. Normally, when a motion is put to the House members for and against it indicate their opinion by saying "Aye" or "No" from their seats. The chair goes by the voices and declares that the motion is either accepted or rejected by the House. If a member challenges the decision, the chair orders that the lobbies be cleared. Then the division bell is rung and an entire network of bells installed in the various parts and rooms in Parliament House and Parliament House Annexe rings continuously for three and a half minutes. Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from all sides. After the bell stops, all the doors to the Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave the Chamber till the division is over. Then the chair puts the question for a second time and declares whether in its opinion the "Ayes" or the "Noes", have it. If the opinion so declared is again challenged, the chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment.

=== Automatic vote recording system ===
With the announcement of the Speaker for recording the votes, the [[Secretary-General]] of the Lok Sabha presses the button of a keyboard. Then a gong sounds, serving as a signal to members for casting their votes. To vote, each member present in the chamber has to flip a switch and then operate one of the three pushbuttons fixed in their seat. The push switch must be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for the second time after 10 seconds. There are two indicator boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker's chair in the chamber. Each vote cast by a member is flashed here. Immediately after the votes are cast, they are totalled mechanically and the details of the results are flashed on the result indicator boards installed in the railings of the Speakers and diplomatic galleries.

Divisions are normally held with the aid of automatic vote recording equipment. Where so directed by the Speaker in terms of the relevant provision in the Rules of Procedure etc. In the Lok Sabha, divisions may be held either by the distribution of 'Aye'/'No' and 'Abstention' slips to members in the House or by the members recording their votes by going into the lobbies. There is an indicator board in the machine room showing the name of each member. The result of the division and vote cast by each member with the aid of automatic vote recording equipment also appear on this board and immediately a photograph of the indicator board is taken. Later the photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted 'Ayes' and for 'Noes' are determined with the help of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha debates.

=== Publication of debates ===
Three versions of Lok Sabha debates are prepared: the Hindi version, the English version, and the original version. Only the Hindi and English versions are printed. The original version, in cyclostyled form, is kept in the Parliament Library for record and reference. The Hindi version contains proceedings (all questions asked and answers are given thereto and speeches made) in Hindi and verbatim Hindi translation of proceedings in English or regional languages. The English version contains proceedings in English and the English translation of the proceedings take place in Hindi or any regional language. The original version, however, contains proceedings in Hindi or English as they actually took place in the House and also the English/Hindi translation of speeches made in regional languages.

If conflicting legislation is enacted by the two Houses, a [[Joint session|joint sitting]] is held to resolve the differences. In such a session, the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail, since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha.

== Officers of Lok Sabha ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2022}}
;Speaker and Deputy Speaker
As per ''Article 93'' of the Indian Constitution, the Lok Sabha has a [[Speaker of Lok Sabha|Speaker]] and a [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]]. In the Lok Sabha, both presiding officers — the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker — are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House. No specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected Speaker; the Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House. But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker are mentioned under Article 94 of the Constitution of India. As per ''Article 94'' of the Indian Constitution, a Speaker or a Deputy Speaker should vacate their office, a) if they cease to be a member of the House of the People, b) they resign, or c) is removed from office by a resolution of the House passed by a majority.

The Speaker of Lok Sabha is both a member of the House and its Presiding Officer. The Speaker conducts the business in the House. They decide whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them. They permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence, [[Adjournment debate|motion of adjournment]], [[motion of censure]] and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. It is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a legislative measure. Following the 52nd Constitution amendment, the Speaker is vested with the power relating to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on grounds of defection. The Speaker makes obituary references in the House, formal references to important national and international events, and the valedictory address after every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires. Though a member of the House, the Speaker does not vote in the House except on those rare occasions when there is a tie at the end of a decision. To date, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not been called upon to exercise this unique casting vote. While the office of Speaker is vacant due to absence/resignation/removal, the duties of the office are performed by the Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose. The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Secretariat/JRC.aspx|title=Lok Sabha|publisher=Lok Sabha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530124125/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Secretariat/JRC.aspx|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Shri [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar|G. V. Mavalankar]] was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha (15 May 1952 – 27 February 1956) and Shri [[M. A. Ayyangar|M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]] was the first Deputy Speaker (30 May 1952 – 7 March 1956). In the 17th Lok Sabha, [[Om Birla]] is the current Speaker.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/om-birla-appointed-lok-sabha-speaker-1551719-2019-06-19|title=Om Birla unanimously elected Lok Sabha Speaker, PM Modi heaps praises on BJP colleague|newspaper=India Today|access-date=27 June 2019|date=19 June 2019|archive-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620082200/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/om-birla-appointed-lok-sabha-speaker-1551719-2019-06-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Secretariat
The Secretariat of Lok Sabha was set up according to the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution. The said Article, which provides for a separate secretarial staff for each House of Parliament, reads as follows:- 98. Secretariat of Parliament – Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament. (2) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rss_recruitment/rssecretariat.asp|title=Secretariat- as in Constitution|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604121830/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rss_recruitment/rssecretariat.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Lok Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of the Speaker. The main activities of the Secretariat ''[[inter alia]]'' include the following:

(i) providing secretarial assistance and support to the effective functioning of the House of the People (Lok Sabha) possible to Members of Lok Sabha; (ii) providing amenities as admissible to Members of Lok Sabha; (iii) servicing the various Parliamentary Committees; (iv) preparing research and reference material and bringing out various publications; (v) recruitment of manpower in the Lok Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters; & (vi) preparing and publishing a record of the day-to-day proceedings of the Lok Sabha and bringing out such other publications, as may be required concerning the functioning of the Lok Sabha and its Committees, among other things.

In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is assisted by the Secretary-General, who holds the rank equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India. The Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Secretariat/Functioning.aspx|title=Set-up of the Secretariat|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514021655/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Secretariat/Functioning.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Since November 2020, the Secretary-General of Lok Sabha is Utpal Kumar Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |title=Senior IAS Officer Utpal Kumar Singh Appointed Lok Sabha Secretary General |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-ias-officer-utpal-kumar-singh-appointed-lok-sabha-secretary-general-2332131 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=NDTV |date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127060646/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-ias-officer-utpal-kumar-singh-appointed-lok-sabha-secretary-general-2332131 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Lok Sabha general elections ==
{{main|List of Indian general elections}}
Each Lok Sabha is constituted after a [[Elections in India|general election]]:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Lok Sabha || General Election
|-
| [[1st Lok Sabha]] || [[1951–52 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[2nd Lok Sabha]] || [[1957 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[3rd Lok Sabha]] || [[1962 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[4th Lok Sabha]] || [[1967 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[5th Lok Sabha]] || [[1971 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha]] || [[1977 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha]] || [[1980 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[8th Lok Sabha]] || [[1984 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha]] || [[1989 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha]] || [[1991 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha]] || [[1996 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha]] || [[1998 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha]] || [[1999 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha]] || [[2004 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[15th Lok Sabha]] || [[2009 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha]] || [[2014 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[17th Lok Sabha]] || [[2019 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[18th Lok Sabha]] || [[2024 Indian general election]]
|}

== Statewise representation ==

{{Main|List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha}}

As of 26 January 2020, the Lok Sabha is composed of 543 members
<ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/StatewiseList.aspx | title=Members : Lok Sabha | access-date=25 December 2019 | archive-date=13 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113143601/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/StatewiseList.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> made up of up to 524 members representing the people of [[States and union territories of India|28 states]] and 19 members representing people of [[Union territory|8 Union territories]] based on their population. While maximum seats can now go up to 550 even though maximum size of the Lok Sabha as outlined in the [[Constitution of India]], at its commencement, was 552 members because after The Constitution (One Hundred and Fourth Amendment) Act, 2019, Article 334 (b) of the Constitution of India was maintained at seventy years. See the table below for details:
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!State/ UT*
!| Seats<ref name="composition">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|title=Lok Sabha Introduction|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India|access-date=22 September 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201063345/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Andhra Pradesh#General (Lok Sabha) elections|Andhra Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 25
|-
| [[Elections in Arunachal Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Arunachal Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Assam#Lok Sabha Elections|Assam]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 14
|-
| [[Elections in Bihar#Lok Sabha Elections|Bihar]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 40
|-
| [[Chandigarh]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Chhattisgarh#Lok Sabha elections|Chhattisgarh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 11
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Delhi#Lok Sabha elections|Delhi]] (NCT)*|| style="text-align:center;" | 7
|-
| [[Elections in Goa#Lok Sabha Elections|Goa]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Gujarat#Lok Sabha elections|Gujarat]] || style="text-align:center;" | 26
|-
| [[Elections in Haryana#Lok Sabha elections|Haryana]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 10
|-
| [[Elections in Himachal Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Himachal Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 4
|-
| [[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir#Lok Sabha elections|Jammu and Kashmir]]* ||style="text-align:center;" | 5
|-
| [[Elections in Jharkhand#Lok Sabha elections|Jharkhand]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 14
|-
| [[Elections in Karnataka#Lok Sabha elections|Karnataka]] || style="text-align:center;" | 28
|-
| [[Elections in Kerala#Loksabha elections|Kerala]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 20
|-
| [[Ladakh]]* ||style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]]* ||style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Madhya Pradesh#Lok Sabha Elections|Madhya Pradesh]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 29
|-
| [[Elections in Maharashtra#Lok Sabha elections|Maharashtra]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 48
|-
| [[Elections in Manipur#Lok Sabha elections|Manipur]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Meghalaya#Lok Sabha elections|Meghalaya]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Mizoram#Lok Sabha elections|Mizoram]] || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Nagaland#Lok Sabha elections|Nagaland]] || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Odisha#Lok Sabha Elections|Odisha]] || style="text-align:center;" | 21
|-
| [[Elections in Puducherry#Lok Sabha elections|Puducherry]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Punjab, India#Lok Sabha elections|Punjab]] || style="text-align:center;" | 13
|-
| [[Elections in Rajasthan#Lok Sabha elections|Rajasthan]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 25
|-
| [[Elections in Sikkim#Loksabha Election|Sikkim]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Tamil Nadu#Lok Sabha elections|Tamil Nadu]] || style="text-align:center;" | 39
|-
| [[Elections in Telangana#Lok Sabha elections|Telangana]] || style="text-align:center;" | 17
|-
| [[Elections in Tripura#Lok Sabha elections|Tripura]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Uttarakhand#Lok Sabha elections|Uttarakhand]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 5
|-
| [[Elections in Uttar Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Uttar Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 80
|-
| [[Elections in West Bengal#Lok Sabha elections|West Bengal]] || style="text-align:center;" | 42
|-
|'''Total''' ||style="text-align:center;" | '''543'''
|}

== Membership by party ==
{{Main|List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha}}
No. of Lok Sabha MP's party-wise:{{Updated|28 March 2026}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|+
! colspan="2" | Alliance
! colspan="2" | Party
! No. of MPs
! Leader of the Party
|-
| rowspan="14" bgcolor="{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| rowspan="14" | '''Government''' '''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]''' Seats: '''292'''
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 240
| [[Narendra Modi]] ''([[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha|Leader of the House]])''
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
| 16
| [[Lavu Sri Krishna Devarayalu]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)|shortname=JD(U)}}
| 12
| [[Dileshwar Kamait]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|shortname=SHS}}
| 7
| [[Shrikant Shinde]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| 5
| [[Chirag Paswan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| 2
| [[M. Mallesh Babu]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Janasena Party}}
| 2
| [[Vallabhaneni Balashowry]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| 2
| [[Rajkumar Sangwan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
| 1
| [[Anupriya Patel]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 1
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
| 1
| [[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
| 1
| [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party }}
| 1
| [[Sunil Tatkare]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| 1
| [[Indra Hang Subba]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress|rowspan=20}}
| rowspan="20" |'''[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]''' Seats: '''232'''
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 98
| [[Rahul Gandhi]] ''([[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]])''
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| 37
| [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
| 28
| [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 22
| [[T. R. Baalu]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| 9
| [[Arvind Sawant]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
| 8
| [[Supriya Sule]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 4
| [[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4
| [[Abhay Kumar Sinha]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 3
| [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| 3
| [[Joba Majhi]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| 2
| [[K. Subbarayan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
| 2
| [[Raja Ram Singh]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| 2
| [[Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi|Mian Altaf Ahmed]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
| 2
| [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Bharat Adivasi Party}}
| 1
| [[Rajkumar Roat]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Kerala Congress}}
| 1
| [[Francis George (politician)|Francis George]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 1
| [[Durai Vaiko]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}
| 1
| [[Hanuman Beniwal]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| 1
| [[N. K. Premachandran]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| 3
|
* [[Pappu Yadav]]
* [[Mohmad Haneefa]]
* [[Vishal Patil]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Others|rowspan=10}}
| rowspan="10" |'''Unaligned''' Seats: '''15'''
| {{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
| 4
| [[P. V. Midhun Reddy]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| 3
| [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}}
| 2
| [[Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| 1
| [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
| 1
| [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| 1
| [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 1
| [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
| 1
| [[Richard Vanlalhmangaiha]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party|shortname=JKAIP}}
| 1
| [[Sheikh Abdul Rashid]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| 1
| [[Umeshbhai Patel]]
|-
| colspan="4" |''Vacant''
| 3
|
* [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]
* [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
* [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]]
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
! 543
!
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
*[[Parliament of India]]
*[[Rajya Sabha]]

== Further reading ==

* Sen, Ronojoy (2022). ''House of the People: Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy''. Cambridge University Press.

==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Lok Sabha}}
* [https://sansad.in/ls Lok Sabha website]
* [https://eci.gov.in/general-election/general-elections-2019/ General Elections 2019]

{{Lok Sabha}}
{{Parliament of India}}
{{Government of India}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{National lower houses}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha| ]]
[[Category:National lower houses|India]]
[[Category:Parliament of India]]

Kaithalkuchi

2026-03-26T18:11:17Z

OrvilleBurgos99: done

{{Short description|Village in Assam, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaithalkuchi
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.4544|91.3421|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Subdivision (India)|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name3 = Nalbari
| subdivision_type4 = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name4 = Paschim Dharmapur
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3831
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781370<ref>{{cite web |title=KAITHALKUCHI Pin Code |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/assam/nalbari/kaithalkuchi-pincode-781370.html |website=news.abplive.com |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03624
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 303982
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Nalbari district
| area_total_ha = 635.26
}}
'''Kaithalkuchi''' is a census village in [[Nalbari district]], [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramanathan |first=A. L |title=Safe and Sustainable Use of Arsenic-Contaminated Aquifers in the Gangetic Plain : A Multidisciplinary Approach |last2=Nath |first2=Bibhash |last3=Johnston |first3=Scott |last4=Mukherjee |first4=Abhijit |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]], Capital Publishing Company |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16123-5 |location=Cham; New Delhi, India |pages=295 |language=English}}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Kaithalkuchi village has a total population of 3,831 people including 1,966 males and 1,865 females with a literacy rate of 81.39%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Assam - District Nalbari - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6514/download/9591/DDW_PCA1824_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719012150/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6514/download/9591/DDW_PCA1824_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |archive-date=19 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== Kaithalkuchi railway station ==
{{split|Kaithalkuchi railway station|discuss=Talk:Kaithalkuchi#Split proposal|date=April 2023}}
The Kaithalkuchi railway station is the primary method of travel by the nearby villagers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=India |last2=Railway Inspectorate |date=1958 |title=Report of the Chief Government Inspector of Railways |journal=Report of the Chief Government Inspector of Railways |language=English |pages=23, 28, 46 |via=WorldCat}}</ref>

The Kaithalkuchi railway station code is KTCH. Details about trains and timings are in the following table.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaithalkuchi Railway Station (KTCH) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry |url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/kaithalkuchi-ktch-station |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=26 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Train ID
!Train Name
!Arrival
!Departure
!Stop time
!Destination
|-
|55714
|RNY - NJP Passenger
|4:07 a.m.
|4:08 a.m.
|0:01:00
|New Jalpaiguri
|-
|55818
|GHY - NBQ Passenger
|11:32 a.m.
|11:33 a.m.
|0:01:00
|New Bongaigaon Junction
|-
|55810
|GHY - NBQ Passenger
|6:50 a.m.
|6:51 a.m.
|0:01:00
|New Bongaigaon Junction
|-
|55802
|MANAS RHINO
|7:34 p.m.
|7:35 p.m.
|0:01:00
|New Bongaigaon Junction
|-
|55817
|NBQ - GHY Passenger
|4:45 p.m.
|4:46 p.m.
|0:01:00
|Guwahati
|-
|55754
|SIFHUNG Passenger
|4:22 p.m.
|4:23 p.m.
|0:01:00
|Alipur Duar
|-
|55801
|MANAS RHINO
|6:48 a.m.
|6:49 a.m.
|0:01:00
|Guwahati
|-
|15770
|LMG APDJ Intercity
|8:52 p.m.
|8:53 p.m.
|0:01:00
|Alipur Duar
|-
|55809
|NBQ - GHY Passenger
|7:12 p.m.
|7:13 p.m.
|0:01:00
|Guwahati
|-
|15769
|APDJ LMG Intercity
|8:00 a.m.
|8:01 a.m.
|0:01:00
|Lumding Junction
|-
|55753
|SIFHUNG Passenger
|8:40 a.m.
|8:41 a.m.
|0:01:00
|Guwahati
|-
|55713
|NJP - RNY Passenger
|8:50 p.m.
|8:51 p.m.
|0:01:00
|Rangiya Junction
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalbari district]]

Narasimha Jharni

2026-03-25T21:21:51Z

OrvilleBurgos99: starting stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =File:Narsimha Jharna Bidar.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| Peetham =
| caption =Narasimha Zarni Cave Temple in Bidar, Karnataka

| religious_affiliation =
| deity =[[Narasimha]] (Incarnation of Lord Vishnu)
| tradition =
| organizational_status =
| functional_status =
| governing_body =
| temple_board =Shri Narasimha Jharni Samsthan
| festival =
| festivals =
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =

| location =Malkapur Road, NH 161B, Mangalpet, Pakalwada, Bidar - 585401
| locale =
| district =Bidar district
| state =Karnataka
| province =
| country =India
| map_type =Karnataka#India
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_relief =
| map_caption =Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|17.9031|77.5439|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =

| architecture_type =
| architecture_style =
| founded_by =
| creator =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed =
| date_demolished =

| facade_direction =
| length =
| width =
| height_max =
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =1
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials =
| elevation_m =627
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_footnotes =

| nrhp =
| added =
| refnum =
| designated =

| embedded =
| designation1 =
| designation1_type =
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_date =
| delisted1_date =
| designation1_parent =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_free1value=
| designation1_free2value=
| designation1_free3value=

| website =

| footnotes =
}}

'''Narasimha Jharni Temple''' (local [[kannada]]: ನರಸಿಂಹ ಝರನಿ), also known as '''Narasimha Jharni cave temple''', is a temple located in Malkapur Road, NH 161B, Mangalpet, Pakalwada, [[Bidar]] - 585401, Karnataka. It is associated with [[Lord Narasimha]], an incarnation ([[avatar]]) of the [[Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]]. The ancient temple is excavated in a 300 m tunnel<ref name=nic>{{cite web|title=Bidar: Tourist Attractions|url=http://www.bidar.nic.in/Generaldetails/tour.htm|publisher=NIC, INDIA|access-date=6 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409225019/http://bidar.nic.in/Generaldetails/tour.htm|archive-date=9 April 2009}}</ref> under the Manichoola hill range<ref name=karnataka>{{cite web|title=Narasimha Jhira Cave Temple|url=http://www.karnataka.com/bidar/narasimha-hira-cave-temple/|access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> situated at around 4.8 km from the city. The temple is Classified as one of the '''108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]]''' of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition.

==Other names==
* Jharani Narasimha Cave Temple
* Jharni Narasimha Swamy
* Jharani Narasimha Temple
* Narasimha Swami Jharani Temple
* Narasimha Jhira Cave Temple
* Narasimha Zarni Cave Temple
* Narasimha Jheera Temple
* Narasimha Jharna
* Narasimha Jhara

==Temple description==
One has to wade through the cave wherein water height varies from 4 feet to 5 feet to have a glimpse of the deity's image formed on the laterite wall at the end of tunnel which is architectural wonder.<ref name=blog>{{cite web|title=Narasimha Cave Temple in Bidar|url=http://www.murpriya.blogspot.in/2011/02/narasimha-cave-temple-in-bidar.html|access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> Bats can be seen hanging on the roof of the cave and flying throughout the tunnel. It is a wonder that no one has been harmed by the bats till date.<ref name=nic /> People utter the words ''govinda-govinda'' and ''narasimha hari-hari'' with devotion as ''mantras''. The end of the cave temple is the [[sanctum sanctorum]] which houses two deities – Lord Narasimha and a [[Shiva Linga]] which the demon Jharasura (Jalasura) had worshipped. Around eight people can stand and watch this spectacular sight as there is very little space in there. Others need to wait in the water for their turn.<ref name=karnataka /> Since the water flows continuously and people walk in it, the water does not remain crystal clear. People carry kids into the temple on their shoulder. The water has sulphur in it and is said{{by who?|date=June 2019}} to have healing properties for people having skin problems. This temple is especially visited by many couples seeking children. As this is one of its kind temple, the overall experience can be thrilling & adventurous.

==Narasimha Avatar==
Lord Vishnu guarded the child devotee ''[[Prahlada]]'', who was put to endless torture by his father ''[[Hiranyakashipu]]'', a Demon, for repeating God's name instead of his own. But ''Prahlada'' withstood all these tortures with steadfast devotion. Finally God appeared in the form as Man-Lion, and killed the ''Hiranyakashipu''. In this Man-Lion incarnation, the God's emphasis is on devotion.

== Scriptures ==
The fourth incarnation of Lord Vishnu, Lord Narasimha, is half human and half lion. Legend says that Narasimha after killing Hiranyakashipu, slew another giant named '''Jharasura (Jalasura)''' who was a staunch devotee of Lord [[Shiva]]. While breathing his last, Jharasura beseeched Vishnu (or rather, his incarnation) to reside in the cave in which he was living and to grant boons to devotees. Granting last wish of his, [[Narasimha]] came to live in the cave.<ref name=tourism>{{cite web|title=Jharani Narasimha Cave Temple|url=http://www.bidartourism.com/JharaniTemple.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150309153658/http://www.bidartourism.com/JharaniTemple.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 March 2015|access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> There is a roughly carved image of Narasimha on a stone wall at the end of the cave. After being killed, the demon turned into water and started flowing down the feet of the Lord Narasimha.<ref name=karnataka /> The flow of water in the cave tunnel is continuous since then. The spring has never dried out.
[[File:Narasimha Jharni temple Entry.jpg|thumb|right|నరసింహ ఝర్ని ఆలయ ప్రవేశ ద్వారం]]
==Geology==
Narasimha Jharni is a tubular spring. Though [[Bidar]] is at an elevation, the temple is at a lower level. It is located amidst the slopes of the hilly terrain. The [[Laterite|lateritic rock]] formation under the plateau enables [[Groundwater recharge|percolation]] of surface water. Bidar urban [[plateau]] is of irregular shape, land stretching about 35.4 km in length and 19.3 km in width. The plateau consists of red laterite rocky crust, of a depth varying from 30.5 m to 152.4 m supported on impervious trap base.
This has resulted in springs at the cleavages between trap and laterite rocks.{{cn|date=March 2022}} Such [[Spring (hydrology)|water springs]] can be observed in Bidar also at [[Guru Nanak Jhira Sahib]] Gurudwara, Papanasha Shiva Temple etc.

==Significance==
People throng to this temple because it is believed that the Deity at the Narasimha Jharni Cave temple is a '''[[swayambhu]] roopam''' – in other words, the deity is self manifested and is very powerful.<ref name=karnataka />

==Recent developments==
To facilitate the devotees, the cave temple has been [[Air conditioned]] and Electrified for lighting systems.<ref name=nic /> The temple is open from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. The facilities at the temple are planned in a systematic way to draw more visitors. Creation of parking space, multi-purpose hall, rooms, overhead tank to ensure adequate water supply to the devotees and a percolation tank to make use of the water coming out of the cave has been taken up.<ref>{{cite news|title=Narasimha Swami Zarni temple getting a facelift|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/narasimha-swami-zarni-temple-getting-a-facelift/article319629.ece|access-date=6 March 2015|publisher=The Hindu|date=30 April 2009}}</ref> A new approach road to the temple is being constructed to make a "systematic" entry to the temple. The pre-existing entry was not according to [[Vaastu]]. Now they are not allowing pilgrims to enter the cave as the water flow is slow.

== See also ==
* [[List of India cave temples]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Source-attribution|''Pilgrimage to Narasimhaswami Shetrams'', by Tamarapu Sampath Kumaran}}

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka|state=collapsed}}
{{Bidar topics}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bidar]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bidar district]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Narasimha temples in Karnataka]]

Kalbe Jawad

2026-03-25T08:52:48Z

OrvilleBurgos99: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian Shi'a cleric (born 1953)}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Maulana Kalbe Jawad
| image = Maulana Kalbe Jawwad, Shia Cleric, part of eminent Muslim citizens delegation calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on April 13, 2016.jpg
| caption = Maulana [[Kalbe Jawwad]], Shia Cleric, part of eminent Muslim citizens delegation calling on the Prime Minister, [[Narendra Modi]], in New Delhi on April 13, 2016.
| title =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1953|01|04}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| other_names = Jawad Miyan, Banne Miyan,
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| era =
| region = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| occupation = Imam e Jumma, Lucknow Member of [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]
| denomination =
| jurisprudence =
| movement =
| main_interests =
| notable_ideas =
| notable_works =
| alma_mater =
| Sufi_order =
| disciple_of =
| awards =
| influences =
| influenced =
| module =
| website =
| father = Maulana Kalbe Abid
| child =
}}

'''Kalbe Jawad''' is a [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslim]] cleric from [[Lucknow]], [[India]].<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|title=Who is Maulana Syed Kalbe Jawad Naqvi?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/maulana-syed-kalbe-jawad-naqvi-shia-muslim-cleric-lucknow-imam-e-juma-189143-2014-04-15|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=20 May 2020|date=15 April 2014}}</ref>

==Family background==
He comes from a family of scholars known as ''"[[Ijtihadi family|Khandan-e-Ijtehad]]"'',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jones|first=Justin|title=Khandan-i-Ijtihad: Genealogy, history, and authority in a household of 'ulama in modern South Asia|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/khandaniijtihad-genealogy-history-and-authority-in-a-household-of-ulama-in-modern-south-asia/E51CE754CED7926CCBB7245554B1224E|journal=Modern Asian Studies|year=2020|volume=54|issue=4|language=en|pages=1149–1191|doi=10.1017/S0026749X18000598|s2cid=210553618 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and traces his lineage from [[Dildar Ali Naseerabadi]] (also known as [[Ghufran Ma'ab]]), their ancestors came to Jais from [[Sabzevar]].<ref name="indiatoday"/><ref name="Milli">[http://www.milligazette.com/dailyupdate/2006/20060525_muslim_india_politics.htm The Milli Gazette Online, ''Who is Kalbe Jawwad'' By Rizvi Syed Haider Abbas, 24 May 2006]</ref> He is son of [[Kalbe Abid]]; [[Kalbe Hussain]] was his grandfather and [[Kalbe Sadiq]] was his uncle.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gayer|first=Laurent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSnmSjPO6JsC&pg=PA353|title=Muslims in Indian Cities: Trajectories of Marginalisation|date=2012|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1-84904-176-8|language=en}}</ref>

==Positions and activities==

He has held following positions:<ref name="indiatoday"/>
* ''Imam-e-Juma'' (leader of the Friday prayers) at the [[Asafi Imambara|Shahi Asafi Mosque]], [[Lucknow]].<ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last1=Wallace|first1=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZ6HAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|title=India's 2009 Elections: Coalition Politics, Party Competition and Congress Continuity|last2=Roy|first2=Ramashray|date=5 May 2011|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-81-321-0774-3|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Milli"/><ref name="pasdaran-home">{{cite web|url=http://www.pasdaranehussain.com/|title=Tanzeem-e-Pasdaran-e-Husain, home.|access-date=23 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414115744/http://www.pasdaranehussain.com/|archive-date=14 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHYMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Kalbe+Jawad%22|title=Muslim India|date=2007|publisher=Muslim India|language=en}}</ref>
* Senior member of [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]].<ref name="Wallace"/><ref name="Milli" />
* Patron<ref>[http://www.shiayateemkhaana.com/committe.html shia yateem khaana, Lucknow, Committee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727013039/http://www.shiayateemkhaana.com/committe.html |date=27 July 2012}}</ref> & chairman<ref>[http://www.shiayateemkhaana.com/ shia yateem khaana, Lucknow, Home] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303180537/http://shiayateemkhaana.com/ |date=3 March 2009}}</ref> of the committee of "Shia Orphanage" ''Gulistan-e-Abutalib a.s.'', Lucknow.
* Member of the "Joint Ulema Council", founded after 19 February 2006.<ref name="Milli" />
* National President Rashtriya Shia Sufi Sangh
* General Secretary Majlis e Ulama e Hind<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://majliseulamaehind.com/about_us.php|title=Majlis-E-Ulema-E-Hind|website=majliseulamaehind.com|language=en|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416222121/http://www.majliseulamaehind.com/about_us.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In June 2000 he founded an organization named ''Tanzeem-e-Pasdaran-e-Husain (a.s.)''.<ref name="pasdaran-home"/>

===Involvement in Azadari movement of Lucknow===
He have been involved in azadari movement protests since 1980s,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbtVAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Kalbe+Jawad%22|title=South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies|date=1992|publisher=Published under the auspices of the Pakistan American Foundation|language=en}}</ref> and subsequently led vigorous anti-government demonstrations at Lucknow in 1997 to lift two decades old ban on [[Azadari in Lucknow|Azadari processions in Lucknow]].<ref name="Milli" /><ref name="pasdaran-aza">{{cite web|url=http://www.pasdaranehussain.com/aza.html|title=Tanzeem-e-Pasdaran-e-Husain, Azadari Movement|access-date=23 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020142345/http://pasdaranehussain.com/aza.html|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> He got arrested two times during the movement:<ref name="pasdaran-aza"/>
* He with Sunni clerics Maulana Qamar Minai and Imam Bukhari of Delhi were arrested on 3 June 1997 for organising a meeting and defying Section 144 I.P.C.
* He was again arrested on 28 June 1997 at 4:00 a.m. under National Security Act (NSA).

The [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|government]] later entered into a tripartite Shias-Sunnis-Administration agreement and nine main processions on the 1st, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th Muharrum, Chehlum, 8th Rabiul Awwal and 21st Ramzan have been restored.<ref name="pasdaran-aza"/>

===Involvement in Waqf movement of Lucknow===
The "Waqf Movement" or ''Tehreek-e-Awqaf'' which is going on in Lucknow under his leadership has achieved significant success in Lucknow and Delhi (with Dargah e Shah Mardan case).<ref name="pasdaran-waqf">{{cite web|url=http://www.pasdaranehussain.com/waqf.html|title=Tanzeem-e-Pasdaran-e-Husain, Waqf Movement|access-date=23 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020205335/http://pasdaranehussain.com/waqf.html|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has been demanding CBI inquiry into the corruption taken place in UP Shia Central Waqf Board from a very long time. So far the governments have given assurance only.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-LUCK-maulana-kalbe-jawad-demand-cbi-probe-for-shia-waqf-board-5118985-PHO.html|title=वक्‍फ बोर्ड की नहीं हुई CBI जांच तो पूरा मुहर्रम बड़े इमामबाड़े में: मौलाना कल्‍बे जव्‍वाद|date=20 September 2015|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref>
He founded of noore hidayat foundation lucknow.<ref>noorehidayatfoundation.org</ref>

===Involvement in demonstrations and rallies===
He held an anti US/Israel/Denmark rally at Lucknow which was attended by over one million people.<ref name="pasdaran-news">[http://www.pasdaranehussain.com/news.html Tanzeem-e-Pasdaran-e-Husain, News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020190045/http://pasdaranehussain.com/news.html |date=20 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Cleric-detained--supporters-go-on-rampage-in-Lucknow/711205 |title=Cleric detained, supporters go on rampage in Lucknow |newspaper=[[The Indian Express|Express news service]] |date=15 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-15/lucknow/28229849_1_shia-cleric-lucknow-road-maulana-kalbe-jawwad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103225148/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-15/lucknow/28229849_1_shia-cleric-lucknow-road-maulana-kalbe-jawwad |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Shia tussle spills on to Lucknow road |date=15 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article886463.ece |title=Dispute over college sparks violence |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Lucknow |date=15 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Row-over-Shia-College/Article1-626215.aspx |title=Row over Shia College |first=Rohit |last=Singh |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Lucknow |date=14 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203202837/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Row-over-Shia-College/Article1-626215.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Execution of Nimr al-Nimr===
In an interview condemning the [[execution of Nimr al-Nimr]] in [[Saudi Arabia]] which was posted on the Internet on 3 January 2016 (as translated by [[MEMRI]]), Jawad accused [[Israel]] and the [[United States]] to be involved in the execution, stating that: "Israeli and American hands are involved in [the execution of Sheikh Al-Nimr in Saudi Arabia] and so are other Arab countries, which have unleashed cruelty on the minorities, and are supporting and backing terrorism. They are all involved in this. They don't want any voices to be raised against terrorism."<ref>{{YouTube|id=LMXi83fe0lolist=UUweyNwo4cZM5gsIpuG4Zlew|title=MAULANA S KALBE JAWAD CONDEMS KILING [sic] OF SHIA CLERIC SHEIKH NIMR}}</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indian-Shias-outraged-at-the-execution-of-Saudi-cleric-Sheikh-Nimr-call-for-nationwide-protest/articleshow/50418846.cms Indian Shias outraged at the execution of Saudi cleric Sheikh Nimr, call for nationwide protest], ''[[The Times of India]]'', 2 January 2016.</ref>

===Wahhabism and Jews===
In the same interview Jawad compared practitioners of [[Wahhabism]] in [[Saudi Arabia]] to [[Judaism|Jews]], stating that: "This is the path of the Jews. According to their [[Talmud]], none but the Jews have the right to live. The Jewish mentality and the Wahhabi mentality are one and the same. That is why we say that there is no difference between the Saudis and the Jews. Their policies are the same, and they support one another. In fact, the Jews are their patrons."<ref>[http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/5309.htm Shiite Indian Cleric Kalbe Jawad: Jewish and Wahhabi Mentality Responsible for Terrorism], [[MEMRI]], Clip No. 5309 (transcript) (Video clip [http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/5309.htm available here]), 3 January 2016.</ref>

His views on Yogi Adityanath:

In March 2023, he says only Yogi Adityanath can uplift the Shias of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/only-modi-yogi-can-help-uplift-shias/articleshow/98594086.cms | title='Only Modi, Yogi can help uplift Shias' | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

==References==
<ref>{{cite news |title=In U-turn, Shia cleric Kalbe Shawad takes back appeal to Muslims and SC/STs to buy firearms |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jul/22/in-u-turn-shia-cleric-kalbe-shawad-takes-back-appeal-to-muslims-and-scsts-to-buy-firearms-2007724.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=History shows Kashmir will reject Kalbe Jawad's divisive agenda |url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/history-shows-kashmir-will-reject-kalbe-jawads-divisive-agenda/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110145740/https://thekashmirwalla.com/history-shows-kashmir-will-reject-kalbe-jawads-divisive-agenda/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 January 2022 |work=The Kashmir Walla |date=21 December 2020}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=Maulana Kalbe Jawad reacts to Waseem Rizvi's plea in SC |url=https://www.siasat.com/maulana-kalbe-jawad-reacts-to-waseem-rizvis-plea-in-sc-2109904/ |work=The Siasat Daily |date=14 March 2021}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=jawad: Panel Should Apprise Pm Of Woes: Jawad {{!}} Lucknow News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/panel-should-apprise-pm-of-woes-jawad/articleshow/90673848.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=Lucknow News: हिजाब विवाद इस्लामोफोबिया का एक उदाहरण...शिया धर्मगुरु कल्बे जवाद ने क्‍यों कही ये बात? |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/other-news/shia-maulana-kalbe-jawad-said-that-hijab-row-is-a-example-of-islamophobia/articleshow/90332855.cms |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=Back those who prevented riots: Shia Cleric Jawad |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/back-those-who-prevented-riots-shia-cleric-jawad/articleshow/89736568.cms |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslims should support party that gives maximum tickets: Maulana Kalbe Jawad |url=https://www.siasat.com/muslims-should-support-party-that-gives-maximum-tickets-maulana-kalbe-jawad-2208022/ |work=The Siasat Daily |date=14 October 2021}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title='Marriage at early age prevents girls going wayward': UP cleric on proposal to raise marriageable age to 21 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/marriage-at-early-age-prevents-girls-going-wayward-up-cleric-on-proposal-to-raise-marriageable-age-to/841384 |work=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=शिया धर्म गुरू कल्बे जवाद ने भाजपा की शान में पढ़े कसीदे, सपा को सुनाई खरी-खरी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/news/shia-leader-maulana-kalbe-jawad-big-statement-over-bjp-and-sp/1103624 |work=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2899923}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110414115744/http://www.pasdaranehussain.com/ Pasdarane Husain - Website of an organisation run by Maulana Syed Kalbe Jawwad]
* [http://www.milligazette.com/dailyupdate/2006/20060525_muslim_india_politics.htm An article entitled "Who is Kalbe Jawwad"]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jawad, Kalbe}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Scholars from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Shia scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian Shia clerics]]
[[Category:Ijtihadi family]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

Ara Junction railway station

2026-03-24T19:57:07Z

OrvilleBurgos99:

{{Short description|Railway station in Arrah, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
|name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|ARA JUNCTION}}
|native_name = <hr/>Arrah Junction
|type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
|style = Indian Railways
|image = Ara Junction.jpg
|image_caption = Entrance view of Ara Junction railway station
|address = Station Road, Nawada, [[Arrah]], [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]], [[Bihar]]
|country = [[India]] - (802301)
|coordinates = {{Coord|25.5488|N|84.6614|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
|elevation = {{convert|59|m|ft}}
|owned = [[Indian Railways]]
|operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]
|line = [[Howrah–Delhi main line|Howrah-Patna-Delhi main line]] ([[Patna–Mughalsarai section]]) [[Ara–Sasaram line]]
|platform = 4
|tracks = 7
|other = Functioning
|structure = Standard (on-ground station)
|parking = {{rint|park}} Available
|status = Active
|opened = Estd-1862
|closed =
|rebuilt =
|electrified = {{start date and age|2001}}
|accessible = {{Access icon|20px}} Available
|code = {{Indian railway code
|code = ARA
|zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
|division = {{rwd|Danapur}}}}
|services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line1=Howrah–Delhi main line|type1=([[Patna–Mughalsarai section]])|left1=Jamira Halt|right1=Jagjivan Halt|to-left1=Patna Junction or Howrah Junction|to-right1=Mughalsarai Junction or New Delhi|line2=Ara–Sasaram line|left2=|right2=Udwantnagar|to-right2=Sasaram Junction}}
| passengers = 200,000 per day
| pass_year = 2022
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India#India Bihar#
| map_dot_label = '''Ara Junction'''
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in [[Arrah|Ara]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Ara Junction
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| services_collapsible = yes
|route_map = {{Patna–Mughalsarai section}}
}}

'''Ara Junction railway station''' (station code: '''ARA'''), is a railway station serving the city of [[Arrah]] in the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] district in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. The Ara Junction railway station is well connected to most of the major cities in India by the railway network. It lies in between Buxar and Patna on [[Patna-Mughalsarai section]] of [[Howrah–Delhi main line|Howrah-Patna-Delhi main line]] which serves it with numerous trains. The Ara Bus Station is around 3 KM from the railway station.

Arrah is well connected to [[Patna]], [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]], [[Kanpur]], [[Pune]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Chennai]], [[Siliguri]], [[Lucknow]], [[Agra]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Varansi]], [[Bhopal]], [[Jaipur]], [[Surat]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Katihar]], [[Amritsar]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Secunderabad]], [[Guwahati]], [[Ranchi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ajmer]], [[Goa]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Anand Vihar Terminal]], [[Jhansi]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Haridwar]], [[Mysuru]], [[Dibrugarh]] and other cities of India.

== Facilities ==
The major facilities available are waiting rooms, retiring room, computerized reservation facility, reservation counter, vehicle parking, etc.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Patliputra-station-to-be-functional-by-month-end/articleshow/20548073.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615054211/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-12/patna/39924147_1_passenger-trains-patliputra-railways | url-status=live | archive-date=15 June 2013 | title=Patliputra station to be functional by month-end | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=12 June 2013 | access-date=24 July 2013 | author=Kumod Verma}}</ref><ref name=computerized_list>{{cite web|title=List of Locations (Irrespective Of States) Where Computerized Reservation Facilities Are Available |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html |publisher=[[Indian Railways]] |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703033000/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html |archive-date=3 July 2013 }}</ref> Vehicles are allowed to enter the station premises. There are refreshment rooms vegetarian and non vegetarian, tea stall, book stall, post and telegraphic office and Government Railway police (G.R.P) office. Automatic ticket vending machines have been installed to reduce the queue for train tickets on the station.<ref name=toi_model>{{cite news|title=8 more stations to be made models |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/8-more-stations-to-be-made-models/articleshow/9606303.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103084612/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-05-12/patna/27114696_1_terminal-station-passengers-amenities-year-danapur|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=2013-01-03}}</ref> and a gusarkhana. You can find good Litti Chokha shops just outside the railway station.

===Platforms===
There are four platforms at Arrah Junction. The platforms are interconnected with two pedestrian [[Footbridge#Railways|Foot-over-bridges]] (FOB).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1904]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bhojpur district, India]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Bihar]]
[[Category:Danapur railway division]]
[[Category:Arrah]]

Jorhat district

2026-03-21T15:17:30Z

OrvilleBurgos99:

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Jorhat}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jorhat district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Assam|District]] of [[Assam]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Jorhat Night View.png
| photo2a = Lachit Bhawan at Lachit maidam.JPG
| photo2b = Dhekiakhowa Bornamghar.jpg
| photo3a =Main gate of Sukapha Samannay Kshetra.jpg
| photo3b =
| photo1b=
| spacing = 1.5
| color_border = white
| color = black
| size = 270
}}
| image_caption = From top, left-to-right: Jorhat aerial view, Lachit Bhawan at Lachit maidam, [[Dhekiakhowa Bornamghar]], Sukapha Samannay Kshetra.
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Assam
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Jorhat
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Assam|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Assam Division|Upper Assam]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Jorhat]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 1. Jorhat East 2. Jorhat West 3. Titabor 4. Teok 5. Mariani
| area_total_km2 = 2,852
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 924,952
| population_footnotes = <ref name="districtcensus"/>
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 83.42 %
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 956 females per 1000 males
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name1 = [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Jorhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]], [[Titabar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Titabar]], [[Mariani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mariani]], [[Teok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Teok]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = AS-03
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://jorhat.assam.gov.in}}
| official_name =
}}

'''Jorhat district''' (pron: ˈʤɔ:(r)ˌhɑ:t) is an administrative district of the [[India]]n state of [[Assam]] situated in the central part of the [[Brahmaputra Valley]]. The district is bounded by [[Majuli district|Majuli]] on north, [[Nagaland]] state on the south, [[Sibsagar district|Sivasagar]] on the east and [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]] on the west. On the north of the district, the river Brahmaputra forms the largest riverine island of the world. The administrative seat is at [[Jorhat]] city.

Jorhat was previously a sub-division of undivided [[Sibsagar district]]. In 1983, Jorhat was carved out of Sibsagar District and was made a separate district.

==Etymology==
'''Jorhat''' or '''Jorehaut''' means tween '''hats''' (Bazar) or '''mandis''' - Macharhat and Chowkihat which existed on the two different banks of the river [[Bhogdoi River|Bhogdoi]] during the 18th century.

==History==
===13th century===
[[File:Mong Mao-the detail map.svg|thumb|left|Jorhat district was under the [[Möng Mao]] ruler [[Si Kefa]] (yellow) in 1360 CE]]

===16th century===
The northernmost area of the present district was a part of the [[Chutiya Kingdom]] before the Ahom-Chutiya war in the 16th century. In 1794 the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] king [[Gaurinath Singha]] shifted the capital from Sibsagar (erstwhile "[[Rangpur (Ahom capital)|Rangpur]]") to Jorhat. This town was a flourishing and commercial metropolis but completely destroyed after a series of the Burmese invasions since 1817 till the arrival of the British force in 1824 under the Stewardship of David Scott and Captain Richard.

The British rule, though, was not free from rebellions and revolutions, contributed to reemergence of this historical town. From the very first decade of the British rule, the great revolutionists who emerged were Gomdhar Konwar, Jeuram and Piyali, British system of administration, came into vogue in 1839 with an established Police Thana. During the great [[Sepoy Mutiny]], the anti-British plot hatched by [[Maniram Dewan]] and Piyali Barua, was sabotaged. These leaders were hanged in public at this very place in 1858.<ref name="Guptajit2008">{{cite book | author=Guptajit Pathak | title=Assamese Women in Indian Independence Movement: With a Special Emphasis on Kanaklata Barua | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6igd9NaJFlUC&pg=PA75 | access-date=21 April 2012 | year=2008 | publisher=Mittal Publications | isbn=978-81-8324-233-2 | page=75}}</ref>

In 1885, a narrow-gauge train service ([[Jorehaut Provincial Railway]]) came into operation and ultimately became instrumental in the rapid growth of the tea industry.

Though the civil sub-division under [[Sivasagar district|Sibsagar]] district at Jorhat was formed in 1869, this place was declared as administration headquarters of the undivided Sibsagar district in 1911, which comprised the present Sibsagar, Jorhat and Golaghat and parts of Karbi-Anglong district with Major A. Playfair as the first deputy commissioner.

The modern-day district of Jorhat was created in 1983 when it was split from Sibsagar district.<ref name='Statoids'>{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date = 2011-10-11 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 2011-09-25 | work = Statoids}}</ref>

==Geography==
On the north of the district, the river Brahmaputra forms the largest riverine island of the world, Majuli, spreading over 924.6 km2. with a population of about 1.50 lakh being threatened by the constant erosion by this mighty, unstable river. [[Majuli]] had been the principal place of pilgrimage of Vaishnavites since the ages of the Ahom rules. There are several Satras resembling medieval monasteries headed by Satradhikars preaching and teaching the Vaishnavism which was initiated by Sankardeva (1449–1568). Each Satra has unknown wealth of Vaishnav scriptures and extensive revenue free lands being cultivated by the "Bhakats" of the Satras.

Jorhat district occupies an area of {{convert|2859|km2|sqmi}},<ref name='Reference Annual'>{{cite book | editor = Srivastava, Dayawanti | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Assam: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1116 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}</ref> comparatively equivalent to [[Russia]]'s [[Zemlya Georga]].<ref name='Islands'>{{cite web | url = http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | title = Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area | access-date = 2011-10-11 | date = 1998-02-18 | publisher = [[United Nations Environment Program]] | quote = Zemlya Georga 2,859km2 | archive-date = 2018-02-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180220003634/http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Floods frequent the island every year without exception. The mean annual rainfall of the district is 2029 mm.

==District administration==
The District Administration is headed by Deputy Commissioner Jay Shivani, IAS.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-assam-tribune/20210520/282033330095093|title=New DC takes charge in Jorhat|access-date=2021-07-25}}</ref> is the Superintendent of Police of Jorhat district and belongs to the IPS batch of 2011 (Assam-Meghalaya cadre).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/ankur-jain-ips-posted-as-sp-jorhat-assam/|title=Ankur Jain IPS posted as SP-Jorhat, Assam|access-date=2021-07-25}}</ref>

The only outlying civil subdivision is Titabor . Titabor subdivisional administration is headed by SDO (Civil) Ayush Garg, IAS.

===Divisions===
There are five [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] constituencies in this district: [[Jorhat]], [[Teok]], [[Mariani, Jorhat|Mariani]], [[Titabor]] and [[Dergaon]].<ref name="ceo1">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies showing their Revenue & Election District wise break - up |url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/Gen_Informations/2.1%20-%20DEOs%20wise%20ACs%20breakup.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Assam website |access-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322074811/http://ceoassam.nic.in/Gen_Informations/2.1%20-%20DEOs%20wise%20ACs%20breakup.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref> Dergaon is designated for [[scheduled caste]]s.<ref name="ceo1"/> Dergaon is in the [[Kaliabor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaliabor Lok Sabha constituency]]. The other four are in the [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ceo2">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies showing their Parliamentary Constituencies wise break-up |url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/Gen_Informations/2.2%20-%20PC-wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Assam website |access-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322074903/http://ceoassam.nic.in/Gen_Informations/2.2%20-%20PC-wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref>

===Towns and villages===
*[[Senchoa Gaon]]

==Economy==

===Agriculture===
There are about 135 tea gardens, including out gardens, and the predominant field crop is rice, with per capita food grain production of 205 kg per annum.

===Manufacturing industry===
The district has a number of small-scale and cottage industries in the field of cane work and bamboo work, silver jewellery, furniture making, brass smithing, umbrella making, soap manufacturing, packaged food manufacturing etc. Type of industries present in Jorhat are agro based, cotton textile, woolen, silk and artificial thread based clothes, ready-made garments and embroidery, wood/wooden based furniture, chemical/chemical based, rubber, plastic and petro based, metal based (steel fab.), repairing and servicing, etc.

===Tourism===
Jorhat facilitates as the base location to reach out to many interesting places of international importance located at close proximity such as [[Majuli]], [[Kaziranga National Park]], [[Sivasagar]], [[Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary]], the famous [[Molai forest]], forested single handed, [[Dhekiakhowa Bornamghar]], etc. Examples of numerous attractions that can be visited within the district are Lachit Borphukan's Maidam, Raja Maidam, Jorhat Science Centre & Planetarium, [[Jorhat Gymkhana Club]], Chandrakanta Handique Bhavan, Jorhat District Museum, Thengal Manor, Sukapha Samannay Kshetra, Kaziranga Golf Resort, Shanti Ashram, Jagannath Temple, Thengal Cultural Centre & Museum, public parks, multiple tea gardens, Sukapha Park, Gabhoru Parbat and many more.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Jorhat district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,092,256,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Jorhat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/220/download/530/DH_2011_1813_PART_A_DCHB_JORHAT.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Cyprus]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Cyprus 1,120,489 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Rhode Island 1,052,567
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101090833/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=2011-01-01
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 418th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 383 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 9.21%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Jorhat has a [[sex ratio]] of 956 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 83.42%.

The divided district has a population of 924,952, of which 220,534 (23.84%) live in urban areas. Jorhat has a sex ratio of 963 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are 64,787 (7.00%) and 62,368 (6.74%) of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

Main Assamese communities in the district are [[Tea tribes]] ([[Adivasi]]), [[Ahom people|Ahom]], [[Chutiya people|Chutia]], [[Sonowal Kacharis]], [[Thengal-Kachari|Thengal Kachari]].

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Jorhat district (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Assam|Hinduism]]|darkorange|91.09}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Assam|Islam]]|green|5.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Assam|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|2.25}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.81}}
}}

Hindus are 842,520 (91.09%) of the population. [[Muslims]] are 54,092 (5.85%) and [[Christians]] are 20,796 (2.25%) of the population.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11365/download/14478/DDW18C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Jorhat district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] |value1 = 88.65 |color1 = purple
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value2 = 3.77 |color2 = orchid
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 3.04 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Mising language|Mising]] |value4 = 1.63 |color4 = lightskyblue
|label5 = Others |value5 = 2.91 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 88.65% of the population spoke [[Assamese language|Assamese]], 3.77% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 3.04% [[Hindi]] and 1.63% [[Mising language|Mising]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population By Mother Tongue: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10195/download/13307/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Culture==

The cultural diversities which prevailed in Jorhat nearly a century ago has inspired the people to participate in cultural activities through the decades and as a result Jorhat has been able to produce many creative writers, musician, actors, historians and journalists, terming Jorhat '''The Cultural Capital of Assam'''.

