Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Raghu Sharma (cricketer)

2026-05-04T15:37:06Z

Orthodhaval: Starting First Bio Nd Citations - done

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1993)}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{About|an Indian cricketer|the Indian politician|Raghu Sharma (politician)}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Raghu Sharma
| image =
| country =
| fullname = Raghu Shivam Sharma
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|3|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Legbreak googly
| role =

| club1 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| year1 = 2017–18
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = Mumbai Indians
| year2 = 2025-present
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 14 October 2017
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1122621.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Raghu Sharma''' (born 11 March 1993) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1122621.html |title=Raghu Sharma |access-date=14 October 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] in the [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy]] on 14 October 2017.<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1118633.html |title=Group D, Ranji Trophy at Chandigarh, Oct 14-17 2017 |access-date=14 October 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut on 11 January 2021, for [[Puducherry cricket team|Puducherry]] in the [[2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1244320.html |title=Elite, Group E (N), Mumbai, Jan 11 2021, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref> In 2025, Mumbai Indians signed him for the Indian Premier League as a mid-season replacement for the injured Vignesh Puthur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MI sign legspinner Raghu Sharma as replacement for injured Vignesh Puthur |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-mi-sign-legspinner-raghu-sharma-as-replacement-for-injured-vignesh-puthur-1483858 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501082733/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-mi-sign-legspinner-raghu-sharma-as-replacement-for-injured-vignesh-puthur-1483858 |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1122621}}
{{Mumbai Indians squad}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Raghu}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Pondicherry cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab, India cricketers]]
{{India-cricket-bio-1993-stub}}

Arup Chakraborty (politician)

2026-04-24T18:23:56Z

Orthodhaval: creating first data and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office1 = [[17th West Bengal Assembly|Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 6 May 2021
| predecessor1 = Samir Chakraborty
| constituency1 = [[Taldangra Assembly constituency|Taldangra, Bankura]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1956|8|5}}
| birth_place = [[Bankura district|Bankura]], [[West Bengal]], India
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Ranchi University]] (1979)
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], [[Bachelor of Laws|L.L.B]]
| profession = Advocate
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Subhash Sarkar]]
| constituency = [[Bankura Lok Sabha constituency|Bankura]]
| majority = 32,778
| majority1 = 12,377
| successor1 = [[Falguni Singhababu]]
}}

'''Arup Chakraborty''' (born 5 August 1956) is an [[Indian politician]] from West Bengal. A member of [[Trinamool Congress]], he had served as [[17th West Bengal Assembly|member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Taldangra Assembly constituency|Taldangra constituency]] in [[Bankura district|Bankura]] from 2021 to 2024. In 2024 General Elections, He was elected as [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] for Bankura Constituency, by defeating BJP's ex - union minister of state [[Subhas Sarkar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-05 |title=Bankura election results 2024 live updates: TMC's Arup Chakraborty wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bankura-election-results-2024-west-bengal-bankura-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-subhas-sarkar-bjp-arup-chakraborty-tmc-nilanjan-dasgupta-cpm/articleshow/110671689.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Birth and education ==
Chakraborty was born in Mejia, [[Bankura district|Bankura]] on 5 August 1956. He holds [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] & [[Bachelor of Laws|L.L.B]] from [[Ranchi University]] in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arup Chakraborty(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- TALDANGRA(BANKURA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=333 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
He is the district party president for TMC in Bankura.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-03-22 |title=Former CPM MLA beaten up in Bankura |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/former-cpm-mla-beaten-up-in-bankura/articleshow/12364955.cms |access-date=2024-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was elected as vice president of Bankura Zila Parishad in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-01 |title=Another TMC leader Arup Chakraborty asks partymen to kill intruders |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/another-tmc-leader-arup-chakraborty-asks-partymen-to-kill-intruders/articleshow/37583760.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He was known for his controversial comments, some of which drew criticism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Another TMC leader asks partymen to 'sacrifice' intruders |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/arup-chakraborty-trinamool-congress-tmc-intruders-bankura-district-west-bengal-198947-2014-07-01 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=TV9 |date=2024-03-08 |title=Bankura: 'নিজের কর্মীদের দিয়েই গাড়ি ভাঙিয়েছেন কেন্দ্রীয় শিক্ষা প্রতিমন্ত্রী',বিস্ফোরক তৃণমূল বিধায়ক |url=https://tv9bangla.com/west-bengal/bankura/bankura-union-minister-of-state-for-education-subhas-sarkar-broke-the-car-with-his-own-workers-explosive-trinamool-mla-arup-chakraborty-1031114.html |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=Lok Sabha Election: দলের মৃতপ্রায় অবস্থা! ভোটের মুখে বেফাঁস তৃণমূল প্রার্থী, অস্বস্তিতে জোড়াফুল শিবির |url=https://banglahunt.com/trinamool-congress-is-in-dying-condition-says-bankura-tmc-candidate-arup-chakraborty-sp/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=banglahunt.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ব্রিটিশদের বিরুদ্ধে লড়েছে তৃণমূল! বিধায়কের মন্তব্যে নয়া বিতর্ক |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/others/arup-chakraborty-trinamool-congress-mla-controversial-remarks-on-indian-national-movement/articleshow/105054601.cms |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref>

In 2024, he became an MP from [[Bankura Lok Sabha constituency|Bankura Lok Sabha seat]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Pradip |date=2024-03-19 |title=LS polls: 'Son of the soil' is TMC's 'bet in Bankura' |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/ls-polls-son-of-the-soil-is-tmcs-bet-in-bankura-556608 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Arup}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Ranchi University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bankura district]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Putha Krishna Chaitanya Reddy

2026-04-23T09:31:24Z

Orthodhaval: Starting The Pg From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Putha Krishna Chaitanya Reddy
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Pochimareddy Ravindranath Reddy]]
| constituency = [[Kamalapuram Assembly constituency|Kamalapuram]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = 1982
}}
'''Putha Krishna Chaitanya Reddy''' (born 1982) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Krishna Chaitanya Reddy Putha(TDP):Constituency- KAMALAPURAM(KADAPA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=325 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He is an MLA from [[Kamalapuram Assembly constituency]] in [[Kadapa district]]. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where TDP had an alliance with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2024 Results: Full Winners List |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-2024-results-full-winners-list-tdp-bjp-ysrcp |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamalapuram Assembly Election Results 2024: Kamalapuram Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/kamalapuram-constituency-result-1130 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Chaitanya Reddy Putha, TDP Candidate from Kamalapuram Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/krishna-chaitanya-reddy-putha-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a130e2024c002/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy is from [[Kamalapuram, Kadapa|Kamalapuram]]. His father Putha Narasimha Reddy contested the [[Kamalapuram Assembly constituency|Kamalapuram seat]] on TDP ticket unsuccessfully four times from 2004 to 2019 Assembly election. He completed his M.Sc. in Information and Technology in 2005 at [[Middlesex University]], [[England]].<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Reddy won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Kamalapuram Assembly constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He polled 95,207 votes and defeated [[Pochimareddy Ravindranath Reddy]] of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 25,357 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024: Telugu Desam (Andhra Pradesh) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/partywisewinresult-1745S01.htm |website=www.results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamalapuram Constituency Election Results 2024: Kamalapuram Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/kamalapuram |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Putha, Krishna Chaitanya Reddy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Alumni of Middlesex University]]

2025 Chennai Open

2026-04-23T00:28:35Z

Orthodhaval: creating some post with sources!

{{Distinguish|text = the [[2025 Chennai Open Challenger]], a [[2025 ATP Challenger Tour]] tournament }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{TennisEventInfo|2025|Chennai Open|
| date=27 October–2 November
| edition = 8th (2nd as Chennai Open)
| category=[[WTA 250 tournaments|WTA 250]]
| draw=32S / 16D
| prize_money=$251,750
| surface=[[Hardcourt|Hard]] / outdoor
| location=[[Chennai]], India
| venue=[[SDAT Tennis Stadium]], Nungambakkam
| champs={{flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen]]
| champd={{flagicon|INA}} [[Aldila Sutjiadi]] / {{flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen]]
| before_year = 2022
| before_name = Chennai Open
| main_name = WTA Indian Open
|after_year= no
}}
The '''2025 Chennai Open'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Open 2025 Scores {{!}} Latest Scores & Live Updates – WTA Official |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/tournaments/1148/chennai/2025/scores |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> was the second edition of the [[WTA Indian Open|Chennai Open]] and the first WTA tournament in [[India]] since 2022, when the first edition of this tournament was held, marking the end of a three-year hiatus.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chennai Open added to 2025 Hologic WTA Tour calendar |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4284456/update-at-bottom-chennai-open-added-to-2025-hologic-wta-tour-calendar |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref>

This tournament was part of the [[2025 WTA Tour|2025 WTA Tour season]] in the [[WTA 250|250]] category and took place the week of 27 October 2025. It was played on outdoor hardcourts.<ref name="OlympicsChennaiOpen2025">
{{cite web
|title=Chennai Open 2025: WTA 250 tennis date
|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/chennai-open-2025-wta-250-tennis-date
|website=Olympics.com
|publisher=International Olympic Committee
|date=16 June 2025
|access-date=16 June 2025
}}
</ref>
[[File:Chennai tennis open.jpg | thumb|right | The SDAT Tennis Stadium]]

Czech player [[Linda Fruhvirtová]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Champion's Reel: How Linda Fruhvirtova won Chennai 2022 |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/2797252/champions-reel-how-linda-fruhvirtova-won-chennai-2022 |date=19 September 2022|access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> and Canadian-Brazilian duo [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] / [[Luisa Stefani]] were the tournament’s defending singles and doubles champions, respectively,<ref name=":0" /> but neither Dabrowski or Stefani played on this edition and Fruhvirtová lost in the round of sixteen to [[Janice Tjen]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-30 |title=Tjen vence 74ª no ano e vai às 4ªs em Chennai |url=https://www.tenisnews.com.br/vice-no-sp-open-tjen-vence-74a-no-ano-e-vai-as-4as-em-chennai/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.tenisnews.com.br |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/4393445/tjen-comes-from-a-set-down-to-defeat-2022-champ-fruhvirtova-in-chennai|title=Tjen comes from a set down to defeat 2022 champ Fruhvirtova in Chennai|publisher=Women's Tennis Association|date=30 October 2025|accessdate=30 October 2025}}</ref>

== Champions ==

=== Singles ===
{{main|2025 Chennai Open – Singles}}
* {{flagicon|INA}} '''[[Janice Tjen]]''' def. {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell]], 6–4, 6–3