'''Festivals'''

'''Tea festivals'''

The Tea Festival is held in the district of Jorhat in the northeastern state of Assam in India. Jorhat is well known for its extensive tea gardens, and is the nerve centre of the tea industry. Jorhat has the world famous Tocklai Experimental Centre. In this place research work is carried out to find new varieties of tea and also the curative effects of green tea. The island of Majuli, the largest island on the Brahmaputra, and the Nambar Forest Reserve can be visited from Jorhat. In Majuli there are numerous monasteries and the Nambar Forest Reserve is famous for being a regenerating hot spring.

'''Description of Tea Festival'''

The Tea Festival in Jorhat is all about tea, music and gaiety. The Tea Festival in Jorhat brings about a world of festivity with a warm and traditional cordial reception. The Jorhat Tea Festival offers an excellent package of fun and excitement. The celebrations of the Festival of Tea in Jorhat include visit to the tea gardens, playing golf, safaris into the jungles, tasting delicious food items, shopping and cultural entertainment. The adventure sports on offer include angling and rafting in turbulent rivers. The Tea Festival of Jorhat in Assam is a pleasant blend of a business trip and a pleasure trip. Along with the beauty and cultural diversity of Assam, tourists can also meet the warm hearted people of Assam.

'''Time of Celebration of Tea Festival'''

The Tea Festival in Jorhat, in the state of Assam, is celebrated every year with great enjoyment, fun and entertainment

'''Majuli festivals'''

The northeastern state of Assam in India is famous for Majuli, the largest river island in the world, earlier a part of the district administration of Jorhat. The island of Majuli is positioned in the middle of river Brahmaputra and is the abode to the place of Vaishnavite culture in Majuli. The total area of Majuli has been diminishing gradually due to strong erosion of the river Brahmaputra. The Majuli Festival provides lot of opportunities to fit oneself into the festival. During the Majuli Festival in Assam, special events like cultural programs and exhibitions are organized.

'''Description of Majuli Festival'''

The Assam Majuli Festival is held on the bank of river Luit, the location of which has an immeasurably beautiful and picturesque milieu. The river Luit is just 1.5 kilometers from the sub-divisional headquarter of Majuli Island, Garamur. The Festival of Majuli in Majuli in Assam conducts many cultural programs with the cultural troupes of Majuli as well as troupes from the rest of the country. In the exhibition, Assamese products are on display, which are specially prepared and designed by artistes that draw attention to the traditional grandeur of Majuli. The organizers also arrange for a food festival in the Majuli Festival in Assam, where Assamese and tribal dishes are also made obtainable. Seminars are also organized to have a discussion on different topics. A display of various artwork and culturally driven [[masks]]
can be seen in different museums located in the island.

Reaching the Majuli Festival of Majuli in Assam, one can observe the gathering and adjustment of all ethnic groups of people under the same sky, but at the same time the groups are keeping on their respective traditional and individual cultural entities. This is a very remarkable event. The island of Majuli has an environment of a bird sanctuary which attracts nonextant species of various migrant birds.

'''Time of Celebration of Majuli Festival'''

The Assam Majuli Festival is presumably held during the winter season, in the month of November. This arrangement is made keeping in mind the climate conditions and the road communicating facilities in Majuli.

== Historical religious places ==

* [[Dhekiakhowa Bornamghar]]
* [[Burhi Gosani Devalaya Jorhat|Burhi Gosani Devalaya]]
* Borbheti Than
* Garakhia Dol
* Moinaporia Namghar
* Buddha Vihar, Jorhat

==Notable personalities==
Jorhat has produced many creative writers, historians, journalists and many more.
*[[Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya]], the first Assamese to win India's highest literature award, the [[Jnanpith Award]]<ref>"Bhattacharya, Birendrakumar" in Amaresh Datta, ed., ''Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 1'' (Sahitya Akademi, 1987), {{ISBN|978-81-260-1803-1}}, p. 482 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC excerpt available] at [[Google Books]]).</ref>
*[[Jadav Payeng]], the 'Forest man of India'
*[[Krishna Kanta Handique]], ideologist and educationist, former vice chancellor of [[Gauhati University]]
*[[Hiren Bhattacharyya]], Assamese poet
*[[Tarun Gogoi]], former chief minister of Assam
*[[Zubeen Garg]], musician
*[[Munin Barkotoki]], Writer

==Flora and fauna==
In 1997 Jorhat district became home to the [[Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary]], which has an area of {{convert|21|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}},<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment |title=Protected areas: Assam |url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |access-date=September 25, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |archive-date=August 23, 2011 }}</ref> is a protected area which is home to [[hoolock gibbons]].

There is another forest called [[Mulai Kathoni]] or [[Molai Forest]], a man-made forest covering 550 hectares of area on a [[Brahmaputra River]] [[sandbar]] located near Kokilamukh area. It is named after [[Jadav Payeng]], Indian [[Environmental movement|environmental]] activist and forestry worker.

Molai forest and Payeng have been the subject of a number of documentaries. A locally made film documentary, produced by Jitu Kalita in 2012 ''The Molai Forest'',<ref>{{IMDb title|2678376|title=The Molai forest|description=2012}}</ref> was screened at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]. Jitu Kalita, who lives near Payeng's house, has also featured and given recognition on his reporting of the life of Payeng through his documentary. Molai forest was also featured in a 2013 documentary ''Foresting life'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.humanitywatchdog.org/films/foresting-life-2013/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823002040/http://www.humanitywatchdog.org/films/foresting-life-2013/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2013 |title=Foresting life |publisher=Humanity Watchdog |access-date=1 April 2014 }}</ref> directed by the Indian documentary filmmaker [[Aarti Shrivastava]],<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q123750279|title=Foresting life|description=2013}}</ref> and in William Douglas McMaster's 2013 film documentary ''Forest Man''.<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q123750276|title=Forest Man|description=2013}}</ref> People have pledged US$8,327 on the [[Kickstarter]] campaign<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/59012691/forest-man-post-production|title=Forest Man post production|publisher=[[Kickstarter]]|date=14 February 2013|access-date=29 April 2014}}</ref> for the [[post-production]] of this documentary in early 2013, which was shown at [[2014 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Payeng film gets Cannes award|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140527/jsp/northeast/story_18384889.jsp#.U8fZSvmSySq|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140725141510/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140527/jsp/northeast/story_18384889.jsp%23.U8fZSvmSySq|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 25, 2014|access-date=17 July 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph, Calcutta, India]]|date=26 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The American Pavilion 2014 Finalists Emerging Filmmaker Showcase|publisher=The American Pavilion|url=http://www.ampav.com/index.php/student-programs/cannes-emerging-filmmaker-showcase/2014-finalists-emerging-filmmaker-showcase-presented-by-american-express/|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

About 100 km from Jorhat lies the internationally recognized [[Kaziranga National Park]].

==Education==

Jorhat is considered one of the best locations for modern education in the state. The city of [[Jorhat]] has one of the highest number of educational institutions in the region. The literacy rate of the district of Jorhat is next to [[Kamrup Metropolitan]].

The [[Jorhat Government Boys School]] is the oldest school established in 1883 with special facilities for science teaching. The [[Jagannath Barooah College]] is the premier and oldest college in the district (set up in 1930) and said to be first college in [[Upper Assam]]. Multiple schools and colleges had come up later. The people of Jorhat can rightly be proud of being a part of its glorious heritage and culture. Some notable schools in the district are [[Balya Niketon Kakojan]], Balya Bhavan, [[Don Bosco High School, Baghchung]], Army Public School Jorhat, Air Force School, Carmel Convent School, Hemalata Handiqui Memorial Institute, Don Bosco High School Lichubari, [[Jyoti Vidyapith Teok ]], Assam Rifle's Public School, Delhi Public School, Spring Dale High School, Maharishi Vidya Mandir, [[St. Mary's High School, Jorhat|St. Mary's High School]], Ben Garden High School, Kendriya Vidyalaya NEIST, Kendriya Vidyalaya ONGC, Kendriya Vidyalaya Air Force Station, [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jorhat]], Jonaki Sangha Vidyalaya, Assam Valley English Medium School, Sankar Dev Vidya Niketan, Bahona Boys High School, Royal Oak High School, Pragjyotika Titabar, Jatiya Vidyalaya Titabar, St. Anthony's High School, Maan International High School, Mihiram Saikia Higher Secondary School, Sankardev Seminary School, [[Jorhat Govt. Boys' H.S and M.P. School]], Jorhat Govt. Girls H.S. and M.P. School, Jorhat Model Composite School, Gitarthi Girls High School, DCB Girls High School, [[Dipankar Vidyapith]], 4 No Ward Primary School, Rashtrabhasa School, Rebakanta Baruah School, Bidyadhar Saikia School etc.

Jorhat is the seat of learning with the first agricultural university in the northeast region — [[Assam Agricultural University]] — established in 1969. Apart from that it has many prominent higher educational and research institutions. Those are - [[Jorhat Engineering College]] (1960), [[North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat|North East Institute of Science and Technology]] (NEIST) (1961), [[National Institute of Design, Jorhat]] (2019), [[Assam Women's University]] (2013), [[HRH The Prince of Wales Institute of Engineering and Technology]] (POWIET) (1926), [[Tocklai Tea Research Institute]] (1911), [[Rain Forest Research Institute]] (1988), [[Jorhat Medical College and Hospital]] (2009), [[Jorhat Institute of Science & Technology]] (JIST) and [[Kaziranga University]] (2012).
Some other educational institutes of Jorhat districts are - [[CKB Commerce College]], [[Jorhat College (Amalgamated)|Jorhat College]], [[Jorhat Law College]], Dr.J.K.Saikia Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, [[Devicharan Barua Girls' College|DCB Girls College]], [[Bahona College]], [[Jorhat Kendriya Mahavidyalaya]], [[Kakojan College]], [[Chandra Kamal Bezbaruah College]],
[[Nanda Nath Saikia College]] and [[Mariani College]].

==Media==

The healthy education and cultural life of Jorhat can be best judged from the fact that the district has as many as five daily newspapers published from two publishing groups.

The Janambhumi Group of Publications are the oldest media group of Jorhat. The ''Saptahik Janambhumi'', the ''[[Dainik Janambhumi]]'', and the ''Eastern Clarion'' are its sister newspapers. The ''Spatahik Janambhumi'' celebrated its 50 years of circulation and the ''Dainik Janambhumi'' crossed its 25 years of existence.

The G.L. Publication publishes three newspapers from Guwahati and Jorhat simultaneously. They are the ''North East Times'' (English), ''[[Amar Asom]]'' (Assamese), and the ''Purbanchal Prohori'' (Hindi).

The other newspapers published from Jorhat are ''[[Dainik Agradoot]]'', ''[[Asomiya Khabar]]'' and ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://jorhat.assam.gov.in/ Jorhat District Official Website]
* [http://www.jadavpayeng.org/assam/ Local people assist in Assam tourism]
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Jorhat district
|North = [[Lakhimpur district]]
|Northeast = [[Dibrugarh district]]
|East = [[Sibsagar district]]
|Southeast = [[Mokokchung district]], [[Nagaland]]
|South = [[Wokha district]], [[Nagaland]]
|Southwest = [[Golaghat district]]
|West = [[Sonitpur district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Assam}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|26.75|N|94.2167|E|type:adm3rd_source:itwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Jorhat district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Assam]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Assam]]

List of Delhi Metro stations

2026-03-17T10:03:08Z

OrvilleBurgos99: Updated entries and formatting

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{GeoGroup|article=Category:Delhi Metro stations}}
[[File:Rapid Transit Map of Delhi.jpg|thumb|450px|Delhi Metro Network map (as of February 2020)]]
This is a list of all stations of the '''[[Delhi Metro]]''', a [[rapid transit]] system serving Delhi and its satellite cities in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] of [[India]]. The network consists of [[Delhi Metro#Network|10 colour-coded lines]]<ref name="present network">{{Cite web |title=Present Network |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/present-network |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref> serving '''271 stations'''{{efn|name=fn1|Transfer stations are counted more than once. There are 27 transfer stations. If transfer stations are counted only once, the result will be 244 stations. [[Ashok Park Main metro station|Ashok Park Main]] station, where the two diverging branches of [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] share tracks/platforms, is anyway counted as a single station. Also [[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur - Babarpur]] station, where the two branches of [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] share tracks/platforms, is anyway counted as a single station which is also a Terminus for the branch line. Stations of [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Noida Metro]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] are not counted. If stations of [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Noida Metro]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] are counted, the result will be 303 stations.<ref name="route map">{{Cite web |title=Route map |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/network_map |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref><ref name="present network"/><ref name="introduction">{{Cite web |title=Introduction {{!}} DMRC |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/introduction |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref>}} with a total length of {{convert|374.47|km|abbr=}}.{{efn|name=fn2|The total length of Delhi Metro is {{convert|374.47|km}}. The operations & maintenance of [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] and [[Noida Metro]] is currently undertaken by [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]], so the total length operated by DMRC is {{convert|416.49|km}}.<ref name="route map"/><ref name="introduction"/>}} Delhi Metro is built and operated by the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (DMRC) and the first section was opened on 25 December 2002 on the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]].<ref name="red1.1">{{cite news|title=Indian PM launches Delhi metro|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2602907.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=24 December 2002|access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref>

[[Sikanderpur metro station|Sikanderpur]] station offers an interchange with [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] via a 90&nbsp;m × 9&nbsp;m walkway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rapidmetrorail.com/welcome.html |access-date=1 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015005136/http://rapidmetrorail.com/welcome.html |title=Rapid Rail Metro Introduction|archive-date=15 October 2011 }}</ref>

[[Noida Sector 52 metro station|Noida Sector 52]] station offers an interchange with [[Noida Metro]].

Each line of the Delhi Metro is identified by a specific colour. The system uses rolling stocks of both [[broad gauge]] and [[standard gauge]] trains, and has a combination of elevated, underground and at-grade lines. The Metro is open from about 05:00 to 00:00, with trains operating at a peak frequency of 2–3 minutes, and has an average daily count of 2,760,000 commuters.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Metro-to-reserve-coach-for-women-from-October-2/articleshow/6629919.cms|title=Delhi Metro to reserve coach for women from October 2|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 September 2010|access-date=27 September 2010}}</ref>

==Statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Layout
!Stations
|-
|Elevated stations
|align="center"|193
|-
|Underground stations
|align="center"|71
|-
|At-grade stations
|align="center"|7
|-
!Total
!271*
|}
'''*''' Transfer stations are counted more than once. There are '''27 transfer stations''': 26 transfer stations serving 2 lines and 1 transfer station serving 3 lines. If transfer stations are counted only once, the result will be 243 stations.

* Metro stations under construction: '''69'''
* Metro stations planned/ proposed: '''12'''

==Metro stations==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" style=font-size:95%; width="30%"
|-
|style="background-color:#AFEEEE"|†
|Terminal station
|-
|style="background-color:#FFFF99"|*
|Transfer station
|-
|style="background-color:#FFB6C1"|†*
|Terminal and transfer station to other lines
|-
|style="background-color:#F5DEB3"|††
|Transfer station to [[Indian Railways]] / [[Inter State Bus Terminals|ISBT]]
|-
|style="background-color:#96CDCD"|**
|Transfer station to other lines and [[Indian Railways]] / ISBT
|-
|style="background-color:#F0E68C"|#*
|Terminal and transfer station to [[Indian Railways]] / ISBT
|-
|style="background-color:#DDFFDD"|†¤
|Terminal, transfer station to other lines and [[Indian Railways]] / ISBT
|}
{{self reference|This list is sortable. Click on the [[File:Sort both.gif]] icon in the column header to change sort key and sort order.}}

{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" style="text-align: left;" style=font-size:95%; width="100%"
|-
! width="28%" |Station name
! width="12%" |Line
! width="12%" |Opened
! width="9%" |Station layout<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-22 |title=Delhi Metro: Map, routes, fares, train timings and more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-metro-map-route-fares-timings-information-8041217/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
! width="5%" |Platform layout
! width="24%" |Notes
! width="5%" |Refs
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Adarsh Nagar}}
| align="center" |{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| align="center" |4 February 2009
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |Side
| align="center" |–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|AIIMS}}
| align="center" |{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| align="center" |3 September 2010
| align="center" |Underground
| align="center" |Island
| align="center" |–
|<ref name="delhi">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article611319.ece|title=Metro to bridge Delhi-Gurgaon divide today|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 September 2010|access-date=3 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="delhi1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/S-Delhis-wait-for-Metro-ends/articleshow/6482742.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103083010/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-03/delhi/28259207_1_central-secretariat-qutub-minar-metro-stations|url-status=live|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=S Delhi's wait for Metro ends|author=Megha Suri Singh|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 September 2010|access-date=3 September 2010}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Akshardham}}
| align="center" |{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
| align="center" |12 November 2009
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |Side
| align="center" |–
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#96CDCD" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Anand Vihar}}**
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
| align="center" |6 January 2010
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |Side
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Transfer station for '''[[Anand Vihar Railway Terminal]]''' ([[Indian Railways]]), '''[[Swami Vivekanand Inter State Bus Terminus|Anand Vihar ISBT]]''' and '''[[Anand Vihar RRTS station]]'''|| rowspan="2" |<ref name="inauguration" /><ref name="Kaushambi">{{cite news|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=DprWmA5jpT0lld|title=Anand Vihar – Vaishali Section of the Delhi Metro Inaugurated Today|publisher=DMRC : Press Releases|date=14 June 2011|access-date=26 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 October 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Arjan Garh}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|21 June 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|align="center"|{{stl|Delhi Metro|Arthala}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Ashok Park Main}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|2 April 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Transfer for '''Branch Line'''
|<ref name="new10">{{cite web|title=Metro's Green Line opened|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article373532.ece|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 April 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Ashram}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 December 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Azadpur}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|4 February 2009
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
| rowspan="2" align="center"|–
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|14 March 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Badarpur Border}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|14 January 2011
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Badarpur'''
|<ref name="Badarpur1">{{Cite news|url=http://delhimetrorail.com/whatnew_details.aspx?id=6z5BQDhE2cIlld&rdct=d|title=Sarita Vihar – Badarpur Section Opened for the Public on 14 Jan, 2011.|work=What's New ?|publisher=DMRC|date=14 January 2011|access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="Badarpur2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article1092318.ece|title=DMRC opens Sarita Vihar-Badarpur section|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 January 2011|access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name="Badarpur3">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Metro-finally-at-Badarpur-/articleshow/7281053.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104110908/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-14/delhi/28373328_1_mohan-estate-central-secretariat-badarpur-dmrc|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=Metro finally at Badarpur|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 January 2011|access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="Badarpur4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Badarpur-to-be-linked-to-Metro-network-today/737122/|title=Badarpur to be linked to Metro network today|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=14 January 2011|access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name="Badarpur5">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/DMRC-opens-Sarita-Vihar-Badarpur-section/H1-Article1-650172.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117025548/http://www.hindustantimes.com/DMRC-opens-Sarita-Vihar-Badarpur-section/H1-Article1-650172.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2011|title=DMRC opens Sarita Vihar–Badarpur section|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=14 January 2011|access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Badkhal Mor}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|6 September 2015
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Bahadurgarh City}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|24 June 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Bus Stand'''
|
|-
|align="center" style="background-color:#F5DEB3"|{{stl|Delhi Metro|Barakhamba Road}}††
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Transfer station for [[Shivaji Bridge railway station|'''Shivaji Bridge Railway Station''']]
|<ref name="End1">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-30/india/27855350_1_inaugurates-delhi-metro-metro-network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811060556/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-30/india/27855350_1_inaugurates-delhi-metro-metro-network|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=PM inaugurates Barakhamba-Dwarka Metro line|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 December 2005|access-date=18 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Bata Chowk}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|6 September 2015
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Bhajanpura}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2026
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Bhalaswa}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2026
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-08 |title=PM Modi inaugurates two new Delhi Metro corridors: Key details of Pink and Magenta line extension |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/pm-modi-new-delhi-metro-corridors-key-details-pink-and-magenta-line-extension-routes-majlis-park-deepali-chowk-101772949619664-amp.html |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Bhikaji Cama Place}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|6 August 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFB6C1" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Botanical Garden}}†*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|12 November 2009
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
| rowspan="2" align="center"|–
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|25 December 2017
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#AFEEEE" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh}}†
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|24 June 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''City Park'''
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Burari}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2026
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Central Secretariat}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|3 July 2005
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
| rowspan="2" align="center"|–
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="underground1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/03/stories/2005070311050100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707161146/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/03/stories/2005070311050100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2007|title=New Delhi gets its brand new Metro|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 July 2005|access-date=30 October 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="underground2">{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-07-02/india/27864536_1_delhi-metro-central-secretariat-traffic-jams|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103135439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-07-02/india/27864536_1_delhi-metro-central-secretariat-traffic-jams|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=Delhi Metro goes underground|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 July 2005|access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref> <ref name="Kalkaji">{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/metro-to-jln-stadium-from-sunday/691580|title=Metro to JLN Stadium from Sunday|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 October 2010|access-date=3 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="DNA">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-metro-to-jln-stadium-rolls-out-phase-ii-almost-complete_1446853|title=Delhi metro to JLN Stadium rolls out, Phase-II almost complete|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=3 October 2010|access-date=3 October 2010}}</ref> <ref name="newviolet">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article850817.ece|title=Trial runs start on Sarita Vihar- Badarpur Metro section|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 October 2010|access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="newviolet1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Trial-run-starts-between-Badarpur-Sarita-Vihar/articleshow/6818021.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103193928/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-27/delhi/28242802_1_tughlakabad-and-badarpur-mohan-estate-sarita-vihar-badarpur|url-status=live|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=Trial run starts between Badarpur & Sarita Vihar|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 October 2010|access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2010
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|-
|align="center" style="background-color:#F5DEB3" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Chandni Chowk}}††
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|3 July 2005
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Delhi Main'''. Transfer station for '''[[Delhi Junction Railway station]].'''
|<ref name="underground1" /><ref name="underground2" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Chawri Bazar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|3 July 2005
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|Second Deepest Metro Station of Delhi
|<ref name="underground1" /><ref name="underground2" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Chhatarpur}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|26 August 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="temple">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Chattarpur-station-to-open-today/articleshow/6435360.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103054816/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-26/delhi/28316715_1_metro-station-cmrs-metro-rail-safety|url-status=live|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=Chattarpur station to open today|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 August 2010|access-date=26 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="temple1">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_higher-metro-ridership-last-week-as-delhi-gets-heavy-rains_1429041|title=Higher Metro ridership last week as Delhi gets heavy rains|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=26 August 2010|access-date=26 August 2010}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Chirag Delhi}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|29 May 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Civil Lines}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|20 December 2004
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dabri Mor - Janakpuri South}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|29 May 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Dabri Mor'''
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dashrath Puri}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|29 May 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Deepali Chowk}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2026
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Delhi Aerocity}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Airport Express|croute}}
|align="center"|15 August 2011
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Also known as [[National Highway 8 (India)|'''National Highway 8''']]
|<ref name="airexpress1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article2361269.ece|title=Airport Metro Express stations opened for commuters|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 August 2011|access-date=26 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Delhi Cantonment}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|14 March 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Delhi Gate}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|28 May 2017
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|align="center" style="background-color:#AFEEEE" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dhansa Bus Stand}}†
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Grey|croute}}
|align="center"|18 September 2021
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99"|{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dhaula Kuan}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Airport Express|croute}}
|align="center"|15 August 2011
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Transfer Station to '''[[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]]'''
|<ref name="airexpress1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dilli Haat - INA}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|3 September 2010
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
| rowspan="2" align="center"|Formerly known as '''INA'''
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|6 August 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dilshad Garden}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|4 June 2008
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|14 March 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|For '''Delhi University South Campus'''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFB6C1" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka}}†*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|rowspan="2" align="center"|–
|rowspan="2"|<ref name="End1" />
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Grey|croute}}
|align="center"|4 October 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka Mor}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Mostly popular for [[Netaji Subhas University of Technology|NSUT]] and road to airport
|<ref name="End1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka Sector 8}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 October 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Dwarka21" /><ref name="Dwarka8" /> <ref name="Dwarka8new" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka Sector 9}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|1 April 2006
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka Sector 10}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|1 April 2006
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka Sector 11}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|1 April 2006
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka Sector 12}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|1 April 2006
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka Sector 13}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|1 April 2006
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka Sector 14}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|1 April 2006
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFB6C1" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka Sector 21}}†*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 October 2010
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
| rowspan="2" align="center"|–
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="Dwarkasector21">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Soon-eat-shop-stay-at-Metro-station/Article1-619175.aspx|title=Soon, eat, shop, stay at Metro station|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=29 October 2010|access-date=30 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101051253/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Soon-eat-shop-stay-at-Metro-station/Article1-619175.aspx|archive-date=1 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="Dwarka21">{{Cite news|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=spzgQyC0reYlld|title=DMRC Extends Metro Services To Dwarka Sector 21 on Line-3|work=Press Releases|publisher=DMRC|date=30 October 2010|access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref> <ref name="Dwarka8">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article859532.ece|title=Noida Metro line extended to Dwarka Sec-21|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 October 2010|access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Dwarka8new">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Metro-reaches-Dwarka-Sec-21/articleshow/6844065.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103194313/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-31/delhi/28269244_1_metro-train-metro-stations-dwarka-sec|url-status=live|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=Metro reaches Dwarka Sec 21|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 October 2010|access-date=31 October 2010}}</ref> <ref name="Airport1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/whatnew_details.aspx?id=CLWZNiL81ncl4lld&rdct=d|title=The passenger operation on the Airport Express line starts on the 23rd of February, 2011.|work=What's New ?|publisher=DMRC|date=23 February 2011|access-date=23 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Airport2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article1483311.ece|title=Airport Express Corridor opens; reach IGI in 18 minutes|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 February 2011|access-date=23 February 2011}}</ref> <ref name="Airport3">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/From-2pm-today-catch-a-Metro-to-Airport-/articleshow/7549752.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126222800/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-22/delhi/28625166_1_airport-metro-express-pvt-airport-link-helpline-service|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=From 2&nbsp;pm today, catch a Metro to Airport|first1=Rumu|last1=Banerjee|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2011|access-date=23 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Airport4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/starting-2-pm-today-airport-metro/753539/|title=Starting 2&nbsp;pm today, Airport Metro|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=23 February 2011|access-date=23 February 2011}}</ref> <ref name="Airport5">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Rs-80-for-18-min-Metro-ride-from-N-Delhi-to-IGI-from-today/Article1-665626.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225051537/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Rs-80-for-18-min-Metro-ride-from-N-Delhi-to-IGI-from-today/Article1-665626.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2011|title=Rs 80 for 18-min Metro ride from N Delhi to IGI from today|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=23 February 2011|access-date=23 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Airport6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/delhi-metro/s-airport-express-line-opens-today/426238/|title=Delhi Metro's Airport Express Line opens today|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=23 February 2011|access-date=23 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Airport Express|croute}}
|align="center"|23 February 2011
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|East Azad Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 October 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|East Vinod Nagar - Mayur Vihar-II}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 October 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''East Vinod Nagar'''
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Escorts Mujesar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|6 September 2015
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''YMCA Chowk'''
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|ESI - Basaidarapur}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|14 March 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''ESI Hospital'''
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Ghevra}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|24 June 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Ghitorni}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|21 June 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Gokulpuri}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 October 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Golf Course}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|12 November 2009
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Govindpuri}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Kalkaji" /><ref name="DNA" /> <ref name="newviolet" /><ref name="newviolet1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Greater Kailash}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|29 May 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Green Park}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|3 September 2010
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="delhi" /><ref name="delhi1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|4 February 2009
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''GTB Nagar'''
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Guru Dronacharya}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|21 June 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Garden Estate'''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Haiderpur Badli Mor}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|10 November 2015
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Island
|rowspan="2" align="center"|Formerly known as '''Badli Mor'''
|rowspan="2"|<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2026
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Island
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Haiderpur Village}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2026
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Harkesh Nagar Okhla}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Okhla'''
|<ref name="Kalkaji" /><ref name="DNA" /> <ref name="newviolet" /><ref name="newviolet1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Hauz Khas}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|3 September 2010
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
| rowspan="2" align="center"|Deepest Metro Station in Delhi
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="delhi" /><ref name="delhi1" />
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|29 May 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Hindon River}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|IFFCO Chowk}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|21 June 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|IIT}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|29 May 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|For IIT Delhi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFB6C1" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Inderlok}}†*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2003
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|rowspan="2" align="center"|Formerly known as '''Trinagar'''
| rowspan="2" align="center"|<ref name="red2">{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/second-section-of-metro-on-rails/94286/0|title=Second Section of Metro on Rails|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=4 October 2003|access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="red2.1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Trinagar-Tis-Hazari-Metro-set-rolling/articleshow/215417.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072137/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-10-04/delhi/27194886_1_delhi-metro-automatic-train-protection-dmrc|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Trinagar-Tis Hazari Metro set rolling|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 October 2003|access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref> <ref name="names">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Metro-Rail-suffers-from-identity-crisis/articleshow/590303.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072147/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-03-30/delhi/28339652_1_metro-station-dmrc-trinagar|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Metro Rail suffers from identity crisis|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 March 2004|access-date=7 May 2010|first1=Nidhi|last1=Sharma}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|2 April 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Island
|-
| align="center" |[[IGI Airport metro station|Indira Gandhi International Airport]]
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Airport Express|croute}}
|align="center"|23 February 2011
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|For '''[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]'s Terminal 2 & 3'''
|<ref name="Airport1" /><ref name="Airport2" /> <ref name="Airport3" /><ref name="Airport4" /> <ref name="Airport5" /><ref name="Airport6" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Indraprastha}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|11 November 2006
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|IP Extension}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 October 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|ITO}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|8 June 2015
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Jaffrabad}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 October 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Jagatpur - Wazirabad}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2026
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Jahangirpuri}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|4 February 2009
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Jama Masjid}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|28 May 2017
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Jamia Millia Islamia}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|25 December 2017
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Janakpuri East}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="End1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Janakpuri West}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
| rowspan="2" align="center"|Has India's Tallest Escalator connecting the concourse to Magenta Line
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="End1" />
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|29 May 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Jangpura}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2010
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Lodi Colony'''
|<ref name="Kalkaji" /><ref name="DNA" /> <ref name="newviolet" /><ref name="newviolet1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Janpath}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|26 June 2014
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Jasola Apollo}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Jasola'''
|<ref name="Kalkaji" /><ref name="DNA" /> <ref name="newviolet" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Jasola Vihar Shaheen Bagh}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|25 December 2017
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2010
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Kalkaji" /><ref name="DNA" /> <ref name="newviolet" /><ref name="newviolet1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Jhandewalan}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="End1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Jharoda Majra}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2026
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Jhilmil}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|4 June 2008
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Johri Enclave}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 October 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Jor Bagh}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|3 September 2010
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="delhi" /><ref name="delhi1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Kailash Colony}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Kalkaji" /><ref name="DNA" /> <ref name="newviolet" /><ref name="newviolet1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Kalindi Kunj}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|25 December 2017
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Kalkaji Mandir}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
| rowspan="2" align="center"|–
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="Kalkaji" /><ref name="DNA" /> <ref name="newviolet" /><ref name="newviolet1" />
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|25 December 2017
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Kanhaiya Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|31 March 2004
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="red3">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Passengers-rue-metro-fare-hike/articleshow/593763.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072157/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-04-01/delhi/28338927_1_fare-hike-rithala-dmrc|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Passengers rue metro fare hike|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 April 2004|access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="red3.1">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/trinagar-rithala-all-set-to-roll/articleshow/578580.cms|title=Trinagar-Rithala all set to roll|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 March 2004|access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref> <ref name="red3.2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Trinagar-Rithala-Metro-rail-from-March-31/articleshow/587699.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-03-29/delhi/28335993_1_fare-hike-delhi-metro-rail-corporation-rithala-line|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Trinagar-Rithala Metro rail from March 31|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 March 2004|access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Karkarduma}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|6 January 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
| rowspan="2" align="center"|–
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="inauguration" />
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 October 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Karkarduma Court}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 October 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Karol Bagh}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="End1" />
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" style="background-color:#DDFFDD" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Kashmere Gate}}†¤
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|24 December 2002
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
| rowspan="3" align="center" |Transfer station for '''[[Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminus|Kashmere Gate ISBT]]'''
India's only Metro Interchange with three lines.
| rowspan="3" |<ref name="red1.1" /><ref name="red1">{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/story/69809/|title=Vajpayee Inaugurates Delhiites' Ride into The Future in Dream Metro|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=25 December 2002|access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|20 December 2004
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|28 May 2017
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Kaushambi}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|14 July 2011
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Kaushambi" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Keshav Puram}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|31 March 2004
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="red3" /><ref name="red3.1" /> <ref name="red3.2" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Khajuri Khas}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2026
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Khan Market}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2010
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Kalkaji" /><ref name="DNA" /> <ref name="newviolet" /><ref name="newviolet1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFB6C1" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Kirti Nagar}}†*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
| rowspan="2" align="center"|–
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="End1" />
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|27 August 2011
|align="center"|At-grade
|align="center"|Side
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Krishna Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 October 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Kohat Enclave}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|31 March 2004
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="red3" /><ref name="red3.1" /> <ref name="red3.2" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Krishna Park Extension}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|5 January 2025
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Lajpat Nagar}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
| rowspan="2" align="center"|–
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="Kalkaji" /><ref name="DNA" /> <ref name="newviolet" /><ref name="newviolet1" />
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|6 August 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Lal Qila}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|28 May 2017
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Red Fort'''
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Laxmi Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|6 January 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="inauguration">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Anand-Vihar-Metro-line-flagged-off/Article1-494321.aspx |title=Anand Vihar Metro line flagged off |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=1 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606141837/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Anand-Vihar-Metro-line-flagged-off/Article1-494321.aspx |archive-date= 6 June 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Lok Kalyan Marg}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|3 September 2010
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Race Course'''
|<ref name="delhi" /><ref name="delhi1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Madipur}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|2 April 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="new10" />
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |[[Madhuban Chowk metro station|Madhuban Chowk]]*
| align="center" |{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
| align="center" |31 March 2004
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |Side
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Formerly known as '''Pitampura'''
|rowspan="2" |<ref name="red3" /><ref name="red3.1" /><ref name="red3.2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-17 |title=Which 3 Delhi metro stations will undergo name change? Pitampura is one of them |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/which-3-delhi-metro-stations-will-undergo-name-change-pitampura-is-one-of-them-101763376481466.html |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2026
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Maharaja Surajmal Stadium}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|2 April 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Surajmal Stadium'''
|<ref name="new10" />
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFB6C1" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Majlis Park}}†*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|14 March 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|rowspan="2" align="center"|Formerly known as '''Mukundpur'''
|rowspan="2"|<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2026
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Island
|-
|align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Major Mohit Sharma Rajendra Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Rajendra Nagar'''
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Malviya Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|3 September 2010
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="delhi" /><ref name="delhi1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Mandawali - West Vinod Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 October 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Vinod Nagar West'''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Mandi House}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|11 November 2006
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
| rowspan="2" align="center"|–
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|26 June 2014
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Mansarovar Park}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|4 June 2008
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#FFB6C1" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Maujpur - Babarpur}}†*
| align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 October 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Maujpur'''
Also a terminus for Pink Line's Shiv Vihar branch.
|<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Mayapuri}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|14 March 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Mayur Vihar-I}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|12 November 2009
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Island
| rowspan="2" align="center"|–
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 December 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Mayur Vihar Extension}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|12 November 2009
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Mewla Maharajpur}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|6 September 2015
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|MG Road}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|21 June 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#AFEEEE" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Millennium City Centre Gurugram}}†
| align="center" |{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| align="center" |21 June 2010
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |Side
| align="center" |Formerly known as '''HUDA City Centre'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title= HUDA City Centre renamed again! Now called ‘Millennium City Centre Gurugram’ |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/huda-city-centres-name-changed-twice-in-3-hours-it-is-now-millenium-city-centre-11688383913148.html |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=LiveMint |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Model Town}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|4 February 2009
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Mohan Estate}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|14 January 2011
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Badarpur1" /><ref name="Badarpur2" /> <ref name="Badarpur3" /><ref name="Badarpur4" /> <ref name="Badarpur5" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Mohan Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Moolchand}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Kalkaji" /><ref name="DNA" /> <ref name="newviolet" /><ref name="newviolet1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Moti Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="End1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Mundka}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|2 April 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="new10" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Mundka Industrial Area}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|24 June 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Munirka}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|29 May 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Najafgarh}}
| align="center" |{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Grey|croute}}
| align="center" |4 October 2019
| align="center" |Underground
| align="center" |Side
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-18 |title= Inauguration of Delhi Metro’s Grey Line (Najafgarh – Dhansa Bus Stand), supported by the Government of Japan |url=https://www.in.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/11_000001_00321.html |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=Embassy of Japan in India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Nanaksar - Sonia Vihar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2026
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
|-
|align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Nangli}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Grey|croute}}
|align="center"|4 October 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Nangloi}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|2 April 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="new10" />
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#F5DEB3" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Nangloi Railway Station}}††
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|2 April 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Transfer station for '''[[Nangloi railway station]]''' ([[Indian Railways]])
|<ref name="new10" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Naraina Vihar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|14 March 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Nawada}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="End1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Neelam Chowk Ajronda}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|6 September 2015
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Ajronda'''
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Nehru Enclave}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|29 May 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Nehru Place}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Kalkaji" /><ref name="DNA" /> <ref name="newviolet" /><ref name="newviolet1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Netaji Subhash Place}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|31 March 2004
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Formerly known as '''Wazirpur'''
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="names" /><ref name="red3" /> <ref name="red3.1" /><ref name="red3.2" />
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|14 March 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|New Ashok Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|12 November 2009
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Transfer station for Delhi - Meerut RRTS.
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#DDFFDD" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|New Delhi}}†¤
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|3 July 2005
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Transfer station for '''[[New Delhi Railway Station]]''' ([[Indian Railways]]) and [[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Airport Express]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="underground1" /><ref name="underground2" /> <ref name="Airport1" /><ref name="Airport2" /> <ref name="Airport3" /><ref name="Airport4" /> <ref name="Airport5" /><ref name="Airport6" />
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Airport Express|croute}}
|align="center"|23 February 2011
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|NHPC Chowk}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|6 September 2015
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Nirman Vihar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|6 January 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="inauguration" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Noida City Centre}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|12 November 2009
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#AFEEEE" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Noida Electronic City}}†
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|9 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Noida Sector 15}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|12 November 2009
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Noida Sector 16}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|12 November 2009
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Noida Sector 18}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|12 November 2009
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Noida Sector 34}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|9 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Noida Sector 52}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|9 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Transfer station for '''[[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)]]'''
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Noida Sector 59}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|9 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Noida Sector 61}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|9 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Noida Sector 62}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|9 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Okhla Bird Sanctuary}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|25 December 2017
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Okhla NSIC}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|25 December 2017
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Okhla Vihar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|25 December 2017
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Old Faridabad}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|6 September 2015
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Palam}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|29 May 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Panchsheel Park}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|29 May 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Pandit Shree Ram Sharma}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|24 June 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Modern Industrial Estate'''
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Paschim Vihar East}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|2 April 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="new10" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Paschim Vihar West}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|2 April 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="new10" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Patel Chowk}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|3 July 2005
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="underground1" /><ref name="underground2" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Patel Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="End1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Peeragarhi}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|2 April 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="new10" />
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#F5DEB3" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Pratap Nagar}}††
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2003
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Transfer station for '''[[Subzi Mandi railway station]]''' ([[Indian Railways]])
|<ref name="red2" /><ref name="red2.1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Preet Vihar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|6 January 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="inauguration" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Pulbangash}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2003
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="red2" /><ref name="red2.1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Punjabi Bagh}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|2 April 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Punjabi Bagh East'''
|<ref name="new10" />
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Punjabi Bagh West}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|14 March 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
| rowspan="2" align="center"|–
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|29 March 2022
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Qutab Minar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|21 June 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|R. K. Puram}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|29 May 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#AFEEEE" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Raja Nahar Singh‌‌ (Ballabhgarh)}}†
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|19 November 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Ballabhgarh'''
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Raj Bagh}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Rajdhani Park}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|2 April 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="new10" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Rajendra Place}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="End1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Rajiv Chowk}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|3 July 2005
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
| rowspan="2" align="center" |–
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="underground1" /><ref name="underground2" />
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Rajouri Garden}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
| rowspan="2" align="center"|–
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="End1" />
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|14 March 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Ramakrishna Ashram Marg}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="End1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Ramesh Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="End1" />
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#AFEEEE" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Rithala}}†
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|31 March 2004
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="red3" /><ref name="red3.1" /> <ref name="red3.2" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Rohini East}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|31 March 2004
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="red3" /><ref name="red3.1" /> <ref name="red3.2" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Rohini Sector 18, 19}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|10 November 2015
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Rohini West}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|31 March 2004
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="red3" /><ref name="red3.1" /> <ref name="red3.2" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Sadar Bazaar Cantonment}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|29 May 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Saket}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|3 September 2010
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="delhi" /><ref name="delhi1" />
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#AFEEEE" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Samaypur Badli}}†
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|10 November 2015
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Sant Surdas (Sihi)}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|19 November 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''NCB (Goodyear Chowk)'''
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Sarai}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|6 September 2015
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#F5DEB3" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin}}††
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 December 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|Transfer station for '''[[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station]]''' and '''[[Sarai Kale Khan Inter-State Bus Terminus|Sarai Kale Khan ISBT]]'''
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Sarita Vihar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Kalkaji" /><ref name="DNA" /> <ref name="newviolet" /><ref name="newviolet1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Sarojini Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|6 August 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#F5DEB3" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Satguru Ram Singh Marg}}††
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|27 August 2011
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Transfer station for '''[[Patel Nagar railway station]]''' ([[Indian Railways]])
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Sector 28}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|6 September 2015
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Seelampur}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|24 December 2002
|align="center"|At-grade
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="red1.1" /><ref name="red1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Seva Teerth}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|3 September 2010
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Udyog Bhawan'''
|<ref name="delhi" /><ref name="delhi1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Shadipur}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="End1" />
|-
|align="center" style="background-color:#F5DEB3"|{{stl|Delhi Metro|Shahdara}}††
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|24 December 2002
|align="center"|At-grade
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Transfer station for '''[[Delhi Shahdara Junction railway station]]'''
|<ref name="red1.1" /><ref name="red1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Shaheed Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#AFEEEE" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Shaheed Sthal (New Bus Adda)}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''New Bus Adda'''
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Shakurpur}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|14 March 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Shalimar Bagh}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|14 March 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Shankar Vihar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|29 May 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Only authorized defense personnel and their families are permitted to enter or exit at this station.
|
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#F5DEB3" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Shastri Nagar}}††
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|3 October 2003
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Vivekanand Puri'''. Transfer station for '''[[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station]]''' ([[Indian Railways]])
|<ref name="red2" /><ref name="red2.1" /> <ref name="names" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Shastri Park}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|24 December 2002
|align="center"|At-grade
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="red1.1" /><ref name="red1" />
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#AFEEEE" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Shiv Vihar}}†
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 October 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Shivaji Park}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|2 April 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="new10" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Shivaji Stadium}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Airport Express|croute}}
|align="center"|23 February 2011
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Airport1" /><ref name="Airport2" /> <ref name="Airport3" /><ref name="Airport4" /> <ref name="Airport5" /><ref name="Airport6" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 December 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Mayur Vihar Pocket I'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-07 |title='Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar': Mayur Vihar Pocket 1 metro station gets new name |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/shree-ram-mandir-mayur-vihar-metro-station-mayur-vihar-pocket-1-gets-new-name/articleshow/128035576.cms |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Shyam Park}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Sikanderpur}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|21 June 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Transfer to '''[[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]]'''
|
|-
| align="center" |[[Sir Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh metro station|Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh]]
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|6 August 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|South Extension}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|6 August 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Subhash Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="End1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Sukhdev Vihar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|25 December 2017
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Sultanpur}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|21 June 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Supreme Court}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|11 November 2006
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Pragati Maidan'''
The Delhi Metro Museum is stored inside of the station
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=DMRC shifts Metro Museum to Supreme Court Metro Station, operational from Dec 19 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/dmrc-shifts-metro-museum-to-supreme-court-metro-station-operational-from-dec-1920251218175115/ |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Tagore Garden}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="End1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Terminal 1-IGI Airport}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|29 May 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|Connects to Indira Gandhi International Airport's Terminal 1
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Tikri Border}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|24 June 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Tikri Kalan}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|24 June 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Tilak Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="End1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Tis Hazari}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|24 December 2002
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="red1.1" /><ref name="red1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 October 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Trilokpuri'''
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Tughlakabad Station}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
|align="center"|14 January 2011
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''Tughlakabad'''
|<ref name="Badarpur1" /><ref name="Badarpur2" /> <ref name="Badarpur3" /><ref name="Badarpur4" /> <ref name="Badarpur5" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Udyog Nagar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
|align="center"|2 April 2010
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="new10" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Uttam Nagar East}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="End1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Uttam Nagar West}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|30 December 2005
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="End1" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Uttari Pitampura-Prashant Vihar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2026
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
|-
| align="center" style="background-color:#AFEEEE" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Vaishali}}†
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|14 July 2011
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Kaushambi" />
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Vasant Vihar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|align="center"|29 May 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Vidhan Sabha}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|20 December 2004
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Vinobapuri}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 December 2018
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Vishwavidyalaya}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|align="center"|20 December 2004
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Welcome}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|align="center"|24 December 2002
|align="center"|At-grade
|align="center"|Island
| rowspan="2" align="center"|–
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="red1.1" /><ref name="red1" />
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|31 October 2018
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Yamuna Bank}}*
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|10 May 2009
|align="center"|At-grade
|align="center"|Island
| rowspan="2" align="center"|–
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|align="center"|6 January 2010
|align="center"|At-grade
|align="center"|Side
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Yamuna Vihar}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|align="center"|8 March 2026
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
|-
| align="center" |{{stl|Delhi Metro|Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25}}
|align="center"|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Airport Express|croute}}
|align="center"|17 September 2023
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Island
|align="center"|Formerly known as '''IICC - Dwarka Sector -25'''
|
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Chennai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Coimbatore Metro stations]]
*[[List of Hyderabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Jaipur Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kochi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]
*[[List of Lucknow Metro stations]]
*[[List of Madurai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Noida Metro stations]]
*[[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[List of Navi Mumbai Metro Stations]]
*[[List of Pune Metro stations]]
*[[List of Surat Metro stations]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal bar|Trains}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com Official website of Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)]
* [https://railmetro.com/delhi Delhi Metro station information]

{{Delhi}}
{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|all=yes}}

[[Category:Lists of metro stations in India|Delhi]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Delhi|Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations| ]]

List of Delhi Metro stations

2026-03-17T10:03:08Z

OrvilleBurgos99: Updated entries and formatting

Harmochirus exaggeratus

2026-03-15T10:32:50Z

OrvilleBurgos99:

{{Short description|Species of jumping spider from India}}

{{Speciesbox
| image = Harmochirus exaggeratus.jpg
| image_caption = female ''Harmochirus exaggeratus''
| taxon = Harmochirus exaggeratus
| authority = Caleb & Mathai, 2015
}}

'''Harmochirus exaggeratus''', sometimes referred to as the '''Indian beetle jumping spider''', is a species of jumping spider in the family [[Salticidae]]. It is native to India and is notable for exhibiting lateral beetle-like mimicry when viewed from the side.

== Taxonomy ==
The species was described in 2015 by Caleb and Mathai from specimens collected in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.<ref name="Caleb2015">
Caleb, J.T.D. & Mathai, M.T. (2015). Description of a new species of ''Harmochirus'' Simon (Araneae: Salticidae) from South India. ''Munis Entomology & Zoology'' 10(1): 117–121.
</ref>

It belongs to the genus ''Harmochirus'', a group of small-bodied jumping spiders distributed across parts of Asia.

== Description ==
''Harmochirus exaggeratus'' is a small spider measuring approximately 3–5 mm in body length. Females (about 4.4 mm) are larger and more robust than males (about 3.4 mm). The species displays earthy brown coloration with scattered iridescent gold to violet scales.

== Mimicry ==
Unlike many Indian salticids that mimic ants, ''H. exaggeratus'' has been observed to resemble a small domed beetle when viewed from a low lateral angle.<ref name="Dharan2025">
Dharan, M. (2025). A new visual perspective on mimicry by an Indian jumping spider: ''Harmochirus exaggeratus'' (Araneae: Salticidae). ''Peckhamia'' 331.1: 1–6.
</ref>

When stationary with legs compact and body pressed close to the substrate, the spider presents a smooth curved silhouette similar to certain beetles such as coccinellids. The first pair of legs may be raised in a posture resembling insect antennae. This resemblance has been interpreted as possible Batesian (defensive) or aggressive mimicry.

This represents the first documented case of beetle-like mimicry reported in an Indian jumping spider.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{taxonbar|from=Q27504668}}
[[Category:Salticidae]]
[[Category:Spiders of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 2015]]

Politics of India

2026-03-15T09:47:47Z

OrvilleBurgos99: Improved readability and structure

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox political system
| name = Politics of India
| image = Emblem of India.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| image_size = 100
| caption = [[National Emblem of India]]
| type = [[Federation|Federal]] [[Parliamentary republic|parliamentary republic]]
| constitution = [[Constitution of India]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]
| legislature_type = [[Bicameral]]
| legislature_place = [[Sansad Bhavan]]
| legislature_speaker =
| legislature_speaker_title =
| upperhouse = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| upperhouse_speaker = [[C. P. Radhakrishnan|Vice President C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| upperhouse_speaker_title = [[Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]]
| upperhouse_appointer = [[Electoral College (India)|Electoral College]]
| lowerhouse = [[Lok Sabha]]
| lowerhouse_speaker = [[Om Birla]]
| lowerhouse_speaker_title = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
| lowerhouse_appointer =
| title_hos = [[President of India|President]]
| current_hos = [[Draupadi Murmu]]
| appointer_hos = Electoral College
| title_hog = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| current_hog = [[Narendra Modi]]
| appointer_hog = President
| title_hosag =
| current_hosag =
| appointer_hosag =
| cabinet = [[Union Council of Ministers]]
| current_cabinet = [[Third Modi ministry]]
| cabinet_leader = Prime Minister
| cabinet_deputyleader =
| cabinet_appointer = President
| cabinet_hq =
| cabinet_ministries = [[Union Government ministries of India|52]]
| judiciary = [[Judiciary of India|Judiciary]]
| judiciary_head = [[N.V Ramana]]
| courts =
| court = [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]
| chief_judge = [[Surya Kant (judge)|Suryakant Sharma]]
| court_seat =
| court1 =
| chief_judge1 =
| court_seat1 =
}}
{{Politics of India}}
The politics and government in the [[India|Republic of India]] work in adherence to the [[Constitution of India]], which was adopted on November 26, 1949, by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], and took effect on on January 26, 1950. India is a [[Parliamentary republic|parliamentary]] [[secular]] [[democratic republic]], described as a “[[sovereign]], socialist, secular democratic republic” in its constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm|title=The Constitution (Amendment)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040620/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm|archive-date=28 March 2015}}, "We, The People of India having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its..."</ref><ref name="India_777">{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Republic of India|language=|ratified=26 November 1949|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|access-date=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2014|df=}}</ref><ref name="India_888">{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm|title=The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976|publisher=India Code|access-date=14 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040620/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm|archive-date=28 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Part I of the Constitution of India]] describes India as a "Union of States," and is used interchangeably to refer to the "union government" or [[Government of India]] to denote the federal authority. India is [[Administrative divisions of India|divided]] among [[States and union territories of India|28 states and 8 union territories]] for a total of 36 [[subnational entities]]. Its governance of those entities is described in the constitution as a quasi-federal system that incorporates elements from both [[Federalism|federal]] and [[Unitary state|unitary]] forms of government. The [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|states]] of India are self-governing administrative divisions each having a [[State governments of India|state government]], whereas the [[Union territory|union territories]] are governed directly by the union government, and are administered by a lieutenant governor or administrator appointed by the [[president of India]]. India follows a [[Dual federalism|dual federalist]] system, however the Constitution defines the organizational powers and limitations of both states and union territories of India. Government operations are led by the [[president of India]] who, as the [[Ceremonial Head of state|ceremonial]] head of state, holds formal executive power. In accordance to [[Parliamentary elections of India|parliamentary elections]], the president appoints the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] as the head of government, along with prospective ministers who are [[Member of parliament|members of parliament]].

The legal power to manage affairs in each state is shared or divided between the particular state government and the national [[Government of India|union government]]. The union territories are directly governed by the union government with no state level government existing in these jurisdictions. There is a provision for a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[legislature]] consisting of an [[upper house]], the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States), which represents the states of the Indian federation, and a [[lower house]], the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People), which represents the people of India as a whole. [[State legislative assemblies of India|Vidhan Sabha]] (state legislative assemblies) represents the people residing in one of the 28 states.

The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary, which is headed by the [[Supreme Court of India]]. The court's mandate is to protect the Constitution, to settle disputes between the central government and the states, to settle inter-state disputes, to nullify any central or state laws that go against the Constitution and to protect the fundamental rights of citizens, issuing [[writ]]s for their enforcement in cases of violation.{{Sfn|M. Lakshmikanth|2012|pp=389–390}}

There are 543 members in the Lok Sabha, who are elected using [[plurality voting]] (first past the post) system from 543 [[Single-member district]]. There are 245 members in the Rajya Sabha, out of which 233 are elected through indirect elections by single transferable vote by the members of the state legislative assemblies; 12 other members are elected/nominated by decree from the president of India. Union and state governments are formed through [[Elections in India|elections]] held every five years (unless otherwise specified), by parties that secure a majority of members in their respective lower houses.

India had [[1951–52 Indian general election|its first general election]] in 1951, which was won by the [[Indian National Congress]], a political party that went on to dominate subsequent elections until [[1977 Indian general election|1977]], when a non-Congress government was formed for the first time in independent India. The 1990s saw the end of [[Dominant-party system|single-party domination]] and the rise of coalition governments. The latest [[18th Lok Sabha]] elections was conducted in seven phases from 19 April 2024 to 1 June 2024 by the Election commission of India. The results bought in the NDA ([[National Democratic Alliance]]) to form in the next government <ref>{{cite web|title=General Election 2014|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/ge.html|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523005228/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/ge.html|archive-date=23 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In recent decades, Indian politics has become a dynastic affair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/edit/need-for-accountability-in-politics-of-dynasty.html|title=Need for accountability in politics of dynasty|website=dailypioneer.com|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117002832/http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/edit/need-for-accountability-in-politics-of-dynasty.html|archive-date=17 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Possible reasons for this could be the party stability, absence of party organisations, independent civil society associations that mobilise support for the parties and centralised financing of elections.<ref name="ppq.sagepub.com">{{cite journal|last1=Chhibber⇑|first1=Pradeep|title=Dynastic parties Organization, finance and impact|journal=Party Politics|date=March 2013|volume=19|issue=2|pages=277–295|doi=10.1177/1354068811406995|s2cid=144781444}}</ref> According to the [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] India in 2023 was the 19th most electoral [[democracy in Asia|democratic country in Asia]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>

== Union government ==
{{main|Government of India}}
The Government of India is modelled after the [[Westminster system]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-16 |title=A prime ministerial form of government |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-prime-ministerial-form-of-government/article6120400.ece |access-date=2024-05-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Union government (also called as the Central government) is mainly composed of the [[Executive (government)|executive]], the [[legislature]], and the [[judiciary]], and powers are vested by the [[Constitution of India|constitution]] in the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], [[Parliament of India|parliament]], and the [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]], respectively. The [[president of India]] is the [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], while the [[Elections in India|elected]] [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] acts as the head of the executive and is responsible for running the Union government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of India, Structure of Government of India |url=https://www.elections.in/government// |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> The parliament is [[bicameral]] in nature, with the [[Lok Sabha]] being the [[lower house]], and the [[Rajya Sabha]] the [[upper house]]. The judiciary systematically contains an apex [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]], 25 [[High Courts of India|high courts]], and 688 [[District Courts of India|district courts]], all inferior to the supreme court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-11 |title=Constitution of India {{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india |access-date=2024-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111125035/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india |archive-date=11 November 2019 }}</ref>

The basic [[Civil law (common law)|civil]] and criminal laws governing the citizens of India are set down in major parliamentary legislation, such as the [[Code of Civil Procedure (India)|civil procedure code]], the [[Indian Penal Code|penal code]], and the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|criminal procedure code]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Criminal Laws - Evidence Act, Criminal procedure Code, Indian Penal Code, Criminal Lawyer |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/Criminallaws/criminal_law.htm |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=www.legalserviceindia.com}}</ref> Similar to the Union government, individual state governments each consist of executive, legislative and judiciary branches. The legal system as applicable to the Union and individual state governments is based on the [[Common Law|English common]] and [[Statute|Statutory law]]. The term ''New Delhi'' is commonly used as a [[metonym]] for the Union government, as the seat of the central government is in [[New Delhi]].

=== Lok Sabha ===
{{main|Lok Sabha}}

The '''Lok Sabha''', constitutionally the '''House of the People''', is the [[lower house]] of [[India]]'s [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]. [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of the Lok Sabha]] are elected by an adult [[universal suffrage]] and a [[first-past-the-post]] system to represent their respective [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituencies]], and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the [[President of India|President]] on the advice of the [[Union Council of Ministers|council of ministers]]. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]], New Delhi.

The maximum membership of the House allotted by the [[Constitution of India]] is 552 (initially 500 in 1950) Currently, the house has 543 seats which are filed by the election of up to 543 elected members. The new parliament has a seating capacity of 888 for Lok Sabha. A total of 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (84) and Scheduled Tribes (47)]]. The quorum for the House is 10% of the total membership.

The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, while a [[State of Emergency in India|proclamation of emergency]] is in operation, this period may be extended by [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] by law or decree.

Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house of India's Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, who crossed 18 years from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency.

==== Office of the Prime Minister ====
{{main|Prime Minister of India}}

The Prime Minister of India is the [[head of government]] of the [[Republic of India]]. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen Council of Ministers, despite the [[president of India]] being the nominal head of the executive. The prime minister has to be a member of one of the houses of bicameral [[Parliament of India]], alongside heading the respective house. The prime minister and their cabinet are at all times responsible to the Lok Sabha.

The prime minister is appointed by the [[president of India]]; however, the prime minister has to enjoy the confidence of the majority of Lok Sabha members, who are directly elected [[Elections in India#Parliamentary general elections (Lok Sabha)|every five years]], lest the prime minister shall resign. The prime minister can be a member of the Lok Sabha or of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the parliament. The prime minister controls the selection and dismissal of members of the [[Union Council of Ministers]]; and allocation of posts to members within the government.

==== Office of the Council of Ministers ====
{{main|Union Council of Ministers}}

The Union Council of Ministers is the [[Cabinet (government)|principal executive organ]] of the [[Government of India]], which functions as the senior decision-making body of the executive branch. It is chaired by the prime minister and consists of the heads of each of the executive government ministries.

A smaller executive body called the '''Union Cabinet''' is the supreme decision-making body in India; it is a subset of the Union Council of Ministers who hold important portfolios and [[Ministry (government department)|ministries]] of the government.

Pursuant to Article 75, a minister who works at the pleasure of the [[President of India|President]], is appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
There are five categories of the council of ministers as given below, in descending order of [[Indian order of precedence|rank]]:

* [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]: Leader of the Union Council of Ministers.
* [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]] (if any): Presides as prime minister in his absence or as the senior most cabinet minister.
* Cabinet Minister: A member of the Union cabinet; leads a [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]].
* Minister of State (Independent charge): Junior minister not reporting to a Cabinet Minister.
* [[Minister of State]] (MoS): Deputy Minister reporting to a Cabinet Minister, usually tasked with a specific responsibility in that ministry.

=== Rajya Sabha ===
{{main|Rajya Sabha}}

The '''Rajya Sabha''', constitutionally the '''Council of States''', is the [[upper house]] of the [[bicameral]] [[Parliament of India]]. It has a maximum membership of 250, of which 238 are elected by the [[State legislative assemblies of India|legislatures]] of the states and union territories using [[single transferable vote]]s through open ballots, while the [[President of India|president]] can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social service. The total allowed capacity is 250 (238 elected, 12 appointed) according to article 80 of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]]. The current potential seating capacity of the Rajya Sabha is 245 (233 elected, 12 appointed).

Members sit for [[Staggered elections|staggered terms]] lasting six years, with about a third of the 238 designates up for election every two years, in even-numbered years. Unlike the [[Lok Sabha]], the Rajya Sabha is a continuing chamber and hence not subject to dissolution. However, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha, can be [[Prorogation|prorogued]] by the president.

The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in legislation with the Lok Sabha, except in the area of [[Loss of supply|supply]], where the latter has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a [[Joint Session of Indian Parliament|joint sitting]] of the two houses can be held, where the Lok Sabha would hold a greater influence because of its larger membership. The [[vice president of India]] is the ''[[ex-officio]]'' chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha|deputy chairman]], who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the chairman.

=== President & Vice-President of India ===

==== Office of the President of India ====
{{main|President of India}}

The President of India is the [[head of state]] of the [[Republic of India]]. The president is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, as well as the [[Commander-in-chief|supreme commander]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].

The new president is chosen by an [[Electoral College (India)|electoral college]] consisting of the elected members of both houses of [[Parliament of India|parliament]] ([[Member of Parliament (India)|MPs]]), the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies ([[Vidhan Sabha]]) of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies ([[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]]) of union territories with legislatures, i.e., [[Delhi|National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].

The election process of the president is a more extensive process than of the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] who is also elected indirectly (elected by the members of the majority party (or union) in the [[Lok Sabha]]). Whereas President being the constitutional head with duties to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and [[rule of law]] in a [[constitutional democracy]] with [[Ouster clause|constitutional supremacy]], is elected in an extensive manner by the members of Lok Sabha, [[Rajya Sabha]] and [[Vidhan Sabha|state legislative assemblies]] in a secret ballot procedure.

==== Office of the Vice-President of India ====
{{main|Vice President of India}}

The Vice President of India is the deputy to the [[head of state]] of the [[Republic of India]], i.e. the [[president of India]]. The office of vice president is the second-highest constitutional office after the president and ranks second in the [[Order of precedence in India|order of precedence]] and first in the line of succession to the [[presidency]]. The vice president is also the ''ex officio'' chairman of the [[Rajya Sabha]].

Article 66 of the [[Constitution of India]] states the manner of election of the vice president. The vice president is elected indirectly by members of an [[Electoral College (India)|electoral college]] consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament and not the members of state legislative assembly by the system of [[Proportional Representation|proportional representation]] using [[single transferable vote]]s and the voting is conducted by [[Election Commission of India]] via secret ballot. The vice president also acts as the [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]] of the Panjab University and Delhi University.

== State governments ==
{{main|State governments of India}}

[[State government]]s in India are the governments ruling over [[States and union territories of India|28 states]] and [[Union territory|8 union territories]] of India and the head of the [[Council of Ministers]] in a state is the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]]. Each state has a [[legislative assembly]]. A state legislature that has one house – the [[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislative assembly]] (Vidhan Sabha) – is a [[unicameral]] legislature. A state legislature that has two houses – the state legislative assembly and [[State legislative councils of India|state legislative council]] (Vidhan Parishad) – is a [[bicameral]] legislature. The Vidhan Sabha is the [[lower house]] and corresponds to the [[Lok Sabha]] while the Vidhan Parishad is the [[upper house]] and corresponds to the [[Rajya Sabha]] of the [[Parliament of India]]

The judicial branch of the state consists of the [[High courts of India|High Court]] at the top, followed by [[District courts of India|District and Subordinate Courts]], along with various special courts and tribunals established for specific purposes.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Jurisdiction {{!}} Supreme Court of India {{!}} India | url=https://www.sci.gov.in/jurisdiction/ | access-date=2025-12-10 | website=www.sci.gov.in}}</ref>
===Executive branch of the State Government===
The executive branch of a state government comprises the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] and the Council of Ministers, headed by the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]]. The Governor, appointed by the [[President of India]], serves as the constitutional head, while the Chief Minister is the executive head of the government. Like the [[Government of India|Union Government]], the state government follows a similar structure — the Governor corresponds to the [[President of India|President]], the Chief Minister to the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], and the State Council of Ministers to the [[Union Council of Ministers]].
 
The Council of Ministers, headed by the Chief Minister, exercises the executive powers of the state and includes Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State, appointed by the Governor on the Chief Minister's advice. The state government functions through various ministries and departments, each headed politically by a [[Minister (government)|Minister]]. The [[bureaucracy]] in the state is a permanent executive responsible for implementing government policies and decisions. The [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]], a senior [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, is the administrative head of the government, and each department is headed administratively by a Secretary to the Government.<ref>State And District Administration, by [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms]]

https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/sdadmin15.pdf</ref>
=== State legislative assembly ===
{{main|State legislative assemblies of India}}

Vidhan Sabha, also known as state legislative assembly, is a legislative body in each of the states and certain union territories of [[India]]. In [[States and union territories of India|22 states]] and 3 [[Union territory|union territories]], there is a [[Unicameralism|unicameral legislature]] which is the sole legislative body. Vidhan Sabha is present in all the states and 3 union territories.

Each [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) is directly elected to serve 5-year terms by [[Single-member district|single-member constituencies]]. The [[Constitution of India]] states that a state legislative assembly must have no less than 60 and no more than 500 members however an exception may be granted via an [[List of Acts of the Parliament of India|Act]] of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] as is the case in the states of [[Goa]], [[Sikkim]], [[Mizoram]] and the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] which have fewer than 60 members.

A state legislative assembly may be [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolved]] in a [[State of Emergency in India|state of emergency]], by the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] on request of the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]], or if a [[motion of no confidence]] is passed against the ruling majority party or coalition.

=== State legislative council ===
{{main|State legislative councils of India}}

Vidhan Parishad, also called as the ''state legislative council'', is the [[upper house]] in those states of [[India]] that have a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[State legislature (India)|state legislature]]; the [[lower house]] being the [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Legislative Assembly]]. Its establishment is defined in Article 169 of the [[Constitution of India]].

Only 6 out of [[States and union territories of India|28 states]] have a legislative council. These are [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka Legislative Council|Karnataka]], [[Telangana Legislative Council|Telangana]], [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Maharashtra]], [[Bihar Vidhan Parishad|Bihar]], and [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Uttar Pradesh]]. No [[union territory]] has a legislative council.

The size of the state legislative councils cannot be more than one third of the membership of the state legislative assembly. However, its size cannot be less than 40 members. These members elect the chairman and deputy chairman of the state legislative council.

== Local governments ==
{{main|Local government in India}}

[[File:Tiers of Government in India.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Tiers of Government in India]]
Local government in India is governmental jurisdiction below the level of the [[States and union territories of India|state]]. Local self-government means that residents in towns, villages and rural settlements are the people who elect local councils and their heads authorising them to solve the important issues. The 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments give recognition and protection to local governments and in addition each state has its own local government legislation.

Since 1992, local government in India takes place in two very distinct forms. Urban localities, covered in the 74th amendment to the Constitution, have Municipality but derive their powers from the individual state governments, while the powers of rural localities have been formalized under the ''panchayati raj'' system, under the 73rd amendment to the Constitution.

=== Urban local governing bodies ===
{{main|Municipal governance in India}}

The following 3 types of democratically elected urban local bodies are called [[Municipalities of India|municipalities]]. These are classified based on the size of the population, density, revenue, non-agricultural employment, economic importance of the urban settlement.

* [[Municipal corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]], also called the ''"Nagar Nigam"'' or ''"City Corporation"'', of cities with more than 1 million population.
* [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]], also called the ''"Nagar Palika"'' or ''"Nagar Palika Parishad"'', of cities with more than 25,000 and less than 1 million population.
* [[Nagar Panchayat|Town Panchayat]], also called the ''"Town Council"'' or ''"Nagar Panchayat"'' or ''"Town Panchayat"'' or ''"Notified Area Council"'' or ''"Notified Area Committee"'' depending on the state within which they lie, these are in the town with more than 10,000 and less than 25,000 population.

=== Rural local governing bodies ===
{{main|Panchayati raj in India}}

The Constitutional (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 aims to provide a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all States having a population of over 2 million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Women, to appoint State Finance Commission to make recommendations as regards the financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute District Planning Committee to prepare a draft development plan for the district.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Laxmikanth |first=M |title=Indian Polity |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=2017 |pages=1145 |language=English}}</ref>
The following 3 hierarchies of PRI panchayats exist in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants:

* [[Gram Panchayat]]s at village level
* Panchayat Samiti or Mandal Parishad or Block Panchayat or Taluk Panchayat at [[Community Development Block]] or [[Mandal]] or Taluk level and
* [[District Panchayat|Zila Parishad]]/District Panchayat at [[List of districts in India|district]] level.

== Elections in India ==
{{Main|Elections in India}}

{{Elections}}
Elections in the Republic of India include elections for

* [[President of India]],
* [[Vice President of India]],
* Members of the Parliament in [[Rajya Sabha]] (Upper house) and [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower house),
* Members of [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Councils]],
* Members of [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]] (includes legislative assemblies of three union territories - [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]])
* Members of [[Local government in India|local governance bodies]] ([[Municipal governance in India|Municipal bodies]] and [[Panchayati raj|Panchayats]]),
* By-election is held when a seat-holder of a particular constituent dies, resigns, or is disqualified.

=== Election Commission of India ===
{{Main|Election Commission of India}}

The '''Election Commission of India''' ('''ECI''') is a [[constitutional body]] established by the [[Constitution of India]] empowered to conduct [[Elections in India|free and fair elections in India]]. The Election commission is headed by a [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|Chief Election Commissioner]] and consists of two other [[Election Commissioner of India|Election Commissioners]].

At the [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]], the Election Commission is assisted by the Chief Electoral Officer of the state or union territory (CEO), who leads the election machinery in the states and union territories. At the district and constituency levels, the [[District collector|District Magistrates/District Collectors]] (in their capacity as District Election Officers), Electoral Registration Officers and Returning Officers perform election work.

The Election Commission operates under the powers granted by [[Part XV of the Constitution of India|Article 324]] of the Constitution and subsequently enacted [[Representation of the People Act (India)|Representation of the People Act]]. The election commission decides the dates for the filing of nominations, voting, counting and announcement of results.

A law for the registration process for political parties was enacted in 1989. The registration ensures that the political parties are recognized as national, state and regional parties. The election commission has the right to allot symbols to the political parties depending on the status. The same symbol cannot be allocated to two political parties even if they do not contest in the region.

The commission prepares electoral rolls and updates the voter list. To prevent electoral fraud, Electors Photo Identity Cards (EPIC) were introduced in 1993. However certain legal documents such as [[Ration card (India)|ration cards]] have been allowed for voting in certain situations.

=== State Election Commissions (SECs) ===
{{Main|State election commission (India)}}

The state election commissions are responsible for conducting local body elections in the respective states.

The '''State Election Commission (SEC)''' is an independent constitutional authority responsible for conducting free and fair elections to [[Local government in India|Local self-government institutions]], such as panchayats and municipalities, within each state. Established under Article 243K and Article 243ZA of the Constitution, it oversees the preparation of electoral rolls, ensures adherence to the Model Code of Conduct, and supervises the entire election process at the state level. The Commission is headed by a State Election Commissioner, who is appointed by the [[Governor (India)|Governor]].

== Political parties, political families and alliances ==
{{elect|List of political parties in India|Elections in India}}

=== Political parties in India ===
When compared to other democracies, India has had a large number of political parties during its history under democratic governance. It has been estimated that over 200 parties were formed after India became independent in 1947.As per latest publications dated 23 March 2024 from Election Commission of India, and subsequent notifications, there are 6 national parties, 57 state parties, and 2,764 registered unrecognized parties. All registered parties contesting elections need to choose a symbol from a list of available symbols offered by the EC.

==== Types of political parties ====
{{Main|List of political parties in India}}

Every political party in India, whether a national or regional/state party, must have a symbol and must be registered with the
[[Election Commission of India]]. Symbols are used in the Indian political system to identify political parties in part so that illiterate people can vote by recognizing the party symbols.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/11/the-curioudifaidfefiwuufs-stories-of-indian-party-symbols/|title=The Curious Stories of Indian Party Symbols|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|author=Krzysztof Iwanek|date=2 November 2016|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419193824/https://thediplomat.com/2016/11/the-curious-stories-of-indian-party-symbols/|archive-date=19 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the current amendment to the Symbols Order, the commission has asserted the following five principles:<ref name=ECI />
# A party, national or state, must have a legislative presence.
# A national party's legislative presence must be in the Lok Sabha. A state party's legislative presence must be in the State Assembly.
# A party can set up a candidate only from amongst its own members.
# A party that loses its recognition shall not lose its symbol immediately but shall be allowed to use that symbol for some time to try and retrieve its status. However, the grant of such facility to the party will not mean the extension of other facilities to it, as are available to recognized parties, such as free time on [[Doordarshan]] or [[All India Radio|AIR]], free supply of copies of electoral rolls, etc.
# Recognition should be given to a party only on the basis of its own performance in elections and not because it is a splinter group of some other recognized party.

===== National political party =====
A political party shall be eligible to be recognized as a national party if:<ref name="ECI">{{cite web|title=Election Commission of India Press Note|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/press/current/PN05122k.htm|access-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305090629/http://eci.nic.in/archive/press/current/PN05122k.htm|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
# it secures at least six percent (6%) of the valid votes polled in any four or more states, at a general election to the Lok Sabha or, to the State Legislative Assembly; and .
# in addition, it wins at least four seats in the House of the People from any State or States.
# or it wins at least two percent (2%) seats in the House of the People (i.e. 11 seats in the existing House having 543 members), and these members are elected from at least three different states.
Six national political parties are - [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]], [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party|Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M)]], [[Aam Aadmi Party|Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)]] and [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party (NPP)]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Election Commission of India |date=26 March 2024 |title=Commission's Main Notification dated 26.03.24 containing list of National Parties, their Symbols and addresses |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzBiU51zPFZI5qMtjV1qgjFva%2BcZe4H5hLgRzEPbXgT4%2BLdDuMCbYQSF1jiuqiCO2KgKdCmUSHqA1uyd%2BQgGswdQ%3D%3D}}</ref>

===== State political party =====
A political party shall be entitled to be recognized as a state party, if:
# it secures at least six percent (6%) of the valid votes polled in the state at a general election, either to the Lok Sabha or to the Legislative Assembly of the State concerned; and
# in addition, it wins at least two seats in the Legislative Assembly of the state concerned.
# or it wins at least three percent (3%) of the total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of the state, or at least three seats in the Assembly, whichever is more.

===== Registered unrecognized political party (RUPP) =====
Registered unrecognized political parties are those parties which are either newly registered or which have not secured enough percentage of votes in the assembly or general elections to become a state party or those which have never contested elections since being registered. Registered but unrecognized political parties don't enjoy all the benefits extended to the recognized parties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPSC Notes on Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPP) |url=https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/registered-unrecognised-political-parties-rupp/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=BYJUS |language=en}}</ref>

===== Party proliferation =====
Although a strict anti-defection law had been passed in 1984, there has been a continued tendency amongst politicians to float their own parties rather than join a broad based party such as the Congress or the BJP. Between the 1984 and 1989 elections, the number of parties contesting elections increased from 33 to 113. In the decades since, this fragmentation has continued.{{Sfn|Hicken|Kuhonta|2014|p=205}}

=== Political families ===
{{Main|Political families of India}}

Since the 1980s, Indian politics has become dynastic, possibly due to the absence of a party organization, independent civil society associations that mobilize support for the party, and centralized financing of elections.<ref name="ppq.sagepub.com" /> One example of dynastic politics has been the [[Nehru–Gandhi family]] which produced three Indian prime ministers: Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi. Family members have also led the Congress party for most of the period since 1978 when Indira Gandhi floated the then Congress(I) faction of the party.{{Sfn|Basu|Chandra|2016|p=136}} The ruling Bharatiya Janata Party also features several senior leaders who are dynasts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title=Is the BJP less dynastic than the Congress? Not so, Lok Sabha data shows |url=https://scroll.in/article/918234/is-the-bjp-less-dynastic-than-the-congress-not-so-lok-sabha-data-shows}}</ref> Dynastic politics is prevalent also in a number of political parties with regional presence such as [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM), [[Trinamool Congress]] (TMC), [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (BRS), [[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] (SHS (UBT)), [[Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar]] (NCP (SP)), [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), [[Indian National Lok Dal]] (INLD), [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] (JKNC), [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] (JKPDP), [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JD(S)), [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] (JMM), [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (NPP), [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP), [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK), [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD), [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD), [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP), [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD), [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] (SS), [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) and [[YSR Congress Party]] (YSRCP).{{Sfn|Chandra|2016|pp=131,136}}

=== Political alliances===
A coalition government is a form of government in which political parties cooperate to form a government. The usual reason for such an arrangement is that no single party has achieved an absolute majority after an election. Political parties of such a coalition government forms an alliance for contesting election together usually for better prospects. Alliance usually revolves around the BJP and INC, being the two largest political parties in India without whose support, it would be difficult to form a majority government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coalition Government in India - Meaning and Features [UPSC Polity Notes] |url=https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/coalition-government-india/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=BYJUS |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Current ruling alliances in Indian states and union territories 2025.png|thumb|300px|Ruling parties and alliances in various state govts and UT in India. {{legend|#F98C1F|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (20)/UT(5)}}
{{legend|#00B7EB|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]] (8)}}
{{legend|#cd3030|Unaligned (2)}}
{{legend|#a35706|[[President's rule]] Manipur (1)}}
{{legend|#515151|[[Union territory|No legislature]] (5)}}]]

==== National Democratic Alliance (NDA) ====
{{Main|National Democratic Alliance}}

[[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), a centre-right to right-wing coalition led by BJP was formed in 1998 after the [[1998 Indian general election|elections]]. NDA formed a government, although the government did not last long as [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] withdrew support from it resulting in [[1999 Indian general election|1999 general elections]], in which NDA won and resumed power. The coalition government went on to complete the full five-years term, becoming the first non-Congress government to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Puroshottam |date=1999-09-01 |title=Identity debate clouds India's elections |url=https://mondediplo.com/1999/09/10india |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=Le Monde diplomatique |language=en}}</ref>

After securing a defeating in 2004 General Election and 2009 General Elections against the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), the NDA once again returned to power in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 General Elections]], for the second time, with a historic mandate of 336 out of 543 Lok Sabha seats. BJP itself won 282 seats, thereby electing [[Narendra Modi]] as the head of the government. In a historic win, the NDA stormed to power for the third term in [[2019 Indian general election|2019]] with a combined strength of 353 seats, with the BJP itself winning an absolute majority with 303 seats.

In the [[2024 Indian general election]] the NDA, though lost a couple of seats succeeded to form the government by winning 293 seats with a major support from allies like [[Telugu Desam Party]] (16 seats) and [[Janata Dal (United)]] (12 seats).

==== United Progressive Alliance (UPA) ====
{{Main|United Progressive Alliance}}

The United Progressive Alliance was a [[Political group|political alliance]] in [[India]] led by the [[Indian National Congress]]. It was formed after the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]] with support from left-leaning political parties when no single party got the majority.

The UPA subsequently governed India from 2004 until 2014 for 2 terms before losing power to their main rivals, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]]. With strong corruption history within the alliance and becoming increasingly unpopular among the masses, the UPA was dissolved to form the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] on 18 July 2023 ahead of the [[Next Indian general election|2024 general election]]. The UPA used to rule 7 [[States and union territories of India]] before it was dissolved.

==== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (I.N.D.I.A) ====
{{Main|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}

Unable to defeat the NDA in 2014 General Election and 2019 General Election, and with Congress performing its poorest in same, many political leaders understood the need for a grand alliance of almost all major political parties to stand against the BJP led NDA in the 2024 General Elections which resulted in the formation of the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] (I.N.D.I.A). It was formed by merger of [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA), Left Front and other smaller alliances, centre-left to left-wing coalition led by [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). The alliance, comprising 26 opposition parties, include many political parties that are at loggerhead with the INC in their respective states and territories but are in alliance for the 2024 General Elections.

== Political issues ==
{{Main|Socio-economic issues in India|Unemployment in India|Inflation in India}}

{{See also|Corruption in India|Indian black money|Illegal immigration to India|Refugees in India}}
[[File:Door-to-door campaigning - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Door-to-door campaigning of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] workers]]

=== Law and order ===
[[Terrorism in India|Terrorism]], [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalism]], [[Religious violence in India|religious violence]] and [[Caste-related violence in India|caste-related violence]] are important issues that affect the political environment of the Indian nation. Stringent anti-terror legislation such as [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act|TADA]], [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|POTA]] and [[Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act|MCOCA]] have received much political attention, both in favour and against, and some of these laws were disbanded eventually due to human rights violations.<ref name="human_rights_violation">{{cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/asia/india-bck1121.htm|title=Anti-Terrorism Legislation|work=Human rights watch|date=20 November 2001|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703041343/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/asia/india-bck1121.htm|archive-date=3 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> However, [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|UAPA]] was amended in 2019 to negative effect vis-á-vis human rights.

Terrorism has affected politics in India since its conception, be it the [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|terrorism supported from Pakistan]] or the internal guerrilla groups such as [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalites]]. In 1991 the former Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] was [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassinated]] during an election campaign.{{Sfn|Guha|2008|pp=[https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi00guha_300/page/n347 637]–659}} The suicide bomber was later linked to the Sri Lankan terrorist group [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]], as it was later revealed the killing was an act of vengeance for Rajiv Gandhi [[Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War|sending troops in Sri Lanka]] against them in 1987.{{Sfn|Guha|2008|pp=[https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi00guha_300/page/n347 637]–659}}

[[Babri Masjid demolition]] on 6 December 1992 resulted in nationwide communal riots in two months, with [[Bombay riots|the worst occurring]] in [[Mumbai]] with at least 900 dead.{{Sfn|Guha|2008|pp=[https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi00guha_300/page/n347 637]–659}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Shiv Sainiks will maintain peace post-Ayodhya verdict: Uddhav |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/shiv-sainiks-will-maintain-peace-post-ayodhya-verdict-uddhav/article1-603031.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |publisher=HT Media Ltd. |access-date=13 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303165635/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/shiv-sainiks-will-maintain-peace-post-ayodhya-verdict-uddhav/article1-603031.aspx |archive-date=3 March 2014 }}</ref> The riots were followed by [[1993 Bombay bombings]], which resulted in more deaths.

Law and order issues, such as action against [[Organised crime in India|organised crime]] are issues which do not affect the outcomes of elections. On the other hand, there is a criminal–politician nexus. Many elected legislators have criminal cases against them. In July 2008, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that nearly a fourth of the 540 [[Member of Parliament (India)|Indian Parliament members]] faced criminal charges, "including [[human trafficking]], [[Prostitution in India|child prostitution]], immigration rackets, [[embezzlement]], [[rape]] and even [[murder]]".<ref name="wtcorruption">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/23/AR2008072303390.html|title=With Indian Politics, the Bad Gets Worse|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Emily|last=Wax|date=24 July 2008|access-date=22 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108050648/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/23/AR2008072303390.html|archive-date=8 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== State of democracy ===
{{main|Democracy in India}}

From 2006 to 2023 the situation of [[Indian democracy]] worsened. There was little state presence in tribal areas and tensions between Hindus and minorities. The rebellions are a sign of the governments loss of power. Interreligious riots where observed. Political freedoms are limited since funding of NGOs, such as [[Amnesty International]], got more difficult due to the "Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act", though the constitution guarantees freedom of association. Hindu-nationalist groups created a climate of intimidation over the country. Freedom of press is impacted through the intimidation of journalists by police, criminals and politicians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BTI 2022 India Country Report |url=https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report?isocode=IND&cHash=4d507ce6e7280fbd996bd0dd58122962 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=BTI 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, according to the [[Freedom in the World]] report by [[Freedom House]], India was classified as a "partly free" country for the third consecutive year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishnankutty |first1=Pia |title=Freedom 'losing ground' — India ranked 'partly free' for 3rd year by US non-profit Freedom House |url=https://theprint.in/india/freedom-losing-ground-india-ranked-partly-free-for-3rd-year-by-us-non-profit-freedom-house/1440560/?amp |work=ThePrint |date=13 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India rated 'partially free' in Freedom House report for third straight year |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1045410/india-rated-partially-free-for-third-straight-year-in-freedom-house-report |work=Scroll.in |date=11 March 2023}}</ref> The [[V-Dem Democracy Indices]] by [[V-Dem Institute]] classify India as an '[[electoral autocracy]]'. In 2023, it referred to India as "one of the worst autocratisers in the last 10 years".<ref>{{cite news |title=India Is 'One of the Worst Autocratisers in the Last 10 Years,' Says 2023 V-Dem Report |url=https://thewire.in/rights/india-autocratiser-v-dem-report-2023 |work=The Wire |date=7 March 2023}}</ref> According to the [[The Economist Democracy Index|Democracy Index]] of the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], India is a [[Defective democracy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Anisha |title=India secretly works to preserve reputation on global Democracy Index |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/22/india-democracy-index-flawed-preserve-reputation-narendra-modi |work=The Guardian |date=22 June 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Politics|India}}
{{div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes|gap=2em}}
* [[Electronic voting in India]]
**[[Electoral fraud]]
**[[Electoral Bonds]]
**[[Voter suppression]]
**[[Booth capturing]]
**[[Scientific rigging]]
**[[2025 Indian electoral controversy]]
* [[Election Commission of India]]
* [[Political funding in India]]
* [[Blasphemy law#India|Blasphemy law in India]]
* [[Censorship in India]]
* [[Electoral reform]]
* [[Democracy in India]]
* [[Caste politics]]
* [[Caste system in India]]
* [[Caste-related violence in India]]
* [[Mandal Commission]]
* [[Reservation in India]]
* [[2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census]]
* [[Disqualification of convicted representatives in India]]
* [[Operation Kamala]]
* [[Aaya Ram Gaya Ram]]
* [[History of democracy#Indian subcontinent|History of democracy in ancient India]]
* [[List of scandals in India]]
* [[List of communist parties in India]]
* [[Trade unions in India]]
* [[Political families of India]]
* [[State governments of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Secularism in India]]
* [[Anarchism in India]]
* [[Conservatism in India]]
* [[Liberalism in India]]
* [[Socialism in India]]
* [[Communism in India]]
* [[Communism in Kerala]]
* [[Communist movements in India]]
* [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
* [[Communist involvement in the Indian independence movement]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |title=Public Administration |publisher=Tata Mcgraw Hill |isbn=978-0071074827 |author=M. Lakshmikanth |edition=9th |year=2012 |oclc=1039277322 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9780071074827 }}
* {{cite book |title=Comparative Politics & International Relations |publisher=Cosmos Bookhive |isbn=817729035-5 |pages=129–134 |last=Chander |first=Prakash |chapter=Nature of Party System in India |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN8177290355 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Hicken |first1=Allen |last2=Kuhonta |first2=Erik Martinez |title=Party System Institutionalization in Asia: Democracies, Autocracies, and the Shadows of the Past |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZmiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR13 |date=29 December 2014 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-04157-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |title=India after Gandhi : the history of the world's largest democracy |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi00guha_300 |url-access=limited |year=2008 |publisher=Picador |location=India |isbn=9780330505543 |edition=Indian }}
* {{cite book |last1=Basu |first1=Amrita |last2=Chandra |first2=Kanchan |title=Democratic Dynasties: State, Party and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-1-107-12344-1 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tesIDAAAQBAJ&q=sonia&pg=PR10 |access-date=23 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110030054/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tesIDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR10&dq=%22political+dynasties%22+india&ots=panvSUPVV9&sig=rBLRMVvTQ2f7mX6q3bm6Gj6eyfw#v=onepage&q=sonia&f=false |archive-date=10 November 2019 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Kanchan |author-link=Kanchan Chandra|title=Democratic Dynasties: State, Party, and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10 |date=28 April 2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-316-59212-0 }}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news |last1=Chacko |first1=Johann |title=To understand Indian politics, look beyond Modi and New Delhi |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/2023/03/07/to-understand-indian-politics-look-beyond-modi-and-new-delhi/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)]] |date=2023-03-07 |language=en}}
* {{cite news |last1=Kadalayil |first1=Chitrabhanu |title=India's top political parties need to address power imbalances within |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/2023/05/16/indias-top-political-parties-need-to-address-power-imbalances-within/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |work=The National (Abu Dhabi) |date=2023-05-16 |language=en}}
* [[Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri|Chowdhuri, Satyabrata Rai]]. [http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?PID=278315 ''Leftism in India, 1917-1947''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222050231/http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?PID=278315 |date=22 February 2012 }}. Palgrave, [[U.K.]], 2007.
* [[Bharat Karnad|Karnad, Bharat]]. ''Why India is Not a Great Power (Yet).'' Oxford University Press, 2015. {{ISBN|978-0-19-945922-3}}
* Shively, W. Phillips. ''Power and Choice: An Introduction to Political Science—Chapter 14 Example: Parliamentary Government in India.'' McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-07-340391-5}}
* Mitra, Subrata K. and Singh, V.B.. ''Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate''. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1999. {{ISBN|81-7036-809-X}} (India HB) {{ISBN|0-7619-9344-4}} (U.S. HB).
* Shourie, Arun (2007). The parliamentary system: What we have made of it, what we can make of it. New Delhi: Rupa & Co.
* Shourie, Arun (2005). Governance and the sclerosis that has set in. New Delhi: ASA Publications.
* Tawa Lama-Rewal, Stéphanie. [http://samaj.revues.org/index2784.html ''"Studying Elections in India: Scientific and Political Debates"'']. ''South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal'', 3, 2009.
* [[Ronojoy Sen|Sen, Ronojoy]] (2022). ''House of the People : Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy.'' Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Politics of India}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://india.gov.in/ Outline of the Indian Government]

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Asia topic|Politics of}}
{{Indian political parties}}
{{India topics}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Politics of India| Politics of India]]

John Joseph Murphy (rubber planter)

2026-03-14T18:31:34Z

OrvilleBurgos99: new

{{Short description|Irish agricultural entrepreneur}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Joseph Murphy
| image = File:John Joseph Murphy.jpg
| caption = John Joseph Murphy (J.J. Murphy)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1872|08|01}}
| birth_place = Ireland
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1957|05|09|1872|08|01}}
| death_place = Yendayar, Kerala, India
| occupation = Planter, Philanthropist
| known_for = Pioneering commercial rubber cultivation in India
| awards = [[Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice]] (Papal honor)
}}
'''John Joseph Murphy''' (1 August 1872 – 9 May 1957) was an Irish agricultural entrepreneur who established India's first commercially viable rubber plantation in [[Kerala]] in 1902.<ref name="AditiShahArticle">{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Aditi |title=J J Murphy: Kerala's Rubber Man |website=Live History India |date=4 June 2020 |publisher=Peepul Tree |url=https://www.peepultree.world/livehistoryindia/story/people/murphy-rubber |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="RejinCESArticle">{{cite web |title=Rubber: The Crop That Transformed Kerala |website=RejinCES |date=2022-07-29 |url=https://rejinces.net/2022/07/29/rubber/ |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Remesh |first=Babu P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOyNsKXSa0gC |title=Dynamics of Rural Labour: A Study of Small Holding Rubber Tappers in Kerala |date=2010 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-660-2 |language=en}}</ref> He is considered to be the Father of Indian Rubber Plantation.<ref name="SmusingsArticle">{{cite web |title=S. B. and the Princely Planter |website=Smusings |date=2023-04-19 |url=https://smusings.in/2023/04/19/s-b-and-the-princely-planter/ |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="RubberParkArticle">{{cite web |title=About J.J. Murphy Research Centre |website=Rubber Park India |url=https://rubberparkindia.org/about-jj-mrc |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref> In recognition of his philanthropic work in Yendayar—including donating land and resources to establish the Holy Family Convent and supporting education and local welfare initiatives, Murphy was awarded the Papal honor of [[Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice]]. These contributions to the local community resulted in the [[John Joseph Murphy Memorial Higher Secondary School]], established in his memory in Yendayar.<ref name="AditiShahArticle"/>

==Early life and education==
John Joseph Murphy was born in Ireland on 1 August 1872.<ref name="AditiShahArticle"/> As a child, he suffered from asthma and was educated at home by the [[Marist Brothers]]. His education continued at [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]] in Dublin which he did not complete.<ref name="AditiShahArticle"/>

==Career and rubber plantation==
Murphy interrupted his education to join a tea plantation company in Ceylon (now [[Sri Lanka]]).<ref name="AditiShahArticle"/>
In 1897 Murphy joined Messrs Finlay Muir & Co for developing tea in the Kannan Devan Hills.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Planters Chronicle |date=September 1957 |journal=Planters Chronicle }}</ref>

Murphy arrived in [[Yendayar]], a remote forested area in [[Kerala]], and began experimenting with rubber cultivation.<ref name="AditiShahArticle"/> The area's hilly terrain and climate were ideal but the concept of rubber planting was new to the region.<ref name="RejinCESArticle"/> His work helped transform Kerala's agricultural landscape and economy, making rubber a major cash crop.<ref name="RejinCESArticle"/><ref name="SmusingsArticle"/>

==Philanthropy==
Murphy was known for his philanthropy towards the local community.<ref name="AditiShahArticle"/> He also supported education initiatives, healthcare, and welfare projects for plantation workers and their families.<ref name="AditiShahArticle"/>

==Recognition==
For his community service and contributions to the Catholic Church, Murphy was awarded the Papal honor [[Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice]].<ref name="AditiShahArticle"/>

The [[John Joseph Murphy Memorial Higher Secondary School]], located in Yendayar, was named in his honor to continue his legacy in education.<ref name="AditiShahArticle"/>

A commemorative plaque recognizing Murphy, McPherson and Raman Kankani's contributions is installed at the nearby Nature Sanctuary Urumbi Hills, a colonial bungalow frequented by the group, currently functioning as a hotel.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Nature Sanctuary |url=https://naturesanctuary.in/about |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>

The J.J. Murphy Research Centre (JJMRC), dedicated to rubber research, houses a bust commemorating Murphy's pioneering role.<ref name="RubberParkArticle"/>

==Legacy==
Murphy's pioneering efforts made a lasting impact on India's rubber industry and rural development.<ref name="SmusingsArticle"/>

His grave is visited yearly by the local parish, honoring his memory and contributions to the community.<ref name="HinduArticle">{{cite web |last=Chandran |first=G. |title=Tomb of J.J. Murphy lies unattended |website=The Hindu |date=2022-04-10 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tomb-of-jj-murphy-lies-unattended/article65414311.ece |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murphy, John Joseph}}
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Rubber industry]]

{{Improve categories|date=June 2025}}
[[Category:Agriculture in India]]
[[Category:Irish people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice]]

T. K. M. Bava Musliyar

2026-03-14T06:12:04Z

OrvilleBurgos99: put up the post nd citations

{{multiple issues|
{{notability|Biographies|date=December 2013}}
{{COI|date=December 2013}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|name = TKM Bava Musliyar
|image =Qazi.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|caption = TKM Bava Musliyar
|birth_name =Mohiyadeen
|birth_date = 21 July 1930
|birth_place = Vallimuk, [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
|death_date = 16 June 2013<ref>{{cite web|author=kvarthakgd1 |url=https://www.kvartha.com/2013/06/tkm-bava-musliyar-passes-away.html |title=ഖാസി ടി.കെ.എം ബാവ മുസ്ലിയാര്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |publisher=Kvartha.com |date=2013-06-16 |accessdate=2013-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/khasi-tkm-bava-musliyar-passes-away/article4821963.ece |title=Khasi T.K.M. Bava Musliyar passes away |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-06-17 |accessdate=2013-09-22}}</ref>
|death_place = Vallimuk, [[Kerala]], [[India]]
|education =
|alma_mater =
|occupation =
|known_for = Former president of Samastha Kerala Islam Matha Vidyabyasa Board, former Quazi of [[Kasaragod]]
|title =
|party =
|boards =
|spouse = Khadeeja
|children = Muhammed Basheer Faiay and Abdul Majeed
|mother = Fathima
|father = Beeran Kutty Musliyar
|relatives =
| signature =
| signature_size = 160px
| signature_alt =
|footnotes =
[[File:Tomb of TKM Bava Musliyar.jpg|250px|TKM Bava Musliyar's Tomb]]
}}

'''TKM Bava Musliyar''' was an Indian Muslim scholar and the former president of Samastha Kerala Islam Matha Vidyabyasa Board. Hailing from [[Malappuram]], he served as Qazi (chief jurist) at [[Kasaragod]] for 25 years and had a reputation as a spiritual leader of the Malabar region. He introduced many revolutionary reforms in education system of the Vidyabyasa Board like a scientific pattern for fifth standard board exam and introduction of authentic and reliable way in evaluation.

==Early life==
He was born on 21 July 1930, the son of Beeran Kutty Musliyar, scholar and cleric at Parambin peediaka and Fathima. After primary education at his own locality, he was enrolled in many Darses (Masjid based college) and was post graduated from Vellore Baqiyath Swalihath. His grandfathers Moideen Musliyar, Komu Musliyar, Kottumala Usthad, Paravanna Muhyadeen Musliyar, Sheikh Adam Hazrath and Sheikh Hassan Hazrath were his mentors. He was accompanied by CM Valiyullah, MM Basheer Musliyar, [[CH Hydrose Musliyar]] and KK Abdulla Musliyar.

==In the field of service==
He was enrolled in [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989)|'''Samastha''']] Mushavara Board on 31 July 1976 and rendered his service until his demise. He took charge of Vallimuk Darse (masjid based seminary) on the behalf of his father Moideen Musliyar as latter left to Makka to perform Hajj. On 21 February 1989 he was elected as the president of Samastha Matha Vidyabyasa Board, one of the largest non-government educational agencies in Kerala, and occupied until his demise. He introduced many scientific reformation in board as he renovated board exam system and extended tenth to plus two classes. During his tenure as the chairman, the board published many texts even in [[Urdu]] language. After the demise of notable scholar EK Hasan Musliyar as the quazi (chief jurist) of [[Kasaragod]], he was installed in throne on 18 May 1983 and served there until his demise. He was honored for his three decades of service in Malik Deenar Uroos.

[[File:Malikdeenar uroos ziyarath.jpg|300px|Malik Deenar Uroos inaugurated by TKM Bava Musliyar]]

==Death==
He died on 16 June 2013 at his residence in Velimukku from an age-related illness. He was interred in his own village.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/en/node/13123 |title=T K M Bava Musliyar passes away |publisher=Madhyamam |date=2013-06-16 |accessdate=2013-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/54519-kasargod-khazi-t-k-m-bava-musliyar-no-more |title=Kasargod Khazi T K M Bava Musliyar no more |publisher=Coastaldigest.com |date=2013-06-17 |accessdate=2013-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cityjournal.in/t-k-m-bava-musliyar-passes-away/ |title=City Journal » T K M Bava Musliyar passes away |publisher=Cityjournal.in |date=2013-06-17 |accessdate=2013-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kvashiqmakv.yu.tl/tkm-bava-musliyar-gon-to-allah.xhtml |title=Tkm Bava Musliyar Gon To Allah |publisher=Www.Kvashiqmakv.Com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Musliyar, TKM Bava}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Kerala Sunni-Shafi'i scholars]]

Dileep

2026-03-12T20:48:54Z

OrvilleBurgos99: refine content for consistency and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian actor and producer}}
{{about|an Indian actor|other uses}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dilieep
| image = Dileep2016.jpg
| caption = Dileep in 2016
| birth_name = Gopalakrishnan Padmanabhan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|10|27}}
| birth_place = [[Edavanakkad]], [[Ernakulam district]], Kerala<ref>{{cite web|title=കണ്ണ് റഞ്ഞ് കോളേജിന്റെ പടികൾ ഇറങ്ങിയ ദിലീപ് {{!}} Dileep {{!}} Interview {{!}} G S Pradeep {{!}}| date=26 October 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhNGLfN8Ul4|publisher=[[Kairali TV]]|access-date=27 October 2020|language=ml}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|businessman}}
| years_active = 1991{{Endash}}present
| works = [[Dileep filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Manju Warrier]]|1998|2015|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Kavya Madhavan]]|2016}}
}}
| children = 2
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* [[Filmfare Awards South]]
}}
}}

'''Gopalakrishnan Padmanabhan''', known by his moniker '''Dilieep''' or '''Dileep''', is an Indian film actor, producer, and entrepreneur who predominantly works in the [[Malayalam cinema]]. He has acted in over 150 films and won several awards, including four [[Kerala State Film Awards]] and a [[Filmfare Awards South]].

Beginning as a stage [[Impressionist (entertainment)|mimic]], Dileep initially gained attention through the comedy audio series ''Dhe Maveli Kombathu'' and the television programmes ''Comicola'' and ''[[Cinemala]]'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. He entered films as an [[assistant director]] to [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]], beginning with ''[[Vishnulokam]]'' (1991), and made his acting debut with a minor role in Kamal's ''[[Ennodishtam Koodamo]]'' (1992). His first lead role came with ''[[Manathe Kottaram]]'' (1994), followed by breakthrough roles in ''[[Sallapam]]'' and ''[[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]'' in 1996, which established him as a bankable actor. By the late 1990s and early 2000s, he became widely known for slapstick comedies, such as ''[[Punjabi House]]'' (1998), ''[[Thenkasipattanam]]'' (2000), ''[[Darling Darling (2000 film)|Darling Darling]]'' (2000), ''[[Ee Parakkum Thalika]]'' (2001), and ''[[Ishtam (2001 Malayalam film)|Ishtam]]'' (2001).

The success of ''[[Meesha Madhavan]]'' (2002) elevated him to stardom and earned him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam]]. That year, he also received the [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Jury Award]] for ''[[Kunjikoonan]]'', followed by a [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Mention]] for ''[[Chanthupottu]]'' (2005). In 2003, he launched his production company Graand Production, debuting with ''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]''. He has also appeared in off-beat works such as ''[[Kathavaseshan]]'' (which he also produced and which won [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]] at the state awards) and ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]''. In 2008, he produced ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' on behalf of [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists|AMMA]], which became the highest-grossing Malayalam film at the time.

Dileep won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Vellaripravinte Changathi]]'' (2011). His later films ''[[Two Countries]]'' (2015) and ''[[Ramaleela]]'' (2017) each grossed over ₹50 crore and placed among the higher-grossing Malayalam films of their respective years. Outside films, he owns a multiplex theatre and restaurant chains.