=== Doubles ===
{{main|2025 Chennai Open – Doubles}}
* {{flagicon|INA}} '''[[Aldila Sutjiadi]]''' / {{flagicon|INA}} '''[[Janice Tjen]]''' def. {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter]] / {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Monica Niculescu]] 7–5, 6–4

==Singles main-draw entrants==

===Seeds===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! width="70"| Country
! width="175"| Player
! Rank1
! Seed
|-
|{{flag|TUR}}
|[[Zeynep Sönmez]]
|69
|1
|-
|{{flag|GBR}}
|[[Francesca Jones (tennis)|Francesca Jones]]
|74
|2
|-
|{{flag|CRO}}
|[[Donna Vekić]]
|79
|3
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|{{flag|INA}}
|[[Janice Tjen]]
|80
|4
|-
|{{flag|ITA}}
|[[Lucia Bronzetti]]
|91
|5
|-
|<s>{{flag|FRA}}</s>
|<s>[[Léolia Jeanjean]]</s>
|<s>94</s>
|<s>6</s>
|-style="background:#fcc;"
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[Kimberly Birrell]]
|114
|7
|-
|<s>{{flag|NZL}}</s>
|<s>[[Lulu Sun]]</s>
|<s>116</s>
|<s>8</s>
|-
|{{flag|FRA}}
|[[Diane Parry]]
|125
|9
|}
* Rankings are as of 20 October 2025

===Other entrants===
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty]]
* {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Mia Pohánková]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Maaya Rajeshwaran]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahaja Yamalapalli]]

The following player received entry using a protected ranking:
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter]]

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* {{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono]]
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Astrid Lew Yan Foon]]
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Caroline Werner]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|Mei Yamaguchi]]

The following players received entry as lucky losers:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Adkar]]
* {{flagicon|THA}} [[Thasaporn Naklo]]
* {{flagicon|INA}} [[Priska Nugroho]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Arina Rodionova]]

===Withdrawals===
; Before the tournament
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Anna-Lena Friedsam]] → replaced by {{flagicon|THA}} [[Thasaporn Naklo]]
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léolia Jeanjean]] → replaced by {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Arina Rodionova]]
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette]] → replaced by {{flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee]]
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Tatjana Maria]] → replaced by {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nao Hibino]]
* {{flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja]] → replaced by {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mai Hontama]]
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Lucrezia Stefanini]] → replaced by {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Adkar]]
* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Lulu Sun]] → replaced by {{flagicon|INA}} [[Priska Nugroho]]

===Retirements===
* {{flagicon|}} [[Alina Charaeva]] (heat illness)
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Francesca Jones (tennis)|Francesca Jones]] (heat illness)
* {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nina Stojanović]] (hip injury)
* {{flagicon|}} [[Maria Timofeeva]] (heat illness)

==Doubles main-draw entrants==
===Seeds===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! width="70"| Country
! width="175"| Player
! width="70"| Country
! width="175"| Player
! Rank1
! Seed
|-style="background:#fcc;"
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[Storm Hunter]]
|{{flag|ROU}}
|[[Monica Niculescu]]
|142
|1
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|{{flag|INA}}
|[[Aldila Sutjiadi]]
|{{flag|INA}}
|[[Janice Tjen]]
|221
|2
|-
|{{flag|SLO}}
|[[Dalila Jakupović]]
|{{flag|SLO}}
|[[Nika Radišić]]
|230
|3
|-
|{{flag|NED}}
|[[Arianne Hartono]]
|{{flag|IND}}
|[[Prarthana Thombare]]
|296
|4
|}
*1 Rankings are as of 20 October 2025

===Other entrants===
The following teams received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Adkar]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Maaya Rajeshwaran]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshmi Arunkumar]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Diya Ramesh]]

===Withdrawals===
; During the tournament
* {{flagicon|}} [[Polina Iatcenko]] / {{flagicon|}} [[Maria Timofeeva]] (Timofeeva – heat illness)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.chennaiopenwta250.com/ Official website]
* [https://www.wtatennis.com/ WTA official website]

{{2025 WTA Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai Open, 2025}}
[[Category:Tennis tournaments in India]]
[[Category:Hard court tennis tournaments]]
[[Category:WTA Tour]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2022]]
[[Category:WTA 250 tournaments]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Chennai]]
[[Category:2025 WTA Tour]]

Gopal Dutt Ojha

2026-04-19T10:11:28Z

Orthodhaval: Started A Data.

{{Short description|Indian politician and social worker (1932-2022)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gopal Dutt Ojha
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1932|05|27}}
| birth_place = [[Didihat]], [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2022|01|07|1932|05|27}}
| death_place = [[Pithoragarh]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| office4 = [[Member of Legislative assembly]]
| constituency4 = [[Didihat Assembly constituency|Didihaat]]
| term_start4 = 1967
| term_end4 = 1977
| predecessor4 = Constituency estabilished
| successor4 = [[Narayan Singh Bhainsora]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| education = [[L.L.B.]] and [[B.A.]] from [[Allahabad University]]
}}
'''Gopal Dutt Ojha''' (27 May 1932 – 7 January 2022) was an Indian politician and social worker who served as a three time MLA from [[Didihat Assembly constituency]] as a member of the Indian National Congress. Ojha was the first elected MLA from Didihat constituency of Pithoragarh district.<ref name=":1" />

He was a Gandhian leader who did much for the society.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=डीडीहाट विधानसभा के पहले विधायक रहे गोपाल दत्त ओझा का निधन - Gopal Dutt Ojha first MLA of Didihat assembly passed away - Uttarakhand Pithoragarh Local News |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh-gopal-dutt-ojha-first-mla-of-didihat-assembly-passed-away-22362664.html |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Education ==
He had a degree of B.A and L.L.B and was a former professional lawyer.

Ojha once said that he chose Congress because he can relate to the views of the party. In the year 1967, he was elected as MLA from Didihaat. He was re-elected in 1969 and 1974.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Post |first=Garhwal |date=2022-03-31 |title=House pays tribute to Harbans Kapoor, GD Ojha {{!}} Garhwal Post |url=https://garhwalpost.in/house-pays-tribute-to-harbans-kapoor-gd-ojha/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Political career ==
*1962–1967 – President of Corporative bank
*1967 – Elected to Didihat on Congress ticket (1st term)
*1969 – Elected to Didihat on Congress ticket (2nd term)
*1974 – Elected to Didihat on Congress ticket (3rd term)
*1982–1989 – President of Pithoragarh district congress committee
*1996–2005 – Member of Akhil Bharatiya congress committee

== Personal life ==
Ojha died at the age of 89 years on a Friday morning on the 7 January 2022. His last rites were performed at Rameshwar Ghat.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ojha, Gopal Dutt}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Pithoragarh district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1969–1974]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1974–1977]]

Darbhanga Rural Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:38Z

Orthodhaval: Started A Page.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Darbhanga Rural
| type = SLA
| map_image = 82-Darbhanga Rural constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Rajesh Kumar Mandal]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Darbhanga]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
| established = 1977
| electors = 290,287
| reservation = None
| abolished = 
}}
'''Darbhanga Rural''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Darbhanga district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It has been an open seat since 2010 but was earlier reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 82 Darbhanga Rural Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Manigachhi [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Nazra Mohammada, Narayanpur, Adalpur, Atihar, Balha, Bijuli, Chhotaipatti, Dhoi, Dularpur, Ghorghatta, Kharua, Khutwara, Loam, Muria, Nainaghat, Sonki and Bhalpatti [[gram panchayat]]s of Darbhanga CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Darbhanga Rural Assembly constituency is part of No. 14 [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Darbhanga Rural Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/darbhanga-rural.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jagdish Choudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Ram Chandra Paswan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Jagdish Choudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Mohan Ram
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Pitambar Paswan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Lalit Kumar Yadav]]
|-
| [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
| [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar Mandal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Darbhanga Rural<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajesh Kumar Mandal]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:80624}}
|percentage = 44.05
|change = +4.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lalit Kumar Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:62232}}
|percentage = 34.0
|change = -7.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Md Jalaluddin Sahil
|votes = {{formatnum:17008}}
|percentage = 9.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyam Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:4638}}
|percentage = 2.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shoaib Khan
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3814}}
|percentage = 2.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Sukamar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2901}}
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jai Kishun Sahni
|votes = {{formatnum:2330}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jagat Narayan Nayak
|votes = {{formatnum:2118}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change = +0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4516}}
|percentage = 2.47
|change = -0.03
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18392}}
|percentage = 10.05
|change = +8.69
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:183048}}
|percentage = 63.06
|change = +8.94
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Darbhanga Rural<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ACTRENDS2020/ConstituencywiseS0482.htm?ac=82|access-date=2020-11-10|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Lalit Kumar Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:64929}}
|percentage = 41.26
|change = {{decrease}}10.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Faraz Fatmi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:62788}}
|percentage = 39.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:17605}}
|percentage = 11.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Deo Narayan Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:3032}}
|percentage = 1.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Azizur Rahaman
|votes = {{formatnum:2088}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:1659}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change = {{decrease}}1.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3937}}
|percentage = 2.5
|change = {{decrease}}0.9
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2141}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change = {{decrease}}23.76
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:157348}}
|percentage = 54.12
|change = {{increase}}2.01
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Darbhanga Rural<ref name="election2015">[https://ceobihar.nic.in/PDF/Stat_Assem_GE_Bihar_2015.pdf Bihar Assembly Election 2015]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lalit Kumar Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:70557}}
|percentage = 51.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = Naushad Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:36066}}
|percentage = 26.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Chandrakant Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:6690}}
|percentage = 4.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jay Kant Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:3686}}
|percentage = 2.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vishwanath Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:3466}}
|percentage = 2.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md Jasim Haider
|votes = {{formatnum:3018}}
|percentage = 2.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Dayal Sahni
|votes = {{formatnum:2925}}
|percentage = 2.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Sanichari Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:1624}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kapleshwar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1389}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mithilesh Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1345}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Shiv Narayan Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:1321}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4671}}
|percentage = 3.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:34491}}
|percentage = 25.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:137328}}
|percentage = 52.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}
{{coord|26|08|58|N|85|51|03|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Darbhanga]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Bihar]]

Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:26:43Z

Orthodhaval: new new info

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jalgaon (Jamod)
| constituency_no = 27
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 27-Jalgaon (Jamod).svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency|Buldhana]]
| district = [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Sanjay Shriram Kute]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| electors =306,785
}}
'''Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]. It located in the [[Buldhana district]]. It is a part of the [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Overview==
The [[Malkapur Assembly constituency]] in Buldhana district is a part of [[Raver (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raver]] from the neighbouring [[Jalgaon district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

As of 2008, the constituency includes [[Sangrampur, India|Sangrampur]] [[tehsil]], [[Jalgaon (Jamod)]] tehsil and part of [[Shegaon]] tehsil, consisting of Shegaon and [[Manasgaon]] [[Revenue block|revenue circles]] and Shegaon Municipal Council. The remaining part of Shegaon tehsil is in [[Khamgaon Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008| publisher = Electoral Commission of India, New Delhi |page=255 | accessdate = 20 January 2010}}</ref>

The constituency was established in 1951 as the then [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]] (Assembly) constituency located in the Buldhana district. However it was dissolved for the 1957 elections to Mumbai state.