== Early life and education ==

Dileep was born as Gopalakrishnan Padmanabhan at [[Edavanakad]] in the [[Ernakulam district]] of [[Kerala]], to Padmanabhan Pillai and Sarojam on 27 October 1967.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2022 |title=Suresh Gopi, Tamannaah Bhatia, and other celebs extend birthday wishes to Dileep |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suresh-gopi-tamannaah-bhatia-and-other-celebs-extend-birthday-wishes-to-dileep/articleshow/95120338.cms |access-date=19 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2023 |title=Makers of 'Thankamani' drop the second look poster on Dileep's birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/makers-of-thankamani-drop-the-second-look-poster-on-dileeps-birthday/articleshow/104750344.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210052934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/makers-of-thankamani-drop-the-second-look-poster-on-dileeps-birthday/articleshow/104750344.cms |archive-date=10 December 2023 |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="IT2"/> He is the eldest of three children.<ref name="movies.deepthi.com">{{cite web |title=Dileep – Malayalam celebrities the stories and the gossips |url=http://movies.deepthi.com/malayalam/actors/dileep.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029122646/http://movies.deepthi.com/malayalam/actors/dileep.html |archive-date=29 October 2023 |access-date=20 November 2008 |website=movies.deepthi.com}}</ref>

Dileep attended [[Vidyadhiraja Vidya Bhavan Higher Secondary School|Vidyadhiraja Vidya Bhavan School]] in [[Aluva]], where he passed the tenth standard in 1985. He then joined the [[Union Christian College, Aluva]], to complete his pre-degree during 1985–1987. Later, he pursued a degree in history from the [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www.zonkerala.com/achievers/article.php?id=8 |title=Dileep – Career, productions, latest movies and awards by actor Dileep Photos |publisher=Zonkerala.com |date=27 October 1967 |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-date=13 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913143713/http://www.zonkerala.com/achievers/article.php?id=8 |url-status=live }}</ref>

It was during the time at Maharaja's College that he began taking [[Impressionist (entertainment)|impressionist]] acts seriously.

== Career ==
=== 1991–1999: From mimicry to cinema ===
Dileep began performing mimicry on stage after becoming an active member of the troupe Harisree.<ref name="IT2"/> He later worked with other troupes as well, including Cochin Guinness.<ref>{{cite web |last1=പഴേരി |first1=അജ്മൽ |title='എനിക്കും വേണം ഗിന്നസ് റെക്കോഡ്' 'അതിന് നിനക്ക് എന്ത് കഴിവാണുള്ളത്?' |url=https://grihalakshmi.mathrubhumi.com/faces/cochin-guinness-kalabhavan-ks-prasad-interview-1b8c1c87 |publisher=[[Grihalakshmi (magazine)|Grihalakshmi]] |access-date=7 December 2025 |language=ml |date=30 June 2024}}</ref> In the early to mid-1990s, Dileep, along with [[Nadirshah]], created ''Dhe Maveli Kombathu'', a comedy [[audio cassette]] series released annually during [[Onam]]. The series, which depicted [[Mahabali]] visiting [[Kerala]], became a widespread success. Around the same time, Dileep began appearing on television through [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]'s comedy programmes ''Comicola'' and ''[[Cinemala]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Anubha |title=Why mimicry artists are bigger (and better) in Kerala than anywhere else in India |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/908633/why-mimicry-artists-are-bigger-and-better-in-kerala-than-anywhere-else-in-india |access-date=6 December 2025 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=An Onam sans Dileep: Mollywood stares at another first |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/08/29/dileep-no-onam-malayalam-movies-high-court-bail.html |access-date=6 February 2019 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=29 August 2017 |archive-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020037/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/08/29/dileep-no-onam-malayalam-movies-high-court-bail.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

With the support of actor [[Jayaram]], Dileep entered the film industry as an [[assistant director]] to filmmaker [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]], beginning with ''[[Vishnulokam]]'' (1991). His first task on set was operating the clapperboard for lead actor [[Mohanlal]].<ref name="TIE1">{{cite news |last1=Philip |first1=Shaju |title=The Sunday Profile: Dileep, Hero in trouble |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sunday-profile-malayalam-actor-dileep-7725416/ |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 January 2022}}</ref> He was credited on screen as "Dileep".<ref>{{cite web |title=Vishnulokam Malayalam Full Movie {{!}} Mohanlal {{!}} Santhi Krishna {{!}} Urvashi {{!}} Kamal {{!}} Raveendran {{!}} |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIDKfX0V4FI |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Malayalam Latest Movies |access-date=7 December 2025 |date=15 December 2024}}</ref> Although he worked behind the camera, acting had always been his ambition,<ref name="TH1">{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Vijay |title=Charging forward |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Charging-forward/article15675587.ece |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 November 2010}}</ref> and he continued assisting Kamal on several films, including ''[[Ulladakkam]]'' (1991), ''[[Champakulam Thachan]]'' (1992), and ''[[Ghazal (1993 film)|Ghazal]]'' (1993).<ref name="IT1">{{cite news |author1=India Today Web Desk |title=Kerala actress abduction: Dileep's rise from a mimic to a powerful force in Mollywood, before his fall |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kerala-actress-abduction-dileep-rise-power-mollywood-1023914-2017-07-12 |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=12 July 2017}}</ref> Dileep made his acting debut in a small role in Kamal's ''[[Ennodishtam Koodamo]]'' (1992) after a scheduled actor failed to appear.<ref name="IT2">{{cite news |last1=Jacob |first1=Jeemon |title=The rise and fall of Dileep |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-rise-and-fall-of-dileep-1907703-2022-02-02 |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=2 February 2022}}</ref> He gained further visibility with a supporting role in ''[[Sainyam]]''.<ref name="TNIE1">{{cite news |author1=Express News Service |title=My Critics Don't Know Me: Actor Dileep |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2015/Oct/31/my-critics-dont-know-me-actor-dileep-836767.html |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=31 October 2015}}</ref>

Beginning his career with comic supporting parts, Dileep soon transitioned to leading roles that the media later characterised as "friendly, boy-next-door" portrayals. His first [[Breakthrough role|breakthrough]] came in the comedy-drama ''[[Manathe Kottaram]]'' (1994), in which he starred alongside Nadirshah, [[Harisree Ashokan]], and [[Khushbu]]; the film achieved moderate commercial success. He continued in comic roles in films such as ''[[Three Men Army]]'' and ''[[Ezharakkoottam]]'' (both 1995)—the latter marking a turning point in his career and helping pave the way for future lead roles.<ref name="TH1"/>

From 1996 onward, Dileep established himself as a successful leading actor.<ref name="IT2"/> Impressed by his performance in ''Ezharakkoottam'', director [[Sundar Das]] cast him as the lead in the drama ''[[Sallapam]]'' (1996), also featuring [[Manju Warrier]]. The film became a breakthrough for him as a hero and was followed later that year by ''[[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]'' (1996), directed by Kamal and featuring the same lead pair, which was also a commercial success.<ref name="TH1"/> These films made the onscreen romantic duo popular, and the two would later marry in 1998. By the late 1990s and early 2000s, Dileep had achieved broad audience appeal, particularly through slapstick comedies. Film trade analyst Sreedhar Pillai observes that Dileep filled the gap in the slapstick-comedy market left by Mohanlal, who had moved away from the genre to focus on other kinds of roles.<ref name="Quint">{{cite news |last1=Pillai |first1=Sreedhar |title=Stardom to Jail Inmate: The Rise & Fall of Malayalam Actor Dileep |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/cinema/dileep-life-and-career-actress-abduction-molestation-case |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=11 July 2017}}</ref>

He further cemented his [[bankable star|bankability]] with films such as ''[[Manthra Mothiram]]'' (1997). The 1998 comedy ''[[Punjabi House]]'' was described in the media as his first "blockbuster".<ref name="TNIE1"/> The film also marked the beginning of the comedy duo of Dileep and Harisree Ashokan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=മേനോൻ|first=ശ്രീലക്ഷ്മി|title=ജൂലെെ നാല്: മെഗാ ഹിറ്റായ നാല് ചിത്രങ്ങളും കൂട്ടുകെട്ടും, ഹരിശ്രീ അശോകൻ പറയുന്നു|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/harisree-ashokan-about-meesamadhavan-parakkum-thalika-cid-moosa-pandippada-and-dileep-1.4880574|url-status=live|access-date=12 June 2021|website=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705033453/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/harisree-ashokan-about-meesamadhavan-parakkum-thalika-cid-moosa-pandippada-and-dileep-1.4880574 |archive-date=5 July 2020 }}</ref> The 1999 film ''[[Chandranudikkunna Dikkil]]'' was Dileep's first collaboration with both [[Kavya Madhavan]]<ref name="sifyKavyaDileep">{{cite web |author1=Moviebuzz |title=Dileep-Kavya in New Zealand! |url=http://m.sify.com/movies/dileep-kavya-in-new-zealand-news-malayalam-kkfvvBiiibesi.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=7 December 2025 |date=8 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318184636/http://m.sify.com/movies/dileep-kavya-in-new-zealand-news-malayalam-kkfvvBiiibesi.html |archive-date=18 March 2018 }}</ref> and director [[Lal Jose]]. Though not a commercial success, the pairing proved successful in their later films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dileep and I had differences; our film suffered because of the hit movie, reveals Lal Jose |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dileep-and-i-had-differences-our-film-suffered-because-of-the-hit-movie-lal-jose-a0a6f5a3 |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=15 November 2024}}</ref>

=== 2000–2009: Stardom ===
[[File:Dileep 2008.jpg|thumb|upright|Dileep in 2008]]
His range as an actor gained recognition with [[Lohithadas]]' ''[[Joker (2000 film)|Joker]]'' (2000); filmmaker [[Lal Jose]] later noted that "the big names in the industry started realising his potential after his work in Lohithadas' ''Joker''".<ref name="TH1"/> By this time already a bankable lead, Dileep opted for a supporting comedic role in ''[[Thenkasipattanam]]'' headlined by [[Suresh Gopi]] and [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]—a performance that earned him appreciation.<ref name="MM1">{{cite news |last1=Chandran K. P. |first1=Ramesh |title=The rise and fall of Mollywood's people's hero Dileep |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2017/07/12/actor-dileep-life-story-rise-and-fall-mollywood.html |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=[[OnManorama]] |date=12 July 2017}}</ref> The film was also a major commercial success. He continued his success with films such as ''[[Darling Darling (2000 film)|Darling Darling]]'' (2000), ''[[Ee Parakkum Thalika]]'' (2001), and ''[[Ishtam (2001 Malayalam film)|Ishtam]]'' (2001).<ref name="MM1"/>

In 2002, Dileep starred as a small-town thief in Lal Jose's ''[[Meesha Madhavan]]'', which became the highest-grossing film of the year. The comedy-drama played a significant role in elevating his stardom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aravind |first1=C. V. |title=Sathyan Anthikad and Lal Jose: Winning the hearts of the Malayalam 'family' audience |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/sathyan-anthikad-and-lal-jose-winning-hearts-malayalam-family-audience-64648 |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=4 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 December 2016|title=The Hindu : 'Meesa Madhavan'|website=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2002/10/25/stories/2002102501740200.htm|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221002142/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2002/10/25/stories/2002102501740200.htm|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> That same year, he portrayed a hunchback in ''[[Kunjikkoonan]]'' (2002), a box office success.<ref name="TIE1"/> The film earned him a [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] at the [[Kerala State Film Awards]].<ref name="StateAwards">{{cite web |title=State Film Awards |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |website=www.prd.kerala.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707210332/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |access-date=7 December 2025 |archive-date=7 July 2015 }}</ref> His 2002 comedy ''[[Kalyanaraman (2002 film)|Kalyanaraman]]'' also performed well at the box office. In February 2003, ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that "the actor who went through a tough period earlier is now considered as the trump card for success in the industry".<ref>{{cite news |last1=G. |first1=Krishnakumar |title=A filmi shot in the arm |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/02/15/stories/2003021502360200.htm |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 February 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221190650/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/02/15/stories/2003021502360200.htm|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> That year, he also debuted in [[Tamil cinema]] with ''[[Raajjiyam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 March 2012|title=April brings cheer to Tamil film industry – The Times of India|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/BFB69CAB26ED7A73E5256BB1001949FF|access-date=19 July 2021|website=cscsarchive.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322150013/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/BFB69CAB26ED7A73E5256BB1001949FF|archive-date=22 March 2012}}</ref>

In 2003, his comedy ''[[Thilakkam]]'' with Kavya Madhavan was another commercial success.<ref name="sifyKavyaDileep"/> That year, Dileep founded his production house, Graand Productions.<ref name="TIE1"/> It's debut production, ''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]'' (2003), starring himself and directed by [[Johny Antony]], turned out to be a commercial success.<ref name="IT1"/>

In 2004, his action comedy ''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]'' performed well at the box office.<ref name="sifyKavyaDileep"/> ''[[Rasikan]]'', however, received a lukewarm reception from audiences.<ref name="SifyInterview2005">{{cite web |author1=Moviebuzz |title="I have more enemies than friends": Dileep |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=13723260&cid=2406 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=7 December 2025 |date=21 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903214123/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=13723260&cid=2406 |archive-date=3 September 2017 }}</ref> [[Priyadarshan]]'s comedy ''[[Vettam]]'' failed commercially but went on to develop a [[cult following]] in later years.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Krishna |first1=Gayathri |title=Vettam re-release: Dileep's all-time favourite comedy film to hit the big screen again soon |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vettam-re-release-update-dileep-all-time-favourite-comedy-film/16874d7206697 |publisher=[[OTTPlay]] |access-date=7 December 2025 |date=21 August 2024}}</ref> Dileep also ventured into off-beat cinema with the drama ''[[Kathavasheshan]]'' (2004), which he produced as well.<ref name="IT2"/> The film won four Kerala State Film Awards, including [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]].<ref name="StateAwards"/> It was followed by the tragic drama ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' (2004), based on a real incident, in which he played a convict facing a death sentence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Manjusha |title=Nimisha's Yemen pardon debate and the Malayalam classic that predicted this pain and confusion |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/nimisha-yemen-case-and-the-cost-of-forgiveness-lessons-from-malayalam-classic-perumazhakkalam-led-by-kavya-madhavan-meera-jasmine-and-dileep-1.500214649 |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=29 July 2025}}</ref> Nonetheless, in a 2005 interview, Dileep stated that he did not intend to move away from slapstick comedies, remarking, "I know my strengths and weaknesses".<ref name="SifyInterview2005"/>

In 2005, he starred in the commercially successful action entertainer ''[[Kochi Rajavu]]''.<ref name="SifyInterview2005"/> The same year, he portrayed an effeminate man in Lal Jose' comedy ''[[Chanthupottu]]''. His performance won him a [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Mention]] at the Kerala State Film Awards.<ref name="StateAwards"/> ''[[The Hindu]]'' later highlighted ''Meesha Madhavan'' and ''Chanthupottu'' as "two of the most significant films in Dileep's career".<ref name="TH1"/> In 2006, ''[[Sify.com]]'' described Dileep and Kavya Madhavan as "the most romantic pair in modern times ... the on-screen chemistry between the pair makes them the hottest pair in Malayalam".<ref name="sifyKavyaDileep"/>

Dileep is known for his belief in astrology and has often aimed to release his films on July 4.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Moviebuzz |title=Dileep's lucky date! |url=http://m.sify.com/movies/dileep-s-lucky-date-news-malayalam-kkfv31jfhjjsi.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=7 December 2025 |date=14 June 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318184626/http://m.sify.com/movies/dileep-s-lucky-date-news-malayalam-kkfv31jfhjjsi.html |archive-date=18 March 2018 }}</ref> This practice began with ''Ee Parakkum Thalika'' and continued with ''Meesha Madhavan'', ''C.I.D Moosa'', and ''Pandippada''. Ironically, his film ''[[July 4 (film)|July 4]]'' (2007) missed the date by a day and failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Onmanorama staff |title=Dileep and July 4 connection: Fans trend #GoldenDayOfDileep on Twitter |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/07/04/dileep-july-4-connection-fans-golden-day-of-dileep-on-twitter.html |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=[[OnManorama]] |date=11 December 2020}}</ref> In 2008, he produced the multi-starrer ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' on behalf of the [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists]] (AMMA), featuring almost every actor from the guild. The film became the highest-grossing Malayalam film at that time,<ref name="TH1"/> grossing ₹31.4 crore.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Manoj |title=Malayalam movies: Non-linear narratives are making the box-office ring louder |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/malayalam-movies-non-linear-narratives-are-making-the-box-office-ring-louder/articleshow/8478136.cms |access-date=5 February 2019 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=21 May 2011 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712124221/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/malayalam-movies-non-linear-narratives-are-making-the-box-office-ring-louder/articleshow/8478136.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2010 – 2019===
In 2010 and 2011, Dileep appeared in several commercially successful films, including the comedies ''[[Bodyguard (2010 film)|Bodyguard]]'', ''[[Paappi Appacha]]'', ''[[Kaaryasthan]]'' (his 100th film), ''[[Marykkundoru Kunjaadu]]'' and ''[[China Town (2011 film)|China Town]]'', as well as the action film ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]''.<ref>{{cite news |author1=DHNS |title=Next Malayalam star in the making |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/next-malayalam-star-in-the-making-197712.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=12 November 2011}}</ref> He also produced the successful ''[[Malarvadi Arts Club]]'', which marked the debut of [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] (directorial) and [[Nivin Pauly]].<ref>{{cite news |title='First is always special...' : Nivin Pauly fondly remembers debut film 'Malarvadi Arts Club' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/nivin-pauly-about-his-debut-film-malarvadi-arts-club-cab477be |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=16 July 2024}}</ref> His period drama ''[[Vellaripravinte Changathi]]'' (2011) earned him a [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] and was also a commercial success.<ref name="pinneyum"/> He also appeared in ''[[Oral Mathram]]'', a social drama about a missing child, scripted by [[C. V. Balakrishnan]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=P. K. Ajith |title=Memories of another day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/memories-of-another-day/article2281408.ece |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 July 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Dileep's films collectively grossed ₹32.7 crore—the highest for any Malayalam actor that year. The year began with the failure of ''[[Spanish Masala]]'', but ''[[Mayamohini]]'' became his highest grosser of the year. While ''[[Arike (film)|Arike]]'' underperformed, ''[[My Boss]]'' was a commercial success, and ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]'' recovered its investment.<ref>{{cite news |author1=TNN |title=Meet the top five show stealers of 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/meet-the-top-five-show-stealers-of-2012/articleshow/17598509.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 January 2017}}</ref> Assessing the 2013 box office, ''[[The Hindu]]'' observed that "the unquestioned hero of the masses was Dileep ... some [films] were downright crass but they made the box office ring". The comedies ''[[Sound Thoma]]'' and ''[[Sringaravelan]]'' were his major theatrical successes, while ''[[Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath|Kammath and Kammath]]'', ''[[Nadodimannan]]'', and ''[[Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal]]'' turned profitable after accounting for satellite-rights revenue. Dileep remarked that "I am confused. If my films run, they are branded as brainless entertainers and if they fail to perform well, I am asked if I have lost my popularity!".<ref>{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Vijay |title=Three's company |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/threes-company/article5503908.ece |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 December 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, Rafi-directed ''[[Ring Master]]'' received mixed reviews but performed well commercially.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gauri |first1=Deepa |title=Ring Master receives mixed response |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/ring-master-receives-mixed-response |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[Khaleej Times]]}}</ref> It was followed by ''[[Villali Veeran]]'', which ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' noted "has not beaten box office records but if reports are to go by, it would not dent the producer’s pockets."<ref>{{cite news |title=Villali Veeran: A vintage Dileep movie |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/villali-veeran-a-vintage-dileep-movie |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |date=9 October 2014}}</ref> That year, when ''[[The Hindu]]'' asked why his films "seldom get good reviews and mostly play to the gallery", Dileep replied that he prefers box office success over reviews.<ref>{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Vijay |title=The people's hero |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/interview-with-actor-dileep-on-how-he-rose-above-personal-challenges-to-star-in-joshiys-avatharam/article6267650.ece |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 July 2014}}</ref> Similarly, ''[[Onmanorama]]'' observed that "it's an undeniable fact that the Dileep brand has grown to be the most salable entertainment product in the Malayalam entertainment market".<ref>{{cite news |last1=K. |first1=Padmakumar |title=Avatharam: For a crime that never thrills |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/avatharam-for-a-crime-that-never-thrills.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[Onmanorama.com]] |date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

After the failure of ''[[Ivan Maryadaraman]]'' (2015), a remake of [[Maryada Ramanna|a Telugu film]], Dileep announced that he was "done with remakes", stating that he would prefer original scripts "instead of wasting my time with remakes".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sidhardhan |first1=Sanjith |title=I'm done with remakes: Dileep |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/im-done-with-remakes-dileep/articleshow/49454037.cms |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 October 2015}}</ref> His immediate release ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]'' was a commercial success, but the subsequent films ''[[Love 24x7]]'' and ''[[Life of Josutty]]'' "could not woo the box office in a major way".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagarajan |first1=Saraswathy |title=The hero of the masses |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dileep-on-being-an-entertainer/article7996151.ece |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 December 2015}}</ref> The year concluded with ''[[Two Countries]]'', which became one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films till then.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Onmanorama staff |title=Dileep's 'Two Countries' to enter Rs 50 crore club |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/two-countries-movie-dileep-mamtha-box-office-collection-50-crore-club.html |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[OnManorama]] |date=2 February 2016}}</ref> He followed it with another commercial success, the slapstick comedy ''[[King Liar]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite news |author1=Onmanorama staff |title=Top 10 highest grossing Mollywood movies of 2016 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/highest-grossing-malayalam-movies-of-2016.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[OnManorama]] |date=5 December 2015}}</ref> He paired with Kavya Madhavan in [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]'s drama ''[[Pinneyum]]''.<ref name="pinneyum">{{cite news |title=Dileep on working with Adoor Gopalakrishnan and his choice of roles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/%E2%80%98My-biggest-rivals-are-my-previous-films%E2%80%99/article14576149.ece |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 August 2016}}</ref> Sundar Das' ''[[Welcome to Central Jail]]'', arrived alongside five other films, with ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' noting that "all the six films recorded good collection during the [[Onam]] days".<ref>{{cite news |author1=Express News Service |title=Onam releases garner decent collections at the box office |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/Sep/19/onam-releases-garner-decent-collections-at-the-box-office-1522323.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=19 September 2016}}</ref>

Dileep's first release of 2017 was ''[[Georgettan's Pooram]]'', a [[kabaddi]]-themed sports drama, which ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' described as "an above average family entertainer".<ref>{{cite news |last1=K. S. |first1=Aravind |title=Georgettan's Pooram movie review: Light like a festival|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/020417/georgettans-pooram-movie-review-light-like-a-festival.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=2 April 2017}}</ref> He followed it with ''[[Ramaleela]]'', a political thriller directed by debutant Arun Gopy, in which he played a politician on the run. Released during his [[judicial custody]], the film opened to positive reviews,<ref>{{cite news |last1=E. |first1=Anagha Jayan |title=Dileep's 'Janapriyan' tag is well-earned: Prayaga Martin |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/09/30/parayaga-martin-and-shajohn-on-dileep-ramaleela-movie-controversies.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[OnManorama]] |date=30 September 2017}}</ref> and became his second film to gross above ₹50 crore after ''Two Countries''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dileep's 'Ramaleela' enters 50 crores club|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dileeps-ramaleela-enters-50-crores-club/articleshow/61564289.cms|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref> He next appeared in ''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]'' (2018). The period thriller centred on the contested legacy of Kammaran during the freedom struggle.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kurup |first1=Akash |title=Kammara Sambhavam starts streaming on Jio Cinema |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kammara-sambhavam-starts-streaming-on-jio-cinema-/504 |publisher=[[OTTPlay]] |access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>

In ''[[Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel]]'' (2019), he portrayed a lawyer with a stammer. The film was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Onmanorama staff |title=Dileep-Kavya dine out, pics go viral |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/03/21/dileep-kavya-new-pics-viral-at-restaurant.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[Onmanorama.com]] |date=11 December 2020}}</ref> A tonal shift followed with ''[[Subharathri]]'', where Dileep played a key supporting role; the drama-thriller received positive reviews, particularly for his performance.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Onmanorama staff |title=Dileep fought back tears while filming Shubharathri climax |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/07/08/dileep-shooting-for-shubharathri-movie-with-siddique.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[Onmanorama.com]] |date=11 December 2020}}</ref> He subsequently co-starred with [[Arjun Sarja]] in the action film ''[[Jack & Daniel]]'', which reviewer [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] described as "silly, unoriginal but tolerable timepass".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vetticad |first1=Anna M. M. |title=Jack & Daniel movie review: Dileep-Arjun Sarja team up for some silly, unoriginal but tolerable timepass |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jack-daniel-movie-review-dileep-arjun-sarja-team-up-for-some-silly-unoriginal-but-tolerable-timepass-7661041.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=16 November 2019}}</ref> His Christmas film ''[[My Santa (film)|My Santa]]'' earned positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Zoom TV Digital |title=[VIRAL VIDEO] Dileep and Manju Warrier's daughter Meenakshi rocks at Nadirshah's daughter's wedding |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/malayalam-cinema/article/viral-video-dileep-and-manju-warriers-daughter-meenakshi-rocks-at-nadirshahs-family-wedding/719408 |publisher=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]] |access-date=3 December 2025 |date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

===2020 – present===
Between 2020 and 2022, Dileep had no major theatrical releases apart from ''[[Thattassery Koottam]]'', which he produced and appeared in briefly. His 2021 film ''[[Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan]]'', directed by longtime friend [[Nadirshah]], premiered directly on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. In the comedy-drama, he played an elderly man who wins a lottery, a film ''[[Moneycontrol.com]]'' described as part of a "comedy that goes beyond language".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lakhe |first1=Manisha |title='Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan' Review: A funny Take On Families And Lottery Money |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/keshu-ee-veedinte-nadhan-review-a-funny-take-on-families-and-lottery-money-7889431.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[Moneycontrol.com]] |date=1 January 2022}}</ref>

In 2023, he produced and co-starred in with [[Joju George]] in ''[[Voice of Sathyanathan]]''. Despite unfavourable reviews, it grossed over ₹23 crore in four weeks.<ref>{{cite news |author1=ETimes.in |title='Voice of Sathyanathan' box office collections: Dileep starrer crosses Rs 23 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/voice-of-sathyanathan-box-office-collections-dileep-starrer-crosses-rs-23-crores/articleshow/102912115.cms |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 August 2023}}</ref> He stars in Gun Gopy-directed ''[[Bandra (film)|Bandra]]'' which incurred loss and received widespread negative reviews, with the producer alleging [[review bombing]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Bandra' negative reviews: Production company approaches court, seeks action against 7 YouTubers |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/-bandra-negative-reviews-producers-demand-action-against-7-youtubers-3e7128fe |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=16 November 2023}}</ref> In 2024, Dileep starred in ''[[Thankamani (film)|Thankamani]]'', a crime thriller based on a 1986 incident, which failed critically and commercially.<ref>{{cite news |author1=TOI Entertainment Desk |title=Dileep's 'Thankamani' disappoints at box office with final collections of just Rs 4.57 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dileeps-thankamani-disappoints-at-box-office-with-final-collections-of-just-rs-4-57-crores/articleshow/108780194.cms |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 March 2024}}</ref> He then produced and acted in ''[[Pavi Caretaker]]'', described by ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' as reminiscent of his earlier slapstick roles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Latha |title=Pavi Caretaker review: Dileep's slapstick comedy will appeal strictly to his fans |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/pavi-caretaker-review-dileep-s-slapstick-comedy-will-appeal-strictly-to-his-fans-101714209304107.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=27 April 2024}}</ref>

In ''[[Prince and Family]]'' (2025), he played a modest man whose life takes a turn after marrying a spirited social media influencer. Despite receiving mixed reviews, the film became a box office success.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Filmfare |title=Dileep On The Controversy That Rocked His Career: "The Day Will Come When I Can Tell My Side" |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/dileep-on-the-controversy-that-rocked-his-career-the-day-will-come-when-i-can-tell-my-side-73846.html |publisher=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=2 December 2025 |date=14 May 2025}}</ref> His forthcoming release is ''[[Bha Bha Ba]]'', in which he stars alongside [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] and [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]].

== Personal life ==
[[File:Dileep manju.jpg|thumb|Dileep with Manju Warrier attending a function]]
Dileep married actress [[Manju Warrier]] on 20 October 1998; their daughter, Meenakshi, was born in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 August 2017|title=This is shocking. Dileep was married to another woman before Manju Warrier?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/manju-warrier-was-not-dileep-first-wife-kavya-madhavan-1027758-2017-08-03|url-status=live|access-date=26 June 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626101049/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/manju-warrier-was-not-dileep-first-wife-kavya-madhavan-1027758-2017-08-03 |archive-date=26 June 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In July 2014, the couple filed for divorce which was granted on 31 January 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 January 2015|title=Actors Dileep, Manju Warrier separate|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/actors-dileep-manju-warrier-separate-115013100640_1.html|access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> Their daughter stays with Dileep.<ref name="daughter"/> On 25 November 2016, Dileep married actress [[Kavya Madhavan]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|date=25 November 2016|title=Dileep and Kavya Madhavan get married in a private ceremony, watch video and pics|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/dileep-warrier-kavya-madhavan-wedding-watch-video-see-pics-4394125/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220220044/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/dileep-warrier-kavya-madhavan-wedding-watch-video-see-pics-4394125/|archive-date=20 December 2016|access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2017/08/03/manju-warrier-not-dileep-first-wife-kavya-madhavan.html |title=Marital maze: Manju Warrier was not Dileep's first wife, say TV reports |work=The Malayala Manorama |date=8 August 2017 |access-date=3 August 2017 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131124/https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2017/08/03/manju-warrier-not-dileep-first-wife-kavya-madhavan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">[https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/dileep-kavya-madhavan-expecting-first-child-5343723/ Dileep and Kavya Madhavan expecting their first child] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017234123/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/dileep-kavya-madhavan-expecting-first-child-5343723/ |date=17 October 2018 }}. The Indian Express (6 September 2018). Retrieved 21 September 2018.</ref> The couple have a daughter born in 2018.<ref name="daughter">{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/dileep-kavya-madhavan-baby-girl-5408443/ |title=Kavya Madhavan and Dileep welcome a baby girl |date=19 October 2018 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=20 November 2018 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105221847/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/dileep-kavya-madhavan-baby-girl-5408443/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Other activities ==
Dileep owned the [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex theater]] complex D Cinemaas situated in [[Chalakudy]] when it opened in December 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-19 |title=Dileep's own multiplex D Cinemaas opens in Chalakkudy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dileeps-own-multiplex-d-cinemaas-opens-in-chalakkudy/articleshow/45573312.cms |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Dileep owns Dhe Puttu, a restaurant chain with branches in Kerala and the [[Middle East]].<ref name="TIE1"/>

== Media image ==
He was popularly called 'Janapriya Nayakan' (transl. popular hero) by delivering consecutive hits which entertained the audience of all ages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Critics Don't Know Me: Actor Dileep |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2015/oct/31/my-critics-dont-know-me-actor-dileep-836767.html |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=The New Indian Express|date=31 October 2015 }}</ref> The 2019 film ''[[Shibu (film)|Shibu]]'' told the story of an ardent fan of Dileep who wants to make a film with him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ദിലീപ് ആരാധകൻ്റെ കഥ പറയുന്ന 'ഷിബു'; ഉടൻ തീയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/the-story-of-a-dileep-fan-shibu-movie-all-set-for-release/articleshow/66577174.cms |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

== Sexual assault case ==
{{ main|2017 Kerala actor assault case}}
On 28 June 2017, Dileep was questioned by the [[Kerala Police]] in connection with the abduction and [[sexual assault]] of actress [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] on 17 February 2017.<ref name="WION">{{cite news|author=WION Web Team|title=Bhavana Menon- Dileep sexual assault case: A timeline of events|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bhavana-menon-dileep-sexual-assault-case-a-timeline-of-events-444194|access-date=3 February 2022|work=[[WION]]|date=12 January 2022}}</ref> On 10 July 2017, he was arrested on allegations of conspiracy and was remanded by the court.<ref>{{cite web|last=Philip|first=Shaju|date=11 July 2017|title=Kerala actor Dileep arrested on conspiracy charge in actress attack|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/dileep-arrested-live-updates-actress-abduction-case-4744501/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710152415/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/dileep-arrested-live-updates-actress-abduction-case-4744501/|archive-date=10 July 2017|access-date=10 July 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Following his arrest, various film organisations revoked his membership.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/actor-dileep-expelled-from-amma-after-his-arrest/articleshow/59546651.cms |title=Actor Dileep expelled from AMMA after his arrest |work=The Times of India |date=11 July 2017 |access-date=11 July 2017 |archive-date=12 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712023050/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/actor-dileep-expelled-from-amma-after-his-arrest/articleshow/59546651.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Protests were held by political parties against Dileep, and his business establishments, including the Dhe Puttu restaurant and the D Cinemaas [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]], were vandalised.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110717/mob-turns-violent-dileeps-business-firms-attacked.html |title=Mob turns violent, Dileep's business firms attacked |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=21 July 2017 |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-date=20 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720154029/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110717/mob-turns-violent-dileeps-business-firms-attacked.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 3 October 2017, the [[Kerala High Court]] granted him conditional bail.<ref>{{cite news|last=K. C.|first=Gopakumar|date=3 October 2017|title=Dileep granted bail in woman actor sexual assault case|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/actor-dileep-granted-bail-in-sexual-assault-case/article19790330.ece|url-status=live|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003230135/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/actor-dileep-granted-bail-in-sexual-assault-case/article19790330.ece|archive-date=3 October 2017|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In June 2018, Dileep filed a petition in the Kerala High Court alleging that the Kerala Police had deliberately framed him and requesting that the investigation be transferred to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tactics-delay-trial-dileep-seeks-cbi-probe-malayalam-actor-abduction-case-82974 |title=Tactics to delay trial? Dileep seeks CBI probe in Malayalam actor abduction case |date=13 June 2018 |work=The News Minute |access-date=24 August 2018 |archive-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825041244/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tactics-delay-trial-dileep-seeks-cbi-probe-malayalam-actor-abduction-case-82974 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dileep filed an additional plea for accessing video footage of the incident. The plea was denied by both the Angamaly Magistrate Court and the Kerala High Court. [[Mukul Rohatgi]] represented him in the case. In October 2018, Dileep was granted bail by the Kerala High Court.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/jul/10/here-is-a-timeline-of-events-in-the-malayalam-actress-abduction-case-1626830.html |title=Here is a timeline of events in the Kerala actress abduction case |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=17 July 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417050741/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/jul/10/here-is-a-timeline-of-events-in-the-malayalam-actress-abduction-case-1626830.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In April 2019, the [[Government of Kerala]] froze charges against him until the court had given an independent verdict on the case.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2019/04/09/malayalam-superstar-dileep-actress-abduction-case.html |title=Malayalam superstar Dileep gets relief in abduction case | English Manorama |publisher=English.manoramaonline.com |date=9 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417050743/https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2019/04/09/malayalam-superstar-dileep-actress-abduction-case.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2019, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] stayed his trial until his plea for footage was considered.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 May 2019|title=Supreme Court stays Dileep's trial in actor sexual assault case|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/supreme-court-stays-dileeps-trial-in-actor-sexual-assault-case/article27028403.ece|url-status=live|access-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107234440/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/supreme-court-stays-dileeps-trial-in-actor-sexual-assault-case/article27028403.ece|archive-date=7 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 30 November, the court turned down his plea, rather allowed to inspect its content, or have a second opinion as to whether the video is genuine.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|date=30 November 2019|title=Dileep can inspect memory card, but can't have copy: SC|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/dileep-can-inspect-memory-card-but-cant-have-copy-sc/article30121270.ece|url-status=live|access-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202230734/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/dileep-can-inspect-memory-card-but-cant-have-copy-sc/article30121270.ece|archive-date=2 December 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In December 2021, film director Balachandra Kumar gave an interview to a news channel in which he alleged that he had witnessed conversations—purportedly involving Dileep—about influencing witnesses, harming police officers involved in the investigation, and the alleged possession of the assault video. He also claimed he had audio recordings of these conversations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2022 |title=Fresh case against actor Dileep, brother |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/fresh-case-against-actor-dileep-brother-101641754823823.html |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2021 |title=New allegations surface against Dileep: How this can impact sexual assault case |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/new-allegations-surface-against-dileep-how-can-impact-sexual-assault-case-159208 |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Based on these claims, Kerala police registered a new case against Dileep for alleged conspiracy to assault investigating officers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala police register non-bailable case against actor Dileep |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/jan/09/kerala-police-register-non-bailable-case-against-actor-dileep-2404893.html |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=The New Indian Express|date=9 January 2022 }}</ref> On 7 February 2022, Dileep and others were granted anticipatory bail by Kerala High Court in the case.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopakumar |first=K. C. |date=7 February 2022 |title=Kerala HC grants anticipatory bail to Dileep, others |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-hc-grants-anticipatory-bail-to-dileep-others/article38390958.ece |access-date=13 January 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The trial, which began on 8 March 2018 at a sessions court in [[Ernakulam]], lasted eight years.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Bar & Bench |title=Kerala actress sexual assault case verdict today: LIVE UPDATES |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/kerala-actress-sexual-assault-case-verdict-today-live-updates |publisher=Bar and Bench|access-date=8 December 2025 |date=8 December 2025}}</ref> On 8 December 2025, the Ernakulam Principal District and Sessions Court delivered its verdict, [[Acquittal|acquitting]] Dileep of all charges.<ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Bureau|date=2025-12-08 |title=Dileep acquitted in Kerala actor rape case; six found guilty |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/dileep-acquitted-in-kerala-actor-rape-case/article70370922.ece |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Playback singing ==

'''Playback singing'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Film !! Year !! Lyrics !! Composer
|-
|"Theme Music"||''[[Chandranudikkunna Dikhil]]''|| 1999 || S. Ramesan Nair ||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|-"Danapadappara"||''[[Randam Bhavam]]''||2001||
|"Onnaam Malakerii"|| ''[[Kalyanaraman (2002 film)|Kalyanaraman]]''|| 2002 || [[Kaithapram Damodaran]] || [[Berny-Ignatius]]
|-
|"Saare Saare" || ''[[Thilakkam]]'' || 2003 || Kaithapram Damodaran ||[[Kaithapram Damodaran]]
|-
| "Manmadanalle" || ''[[Inspector Garud]]'' ||2007 || ||[[Alex Paul]]
|-
|"Kandaal Njaanoru" || ''[[Sound Thoma]]'' || 2013 || [[Nadirshah]] ||[[Gopi Sunder]]
|-
|"Ashakoshale Pennundo" || ''[[Sringaravelan]]'' || 2013 || Nadirshah || [[Berny-Ignatius]]
|-
|"Naranga Mittayi" || ''[[Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan]]'' || 2022 || Sajesh Hari|| [[Nadirshah]]
|}

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Dileep filmography}}


== Awards ==
{{BLP sources section|date=July 2025}}

===Kerala State Film Awards===
At the [[Kerala State Film Awards]]:
* 2011: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – ''[[Vellaripravinte Changathi]]''<ref name=2000-12>{{cite web|title=State Film Awards (2000–12)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707210332/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm|archive-date=7 July 2015|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm|publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref>
* 2005: [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Mention]] – ''[[Chanthupottu]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/movies/features/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=3664894&page=14 |title=Dileep: 'Chanthupottu' – Malayalam Actor of the Decade |publisher=MSN |date=26 February 2010 |access-date=20 October 2013 }}{{dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* 2004: [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]] – ''[[Kathavasheshan]]'' (producer)
* 2002: [[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Award]] – ''[[Kunjikoonan (2002 film)|Kunjikoonan]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/southcinemathisdecade/malayalamactor/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=3664894&page=13 |title=Dileep: 'Kunjikoonan' – Malayalam Actor of the Decade |publisher=MSN |date=26 February 2010 |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306130131/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/southcinemathisdecade/malayalamactor/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=3664894&page=13 |archive-date=6 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Asianet Film Awards===
At [[Asianet Film Awards]]:
* 2002: Best Actor – ''[[Kunjikoonan (2002 film)|Kunjikoonan]]''
* 2004: Special Jury Award – ''[[Kathavasheshan]]''
* 2008: Best Film – ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]''
* 2010: Most Popular Actor – ''Body Guard''
* 2013: Award of Excellence for completing 20 years in Malayalam film industry{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

===Kerala Film Critics Association Awards===
At [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]:
* 2001: Best Supporting Actor, in ''Joker''
* 2004: Best Actor – ''[[Kadhavaseshan]]''
* 2005: Best Actor – ''[[Chanthupottu]]''

===Jaihind Film Awards===
* 2010: Most Popular Actor Award
* 2011: Chalachitra Pratibha Award
* 2012: Best Actor – ''[[Mayamohini]]'', ''Arike''
* 2013: Most Popular Actor Award
* 2014: Most Popular Actor Award

===Other awards===
* 2002: [[Filmfare Awards South]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor in Malayalam]] – ''[[Meesha Madhavan]]''<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ajit-Simran-bag-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/46685961.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811040901/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-05-17/news-interviews/27262867_1_film-awards-lal-jose-girish-kasaravalli | url-status=live | archive-date=11 August 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Ajit, Simran bag Filmfare awards | date=17 May 2003}}</ref>
* 2010: Amrita Film Awards, Most Popular Actor Award
* 2013: [[Vanitha Film Awards]], Best Popular Actor
* 2014: [[South Indian International Movie Awards]], Best Actor – ''[[Sound Thoma]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{IMDb name|0226770|name=Dileep}}

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam}}
{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Actor}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam alumni]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Malayalam comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:People from Aluva]]
[[Category:Actors from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

Patwardhan dynasty

2026-03-12T08:34:13Z

OrvilleBurgos99: Improved readability and structure

{{short description|Indian dynasty}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=December 2019}}
{{Missing information|historic details of the dynasty and individual articles on the rulers of the various states|date=December 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
The '''Patwardhan Maratha princely state''' was established by the [[Patwardhan]] family, ruling several parts of the [[Maratha Empire]] from 1733 till 1948, when it acceded to the [[Dominion of India]]. At its peak, various branches of the dynasty controlled several [[Jagir]]s within the Maratha Empire, and later became protectorate [[Princely state]]s in [[British India]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

The branches of the dynasty, in order of creation: [[Kurundvad Senior]] (est. 1733), [[Miraj Senior]] (est. 1750), [[Sangli State|Sangli]] (est. 1782), [[Tasgaon]] (est. 1808), [[Jamkhandi State|Jamkhandi]] (est. 1811), [[Miraj Junior]] (est. 1820), and [[Kurundvad Junior]] (est. 1854).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pratul Chandra Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279666 |title=Baji Rao Ii And The East India Company 1796 1818 By Pratul Chandra Gupta |date=1939}}</ref>

==History==
The Patwardhan family were originally from the village of Kotawde in [[Ratnagiri]], in the present-day state of [[Maharashtra]]. The patriarch of the family, Hari Bhat, was the family priest for another Chitpavan Brahmin family, the Joshi family, who served as the Chiefs of [[Ichalkaranji]]. Three of Haribhat's sons served the [[Peshwa]]s and distinguished themselves during various military campaigns. They were each rewarded for their efforts with a [[Jagir]], together covering all the land between the [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]] and [[Krishna River]]s. Although significantly reduced in size, their Jagirs were later to be raised to the status of [[Princely state]] under the British Raj, and the Rajas of Jamkhandi, Kurundwad, Miraj, and Sangli were all lineal descendants of these Patwardhan brothers.<ref name=Jadeja-DH>{{cite news|last1=Jadeja|first1=Arjunsinh|title=The migrant rulers of Jamkhandi|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/364366/migrant-rulers-jamkhandi.html|access-date=2 February 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=22 October 2013}}</ref>{{verification failed|date=February 2024}}

After the [[Treaty of Salbai]] aligned the Marathi with the British, the three Patwardhan chiefs lent their armies in the British campaign against [[Tipu Sultan]]. They gained a reputation of heroism and success in battle. Their contributions became highly valued by the British, and in 1804 [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] called the Patwardhans "the most ancient friends that the British Government have in the Maratha Empire" and "the most respectable of all the Peshwa's subjects properly so called".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03316-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&q=patwardhans+are+chitpavan+brahmins&pg=PA174 |language=en}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Patwardhan |first1=V. G. |title=चित्पावन कौण्डिन्य गोत्री पटवर्धन कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Chitpavan Patwardhan Family belonging to the Kaundinya Gotra |date=1958 |publisher=V. G. Patwardhan |location=[[Sangli]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbXNHAAACAAJ |language=mr |oclc=23868645 |lccn=79912249 |via=[[Google Books]]}}

==See also==
*[[Deccan States Agency]]
*[[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
*[[List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)|sh India (alphabetical)]]

{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patwardhan dynasty}}
[[Category:Indian families]]
[[Category:Hindu families]]
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Maharashtra]]

Mantrapushpanjali

2026-03-07T03:59:43Z

OrvilleBurgos99: small update information further and updated info

{{Short description|Hindu prayer}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''Mantrapushpanjali''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|मन्त्रपुष्पाञ्जलि}}, [[IAST]]: ''mantrapuṣpāñjali'') is a [[Hindu]] prayer meaning "offering flowers in the form of mantra". It comprises four hymns from [[Vedic]] sources, and is the final prayer sung at the end of ''[[Arati|āratīs]]''. The word ''Mantrapushpanjali'' is made up of three elements, ''mantra'' (incantation), ''pushpa'' (flower), and ''anjali'' (a bowl-shaped cavity formed by hollowing and joining open palms together, as when offering or receiving alms).

Mantrapushpanjali is an appendix of a set of traditional recital called '''{{IAST|Deve}}''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|देवे}}) from ''[[Shukla Yajurveda]]'' branch of Vedic tradition. The hymns of ''Mantrapushpanjali'' are chanted at an extremely slow pace, elongating the ''{{IAST|deergha svarit}}'' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|दीर्घस्वरित}}) [[Vedic accent|accents]] more than usual.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Srimali|first=Radha Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpG95bfedEIC&q=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4&pg=PA123|title=Durga Upasana|date=1990|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-288-0217-1|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Deve Ani Mantra Pushpanjali Song Mp3 Download|url=https://www.saregama.com/song/deve-ani-mantra-pushpanjali_81661|access-date=2021-02-03|website=Saregama}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Text ==
{{Verse transliteration-translation|ॐ य॒ज्ञेन॑ य॒ज्ञम॑यजन्त दे॒वास्तानि॒ धर्मा॑णि प्रथ॒मान्या॑सन् ।
ते ह॒ नाकं॑ महि॒मान॑: सचन्त॒ यत्र॒ पूर्वे॑ सा॒ध्याः सन्ति॑ दे॒वाः ॥१॥ 
ॐ राजाधिराजाय प्रसह्यसाहिने नमो वयं वैश्रवणाय कुर्महे
स मे कामान्कामकामाय मह्यम् कामेश्वरो वैश्रवणो ददातु
कुबेराय वैश्रवणाय महाराजाय नमः ॥२॥ 
ॐ स्वस्ति
साम्राज्यं भौज्यं स्वाराज्यं वैराज्यं पारमेष्ठ्यं राज्यं
माहाराज्यमाधिपत्यमयं समंतपर्यायी स्यात्सार्वभौमः सार्वायुष आंतादापरार्धात्पृथिव्यै समुद्रपर्यंताया एकराळिति ॥३॥ 
तदप्येषः श्लोको ऽभिगीतो
मरुतः परिवेष्टारो मरुत्तस्यावसन् गृहे
आविक्षितस्य कामप्रेर्विश्वे देवाः सभासद इति ॥४॥ 
वि॒श्वत॑श्चक्षुरु॒त वि॒श्वतो॑मुखो वि॒श्वतो॑बाहुरु॒त वि॒श्वत॑स्पात् ।
सं बा॒हुभ्यां॒ धम॑ति॒ सं पत॑त्रै॒र्द्यावा॒भूमी॑ ज॒नय॑न्दे॒व एक॑: ॥ ५ ॥<ref name=":0" />|
1. om yajñena yajñamayajanta devāstāni dharmāṇi prathamānyāsan.
te ha nākam mahimānaḥ sacanta yatra pūrve sādhyāḥ santi devāḥ. 
2. om rājādhirājāya prasahyasāhine namovayam vaiśravaṇāya kurmahe
sa me kāmānkāmakāmāya mahyam kāmeśvaro vaiśravaṇo dadātu
kuberāya vaiśravaṇāya mahārājāya namaḥ. 
3. om svasti
sāmrājyam bhaujyam svārājyam vairājyam pārameṣṭhyam rājyam
māhārājyamādhipatyamayam samantaparyāyī syātsārvabhaumaḥ sārvāyuṣa āntādāparārdhātpṛthivyai samudraparyantāyā ekarāḷiti. 
4. tadapyeṣa śloko 'bhigīto
marutaḥ pariveṣṭāro maruttasyāvasan gṛhe
āvikśitasya kāmaprerviśve devāḥ sabhāsada iti. 
5. viśvataścakṣur uta viśvatomukho viśvatobāhur uta viśvataspāt.
sam bāhubhyāṁ dhamati sam patatrair dyāvābhūmī janayan deva ekaḥ.
||lang=sa|originalHeading=[[Devanagari]]|translationHeading=Meaning|transliterationHeading=[[IAST]]}}

== Meaning ==

=== Verse 1 ===
''By means of sacrifice the Gods accomplished their sacrifice: these were the earliest ordinances. These Mighty Ones attained the height of heaven, there where the [[Sadhyas|Sādhyas]], Gods of old, are dwelling.''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/hymnsrigveda02grifgoog ''The Hymns of the Rigveda, Translated with a Popular Commentary by Ralph T.H. Griffith, Volume I, Benares, E.J. Lazarus and Co., 1889, page 144'']</ref>

''Origin:'' Verse 1 (yajñena ... devāḥ) is from [[Rigveda|Ṛgveda]], Mandala 1, Sūkta 164, Ṛc 50.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/rigvedasanhitasa01syaauoft ''Rig-Veda-Sanhita, the sacred hymns of the Brahmans; together with the commentary of Sayanacharya. Edited by Max Müller, 1849, page 719'']</ref> This Verse also occurs in [[Rigveda|Ṛgveda]], Mandala 10, Sūkta 90, Ṛc 16 and in [[Atharvaveda]], Kāṇḍa 7, Sūkta 5, Mantra 1.

=== Verse 2 ===
''We bow to Rājādhirāja Prasahyasāhī Vaiśravaṇa. May he, Kāmeshvara Vaiśravaṇa, grant me my desires for enjoyment of pleasures. [We] bow to Mahārāja Vaiśravaṇa Kubera.''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/bibliothecaindi00indigoog ''The Taittiriya Aranyaka of the Black Yajur Veda, with the Commentary of Sayanacharya, ed. by Rajendralala Mitra, Calcutta, 1872, page 187'']</ref>

Verse 2 honours [[Kubera|Vaiśravaṇa Kubera]], a Vedic deity. Vaiśravaṇa (descendant of Viśravas), Rājādhirāja (king of kings), Prasahyasāhī (victorious conqueror), Kāmeshvara (god of wishes or desires), and Mahārāja (a great king) are all epithets of Kubera.

''Origin:'' Verse 2 (rājādhirājāya ... namaḥ) is from [[Taittiriya_Aranyaka#Taittiriya_Aranyaka|Taittiriya Aranyaka]], Prapāṭhaka 1, Anuvāka 31, Mantra 6.

=== Verse 3 ===
'' ... Universal sovereignty, enjoyment (of pleasures), independence, distinguished distinction as a king, the fulfilment of the highest desires, the position of a king, of a great king, and supreme mastership, that he might cross (with his arms) the universe, and become the ruler of the whole earth during all his life, which may last for an infinitely long time, that he might be the sole king of the earth up to its shores bordering on the ocean.''<ref>*[https://archive.org/details/aitareyabrahman00hauggoog ''The Aitareya Brahmanam of the Rigveda containing the earliest speculations of the Brahmans on the meaning of the sacrificial prayers, and on the origin, performance, sense of the rites of the vedic religion edited, translated and explained by Martin Haug, Ph.D., Volume II, Translation with notes, Bombay Government Central Book Depot, London: Trubner & Co., 60, Paternoster Row, 1863, pages 519-520'']</ref>

Verse 3 is a wish-list of a priest for his Kśattriya host of the Mahābhiśeka ("great inauguration") ceremony. Context for Verse 3 is provided by the portion [...] below from the translation by Haug.

[Fourth chapter (The Mahābhisheka ceremony performed on a King. What Rishis performed it, and for what Kings they performed it.)
15. (The consequences of Mahābhisheka. The oath which the King must take before the priest performs the ceremony.)
The priest who, with this knowledge (about the Mahābhisheka ceremony) wishes that a Kshattriya should conquer in all the various ways of conquest, to subjugate all people, and that he should attain to leadership, precedence, and supremacy over all kings, and attain everywhere and at all times to ] ''universal sovereignty, enjoyment (of pleasures), independence, distinguished distinction as a king, the fulfilment of the highest desires, the position of a king, of a great king, and supreme mastership, that he might cross (with his arms) the universe, and become the ruler of the whole earth during all his life, which may last for an infinitely long time, that he might be the sole king of the earth up to its shores bordering on the ocean;'' [such a priest should inaugurate the Kshattriya with Indra's great inauguration ceremony. But before doing so, the priest must make the king take the following oath: "Whatever pious works thou mightest have done during the time which may elapse from the day of thy birth to the day of thy death, all together with thy position, thy good deeds, thy life, thy children, I would wrest from thee, shouldest thou do me any harm."
The Kshattriya then who wishes to attain to all this, should well consider and say in good faith all that is above mentioned (thou mayest wrest from me, &c. &c.)]

Monier Williams provides different translations of some words.<ref>* [https://archive.org/details/1872sanskriten00moniuoft "A Sanskrit-English dictionary, etymologically and philologically arranged, with special reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and other cognate Indo-European languages, by Monier Williams, Oxford: at the Clarendon Press, 1872"]</ref> For example, Monier Williams translates bhuaujya as "the rank of a king with the title of bhoja", vairājya as "extended sovereignty", māhārajya as "the rank of a reigning prince or sovereign", pārameṣṭhya as "highest position, supremacy", samantaparyāyin as "all-embracing", and sārvāyuṣa as "possessing full vitality or vigour".

'''''Origin:''''' Verse 3 (sāmrājyam ... ekarāḷiti) is from [[Aitareya Brahmana]], Pañcikā VIII, Khaṇḍa 15.
=== Verse 4 ===
''Regarding this event there is the following Stotra chanted: "The Maruts resided as the distributors of food in the house of Marutta, the son of Avikshit, who had fulfilled all his desires; all the gods were present at the gathering.”''<ref>*[https://archive.org/details/aitareyabrahman00hauggoog ''The Aitareya Brahmanam of the Rigveda containing the earliest speculations of the Brahmans on the meaning of the sacrificial prayers, and on the origin, performance, sense of the rites of the vedic religion edited, translated and explained by Martin Haug, Ph.D., Volume II, Translation with notes, Bombay Government Central Book Depot, London: Trubner & Co., 60, Paternoster Row, 1863, page 523-525'']</ref>

Verse 4 describes an episode about Marutta, a king inaugurated with the Mahabhiśeka ceremony, who went on to conquer the whole earth and performed the [[horse offering]]. Context for Verse 4 is provided by the portion [...] below from the translation by Haug.

[21. (What kings had the Mahābhisheka ceremony performed; their conquest of the whole earth, and the horse sacrifices. Stanzas on Janamejaya, Vishvakarma and Marutta.) … With this inauguration ceremony Samparta, the son of Angiras, inaugurated Marutta, son of Avikshit. Thence Marutta went conquering everywhere over the whole earth up to its ends, and offered the ceremonial horse.)] ''Regarding this event there is the following Stotra chanted: “The Maruts resided as the distributors of food in the house of Marutta, the son of Avikshit, who had fulfilled all his desires; all the gods were present at the gathering.”''

Monier Williams translates Āvikśita as a descendant of Avikśit, and Kāmapri as son of Kāmapra, name of Marutta. Monier Williams also translates viśve devāḥ as "all the gods collectively" or the "All-gods" (a particular class of gods, plural of viśva deva, forming one of the nine gaṇas enumerated under gaṇadevatā).

'''''Origin:''''' Verse 4 (tadapyeṣa ... iti) is also from [[Aitareya Brahmana]], Pañcikā VIII, Khaṇḍa 21.

The auspicious salutations {{lang|sa|ॐ}} ([[om]]) and {{lang|sa|ॐ स्वस्ति}} ([[om]] svasti) are later additions to the original Vedic text.

=== Verse 5 ===
Verse 5 is often skipped in currently prevalent recitals of Mantra Pushpanjali performed after Arati. But the original scriptures of Deve have this chanted in a slow rhythm.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 12, 2020|title=दीपावली व लक्ष्मी पूजा विधि|url=https://www.dainiklokmitra.page/2020/11/deepaavalee-va-lakshmee-pooja-vTPvzI.html|access-date=2021-02-03}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=1971-01-12|title=Deve Ani Mantra Pushpanjali · Vinayak Bhatkhande · Chorus|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLOhQ3uYaks|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-03|website=www.youtube.com|publisher=Marathi Devotional ℗ Saregama India Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nagar|first=Animesh|date=2015-06-15|title=शुक्लयजुर्वेदीय देवे मंत्रा|url=https://animeshnagarblog.wordpress.com/2015/06/15/%e0%a4%b6%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a4/|access-date=2021-02-03|website=AnimeshNagar's Blog|language=en}}</ref> The mantra comes originally from Rigveda (10.081.003). It describes the only ultimate supreme truth (एकःदेवः) that created and encapsulates the entire universe and how with its metaphorical strong arms and legs manages the lifecycle of celestial bodies such as stars and earth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mantra Rig 10.081.003 - VedaKosh|url=http://www.vedakosh.com/rig-veda/mandal-10/sukta-081/mantra-rig-10-081-003|access-date=2021-02-03|website=www.vedakosh.com}}</ref>

== Recitation ==

After everyday worship ([[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]) or special puja like [[Satyanarayana]], Lord [[Ganesh Sthapana]], etc Mantrapushpanjali is sung after the āratīs (to [[Ganesh]], [[Shiva|Shankar]], [[Durga]], and other deities). Unlike the āratis and the bhajan, Mantrapushpanjali is not accompanied by clapping or by hand cymbals. Mantrapushpanjali is enunciated reverentially by devotees holding flower(s) in their palms. After the recitation, the flowers are offered to the deity.

== See also ==
* [[Āratī]]
* [[Ganesh festival]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hinduism in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional texts]]

Mannam Memorial Residential Higher Secondary School

2026-03-07T00:01:18Z

OrvilleBurgos99: page fix

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=May 2007}}
{{primary sources|date=January 2018}}
{{One source|date=March 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Mannam Memorial Residential Higher Secondary School
| image =
| caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|8.4697|76.9722|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}

| address = Neeramankara
| city = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| zipcode = 695040
| country = [[India]]
| founder = Bharath Kesari Mannathu Padmanabhan
| teaching_staff = 91
| classes_offered = Lower Kindergarten, Upper Kindergarten up to 12th standard
| schooltype = English Medium, Mixed school
| type = [[Private school|Private]], [[co-educational]]
| hours_in_day = 6 hours (LKG - 10th), 6 and half hours (11th & 12th)
| founded = 1970<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.mmrhss.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=53|website=www.mmrhss.com|access-date=21 January 2018|language=en-gb}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|mmrhss.com}}
}}

'''Mannam Memorial Residential Higher Secondary School''' ('''MMRHSS'''), is a [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] boarding school in Neeramankara, [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]] state, [[India]].

MMRHS is a day cum [[boarding school]] for the students in the age group 4 to 17. It has classes from [[Kindergarten]] to [[Education in India#Secondary education|Class XII]].

It uses English as the medium of instruction.

==Location==
The school is located on a [[flood plain]], on the banks of the [[Karamana River]].

==Management==
MMRHSS is managed by [[Nair Service Society]] (NSS).

==Notable former pupils==

* [[R. Hari Kumar]], retired Admiral of the Indian Navy<ref>{{cite news | last=Kuriakose | first=Midhun M | title=Hari Kumar, new Navy chief, recalls how life lessons learnt in Kerala schools held him in good stead | work=Onmanorama | date=30 November 2021 | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/11/29/indian-navy-new-chief-r-hari-kumar-recalls-early-life-in-kerala.html | access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Education in Kerala||state=expanded}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram}}

[[Category:Boarding schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Private schools in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Thiruvananthapuram]]

{{Kerala-school-stub}}

Chittamur

2026-03-05T07:19:17Z

OrvilleBurgos99:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chittamuru
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|56|05|N|80|01|47|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Chittamuru
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 524127
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chittamuru''' is a village and a [[Subdivisions of India|Mandal]] in [[Tirupati district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|title=List of Sub-Districts
|publisher=Census of India
|accessdate=2007-03-26
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}
[[Category:Villages in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Tirupati district]]

{{Tirupati-geo-stub}}

Mahaguru (2007 film)

2026-03-04T03:46:47Z

OrvilleBurgos99: refined details as per guidelines and updated info

{{Short description|2007 Indian action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahaguru
| image = Mahaguru (2007 film).jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[Anup Sengupta]]
| producer = [[Anup Sengupta]] Nimai Panja [[Piya Sengupta]]
| music = [[Ashok Bhadra]]
| story = [[N. K. Salil]]
| screenplay = [[N.K. Salil]] [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Amal Chatterjee]]
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Jisshu Sengupta]] [[Debashree Roy]] [[Anu Choudhury]]
| released = {{Film date|2007|07|27|df=yes}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = [[Rupee|Rs]] 1 Crore <ref name="Mithunguru"/>

}}

'''''Mahaguru''''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: মহাগুরু) is a 2007 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Action film|action thriller film]] directed by [[Anup Sengupta]], starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[George Baker (Indian actor)|George Baker]] and [[Anu Choudhury]].<ref name="Mithunguru">{{cite news|title=Report Card|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070901/asp/entertainment/story_8259547.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827145611/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070901/asp/entertainment/story_8259547.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 August 2016|date=1 September 2007|accessdate=21 August 2016|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mithun-'I am a workaholic'|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081106/jsp/entertainment/story_10068063.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216204619/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081106/jsp/entertainment/story_10068063.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2009|date=6 November 2008|accessdate=21 August 2016|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mahaguru (2007) Kolkata Bangla/ Bengali Full Movie (Mithun & Debashree)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c9nzeDL9uGE|publisher=youtube|accessdate=2014-07-01}}</ref>

==Cast==

* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Inspector Rudra Sen/Guru (Dual role)
* [[Debashree Roy]] as Indrani Sen, Rudra's wife
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Bishu, Shiv Kumar Naskar
* [[Anu Choudhury]] as Manoshi Sen, Rudra's sister
* [[Piya Sengupta]] as Guru's love interest
* [[George Baker (Indian actor)|George Baker]] as Pandit Ajay Sinha, Arms and RDX smuggler
* Shyamal Dutta as Central Minister
* [[Joy Badlani]] as Inspector Bijay Sarkar
* [[Dulal Lahiri]] as DIG Somnath Sen, Rudra's father
* [[Subhasish Mukhopadhyay]] as Khabrilal, an Informer
* [[Ramen Roy Chowdhury]] as Police Commissioner
* [[Shankar Chakraborty]] as Munna, Panditji's henchman
* [[Anamika Saha]] as Guru's mother
* [[Anuradha Ray]] as Mita Roy, Amit Roy's wife.

== Music ==
The album is composed by Ashok Bhadra, while lyrics are penned by Goutam Susmit.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)!! Length
|-
| 1
| "Bhalobasi Bhalobasi - 1"
| [[Priya Bhattacharya]]
| 04:11
|-
| 2
| "Bhalobasi Bhalobasi - 2"
| Miss Jojo
| 04:06
|-
| 3
| "Kholre Botol Aajke"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Priya Bhattacharya]]
| 05:32
|-
| 4
| "Ogo Saathi Aamar"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| 05:37
|-
| 7
| "Bina Tole Sur"
| Aritra Sarkar
| 05.24

|}

==Box office==

The film had a seven-week run in Calcutta, and earned a profit of over rupees 25 lakhs against a budget of rupees 1 crore.<ref name="Mithunguru"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.bengalitollywood.com/movies/Bengali-Tollywood/Mahaguru-2007
* https://archive.today/20130217230550/http://www.gomolo.in/Movie/MovieCastcrew.aspx?mid=15451

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahaguru (2007 Film)}}
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anup Sengupta]]

{{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Rupsha Nodir Banke

2026-03-04T00:14:42Z

OrvilleBurgos99: improved article

{{Short description|2020 Bangladeshi film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rupsha Nodir Banke
| image = Rupsha Nodir Banke.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Tanvir Mokammel]]
| producer = Sazzad Khan
| writer = Tanvir Mokammel
| screenplay = Tanvir Mokammel
| story = Tanvir Mokammel
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Jahid Hasan Shovon
* [[Khairul Alam Sabuj]]
* Tawsif Saadman Turjo
* [[Ramendu Majumdar]]
* Naziba Bashar
* [[Chitralekha Guho]]
* Jhuna Chowdhury
* Afzal Kabir
* Razib Salehin
}}
| music = Syed Sabab Ali Arju
| cinematography = [[Mahfuzur Rahman Khan]]
| editing = Mahadev Shi
| studio = Kino-Eye Films
| distributor = Kino-Eye Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|12|11|Bangladesh|ref1=}}
| runtime = 137 mins<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/আজ-থেকে-রূপসা-নদীর-বাঁকে|title=আজ থেকে 'রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে'|trans-title='Rupsha Nodir Banke' from today|date=11 December 2020|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]|lang=bn|access-date=11 December 2020|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211110904/https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = Bangladesh
| language = Bengali
| budget = {{BDTConvert|96|l|year=2020}}
}}
'''''Rupsha Nodir Banke''''' ({{lit|Quiet Flows The River Rupsha}}) is a 2020 Bangladeshi biographical full-length film. This Bangladesh government-funded film is written and directed by [[Ekushey Padak]]-winning<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/article/1085099/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80|title=একুশে পদক প্রদান করেছেন প্রধানমন্ত্রী|trans-title=Ekushey Padak was awarded by the Prime Minister|date=20 February 2017|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]|lang=bn|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=17 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517141124/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/article/1085099/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80|url-status=live}}</ref> filmmaker [[Tanvir Mokammel]].<ref name=":7">{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/article/1506181/%E2%80%98%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E2%80%99%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87|title='রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে'র শুটিং সমাপ্তির পথে|trans-title=The shooting of 'Rupsha Nodir Banke' is nearing completion|date=9 June 2018|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]|lang=bn|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=17 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517155805/https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/article/1506181/%E2%80%98%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E2%80%99%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87|url-status=live}}</ref> The main thrust of the film is the involvement of events in the historical life of a supporter of [[left-wing politics]] at different ages. In the political biography of the main character of the film called Manabratan Mukhopadhyay, various historical events that happened in [[Bangladesh]] from 1930 to 1971 are presented. [[Khairul Alam Sabuj]], Tawsif Saadman Turjo and Zahid Hasan Sobhan have acted according to the age of Manabratan Mukhopadhyay.

The film's production was crowd-funded in addition to a grant from the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh)|Bangladesh government]]. The production of ''Quiet Flows The River Rupsha'' took more than three years. [[Mahfuzur Rahman Khan]]'s camera captured its scenes in [[Khulna]], [[Comilla]] and [[Old Dhaka Central Jail]] in Bangladesh. The film began planning in 2016 and finished production in March 2020 with [[Film editing|editing]].

After a short campaign, ''Rupsha Nodir Banke'' was released in four cinemas in Bangladesh on 11 December 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangla/anandadhara/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87-191585|title='রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে' আজ থেকে প্রেক্ষাগৃহে|trans-title='Rupsha Nodir Banke' is in theaters from today|date=11 December 2020|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|lang=bn|access-date=11 December 2020|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211064455/https://www.thedailystar.net/bangla/anandadhara/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87-191585|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from commercial release, the film was screened at international film festivals. It garnered positive reception from critics upon release.

==Plot==
In this two hour and 17 minute long film, [[Swadeshi movement]], [[Tebhaga movement]], killing of 7 leftists in [[Rajshahi District]] Jail on April 24, 1950<ref name=":8" /> and various other notable events from 1930s to 1971 are narrated from the life of Manabratan Mukhopadhyay, a patriotic, ill-fated unmarried leftist leader, who was executed by the Pakistan army supported [[Razakar (Pakistan)|Razakars]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://www.dainikamadershomoy.com/post/219796|title='রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে'র শুটিং শেষ|trans-title=The shooting of 'Rupsha Nodir Banke' is over|lang=bn|date=3 October 2019|newspaper=[[Amader Shomoy]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524043704/http://www.dainikamadershomoy.com/post/219796|archive-date=24 May 2020|access-date=13 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Manabratan Mukhopadhyay, the main character of the film, was born in a well-known feudal family in a village named Karnapara on [[Rupsa River|Rupsha river]] in [[Khulna District]] during the British period. Fatherless as a child, he joined the 'Anushilan' Samiti and later leftist movement at a young age. He played an important role in the [[peasant movement]], that's why he became known 'Comrade Manabda' to local people, who respected him as well. He received the title 'Comrade Tagore' from poor [[Namasudra]] peasants. He gives more importance to political life than his personal life. During the [[Partition of India|Partition of British India]], the only beloved Urmimala went to the [[West Bengal|other side of Bengal]]. Manabda spent a troubled life in the midst of prison-oppression-torture and various struggles during the [[Bangladesh#Union with Pakistan|Pakistan period]] after the partition of the country by the British government, which tragically ended in 1971 in the liberation war of Bangladesh.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/entertainment/news/530566|title=শেষ হলো রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে সিনেমার শুটিং|trans-title=The shooting of Rupsha Nodir Banke film has ended|date=2 October 2019|website=[[Jago News 24]]|lang=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004041054/https://www.jagonews24.com/entertainment/news/530566|archive-date=4 October 2019|access-date=13 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Actors===
The main character of the story is portrayed by Zahid Hasan Shovon in his middle age,<ref name=":4" /> [[Khairul Alam Sabuj]] in his old age and Tawsif Saadman Turjo in his young age.<ref name=":2" />

Other roles played by [[Ramendu Majumdar]], Najiba Bashar (as Urmimala),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ntvbd.com/entertainment/191043/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF|title='বাবা-মাকে আঙ্কেল-আন্টি ডেকেছি'|trans-title='I called my parents uncle-aunty'|date=16 April 2018|website=Ntvbd.com|publisher=[[NTV (Bangladeshi TV channel)|NTV]]|lang=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513030926/https://www.ntvbd.com/entertainment/191043/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF|archive-date=13 May 2020|access-date=11 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Afzal Kabir, Alok Basu,<ref name=":0" /> Baisakhi Ghosh,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kholakagojbd.com/entertainment/36996|title=সাপলুডুতে মহুয়া একটা ফাঁদ|trans-title=Mahua is a trap in Sapludu|lang=bn|date=28 September 2019|website=Kholakagojbd.com|access-date=14 October 2019|archive-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014181453/http://www.kholakagojbd.com/entertainment/36996|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chitralekha Guho]], Iqbal Ahmed,<ref name=":2" /> Mrinal Dutt,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jugantor.com/entertainment/372220/মৃণালের-সিনেমা-রূপসা-নদীর-বাঁকে-মুক্তির-অপেক্ষায়|title=মৃণালের সিনেমা 'রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে' মুক্তির অপেক্ষায়|trans-title=Mrinal's movie 'Rupsha Nodir Banke' is waiting for release|date=8 December 2020|newspaper=[[Jugantor]]|lang=bn|access-date=11 December 2020|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101175054/https://www.jugantor.com/entertainment/372220/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC|url-status=live}}</ref> Abdullah Rana, Abdus Salim, Achiruddin Milan, Debashish Ghosh, Ibrahim Bidyut, Milli Bashar, Jahangir Hossain, Jhuna Chowdhury, Khandkar Sohan, Rajib Salehin, Masum Bashar, Mehdi Al Amin, Mohsin Shamim, Mahmud Alam, Navkumar Sarkar, Partha Pratim, Pankaj Majumdar, Sangeeta Chowdhury, Sharif Hossain Imon, Shyamal Biswas, Sushil Saha, Swapan Guha; Child artist Hiya, Himu and other acting artists.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article1510866.bdnews|title=আসছে তানভীর মোকাম্মেলের 'রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে'|trans-title=Tanvir Mokammel's 'Rupsha Nodir Banke' is coming|lang=bn|date=25 June 2018|website=[[Bdnews24.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526223805/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article1510866.bdnews|archive-date=26 May 2020|access-date=13 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite web|url=http://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/news/332437/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E2%80%99|title=বামপন্থী বিপ্লবের গল্প 'রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে'|trans-title=The Story of Leftist Revolution 'Rupsha Nodir Banke'|lang=bn|date=10 June 2018|website=[[Bangla Tribune]]|access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref> British actor Andrew Jones acted as a police superintendent.<ref name=":9">{{cite web|url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article1705742.bdnews|title='রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে' আসছে মার্চে|trans-title='Rupsha Nodir Banke' is coming in March|lang=bn|date=28 December 2019|website=[[Bdnews24.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228211602/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article1705742.bdnews|archive-date=28 December 2019|access-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dainikamadershomoy.com/post/234034|title=আসছে 'রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে'|trans-title='Rupsha Nodir Banke' is coming|lang=bn|date=29 December 2019|newspaper=[[Amader Shomoy]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229062929/http://www.dainikamadershomoy.com/post/234034|archive-date=29 December 2019|access-date=29 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Crew ===
[[Mahfuzur Rahman Khan]] filmed ''Rupsha Nodir Banke''.<ref name=":2" /> The executive producer was Sazzad Khan,<ref name=":6" /> Its editor was Mahadev Shi, [[Uttam Guho]] was responsible for the art directoion and he was chief assistant director of the film. Chitralekha Guha acted as costume and casting director; Its assistant director was Rana Masud and Sagir Mostafa,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rtvonline.com/entertainment/43643/তানভীর-মোকাম্মেলের-রূপসা-নদীর-বাঁকে|title=তানভীর মোকাম্মেলের 'রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে'|trans-title='Rupsha Nodir Banke' by Tanvir Mokammel|date=10 June 2018|website=Rtvonline.com|publisher=[[RTV (Bangladeshi TV channel)|RTV]]|lang=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013112957/https://www.rtvonline.com/entertainment/43643/%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A7%2580%25E0%25A6%25B0-%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B0-%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%2582%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BE-%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%2580%25E0%25A6%25B0-%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2581%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2587|archive-date=13 October 2019|access-date=13 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/entertainment/news/bd/776851.details|title=স্বাধীনতা দিবসে 'রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে'র প্রিমিয়ার|trans-title='Rupsha Nodir Banke' Premiere on Independence Day|date=13 March 2020|website=[[Banglanews24.com]]|lang=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314163629/https://www.banglanews24.com/entertainment/news/bd/776851.details|archive-date=14 March 2020|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> eight persons worked as assistants to Tanvir Mokammel in the film, who were students of [[Bangladesh Film Institute]].<ref name=":3" />

==Production==
===Pre-production===
{{quote box|width=25%|align=left|quote=“Some of them have served 20-25 years in jail during the British and Pakistani eras. I have seen some such old leftist leaders up close. This is the story of one of them. This man was shot dead by the Razakars in 1971.”|source=—Tanvir Mokammel's interview with Bdnews24.com<ref name=":3"/>}}
Tanvir Mokammel started planning for the construction of ''Rupsha Nodir Banke'' before 2016. He based the character 'Manabda' in the screenplay on the real-life left-wing leader of southern Bangladesh, [[Bishnu Chattopadhyay]].<ref name=":11">{{cite news|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/entertainment/2020/12/17/986437|title='রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে' বাঙালির আত্মানুসন্ধান তথা স্বাধিকার চিন্তার অনন্য উপস্থাপন|trans-title='Rupsha Nodir Banke' is a unique presentation of Bengali soul search and independence thought|date=17 December 2020|newspaper=[[Kaler Kantho]]|lang=bn|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101175058/https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/entertainment/2020/12/17/986437|url-status=live}}</ref> In the financial year 2016-2017, the film received a grant of 50 lakh takas from the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Information]] of the Government of Bangladesh considering the spirit of Bangladesh's independence and liberation war, human values, tasteful and industrial quality.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://risingbd.com/entertainment-news/227775|title=সরকারি অনুদান পাচ্ছে ৬ চলচ্চিত্র|trans-title=6 films are getting government grants|date=30 May 2017|website=Risingbd.com|lang=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529185128/https://risingbd.com/entertainment-news/227775|archive-date=29 May 2020|access-date=13 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Ninety six lakh takas were spent on its production.<ref name=":10" /> Other than grants, the rest of the money is raised through [[crowd-funding]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/218591/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87|title=তানভীর মোকাম্মেলের রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে'র নির্মাণ শেষের পথে|trans-title=The construction of Tanvir Mokammel's Rupsha Nodir Banke is nearing completion|date=8 July 2019|website=[[Daily Inqilab|Inqilab]]|lang=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709003843/https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/218591/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87|archive-date=9 July 2019|access-date=13 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the seventh [[feature film]] directed by Tanvir Mokammel.<ref name=":1" />

===Filming===
On 24 February 2018, its shooting began at WAPDA Dam, adjacent to the Jhupzhupia river in Khulna's [[Batiaghata Upazila]].<ref name=":4">{{cite news|url=http://mzamin.com/article.php?mzamin=106806&cat=5/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%A8|title=নতুন ছবির কাজ শুরু করলেন শোভন|trans-title=Shovon started working on the new film|lang=bn|date=28 February 2018|newspaper=[[Manab Zamin]]|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513084210/http://mzamin.com/article.php?mzamin=106806&cat=5%2F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%A8|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article1465437.bdnews|title=শুরু হলো তানভীর মোকাম্মেলের 'রুপসা নদীর বাঁকে'|trans-title=Tanvir Mokammel's 'Rupsha Nodir Banke' begins|lang=bn|date=28 February 2018|website=[[Bdnews24.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013113000/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article1465437.bdnews|archive-date=13 October 2019|access-date=13 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the scenes of the film were shot in the countryside of [[Phultala Upazila]], Daulatpur Railway Station, [[Comilla]] and [[Dhaka]].<ref name=":2" /> Ten percent shooting of the film was left in 2018.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/news/561917/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7|title=অবশেষে শুটিং শেষ|trans-title=Finally the shooting is over|date=5 October 2019|website=[[Bangla Tribune]]|lang=bn|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007035004/http://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/news/561917/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7|url-status=live}}</ref> Filming of this film was completed on 29 September 2019 by shooting scenes in [[Old Dhaka Central Jail]].<ref name=":8">{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/film/news/shooting-rupsha-nodir-baankey-wraps-1808413|title=Shooting for 'Rupsha Nodir Baankey' wraps up|date=3 October 2019|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|access-date=1 November 2019|archive-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101213430/https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/film/news/shooting-rupsha-nodir-baankey-wraps-1808413|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> The dubbing and other editing work of the film started from 1 July 2018.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bhorerkagoj.com/2018/06/27/%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%82%e0%a6%aa%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%81%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%bf%e0%a7%9f%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%9a/|title='রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে' নিয়ে চিন্তিত নির্মাতা|trans-title=Filmmaker worried about 'Rupsha Nodir Banke'|lang=bn|date=27 June 2018|newspaper=[[Bhorer Kagoj]]|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518171059/https://www.bhorerkagoj.com/2018/06/27/%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%82%e0%a6%aa%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%81%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%bf%e0%a7%9f%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%9a/|url-status=live}}</ref> Full production of the film was completed in the second week of March 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ntvbd.com/entertainment/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-718857|title=বামপন্থী বিপ্লবীর জীবনের গল্প 'রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে'|trans-title=The story of the life of a left-wing revolutionary in 'Rupsha Nodir Banke'|date=13 March 2020|website=Ntvbd.com|publisher=[[NTV (Bangladeshi TV channel)|NTV]]|lang=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513021635/https://www.ntvbd.com/entertainment/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-718857|archive-date=13 May 2020|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>

===Music===
Syed Sabab Ali Arju composed the background music of this film. The soundtrack of the film was completed at studio of [[Chhayanaut]] in [[Dhanmondi Thana|Dhanmondi]].<ref name=":1" /> Two songs were used in the film. One song is written by Chitralekha Guho and the other song is recorded in the voice of child artist Rishti.<ref name=":3" />

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Rupsha Nodir Banke'' was released in theaters after a brief campaign. Tanvir Mokammel released the first official trailer of the film on 24 March 2020 for the initial promotion.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zl3a94BTGIE|title=Rupsha Nodir Banke {{!}} Trailer {{!}} Tanvir Mokammel {{!}} Kino-Eye Films {{!}} Official|date=24 March 2020|author=[[Tanvir Mokammel]]|lang=bn-BD|medium=[[YouTube]]|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> The film was initially slated to release in December 2019 and later in March 2020.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":1" /> Finally the film was released in four cinemas in Bangladesh on December 11, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/art-literature/news/bd/828601.details|title='রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে' চলচ্চিত্রের প্রদর্শনী|trans-title=Exhibition of the movie 'Rupsha Nodir Banke'|lang=bn|date=10 December 2020|website=[[Banglanews24.com]]|access-date=11 December 2020|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101175047/https://www.banglanews24.com/art-literature/news/bd/828601.details|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released commercially in cinemas as well as on the internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/news/658167/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E2%80%99|title=এবার অন্তর্জালেও দেখা যাবে 'রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে'|trans-title=This time, you can also see 'Rupsha Nodir Banke' on the internet|date=19 December 2020|website=[[Bangla Tribune]]|lang=bn|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=19 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219080802/https://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/news/658167/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E2%80%99|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Screening ===
In 2021, Rupsha Nodir Banke was selected to screen in the "World Panorama" section of the [[51st International Film Festival of India|51st Goa Film Festival]] and the [[International Film Festival of Kerala|16th Kerala Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/entertainment/204158/তানভীর-মোকাম্মেলের-নতুন-ছবি-রূপসা-নদীর-বাঁকে|title=তানভীর মোকাম্মেলের নতুন ছবি রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে|trans-title=Tanvir Mokammel's new movie Rupsha Nodir Banke|lang=bn|date=5 December 2020|newspaper=[[The Daily Ittefaq|Ittefaq]]|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305130900/https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/entertainment/204158/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%C2%A0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF-%C2%A0%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/entertainment/223205/কেরালা-উৎসবে-রূপসা-নদীর-বাঁকে|title=কেরালা উৎসবে 'রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে'|trans-title='Rupsha Nodir Banke' at Kerala Festival|lang=bn|date=18 February 2021|newspaper=[[The Daily Ittefaq|Ittefaq]]|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101175100/https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/|url-status=live}}</ref> Outside the festivals, the film had a special screening at Gorky Sadan in [[Kolkata]] on 21 January.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/347971/%E2%80%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E2%80%9D-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87|title="রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে"-র ওয়ার্ল্ড প্রিমিয়ার অনুষ্ঠিত হবে ভারতে|trans-title="Rupsha Nodir Banke" will have its world premiere in India|lang=bn|date=5 January 2021|newspaper=[[Daily Inqilab|Inqilab]]|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=5 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105103950/https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/347971/%E2%80%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E2%80%9D-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 23, the film was screened as the opening film of the 4th Toronto International Multicultural Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/entertainment/news/bd/881170.details|title=টরেন্টো উৎসবে উদ্বোধনী চলচ্চিত্র 'রূপসা নদীর বাঁকে'|trans-title='Rupsha Nodir Banke' opens at Toronto festival|date=21 September 2021|website=[[Banglanews24.com]]|lang=bn|access-date=24 September 2021|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924102958/https://www.banglanews24.com/entertainment/news/bd/881170.details|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Rupsha Nodir Banke'' earned positive reviews from the audience. Two different critics praised the film for its story linking important events in the history of Bangladesh, actors' performances, cinematography, editing and music. Marzia Akhtar of ''[[Kaler Kantho]]'' described the film as "a unique presentation of Bengali soul-searching and liberation thought".<ref name=":11" /> In ''Bangla Movie Database'', Rahman Moti wrote about the film - "This is the best film of 2020". He gave the film an overall rating of 9/10 stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bmdb.co/%e0%a6%9a%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%a6%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b9%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b8/|title=চার দশকের ইতিহাস|trans-title=Four decades of history|date=15 December 2020|website=Bmdb.co|publisher=Bangla Movie Database|lang=bn-BD|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=21 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221153943/https://bmdb.co/%e0%a6%9a%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%a6%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b9%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b8/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Bangladesh|Film}}
*{{BMDb title|movie/973}}
*{{imdb title}}

[[Category:2020 Bangladeshi films]]
[[Category:2020 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Bangladeshi films]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi biographical films]]
[[Category:Films about activists]]
[[Category:Films about communism]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films set in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films set in the partition of India]]
[[Category:Films based on the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Films directed by Tanvir Mokammel]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dhaka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Comilla]]
[[Category:Films shot in Khulna]]
[[Category:Government of Bangladesh grants films]]

Aithe Enti

2026-03-03T21:57:08Z

OrvilleBurgos99: Starting Article

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Aithe.. Enti.!
| image = Aithe Enti.jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = Soma Vijay Prakash Habib Nasir (uncredited)
| producer = Soma Vijay Prakash
| writer = Soma Vijay Prakash Vamsi Mohan (dialogues)
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Namitha]]
*Steven Kapoor
*[[Mohit Chadda]]
}}
| music = Ghantadi Krishna
| cinematography = Amar Muttahar
| editing = Nandamuri Hari
| studio = Vijay Suresh Productions
| released = {{Film date|2004|05|29|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Aithe Enti''''' ({{translation|So what?}})<ref name="Idlebrain" /> is a 2004 Indian Telugu-language [[thriller film]] directed by Soma Vijay Prakash and starring [[Namitha]], newcomer Steven Kapoor, and [[Mohit Chadda]]. The film was criticised for adding vulgar scenes to the forty-five minute screenplay.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2022}}
The film follows Sanjay, a man who dreams about a girl he never met named Anjali. When Sanjay finds out that Anjali is married to Veerendra Sharma, he gives a photograph to a professional killer (Malhotra) to kill Sharma. However, Sanjay accidentally gave a photograph of himself to the killer.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Namitha]] as Anjali
*Steven Kapoor as Veerendra "Veeru" Sharma
*[[Mohit Chadda]] as Sanjay
*[[Radhika Chaudhari]]
*[[Pavan Malhotra]] as a professional killer
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[Raghu Babu]]
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]]
*[[Siva Reddy]] as the boss's son
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]]
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as the boss
*[[Vizag Prasad]]
*Soma Vijay Prakash
*[[Telangana Shakuntala]]
*[[Karate Kalyani]]
*Madhulika
*Srinija
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
The film began production under the name ''The Deal'' and was initialled planned as a bilingual in Telugu and Hindi. Mumbai-based model Mohit was cast as one of the leads along with Namitha, whose real-life boyfriend, Steven Kapoor, played her husband in the film. Bollywood actress [[Shefali Jariwala]] was initially considered to do an item song in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2003 |title=Muhurat of Deal |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-deal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201193036/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-deal.html |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=8 February 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The film was directed by Habib Nasir, who left the project midway along with Namitha and Kapoor due to script changes made by Soma Vijay Prakash (the film's producer) to suit the film's low budget. Soma Vijay Prakash took over direction and added a comedy track that involved himself as an actor.<ref name="Idlebrain">{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=29 May 2004 |title=Movie review - Aithe Enti |url=http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-aitheenti.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202064901/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-aitheenti.html |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=8 February 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Ghantadi Krishna composed the music. Lyrics by Jayasurya, R.D.S. Prakash and Sahiti. Audio released by Supreme Music.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2004 |title=Chords & Notes |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/chords-notes/article28241155.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202065430/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/chords-notes/article28241155.ece |archive-date=2 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aithe Enti (2004) Songs |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/aithe-enti-773/songs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208035404/https://moviegq.com/movie/aithe-enti-773/songs |archive-date=8 February 2022 |access-date=8 February 2022 |website=MovieGQ}}</ref>

*"Edo Kotta Lokam" – Ghantadi Krishna, Nitya Santhoshini
*"Muthyamaina"
*"Ninnu Choodani"- Smitha
*"Ninnu Choodani" (second version) – Parthasarathi, Nishma
*"Nuvve Naaku Lokamani" – Unnikrishnan
*"Rangeela" – Vijayalakshmi

== Release ==
The film received negative reviews for its vulgar scenes.<ref name="Idlebrain" /><ref name="full hyd">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Mithun |title=Aithe Enti Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/aithe-enti/telugu/aithe-enti-movie-reviews-1030-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201195107/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/aithe-enti/telugu/aithe-enti-movie-reviews-1030-2.html |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=8 February 2022 |website=Full Hyderabad}}</ref> Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' appreciated "The concept and presentation of the main theme is quite interesting", but criticised how "The criminal part of the main drama, towards the end, is the only saving grace of the film".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |date=June 2004 |title=Gripping crime thriller |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/gripping-crime-thriller/article28243827.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204030804/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/gripping-crime-thriller/article28243827.ece |archive-date=4 December 2021}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' noted that "This film takes the audience for a ride. You can safely avoid watching this flick".<ref name="Idlebrain" /> Mithun Verma of ''Full Hyderabad'' criticised the film and said that "''Aithe Enti'' is a bad movie".<ref name="full hyd" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:2004 thriller films]]
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]

Bhakta Jayadeva

2026-03-03T20:33:49Z

OrvilleBurgos99: reworked article also and improved wording

{{short description|1961 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhakta Jayadeva
| image = Bhakta Jayadeva.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = P. V. Rama Rao [[P. S. Ramakrishna Rao]] {{small|(Supervision)}}
| producer = Komaravolu Narayana Rao G. Paramdhama Reddy
| writer = [[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala Sr]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Anjali Devi]]
| music = [[Saluri Rajeshwara Rao]]
| cinematography = Venkat
| editing = B. Harinarayanaiah
| studio = Lalitha Kala Nikethan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0263122/ |title=Bhakta Jayadeva (Overview) |work=IMDb}}</ref>
| based_on = Life of ''[[Jayadeva]]''
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1961|4|7}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''Bhakta Jayadeva''' is a 1961 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[biographical film]], based on the life of 12th Century Sanskrit Poet [[Jayadeva]], produced by Komaravolu Narayana Rao, G. Paramdhama Reddy under the Lalitha Kala Nikethan banner<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/bhaktha-jayadeva-1961-telugu-movie |title=Bhakta Jayadeva (Banner) |work=Filmiclub}}</ref> and directed by P. V. Rama Rao, while [[P. S. Ramakrishna Rao|Ramakrishna]] took care of direction supervision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Bhaktha-Jayadeva/14865 |title=Bhakta Jayadeva (Direction) |work=Know Your Films}}</ref> It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]] and music composed by [[Saluri Rajeshwara Rao]].

The same picture was already made [[Telugu language|Telugu]] in 1938 with the same title, which was produced by Andhra Cinetone at [[Visakhapatnam]] and directed by [[Bengali language|Bengali]] director Hiren Bose. It stars [[Surabhi Kamalabai]], Santha Kumari, V. Venkateswarlu, Rentachintala Satyanarayana in pivotal roles.

==Plot==
The film begins with Jayadeva, a librettist & orphan, brought by a couple with their son Parasera. Jayadeva writes poems about the sacral love of [[Radha Krishna]], which are disdained. So, he quits to get acclaim for his literature and lands at an ''Ashram'' of Saint Krishnanda, Radha Krishna's follower. Here, Krishnanda identifies that he is destined at birth to fulfill the philosophy of Radha Krishna and accommodates him. Once, Jayadeva spots the public forcibly transforming a naive Padmavati into a ''Devadasi''. So, to bar it, he knits her, which irks chieftain Kamakeetu, who lusts for Padmavati. Parasera takes them to their hometown when Jayadeva acquires a statue of Radhakrishna midway floating in a river. Meanwhile, Kamakethu walks to Jayadeva's village and slanders Padmavati, and they are ostracized. Then [[Krishna]] flagrantly inseminates Jayadeva's faith to the community. Next, Jayadeva scriptures a book ''Geeta Govindam'' which fascinates everyone. Eventually, the king of Puri also signs poems on [[Jagannath]] when he perceives the adulation of Jayadeva and behests to present him in the court. Both keep their poetry before the Lord, and Jayadeva is endorsed when the king bows his head down. On his return, Jayadeva is backstabbed by Kamakeethu when Lakshmanasena Maharaja, the king of Navadweepa, saves him. Being an advent devotee of Radhakrishna, Lakshmanasena invites Jayadeva to his court, which envies the remaining poets. Moreover, Kamakeetu also hits therein, infuriating them. However, Jayadeva triumphs over the scholar when they highly accolades him. Simultaneously, Jayadeva is on the verge of accomplishing ''Geeta Govindam.'' Still, he is cramped when Krishna closes it in his form and takes Padmavati's hospitality. Discerning it, the couple is ravished when Lakshmanasena visits, and they take the deity's leftovers. Knowing it, the queen hurts, and she also argues with Padmavati about ''Sathi.'' Padmavati declares that the legitimate wife should spontaneously die with her husband. At that moment, the queen falsifies Jayadeva's death when Padmavati immediately leaves her breath. At last, Jayadeva recoups his wife with his holy power. Finally, the movie ends happily with Jayadeva & Padmavathi taking salvation into Radhakrishna.

==Cast==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Jayadeva
*[[Anjali Devi]] as Padmavathi
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Paraserudu
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Krishnadas
*[[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu|C.S.R]]
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Lakshmanasena Maharaju
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as Kamakeetu
*[[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah|Vangara]]
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
*Sandhya as Rani
*[[Surabhi Kamalabai]]
*[[E. V. Saroja]] as Dancer

==Crew==
*'''Art''': Gokhale
*'''Choreography''': Vempati, Pasumarthi, Gopikrishna
*'''Lyrics - Dialogues''': [[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala Sr]]
*'''Playback''': [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Susheela]], [[Jikki]] [[A. M. Rajah]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], Ramanujacharyulu
*'''Music''': [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
*'''Editing''': B. Harinarayanaiah
*'''Cinematography''': Venkat
*'''Producer''': Komaravolu Narayana Rao, G. Paramdhama Reddy
*'''Screenplay - Director''': P. V. Rama Rao
*'''Supervision''': [[P. S. Ramakrishna Rao]]
*'''Banner''': Lalitha Kala Nikethan
*'''Release Date''': 7 April 1961

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bhakta Jayadeva
| type = film
| artist = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1961
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 37:12
| label =
| producer = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]. Lyrics were written by [[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala Sr]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Nee Madhu Murali"
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|2:42
|-
|2
|"Naadu Prema Bhagyarasi"
|Ghantasala, [[P. Susheela]]
|3:24
|-
|3
|"Priye Chaaruseele"
|Ghantasala
|4:58
|-
|4
|"Dayaganumaa Jaga Deesaa"
|Ghantasala
|4:03
|-
|5
|"Jaya Jagadeesa"
|Ghantasala
|3:57
|-
|6
|"Rathi Sukhasaare"
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|2:22
|-
|7
|"Yaaramithaa Vanamaalina"
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|3:27
|-
|8
|"Hara Hara Jayakara"
|M. Seetaramulacharyulu
|5:29
|-
|9
|"Pralaya Payodhijale"
|Ghantasala
|6:50
|}

==Other==
* VCDs & DVDs on - SHALIMAR Video Company, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0156357/ 1938 Bhakta Jayadeva at IMDb.]
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0263122/ 1961 Bhakta Jayadeva at IMDb.]

[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:1961 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1961 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:1960s biographical films]]

Vanna Vanna Pookkal

2026-03-03T04:58:31Z

OrvilleBurgos99: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vanna Vanna Pookkal
| image = Vanna Vanna Pookkal poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Balu Mahendra]]
| producer = [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
| writer = Balu Mahendra
| narrator = Balu Mahendra
| starring = [[Prashanth]] [[Mounika (actress)|Mounika]] [[Vinodhini]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Balu Mahendra
| editing = Balu Mahendra
| studio = Subramaniya Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|01|15|ref1=}}
| country = India
| runtime = 135 minutes
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vanna Vanna Pookkal''''' ({{translation|Colourful Flowers}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]], directed by [[Balu Mahendra]], starring [[Prashanth]], [[Mounika]] and [[Vinodhini]]. The film, produced by [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]], was released on 15 January 1992, and won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] at the [[39th National Film Awards]]. The film completed a hundred-day run at the box-office.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=November 2022}}
After saving Manoranjitham from killing herself in the forest, the kindhearted Siva brings her home to live in his house, much to the despair of his neighbor Shenbagam, who secretly loves him. Things become even more complicated when Siva falls in love with Manoranjitham and arranges for them to be married, but on the day of the wedding, she mysteriously disappears. Siva learns that Manoranjitham is going to die because of her serious health conditions. He finally finds her at her deathbed in the hospital where she dies. The film ends with Shenbagam comforting a grieving Siva.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prashanth]] as Sivasubramani
*[[Mounika (actress)|Mounika]] as Shenbagam
*[[Vinodhini]] as Manoranjitham
*[[Dubbing Janaki]] as Sivagami, Shenbagam's mother
*T. K. S. Chandran as Shenbagam's father
*Veeraraghavan as Manoranjitham's father
*Vaani as Manoranjitham's mother
*Radhabhai as Shenbagam's grandmother
*Adithya as Azhagiri
*Vijay
*Azhagu
*Suresh Chakravarthi
*Manavalan
*Suryakanthammal
*Indhu
*Sakunthala
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics written by himself, [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] and [[Gangai Amaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanna Vanna Pookal (1992) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000285.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430175938/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000285.html |archive-date=30 April 2011 |access-date=2011-12-31 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> For the dubbed [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version ''Prema Paatam'', all songs were written by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2014 |title=Prema Paatam |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0SZkZhdXkx7VXPKF8DdNYG |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616043515/https://open.spotify.com/album/0SZkZhdXkx7VXPKF8DdNYG |archive-date=16 June 2022 |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:42
| title1 = Chinna Mani Koyililey
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length1 = 4:49
| title2 = Ila Nenje Vaa
| lyrics2 = Vaali
| extra2 = K. J. Yesudas
| length2 = 5:26
| title3 = Dhirana Dhiranana
| lyrics3 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length3 = 1:31
| title4 = Kannamma Kadhal Ennum
| lyrics4 = Ilaiyaraaja
| extra4 = Ilaiyaraaja, [[S. Janaki]]
| length4 = 4:35
| title5 = Kozhi Koovum
| lyrics5 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], S. Janaki
| length5 = 4:41
| title6 = Pangunikkapuram
| lyrics6 = Gangai Amaran
| extra6 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Shankar–Ganesh|Ganesan]]
| length6 = 5:40
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:27
| title1 = Kodi Koose Velalo
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:54
| title2 = Idi Chaithrama
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 5:33
| title3 = Maatalu Nerchina Raachilaka
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 5:49
| title4 = Mamathala Kovelalo
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 5:10
| title5 = Emito
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 5:00
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Vanna Vanna Pookkal'' was released on 15 January 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 1992 |title=Vanna Vanna Pookkal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920115&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=26 April 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the film for the cinematography and music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி.ஆர்.கே. |date=26 January 1992 |title=வண்ண வண்ண பூக்கள் |url=https://ibb.co/h7Ttn3C |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208082451/https://ibb.co/h7Ttn3C |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=29 |language=ta}}</ref> The film completed a hundred-day run at the box-office,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=1993-01-01 |title=Run-of-the-mill fare |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930101&printsec=frontpage |access-date=2013-12-23 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=39th National Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm39thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=39NFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170014/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm39thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=39NFA.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=31 December 2011 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |page=64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasanth |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/profile.php?id=16006107&cid=2409 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427191618/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/profile.php?id=16006107&cid=2409 |archive-date=2014-04-27 |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Balu Mahendra}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balu Mahendra]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Oliyum Oliyum (film)

2026-03-03T04:22:19Z

OrvilleBurgos99: creating the info w/ refs!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oliyum Oliyum
| image = Oliyum Oliyum 2009.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = poster
| native_name = 
| director = Shakthi Chellam
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Sivakumar Rajeev Venkataraman
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Prabha
* Aswati
*[[Anand Babu]]
*[[Pragathi]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = Yanidesh
| studio = Dandini Creations
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|6|19}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Oliyum Oliyum''''' ({{Translation|Light and sound}}) is a 2009 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Shakthi Chellam and starring Prabha, Aswati, [[Anand Babu]] and [[Pragathi]]. The film was released to extremely negative reviews.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* Prabha as Ramu
* Aswati as Selvi
*[[Anand Babu]] as Ramu's elder brother
*[[Pragathi]] as Ramu's sister-in-law
* Mohan as Gopal
* Palam Kalyanasundaram as Constable Govindaswamy
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as Mookuthi and Pannari
* Geetha as Poonkodi
}}

== Production ==
Shakthi Chellam previously directed the documentary titled ''The Real Salute'' based on police officer Kiran Bedi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/july2001/Kiran_Bedi-The_Real_Salute.htm|title=Kiran Bedi-The Real Salute|website=www.the-south-asian.com}}</ref> The film is set in pre-Independence India and is produced by [[non-resident Indians|NRIs]] Sivakumar and Rajeev Venkataraman.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.southdreamz.com/4082/oliyum-oliyum-movie-directed-by-shakthi-chellam/ |title=Oliyum Oliyum movie directed by Shakthi Chellam|work=southdreamz|access-date=2022-07-18 |archive-date=2022-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708185700/https://www.southdreamz.com/4082/oliyum-oliyum-movie-directed-by-shakthi-chellam/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The film marks the return of [[Anand Babu]] in the lead role after a hiatus. The film features social worker Balam Kalyanasundaram and was shot at [[Ramoji Film City]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/nov/29/film-with-a-patriotic-theme-3145.html|title=Film with a patriotic theme|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=19 July 2022|archive-date=8 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708185815/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/nov/29/film-with-a-patriotic-theme-3145.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music for the film was composed by Yanidesh. The lyrics were penned by Sakthi Chellam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oliyum Oliyum 2009 Download Mp3 Songs |url=https://www.bollygane.com/songs/album/Oliyum-Oliyum-2009 |website=www.bollygane.com |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704124059/https://www.bollygane.com/songs/album/Oliyum-Oliyum-2009 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Intro
| extra1 = Sakthi Chellam
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 0:40
| title2 = Yelavadhu Pondatiye
| extra2 = Tambi, Mimicry Senthil
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 2:10
| title3 = Maattikkitaanda Raamu
| extra3 = Sai
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 0:40
| title4 = Kadhalika Porendi
| extra4 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| lyrics4 =
| length4 = 2:14
| title5 = Paithiyam Pidikidu
| extra5 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| lyrics5 =
| length5 = 3:50
| title6 = Mukka Mozham
| extra6 = Tippu
| lyrics6 =
| length6 = 1:22
| title7 = Machakari
| extra7 = Sai
| lyrics7 =
| length7 = 0:48
| title8 = India India
| extra8 = [[Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram]]
| lyrics8 =
| length8 = 1:44
| title9 = Bambarakattai
| extra9 = Tippu, Sai
| lyrics9 =
| length9 = 2:52
| title10 = Engadi Pona
| extra10 = Madhu Balakrishnan
| lyrics10 =
| length10 = 0:31
| title11 = Paithiyam Pidikidu (short)
| extra11 = Madhu Balakrishnan
| lyrics11 =
| length11 = 0:50
| total_length = 17:41
}}

== Reception ==
Pavithra Srinivasan from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film zero out of five stars and opined that "With all these ingredients, you're definitely guaranteed a riot of humour with a production like this".<ref name="R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/oliyum-oliyum-review/20090622.htm|title=Oliyum Oliyum: Big fat fiasco|first=Pavithra|last=Srinivasan|website=Rediff.com|access-date=19 July 2022|archive-date=22 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622073552/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/oliyum-oliyum-review/20090622.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13612742}}

[[Category:2009 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]

Pappu Kumar Verma

2026-03-02T05:20:44Z

OrvilleBurgos99: creating initial bio v1!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
'''Pappu Kumar Verma''' is an Indian politician and a member of [[Janata Dal (United)]] political party led by [[Nitish Kumar]]. He was associated with [[Rashtriya Lok Morcha]] of [[Upendra Kushwaha]], but was fielded as a JDU candidate from [[Kurtha Assembly constituency]] in 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections. He won the 2025 Legislative Assembly election by defeating [[Suday Yadav]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/arwal-kurtha-chunav-result-2025-bihar-election-parinam-winner-looser-kumar-krishna-mohan-rjd-pappu-kumar-verma-jdu-vidhan-sabha-chunv-me-kaun-jita-kaun-hara-local18-ws-l-9850819.html|title= Kurtha ECI Result 2025: कुर्था सीट पर जेडीयू के पप्पू कुमार वर्मा ने दर्ज की जीत, 5481 वोटों से मारा मैदान|website=News18|accessdate=30 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://patnapress.com/upendra-kushwaha-family-politics-bihar-rlmo-2025/|title= Upendra Kushwaha’s Family Power Play Pays Off: Four MLAs, a Minister Son and an Assured MLC Seat|website=Patna press|accessdate=30 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="RJD drops nearly half its sitting MLAs in Magadh division">{{cite news |title=RJD drops nearly half its sitting MLAs in Magadh division|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rjd-drops-nearly-half-its-sitting-mlas-in-magadh-division/articleshow/124720924.cms|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=|publisher=The Times of India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251130083507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rjd-drops-nearly-half-its-sitting-mlas-in-magadh-division/articleshow/124720924.cms|archivedate=30 November 2025|date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:People from Jehanabad district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{JDU-politician-stub}}

Vinod Johri

2026-02-12T06:15:09Z

OrvilleBurgos99: put up new info initial version

{{short description|Indian astrophysicist (1935–2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Vinod Behari Johri
| image = VinodJohri.JPG
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|6|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Etah]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|5|10|1935|6|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], U.S.
| field = [[Astrophysics]], [[Physics]], [[Cosmology]]
| work_institution = [[Indian Institute of Technology]] [[Lucknow University]] [[Gorakhpur University]] [[Allahabad University]]
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]] [[Gorakhpur University]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[K. B. Lal]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Power law inflation in [[Brans–Dicke theory]] Theory of integrated tracking of [[quintessence (physics)|quintessence]] fields of [[dark energy]] Phantom cosmologies
| prizes =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vinod Johri''' (10 June 1935 – 10 May 2014) was an Indian [[astrophysicist]]. He was an eminent [[cosmologist]], a retired professor of [[astrophysics]] at [[Indian Institute of Technology]], [[Madras]] and an emeritus professor at [[Lucknow University]] since 1995. Johri had over 75 research publications and articles published in pioneering journals. His major contributions in cosmological research included 'power law inflation, genesis of [[Quintessence (physics)|quintessence]] fields of [[dark energy]] and phantom cosmologies'. He was the co-author of the first model of power law inflation in [[Brans–Dicke theory]] along with C. Mathiazhagan. He was honored by [[Uttar Pradesh Government]] by Research Award of the Council of Science & Technology (CSIR).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cstup.gov.in/ |title=Cst U.P |publisher=Cst U.P. |access-date=21 October 2011 |archive-date=10 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210101544/http://cstup.gov.in/ }}</ref>

Johri spent over 45 years researching in cosmology, acting as a research guide and principal investigator of various research projects of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rdpp.csir.res.in/csir_acsir/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 January 2011 |archive-date=14 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914224802/http://rdpp.csir.res.in/csir_acsir/ }}</ref> Department of Science & Technology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.serc-dst.org/ |title=Welcome to Science And Engineering Research Council |publisher=Serc-dst.org |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> and University Grants Commission of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/ |title=:::Welcome to UGC ::: |publisher=Ugc.ac.in |date=18 June 2004 |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> Johri was a Commonwealth Fellow, a senior visitor at Cambridge University (UK) and a Fellow of Royal Astronomical Society<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ras.org.uk/ |title=The Royal Astronomical Society |publisher=Ras.org.uk |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> of London. He worked as consultant for [[UNESCO]] at United Nations Development Program<ref>{{cite web|author=Pooneh Tehrani |url=http://www.unic-ir.org/ |title=::::: United Nations Information Centre, Tehran ::::: |publisher=Unic-ir.org |date=19 April 2010 |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> in [[Iran]] and as a DAAD Fellow<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daad.org/ |title=Home |publisher=Daad.org |date=13 November 2010 |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> at [[University of Mainz]] (Germany), as a visiting scientist at Hansen Lab<ref>{{cite web|author=Ronald K. Hanson |url=http://hanson.stanford.edu/ |title=The Hanson Group: Home |publisher=Hanson.stanford.edu |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> (Gravity Probe B Group) [[Stanford University]] (USA) and as an International Scholar at Fine Theoretical Physics Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ftpi.umn.edu/research/|title=Research | William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute | College of Science and Engineering|access-date=1 January 2011|archive-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720092516/http://www.ftpi.umn.edu/research/|url-status=dead}}</ref> at [[University of Minnesota]] at Minneapolis (USA). He died in Dallas, USA at the age of 78 due to complications arising from Kidney failure.