It was re-established for the 2009 state elections in Maharashtra.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''Until 2008: See [[Jalgaon Assembly constituency]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name="election2009">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3724-maharashtra-2009/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 25 April 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="4"|[[Sanjay Kute]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3726-maharashtra-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=7 May 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon (Jamod)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sanjay Kute|Dr. Sanjay Kute]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,07,318 |percentage = 47.47% |change={{decrease}}3.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Swati Sandeep Wakekar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 88,547 |percentage = 39.16% |change={{increase}}5.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Praveen Janardhan Patil |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 17,648 |percentage = 7.81% |change={{decrease}}7.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prashant Kashiram Dikkar |party=Maharashtra Swarajya Party |votes = 9,983 |percentage = 4.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,319 |percentage = 0.58% |change={{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,771 |percentage = 8.30% |change= {{decrease}}9.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,27,409 |percentage = 74.13% |change= {{increase}}4.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,26,090}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,06,785|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon (Jamod)<ref name="election2019" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sanjay Kute|Dr. Sanjay Kute]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,02,735 |percentage = 50.98% |change={{increase}}17.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Swati Sandeep Wakekar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 67,504 |percentage = 33.50% |change={{increase}}14.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sangitrao Bhaskarrao Bhongal |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 29,985 |percentage = 14.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,232 |percentage = 1.11% |change={{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Dattu Nawthale |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,281 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,231 |percentage = 17.48% |change= {{increase}}15.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,03,835 |percentage = 70.35% |change= {{decrease}}2.93 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,01,505}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,89,736|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}17.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon (Jamod)<ref name="election2014" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sanjay Kute|Dr. Sanjay Kute]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 63,888 |percentage = 33.57% |change={{increase}}2.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Alias Prasenjit Kisan Tayde |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 59,193 |percentage = 31.10% |change={{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Burangale Ramvijay Dhyaneshwar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,461 |percentage = 19.16% |change={{decrease}}8.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Ananda Ghatol |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 9,467 |percentage = 4.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gholap Ramesh Punjaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,540 |percentage = 3.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhokane Prakash Tulshiramji |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 6,056 |percentage = 3.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wagh Gajanan Namdevrao |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,327 |percentage = 1.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 868 |percentage = 0.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,695 |percentage = 2.47% |change= {{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,91,180 |percentage = 72.81% |change= {{increase}}3.51 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,90,312}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,62,563|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon (Jamod)<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sanjay Kute|Dr. Sanjay Kute]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,224 |percentage = 31.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prasenjit Kisan Tayade |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 45,177 |percentage = 28.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Burangale Ramvijay Dhyaneshwar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 43,220 |percentage = 27.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasantrao Dandge |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,997 |percentage = 3.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasudeo Narayan Gawande |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,324 |percentage = 2.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatray Haribhau Dhage |party=Assam United Democratic Front |votes = 2,590 |percentage = 1.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wankhade Onkar Shripat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,862 |percentage = 1.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,047 |percentage = 2.55% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,58,765 |percentage = 69.00% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,58,683}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,30,080|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Jalamb Assembly constituency]]
*[[Jalgaon (Jamod)]]
*[[Sangrampur, Maharashtra]]
*[[Shegaon]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Buldhana district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|21.0462638|76.5111052|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jalgaon]]
[[Category:Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Antarleena (film)

2026-04-05T10:26:59Z

Orthodhaval: creating initial info w/ infobox!

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{COI|date=August 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| name = Antarleena
| director = Manas Sahoo
| producer = Alina Samal, Maskman Film
| writer = Sarojini Pattayat
| starring = Soumyaranjan, Bijay Mohanty, Auro Varat Patnaik
| music = Sudeep Prabhu
| cinematography = Subhendu Ghadei
| editing = Jyotiprakash
| studio = Maskman Films
| released = {{Film date|2015}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Odia
}}

'''''Antarleena''''' ({{Translation|Engrossed Within Oneself}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Odia language|Odia]]-language film directed by Manas Sahoo, produced by Alina Samal, and written by Sarojini Pattayat.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160427/jsp/odisha/story_82364.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430052823/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160427/jsp/odisha/story_82364.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2016|title=Journey of autistic man on screen|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|accessdate=6 August 2018}}</ref> The film stars Soumya Ranjan in the lead role, with [[Bijay Mohanty]], Lipsa Bhawani, Dharitri, Ansuman, Auro Varat Patnaik, Subham, and Sai in supporting roles. The story is based on the point of view from an [[autistic]] savant child who is at first not accepted by society but goes on to become a writer and philosopher.<ref name="dailypioneer.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/first-odia-film-on-autism-antarleena-screened.html|title=First Odia film on autism 'Antarleena' screened|last=|first=|date=29 August 2016|website=The Pioneer|location=India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426063258/http://www.dailypioneer.com:80/state-editions/bhubaneswar/first-odia-film-on-autism-antarleena-screened.html |archive-date=26 April 2018 |accessdate=6 August 2018}}</ref>

''Antarleena'' is one of the first films of its kind in [[List of Odia-language films|Odia]].<ref name="dailypioneer.com" />{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}

==Plot==
Chintan Das, known as Chinu, lives with his grandfather, Sunil Das, who is his only surviving family member. Unable to understand Chinu's restlessness and hyperactivity, and fearing for him, he takes Chinu to a doctor who diagnoses autism. Although he accepts the diagnosis, and attempts to research and understand Chinu, he continues efforts to make Chinu behave "like a normal child". Unable to face the reality of his grandson's condition, Sunil dies. Pihu, the little girl who is Chinu's only friend, leaves the city and makes him feel even more lonely. Renuka, the principal of a children's autistic centre, sees Chinu and recognises his condition. She takes him into her care, providing him with both occupational therapy and maternal affection. He begins pouring out his thoughts and feelings, and as he grows up, goes on to become a well known writer and philosopher. In the meantime, Pihu, inspired by the desire to understand the unusual behaviour of her childhood friend, becomes a research scholar in sociology. She comes to realise that the now famous writer Chintan Das is none other than her old friend, Chinu. She meets him and they visit landmarks to relive their old memories. In the process, Pihu tries to use her academic and research knowledge in sociology to teach Chinu to behave like an average person and socialise with others. This has a negative impact on their friendship, and he returns to his private world, becoming engrossed within his own thoughts again.

==Cast==
* Soumyaranjan as Chintan Das/Chinu, based on a real person with autism.
* Auro Varat Patnaik as 14 year old Chinu
* Anshuman (Bapu) as Young Chinu
*[[Bijay Mohanty|Bijaya Mohanty]] as Sunil Das, Chinu's grandfather
* Lipsa Mishra as Adyasha/Pihu
* Adya Utkalika (Lity) as Young Pihu
* Dharitri Khandual as Renuka
* Bhabani Prasad as Udaya
* Sushant Mishra as Sunil's friend
* Minati Roy as Pihu's grandmother
* Kabi Das as Kabi's Uncle
* Upendra Nayak as the yoga teacher
* Alok Kundu as the therapy teacher
* Rainy as principal
* V. Jyoti as the class teacher
* Subham as 3 year old Chinu
*[[Jyotica Tangri|Jyoti Ratan]] as the anchor
* Anshuman Pratapshing as a courier boy
* Iti as Pihu's friend

==Casting==
Manas Sahoo, Auro Varat Patnaik, and Soumya Das visited a school for autistic children to gain an understanding of their behaviour, lifestyle and body language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/updates/odisha-news/always-wanted-see-awesome-trailer-odia-movie-dont-miss-antarleena|title=Always wanted to see an awesome trailer of Odia movie? Don't miss Antarleena – Bhubaneswar Buzz|date=2 May 2016|website=Bhubaneswarbuzz.com|accessdate=6 August 2018}}</ref>

Soumya Ranjan was awarded Best actor at the [[Odisha State Film Awards|Odisha State film Awards]] for his performance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/state-film-awards-soumya-ranjan-barsha-nayak-adjudged-best-actor-best-actress-178449|title=State Film Awards: Soumya Ranjan, Barsha Nayak adjudged best actor, best actress|last=|first=|date=26 November 2016|website=OdishaTV|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214053036/http://odishatv.in:80/odisha/body-slider/state-film-awards-soumya-ranjan-barsha-nayak-adjudged-best-actor-best-actress-178449/ |archive-date=14 February 2017 |access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref>

==Development==

Director Manas Sahoo was contemplating a film on the subject of [[intellectual disability]] when he and Alina Samal met the autistic daughter of an acquaintance. Never having met someone with autism before, they decided to take on this subject as the concept for their next film, to create more awareness about the condition. While researching the complexities and realities of autism by consulting and with people in the medical field, they met Gautam Panda, an [[Savant syndrome|autistic savant]] child, who became the final inspiration for their story concept.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/autism-based-oriya-film-screened/|title=Autism-based Oriya film screened|last=|first=|date=28 August 2016|website=Orissa Post|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830221220/http://www.orissapost.com:80/autism-based-oriya-film-screened/ |archive-date=30 August 2016 |access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x9TihNCrUiI Antarleena Official Trailer ]

[[Category:2015 short films]]
[[Category:Indian drama short films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s Odia-language films]]

Purushottama Lal

2026-03-24T14:24:30Z

Orthodhaval: adjusted page as per guidelines per standard format

{{short description|Indian writer (1929–2010)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Purushottama Lal
| image = Purushottama Lal in 2000.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1929|08|28}}
| birth_place = Kapurthala, Punjab. British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|11|3|1929|08|28}}
| death_place = Kolkata, India
| occupation = Writer, academic, translator
| language = English
| nationality = Indian
| education = M.A. in English
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta]], and the [[University of Calcutta]]
| period = 1953–1993
| genre = Indian classics
| notableworks = Transcreation of ''[[Mahabharata]]'', ''[[Upanishads]]'' in English
| spouse = Shyamasree Nag
| children = [[Ananda Lal]], [[Srimati Lal]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]], Honorary Doctorate of Letters, [[Western Maryland College]]
| website = {{URL|http://writersworkshopindia.com/}}
}}

'''Purushottama Lal''' (28 August 1929 – 3 November 2010), commonly known as '''P. Lal''', was an Indian poet, author, translator, professor and publisher. He was the founder of publishing firm [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]] in [[Calcutta]], established in 1958.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101107062621/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101104/jsp/calcutta/story_13137450.jsp#1 The City Diary]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.economist.com/obituary/2010/11/11/p-lal| title = P. Lal {{!}} The Economist| newspaper = The Economist}}</ref>

==Life and education==
Born in [[Kapurthala]] in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Lal studied English at [[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta|St Xavier's College]], Calcutta, and later at the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>[http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=347497:professor-p-lal-passes-away&catid=72:bengal-plus&from_page=search Professor P Lal passes away] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120525215506/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=347497:professor-p-lal-passes-away&catid=72:bengal-plus&from_page=search |date=25 May 2012 }}</ref> He would later teach at St. Xavier's College for over forty years.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101107062621/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101104/jsp/calcutta/story_13137450.jsp#1 The City Diary]</ref> A friend of Fr [[Robert Antoine]], he aspired to be a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] when young, and that haunted his entire oeuvre and life.<ref>Lessons</ref>

P. Lal was Special Professor of Indian Studies at [[Hofstra University]] from 1962 to 1963, and held Visiting Professorships at many colleges and universities throughout America. These included [[University of Illinois]], [[Albion College]], [[Ohio University]], [[Hartwick College]], [[Berea College]], and [[Western Maryland College]].<ref>[http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=347497:professor-p-lal-passes-away&catid=72:bengal-plus&from_page=search Professor P Lal passes away] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120525215506/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=347497:professor-p-lal-passes-away&catid=72:bengal-plus&from_page=search |date=25 May 2012 }}</ref>

He married Shyamasree Devi in 1955, and had a son, [[Ananda Lal]], and a daughter, [[Srimati Lal]].

==Career==
He wrote eight books of poetry, over a dozen volumes of literary criticism, a memoir, several books of stories for children, as well as dozens of [[translations]] from other languages, chiefly [[Sanskrit]], into English. He also edited a number of literary anthologies.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090304153115/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2009/03/01/stories/2009030150010100.htm Writer's Workshop @ fifty]</ref> He was awarded the prestigious [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship]] in 1969.<ref>{{cite web| title = Official list of Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows (1969-present)|work = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund]] | url = http://www.jnmf.in/flist.html }}</ref>

He is perhaps best known as the translator and "transcreator" of the [[epic poem]] [[Mahabharata]] in English. His translation, which was published in an edition of over 300 fascicules since the early 1970s, was republished in a collated edition of 18 large volumes. His ''Mahabharata'' is the most complete in any language, comprising all the slokas. His translation is characteristically both poetic and swift to read, and oriented to the oral/musical tradition in which the work was originally created. To emphasise this tradition, he began reading the entire 100,000-sloka work aloud in 1999, for one hour each Sunday at a Calcutta library hall.

In addition to the Mahabharata, his translations from Sanskrit included a number of other religious and literary works, including 21 of the [[Upanisads]], as well as plays and lyric poetry. He also translated modern writers such as [[Premchand]] (from the [[Hindi]]) and [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] (from the [[Bengali language|Bengali]]).

Since his founding of [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], he published over 3000 volumes by Indian literary authors, mostly in English, including poetry, fiction, educational texts, screenplays, drama, "serious comics," and children's books, as well as audiobooks. Writers Workshop has published first books by many authors including [[Vikram Seth]], [[Pritish Nandy]] and [[Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090304153115/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2009/03/01/stories/2009030150010100.htm Writer's Workshop @ fifty]</ref>

His publishing enterprise was unusual in that he personally served as publisher, [[editor in chief|editor]], reader, secretary, and editorial assistant. The books were also unique in appearance, hand-typeset on local Indian presses and bound in hand-loomed sari cloth. Writers Workshop continues to publish, under the direction of Lal's family members.

Some of the last works he was engaged in publishing were ''Holmes of the Raj'' by Vithal Rajan, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220626143901/http://www.writersworkshopindia.com/modules/booklists/singlelink.php?cid=1&lid=739/ ''Seahorse in the Sky''] by G Kameshwar and [https://indenglit.blogspot.com/ ''Labyrinth''] by [[Arunabha Sengupta]].

==The Mahabharata Non-Rhyming English Verse Transcreation==
This is the most complete translation to date. The [[Harivamsa]] Parva is still left to be "transcreated" and translated but it is not considered a part of the Mahabharata although it is considered an appendix to the Mahabharata. There are no plans for the Harivamsa [[The 18 parvas|Parva]] at present. The Mairavanacaritam (The Life of Mai-[[Ravana]]) (100 pages) is a part of [[Ramayana]] rather than the [[Mahabharata]].

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Volume Number
! Volume Title
! Sub-Parva
! Pages
! Price (INR)
! Translator and "Transcreator"
|-
| 01
| [[Adi Parva]] (The Beginning)
| 001–019
| 1208
| 2000
| P. Lal
|-
| 02
| [[Sabha Parva]] (The Assembly Hall)
| 020–029
| 491
| 600
| P. Lal
|-
| 03
| [[Vana Parva]] (The Forest)
| 030–050
| 1400
| 2000
| P. Lal
|-
| 04
| [[Virata Parva]] ([[Virata]])
| 051–054
| 303
| 400
| P. Lal
|-
| 05
| [[Udyoga Parva]] (The Effort)
| 055–066
| 813
| 1000
| P. Lal
|-
| 06
| [[Bhishma Parva]] ([[Bhishma]]/Tenacity)
| 067–070
| 797
| 1000
| P. Lal
|-
| 07
| [[Drona Parva]] ([[Drona]])
| 071–078
| 1383
| 1200
| P. Lal
|-
| 08
| [[Karna Parva]] ([[Karna]])
| 079
| 932
| 1000
| P. Lal
|-
| 09
| [[Shalya Parva]] ([[Shalya]]/The [[Pike (weapon)|Pike]])
| 080–083
| 628
| 1000
| P. Lal
|-
| 10
| [[Sauptika Parva]] (The Sleeping Warriors)
| 084–085
| 138
| 200
| P. Lal
|-

| 11
| [[Stri Parva]] (The Women)
| 086–089
| 141
| 200
| P. Lal
|-
| 12
| [[Shanti Parva]] (Peace)
| 090–091 (volume 1) 092 (volume 2)
| 1969 = 900 + 1069
| 4000 = 2000 + 2000
| P. Lal (volume 1) Pradeep Bhattacharya (volume 2)
|-
| 13
| [[Anushasana Parva]] (The Instructions)
| 093–094
| 1256
| 3000
| Pradeep Bhattacharya
|-
| 14
| [[Ashvamedhika Parva]] (The Horse Sacrifice)
| 095–096
| 417
| 300
| P. Lal
|-
| 14
| [[Jaimini]]ya [[Ashvamedhika Parva]] ([[Jaimini]]'s Version of The Horse Sacrifice)
| 095–096
| 488
| 500 (Flexiback), 800 (hardback) (US$70 outside [[India]])
| Shekhar Kumar Sen (Editor: Pradeep Bhattacharya)
|-
| 15
| [[Ashramavasika Parva]] (The Hermitage)
| 097–099
| 147
| 150
| P. Lal
|-
| 15
| The [[Jaimini]]ya [[Mahabharata]] (Sahasramukharavanacaritam) (The Life of the 1000-Headed [[Ravana]])
| ?
| 337
| 850
| Shekhar Kumar Sen and Pradeep Bhattacharya
|-
| 16
| [[Mausala Parva]] (The Clubs)
| 100
| 41
| 150
| P. Lal
|-
| 17
| [[Mahaprasthanika Parva]] (The Great Journey)
| 101
| 16
| 150
| P. Lal
|-
| 18
| [[Svargarohana Parva]] (The Ascent to Heaven)
| 102
| 29
| 150
| P. Lal
|-
| 19 (Khila)
| [[Harivamsa]] Parva (The Genealogy of [[Hari]])
| 103–105
| ?
| TBA
| TBA
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
*[[Indian English Poetry]]
*[[Indian English Literature]]
*[[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.confluence.org.uk/a-daughter-remembers-plal-and-writers-workshop/
* https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025136/http://fullcirclebooks.in/node/59492 / FLOWERS FOR MY FATHER, by Srimati Lal, pub. 2011
* https://web.archive.org/web/20130115160322/http://harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=19310
* Kanchangupta.blogspot.com/2010/11/pro-p-lal-in-memoriam.html Prof P Lal, in memoriam by Kanchan Gupta
* [http://www.writersworkshopindia.com/ Writer's Workshop]
* [https://indenglit.blogspot.com/ Writer's Workshop New Releases]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927143743/http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/media/NewsDetails.jsp?page_id=338&id=N228&divId=312 Harmony Magazine on P. Lal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304153115/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2009/03/01/stories/2009030150010100.htm 50 Years of Writer's Workshop]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121021172835/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article931301.ece A True Pioneer] in [[The Hindu]]

{{Authority control}}
{{lists of poets |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, P.}}
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Academic staff of St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Ohio University faculty]]
[[Category:Albion College faculty]]
[[Category:Berea College faculty]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Sanskrit–English translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows]]
[[Category:Hartwick College faculty]]

Chaturmasya

2026-03-20T12:27:48Z

Orthodhaval: Started A Page.

{{Short description|Hindu observance}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Chaturmasya
| type = hindu
| longtype =
| image = Shesh shaiya_Vishnu.jpg
| caption = Vishnu sleeps on his serpent, Shesha.
| official_name =
| nickname =
| observedby =
| begins = [[Shayani Ekadashi]]
| ends = [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]]
| date2016 = 15 July – 10 November
| date2018 = 26 July - 19 November
| duration = 4 months
| frequency = Annual
| celebrations =
| observances =
| relatedto =
| date =
}}

'''Chaturmasya''' ({{langx|sa|चातुर्मास्य|lit=Cāturmāsya}}; [[Pali]]: ''Catumāsa''),<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-02-09 |title=Caturmasya, Cāturmāsya: 18 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/caturmasya |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> also rendered '''Chāturmāsa''', is a holy period of four months, beginning on [[Shayani Ekadashi]] (June-July) and ending on [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]] (October-November) in [[Hinduism]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YnQSAAACAAJ |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism |date=2002 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-2287-1 |pages=145 |language=en}}</ref> This period also coincides with the [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]] season in India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&dq=chaturmas+hinduism&pg=PA172 |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |date=2011-09-13 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-205-0 |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rinehart |first=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&dq=chaturmas+hinduism&pg=PA142 |title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-905-8 |pages=142 |language=en}}</ref>

Chaturmasya is reserved for penance, austerities, fasting, bathing in holy rivers and religious observances for all. Devotees resolve to observe some form of vow, be it of silence or abstaining from a favourite food item, or having only a single meal a day.