==Career==
Johri was born in [[Etah]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]]), India, on 10 June 1935. His father, Bhairon Prasad Johri, graduated from Veterinary College, [[Patna]], and worked as livestock officer, Allahabad, India. Johri's mother, Sarojini Johri, was a homemaker.

Johri completed his high school at Narain College,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naraincollege.com/ |title=Education - Home |access-date=5 February 2010 |archive-date=10 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910100717/http://naraincollege.com/ }}</ref> [[Shikohabad]], India, with 12th rank in the state merit list. He was awarded First Prize in Chiranjeevi Dhiri Singh Provincial English Debate. He completed his bachelor's degree in 1953 and master's in [[applied mathematics]] in 1956 from [[Allahabad University]] scoring high ranks in the merit list. In 1957 he was appointed as assistant professor in the Department of Mathematics Allahabad University,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alldunivpio.org/ |title=Home |website=alldunivpio.org}}</ref> [[Allahabad]]. In 1960, Johri was appointed assistant professor in mathematics at Gorakhpur University,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ddugu.edu.in/ |title=Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur..A NAAC Accredited B++ University |publisher=Ddugu.edu.in |date=16 October 2011 |access-date=21 October 2011 |archive-date=14 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014002304/http://www.ddugu.edu.in/ }}</ref> [[Gorakhpur]] India, where he was conferred PhD degree in 1966 on his thesis "Gravitational Waves in Bondi Space-Time".

In 1967 Johri was awarded Commonwealth Fellowship for Post-Doctorate work at Department of Mathematics and Theoretical Physics,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/ |title=DAMTP |publisher=Damtp.cam.ac.uk |date=12 April 2011 |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> Cambridge University (UK), where he worked in close collaboration on cosmological problems with Dr.[[Dennis Sciama]] and research scholars Friedrich Hehl (Cologne), Fernando de Felice<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rssd.esa.int/index.php?project=GAIA&page=Gaia_people&person=72&ordering=alphabetical |title=Gaia: People working on Gaia |publisher=Rssd.esa.int |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> (Padova, Italy), [[George Francis Rayner Ellis|George Ellis]] (Cape Town) and [[Stephen Hawking]] (UK) for his postdoctoral program. In 1968 Johri was appointed reader in mathematics at [[Gorakhpur University]]. Between 1970 and 1972, Johri worked as [[UNESCO]] consultant to [[Government of Iran]] under [[United Nations Development Program]] at Tehran. Johri was elected a Fellow of [[Royal Astronomical Society]] of London in 1978.

Johri accepted the position of professor of cosmology at the Mathematics Department of Indian Institute of Technology,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iitm.ac.in/ |title=IIT Madras Home |publisher=Iitm.ac.in |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1980. In addition to teaching and advising PhD students, he introduced new courses on [[general relativity]] and [[cosmology]]. In 1984, he discovered the first model of 'power law inflation' under [[Brans–Dicke theory]] (later on called as 'extended inflation') along with his student C.Mathizhagan. Johri worked on various visiting assignments at National University<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuniv.edu.kw/ |title=Kuwait University |publisher=Kuniv.edu.kw |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> (Kuwait), [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]], [[Trieste]] (Italy), Copernicus Astronomical Institute, [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] (Warsaw), [[National University of Singapore]], South West Technical [[University of Sydney]]; [[Australian National University]], [[Canberra]], Hansen Lab (Gravity Probe B Group),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://einstein.stanford.edu/Media/ |title=Gravity Probe B – Media Galleries |publisher=Einstein.stanford.edu |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> [[Stanford University]], [[Cologne University]], [[International Institute of Physics]] and Chemistry [[Université libre de Bruxelles|Brussels University]] (hosted by Nobel Laureate Prof. [[Ilya Prigogine]]).

In 1995 Johri retired from Indian Institute of Technology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iitm.ac.in/ |title=IIT Madras Home |publisher=Iitm.ac.in |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> and joined as CSIR<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cstup.gov.in/ |title=Cst U.P |publisher=Cst U.P. |access-date=21 October 2011 |archive-date=10 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210101544/http://cstup.gov.in/ }}</ref> Professor Emeritus in the Department of Mathematics & Astronomy at Lucknow University,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lkouniv.ac.in/ |title=Lucknow University !!! |publisher=Lkouniv.ac.in |date=9 February 2009 |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> [[Lucknow]] (India). In 2001, Johri got interested in [[dark energy]] during his visiting assignment at Fine Theoretical Physics Institute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.physics.umn.edu/ |title=Home Page – Physics at Minnesota |publisher=Physics.umn.edu |date=27 May 2011 |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> [[University of Minnesota]] (USA), he gave the theory of 'integrated tracking' of Quintessence Fields. His research work on 'Genesis of Quintessence'<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://prd.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v63/i10/e103504 |title=Phys. Rev. D 63, 103504 (2001): Genesis of cosmological tracker fields |journal=Physical Review D |date=12 April 2001 |volume=63 |issue=10 |article-number=103504 |publisher=Prd.aps.org |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.63.103504 |access-date=21 October 2011|last1=Johri |first1=Vinod B. |s2cid=14180304 |arxiv=astro-ph/0005608 }}</ref> and 'Phantom Cosmologies'<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://prd.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v70/i4/e041303 |title=Phys. Rev. D 70, 041303 (2004): Phantom cosmologies |journal=Physical Review D |date=24 August 2004 |volume=70 |issue=4 |article-number=041303 |publisher=Prd.aps.org |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.70.041303 |access-date=21 October 2011|last1=Johri |first1=Vinod B. |s2cid=119064944 |url-access=subscription |arxiv=astro-ph/0311293 }}</ref> was published in reputed journals [[Physical Review]] D & [[Classical and Quantum Gravity]].

==Honors==
Johri was a [[Commonwealth Fellow]] and a senior visitor to Cambridge University (UK). He was also a resident of Clare College, Cambridge. He was elected a Fellow of [[Royal Astronomical Society]] of London in 1978. Johri was awarded the Royal Society Visiting Fellowship in 1989 for visiting Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP) Cambridge,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/ |title=DAMTP |publisher=Damtp.cam.ac.uk |date=12 April 2011 |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> [[Southampton University]] (UK), [[Cardiff University]] and [[Queen Mary College]], London under the Distinguished Scientists Exchange Program of British Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/new/ |title=British Council |publisher=British Council |date=25 October 2010 |access-date=21 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020230845/http://www.britishcouncil.org/new/ |archive-date=20 October 2011 }}</ref> In 1993, Johri was awarded [[German Academic Exchange Service|DAAD]] Fellowship for his visiting assignment at Theoretical Physics Institute, [[Johannes Gutenberg University]], [[Mainz]](Germany).

Johri was honored with a 'Silver Plaque' by Council of Science & Technology,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cstup.gov.in/ |title=Cst U.P |publisher=Cst U.P. |access-date=21 October 2011 |archive-date=10 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210101544/http://cstup.gov.in/ }}</ref> India for his distinguished work on Dark Energy in the year 2006. He was Life Member of Ganita Parishad<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lkouniv.ac.in/dept_math.htm |title=Lucknow University !!! |publisher=Lkouniv.ac.in |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> and a founding member of the Indian Association of General Relativity and Gravitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imsc.res.in/~iagrg/ |title= IAGRG Home Page |publisher=Imsc.res.in |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref>

==Writings and hobbies==
Besides scientific research papers and popular science articles, Johri wrote several books on Mathematical Physics and Astrophysics. His research monograph ''Early Universe'' was published by Hadronic Press (USA) in 1996.
Vinod Johri loved to compose verses in Hindi, Urdu and English during his leisure time.

==Personal life==
Johri was married to Aruna (maiden name Kodesia) for 54 years. The couple had 2 sons Manoj (Software Architect, [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]), Vivek (IT Manager, [[UnitedHealth Group]]) and 2 daughters Manisha (Teacher at Shishya,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sishya.com/ |title=Home |website=sishya.com}}</ref> Chennai) and Anvita (Software Development, [[UnitedHealth Group]]). Johri died on 10 May 2014, at the age of 78.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-20 |title=Vinod Johri: The Indian Cosmologist Who Explored the Universe - Kidz Herald |url=https://www.kidzherald.com/vinod-johri-the-indian-cosmologist-who-explored-the-universe/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.linkedin.com/pub/vinod-johri/14/176/10 Vinod Johri] on LinkedIn
* {{Cite web | url=http://mat.iitm.ac.in/Ret33.html | title=Retired Faculty | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121131649/http://mat.iitm.ac.in/Ret33.html | archive-date=21 November 2009 }}
* [http://www.jamia-physics.net/astro/ Symposium on Cosmology and Astrophysics]
* [http://www.imsc.res.in/~iagrg/IagrgSite/Members/current_members.html The Current Members]
* [https://arxiv.org/find/all/1/au:+johri/0/1/0/all/0/1 Showing results 1 through 25 (of 82 total) for au:johri]
* {{Cite web | url=https://iaps.academia.edu/RAMBILASMISRA/Papers/229921/MATHEMATICS_AND_MATHEMATICIANS_AT_PRAYAG_ALLAHABAD_ | title=MATHEMATICS AND MATHEMATICIANS AT PRAYAG (ALLAHABAD) | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320232544/http://iaps.academia.edu/RAMBILASMISRA/Papers/229921/MATHEMATICS_AND_MATHEMATICIANS_AT_PRAYAG_ALLAHABAD_ | archive-date=20 March 2012 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johri, Vinod}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Indian astrophysicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Etah]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]

The Telegraph (India)

2026-02-11T05:40:13Z

OrvilleBurgos99: slightly fixed information per sources and fixed typos

{{Short description|Daily newspaper}}
{{distinguish|The Daily Telegraph}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The Telegraph
| logo = [[File:The Telegraph (Calcutta) Logo.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]
| image = telegraph india.750.jpg
| caption = The 20 August 2013 front page of ''The Telegraph''
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1982|07|07}}
| ceased_publication =
| owners = [[ABP Group]]
| publisher =
| editor =
| chief_editor = Atideb Sarkar
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| staff_writers =
| language = English
| publishing_country = India
| circulation = 352,972 Daily<ref name=ABCIND>{{cite web | url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202019%20Highest%20Circulated%20(language%20wise).pdf | title=Highest Circulated Daily Newspapers (languages wise) | publisher=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]] | access-date=5 January 2020 | archive-date=9 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809233648/http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202019%20Highest%20Circulated%20(language%20wise).pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
| circulation_date = December 2019
| headquarters = 6, Prafulla Sarkar Street, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| sister_newspapers = ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]''
| oclc = 271717941
| ISSN =
| website = {{URL|http://www.telegraphindia.com/}}
}}
'''''The Telegraph''''' is an Indian English [[daily newspaper]] founded and continuously published in [[Kolkata]] since 7 July 1982. It is published by the [[ABP Group]] and competes with the [[middle-market newspaper]] ''[[The Times of India]]''. The newspaper is the eighth most-widely read [[English language]] newspaper in [[India]], as per ''[[Indian Readership Survey]]'' (IRS) 2019.<ref>{{cite news
| url = https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/8e428e54a95edcd6e8be593a7021a185.pdf
| title = Indian Readership Survey (IRS) 2019
| publisher = Newswatch.in
| date = 30 June 2020
| access-date = 16 June 2020
| archive-date = 11 July 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190711190128/http://mruc.net/uploads/posts/8e428e54a95edcd6e8be593a7021a185.pdf
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

''The Telegraph'' has three editions, published from [[Kolkata]], [[South Bengal]] and [[North Bengal]].<ref>[http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4476/2009-05-04.html ''Media Newsline.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220103049/http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4476/2009-05-04.html |date=20 February 2012 }} Retrieved on 30 October 2009</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071220193506/http://www.telegraphindia.com/section/others/aboutus.jsp ''About The Telegraph''] Retrieved on 30 October 2009</ref>

==History==
''The Telegraph'' was founded on 7 July 1982. The design director of London's ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', Edwin Taylor, designed the newspaper and provided a standard in design and editing. In 31 years, it has become the largest-circulation [[English language|English]] daily in the [[East India|eastern region]] published from [[Kolkata]]. In 1982, [[M. J. Akbar]] used to edit and design the daily newspaper; thus it had a major impact on [[Newspaper|newspaper journalism]] in [[India]].

''The Telegraph'' is published by media group [[Ananda Publishers]] closely associated with ABP Pvt. Ltd; the group also published ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' (a Bengali language newspaper) since 13 March 1922.<ref>{{cite news|title=ABP Group launches Bengali tabloid, Ebela|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/35346_ABP-Group-launches-Bengali-tabloid-Ebela|access-date=18 March 2014|newspaper=afaqs|date=17 September 2012}}</ref> Apart from newspapers the group even published Bengali and English periodicals like ''[[Anandamela]]'', ''[[Unish-Kuri]]'', ''[[Sananda (magazine)|Sananda]]'', ''[[Anandalok]]'', ''[[Desh magazine]]'', ''The Telegraph in Schools'' and ''Career''.

''[[Businessworld]]'', which was initially part of the ABP group, has been sold to Anurag Batra, of Exchange4Media and Vikram Jhunjhunwala, an investment banker for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Anushree|title=Exchange4media's Anurag Batra, investment banker Vikram Jhunjhunwala buy Businessworld from ABP|url=http://m.financialexpress.com/news/exchange4medias-anurag-batra-investment-banker-vikram-jhunjhunwala-buy-businessworld-from-abp/1171613/|access-date=18 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318134849/http://m.financialexpress.com/news/exchange4medias-anurag-batra-investment-banker-vikram-jhunjhunwala-buy-businessworld-from-abp/1171613/|archive-date=18 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The paper currently has three editions Calcutta, South Bengal and North Bengal. Previous editions include [[Northeast India|Northeast]] edition ([[Guwahati]] split), [[Jharkhand]] edition ([[Jamshedpur]] and [[Ranchi]] splits), [[Patna]] and [[Bhubaneshwar]] editions. Bhubaneshwar & Patna Editions ceased on 14 December 2018 and Northeast and Jharkhand editions on 20 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/05/21/telegraph-closes-operations-in-northeast-and-jharkhand-lays-off-over-35-staff|title=Telegraph closes operations in Northeast and Jharkhand, lays off over 35 staff|first=Ayan Sharma, Ayush|last=Tiwari|work=[[Newslaundry]]}}</ref>

== Editorial stance ==
According to an analysis of the major English language newspapers in India, during the run up to the [[2014 Indian general election]], the political coverage of ''The Telegraph'' was found to be less aligned in favor of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and less negative of the [[Indian National Congress]] relative to that of ''[[The Times of India]]'' and the ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barclay|first1=Francis P.|last2=Pichandy|first2=C.|last3=Venkat|first3=Anusha|date=2014-06-01|title=Indian Elections, 2014: Political Orientation of English Newspapers|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1326365X14539215|journal=Asia Pacific Media Educator|language=en|volume=24|issue=1|pages=7–22|doi=10.1177/1326365X14539215|s2cid=144589776 |issn=1326-365X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In a 2020 ''[[Newslaundry]]'' article, the paper's coverage of the response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] by the [[Government of India|central government]] and that of the [[Government of West Bengal|Bengal government]] were contrasted; according to it the paper provided more critical coverage of the former and less of the latter in its editorials and frontpage headlines.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Ayan|title=Tough on Modi, soft on Mamata: How Telegraph covered Covid responses by two governments|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/05/19/tough-on-modi-soft-on-mamata-how-telegraph-covered-covid-responses-by-two-governments|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Newslaundry}}</ref> In an interview to [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook'']], ''The Telegraph'' editor R. Rajagopal rejected the conception that it was harsher on the former and soft of the latter, stating that the scope of the events decide the prominence they receive in the paper which is being noticed because only a few others are providing similar coverage and that the tendency among media outlets to seek a [[false balance]] just to be able to claim neutrality was detrimental to journalism.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yadav|first=Puneet Nicholas|title=Credibility of Media Has Reached A Nadir That Audience Doesn't Care: Telegraph Editor R Rajagopal|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-credibility-of-media-has-reached-such-a-nadir-that-audience-just-doesnt-care-telegraph-editor-r-rajagopal/347649|access-date=2021-07-16|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>

==Criticism==
In 2016, ''The Telegraph'', in its edition took a jibe at the then HRD Minister [[Smriti Irani]], who gave a speech on nationalism in the Lok Sabha, by calling her "Aunty National".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Telegraph calls Smriti Irani "Aunty National"; Twitter reacts |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/the-telegraph-calls-smriti-irani-aunty-national-twitter-reacts-2023580.html}}</ref> This incident was widely criticized by many, who described the usage of such term as 'sexist' and 'misogynistic'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rizwan |first=Sahil |date=2016-02-25 |title="The Telegraph" Is Being Called Sexist For Calling Smriti Irani "Aunty-National" |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/sahilrizwan/the-telegraph-is-being-called-sexist-for-calling-smriti-iran |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=BuzzFeed |language=en-in |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905160038/https://www.buzzfeed.com/sahilrizwan/the-telegraph-is-being-called-sexist-for-calling-smriti-iran |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-25 |title=Why I'm Miffed With The Telegraph For Their 'Aunty National' Headline |first1=Piyasree |last1=Dasgupta |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/aunty-national-headline_n_9313864 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=HuffPost |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516064126/https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/aunty-national-headline_n_9313864 |archive-date= May 16, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-25 |title=Aunty National: The Telegraph has denigrated women, and itself, by carrying such a misogynist headline |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/aunty-national-the-telegraph-has-denigrated-women-and-itself-by-carrying-such-a-misogynist-headline-2643046.html |first1=Sreemoy |last1=Talukdar |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> [[The News Minute]] wrote, "Smriti Irani deserves all the criticism we can cobble up together, but for her politics and policies. Personal attacks based on her age and gender do not bode well, and contribute to debasing the discourse on important issues. What we are perhaps forgetting is that in adopting such an acrimonious discourse against those who threaten our liberalism, and by cheering-on such headlines, we are threatening the very idea of the liberalism that we want to foster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-25 |title=Why The Telegraph's 'Aunty National' dig at Smriti Irani needs to be called out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-telegraph-s-aunty-national-dig-smriti-irani-needs-be-called-out-39384 |first1=Kavitha |last1=Muralidharan |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=The News Minute |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905155240/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-telegraph-s-aunty-national-dig-smriti-irani-needs-be-called-out-39384 |archive-date=2023-09-05 }}</ref>

In 2020, [[Press Council of India|The Press Council of India]] issued a show-cause notice to the editor of ''The Telegraph'' for its frontpage headline for the news report about former Chief Justice of India [[Ranjan Gogoi|Ranjan Gogoi's]] nomination to the Rajya Sabha. In its frontpage headline, ''The Telegraph'' wrote, "Kovind, not Covid, did it" – a reference to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-18 |title='The Telegraph' gets Press Council notice for 'Kovind-Covid' wordplay on former CJI's RS nomination |url=https://scroll.in/latest/956516/the-telegraph-gets-press-council-notice-for-kovind-covid-wordplay-on-former-cjis-rs-nomination |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> In a press release, the Press Council said "satirical comments ridiculing and denigrating the first citizen of the country is uncalled for and beyond the call of fair journalistic content".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-18 |title='Satirical comments ridiculing President uncalled for': Press Council sends notice to Telegraph for headline |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/03/18/satirical-comments-ridiculing-the-president-is-uncalled-for-press-council-issues-showcause-notice-to-telegraph-for-headline |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Newslaundry}}</ref>

''The Telegraph's'' headline, comparing the president to a virus, was also called out for being 'disrespectful' to [[Dalit]]s. Guru Prakash, Assistant Professor (Law), [[Patna University]] and Adviser at [[Dalit Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry|Dalit Indian Chamber of Commerce & Industry]] (DICCI), said in a piece in [[India Today]] that the headline was "indicative of the deep-seated caste-based prejudice of the establishment". He added, "The establishment entails the ones who control and dominate the narrative in academia and the media."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comparing President Kovind to Covid-19 is disrespectful to Dalits |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/comparing-president-kovind-to-covid-19-is-direspectful-to-dalits-1656672-2020-03-17 |first1=Guru |last1=Prakash |date=Mar 18, 2020 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=India Today |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905153735/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/comparing-president-kovind-to-covid-19-is-direspectful-to-dalits-1656672-2020-03-17 |archive-date= 2023-09-05 }}</ref>

According to Tarun Ganguly, a former bureau chief at ''The Telegraph'', the idea behind such headlines is to be 'catchy'. Another former editor of ''The Telegraph'' states that such headlines started when [[Aveek Sarkar]] was the editor-in-chief of the newspaper. He added that Sarkar preferred a 'shock-factor' and thought these would generate more impact.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Dola |date=27 May 2018 |title=Making Headlines |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/making-headlines/300171 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905160039/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/making-headlines/300171 |archive-date=Sep 5, 2023 |website=Outlook India}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of newspapers in India by circulation]]
* [[List of newspapers in the world by circulation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{Official website|https://www.telegraphindia.com/}}
* [https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/ ''The Telegraph''] (e-paper)

{{ABP Group}}
{{Newspapers in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Telegraph}}
[[Category:ABP Group]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Patna]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1982]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in West Bengal]]

Achyuta Deva Raya

2026-02-09T21:24:33Z

OrvilleBurgos99: enhance content additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Emperor of Vijayanagara from 1529 to 1542}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2020}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| reign = 30 November 1529 – June 1542
| coronation = 30 November 1529 [[Vijayanagara]], Vijayanagara Empire
| title = [[King of Kings|Rajadhiraja]]
| succession = [[Vijayanagara Empire|Emperor of Vijayanagara]]
| predecessor = [[Krishnadevaraya]]
| successor = [[Venkata I]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Vijayanagara]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (modern day [[Hampi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| father = [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]]
| mother = Obamamba<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ayyangar
|first1=Krishnaswamy |title=Sources of Vijayanagar History |date=1919 |publisher=University of Madras |location=Chennai |page=16 }}</ref>
| death_date = June 1542<ref name="w860">{{cite web | title=History of Medieval Deccan | first=H. K. | last=Sherwani | url=https://ia801501.us.archive.org/33/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.127053/2015.127053.History-Of-Medieval-Deccan-Vol-i-1295-1724_text.pdf | access-date=12 November 2025 | page=316}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Tirumala]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (present-day [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| spouse = [[Tirumalamba]] Varadambika
| spouse-type = Consorts
| dynasty = [[Tuluva Dynasty|Tuluva]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| issue = [[Venkata I]]
| image = File:Achyutadevaraya and his consort Varadarajamma.jpg
| caption = Achyutadevaraya (left) and his consort Varadambika (right)
}}

'''Achyuta Deva Raya''' (died June 1542) was a [[Vijayanagara Empire|emperor of Vijayanagara]] who succeeded his older brother, [[Krishnadevaraya]], after the latter's death in 1529.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Kenneth |last=Pletcher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&pg=PA155 |title=The History of India |date=2010-08-15 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-1-61530-122-5 |pages=155 |language=en}}</ref>

During his reign, [[Fernao Nuniz]], a Portuguese-Jewish traveller, chronicler and horse trader visited India and spent three years in Vijayanagara.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Nonica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQxuAAAAMAAJ |title=Indian History: Ancient and medieval |date=2003 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) and Popular Prakashan, Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7991-067-2 |pages=292 |language=en}}</ref>

Achyutaraya patronised the [[Kannada]] poet Chatu Vittalanatha, the great composer and singer [[Purandaradasa]], one of the major proponents of [[Carnatic music]], and the [[Sanskrit]] scholar Rajanatha Dindima II. Upon his death, the succession was disputed. His son [[Venkata I]] succeeded him but ruled for a very short period and was killed in a chaotic succession dispute in which many claimants to the throne were killed. The dispute ended when his nephew, (younger brother's son) [[Sadasiva Raya]], finally became the emperor while yet a child, under the regency of [[Rama Raya (statesman)|Rama Raya]], a son-in-law of Krishnadevaraya. His wife's name was probably Varadambika. Sadasiva Raya was probably the son of Varadambika's sister Hemavati and her husband Ranga Raya.

==Reign==
The time when Achyuta Deva Raya became the emperor was by no means a favorable one. The peace and prosperity of the halcyon days under Krishnadevaraya were coming to an end. Feudatories and enemies were waiting for an opportunity to bring down the empire. In addition, Achyuta Deva Raya had to contend with the powerful [[Rama Raya]], who was competing for the throne.

While the works of [[Fernão Nunes|Nuniz]] speak very lowly of Achyuta Deva Raya as being a monarch given to vices and cruelty, there is enough evidence to prove that the emperor was indeed noteworthy in his own right and fought hard to keep the prosperity of the empire alive. He had been personally chosen by Krishnadevaraya himself as a capable successor, handpicked to assume the imperial throne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA67 |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |date=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 |pages=67 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Turco-Persian|Turko-Persian]] Sultan [[Ismail Adil Shah]] of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] invaded and captured the Raichur doab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Iqtidar Alam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGSKTttoa3IC&pg=PA12 |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India |date=2008-04-25 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6401-6 |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Gajapatis]] of Orissa and [[Quli Qutub Shah]] of [[Golconda Sultanate]] were defeated and pushed back. Achyuta Deva Raya along with his general Salakaraju Tirumala went on a southern campaign to bring the governors of [[Travancore]] and [[Ummathur]] under control. They were successful. Then they attacked the doab north of the [[Tungabhadra]] and recaptured the forts of [[Raichur Fort|Raichur]] and [[Mudgal]] successfully.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=RA1-PA152 |title=Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-568-4 |pages=152 |language=en}}</ref>

The two Sanskrit works ''Achyutarayabhyudaya'' ({{Lit|Exaltation of Achyutaraya}}) and ''Varadambikaparinaya'' ({{Lit|Wedding of Varadambika}}) describe the emperor's life and reign in detail.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA410-IA1 |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |date=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |pages=410 |language=en}}</ref>

Throughout his rule, Achyuta Deva Raya had to contend with the manipulations of [[Rama Raya]] who in his powerful capacity had replaced many of the faithful servants of the Empire in high ranking positions with men of his own favour. On more than one occasion the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani Sultans]] were brought in to play the role of mediator between the emperor and [[Aliya Rama Raya]] in the game of power sharing. This would further weaken the Empire. Around 1540, Rama Raya imprisoned Achyuta Deva Raya in a coup.

In 1542, Achyuta Deva Raya died, and was succeeded by his young son of Venkata I (Venkata Raya or Venkatadri Raya). But he was soon killed, and [[Sadasiva Raya]] became the new emperor. Rama Raya became the [[regent|imperial regent]] and let very little governance in the hands of Sadasiva Raya.

The Tiruvengalanatha temple was built at Vijayanagara during his reign. It has become popularly known by his name as [[Achyutaraya temple]], rather than by the name of the deity [[Venkateswara]] to whom the temple was dedicated.
{{clear left}}
<gallery>
File:Shiva temple (1539 AD) at Timmalapura.jpg|The Shiva temple at [[Timmalapura]] was constructed in 1539 CE during the reign of Achyuta Deva Raya
File:Kannada inscription of 1539 AD at Shiva temple in Timmalapura.jpg|Kannada inscription of emperor Achyuta Deva Raya dated 1539 CE in the Shiva temple in Timmalapura
File:Kannada inscription of Achuta Raya (1536 AD) at Vitthala temple in Hampi.JPG|Kannada inscription (1536 CE) of emperor Achyuta Deva Raya on molding of Vittala temple in Hampi
File:Kannada inscription (1536 AD) of Achyuta Raya at entrance to Vitthala temple in Hampi.JPG|Kannada inscription (1536 CE) of emperor Achyuta Deva Raya at the Vittala temple in Hampi
File:View from within the Shiva temple at Timmalapura 2.jpg|Shiva temple built by emperor Achyuta Deva Raya at Timmalapura near Hampi
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Prof [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]], ''History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar'', 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [https://coinindia.com/galleries-vijayanagar2.html Coins]
* [https://www.hampionline.com/photogallery/show.php?gallery=achyutaraya_temple Pictures of temple on HampiOnline.com]
* [http://indiatourism.ws/hampi/achyuta_rayas_temple/ Achyuta Rayas Temple Photographs, 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109092943/http://indiatourism.ws/hampi/achyuta_rayas_temple/ |date=9 November 2019 }}
* [https://www.hampionline.com/attractions/ Learn more about Achyutaraya Temple on HampiOnline.com]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Vijayanagar empire]]|before=[[Krishnadevaraya]]|after=[[Sadashiva Raya]] |years=1529–1542}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raya, Achyuta Deva}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

[[Category:1542 deaths]]

[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara emperors]]
[[Category:Tuluva dynasty]]

Chalkusha (community development block)

2026-02-09T21:08:44Z

OrvilleBurgos99: added initial post basic info - done

{{Lead too short|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chalkusha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|24.244039|N|85.736392|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 149.10
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 346
| population_total = 52,068
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 825109 (Palounjia)
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 06548
| registration_plate = JH 02
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kodarma (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Barkatha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barkatha]]
| website = {{URL|hazaribag.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chalkusha''' is a [[Community Development Block in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Barhi subdivision]] of the [[Hazaribagh district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Overview==
Hazaribagh district is spread over a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The central plateau, averaging a height of {{convert|2000|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}, occupies the central part of the district. On all sides, except on the western side, it is surrounded by the lower plateau, averaging a height of {{convert|1300|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}, the surface being undulating. In the north and the north-west the lower plateau forms a fairly level tableland till the [[ghat]]s, when the height drops to about {{convert|700|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} and slopes down gradually. The [[Damodar River|Damodar]] and the [[Barakar River|Barakar]] form the two main [[Drainage divide|watersheds]] in the district. [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] has constructed the [[Konar Dam]] across the [[Konar River]]. It is a forested district with cultivation as the main occupation of the people. Coal is the main mineral found in this district. China clay is also found in this district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2015_PART_A_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf| title= District Census Handbook Hazaribag, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 9 - 12 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 1 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://hazaribag.nic.in/index.htm | title = Hazaribag District | work = Hazaribag At A Glance | publisher = Hazaribag district authorities | access-date = 1 November 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120205005632/http://www.hazaribag.nic.in/index.htm | archive-date = 2012-02-05 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=india9>{{cite web|url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Konar-Dam-56477.htm | title = Konar Dam |publisher =india9.com |access-date = 2010-04-17}}</ref> Inaugurating the [[Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana]] in 2016, [[Raghubar Das]], Chief Minister of Jharkhand, had indicated that there were 23 [[lakh]] [[Below Poverty Line (India)|BPL]] families in Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Chief-minister-launches-Ujjwal-scheme-in-Hazaribag/articleshow/55198362.cms | title= Chief Minister launches Ujjwal scheme in Hazaribag|publisher= The Times of India, 2 November 2016| access-date = 1 November 2017}}</ref> There was a plan to bring the BPL proportion in the total population down to 35%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/Presentations12_13/jharkhand12_13.pdf | title = State 12th Five Year Plan: State Annual Plan 2012-13 | work = State of Jharkhand | publisher = Jharkhand Planning Commission | access-date = 1 November 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160221235527/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/Presentations12_13/jharkhand12_13.pdf | archive-date = 21 February 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==History==
Chalkusha Block has been bifurcated from Barkatha Block in 2009, after long struggle of the residents of the Chalkusha, Alagdiha, Choubey, Salaidih, Chatkari, Palma, Baradih and the residents of the areas, they protested on several occasions and in year 2007 a massive protest was organised by the non-political and political groups over 200 people had participated in Ranchi and organized a massive protest in front of the Jharkhand Assembly which were headed by Janki Yadav with former MLA, Chitranjan Prasad Yadav, Jaidev Choudhary and Social activist Birendra Pandey and many other eminent people have fought for the bifurcation of Chalkusha block from Barkatha.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090806/jsp/jharkhand/story_11326742.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091010161223/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090806/jsp/jharkhand/story_11326742.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = October 10, 2009 |title = New blocks: 12, officers: 132, annual cost: 1.36 cr. | work=Jharkhand |publisher= The Telegraph, 6 August 2009 | access-date = 24 January 2016}}</ref>

===Maoist activities===
Right from its inception in 2000. Jharkhand was a “laboratory” for [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency|Naxalites]] to experiment with their ideas of establishing a parallel government. As of 2005, 16 of the 22 districts in the state, including Hazaribagh district, was transformed into a “guerrilla zone”. The movement was not restricted to armed operations but included [[kangaroo court]]s called Jan Adalats, elected village bodies and people's police.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ipcs.org/article/india/red-terror-over-jharkhand-1881.html | title= Red Terror over Jharkhand | work= Rajat Kumar Kujur|publisher= Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies| access-date = 1 November 2017}}</ref> Jharkhand, with a dense forest cover over a large part of the state, offers a favourable terrain for the Naxalites to build their bases and operate. Annual fatalities in Jharkhand were 117 in 2003 and 150 in 2004.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://asthabharati.org/Dia_Apr05/Sanj.htm | title= Naxalite Movement in Bihar and Jharkhand| work= Dr. Sanjay K. Jha |publisher= Dialogue, April–June 2005| access-date = 1 November 2017}}</ref> In 2013 Jharkhand was considered one of the two states in the country most affected by [[Left wing extremism]] and Jharkhand police set up an exclusive cell to deal with Maoist activities.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ipcs.org/article/naxalite-violence/naxal-violence-new-structures-and-old-woes-in-jharkhand-4093.html | title= Naxal Violence: New Structures and Old Woes in Jharkhand | work= Bibhu Prasad Routray |publisher= Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies| access-date = 1 November 2017}}</ref> However, in the same year, when Jharkhand police identified 13 focus areas for combating Maoist extremism, Hazaribagh district was not one of them.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.eenaduindia.com/states/east/jharkhand/ranchi/2016/06/14073809/13-focus-areas-identified-in-Jharkhand-to-check-Maoist.vpf | title = 13 focus areas identified in Jharkhand to check Maoist activities | publisher = Eenadu Jndia, 14 June 2016 | access-date = 1 November 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170927113900/http://www.eenaduindia.com/states/east/jharkhand/ranchi/2016/06/14073809/13-focus-areas-identified-in-Jharkhand-to-check-Maoist.vpf | archive-date = 27 September 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
Chalkusha is located at {{coord|24.244039|N|85.736392|E|format=dms}}.

Chalkusha CD block is bounded by [[Markacho (community development block)|Markacho]] CD block, in Koderma district, on the north, [[Birni block|Birni]] and [[Suriya (community development block)|Suriya]] CD blocks, in Giridih district, on the east, [[Barkatha (community development block)|Barkatha]] CD block on the south and on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2015_PART_A_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Hazaribag, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Map on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 1 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/hazaribagh.html |title= CD Block/ Tehsil Map of Hazaribagh |publisher= Maps of India| access-date = 1 November 2017}}</ref>

Chalkusha CD block has an area of 149.10 km2.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2015_PART_B_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Hazaribagh |work = Census of India 2011 Page 26 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 26 January 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, Chalkusha CD block had 9 [[gram panchayat]]s,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://jharkhand.gov.in/web/hazaribagh/facts-figures | title= District Hazaribagh – Facts and Figures | work= Demography |publisher= Jharkhand Government| access-date = 28 October 2017}}</ref> 36 inhabited villages<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2015_PART_A_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Hazaribag, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Table 2, Page 31 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 28 October 2017}}</ref> and no [[census town]]s.<ref name=census2011/> [[Barkatha#Police station|Barkatha]] and [[Gorhar#Police station|Gorhar]] police stations serve this CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jhpolice.gov.in/hazaribagh| title = Jharkhand Police| work = Contact Number| publisher = Jharkhand Government| access-date = 28 October 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161206160714/http://www.jhpolice.gov.in/hazaribagh| archive-date = 2016-12-06| url-status = dead}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Chalkusha]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://hazaribag.nic.in/index.htm| title = Official Website of Hazaribag District| work = Administration – Subdivision and Blocks| publisher = Jharkhand Government| access-date = 28 October 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120205005632/http://www.hazaribag.nic.in/index.htm| archive-date = 2012-02-05| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Chalkusa CD block had a total population of 52,068, all of which were rural. There were 26,952 (52%) males and 25,116 (48%) females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 9,615. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 7,224 (13.87%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 784 (1.51%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 October 2017}}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Chalkusha CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Chalkusha]] (4,150), Maskedih (4,223), [[Chaube, Hazaribagh|Chaube]] (6,730).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
{{As of|2011}} census, the total number of literates in Chalkusa CD block was 28,499 (67.13% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 17,969 (81.33% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 10,530 (51.47% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 29.86%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Hazaribagh district was 70.48%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title= Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand |work= Sr. No. 5, Sheet 2 |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India | access-date = 28 October 2017}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.census2011.co.in/literacy.php | title= Literacy in India| work= Census 2011 |publisher= Census population 2015 data | access-date = 8 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 8 October 2017}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Hazaribagh district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Chalkusha CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|77.19}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|22.56}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.25}}
}}

In 2011, 40,191 (77.19%) of the population was Hindu, 11,745 (22.56%) Muslim. Other religions were 132 (0.25%).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Chalkusha block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value1 = 65.09 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 12.86 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 12.67 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]] |value4 = 8.17 |color4 = moccasin
|label5 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value5 = 0.96 |color5 = darkturquoise
|label6 = Others |value6 = 0.25 |color6 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 65.09% of the population spoke [[Khortha language|Khortha]], 12.86% [[Urdu]], 12.67% [[Hindi]], 8.17% [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and 0.96% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Chalkusha CD block'''
|value1 = 48.34
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 22.31
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 4.18
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 25.17
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Chalkusha CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 9,967 and formed 48.34%, agricultural labourers numbered 4,600 and formed 22.31%, household industry workers numbered 861 and formed 4.18% and other workers numbered 5,190 and formed 25.17%. Total workers numbered 20,618 and formed 39.60% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 31,450 and formed 60.40% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2015_PART_A_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Hazaribag, Series 21 Part XII A | work = Table 30 and 34, Pages 51, 57-58 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 1 November 2017}}</ref>

Note: In the census records, a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2015_PART_A_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf | title= District Census Handbook 2011 Hazaribag, Series 21 Part XII A | work= Pages 24-25 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 1 November 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 36 inhabited villages in Chalkusha CD block. In 2011, 11 villages had power supply. No village had tap water (treated/ untreated), 36 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 36 villages had hand pumps, and all villages had drinking water facility. 6 villages had post offices, no village had a sub post office, 2 villages had telephones (land lines) and 10 villages had mobile phone coverage. 36 villages had pucca (hard top) village roads, 7 villages had bus service (public/ private), 7 villages had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, and 17 villages had tractors. 9 villages had bank branches, 5 villages had agricultural credit societies, 3 villages had cinema/ video halls, 1 village had public library and public reading room. 29 villages had [[public distribution system]], 17 villages had weekly haat (market) and 34 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2015_PART_A_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Hazaribag, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 575-579 Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 1 November 2017}}</ref>

===Forestry and agriculture===
The main occupation of the people of Hazaribagh district is cultivation. While forests occupy around 45% of the total area, the cultivable area forms about 39% of the total area. The forests are uniformly spread across the district. Sal is the predominant species in the jungles. Other species are: bamboo, khair, sali, semal, mahua, tamarind, mango, black-berry (jamun), peepal, karnaj, jack-fruit, margosa (neem), kusum, palas, kend, asan, piar and bhelwa. [[Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary]] is located around 19 km north of [[Hazaribag]]. Irrigation facilities in this hilly area are inadequate and generally farmers depend on rain for their cultivation. The land situated along the river banks, or low land, is fertile but the uplands are generally barren. May to October is [[Kharif crop|Kharif season]], followed by [[Rabi crop|Rabi season]]. Rice is the main crop of the district. Other important crops grown are: bazra, maize, pulses (mainly arhar and gram) and oilseeds. Limited quantities of cash crops, such as sugar cane, are grown.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2015_PART_A_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Hazaribag, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 11-14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 1 November 2017}}</ref>

Famous Environmentalist and Advocate at Delhi High Court, Satya Prakash and founder Editor of Legal Boundary, News magazine is resident of Chalkusha, and his great efforts to control the [[illegal mining]] in the state of Jharkhand, a case was filed at National Green Tribunal, the tribunal has set up a committee to check the illegal mining in Hazaribagh and Koderma district of Jharkhand and over 5000 forest cases have been registered after the great efforts of Satya Prakash, and Government of Jharkhand has filed detail report at NGT to curve the illegal mining in forest areas.