==Etymology==
Chaturmasya literally means "four months", derived from the [[Sanskrit]] ''chatur'' (चतुर्), "four",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&tinput=four&country_ID=&trans=Translate&direction=AU |title=Spken Sanskrit |access-date=2009-07-06}}</ref> and ''māsa'' (मासः), "month".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&tinput=month&country_ID=&trans=Translate&direction=AU |title=Spoken Sanskrit |access-date=2009-07-06}}</ref>

==Hinduism==

=== Literature ===
Chaturmasya begins on the eleventh day of the Hindu lunar month of [[Ashadha]] or [[Shayani Ekadashi|Devashayani Ekadashi]]. This is celebrated as the day that the deity [[Vishnu]] enters a yogic sleep (''[[yoga nidra]]'')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |pages=557–558 |language=en}}</ref> on his serpent, [[Shesha]], for a period of four months and wakes up on [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> This is associated with the story of King [[King Bali|Bali]] and Vishnu's incarnation as [[Vamana]]. Bali, the king of demons, had seized power from the [[Indra]] (the king of the gods) and was ruling over the entire universe. The gods sought shelter from Vishnu to regain their power. Vishnu incarnated as Vamana, a dwarf, and asked Bali for three steps of land. As soon as Bali obliged, Vamana assumed a gigantic form. With his first step, he covered the entire earth, and with his second step he covered the mid-world. Since there was no place for his third step, Bali suggested that Vamana place it on his head. Vamana was pleased with him and granted him a boon, and with his third step, sent Bali to ''[[Patala]]'' (netherworld).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vamana {{!}} Hindu mythology {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vamana |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> According to the boon, Bali requested Vamana or Vishnu to live with him in Patala. Vishnu obliged which worried all of the deities, including the goddess [[Lakshmi]] (Vishnu's consort). Lakshmi then devised a plan which only allowed Vishnu to live with Bali for a certain duration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=PRAKASH |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-hEEAAAQBAJ&dq=chaturmas+king+bali&pg=PT156 |title=Unlock Luck and Wealth with the Keys of Dharma: Pending Karma of Atonement of Your Sins and Activation of Lakshmi |date=2021-09-27 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-68538-332-9 |language=en}}</ref> This duration is also known as Chaturmasya or the period that Vishnu "sleeps" while visiting King Bali. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-12 |title=Ashadhi Ekadashi 2019: Know the date, auspicious muhurta, worship method, and significance |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/devshayani-ekadashi-2019-know-the-date-auspicious-muhurta-worship-method-and-significance/articleshow/70172777.cms |access-date=2023-03-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Followers of the [[Shaivism]] sect recall the story of the churning of the ocean of milk. The story is recalls how [[Shiva]] saved creation by drinking poison called "halahala" which emerged from the ocean while it was being churned by the ''asuras'' (demons) and ''devas'' (demigods). The poison was held at his throat to prevent it from spreading to the rest of the body, thus turning it blue.<ref name="Melton2011" />

=== Observances ===

Performing lifecycle rites such as weddings is considered inauspicious during chaturmasya.<ref name="Zelliot">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PDr-QF4YmYC&pg=PA207 |title=The Experience of Hinduism |date=January 1988 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-88706-662-7 |editor=Eleanor Zelliot, Maxine Berntsen |page=335}}</ref> Instead it is seen as a suitable time for householders to have an annual renewal of faith by listening to discourses on [[dharma]], and by meditation and [[vrata]] (self-control). Penance, austerities, religious observances, recital of [[mantra]]s, bathing in holy rivers, performing sacrifices, and charity are prescribed. Fasts and purity during this period help maintain health, for which there is likely a scientific rationale, disease spreading more readily with the onset of monsoon.<ref name="Melton2011" /> A number of Hindus, particularly those following the Vaishnava tradition, refrain from eating meals that are oily, salty, sweet or that contain onion or garlic, and eggplant during this period.<ref name="Melton2011">{{cite book |author=J. Gordon Melton |title=Religious Celebrations: L-Z |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&pg=PP2 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-205-0 |pages=172–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=Ramesh V. |last2=S. |first2=Vasanthi |date=2008 |title=Antiquity of the cultivation and use of brinjal in India |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Asian%20agri%20history%202008---.pdf |journal=Asian Agri-History |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=169–178 |via=Google Scholar}}</ref>[[File:chaturmas.jpg|thumb|A Sansyasi performing Vyasa puja as a part of Chaturmasya rituals]]
The [[sanyasi]]s or ascetics observe Chaturmasya for four fortnights, beginning on full moon day of the month of Ashadha, also known as [[Guru Purnima]] or Vyas Purnima, and ending on full moon day of the month of [[Bhadrapada]].<ref>''Sampurna Chaturmas'' in Marathi</ref> Sanyasis are supposed to halt at one place during this period.<ref name=":0" />

===Celebrations===
Major celebrations within this period include:
* [[Guru Purnima]]
* [[Krishna Janmashtami]]
* [[Onam]]
* [[Raksha Bandhan]]
* [[Ganesh Chaturthi]]
* [[Navaratri]] (Dasahra – [[Durga Puja]] – [[Vijayadashami]])
* [[Diwali]]
* Champa Shashthi ([[Margashirsha]] bright 6th ) - Per custom in [[Maharashtra]], Chaturmasya ends on this day.

==Jainism==
In Jainism this practice is collectively known as ''Varshayog'' and is prescribed for [[Jain monasticism]].<ref>{{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |title=Facets of Jainology: selected research papers on Jain society, religion, and culture |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FGSGmP4jNcC&pg=PA139 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=81-7154-839-3 |page=139}}</ref> Wandering monks such as [[mendicant]]s and [[ascetics]] in [[Jainism]], believe that during the rainy season, countless bugs, insects and tiny creatures that cannot be seen in the naked eye take birth massively. Therefore, these monks reduce the amount of harm they do to other creatures so they opt to stay in a single place for the four months to incur minimal harm to other lives.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |pages=208 |language=en}}</ref> These monks, who generally do not stay in one place for long(59 nights for females, 29 nights for males), observe their annual 'Rains Retreat' during this period, by living in one place during the entire period amidst lay people, observing a [[vow of silence]] ([[Mauna (silence)|mauna]]), meditation, fasting and other austerities, and also giving religious discourses to the local public.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

During the four-month rainy-season period, when the mendicants must stay in one place, the chief ''sadhu'' of every group gives a daily sermon (''pravacana'', ''vyakhyana''), attended mostly by women and older, retired men, but on special days by most of the lay congregation. During their eight months of travel, the ''sadhus'' give sermons whenever requested, most often when they come to a new village or town in their travels.{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=104}}

One of the most important Jain festivals, [[Paryushana]], falls during the beginning of this period, which concludes with Forgiveness Day, ''[[Kshamavani]] Diwas'', wherein lay people and disciples say ''[[Micchami Dukkadam]]'' and ask forgiveness from each other.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Christian |title=Traditional festivals: a multicultural encyclopedia, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA356 |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=1-57607-089-1 |page=356}}</ref> Amongst [[Jain]] merchants, there is a tradition of inviting monks to their respective cities during Chaturmasya to give religious instruction.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Makrand |title=Indian merchants and entrepreneurs in historical perspective: with special reference to shroffs of Gujarat, 17th to 19th centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&pg=PA98 |year=1991 |publisher=Academic Foundation |isbn=81-7188-017-7 |page=98}}</ref>

In Jainism, the third part of the classical [[Jain text]] ''[[Kalpasutra (Jainism)|Kalpa Sutra]]'', written by [[Bhadrabahu]] I in the 4th century BCE, deals with rules for ascetics and laws during the four months (chaturmas) of the rainy season, when ascetics temporarily abandon their wandering life and settle down amidst the laity. This is the time when the festival of Paryushan is celebrated and the [[Kalpasutra (Jain)|Kalpasutra]] is traditionally recited.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Buddhism==
{{See also|Vassa}}

[[Gautama Buddha]] stayed at the royal garden of King [[Bimbisara]] of [[Rajgir]], whom he had recently converted, for the period of Chaturmasya and gave sermons: this practice is followed by monks to this day. Another reason for ascetics to stay in one place during the rainy season is that the tropical climate produces a large number of insects, which would be trampled by travelling monks.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

[[Vassa]] is varsha-vas i.e. three-month annual stay observed by Theravada monks. It begins with [[Asalha Puja]]. At the end of Bassa, during [[Kathina]], new robes are donated by the laity to the monks. [[Kathina]] is a Buddhist festival which comes at the end of [[Vassa]], the three-month rainy season retreat for [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhists]] in [[Buddhism in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] (known as Kaṭhina Cībar Dān), [[Buddhism in Myanmar|Myanmar]], [[Buddhism in Thailand|Thailand]], [[Buddhism in India|India]], [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Vietnam]], [[Buddhism in Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[Buddhism in Laos|Laos]], [[Buddhism in Malaysia|Malaysia]], and [[Buddhism in Singapore|Singapore]].<ref name="bbc">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/holydays/kathina.shtml Kathina] at [[BBC]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kathina Festival – VietNam Breaking News |url=https://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2016/12/the-kathina-festival/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=www.vietnambreakingnews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412082905/https://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The season during which a monastery may hold Kathina is one month long, beginning after the full moon of the eleventh month in the [[Lunar calendar]] (usually October).

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. |author-link=John E. Cort |title=Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZk-4HOMzsoC |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2001 |isbn=0-19-513234-3}}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/jain-chaturmas-begins-363971-2010-07-19 Jain Chaturmasya begins]

{{HinduFestivals}}
{{Hindu calendar}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Vrata]]
[[Category:Jain practices]]
[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]

[[Category:July observances]]
[[Category:August observances]]
[[Category:September observances]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]

Jodi No.1 (film)

2026-03-19T14:00:46Z

Orthodhaval:

{{short description|2001 film by David Dhawan}}
{{For|the Telugu language film|Mysterious Girl (film)}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi No.1 ''(TV series)'']]}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jodi No.1
| image = Jodi No.1.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[David Dhawan]]
| producer = Dhirajlal Shah
| writer = Rumi Jaffery {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story =
| screenplay = Imtiag Patel Yunus Sajawal
| starring = [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Twinkle Khanna]] [[Monica Bedi]] [[Anupam Kher]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anand Raaj Anand]] [[Himesh Reshammiya]] '''Score:''' Anjan Biswas
| cinematography = [[K. S. Prakash Rao]]
| editing = David Dhawan
| distributor = Time Magnetics Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{film date|df=y|2001|4|13}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}11.00 crore<ref name="BOI">{{cite web |title=Jodi No. 1 |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=661 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}34.13 crore<ref name="BOI" />
}}

'''''Jodi No.1''''' ({{translation|Pair No.1}}) is an Indian 2001 [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[David Dhawan]]. Released on 13 April 2001, the film stars [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Govinda (actor) |Govinda]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Twinkle Khanna]] and [[Monica Bedi]]. Budgeted at {{INRConvert|11.00|c}} the movie was a commercial success, grossing {{INRConvert|34.13|c}} at the box office.

==Plot==
Veeru and Jai are good friends and also partners in crime; thus, their friendship is named Jodi No. 1. They first gain the confidence of people and later con them. But soon they have to run from [[Mumbai]] after an encounter with a local Bhai because they end up having a brawl with his younger brother, and they by accident kill him in a nightclub. While on the run, Jai and Veeru meet Vikramjeet Singh, an [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] who is on his way to work as a manager in [[Goa]], for Rai Bahadur, a wealthy businessman who owns a beer factory.

Jai pretends to be Vikramjeet Singh, and both he and Veeru move into Rai Bahadur's house, intending to befriend and then rob him. However, they fall in love with Rai Bahadur's daughters and, in a series of hilarious scenes, save the family from Sir John. In the end, while Jai is stealing money from Rai to release Veeru from Sir John, the entire Rai clan is watching the news and finds out that Jai and Veeru are not who they claim to be, but con men. In the end, Rai then lets Jai go with the money to save Veeru, and all goes well, and they marry the daughters of Rai.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sanjay Dutt]] as Jai / Vikramjeet Singh
*[[Govinda (actor)]] as Veeru /Raju Coolie
*[[Twinkle Khanna]] as Tina
*[[Monica Bedi]] as Rinki Rai Bahadur
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Rai Bahadur
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Sir John (Bhanja)
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as Thakral (Mama)
*[[Supriya Karnik]] as Shanno Bua
*[[Aasif Sheikh]] as Vikramjeet Singh (NRI)
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Ranjit Singh, Vikramjeet’s father.
*[[Sanjay Narvekar]] as Bedi
*[[Mukesh Rishi]] as Baburao
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Insp. Shakti Singh (Mumbai Police)
*[[Ajit Vachani]] as Raman Rai
*[[Ashok Saraf]] as Ashok Rai
*[[Anil Dhawan]] as Kamal Rai
*[[Avtar Gill]] as Insp. Ram (Goa Police)
* Kannu Gill as Wife of Raman
*[[Himani Shivpuri]] as Wife of Kamal
*[[Shivaji Satam]] as Crime Branch (special appearance)
*[[Rajat Bedi]] as Tiger (special appearance)
*[[Pooja Batra]] as herself in Item Song Mai Mast Kudi. (special appearance)
*[[Mushtaq Khan]] as D'Costa
*[[Pramod Moutho]] as Rajpal
* Shashi Kiran as Banker
*[[Arjun (Firoz Khan)|Arjun]] as Monty, Sir John's brother.
*[[Vashu Bhagnani]] as Hasina
}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jodi No. 1
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]] and [[Anand Raaj Anand]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 26 February 2001
| recorded = 2001
| venue = [[Mumbai]]
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music is composed by [[Anand Raaj Anand]] and [[Himesh Reshammiya]], the lyrics were written by Dev Kohli and Sudhakar Sharma.
{| class="wikitable"
!#!! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Tera Dil Mera Thikana"
| [[Kumar Sanu]] and [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
| 2
| "Teri Bindiya Udda Ke Le Gaye"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]] and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| 3
|"Meri Mehbooba"
|Sonu Nigam
|-
| 4
|"Dil Dhak Dhak Karta Hai"
|Sonu Nigam and [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 5
|"Jodi No 1"
|Kumar Sanu, Sonu Nigam and Alka Yagnik
|-
| 6
|"Ande Ka Fanda"
| Pratik Joseph
|-
| 7
|"Main Mast Kudi"
|Sonu Nigam and Sunidihi Chauhan
|-
| 8
|"Akh Lad Gaye"
| [[Hans Raj Hans]]
|}

==Reception==
Writing for [[Rediff.com]], Nidhi Taparia called the film "as humorous as canned laughter" and opined that both Khanna and Bedi "up the glam factor" but "might as well not have acted in the film". She felt that Ashish Vidyarthi, Sayaji Shinde, Shakti Kapoor and Anupam Kher are "wasted" in the film.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taparia |first1=Nidhi |title=As humorous as canned laughter |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/14jodi.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=29 March 2020 |date=14 April 2001}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] wrote in his 2-star review for [[Bollywood Hungama]], that the film "will settle to the average category" and if it belonged to anybody it was Govinda. He added that Khanna "oozes oomph" and Bedi added "glamour to the proceedings."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |author-link1=Taran Adarsh |title=Jodi No.1 Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jodi-no-1/critic-review/jodi-no-1-movie-review/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=29 March 2020 |date=13 April 2001}}</ref>

According to ''[[Box Office India]]'' the film had an excellent opening. Altogether it made Rs.28 Crores and was declared a "Hit" by Box Office India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425231703/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName |archive-date=25 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was also the tenth highest-grossing film of the year. ([[Bollywood films of 2001#Highest grossing|Bollywood films of 2001]]).

==Awards==
* ''Nominated'': [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role#2000s|Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role]] - [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]
* '''''Winner''''': [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role]] - [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0278522|Jodi No.1}}

{{David Dhawan}}

[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by David Dhawan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Raj Anand]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]

Erenda

2026-03-17T07:35:20Z

Orthodhaval: minor edit

{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Erenda
|native_name =
|alternate_name =
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|map_type = India West Bengal
|map_alt =
|relief = y
|map_size = 270
|coordinates = {{Coord|21|55|4.8|N|87|34|42.4|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|location = Erenda, [[West Bengal]], India
|region =
|type = Settlement
|part_of =
|length =
|width =
|area = {{convert|1|ha|abbr=on}}<ref name="Pratna-Samiksha"/>
|height =
|builder =
|material =
|built = Approximately 2000 BCE
|abandoned =
|epochs =
|cultures = [[Chalcolithic]]<ref name="The-Hindu1"/> and [[Early Agricultural Communities in Bengal|Early farming culture]]
|dependency_of =
|occupants =
|event = not known
|excavations = 2015–2017<ref name="Pratna-Samiksha"/>
|archaeologists =
|condition = Ruined
|ownership = Public
|management =
|public_access = Yes
|website = 
|notes =
}}
'''Erenda''' was one of the southernmost sites of [[Neolithic]] and [[Early Agricultural Communities in Bengal|Early farming culture]] located in the coastal region of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Pratna-Samiksha1"/> Construction of the settlement is believed to have started around 2000 BC.<ref name="Pratna-Samiksha"/><ref name="The-Hindu1">{{cite web |last1=Sarkar |first1=Sebanti |title=An archaeological dig West Bengal’s Erenda village unearthed a surprising find |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/a-tale-of-three-cowries/article18389720.ece |website=www.thehindu.com |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en-IN |date=6 May 2017}}</ref>

The [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] settlement at Erenda village was discovered in 2015 by the [[University of Calcutta|University of Calcutta's]] Department of Archeology. Excavations at Erenda were carried out in two field seasons of 2015–16 and 2016–17.<ref name="Pratna-Samiksha"/> According to the Department of Archaeology (University of Calcutta), people started living here after the sea move away due to geological reasons. Probably the inhabitants here came to Erenda from [[Rarh region]] of Bengal.<ref name="anandabazar2"/>

[[Fish hook]] and weapons have been discovered during excavations, which were made of bone.<ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite web |last1=Mukhopadhyay |first1=Alakh |title=সাড়ে তিন হাজার বছর আগের সংসারের খোঁজ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/3000-thousand-years-old-relics-recovered-from-erenda-1.324231 |website=www.anandabazar.com |access-date=26 September 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=bn |date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Also, ancient [[Rice|rice grains]] mixed with soil have been found, which providing evidence of agricultural activity.<ref name="anandabazar2"/>

==Archaeology==
A [[Copperplate script|copperplate inscription]] of [[Gour Kingdom|Gaur king]] [[Shashanka]] was found from this region. After that, [[University of Calcutta]] undertook a program of survey exploration and excavation. During this exploration and excavation, this settlement was discovered.<ref name="anandabazar2"/> Erenda was excavated between 2016 and 2017, extending the [[Neolithic]] culture of [[Bengal]] to the sea coast.<ref name="Pratna-Samiksha">{{cite journal |last1=Gangopadhyay |first1=Kaushik |last2=Halder |first2=Bidhan |last3=Chowdhury |first3=Saptarshi |editor1-last=Chakraborty |editor1-first=Sharmi |title=Chalcolithic Pottery from Erenda (West Bengal): A Preliminary Assessment |journal=Pratna Samiksha |date=2017 |volume=8 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343917381_Chalcolithic_Pottery_from_Erenda_West_Bengal |access-date=26 September 2023 |publisher=Centre for Archaeological Studies & Training, Eastern India, Kolkata |location=Kolkata |language=en |issn=2229-7979}}</ref> The site is located 70 kilometers (43 mi) from the [[Chalcolithic|Copper Age]] port city of [[Tamralipta]].