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Hazaribagh district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 8 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 1 November 2017}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Dhanbad-Koderma sector|collapse=y}}
Dhanbad-Koderma sector of the [[Grand chord]] passes through Chalkusha CD block and there is a station at Chaube.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-koderma-dhanbad-passenger-memu-046/3744/1428/332 | title= 046 Koderma-Dhanbad Passenger memu| work= Time Table |publisher= Indiarailino| access-date = 1 November 2017}}</ref>

A road links Chalkusha to the Markacho-Chaube road. There is a bridge across the [[Barakar River|Barakar]]. There is a road from Chaube to Keshwari, where it connects to the Suriya-Parasiya road.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
In 2011, amongst the 36 inhabited villages in Chalkusha CD block, 5 villages had no primary school, 4 villages had one primary school and 27 villages had more than one primary school. 18 villages had at least one primary school and one middle school. 4 villages had at least one middle school and one secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2015_PART_A_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Hazaribag, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 579-580 Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 1 November 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2011, amongst the 36 inhabited villages in Chalkusha CD block, 4 villages had [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 7 villages had primary health sub-centres, 1 village had alternative medicine hospital and 29 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2015_PART_A_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Hazaribag, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 576-577 Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 1 November 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Hazaribagh district]]

Anitha Pauldurai

2026-02-05T02:30:55Z

OrvilleBurgos99: updated page

{{short description|Indian basketball player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox basketball biography
| name = Anitha Pauldurai
| image = 2017-03-19-Anitha Pauldurai.jpg
| height = 167 cm
| position = Southern Railways
(Officer On Special Duty)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|06|22}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| career_start = International: 2001
| career_end = 2018
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2021)
}}

'''Anitha Pauldurai''' (born 22 June 1985) is an Indian basketball player from Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anitha Pauldurai profile, FIBA Asia Championship for Women 2011 {{!}} FIBA.COM |url=http://london2012.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/12/olym/player/p/pid/61600/sid/5189/tid/301/profile.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527213018/http://london2012.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/12/olym/player/p/pid/61600/sid/5189/tid/301/profile.html |archive-date=2016-05-27 |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=FIBA.COM}}</ref> She was the captain of the [[India women's national basketball team]] for eight years after making her senior India debut in 2000.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-27 |title=Padma award playing a team sport makes it more special: Anitha Pauldurai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/padma-award-playing-a-team-sport-makes-it-more-special-anitha-pauldurai/articleshow/80473421.cms |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She has been conferred with National Civilian Award [[Padma Shri]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-01 |title=Anitha Pauldurai: Seamless transition from young captain, motherhood, to coach |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/anitha-paulduria-seamless-transition-from-young-captain-motherhood-to-coach |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref> She has been also conferred with Chief Minister State Award in the field of sports by Government of Tamil Nadu in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imtiaz |first=Md |date=2021-01-25 |title=Padma Shri awardee basketball player Anitha Pauldurai finally gets her due |url=https://thebridge.in/basketball/padma-shri-awardee-basketball-player-anitha-pauldurai-gets-due/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Pauldurai was born in a middle class [[Tamils|Tamil]] family to late police constable G. Pauldurai and housewife Lalitha in [[Chennai|Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]]. She did her schooling at St. Antony’s Higher Secondary School in Santhome and Lady Sivaswamy Ayyar Girls’ Higher Secondary School in Mylapore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kanthimathi |first=L. |date=2021-02-08 |title=A champion in their midst |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-champion-in-their-midst/article33780282.ece |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She did her B.Com.at [[University of Madras|Madras University]] and later did MBA (HRM) from [[Annamalai University]]. She joined [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]] 2003, and worked as Officer on Special Duty, Ticket Checking. In 2021, she became a Chief Welfare Inspector (Sports). N Sampath was one of her early coaches at the Rising Star Club.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Samrat |date=31 January 2021 |title=Who is Anitha Pauldurai - The Indian women's basketball legend who was awarded the Padma Shri? |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/who-is-anitha-pauldurai-the-indian-women-s-basketball-legend-who-was-awarded-the |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=Olympics}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=migrator |date=2021-01-31 |title=Padma Shri awardee Anitha on cloud nine |url=https://www.dtnext.in/sports/2021/01/30/padma-shri-awardee-anitha-on-cloud-nine |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Pauldurai played for 18 years in the Indian women's national team (2000 to 2017). She is the first Indian woman who played nine [[Asian Basketball Confederation]] (ABC) championships continuously representing the national squad. Anitha has a record of 30 medals in national championships.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-13 |title=FIBA Women's Asia Cup 2025: Indian women start with a solid win in Division 2 |url=https://thebridge.in/basketball/fiba-womens-asia-cup-india-beat-kazakhstan-division-2-53856 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

She was also the youngest to captain the Senior National Team at the age of 19 at the FIBA Asia Championship in China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peter |first=Naveen |date=17 February 2021 |title=Meet the hoopsters who helped Indian basketball rise and shine |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/best-indian-basketball-players-national-team-men-women |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=Olympics}}</ref> She went on to captain the national team for eight years. In August 2012, she was selected to play for an international women professional league in [[Thailand]].<ref name=":0" />

She played a number of international tournaments including big-ticket events such as the Asian championship, [[Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games 2006]] and [[2010 Asian Games|Asian Games 2010]]. She won the gold medal in 1st 3x3 [[FIBA]] Asian Basketball Championships at Doha 2013.<ref name=":1" /> She was also part of the team that won gold medal in 3rd Asian Beach games at Haiyan, China 2012. She was captain and provided top assists in the tournament where India won gold medal in south Asian Beach games at Sri Lanka in 2011 and silver medal in Asian indoor games at Vietnam 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/geethu-anna-jose-and-anitha-paul-durai-played-in-thailand-professional-basketball-league|title=Geethu Anna Jose and Anitha Paul Durai played in Thailand professional basketball league|date=2012-08-18|access-date=2018-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/i-love-playing-for-tamil-nadu-anitha/article4370973.ece|title=I love playing for Tamil Nadu: Anitha|last1=Chidananda|first1=Shreedutta|date=2013-02-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-21|last2=Chidananda|first2=Shreedutta|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2021-01-26|title=Ten from T.N. chosen for Padma Shri|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ten-from-tn-chosen-for-padma-shri/article33663179.ece|access-date=2021-01-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

She was employed with Indian Railways and in domestic events, she played for Southern Railways.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Gopalakrishnan |date=2013-04-18 |title=28th Ramu Memorial Basketball Tournament: Southern Railway 81, Maharashtra 49 (Women) |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/28th-ramu-memorial-basketball-tournament-southern-railway-81-maharashtra-49-women |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref> Even in November 2022, she represented Tamil Nadu that won the Federation Cup at Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Gopalakrishnan |date=2013-04-18 |title=28th Ramu Memorial Basketball Tournament: Southern Railway 81, Maharashtra 49 (Women) |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/28th-ramu-memorial-basketball-tournament-southern-railway-81-maharashtra-49-women |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Coaching career==

In October 2017, she was named as the assistant coach for the Indian under 16 team, after nearly 18 years of her playing career.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-15 |title=Anitha Pauldurai named assistant coach of Indian U-16 basketball team |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/anitha-pauldurai-named-assistant-coach-of-indian-u-16-basketball-team/articleshow/61087406.cms |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Awards and achievements==
* '''Padma Shri Award''' for Sports in 2021 - Fourth Highest Civilian Award in India.
* '''Lifetime Achievement Award''' from the '''Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu''' in senior National Basketball Championship at Chennai 2018.
* '''Chief Minister State Sports''' Award 2013.
Apart from these top awards, she received many other honours including FEMINA Super Daughter Award 2021, Tamil Nadu Women achiever Award from the Brand Republic 2021, Life Time Achievement Award from Rotary Club Chennai Velachery 2021, Sports Women of the Year Award from Jeppiaar Institute of Technology 2021, Raindrops Women Achiever Award 2021, Best Sports Women Award from TN World Women Wing 2021, Wonder Women Award from Virisha Book of World Record 2021, Women Achiever Award from State Bank Of India 2019, Villayatu Ratna Award from News7 channel Tamil Ratna Awards 2018, Received Doctor of Letters (D.LITT) from DK International Research Foundation 2018, Women Achiever Award from Rajalakshmi Engineering College 2018, Young Achiever Award from International Youth Fest 2018, Women Achiever Award from Vels University 2017, Vikadan award for Golden Captain 2016, Top Plays of the Tournament 2013 FIBA Asian Women, Southern Railway General Manager's Railway Week Award for sports 2008, Best Player Award in 17th Youth Nationals at Vashi 2001 and she also received Book of World Records certificate for contribution towards the basketball sport in India.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==International sporting achievements==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Competition
! Venue & dates
! Position
! Notes
|-
| ||||
|-
| Representing India||||||||
|-
| 2017||FIBA U-16 Women's Asia Championship ||Bengaluru 22 to 28 October||Winner||Asst coach
|-
| ||||||Level II||
|-
| 2017||FIBA Women's Asia Cup Division B<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA Women's Asia Cup Division B {{!}} FIBA Basketball Events |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/304-fiba-womens-asia-cup-division-b/10778 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref>||Bengaluru 23 to 29 July||Winner||Captain
|-
| ||||||Level II||
|-
| ||39th William Jones Cup||Chinese Taipei 5 to 9 July||Top 4||Captain
|-
| 2015||26th FIBA Asia Championship for Senior Women<ref>{{Cite news |title=India beats Kazakhstan in a thriller |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131031/sports-other-sports/article/india-beats-kazakhstan-thriller |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103654/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131031/sports-other-sports/article/india-beats-kazakhstan-thriller |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>||Wuhanchina 29 Aug to 5 Sep||Top 6||Captain
|-
| ||1st FIBA Asia 3 On 3 Championship||Dhoha, Qatar 15 to 16 May||Gold medal||
|-
| 2013||25th FIBA Asia Championship for Senior Women||Bangkok, Thailand 27 Oct to 3 Nov||Top 5||
|-
| ||3rd Asian Beach Games||Haiyang, China 16 to 22 June||Gold medal||Captain Top Assist
|-
| ||Women's Professional Basketball League||Thailand July||||Sripatum
|-
| 2012||||||||University
|-
| ||34th William Jones Cup Tournament||Taiwan 7 to 11 June||Top 4||
|-
| ||1st South Asian Beach Games||Hambantota||Gold medal||
|-
| ||||Sri Lanka 8 to 14 Aug||||
|-
| 2011||24th FIBA Asia Championship for Senior Women||Nagasaki||Top 5||Top Steal
|-
| ||||Japan 21 to 28 Aug||||
|-
| ||33rd William Jones Cup for Women ||Chinese Taipai 31 July to 4 Aug||Top 4||
|-
| 2010||16th Asian Games||China||||
|-
| ||||Guangzhou 12 to 27 Nov||||
|-
| ||3rd Asian Indoor Games||Vietnam 30 Oct to 8 Nov||Silver medal||
|-
| 2009||24th FIBA Asia Championship for Senior Women<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-25 |title=Basketball player, Anitha Pauldurai of Team India in action during... |url=https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/basketball-player-anitha-pauldurai-of-team-india-in-action-news-photo/91155018 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Getty Images |language=en-gb}}</ref>||Chennai ||||Captain
|-
| ||||17 to 24 Sep||||
|-
| 2007||22nd FIBA Asia Championship for Senior Women||Incheon, Korea 3 to 10 June||Winner||
|-
| ||||||Levelii||
|-
| ||Common Wealth Games||Melbourne, Australia 15 to 26 Mar||||Top Assist of Tournament
|-
| ||||||||
|-
| 2006||Four Nations International Basketball Tournament||Auckland, New Zealand 8 to 12 Mar||||
|-
| ||1st Phuket International Invitational Tournament||Thailand 22 to 25 Sep||Gold medal||
|-
| 2005||21st FIBA Asia championship for Senior Women||Ginhuangdao, China 19 to 26 June||||Captain
|-
| ||||||||(Youngest ever captain)
|-
| ||International Invitational Basketball Tournament||Malaysia||Silver medal||
|-
| 2004||||20 to 30 June||||
|-
| ||20th FIBA Asia Championship for Senior Women||Japan||||
|-
| ||||13 to 19 Jan||||
|-
| 2001||19th FIBA Asia Championship for Senior Women||Bangkok||||
|-
| |||| Thailand 4 to 11 Oct||||
|-
| 2000||Junior FIBA Asia Basketball Championship for Women||Delhi||||
|-
| ||||16 to 22 Dec||||
|}

==National sporting achievements==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Competition
! Venue & dates
! Position
! Notes
|-
| ||||
|-
| ||||||||Life Time Achievement Award received from Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2018||68th Senior National Basketball Championship||Chennai||Gold medal||
|-
| ||||17 to 24 Jan||||
|-
| ||67th Senior National Basketball Championship||Pondicherry||Bronze||
|-
| ||||7 to 14 Jan||||
|-
| 2017||Federation Cup||Coimbatore||Silver||
|-
| ||41st All India Railway Championship||Kolkata 10 to 15 Nov||Gold||
|-
| ||66th Senior National Basketball Championship||Mysore 9 to 16 Jan||Gold||
|-
| 2016||40th All India Railway Championship||Secundrabad 25 to 30 Nov||Silver||
|-
| ||35th National Games||Kerala 1 to 14 Feb||Silver||
|-
| 2015||29th Federation Cup||Pune 29 Mar to 2 Apr||Gold||
|-
| ||39th All India Railway Championship||Mumbai 20 to 26 Nov||Gold||
|-
| ||1st 3 On 3 Senior National Basketball Championship||New Delhi 10 & 11 April||Gold||
|-
| ||||||||
|-
| || ||Bengaluru 30 Jan to 3 Feb||||Captain Most Valuable Player
|-
| 2013||27th Federation Cup||||Gold||
|-
| ||37th All India Railway Championship||Kapurthala 6 to 10 Nov||Gold||
|-
| ||67th Senior National Basketball Championship||Ludhiana 20 Dec to 4 Jan||Gold||
|-
| ||26th Federation Cup||Cochin 14 to 18 Mar||Gold||
|-
| 2012||36th All India Railway Championship||Guwahati 1 to 8 Nov||Gold||
|-
| ||62nd Senior National Basketball Championship||Chennai 16 to 24 Dec||Gold||
|-
| ||34th National Games||Jharkhand 12 to 26 Feb||Gold||Captain
|-
| ||25th Federation Cup||Raipur 10 To 15 Feb||Silver||
|-
| 2011||35th All India Railway Championship||Kapurthala 4 to 11 Nov||Silver||
|-
| ||61st Senior National Basketball Championship||New Delhi 20 Dec to 4 Jan||Gold||
|-
| ||34th All India Railway Championship||Secundrabad 26 Nov to 3 Dec||Gold||
|-
| 2010||51st South Zone Basketball Championship||Visakhapatnam 23 to 27 June||Gold||Captain
|-
| ||60th Senior National Basketball Championship||Ludhiana 27 Dec to 3 Jan||Gold||Captain Top Scorer Award
|-
| 2009||33rd All India Railway Championship||Jabalpur 6 to 12 Oct||Gold||
|-
| ||59th Senior National Basketball Championship||Surat 31 Dec to 7 Jan||Gold||
|-
| ||32nd All India Railway Championship||Guwahati 3 to 9 Sep||Bronze||
|-
| 2008||50th South Zone Basketball Championship||Hospet 18 to 22 Oct||Gold||Captain
|-
| ||58th Senior National Basketball Championship||Pondicherry 21 to 28 Dec||Gold||
|-
| ||23rd Federation Cup||Rourekela 31 Oct to 4 Nov||Silver||Captain
|-
| 2007||||||||
|-
| ||31st All India Railway Championship||Chennai 20 to 26 Nov||Gold||Captain
|-
| ||56thsenior National Basketball Championship||Pune 20 Dec to 4 Jan 2006||Gold||
|-
| ||21st Federation Cup||Bhavnagar 15 to 19 Feb||Silver||
|-
| ||29th All India Railway Championship||Gorakpur 19 to 22 Oct||Silver||
|-
| 2005||R. Vaikuntam Cup||New Delhi 12 to 14 July||Bronze||
|-
| ||55th Senior National Basketball Championship||Ludhiana 26 Dec to 2 Jan||Gold||
|-
| 2004||||||||
|-
| ||28th All India Railway Championship||Lucknow 1 to 8 Nov||Gold||
|-
| ||54th Senior National Basketball Championship||Cuttack 26 Dec 2003 to 2 Jan 2004||Gold||
|-
| ||45th South Zone Basketball Championship||Yanam 18 to 22 July||Gold||
|-
| ||27th All India Railway Championship||Varanasi 5 to 12 Nov||Bronze||
|-
| 2003||54th Junior Nationals||Ludhiyana 7 to 14 June||-||
|-
| ||53rd Senior National Basketball Championship||Hyderabad 25 Jan to 1 Feb||||
|-
| 2002||53rd Junior Nationals||Goa 10 to 17 May||||
|-
| ||51st Senior National Basketball Championship||Bengaluru 5 to 12 Jan||Bronze||
|-
| ||31st National Games||Punjab 19 Nov to 1 Dec||Silver||
|-
| ||52nd Junior Nationals||Bhilai 17 to 24 June||-||
|-
| 2001||18th Youth Nationals||Madhya Pradhesh 14 to 20 Oct||Gold||Captain
|-
| ||50th Senior National Basketball Championship||Delhi 25 Dec to 1 Jan 2000||Bronze||
|-
| 2000||17th Federation Cup||Vishakapatnam 25 to 30 July||Forth||
|-
| ||51st Junior Nationals||Himachal Pradesh 9 to 15 Sep||Bronze||
|-
| ||17th Youth Nationals||Vashi 25 Dec to 1 Jan 2001||Gold||Captain Most Valuable Player
|-
| ||50th Junior Nationals||Pondicherry 21 to 27 May||Gold||
|-
| ||16th Youth Nationals||Chittoragarh 8 to 13 Dec||Silver||
|-
| 1999||15th Youth Nationals||Surat 23 to 29 Jan||||
|-
| ||25th Sub-Junior National||Pondicherry 14 to 18 May||-||
|-
| 1998||XLIV National School Games||Chandigarh 14 to 19 Nov||||
|-
|
|}

== See also ==

* [[India women's national basketball team]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* https://www.anithapauldurai.com/
{{authority control}}{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pauldurai, Anitha}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Indian women's basketball players]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for India]]
[[Category:Basketball players at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Asian Games basketball players for India]]
[[Category:Shooting guards]]
[[Category:Basketball players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Indian National Army in Singapore

2026-01-31T10:45:29Z

OrvilleBurgos99: adjusted references for consistency and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian military wing in Singapore}}
{{see also|Indian National Army}}

The [[Indian National Army]] (INA) was a Japanese sponsored Indian military wing in [[Southeast Asia]] during the [[World War II]], particularly active in Singapore,<ref name=":1" /> that was officially formed in April 1942 and disbanded in August 1945.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" /> It was formed with the help of the Japanese forces and was made up of roughly about 45 000 Indian [[prisoner of war]] (POWs) of [[British Indian Army]], who were captured after the [[Battle of Singapore|fall of Singapore]] on 15 February 1942.<ref name=":1" /> It was initially formed by [[Rash Behari Bose]] who headed it till April 1942 before handing the lead of INA over to [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] in 1943.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

INA was involved in various military operations fighting under the command of the Japanese forces against the British and [[Allied forces (World War II)|Allied forces]]. They are notable for their contributions to the battle fought in [[Burma Campaign|Burma]], [[Battle of Imphal|Imphal]] and [[Battle of Kohima|Kohima]].<ref name=":4" />

Following the [[Surrender of Japan|defeat of the Japanese]], the INA was dissolved in August 1945. The [[British Raj]], never seriously threatened by the INA, charged 300 INA officers with treason in the [[INA trials]], but eventually backtracked in the face of opposition by the Congress.<ref>{{cite book|last=Moreman|first=Tim|title=The Jungle, Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941–45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsoy_-Ep_0EC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76456-2}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Marston2014|pp=130–132}}: "Many Indian Army POWs were perplexed by Congress's sudden support for the INA"</ref> These trials became a galvanising point in the Indian Independence movement for the Indian National Congress.{{sfn|Singh|2003|p=98}}<ref name=Sarkar420>{{Harvnb|Sarkar|1983|p=420}}</ref> A number of people associated with the INA during the war later went on to hold important roles in public life in India as well as in other countries in Southeast Asia, most notably [[Lakshmi Sehgal]] in India, and [[John Thivy]] and [[Janaki Athinahappan]] in Malaya.<ref name=":2"/>

== Background and Context ==

=== Mahatma Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement ===

One of the more significant independent movements which brought together hundreds of thousands of Indians was [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-Cooperation Movement]] between 1920 and 1922 which aimed to reject British rule through non-violent means such as boycotting British products and consuming only local products.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Low|first=D. A.|date=1966-01-01|title=The Government of India and the First Non-Cooperation Movement--1920-1922|jstor=2051326|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=25|issue=2|pages=241–259|doi=10.2307/2051326|s2cid=162717788 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This movement also strengthened nationalistic feelings amongst the Indian population both in India as well as other parts of the world. As a result of this movement Gandhi was arrested and he spent two years in jail.<ref name=":0" /> However, the effects of this movement were far reaching as it spurred the emergence of a newer generation of Indians from the [[Indian independence movement|Congress Party]] such as, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] (who would eventually become the leader of the INA) who would later on actively advocate for India's independence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Habib|first=Irfan|date=1998-01-01|title=The Left and the National Movement|jstor=3517546|journal=Social Scientist|volume=26|issue=5/6|pages=3–33|doi=10.2307/3517546}}</ref>

=== Pre-1942 Conditions in Singapore and Malaya ===
{{see also | Battle of Singapore | Malayan campaign }}

In 1941, with the impending arrival of the Japanese troops to the Malay Peninsula during the [[World War II]], the British government had begun sending a large number of [[Malayan campaign|Indian troops to the Malay Peninsula and Singapore]].<ref name=":1" /> It was estimated that were some 37 000 Indian troops stationed in these areas, making up roughly about the 40 percent of the total military strength of the British forces.<ref name=":1" /> However, the British-Indian troops stationed begun to experience various problems.

Firstly, the British military was beginning to be spread too thinly and they were unable to allocate much of their resources to the military set up in the Malay Peninsula and Singapore.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Indians in Singapore 1819-1945: Diaspora in the Colonial Port City|last=Rai|first=Rajesh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Secondly, although it appears that the number British-Indian troops swelled from 200,000 to 900,000 between 1939 and 1941, it was made up of very young boys (as a result of the open recruitment policy of the British) who had very little or no combat training and experience, leading to anxiety amongst the British-Indian forces.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

Thirdly, the British had already begun to suspect that not all of their Indian Army personnel were loyal to them. This was largely because, towards the end of 1942, the British government had to resort to indiscriminate recruitment in order to maintain the numbers for its army, meaning that it was no longer carefully curating its selection for the armed forces and consequently the British Indian Army was no longer filled with single minded individuals fighting for the same cause. The antagonistic feeling towards the British amongst the Indian soldiers were due to numerous instances of poor treatment they received. By 1941, significant discontent at the abusive attitudes of their British officers was widespread among Indian soldiers.<ref name=":1" />

As such, due to a combination of the above-mentioned factors and conditions, by 1941, the morale of the Indian Army troops was very low and this set up the stage for many soldiers to switch loyalties to the Japanese in 1942.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

=== The Role of the Japanese in the formation of the INA ===
{{see also | Japanese occupation of Malaya | Indian Independence League | Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon | Mohan Singh (general) }}

The circumstances leading up to the formation of the INA have been contested. While some scholars have gone down the nationalistic road, newer scholars have instead challenged these claims and with the aid of new sources been able to shed a different light on the same event. Early accounts trace the founding of the INA to the spontaneous uprising of nationalism among Indian troops in Malaya.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=The Indian National Army: Motives, Problems and Significance|last=Ghosh|first=Kalyan Kumar|publisher=Department of History, University of Malaya|year=1968|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> More recent accounts, however, suggest the Japanese played a central role in its formation and development.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The Indian National Army and Japan|last=Lebra|first=Joyce C|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2008|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=A Military History of Indian and Southeast Asia: From the East India Company to the Nuclear Era|last=Sundaram|first=C|publisher=London: Praeger Security International|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=123–130}}</ref>

Plans by the Japanese forces to influence the British-Indian soldiers in Singapore and Malaya had begun as early September 1941.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Exile Armies|url=https://archive.org/details/exilearmies00lata|url-access=limited|last=Havers|first=Robin|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=9781349426041|editor-last=Bennett|editor-first=Matthew|pages=[https://archive.org/details/exilearmies00lata/page/n69 55]–67|language=en|doi=10.1057/9780230522459_6|editor-last2=Latawski|editor-first2=Paul|chapter = Jai Hind!: The Indian National Army, 1942–45}}</ref> Major [[Iwaichi Fujiwara]] was the officer assigned by the Japanese government to head to Bangkok to undertake efforts to “engage in intelligence operations intended to cultivate...Japanese Indian cooperation”. As the first step in his efforts, Major Fujiwara sought out the highly popular but controversial Indian Nationalist, [[Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon|Pritam Singh]] who had fled from India to avoid arrest by the British government. Pritam Singh was also the General Secretary of the [[Indian Independence League]] (IIL) in Thailand, as part of a larger anti-British political organization which operated in various parts of Southeast Asia.

Fujiwara and Pritam held a series of secret discussions during the months of October and November 1941. During these meetings, Pritam managed to convince Fujiwara that the loyalties of the British Indian soldiers could only be attained if the Japanese authorities would promise the future prisoners of war the sparring of their lives.<ref name=":1" /> Additionally, Pritam also persuaded Fujiwara to assure the British-Indian soldiers that the Japanese forces would assist the Indians in gaining independence from British colonial rule. Major Fujiwara guaranteed Pritam Singh that they did not harbour any “political, economic, cultural or religious”<ref name=":3" /> intentions in India and they would respect the “property and freedom of Indians in territory that came under the sway of the Japanese”.<ref name=":3" />

Following that, Pritam Singh and Major Fujiwara followed the movement of the Japanese troops during their journey from Southern Thailand to Malaya.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=The Springing Tiger: A Study of a Revolutionary|last=Toye|first=Hugh|publisher=Cassell|year=1959|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> As they advanced towards Northern Malaya in December 1941, the Japanese forces were able to capture British-Indian soldiers from the 1/14 Punjab regiment and their leader [[Mohan Singh (general)|Mohan Singh]] who would go on to lead the INA later. Mohan Singh was tasked by Fujiwara to “manage the POWs and to maintain law and order in the area”.<ref name=":3" /> During this period, Fujiwara was greatly convinced by Mohan Singh's leadership abilities and as such sought Mohan Singh's compliance to aid the Japanese efforts. He also offered Mohan Singh the opportunity to captain this new Indian army .<ref name=":2" />

Although, initially conflicted as he had heard horrific stories about the torture tactics employed by the Japanese forces, Mohan Singh believed that the proposed new Indian armed forces and cooperation with the Japanese forces, would act as a defence mechanism for “Indian soldiers and to protect Indian civilians and property from Japanese exploitation”.<ref name=":2" /> As such, Mohan Singh was inclined to agree to Fujiwara's proposal, on the strict condition that Fujiwara agreed to five conditions dictated by Singh. These conditions were:<blockquote>1. Full assistance and collaboration would be extended by the Japanese army in the formation of liberation army for India.</blockquote><blockquote>2. The present IIL and INA should not be conflated with each other and be allowed to exist separately.</blockquote><blockquote>3. The POWs should come solely under the purview of Mohan Singh.</blockquote><blockquote>4. Indian POWs should be offered a choice about whether they wanted to join the INA and POWs who refuse should not be subjected to any form of torture by the Japanese forces.</blockquote><blockquote>5. The soon to be formed INA should be treated as an ‘allied army’ by the Japanese forces.<ref name=":3" /></blockquote>Fujiwara acceded to Singh's request.<ref name=":3" /> Consequently, Mohan Singh was told to immediately head a propaganda movement in order to convince British-Indian soldiers to join the newly formed INA. By January 1942, this propaganda movement led by Mohan Singh was in full force.

== Establishing the INA ==

=== The Farrer Park Meeting ===
{{see also | Farrer Park address }}

It was during the [[Farrer Park Field|Farrer Park Meeting]] on 17 February 1942, that Fujiwara and Mohan Singh first addressed the 45 000 strong British-Indian POWs. Major Fujiwara assured the POWs that they would be treated as comrades as opposed to POWs. He also repeatedly assured the POWs that if they complied with the Japanese forces, they would be provided with the support and resources to fight against the British forces and clinch independence for India.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Fujiwara had hoped that appealing to the nationalistic consciousness and patriotic feelings of these soldiers would enable him to win their support. Despite Fujiwara's impassioned plea, many of the POWs remained unconvinced.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> It was only when the charismatic Mohan Singh addressed them next, urging them to “seize the opportunity and rise for the motherland”<ref>{{Cite book|title=Japanese army intelligence operations in Southeast Asia during World War II / Fujiwara Iwaichi; translated by Akashi Yoji.|last=Kikan|first=F|publisher=Heinemann Asia|year=1983|isbn=|location=Hong Kong|pages=}}</ref> that the POWs begun to seriously consider the proposal to join the INA.

Although the POWs were not coerced into making an immediate decision with regard to joining the INA, the general consensus was that many of the POWs with the exceptions of the higher ranking British officials and the Gurkha contingent were sufficiently convinced.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=The Gurkhas|last=Farewell|first=B.|publisher=Allen Lane|year=1984|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

=== Treatment of the Indians under the Early Japanese Rule ===

It would not be until 9 May 1942 that the INA would come into full effect. However, following the events of 17 February 1942 Farrer Park meeting, the Indians in Singapore begun to enjoy special privileges during the Japanese ‘pacification’ of Singapore .<ref name=":1" /> This was clearly seen in the vastly different ways in which the Japanese treated the Indians and Chinese. During these early months, it was reported that roughly 50 000 Chinese in Singapore and the Malayan Peninsula were brutally killed in what is now known as the ‘[[Sook Ching|Sook Ching Massacre]]’ .<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last=BLACKBURN|first=KEVIN|date=2000-01-01|title=The Collective Memory of the Sook Ching Massacre and the Creation of the Civilian War Memorial of Singapore|jstor=41493428|journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=73|issue=2 (279)|pages=71–90}}</ref> In contrast, the Indians received far more lenient treatment.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Singapore, 1819-1988|last=Turnbull|first=Constance Mary|author-link = C. M. Turnbull| publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1989|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> However, this is not to say that the Indians felt no fear at all. In fact, the attitudes of the Japanese forces towards the Chinese population did instill some fear in the general Indian civilian population as well as leaders such as Pritam Singh. This was significant for the Indian leaders, during the Farrer Park meeting who had expressed reservations about collaborating with the Japanese as these incidents further cemented their initial beliefs about the cruel nature of the Japanese and would further affirm their decision to not join the INA in May 1942.<ref name=":1" />

=== Pledging Allegiance to the INA ===

====First Indian National Army formed by General Mohan Singh====

Prior to the arrival of Subhash Chandra Bose in Singapore in July 1943, the Indian POW were recruited by the Mohan Singh for the cause of an independent India, it was called the [[First Indian National Army]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Toye|first=Hugh|date=1984-09-01|title=The First Indian National Army, 1941–42|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/first-indian-national-army-194142/6B92AF84A0D980D8FD8EE70D826B7716|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=15|issue=2|pages=365–381|doi=10.1017/S0022463400012583|s2cid=162199269 |issn=1474-0680|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In the months following the Farrer Park meeting and the eventual formation of the INA in May 1942, Indian and Japanese leaders held various meetings with the most notable one held in Tokyo between 28 March 1942 and 30 March 1942.<ref name=":6"/> It was during this meeting that Indian leaders carefully negotiated the terms of the INA with the Japanese officials. It was during these series of meetings that Mohan Singh was officially appointed as Commander in Chief for the INA.<ref name=":1" />

The ‘Bidadari Resolutions’ negotiated between Mohan and other senior Indian officials was formalized on 27 April 1942.<ref name=":6" /> These resolutions mandated that the official recruitment for the INA could begin on 8 May 1942 .<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":19" /> Mohan Singh continued his attempts to convince the Indian POWs to join the INA. He was rather successful as by September 1942, he was able to recruit more than 40 000 soldiers.<ref name=":19" /> Even though it was initially largely believed that many POWs joined the INA because of a burst of nationalistic consciousness, in recent years, it has been uncovered through the reading of other court documents and previously classified government documents<ref name=":4" /> that there were other compelling reasons such as anger towards the British officials, the perceived sense of security offered by the Japanese in exchange for the loyalty of the POWs and also the promise of escape from malnutrition and starvation .<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" />

The vast difference in treatments provided to those who joined the INA and those who refused further prompted those who initially did not wish to join to change their minds. The Indian POWs who aligned themselves with the INA were often well fed and given simpler, less taxing duties to perform. They were given great amounts of freedom in these camps (termed as volunteer camps) and were entitled to various forms of entertainment such as “patriotic theatrical and song nights that were also used as instruments to get POWs to join the INA”.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Sixth Column" The Heroic Personal Story of Lt Col Mahmood Khan Durrani|last=Durrani|first=M.|publisher=Cassell|year=1955|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> In a blatant violation of the conditions set by Mohan Singh prior to the formation of the INA, which would later serve as a source of conflict between Singh and the Japanese forces, the POWs who chose to not join the INA were subject to great physical and mental torture as they were sent to ‘concentration camps’, where they were deprived of food, medical aid and other basic rights.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Indian National Army: Second Front of the Indian Independence Movement|last=Ghosh|first=Kalyan Kumar|publisher=Meenakshi Prakashan|year=1969|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> An excerpt from Bryon Farewell details some of the methods and techniques that the Japanese used to coerce the Indian POWs into join the INA. <blockquote>''“When none of the Singapore prisoners of 2/2nd or the 2/9th [[Gurkhas]] signed up for the I.N.A., their Gurkha officers and N.C.O.s were taken away to Skeleton Camp for intensive coercion.… Twenty-six were selected for brutal treatment, then returned to camp ‘to think again’… [Gurkha officers] were made to work at heavy tasks, clubbed with rifle butts, brutally beaten with poles, and sand was mixed with their food.… Subadar- Major Chethabahadur of the 2/9th was put in a small cage, starved, left for long periods in solitary confinement and beaten…. Subadar-Major Harisung Bohra of the 2/2nd was blinded and repeatedly beaten with bamboo poles; he died of internal hemorrhages.”''.<ref name=":5" /></blockquote>To further complicate matters, it was not just the Japanese who were engaged in torturing the Indian POWs. There have been various reports suggesting that the INA formed its own version of the much feared Japanese ''[[Kempeitai]]'' which employed various torturous measures in order to coerce the POWs to join the INA.<ref name=":1" />

====Arrival of Bose and formation of INA====

When Subhas Chandra Bose arrived in Singapore in July 1943 to materialise the goal of an independent India, and he mobilised the Indian manpower including civilians and financial resources in East and South-East Asia. He gave instructions that no coercion should be used in recruitment. First Indian National Army raised by Mohan Singh became part of the Second Indian National Army led by Bose. The combined force was simply called the Indian National Army (INA).<ref name= bossinsg1>[https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/bose-in-singapore/article23596329.ece Bose in Singapore], [[Frontline (magazine)]], December 08, 2017.</ref>

==21 October 1943: proclamation of Free India at Cathay Building in Singapore==
{{anchor | Proclaim | Proclamation | Free | Azad }}
[[File:The Cathay Theatre in Singapore 1945.jpg|right|thumb|The Cathay Building Cinema in 1945 where Free India was proclaimed on 21 October 1943.]]

On 21 October 1943, [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] proclaimed the formation of the Provisional Government of Azad Hind (Free India) at [[Cathay Building]] with himself as the Head of State, Prime Minister and Minister of War.<ref name=hasu2>[https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/online_exhibit/indian_national_army/provi.htm Provisional Government of Azad Hind] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231145132/https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/online_exhibit/indian_national_army/provi.htm |date=2022-12-31 }}, [[National Archives of Singapore]].</ref> The Japanese utilised the building to broadcast propaganda in the [[Japanese language]].<ref name=hasu1>{{Hasumi-shiguehiko-ozu-2003}}</ref> This government was recognised by several nations and went on to capture India's [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] from the British colonial rule.

{{Blockquote
|text = In the name of God, in the name of bygone generations who have welded the Indian people into one nation, and in the name of the dead heroes who have bequeathed to us a tradition of heroism and self-sacrifice we call upon the Indian people to rally round our banner and strike for India's freedom. We call upon them to launch the final struggle against the British and their allies in India and to prosecute that struggle with valour and perseverance and full faith in final victory until the enemy is expelled from Indian soil and the Indian people are once again a Free Nation.
|author = Subhas Chandra Bose proclaiming the [[Azad Hind|Free India]] at Cathay Cinema Building in Singapore on 21 October 1943
|source = <ref name= bossinsg1/>
}}

The Cathay Building, which was earlier used as cinema, hotel, nightclub, restaurant, etc. was redeveloped in 1999. The front facade of its theatre building structure was gazetted as a [[National Monuments of Singapore|national monument]] for conservation on 10 February 2003, while the rest of the building structure was later demolished. Thus the new building incorporated conservation of the original art-deco façade of the 1939 and combined together with a modern-day design. [[The Cathay]] as it is currently known, was opened on 24 March 2006.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/today20060325-1.2.39.5|title=That golden age...|access-date=2018-06-08}}</ref> The 17 story building now houses the retail, food & beverage outlets, an 8-screen Cathay Cineplex and the residential units.

== Leaders of the INA ==

Scholars have generally agreed that both Mohan Singh and Subhas Chandra Bose were influential figures.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=L. C.|date=1948-01-01|title=The Indian National Army Trials|journal=The Modern Law Review|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=47–69|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1948.tb00071.x|issn=1468-2230|doi-access=}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> However, earlier scholars, who were writing at a time when the Indian government had begun to portray Bose as a nationalistic hero, tended to accord much of the success of the INA to Bose.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=The Indian Army: Its contribution to the development of a nation|last=Cohen|first=S|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|url=http://publicculture.dukejournals.org/content/5/3/411|title=Patriotism and Its Futures|journal=Public Culture|volume=5|issue=3|pages=411–429|doi=10.1215/08992363-5-3-411|access-date=2017-04-19|year=1993|last1=Appadurai|first1=A.|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Modern Indian Political Thought: Text and Context|last=Chakrabarthy|first=B.|publisher=Sage Publications India Pte Ltd|year=2009|isbn=|location=|pages=193–205}}</ref> However, scholars from newer non-nationalistic historical traditions, supported by access to newer historical sources, argue that both Singh and Bose were major players in the formation and maintenance of the INA.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" />
[[File:Fujiwara Kikan.jpg|thumb|Captain Mohan Singh in a meeting with Japanese Major Iwaichi Fujiwara]]

=== Mohan Singh ===
Captain Mohan Singh was a soldier of the 1/14th Punjab regiment and a member of the British-Indian forces. He and his troops were captured by the Japanese forces in the Northern part of Malaya in December 1941. Singh believed that the British were exploiting the Indians. His desire to gain Indian independence from British rule was one of the main reasons that he agreed to captain the INA and formed an alliance with the Japanese forces albeit with some conditions set to protect the Indians. Singh was instrumental in recruiting many of the British-Indian POWs to become members of the INA and also actively partook in their training.

However, towards the end of 1942, Mohan Singh begun to have disagreements with the Japanese authorities. He felt that the Japanese authorities had not kept their promises of treating the Indians as equals largely because they Indian troops were not provided with the latest military equipment and many of them were asked to do laborer jobs. Singh became increasingly disillusioned with the Japanese forces and surmised that the “Japanese ‘wanted the army [INA] and the organization to be just a show piece and a convenient puppet, but not a strong and powerful reality which may become a problem for them later on, thwart their secret designs on India”.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=Japan and the Indian National Army|last=Sareen|first=T.|publisher=Agam Prakashan|year=1986|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>

As the Japanese forces felt that Singh was increasingly uncooperative, they feared that he would influence the rest of the INA to rebel against the Japanese as well. As such, Mohan Singh was dismissed from his position as captain and was arrested by the Japanese military police on 29 December 1942.<ref name=":9" />

After the defeat of the Japanese forces, Singh was sent to India face trial for his role in the INA. However, due to the overwhelming support he received from the Indian population, he was dismissed from the Army and faced no other form of punishment. He eventually pursued a career as a politician.<ref name=":13" />
[[File:1920 subhash chandra bose as student.png|thumb|Young Subhash Chandra Bose]]

=== Subhas Chandra Bose (Netaji) ===


After the capture of Mohan Singh, the Japanese forces enlisted the help of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose to revive and lead the INA. Bose was already very well known amongst the Indian Diaspora communities for his efforts to fight for India's independence and his disagreements with Gandhi's ideologies about fighting for independence. As such, Bose was able to rally the INA forces together .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Stephen P.|date=1963-01-01|title=Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army|jstor=2754686|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=36|issue=4|pages=411–429|doi=10.2307/2754686}}</ref> He was also able to convince many of the Indian civilians to contribute to the cause of the INA.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pande|first=Amba|date=2016-07-03|title=Bose, beyond the 'Mystery'|journal=Strategic Analysis|volume=40|issue=4|pages=234–238|doi=10.1080/09700161.2016.1184795|s2cid=147881461|issn=0970-0161}}</ref> Bose also encouraged women to partake in activities of the INA, setting up the first women's unit, the [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment]] in October 1943.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rettig|first=Tobias|date=2013-12-01|title=Recruiting the All-Female Rani of Jhansi Regiment: Subhas Chandra Bose and Dr Lakshmi Swaminadhan|journal=South East Asia Research|language=en|volume=21|issue=4|pages=627–638|doi=10.5367/sear.2013.0178|s2cid=144067014|issn=0967-828X|url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/1388}}</ref> Bose was also more successful in negotiations with the Japanese to provide support for the Indian troops. This was largely because Bose was more successful than Singh in the military operations that he organized. The success of the troops also forced the Japanese to take the INA more seriously.<ref name=":3" />

However towards the end of the Japanese occupation, even Bose could not salvage the falling morale in the INA despite his best efforts.<ref name=":1" /> In the midst of quelling various mutinies that had emerged in various INA camps during August 1945, Bose received information that the Japanese were surrendering.<ref name=":1" /> On 15 August 1945, Bose declared the end of the INA through a radio broadcast made in Singapore.<ref name=":1" /> Three days later, he perished in an airplane crash.<ref name=":1" />

== Decline of the INA ==
While earlier academics have often attributed the fall of the INA to prevailing socio-economic conditions during the war or the inefficiency of the Japanese forces, more recent literature which have focused on perspectives from the soldiers themselves, suggests that a multitude of factors contributed to the decline of the INA.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Loss of motivation ===

Towards the end of the Japanese occupation around December 1943, the prevailing socioeconomic conditions for the Indians were quickly going downhill. There was a severe food shortage due to the Japanese losing their footing and influence in many parts of the Southeast Asian region .<ref name=":1" />

The poor economic conditions faced by the Indians contributed to the low morale in the ranks of the INA. To further complicate matters, news of the [[Battle of Imphal|1944 Imphal disaster]] had made its rounds amongst the INA troops as well, contributing to their sense of hopelessness. Many of the INA soldiers had also begun to believes that the Japanese would soon be defeated by the allied forces. As such, they were reluctant to obey instructions to serve the Japanese forces.<ref name=":8" /> During this period, the number of civilians who volunteered to be part of the INA declined greatly as well. In December 1944, only a mere 560 civilians became part of the INA. At that point “there were already 2000 deserters at large in Malaya, and 200 men were disappearing from training camps every month”.<ref name=":8" />

The existing INA troops’ unhappiness was further compounded by the news that the 3rd Division of the INA [composed chiefly of local volunteers in Malaya and Singapore] was not going to be allowed to go to Burma to fight for India's independence. Instead, they were tasked to protect the Japanese bases in Singapore and Malaya.<ref name=":1" /> In particular the Japanese forces wanted to use the 3rd division to quell the uprising from the [[Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army|Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army]] (MPAJA), formed in 1944 and was made up of local Chinese and members of the [[Malayan Communist Party]] (MCP).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Role of Indian Minorities in Burma and Malaya|url=https://archive.org/details/roleofindianmino00maha|url-access=registration|last=Mahajani|first=U.|publisher=Vora|year=1960|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Many INA soldiers chose to defect from the INA as they did not wish to fight the locals for the Japanese forces who had broken their promises of aiding them to fight for the independence of India from the British. Some of those who defected, quickly aligned themselves and forged alliances with MPAJA, as they now felt that there was “no hope of liberating India, the alternative of liberating Malaya begun to seem far more attractive”.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|title=Class, Race and Colonialism in West Malaysia|last=Stenson|first=M.|publisher=University of Queensland Press|year=1980|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>

Simultaneously, there was a more rapid dissolution of the INA occurring in Burma. By the middle of June 1945, when Subash Chandra Bose returned to Singapore, he focused on revitalizing the disintegrating INA movement. He engaged in various propaganda measures, most notably, he called for the construction of a [[Former Indian National Army Monument|memorial in remembrance of the Indian soldiers]] who died for the INA's cause.<ref name=":1" /> However, despite his best efforts, it would appear that there was very little left of the INA to salvage. By that time, many of the INA soldiers were deeply influenced by communist ideologies and were contributing aid and rations to the guerilla forces.<ref name=":1" /> This decline in morale and the rise of dissatisfaction amongst the INA soldiers reached its peak in early August, when a riot erupted in one of the INA training camps. This was later believed to have been because the senior “Indian army officers [in that camp] had rebelled in the hopes that they would be better placed when the British forces arrived”.<ref name=":1" />

=== Acceptance of Defeat ===

In August 1945, Bose was informed of the Japanese's decision to surrender. This marked the end of the INA and its activities. On 15 August 1945, Bose partook in a final radio broadcast in Singapore. He praised and thanked the Indians in East Asia for their huge scarifies. In his speech, he asserted that:<blockquote>''“A glorious chapter in the History of India's struggle for Freedom has come to a close and, in that chapter, the sons and daughters of India in East Asia will have an undying place.…You sent an unending stream of your sons and daughters to the camps to be trained as soldiers of the Azad Hind Fauj and of the [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment]]. Money and materials, you poured lavishly…. Posterity will bless your name, and will talk with pride about your offerings at the altar of India's freedom.…Do not be depressed at our temporary failure.… There is no power on earth that can keep India enslaved. India shall be free and before long.”''<ref name=":13" /></blockquote>

=== Aftermath of the Japanese Occupation in Singapore ===

Following the end of the Japanese occupation, the INA were viewed with great pride and reverence in India as stories of their struggle for India's independence spread quickly.<ref name=":1" /> However, the same could not be said for the former INA members in diasporic Singapore.<ref name=":1" /> In Singapore, Indians particularly the ones who were associated with the INA were treated with disdain as they were “stigmatized as fascists and Japanese collaborators”.<ref name=":15" /> However, many of the members of the British re-occupation forces were made up of Indian soldiers and this at the very least offered some amount of physical protection for many of the Indians living in Singapore.<ref name=":15" />

Many of the ex-INA soldiers had by then switched loyalties back towards the British. When the British arrived on 5 September 1945 Shinozaki notes that the [[Gurkhas]] ... [upon seeing] the INA's memorial tower ... began to knock it down. Many Indians nearby ... clapped their hands at this. I thought to myself, these same people were before in the INA’.<ref>Shinozaki, M. (1973). My Wartime Experiences in Singapore. ''Oral History Programme Series No.3''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.</ref> With the return of the British, many Indians were afraid that they would become a target because of their connections to the INA and IIL. Largely due to the poor fortunes that they had experienced towards the end of the British colonial rule, many of the educated Indians desired to gain employment within the British administration. As such they pledged (correctly or incorrectly) that they had stayed loyal to the British during the Japanese occupation and had only joined the INA when left with no choice. Some others chose to turn other members of the INA and IIL over to the British force in order to gain favour with the British administration.<ref name=":1" />

== Long-term significance of the Indian National Army ==
Despite being dissolved in August 1945, the INA and its legacy continued to have far reaching consequences in India such as influencing the new Indian Army, altering British policy towards the Indian forces and also playing a major role in shaping the political outcome following India's independence.

=== Effects on the Indian Army (after 1945) ===
The INA had left deep impressions on many of the existing British-Indian soldiers, many of them who had been recruited during the war. Their encounters with members of the INA and the secret circulation of past INA propaganda had a lasting impression of the British-Indian soldiers. One British officer observed: "In the eleven months which had ... elapsed since the first contacts of the Indian Army, Navy and Air Force with the mass of the I.N.A. in Rangoon, there had been widespread fraternization. Its result was political consciousness which the Indian Servicemen had never before possessed." This new consciousness led them to react more sharply not only to the existing grievances in the Service but to the pressing political issues of the post-war years.<ref name=":14" />

Coupled with the glorification of the INA by various political parties, the morale of the members of the British-Indian troops began to decline and signs of rebellion began to emerge.<ref name=":14" /> During the first INA trial, in November 1945, the Royal Indian Air Force went on a [[Royal Air Force mutiny|strike to protest against the trials]] and in February 1946, the Royal Indian Navy also [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny|joined the mutiny]] with some areas where the RIN was stationed, experiencing bursts of violence. It was evident by the middle of 1946 that much of the Indian Armed Forces were INA sympathizers.<ref name=":14" />

=== Changes by the British colonial administration ===
The British administration was able to gather some important lessons from the revolt of the British-Indian officers to form the INA. Prior to World War II, the British had been certain that certain “[[martial race]]s” would be forever loyal to the British.<ref name=":14" /> However, this confidence was shaken after the events of World War II. During the INA trials which occurred shortly after the surrender of the Japanese, the British forces uncovered that this “martial races” had felt [[Indianisation (British India)|discriminated by the British government]] in terms “pay, allowance and promotions”.<ref name=":14" /> This was said to be one of the biggest motivations for the revolt. This “was a lesson for the colonial powers”.<ref name=":14" /> In fact, some authors have argued that these realizations greatly shaped the policy of the British towards the Indian forces in the next few years before India achieved independence in 1947. The British resorted to treating the Indian soldiers with more suspicion but ensured greater equality to prevent such an occurrence again.<ref name=":14" />

=== Contributions to the Indian nationalist movements ===
Some academics believe that the INA acted as a catalyst for the |India independence movement as it sped up the end of British rule in India.<ref>Chaudhuri, N. (1953). Subhas Chandra Bose-His Legacy and Legend. ''Pacific Affairs, 26''(4), 349-357.</ref><ref>Sarkar, S. (1989). ''Modern India 1885–1947.'' Springer</ref><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":19" /> The INA and its legacy continued to aid the [[Nationalist Movements in India|Indian Nationalist movements]] and brought together various groups of people who were previously in conflict with each other. This was especially so after the [[Indian National Army trials|trials of some of the INA officers]] between 1945 and 1946.<ref name=":14" /> The trials were said to have “created a widespread revolutionary [[anti-British sentiment]] in India. A consensus of opinion arose among almost all the political parties in India which condemned the Government's policy of trying certain I.N.A. officers by court martial.”.<ref name=":14" /> The [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], Hindu religious groups such as the [[Hindu Mahasabha|Mahasabha]] and [[Akali Dal]], and the [[Socialism in India#Political parties|Socialist leaders]] all came together to lend their support to the INA soldiers. In fact, the Indian National Congress was able to gain popularity amongst the general Indian population by choosing to side with the INA officers despite their varying religious faiths, thus establishing itself as a secular political party which could represent the interest of all groups of Indians.<ref name=":14" /> This would eventually play an important role in the Indian National Congress winning the first general elections in 1947, following the departure of the British.<ref name=":18">Alpes, M. (2007). The Congress and the INA Trials, 1945–50: Contest over the Perception of ‘Nationalist’ Politics . ''Studies in History, 3''(21), 135–158 .</ref>

== Memory of the INA in Singapore History ==
===Monuments and important places===
{{ see also | INA Martyrs' Memorial }}

[[Farrer Park Field]] adjacent to [[Little India, Singapore|Little India]], [[Cathay Building]] where Subhas Chandra proclaimed an independent India, [[Padang, Singapore|Padang]] former INA sepoy lines ground and adjacent [[Former Indian National Army Monument]] at [[Esplanade Park, Singapore|Esplanade Park]] are the important sites related to INA. All of these lie, from north to south along a 4 km route, within the [[Central Area, Singapore|Central Business District]] (CBD). The supreme command of the INA was set up at [[Mount Pleasant Road, Singapore|Mount Pleasant]] and the PoW headquarters with the largest PoW camp was set up at [[List of Singapore Armed Forces bases|Neesoon]] ([[Yishun]]) under General [[M. Z. Kiani]]. Other smaller PoW camps housing Indian troops were set up at [[Bidadari, Singapore|Bidadari]], [[Tyersall Park#Japanese invasion of Singapore|Tyersall]], Buller ([[Queenstown, Singapore#History|Queenstown]]), [[Seletar]] and [[Kranji]].<ref name=":19">{{Harvnb|Fay|1993}}</ref>

Farrer Park Field, where Japanese held the alliance building meeting in February 1942 with native Indian Prisoners of War of British Indian Army which led to the eventual formation of the INA in the same month,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> is an important site. In 1942, following the Japanese takeover of Singapore, soldiers from the British Indian Army were rounded up at Farrer Park Field to urge them to switch allegiance to the Japanese. This event is now known as the [[Farrer Park address]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=83}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=84}}</ref>

Padang (literally "the field" in Malay language), where Subhas Chandra Bose addressed the INA soldiers several times. On 9 July 1943 he mobilised the resources for the independence of India with the inspiring words, ''"Time has come for three million Indians living in East Asia to mobilise all their available resources including money and manpower. Half-hearted measures will not do. …Out of this total mobilisation I expect at least three hundred thousand soldiers and three crores that is thirty million dollars."'' On 5 August 1943 in another address at Padang he inspired, and received overwhelming response, when he questioned the soldiers if they felt ''"[[Jai Hind]]"'' (Victory for India) and ''"Chalo Dhili"'' (Lets march on Delhi) slogans were essential part of their spirit.<ref name=bosesg1>[https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/online_exhibit/indian_national_army/provi.htm Provisional Government of Arzi Hind] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231145132/https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/online_exhibit/indian_national_army/provi.htm |date=2022-12-31 }}, National Archives of Singapore.</ref> This field is now a gazetted national monument of Singapore,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhb.gov.sg/-/media/nhb/files/media/releases/new-releases/gazette-3-aug-2019.pdf |title=Singapore River Bridges and the Padang to be gazetted as National Monuments |website=NHB |access-date=26 October 2019 |date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ang |first1=Prisca |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/another-15-million-in-restoration-funds-for-owners-of-national-monuments |title=Another $15 million in restoration funds for owners of national monuments |website=The Straits Times |access-date=24 October 2019 |date=15 October 2019}}</ref> and also houses [[Singapore Cricket Club Ground]] where the first [[One Day International]] cricket match was held during the [[1995–96 Singer Cup]] - a triangular series involving [[India national cricket team|India]], [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/26/1741_o.html|title=One-Day International Matches played on The Padang, Singapore|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/26/1741.html|title=Ground profile: The Padang, Singapore|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref>

Cathay Building is an important site in the history of the independence of India, it is where [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] proclaimed the Free India and formed the first independent government of [[Partition of India|pre-partition]] [[British India|united India]] on 21 October 1943 (see also [[Greater India]] and [[Akhand Bharat]]).<ref name=hasu2/>

Former Indian National Army Monument, built during Japanese occupation of Singapore during World War II, was demolished by the British colonial administration after the defeat of Japanese in the war, and a new plaque monument stands there now.<ref>{{cite web | title = INA War Memorial in Singapore | work = National Archives of Singapore (S1942.org.sg) | url = http://www.s1942.org.sg/s1942/indian_national_army/memorial.htm | access-date = 7 November 2006 | archive-date = 10 April 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070410074418/http://www.s1942.org.sg/s1942/indian_national_army/memorial.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> This plaque was erected by the [[National Heritage Board (Singapore)|National Heritage Board]], with financial donations from the [[Indian Singaporeans|Indian community in Singapore]], to commemorate the 50th anniversary of World War II.<ref name=":17" />

[[Tyersall Park]] which housed British Indian Army hospital which was bombed by the Japanese forces prior to their invasion of Singapore. After the invasion, it served as one of seven POW camps for interned Indian Army personnel who later became part of INA in Singapore under Lieutenant Colonel [[Harbaksh Singh#Prisoner of war|Gurbaksh Singh]] (not to be confused with INA General [[Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon]]) of the [[Jind State]] force, comprising [[jat people|jat]]s and other troops mainly from [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Escape from Singapore|last=Brig Jasbir|first=Singh|publisher=Lancer Publisher|year=2010|isbn=978-1935501206|location=India|pages=50}}</ref>

<gallery>

Farrer Park Field, panorama, Aug 06.jpg|Farrer Park Field where British Indian POWs were persuaded in February 1942 to switch loyalty to Japan to gain Indian independence.