Peoples of Erenda village were aware of the presence of an ancient settlement. Farmers of the village had converted a part of the mound into agricultural land, and farmed the land.<ref name="Pratna-Samiksha"/>

The size of the settlement was {{convert|1|ha|abbr=on}}. Archaeologists claim that the settlement was a center of the [[Black and red ware|Black and Red ware]] culture of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Pratna-Samiksha"/> Erenda is the oldest of the ancient archaeological settlements discovered in West Bengal. A [[Neolithic]] culture (between 2000 and 1500 BC) also existed, which contemporary with the post-Harappan period.<ref name="academia">{{cite web |last1=Naskar |first1=Nabanita |last2=Gangopadhyay |first2=Kaushik |last3=Lahiri |first3=Susanta |last4=Ghosh |first4=Ahana |last5=Chaudhuri |first5=Punarbasu |last6=Sharma |first6=Rajveer |last7=Kumar |first7=Pankaj |last8=Ojha |first8=S. |last9=Chopra |first9=S. |title=New Dates from The Site of Erenda, East Medinipur District, West Bengal: Implications for Indian Protohistory |url=https://www.academia.edu/37867617/New_Dates_from_The_Site_of_Erenda_East_Medinipur_District_West_Bengal_Implications_for_Indian_Protohistory |website=Application of Radio-Tracers and Energetic beams in sciences. |access-date=26 September 2023 |date=1 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="Pratna-Samiksha1">{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Ahana |last2=Saha |first2=Chandrima |last3=Reza |first3=Arshad |editor1-last=Chakraborty |editor1-first=Sharmi |title=Recently Discovered Intertidal Archaeological Sites Along the Shoreline of Bay of Bengal: East Medinipur District, West Bengal |journal=Pratna Samiksha |date=2020 |volume=11 |page=7 |url=https://asc.iitgn.ac.in/assets/publications/research_papers/Recently_discovered_inter_tidal_sites_along_the_shoreline_of_Bay_of_Bengal_2020_Ahana_Ghosh.pdf |access-date=27 September 2023 |publisher=Centre for Archaeological Studies & Training, Eastern India, Kolkata |location=Kolkata |language=en |issn=2229-7979}}</ref>

==Excavated Erenda==
According to the plan, Erenda extended approximately {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=off}} north-south and {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=off}} east-west. However, the mound currently measures {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=off}} in the north–south and {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=off}} in the east–west, the rest of the mound's land having been partially destroyed by agricultural activities.<ref name="Pratna-Samiksha"/> Here the houses were built of mud, basically ''[[Phragmites australis]]'' mixed with mud, this method still used in rural Bengal.<ref name="anandabazar2">{{cite web |last1=Thakur |first1=Shreya |title=সামুদ্রিক ঝড়েই কি ধ্বংস আদিম জনজীবন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/recent-excavations-at-erenda-in-east-midnapore-have-found-ancient-houses/cid/1290711 |website=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |access-date=26 September 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=bn |date=4 July 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Ancient Bengal]]
[[Category:Neolithic sites of Asia]]

West Bengal Socialist Party

2026-03-14T06:28:56Z

Orthodhaval:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| party_name = West Bengal Socialist Party
| colorcode = Red
| party_logo =
| leader = [[Kiranmoy Nanda]], Manindra Chandra Paul
| foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|1980||}}
| dissolution = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2010|04|}}
| alliance = [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] (1980–2010)
| ideology = [[Socialism]]
| publication =
| split =
| merged = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| headquarters = 42 Ananda Palit Road, Kolkata – 700014
| country = India
| website =
|electoral_symbol=Scales
}}
[[File:Kolkatajoshi (100).JPG|thumb|WBSP election mural in Kolkata, 2005]]
'''West Bengal Socialist Party''' ('''WBSP''') was a [[political party]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. WBSP was formed when the Bengali socialists in the then [[Janata Party]] split in the beginning of the 1980s (the other faction became the [[Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)|Democratic Socialist Party]]). WBSP was a part of [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]. The party leader, [[Kiranmoy Nanda]], was the Fisheries Minister in the [[West Bengal government]].

The party upheld the ideals of [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] and Narendra Dev.

In 1990s, the party merged with the [[Samajwadi Party]] of [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]. Kiranmoy Nanda became one of the national secretaries of SP. But due to the differences between SP and the Communists in April 1999 over supporting Congress in forming a government after the defeat of the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]] government in the trust vote, WBSP was resurrected once again.

In the state assembly elections 2001 WBSP launched four candidates, supported by Left Front. All four got elected. In total the party received 246,407 votes. In the 2005 municipal polls in Kolkata, WBSP contested 2 seats (ward no. 55 and 63) as a part of LF. It lost in both seats.

In the 2006 West Bengal state assembly election, WBSP retained its four seats. Senior leaders of the party included Moni Pal and Jonmejay Ojha. The party has influence in parts of East [[Midnapore]], [[Malda district|Malda]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad]].

In the 2008 [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] Elections, it has secured a [[District Councils of India|zilla parishad]] seat in Malda and 2 municipality seats in the [[Krishnagar]] municipality.

In April 2010, WBSP merged with the Samajwadi Party of Mulayam Singh Yadav. Kiranmoy Nanda again became a general secretary of SP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kiranmoy-returns-to-sp-will-remain-a-minist/606115/|title = Kiranmoy returns to SP,will remain a minister|date = 14 April 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{Commons|West Bengal Socialist Party}}
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Defunct political parties in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Defunct socialist parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in the 1980s]]
[[Category:1980s establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]

Atukuri Molla

2026-03-13T02:36:12Z

Orthodhaval: expanded layout further and updated info after review

{{Short description|Teluga poet of the 16th century}}
{{About|the Telugu poet||Molla (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Molla
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Atukuri Molla 2017 stamp of India.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| native_name = ఆతుకూరి మొల్ల
| native_name_lang = te
| pseudonym = Mollamamba
| birth_name = Atukuri Molla
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Gopavaram, in Atmakur Taluq [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Kummara (potter)
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| ethnicity =
| education =
| period = 16th century
| genre = [[Poetry]]
| subject = Telugu ''[[Ramayana]]m''
| movement = Propagation of [[Hinduism|Sanatana Dharma]]
| notableworks = Translated the ''[[Ramayana]]m'' from Sanskrit into Telugu
| spouse = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = 'Kavi Ratna'
| module =
| portaldisp = 
}}

'''Atukuri Molla''' (ఆతుకూరి మొల్ల) was a 16th-century [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poet who authored ''[[Molla Ramayanam]]'', a Telugu-language version of [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=March 1993 |title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the Present (review) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mfs.0.1074 |journal=MFS Modern Fiction Studies |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=211–214 |doi=10.1353/mfs.0.1074 |s2cid=162094840 |issn=1080-658X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kindig |first=Jessie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xs_-DwAAQBAJ&dq=Atukuri+Molla&pg=PR9 |title=The Verso Book of Feminism: Revolutionary Words from Four Millennia of Rebellion |date=2020-10-20 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78873-926-9 |language=en}}</ref> Identified by her caste, she was popularly known as '''Kummari Molla'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rajagopal |first=Vakulabharanam |date=December 2003 |title=The rhetorical strategy of an autobiography: Reading Satyavati's A tmacaritamu |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946460304000401 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=377–402 |doi=10.1177/001946460304000401 |s2cid=143460713 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Mollamamba or Molla was the daughter of Kesana Setti who was a potter by profession.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=Atukuri+Molla&pg=PA1 |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |date=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |language=en}}</ref>

While earlier historians placed her as a contemporary of [[Tikkana Somayaji]] during the times of Kakatiya empire, [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam|Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantul]] - in his ''Andhra Kavula Charitra'' - suggests that she was a contemporary of Sri Krishna Deva Raya, which seems to cast doubt on earlier claims that she was the sister of Kummara Gurunatha who was the scribe of Tikkana Somayaji in translating Mahabharata. Her salutations to poets like Srinatha who lived in the periods between the Kakatiya and Vijayanagara empires also suggest that they predated her.<ref name="Molla">[https://historyunderyourfeet.wordpress.com/2014/09/26/creators-of-telugu-epic-literature-kummara-molla/ Creators of Telugu Epic literature- Kummara Molla]. 26 September 2014</ref>

==Biography in telugu==

{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2024}}
Molla is the second female Telugu poet of note, after [[Timmakka|Tallapaka Timmakka]], wife of [[Annamacharya|Tallapaka Annamayya ("Annamacharya")]]. She translated the [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Ramayana]]'' into Telugu.<ref name=":0" />

Her father Atukuri Kesanna was a potter of Gopavaram, a village in Gopavaram Mandal near [[Atmakur, Nellore district|Atmakur]] town, fifty miles north of Nellore in [[Andhra Pradesh]] state. He was a [[Lingayat]] and devotee of [[Shiva|Sri Srikantha Malleswara]] in [[Srisailam]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=William J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QymrCwAAQBAJ&dq=Atukuri+Molla+kesanna&pg=PA83 |title=Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature |date=2016-03-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-00193-5 |language=en}}</ref> He gave her daughter the name ''Molla'', meaning "Jasmine", a favourite flower of the god, and also nicknamed her ''Basavi'' in respect to [[Basavanna|Basaveswara]]. Her parents were great devotees of Siva in his forms as Mallikarjuna and Mallikamba of Srisailam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinhā |first=Madhubālā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6QpAQAAIAAJ&q=Atukuri+Molla+kesanna |title=Encyclopaedia of South Indian Literature |date=2009 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-261-3740-4 |language=en}}</ref> They were initiated disciples of the Siva Math.<ref name=":1" /> Molla was well-known not only in her own village but also in the surrounding hamlets, for her kind hearted nature, generosity and love.

Molla claimed Sri Shiva as Guru, and her inspiration is claimed to have come from [[Potana|Pothanna]], who wrote [[Bhagavata purana]] in Telugu. Like him, she was Saiva Hindu,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Damrosch |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iIULAQAAMAAJ&q=Atukuri+Molla+saiva |title=Teaching World Literature |date=2009 |publisher=Modern Language Association of America |isbn=978-1-60329-033-3 |language=en}}</ref> but wrote the story of [[Rama]] (an incarnation of [[Vishnu]]) and also refused to dedicate her ''Ramayana'' to any king, a general practice for poets at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=Prof Katta Narasimha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9q-qEAAAQBAJ&dq=Atukuri+Molla+dedicate&pg=PA179 |title=Kalyana Mitra: Volume 9 |last2=Reddy |first2=Prof E. Siva Nagi |last3=Naik |first3=Prof K. Krishna |date=2023-01-31 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

According to Varadarajn's book, "Study of Vaishnava Literature", as her popularity spread, she was invited to Sessions court and got an opportunity to recite ''Ramayana'' in front of [[Krishnadevaraya]] and his poets. She spent her old age at Srisailam in the presence of Sri Srikantha Malleswara.

==Works and style==
Her work is known as ''[[Molla Ramayanam]]'' and is still one of the simplest of many ''Ramayanas'' written in Telugu.

She primarily used simple Telugu and only used Sanskrit words very rarely. Poets that had written earlier than her like [[Potana]] used Sanskrit words freely in their works.

She was humble and paid tribute to the earlier scholars who had written the ''Ramayana'' in her book. The opening poem says – "Ramayana had been written many times. Does someone stop taking food because it has been taken every day? So is the story of Rama and one can write, read and love it as many number of times as possible."Additionally, she states that if a work is filled with words that reader cannot understand instantaneously, it would be like a dialogue between a deaf person and a dumb person. In other words, poetry should be intelligible to the reader as he reads along and without referring to dictionaries and/or consulting scholars. According to Molla, poetry should be like honey on the tongue—one should feel it as soon as the honey hits tongue.