Aerial panorama of Singapore's Downtown Core.jpg|Aerial panorama of Singapore's Downtown Core with Padang at right, where Subash Chandra Bose addressed INA soldiers several times when it was used as the sepoy lines (cantonment area).

The Cathay Building in Singapore 1945.jpg|The Cathay Cinema Building in Singapore as it looked when Subash Chandra Bose made proclamation of the Free India in 1943, picture c. 1945.

INA Memorial 1945.jpg|Bose lays the foundation of the INA Memorial at Esplanade Park on 8 July 1945.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi pays homage to INA martyrs at the Indian National Army Memorial Marker in Singapore.jpg|The Prime Minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]] paying homage to INA martyrs on 24 November 2015 at the present-day plaque which marks the site of former INA Memorial.
</gallery>

=== Deliberate lack of prominence in Singapore Government's official narrative ===

Asad Latif has documented Singapore's INA connection in his book ''"India in the making of Singapore"''.<ref name=asad1>[https://www.deccanherald.com/international/ina-monument-connect-singapore-with-subhas-chandra-bose-778849.html INA monument connect Singapore with Subhas Chandra Bose], [[Deccan Herald]], NOV 22 2019.</ref> [[National Archives (Singapore)|National Archives of Singapore]] and [[National Heritage Board (Singapore)|National Heritage Board of Singapore]] are involved in the preservation of research material and heritage sites in Singapore related to the INA.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

Many scholars have claimed the INA's story, is an integral part of the history of Indians in Singapore.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> There has been little focus on the INA in the post-independence historical narrative of Singapore.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>Wong, D. (2001). Memory suppression and memory production: the Japanese Occupation of Singapore. In J. Fujitani, G. White, & L. Yoneyama, ''Perilous Memories: The Asia-Pacific War(s)'' (pp. 218-238). Perilous memories: the Asia-Pacific wars</ref> The INA is only very briefly mentioned as an anti-colonial force in much of Singapore's post-independence historical narrative. The Singapore government often chooses not to allow war commemorations to be along ethnic lines.<ref>Salleh, B. (2012). War Memory and the Making of Modern Malaysia and Singapore (Review). ''Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'', 122-124</ref> These accounts often omit the information of the INA soldiers fighting for the Japanese forces, under whom the Chinese population had endured great hardship.<ref name=":16" />

One explanation is that In the early formation years of Singapore, the government “found themselves in a state without a nation”<ref name=":16" /> and at that moment they took advantage of the common suffering that the people had endured during the Japanese occupation and attempted to turn it into one of the cornerstones of nation building in Singapore.<ref name=":17">Henderson, J. (2007). Remembering the Second World War in Singapore: Wartime Heritage as a Visitor Attraction. ''Journal of Heritage Tourism, 2''(1), 36-52.</ref> As such, in order to play up the suffering as a common thread and [[collective memory]], the Singapore government had left out the part of history where the Indians in Singapore had joined hands with the Japanese. Instead, they proceeded to highlight that people living in Singapore from all walks of life had suffered extensively at the hands of the Japanese. Consequently, that feeling of mutual suffering contributed to them being and feeling Singaporean. This exclusion about details of the INA from the historical narrative helped to [[Race in Singapore|create a sense of identity and unity]] in a [[1964 race riots in Singapore|rather fragmented society]] at that time.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />

== See also ==

* INA related context
** [[1915 Singapore Mutiny]]
** [[Bidadari Resolutions]]
** [[First Indian National Army]]
** [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]]
** [[Royal Air Force mutiny]]
** [[History of Singapore]]
* General context
** [[1915 Singapore Mutiny]]
** [[Greater India]]
** [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia]]
** [[History of Singaporean Indians]]
** [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia]]
** [[Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India]]
** [[Indianisation]]
** [[Indian Singaporeans]]
** [[List of Hindu temples in Singapore]]
** [[List of Indian organisations in Singapore]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==

* {{Citation
| surname1 = Marston
| given1 = Daniel
| year = 2014
| title = The Indian Army and End of the Raj
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| isbn = 978-0-521-89975-8
}}

* {{Citation
| surname1 = Fay
| given1 = Peter W.
| year = 1993
| title = The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942-1945.
| url =
| publisher = Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
| isbn = 0-472-08342-2
}}

*{{Citation
| surname1 = Sarkar
| given1 = Sumit
| year = 1983
| title = Modern India, 1885–1947
| url = https://archive.org/details/modernindia1885100sark
| publisher = Macmillan
| isbn = 978-0-333-90425-1
| url-access = registration
}}
*{{Citation |surname1=Singh |given1=Harkirat |year=2003 |title=INA Trials and the Raj |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |isbn=81-269-0316-3}}

{{Indian National Army}}

[[Category:Indian National Army]]
[[Category:India–Singapore military relations]]

Domkal subdivision

2026-01-17T15:38:37Z

OrvilleBurgos99: further reworked details per sources further for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Domkal subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline = File:Domkal (subdivision) in Murshidabad.svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.12|N|88.55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 14 December 1999
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Domkal]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 837.88
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 996,443
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| registration_plate = WB
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Domkal subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision of [[Murshidabad district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Domkal SDO is Subhankar Bala, IAS.

==Overview==
The [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]] splits the Murshidabad district into two natural physiographic regions – Rarh on the west and Bagri on the east. Domkal subdivision lies in the Raninagar plain at the north-eastern corner of the Bagri region. The Raninagar plain lies between the [[Jalangi River|Jalangi]] and [[Bhairab River|Bhairab]] rivers. It is a low-lying area and is characterized by the nature of inundation along with many swamps. The [[Padma River]] separates Murshidabad district from [[Malda district]] and [[Chapai Nawabganj District|Chapai Nawabganj]] and [[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi]] districts of Bangladesh in the north.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| date=2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Subdivisions===
Murshidabad district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad, Tables 2.2, 2.4(a) |work = Note: At the time of uploading of the revised version of this page the internet version of the District Statistical Handbook had been taken off but there is a print version |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 May 2017 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archive-date = 29 July 2017 }}</ref>
[[File:Murshidabad Subdivision Map (en).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
|[[Barhampur subdivision|Barhampur]]||[[Baharampur]]||1,195.57||1,725,525||80.15||19.85
|-
|[[Kandi subdivision|Kandi]]||[[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]]||1,200.76||1,155,645||93.21||6.79
|-
|[[Jangipur subdivision|Jangipur]]||[[Jangipur (WB)|Jangipur]]||1,097.82||1,972,308||56.43||43.57
|-
|[[Lalbag subdivision|Lalbag]]||[[Murshidabad]]||1019.10||1,253,886||92.36||7.64
|-
|Domkal||[[Domkol|Domkal]]||837.88||996,443||97.55||2.45
|-
|[[Murshidabad district]]|| ||5,324.00||7,103,807||80.28||19.72
|-
|}

{{OSM Location map
| width=500| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|24|15|0|N|88|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Lalbag and Domkal subdivisions, Murshidabad district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical place Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|8|13|N|88|28|34|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Harharia Chak | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Harharia Chak]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|9|17|N|88|27|59|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Islampur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Islampur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|10|48|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Murshidabad| numbered3=M| mark-title3=[[Murshidabad]] (M) | shape-color3= #800000
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|14|42|N|88|16|6|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Jiaganj| numbered4=M| mark-title4=[[Jiaganj]] (M) | shape-color4= #800000
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|13|40|N|88|15|25|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Azimganj| numbered5=M| mark-title5=[[Azimganj]] (M) | shape-color5= #800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|19|56|N|88|18|24|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Bhagawangola| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Bhagawangola]] (R) |shape-color6=#C40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|18|23|N|88|17|53|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Kismattatla| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Kismattatla]] (R) |shape-color7=#C40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|24|44|N|88|15|29|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8= Krishnapur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Krishnapur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color8=#C40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|25|12|N|88|15|0|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Lalgola |labela9=border checkpost| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Lalgola]] (R) |shape-color9=#C40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|12|50|N|88|5|49|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Nabagram | numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Nabagram, India]] (R) |shape-color10=#C40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|19|22|N|88|22|35|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Nasipur | numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Nasipur]] (R) |shape-color11=#C40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|17|12|N|88|22|6|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Ranitala | numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Ranitala]] (R) |shape-color12=#C40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|5|18|N|88|29|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Bhagirathpur | numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bhagirathpur]] (R) |shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|7|55|N|88|32|30|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Domkal | numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Domkal]] (R) |shape-color14=#C40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|7|52|N|88|41|21|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Jalangi | numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Jalangi]] (R) |shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|10|19|N|88|29|59|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Kasbagoas | numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Kasbagoas]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|13|34|N|88|32|47|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Raninagar | numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Raninagar]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|7|58|N|88|39|2|E}} | label-pos18=bottom|label18= Sadikhanr Diar | numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Sadikhanr Diar]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|13|48|N|88|41|24|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Sagarpara | numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Sagarpara]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|15|54|N|88|33|4|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20= Shaikhpara | numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Shaikhpara]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|9|45|N|88|15|32|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21=Khushbagh| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Khushbagh]] (H)| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|23|0|N|88|9|20|E}} | label22= Bhagirathi River| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22= 30| label-pos22=right| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|21|10|N|88|28|20|E}} | label23= Padma River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= -8| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|12|40|N|88|23|30|E}} | label24= Jalangi |labela24= River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24= -50| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|9|0|N|88|39|0|E}}|label25= Bhairab|labela25= River| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=-70| label-pos25=top| label-size25=11| mark-size25=0| mark-title25=none
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|7|0|N|88|22|0|E}}|label26= Gorba|labela26= Nala| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=-90| label-pos26=top| label-size26=11| mark-size26=0| mark-title26=none
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|15|20|N|88|14|15|E}} | label-pos27= left|label27=Baranagar| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Baranagar, Murshidabad]] (H)| shape-color27=#AA6666
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|13|10|N|88|16|30|E}} | label-pos28= right|label28=Nashipur| numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[Nashipur]] (H)| shape-color28=#AA6666
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|11|5|N|88|15|20|E}} | label-pos29= left|label29=Rosnaiganj| numbered29=H| mark-title29= [[Rosnaiganj]] (H)| shape-color29=#AA6666
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|12|0|N|88|13|7|E}} | label-pos30= left|label30=Kiriteswari Temple| numbered30=H| mark-title30= [[Kiriteswari Temple]] (H)| shape-color30=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|28|0|N|88|32|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=0.5| arc-gapA=6.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Administrative units===
Domkal subdivision has 4 police stations, 1 municipality ([[Domkal]]), 4 community development blocks, 4 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samitis]], 38 [[gram panchayat]]s, 240 [[mouza]]s, 203 inhabited villages and 2 [[census town]]s. The census towns are: [[Islampur, Murshidabad|Islampur]] and [[Harharia Chak]].
The subdivision has its headquarters at [[Domkal]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad |work = Table 2.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 May 2017 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archive-date = 29 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Murshidabad of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2017}}</ref>

===Police stations===
Police stations in Domkal subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 May 2017 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.murshidabadpolicewb.gov.in/# | title = Murshidabad District Police | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 25 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823011111/http://www.murshidabadpolicewb.gov.in/ | archive-date = 23 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station ||Area covered km2||India-Bangladesh border km ||Municipal town || CD Block
|-
|[[Domkal#Police station|Domkal]]|| n/a || – || – ||[[Domkal (community development block)|Domkal]]
|-
|[[Jalangi#Police station|Jalangi]]|| n/a || n/a || – ||[[Jalangi (community development block)|Jalangi]]
|-
|[[Islampur, Murshidabad#Police station|Islampur]]|| n/a || – || – ||[[Raninagar I]]
|-
|[[Raninagar#Police station|Raninagar]]|| n/a || n/a || – ||[[Raninagar II]]
|-
|}

Murshidabad district has a 125.35 km long international border with Bangladesh of which 42.35 km is on land and the remaining is riverine.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://murshidabad.nic.in/About.aspx | title = Egiye Bangla Murshidabad | publisher = Murshidabad district authorities | access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref>

There are reports of [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]] entering Murshidabad district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html|title = Bangladeshi Infiltration: The Reality Check |publisher= The Pioneer|date=27 June 2015 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=telegraph>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050823/asp/nation/story_5136259.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051205225003/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050823/asp/nation/story_5136259.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 5 December 2005 |title = Report taking shape amid infiltration buzz |work= The Telegraph| date=23 August 2005 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref> An estimate in 2000 placed the total number of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants in India at 15 million, with around 0.3 million entering every year. The thumb rule for such illegal immigrants is that for each illegal person caught four get through. While many immigrants have settled in the border areas, some have moved on, even to far way places such as Mumbai and Delhi. The border is guarded by the [[Border Security Force]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.idsa.in/system/files/strategicanalysis_Jamwal_0304.pdf |title = Border Management: Dilemma of Guarding the India-Bangladesh border|last= Jamwal| first= N.S. |publisher= Strategic Analysis|date=January–March 2004 | access-date = 26 August 2017}}</ref> During the UPA government, [[Sriprakash Jaiswal]], Union Minister of State for Home Affairs, had made a statement in Parliament on 14 July 2004, that there were 12 million illegal Bangladeshi infiltrators living in India, and West Bengal topped the list with 5.7 million Bangladeshis. More recently, [[Kiren Rijiju]], Minister of State for Home Affairs in the NDA government has put the figure at around 20 million.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/two-crore-illegal-bangladeshi-living-in-india-govt-116111601110_1.html| title = Two crore illegal Bangladeshi living in India: Govt | publisher = Business Standard / Press Trust of India|date=16 November 2016 |access-date = 26 August 2017}}</ref> Critics point out that the Bengali politicians, particularly those from the ruling [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]], believe that a soft approach to the problem help them to win Muslim votes.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.oneindia.com/feature/bangladeshi-infiltrators-bengal-will-be-eaten-up-by-frankenstein-it-created-1697552.html | title = Bangladesh infiltrators: Bengal will be eaten up by the Frankenstein it created | publisher = One India|date=27 March 2015 |access-date = 26 August 2017}}</ref>

===Blocks===
Community development blocks in Domkal subdivision are:<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad |work = Table 2.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 6 May 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170302072706/http://dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 |archive-date = 2 March 2017 |url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 May 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Murshidabad Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||[[Muslims]] %||[[Hindus]] %||Decadal Growth Rate 2001–2011%||Literacy rate %||Census Towns
|-
|[[Domkal (community development block)|Domkal]]||[[Domkal]]||305.19||363,976||2.61||0.33||89.69||10.16||16.78||63.90|| –
|-
|[[Jalangi (community development block)|Jalangi]]||Sahebrampur, [[Jalangi]]||210.63||252,477||12.61||1.16||73.27||26.57||17.11||67.35|| –
|-
|[[Raninagar I]]||[[Kasbagoas]]||146.93||189,105||7.56||0.26||81.69||18.20||22.31||67.25|| 2
|-
|[[Raninagar II]]||[[Raninagar]]||175.13||190,885||11.62||0.29||80.78||19.03||22.34||63.60|| –
|-
|}

===Gram Panchayats===
The subdivision contains 34 [[gram panchayat]]s under 4 [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]] 21 Ward comprising 23 mouzas under [[Domkal Municipality]]:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Murshidabad – Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 25 August 2017}}</ref>

* [[Domkal (Community development block)|Domkal]] CD Block – Garaimari, Sarangpur, Bhagirathpur, Garibpur, Juranpur, Dhulauri, Ghoramara, Madhurkul and Raipur.
* [[Raninagar I|Raninagar–I]] CD Block – Herampur, Islampurchak, Paharpur, Hurshi, Lochanpur and Tenkaraipur Balumati.
* [[Raninagar II|Raninagar–II]] CD Block – Kalinagar–I, Katlamari–II, Rajapur, Kalinagar–II, Malibari–I, Raninagar–I, Katlamari–I, Malibari–II and Raninagar–II.
* [[Jalangi (Community development block)|Jalangi]] – Choapara, Ghoshpara, Khayramari, Sahebnagar, Debipur, Jalangi, Sadikhanderah, Faridpur, Katabari and [[Sagarpara]].

===River bank erosion===
As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people reside along the banks of the [[Ganges]] alone in Murshidabad district.<ref name="erosion1">{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | access-date = 5 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-date = 20 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The main channel of the Ganges has a bankline of 94 km along its right bank from downstream of Farakka Barrage to Jalangi. Severe erosion occurs all along this bank. The encroaching river wiped out 50 mouzas and engulfed about 10,000 hectares of fertile land. The following blocks have to face the brunt of erosion year after year: [[Farakka (community development block)|Farakka]], [[Samserganj (community development block)|Samserganj]], [[Suti I]], [[Suti II]], [[Raghunathganj II]], [[Lalgola (community development block)|Lalgola]], [[Bhagawangola I]], [[Bhagawangola II]], [[Raninagar I]], [[Raninagar II]] and [[Jalangi (community development block)|Jalangi]]. As per official estimate, till 1992–94 more than 10,000 hectares of chars (flood plain sediment island) have developed in main places, which have become inaccessible from the Indian side but can be reached easily from Bangladesh.<ref name="erosion5">{{cite web | url = http://www.sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | title = A Report on the Impact of Farakka Barrage on the Human Fabric, November 1999 | work = The social impact of erosion, pp 13–14 | first = Manisha | last = Banerjee | publisher = South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People, New Delhi: 110 088 India | access-date = 5 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170808234303/http://sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | archive-date = 8 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

See also – [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts]]

==Economy==
===Infrastructure===
All inhabited villages in Murshidabad district have power supply.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 96–97 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 11 September 2017}}</ref>

See the individual block pages for more information about the infrastructure available.

===Agriculture===
Murshidabad is a predominantly agricultural district. A majority of the population depends on agriculture for a living. The land is fertile. The eastern portion of the Bhagirathi, an [[alluvium|alluvial]] tract, is very fertile for growing [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aus]] paddy, jute and [[rabi crop]]s. The Kalantar area in the south-eastern portion of the district, is a low-lying area with stiff dark clay and supports mainly the cultivation of Aman paddy. The west flank of the Bhagirathi is a [[laterite|lateritic]] tract intersected by numerous [[Beel|bils]] and old river beds. It supports the cultivation of Aman paddy, sugar cane and mulberry.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 17–19: Soil and cropping pattern, Land and land-use pattern | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

Given below is an overview of the agricultural production (all data in tonnes) for Domkal subdivision, other subdivisions and the Murshidabad district, with data for the year 2013–14.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150726081324/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 26 July 2015 |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad |work = Table 18.1. Data for subdivisions/ district calculated by totalling the CD Block data provided | publisher= Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 26 June 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block/ Subdivision ||Rice||Wheat || Jute ||Pulses||Oil seeds||Potatoes||Sugarcane
|-
|[[Domkal (community development block)|Domkal]]||12,459||39,749||313,768||4,592||3,158||69,013||5,845
|-
|[[Jalangi (community development block)|Jalangi]]||27,904||23,144||180,928||6,114||3,591||28,758||15,643
|-
|[[Raninagar I]]||24,675||26,581||119,818||2,819||13,908||4,285||3,535
|-
|[[Raninagar II]]||15,861||20,044||115,879||3,230||12,753||15,026|| –
|-
|'''Domkal Subdivision'''||80,899||109,518||730,393||16,755||33,410||117,082||25,023
|-
|[[Barhampur subdivision]]||268,587||109,091||914,791||5,758||35,315||39,914||160,221
|-
|[[Kandi subdivision]]||487,207||4,157||6,186||4,818||9,355||85,886||106,646
|-
|[[Jangipur subdivision]]||207,472||45,261||207,425||9,374||12,375||38,197||52,344
|-
|[[Lalbag subdivision]]||68,034||20,304||427,450||7,809||22,592||40,997||3,295
|-
|[[Murshidabad district]]||1,112,199||288,331||2,286,245||44,514||113,047||322.076||347,529
|-
|}

==Education==
Murshidabad district had a literacy rate of 66.59% (for population of 7 years and above) as per the census of India 2011. Barhampur subdivision had a literacy rate of 72.60%, Kandi subdivision 66.28%, Jangipur subdivision 60.95%, Lalbag subdivision 68.00% and Domkal subdivision 68.35%.<ref name=2handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Basic data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 September 2017 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 }}</ref>

Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Murshidabad district for the year 2013–14:<ref name=2handbook2014/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|[[Barhampur subdivision|Barhampur]]
|align="center"|728
|align="center"|88,371
|align="center"|107
|align="center"|13,364
|align="center"|37
|align="center"|31,214
|align="center"|92
|align="center"|162,613
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|17,418
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|2,796
|align="center"|2,278
|align="center"|100,164
|-
|align=left|[[Kandi subdivision|Kandi]]
|align="center"|672
|align="center"|66,030
|align="center"|105
|align="center"|11,248
|align="center"|46
|align="center"|32,752
|align="center"|61
|align="center"|87,482
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|7,830
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|400
|align="center"|1,717
|align="center"|74,370
|-
|align=left|[[Jangipur subdivision|Jangipur]]
|align="center"|747
|align="center"|144,416
|align="center"|72
|align="center"|14,159
|align="center"|25
|align="center"|30,004
|align="center"|76
|align="center"|194,025
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|15,335
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|500
|align="center"|2,793
|align="center"|160,236
|-
|align=left|[[Lalbag subdivision|Lalbag]]
|align="center"|601
|align="center"|72,429
|align="center"|74
|align="center"|8,997
|align="center"|24
|align="center"|22,174
|align="center"|66
|align="center"|120,454
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|13,088
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|759
|align="center"|2,082
|align="center"|93,891
|-
|align=left|Domkal
|align="center"|432
|align="center"|52,177
|align="center"|73
|align="center"|11,791
|align="center"|22
|align="center"|23,201
|align="center"|47
|align="center"|86,672
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|7,211
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|2,457
|align="center"|1,612
|align="center"|74,330
|-
|align=left|[[Murshidabad district]]
|align="center"|3,180
|align="center"|423,423
|align="center"|431
|align="center"|59,559
|align="center"|154
|align="center"|139,345
|align="center"|342
|align="center"|651,246
|align="center"|25
|align="center"|60,882
|align="center"|37
|align="center"|6,912
|align="center"|10,482
|align="center"|502,991
|-
|}

Note: Primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.<ref name=2handbook2014/>

The following institutions are located in Domkal subdivision:
*[[Dumkal College]] was established in 1999 at [[Domkal]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dumkalcollege.org/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110630180532/http://dumkalcollege.org/ | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 30 June 2011 | title = Dumkal College | publisher =DC |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/DumkalCollege/Dumkal_College.shtml | title = Dumkal College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[Domkal Girl's College|Domkal Girls' College]] was established in 2011 at [[Domkal]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://domkalgirlscollege.org/index.html | title = Domkal Girls' College | publisher = DGC |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[Jalangi Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2010 at [[Jalangi]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jalangimahavidyalaya.org/ | title = Jalangi Mahavidyalaya | publisher = JM | access-date = 12 September 2017 | archive-date = 17 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170917123629/http://www.jalangimahavidyalaya.org/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/JalangiMahavidyalaya/JalangiMahavidyalaya.shtml | title = Jalangi Mahavidyalaya | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[Murshidabad Adarsha Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 1981 at [[Islampur, Murshidabad|Islampur]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://murshidabadadarshamahavidyalaya.in/index.aspx | title = Murshidabad Adarsha Mahavidyalaya | publisher = MAM |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[G.D. College, Shaikpara|G.D. College]], a self-financed general degree college, was established at [[Shaikhpara]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.examdrive.in/2017/02/shaikhpara-gd-college-admission-merit-list.html | title = G, D, College | publisher = Exam Drive |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[Shaikhpara A.R.M. Polytechnic]] at Shaikhpara offers diploma courses in food processing technology, computer software technology and medical lab technology.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.careerindia.com/colleges/shaikpara-a-r-m-polytechnic-college-murshidabad-west-bengal-cp23563/ | title = Shaikpara ARM Polytechnic College | publisher = Career India |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*Murshidabad Minority BEd College at [[Sadikhanr Diar]], affiliated to the [[University of Kalyani]], offers a course in BEd<ref>{{cite web | url = http://mmbedcollege.com/index.html | title = Murshidabad Minority BEd College | publisher = MMBEd |access-date = 3 September 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Murshidabad district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 3.1, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 June 2017 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors*
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|[[Barhampur subdivision|Barhampur]]
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|15
|align="center"| 3
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"|45
|align="center"|71
|align="center"|1,645
|align="center"|282
|align="center"|149,393
|align="center"|2,094,027
|-
|align=left|[[Kandi subdivision|Kandi]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|17
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|30
|align="center"|567
|align="center"|68
|align="center"|85,624
|align="center"|1,005,056
|-
|align=left|[[Jangipur subdivision|Jangipur]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"|12
|align="center"|37
|align="center"|590
|align="center"|62
|align="center"|141,427
|align="center"|1,043,548
|-
|align=left|[[Lalbag subdivision|Lalbag]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|23
|align="center"|45
|align="center"|483
|align="center"|65
|align="center"|105,562
|align="center"|1,154,275
|-
|align=left|Domkal
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|19
|align="center"|33
|align="center"|252
|align="center"|44
|align="center"|45,110
|align="center"|802,309
|-
|align=left|[[Murshidabad district]]
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|18
|align="center"|70
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|105
|align="center"|216
|align="center"|2,537
|align="center"|521
|align="center"|527,116
|align="center"|6,099,215
|-
|}
.* Excluding nursing homes

Medical facilities in Domkal subdivision are as follows: 
'''Hospitals''': (Name, location, beds)<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 September 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref> 
Domkal Subdivisional Hospital, [[Domkal]], 68 beds

'''Rural Hospitals''' : (Name, block, location, beds)<ref name=medical/> 
Sadikhan's Dear Rural Hospital, Jalangi CD Block, [[Sadikhanr Diar|Sadikhan's Dear]], 30 beds 
Islampur Rural Hospital, Raninagar I CD Block, [[Islampur, Murshidabad|Islampur]], 30 beds 
Raninagar (Godhanpara) Rural Hospital, Raninagar II CD Block, [[Raninagar]], 15 beds

'''Block Primary Health Centres''': (Name, block, location, beds)<ref name=medical/> 
Bhagirathpur BPHC, Domkal CD Block, [[Bhagirathpur]], 10 beds

'''Primary Health Centres''': (CD Block-wise)(CD Block, PHC location, beds)<ref name=medical/> 
Domkal CD Block: Garaimari (4), Jitpur (10) 
Jalangi CD Block: Faridpur (4), [[Sagarpara]] (10) 
Raninagar I CD Block: Hurshi, Maricha (6), Herampur (10) 
Raninagar II CD Block: Bilpocha Kobra, Nabipur (6), Katlamari (10)

==Electoral constituencies==
[[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) and [[Vidhan Sabha]] (state assembly) constituencies in Domkal subdivision were as follows:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18, 15 February 2006 | access-date= 9 September 2017|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha constituency ||Reservation||Vidhan Sabha constituency ||Reservation||CD Block and/or Gram panchayats and/or municipal areas
|-
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]||None||[[Raninagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raninagar]]||None||[[Raninagar I]] CD Block, Kalinagar I, Kalinagar II, Malibari I, Malibari II and Raninagar I GPs of [[Raninagar II]] CD Block and Dhulauri GP of [[Domkal (community development block)|Domkal]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Domkal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Domkal]]||None||Ajimganjgola, Bhagirathpur, Domkal, Garaimari, Garibpur, Ghoramara, Jitpur, Juginda, Juranpur, Madhurkul, Raipur and Sarangpur GPs of [[Domkal (community development block)|Domkal]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Jalangi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jalangi]]||None||[[Jalangi (community development block)|Jalangi]] CD Block, and Katlamari I, Katlamari II, Rajapur and Raninagar II GPs of [[Raninagar II]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Bhagabangola (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhagabangola]] in [[Lalbag subdivision]]||None||[[Bhagawangola II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Bhagawangola, Habaspur, Hanumantanagar, Kuthirampur, Mahammadpur, Mahisasthali and Sundarpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Bhagawangola I]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Murshidabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]] in [[Lalbag subdivision]]||None||[[Murshidabad]] municipality, [[Jiaganj Azimganj]] municipality and [[Murshidabad-Jiaganj]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Hariharpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hariharpara]] in [[Barhampur subdivision]]||None||[[Hariharpara (community development block)|Hariharpara]] CD Block and Chhaighari and Madanpur GPs of [[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] CD Block
|-
| || ||One assembly segment in [[Tehatta subdivision]] of Nadia district|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad District}}
{{Murshidabad topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Domkol Subdivision}}
[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Subdivisions in Murshidabad district]]

Eklera, Dewas

2026-01-05T04:47:42Z

OrvilleBurgos99: added some info initial version - done

{{orphan|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Eklera Village
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.57879805358073|N|77.05390088041831|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Eklera Village''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Eklera Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} In the [[2011 Census of India]], its population was reported as 585.<ref>{{cite web |title=eklera (474348) |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=531538|accessdate=17 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

{{Dewas-geo-stub}}

Dharmavaram silk sari

2026-01-01T09:28:59Z

OrvilleBurgos99: added new article basic info - done

{{Short description|Hand-woven textiles}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Dharmavaram Silk Sarees
| color =
| logo =
| image = మగ్గం నేస్తున్న మహిళ. IMG 20200126 145718-01.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Women at work in Dharmavaram
| alternative names =
| description =
| type = [[Textile]]
| area = [[Dharmavaram, Anantapur district|Dharmavaram]], [[Anantapur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| registered =
| material = {{plainlist|[[Mulberry silkworm|Mulberry silk]]
* [[Zari]]
}}
| official website =
|Phone number=8309662249}}
'''Dharmavaram silk saris''' are [[textiles]] woven by hand with [[Mulberry silkworm|mulberry silk]] and [[zari]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Made in India: a look at some of the latest Indian products that got GI status|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/made-in-india-a-look-at-some-of-the-latest-indian-products-that-got-gi-status/|access-date=27 January 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=1 February 2015}}</ref> They are made in [[Dharmavaram, Anantapur district|Dharmavaram]] of [[Anantapur district]] in the [[States and Territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was registered as one of the [[geographical indication]] from Andhra Pradesh by ''Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Geographical Indication|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2016-01-23/Geographical-Indication/201919|access-date=27 January 2016|work=The Hans India|date=23 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="GI">{{cite web|title=GIR Search|url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GirPublic/index.aspx|website=ipindiaservices.gov.in|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508144957/http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GirPublic/index.aspx|archive-date=8 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GIlist">{{cite web|title=State Wise Registration Details of G.I Applications (15th September, 2003 – Till Date)|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/News/283_1_REGISTRATION_DETAILS_OF_GI_TILL_DATE_March_2012_Till_Date.pdf|website=Geographical Indication Registry|access-date=5 May 2017|page=7}}</ref>

== History ==

''Kriya Shakthi Vodavaru Swamy'' named Dharmavaram after the name of his mother, Dharmambai in the year 1153–54 [[AD]]. By 19th century, silk handloom industry emerged as the main occupation. Paintings on the roof wall of Lepakshi temple and Latha Mandapam depicts the designs of Dharmavaram saris.<ref name=GI_description>{{cite journal|title=Geographical Indications Journal|date=28 November 2013|volume=37|pages=63–73|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_54.pdf|access-date=27 January 2016|publisher=Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802143551/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_54.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Stages of production ==

The production of the Dharmavaram saris and Paavadas includes different stages which includes:<ref name=GI_description />

*''Raw materials'' – pure [[Mulberry silk]] in yarn form or raw silk, zari threads of red, green, silver and gold, acid dyes, soap and soda for degumming, water
*''Quality of silk'' – cocoons are boiled in steam to obtain yarn and ''Denier silk'' and undergoes twisting and formation of warp and weft.
*''Degumming of silk purification'' – process involves boiling of yarn with soda ash and soap to remove natural gums.
*''Plying of Yarn'' – [[Plying]] of yarn is done to create a balanced yarn which is done for both sari and pavadas.
*''Dyeing'' – usage of acid dyes for shades from rainbow colors, plied yarn absorbs dye in hot water, the entire process involves certain aspects like liquor ratio, temperature, chemicals in dye, [[pH]] etc. Kuttu Dharmavaram sari weaving involves [[Tie and dye]] method
*''Drying'' – after the above process, the yarn is dried indoor on bamboo sticks.

'''Pre-loom process'''

*''Winding of hank yarn into warp and weft'' – [[Spinning wheel#Charkha|charka]], shift bamboo and [[bobbin]] are used to form [[Warp (weaving)|warp]]. While, the [[weft]] is made with help of a [[pirn]].
*''Street sizing'' – the warp extension, spraying of [[conjee|rice conjee]] ensures suitable weaving followed by drying.
*''Weaving process'' – it involves [[Warp and Weft]] method of weaving and sometimes replaced by [[Jacquard weaving]] and [[Dobby (cloth)|Dobby]]. Usage of only [[Loom|pitlooms]] for weaving and no [[powerloom]]s and petni technique.
*''Cutting and folding'' – designing and cutting per the goods demand for marketing take place

== Usage ==
The saris are worn in [[winter]] or cold conditions, for functions, and are mostly used by dancers of [[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Kuchipudi]].<ref name=GI_description />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Handloom sarees]]
[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Culture of Telangana]]

Eco Femme

2025-12-28T09:08:55Z

OrvilleBurgos99: added basic entry more to come

{{Short description|Indian social enterprise }}
'''Eco Femme''' is a women-led social enterprise in [[Tamil Nadu]], India, that produces organic washable cloth pads.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutt|first=Bahar|title=Three grassroots projects that Modi's Clean India campaign can learn from|url=https://qz.com/india/277245/three-grassroots-projects-that-modis-clean-india-campaign-can-learn-from/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Quartz|date=9 October 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-05-28|title=8 Low Cost And Eco Friendly Ideas Which Have Revolutionized Women's Sanitary Hygiene In India|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/10917/india-women-menstruation-lowcost-ecofriendly-sanitary-pads/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=The Better India|language=en}}</ref> Eco Femme was founded in 2009 in [[Auroville]] (a [[UNESCO]]-backed evolving city)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statements of Support - UNESCO {{!}} Auroville|url=https://auroville.org/contents/538|access-date=2022-01-13|website=auroville.org}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|last=Sreedharan|first=Divya|date=2012-10-13|title=The Changemakers|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/The-Changemakers/article12557586.ece|access-date=2022-01-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> by Kathy Walkling and Jessamijn Miedema who started by producing, applying and selling these washable menstrual pads in Auroville.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=How Eco Femme began making cloth pads cool again from a village near Pondicherry|url=https://www.edexlive.com/beinspired/2019/may/29/how-eco-femme-begun-making-cloth-pads-cool-again-from-a-village-near-pondicherry-6334.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Edex Live|date=30 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The aim was to produce pads that are both affordable and free of plastic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=The Goan Village Women Helping Mitigate Plastic Pollution by Making Eco-friendly Sanitary Pads |url=https://www.ipsnews.net/2020/06/the-goan-village-women-helping-mitigate-plastic-pollution-by-making-eco-friendly-sanitary-pads/ |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Inter Press Service}}</ref> They were also interested in designing a sustainable alternative to [[disposable pads]] for the women of India as well as setting up self-sustaining initiatives in cloth pad production for women from the neighbouring villages.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> All commercially sold pads are organically certified under GOTS<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.twinkl.co.in/blog/menstrual-hygiene-day-period-charities-making-a-difference-in-india |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=www.twinkl.co.in}}</ref> and Eco Femme is the first in this space to have achieved this certification.<ref name=":2"/> The cloth pads are mostly made out of organic cotton<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=The best eco-friendly sanitary brands worth trying now {{!}} Vogue Singapore {{!}} Beauty, Body, Wellness |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/best-eco-friendly-sustainable-sanitary-brands-products |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Vogue Singapore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-23 |title=Our Favourite Eco-Friendly Menstrual Products |url=https://goodonyou.eco/our-favourite-eco-friendly-menstrual-products/ |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Good On You |language=en}}</ref> and can last up to 75 washes<ref name=":2"/> or for three to five years from the time of purchasing.<ref name="globalinnovationpath.com">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-20 |title=Eco Femme: Impacting Health, Sustainability and Women Empowerment with a Simple Product |url=https://globalinnovationpath.com/ecofemme/ |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Global Innovation Path |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> These pads are sold in more than 20 countries across the world.<ref name=":0" /> By 2022, Eco Femme has distributed over 1 million cloth pads which consequently saved more than 75 million single use disposable pads from reaching landfills.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Chaudhry">{{Cite web |last=Chaudhry |first=Avani |date=2022-09-15 |title=Sustainable Menstruation: A Personal, Step-By-Step Guide To Making DIY Cloth Pads |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2022/09/16/sustainable-menstruation-a-personal-step-by-step-guide-to-making-diy-cloth-pads/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2"/>

Eco Femme enables women and girls to make educated decisions about their menstrual health in India and around the world by creating a dialogue around [[menstruation]] and offering education in menstrual literacy.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gerald|first=Olympia Shilpa|date=2014-05-29|title=Breaking myths and taboos|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/breaking-myths-and-taboos/article6059733.ece|access-date=2022-01-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Five First Steps To Take To Lead A Sustainable Lifestyle |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/opinion/steps-to-take-to-lead-sustainable-lifestyle-192813.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=femina.in |language=en}}</ref> They run two initiatives to enable free or affordable access to cloth pads. These include ‘Pad for Pad’ which provides an Indian adolescent girl with a free cloth pad kit for every pad sold internationally.<ref name="globalinnovationpath.com"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=4 Organizations Supporting BIWOC |url=https://moujamoon.com/2020/09/21/4-organizations-supporting-biwoc-sistxrs/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=MOUJAMOON |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2022-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130011141/https://moujamoon.com/2020/09/21/4-organizations-supporting-biwoc-sistxrs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Their "Pads for Sisters" programme provides subsidised pads to economically disadvantaged women<ref name="globalinnovationpath.com"/> Eco Femme has different partners across India, including 80 NGOs and 150 retailers.<ref name="Chaudhry"/>

Eco Femme has been recognised for these efforts by different institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SRM University presented Women Pacesetter Awards|url=http://srm-university.blogspot.com/2013/02/srm-university-presented-women.html|access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref> It aims to encourage ecological and social transformation by revitalising menstrual practices that are empowering, ecologically sustainable, culturally sensitive and healthy for the user.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview with Ecofemme, India based women-led social enterprise – Pacific Roots Magazine|url=http://pacificrootsmagazine.com/interview-with-ecofemme-india-based-women-led-social-enterprise/|access-date=2022-01-13|language=en}}</ref> Eco Femme has also conducted training programs on how to stitch cloth pads to support income generation and local livelihood for [[rural women]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/kigwema-women-train-in-making-sanitary-pads-pickle/ |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com|title=Kigwema women train in making sanitary pads, pickle - Eastern Mirror |date=2 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> It also creates instructional materials, teaches facilitators, provides consulting services, and uses writing, filmmaking, and public speaking to advocate for non-polluting menstruation practises.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goodmarket.global/ecofemme |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=www.goodmarket.global |title=Good Market }}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[HuffPost|The Huffington Post]] listed Eco Femme as one of the “15 Indian Businesses That Deserve Your Custom For Promoting Sustainability".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-04|title=15 Indian Businesses That Deserve Your Custom For Promoting Sustainability|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/06/05/eco-friendly-indian-brands_n_7500094.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref> It has also been named as one of the “5 Social Impact Startups Revolutionising Feminine Care Across Asia” by the Green Queen.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-09|title=5 Social Impact Startups Revolutionising Feminine Care Across Asia|url=https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/5-social-impact-startups-revolutionising-feminine-care-across-asia/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Green Queen|language=en-US}}</ref> It won crQlr’s Menstruation Sustainability Prize in 2022 for being a ‘pioneer in menstrual [[education in India]]’ <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Organic Reusable Cloth Pads for Circular Economy and Access to Sustainable Menstruation for All {{!}} Winners {{!}} crQlr 2022 |url=https://crqlr.com/2022/winners/organic-reusable-cloth-pads-for-circular-economy-and-access-to-sustainable-menstruation-for-all/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=crqlr.com |language=ja}}</ref> and ‘enabling women and girls to make informed decisions about their menstrual health through their non-profit programs’.<ref name=":2" /> Eco Femme also won the Restore Awards in 2022 for their health products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Restore Awards 2022 Winners |url=https://rachnarestores.com/winners2022/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=RachnaRestores™️ |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Eco Femme in Media ==
Eco Femme has been featured on different podcasts,<ref>{{Citation |title=Cycles, Connection to the Body and the Earth with Kathy Walkling | date=22 February 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdZACVl1yJQ |access-date=2023-04-10 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="open.spotify.com">{{Citation |title=A safe space & a sustainable period w/ EcoFemme |date=2023-03-08 |url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/5M5gylZq0yDTe3JqLsGcZP |access-date=2023-04-10 |language=en}}</ref> where they have discussed their mission to provide sustainable menstrual products and education to women in India and beyond.<ref name="open.spotify.com"/>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Sanitation companies]]
[[Category:Feminine hygiene brands]]
[[Category:Personal hygiene products]]

Saura painting

2025-12-19T15:24:51Z

OrvilleBurgos99: put up initial data more to come

{{Short description|Indian tribal art form}}
[[File:Idital Wall Painting.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Idital]] painting]]

'''Saura''' (also "Sora", "Ikons", "Ekons" or "Italons") is a [[mural]] style invented and practised by the [[Sora people]] of [[Odisha]], [[India]]. These paintings are visually similar to [[Warli painting]]s and hold religious significance for the Sora people.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Saura invocations|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2011/06/19/stories/2011061950330800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623173601/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2011/06/19/stories/2011061950330800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 June 2011|access-date=18 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 June 2011}}</ref>

== Sora people ==
[[File:Saura Lady.JPG|thumb|A Sora woman]]

The [[Sora people]] are a [[Munda people|Munda]] [[Adivasi]] tribe [[Tribes of India|in India]]. The Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' mentions of Savari, a devotee of [[Rama]], the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' mention of Jara, the hunter who mortally wounds [[Krishna]], are thought to have been members of this tribe. Myths related to the Hindu deity [[Jagannath]] also mention of the Sora people.<ref name="orissa">{{cite journal|last=Patel|first=C B|title=The Sauras and Their Panoramic Paintings|journal=Orissa Review|date=January 2005|page=53|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2005/englishPdf/Souras_Paintings.pdf |format=pdf |accessdate=19 March 2013}}</ref>

== Paintings ==
[[File:OpenSpeaks-srb-Idital-Opino Gomango-Namad Dalbehera-Intro.webm|thumb|Indian [[Idital]] artist Namad Dalbehera speaking about the Idital painting]]

The Ikon paintings are an integral part of the religious ceremonies of the Sora people and are found mostly in the southern Odisha districts of [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]], [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]], [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]] and [[Koraput district|Koraput]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |date=February 8, 2011 |title=Painting workshop for school dropouts |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/painting-workshop-for-school-dropouts/article1166748.ece?textsize=large&test=1 |accessdate=18 March 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Outside the community, these paintings were first studied by the anthropologist [[Verrier Elwin]].<ref name="orissa" /> The paintings are dedicated to [[Idital]] (also "Edital") the main deity of the Sora people and they draw upon the Sora folklore, showing ritualistic importance. ''Ikon''s make extensive use of symbolically pregnant icons that mirror the quotidian chores of the Sora people. People, [[horses]], [[elephants]], the [[sun]] and the [[moon]] and the [[tree of life]] are recurring [[Motif (visual arts)|motifs]] in ''ikons''. ''Ikons'' were originally painted on the walls of the Sora adobe huts. The painting backdrops are prepared from red or [[yellow ochre]] earth which are then painted over using brushes fashioned from tender [[Bamboo Shoots|bamboo shoots]]. ''Ikons'' use natural dyes and chromes derived from ground white stone, hued earth, and [[vermilion]] and mixtures of [[tamarind]] seed, flower and leaf extracts.<ref name="deccanherald">{{cite news|title=Timeless images|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/191569/timeless-images.html|accessdate=18 March 2013|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

Ikons are worshipped during special religious and cultural occasions such as child-birth, harvest, marriage and the construction of a new house. Ikons are not commissioned frequently and an existing one can be regularly used for mundane rituals. The building of a new dwelling however necessitates the commissioning of an ekon, which is painted in a dark corner inside the home where its creation is accompanied by the recital of a specific set of prayers. Traditionally, Kudangs, the priestly class among the Sora people, painted the ikons since they also had the expertise to explain the symbolic import of the images contained therein to the villagers. Thus the ikons also became a part of the aural tradition of the Sora people that linked them to their traditions and customs. Today the Kudangs have been supplanted by artists and paintings are often executed in non-traditional locales.<ref name="hindu" /><ref name="deccanherald" />

== Comparison with Warli paintings ==
[[File:A Warli painting by Jivya Soma Mashe, Thane district.jpg|thumb|Warli painting from [[Thane district]]]]

Saura paintings have a striking visual semblance to [[Warli painting|Warli art]] and both use clear geometric frames for their construction but they differ in both their style and treatment of subjects. In Saura paintings, a fish-net approach - of painting from the border inwards - is used while this not the case with Warli paintings.<ref name="hindu" /> Although both are examples of tribal [[pictograph]]s that employ [[stick figures]], Warli paintings use conjoint triangles to depict the human body while the figures are not as sharply delineated in Saura paintings. Also, unlike the Warli paintings where male and female icons are clearly distinguishable, in Saura art there is no such physical differentiation.<ref name="deccanherald" />

== Saura paintings today ==
Their diversity, detail and unique style have given ikons an 'in-vogue-appeal' and increasing popularity in recent years. The influence of markets and increasing awareness about the other's forms have led to both Saura and Warli paintings picking up details of technique and style from the other.<ref name="hindu" /> They have also been popularised in recent times as an avenue for skill and job creation<ref name="thehindu" /> and have increasingly been used to decorate items like T-shirts, greeting cards, stationery and items of clothing.<ref name="thehindu_a">{{cite news|title=TDCCOL to procure Navjeeven products|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/tdccol-to-procure-navjeeven-products/article4183345.ece|access-date=18 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=December 10, 2012}}</ref>
Saura pattachitra now becoming popular along with its mural painting.
[[File:Saura Pattachitra showing Tribal life.jpg|thumb|Saura [[pattachitra]]]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |author=Kossak, Steven | title= ''Indian court painting, 16th-19th century.'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1997| isbn=0870997831 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74}} (see index: p. 138-142)

{{Odia culture}}

[[Category:Arts of Odisha]]
[[Category:Tribal art]]
[[Category:Murals in India]]
[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]

K. Murali Mohana Rao

2025-12-07T16:47:13Z

OrvilleBurgos99: starting...

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{infobox person
| name =K. Murali Mohana Rao
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
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| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter|producer}}
| yearsactive = 1983–2009<ref name = "bbc" >{{cite web |title= Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai review |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2002/04/kya_yehi.shtml |website= bbc.com |access-date= 24 October 2014}}</ref>
| parents =
| relatives =
| children =
}}
'''K. Murali Mohana Rao''' is an Indian film director, and producer known for his works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] language films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2009/aug/29/funeral-turns-fun-reel-81677.html|title=Funeral turns fun reel|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=29 August 2009|accessdate=4 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=1070&role=25|title=K. Murali Mohana Rao Filmography|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> Rao made his feature film debut with the 1983 Telugu language action film ''[[Sangharshana]]'', starring [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[Vijayashanti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=1070&role=25|title=K. Murali Mohana Rao Filmography|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> In 1984 he scripted and directed the drama film ''[[Kathanayakudu (1984 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'', upon its success, he remade it in Hindi as ''[[Dilwaala]]'' (1986).{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

He is known for works such as the [[Western (genre)|western]] action film ''[[Kodama Simham]]'' (1990) which was simultaneously dubbed into English as ''Hunters Of The Indian Treasure'' and Hindi as ''Main Hoon Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/megastar-chiranjeevi-lesser-known-facts/photostory/48585785.cms|title=Megastar Chiranjeevi: Lesser known facts|website=The Times of India|date=24 August 2015 |access-date=9 December 2019|archive-date=8 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408173742/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/megastar-chiranjeevi-lesser-known-facts/photostory/48585785.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film received positive reviews and turned out to be a hit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iqlikmovies.com/movies/legendmovie/2014/04/09/Kodama-Simham/248|title=Kodama Simham Telugu Movie Review Chiranjeevi Sonam Radha K. Na|first=iQlik|last=Movies|website=iQlikmovies|access-date=9 December 2019|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209053736/https://www.iqlikmovies.com/movies/legendmovie/2014/04/09/Kodama-Simham/248|url-status=live}}</ref>

1991 musical hit film ''[[Prem Qaidi]]'' was a remake of the 1990 Telugu film ''[[Prema Khaidi]]'' and marked the feature film debut of actress Karishma Kapoor,<ref name="book 1">{{cite book|author1=Bhawana Sommya |author2=Jigna Kothari |author3=Supriya Madangarli |title=Mother Maiden Mistress |year=2013 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] Publishers|isbn=978-9350294857|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dtec0Ykfo1sC&q=%22Prem+Qaidi%22&pg=RA1-PA2002-IA10}}</ref> 1993 romantic drama film [[Anari (1993 film)|Anari]] a bollywood remake of the 1991 Tamil film ''[[Chinna Thambi]]'' was also successful.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=10 Venkatesh Daggubati films that will take you back to the 90s |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/10-venkatesh-daggubati-films-that-will-take-you-back-to-the-90s-7327577/ |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In 1994, he directed the Telugu film ''[[Super Police]]'' with Venkatesh in the lead. The film featured music by [[A. R. Rahman]] and was also the first Telugu film to feature an original soundtrack by the maestro. The film did not fare well at the box-office. His next, the [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] action comedy film''[[Taqdeerwala]]'' (1995) was a remake of the 1994 Telugu film ''[[Yamaleela]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 February 2006 |title=Interview : Director Tatineni Rama Rao |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/stars/tatineniramaraointerview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515121820/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/stars/tatineniramaraointerview.php |archive-date=15 May 2006 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref> In 2002 he directed ''[[Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai]]'', a remake of the 1997 Tamil film ''[[Love Today (1997 film)|Love Today]]'' which was a hit at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/may/1137032.htm | title=Indra Kumar?s Daddy Cool and Girish Dhamija?s untitled next are both inspired by Death At A Funeral | date=19 May 2008 | accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
{{colbegin}}
*''[[Sangharshana]]'' (1983)
*''[[Kathanayakudu (1984 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' (1984)
*''[[Dilwaala]]'' (1986)
*''[[Brahma Rudrulu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Adavi Raaja]]'' (1986)
*''[[Trimurtulu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Ramudu Bheemudu (1988 film)|Ramudu Bheemudu]]'' (1988)
*''Bharya Bartulu'' (1988)
*''[[Rakhwala (1989 film)|Rakhwala]]'' (1989)
*''[[Dost (1989 film)|Dost]]'' (1989)
*''[[Kodama Simham]]'' (1990)
*'' [[Prem Qaidi]]'' (1991)
*''[[Anari (1993 film)|Anari]]'' (1993)
*''[[Super Police]]'' (1994)
*''[[Taqdeerwala]]'' (1995)
*''[[Vijeta (1996 film)|Vijeta]]'' (1996)
*'' {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Bandhan (1998 film)|Bandhan]]}}'' (1998)
*''[[Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye]]'' (2000)
*''[[Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai]]'' (2002)
*'' [[Daddy Cool (2009 Hindi film)|Daddy Cool: Join the Fun]]'' (2009)
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm0613517|}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, K. Murali Mohana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Film people from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]