She added fictional accounts to original stories and in some instances, removed some portions from the original story. Sanskrit-to-Telugu translation works from earlier poets like [[Tikkana]] followed the exact story sequences in the original work. She was contemporary to [[Srinatha]] and poets of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], who created Prabhandas which are known for adding fictions. Several critics have attested to her claim as valid. Her ''Ramayanam'' has been quoted as a work filled with native flavor, ease of diction and appealing to ordinary readers.

In the royal court, the eight high class poets wanted to test Molla’s poetic talent in front of the emperor. They asked her to demonstrate her talent by composing two stanzas, in a particular metre on the theme of ‘How the lordly elephant was saved from the grip of the crocodile who was stronger than himself’. This theme is found in the eighth canto of the second chapter of the Bhagavat Purana. And she was given only one minute to think. Molla looked up at the heavens, then closed her eyes, mentally prayed to Sri Rama and in her melodious voice sang the two poems within the prescribed time. All the poets were struck dumb. She had been able to silence all of them.

Then the poets of the royal court not only gave her the title of “Kavi Ratna” but also recommended to the king that he show great honour to this saint and poet.

==Later life==
Returning to her native village, Molla entrusted her ''Ramayana'', which was already dedicated to Sri Kantha Malleswara, to the temple authorities. As her life's mission was over, she took leave of the deity as also of the village folk and left for Srisailam to spend the rest of her life performing great austerities. During her last days she also spent a great deal of time preaching to those seekers of God who came to her for inspiration and enlightenment. Molla went into Mahasamadhi about A.D. 1530 aged 90. Though Molla's physical body is gone, her life will continue to be a living example for ages to come. The poems Molla composed throughout her life are sung wherever Telugu is spoken, throughout the country. Their simplicity and intense spiritual fervour have made them popular in the past five hundred years.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==Awards and honors==
* Andhra Pradesh government erected a statue of her on the tankbund in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] along with few other Great Telugu personalities.
* A fictional account of her life story has been written by Inturi Venkateswara Rao, under the title Kummara Molla, published in 1969
* Based on this novel, another writer Sunkara Satyanarayana wrote a ballad, which became very popular and has been sung all over Andhra Pradesh
* She was used as a symbol of women's advancement by women's associations. On one recent occasion a women's rights protest began at her statue in Hyderabad, in 2006.
* A movie ''[[Kathanayika Molla]]'' was made about her, with [[Vanisri]] playing the lead role.

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Mythology|Biography}}
*''[[Kathanayika Molla]]'', a 1970 Telugu film produced and directed by [[B. Padmanabham]]
*[[Potana]], another poet and devotee who translated [[Bhagavata Purana]]
*[[Tikkana]], another ancient poet from [[Nellore]]
*[[Timmakka]], another ancient women poet in Telugu

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071001002705/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2003/12/06/stories/2003120601630300.htm A news paper article about Molla background]
*[http://www.vepachedu.org/Women.html Vepachedu Telugu Women author list]
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q10962501|title=Kathanayika Molla}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014941/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/Library.nsf/0/E435A9CD7D7CE517652570670034A0BC?OpenDocument&Start=1&Count=1000&ExpandView&StartKey=Women Indian women authors]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021209055352/http://www.tirumala.org/sapthagiri/112002/molla.htm Molla biography]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071001001405/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/26/stories/2006112615960500.htm A news article about Women holding candles in front of Molla]

{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Molla}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:People from Rayalaseema]]
[[Category:People from Nellore district]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:16th-century poets]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:16th-century translators]]
[[Category:Indian translators]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara poets]]
[[Category:Women from the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Sanskrit–Telugu translators]]

Turrebaz Khan

2026-03-10T14:44:00Z

Orthodhaval: correct citations as per guidelines and corrected details for clarity

{{short description|Rohilla freedom fighter and revolutionary during the Revolt of 1857}}
{{redirect|Turram Khan|the film formerly titled as Turram Khan|Chhalaang}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Turrebaz Khan
| birth_place = [[Begum Bazar]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[Company rule in India]] (now [[Hyderabad]], India)
| death_date = {{death date text|1857}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[Company rule in India]] (now [[Hyderabad]], India)
| death_cause = [[execution]]
| known_for = Leading the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] in [[Hyderabad]]
| criminal_charge =
| father = Rustam Khan
}}

'''Turrebaz Khan''' ({{langx|ps|تورم خان }}, {{langx|ur|{{nq|طرم خان}}}}) (died {{circa|1857}}), also known as '''Turram Khan''', was an Indian [[Rohilla]] revolutionary who fought against the [[East India Company|British]] in [[Hyderabad State]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and was hung by the British.<ref name="Swati">{{cite web |last1=Daftuar |first1=Swati |title=The tale of Turram Khan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-tale-of-Turram-Khan/article14515201.ece/ |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=29 July 2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Ali, 1883|pp=194}}

==Life==
Turrebaz Khan was born to a [[Pathans in India|Pathan]] [[Islam in India|Muslim]] family in [[Begum Bazar]] in present-day [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad district]].<ref>Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav 75 Years of Independence ''[https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?11209 Unsung Heroes Detail - Paying tribute to India’s freedom fighters: Pathan Turrebaz Khan]'' Government of India</ref> He revolted against the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]], despite opposition from the ruling [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]. A street is named after him in Begum Bazar.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article2242099.ece|title = Rising at the Residency|date = 2007-03-14|newspaper = The Hindu|language = en-IN|issn = 0971-751X|access-date = 2016-08-28}}</ref>

On 17 July about 500 rebels led by [[Maulvi Allauddin]] and Turrebaz Khan took out a protest march from [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]] to the [[British Residency, Hyderabad|British Residency]]. The protesters turned violent and attacked the residency. The British forces opened fire. The protesters sustained a counter-attack for a few hours but had to retreat thereafter. Khan was arrested, while Maulvi Alauddin managed to flee.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Maulvi-Alauddin-the-other-hero/articleshow/54273621.cms|title=Maulvi Alauddin- the other hero|date=11 September 2016|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref><ref name="x196">{{cite book | last=Bawa | first=Basant K. | title=The Last Nizam: The Life and Times of Mir Osman Ali Khan | publisher=Viking | date=1992 | isbn=978-0-670-83997-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h45uAAAAMAAJ&q=%2522five+hundred+Rohillas+led+by+Maulvi+Allauddin+and+Jamedar%2522&dq=%2522five+hundred+Ro | access-date=2025-12-27 | page=22}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

Notable for his valour and courage, his name is often used as a slang for describing someone as heroic.<ref name="Swati"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Ali |first=Moulvie Syed Mahdi |title=Hyderabad Affairs (Volume 3) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32070/page/n3 |year=1883 |publisher=The Times of India Steam Press, Bombay |ref={{sfnref|Ali, 1883}}}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1857 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]

James Wood-Mason

2026-03-08T05:50:36Z

Orthodhaval: new new post

{{Short description|English zoologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name =James Wood-Mason
| image =James_Wood-Mason.jpg
| caption=Portrait of Professor Wood-Mason by [[Bourne & Shepherd]] (1876)
| birth_date = December 1846
| birth_place = [[Gloucestershire]]
| death_date = 6 May 1893 (aged 47)
| death_place = At sea
| residence =
| citizenship =
| fields = [[Entomology]]
| workplaces =Indian Museum, [[Calcutta]]
| alma_mater =Queen's College, Oxford
| thesis_title =
| thesis_year =
| doctoral_advisor = J.O. Westwood
| known_for =[[Phasmatodea|Phasmids]] and [[Mantises]]
| author_abbrev_zoo =
}}

'''James Wood-Mason''' (December 1846 – 6 May 1893) was an English [[zoologist]]. He was the director of the [[Indian Museum]] at [[Calcutta]], after [[John Anderson (zoologist)|John Anderson]]. He collected marine animals and [[lepidoptera]], but is best known for his work on two other groups of insects, [[Phasmatodea|phasmids]] (stick insects) and [[mantises]] (praying mantises).

The genus ''[[Woodmasonia]]'' Brunner, 1907, and at least ten species of phasmids, are named after him.<ref name=Bragg>Bragg, 2008.</ref>

==Life and career==

Wood-Mason was born in Gloucestershire, England, where his father was a doctor. He was educated at [[Charterhouse School]] and [[Queen's College, Oxford]]. He went out to India in 1869 to work in the Indian Museum, [[Calcutta]], which in 2008 still housed his collection of insects.<ref name=Bragg/>

In 1872 he sailed to the [[Andaman Islands]], mostly studying marine animals, but also collecting and later describing two new [[Phasmatodea|phasmids]], ''[[Sceptrophasma hispidulum|Bacillus hispidulus]]'' and ''[[Ramulus westwoodii|Bacillus westwoodii]]''.<ref name=Bragg/><ref>Despite the generic name, these are insects, not bacteria.</ref>

[[File:The Museum, Chowringhee.jpg|thumb|left|[[Indian Museum|The Indian Museum]], Calcutta, where Wood-Mason was superintendent from 1887]]
Wood-Mason described 24 new species of phasmids, mostly from South Asia but also some from Australia, New Britain, Madagascar, the Malay peninsula and Fiji. His naming of ''[[Cotylosoma dipneusticum]]'' (Wood-Mason, 1878) is particularly curious as he never formally described the species; it was wrongly imagined to be semi-aquatic; it was "described with what is probably the least precise measurement ever used for a phasmid", namely ""between three and four inches in length"; and he gave its locality as [[Borneo]], when in fact it came from [[Fiji]].<ref name=Bragg/>

In 1887 he became Superintendent of the Indian Museum. Also in 1887, he became vice-president of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.<ref name=Bragg/>

In 1888 he sailed on the Indian Marine Survey steamship {{HMS|Investigator|1881|6}}, working on and later describing new species of [[Crustacea]],<ref name=Bragg/> along with [[Alfred William Alcock]], who recorded the voyage in his classic natural history book ''[[A Naturalist in Indian Seas]]'' (1902).<ref>{{cite book | title=A Naturalist in Indian Seas, or, Four years with the Royal Indian marine survey ship 'Investigator' | publisher=John Murray | author=Alcock, Alfred William | author-link=Alfred William Alcock | title-link=A Naturalist in Indian Seas| year=1902 | location=London}}</ref><ref name=AlcockObit>{{cite journal|author=[[William Thomas Calman|W. T. C.]], [[Stanley Wells Kemp|S. W. K.]] & P. M.-B. |year=1933 |title=Alfred William Alcock. 1859–1933 |journal=[[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=119–126|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1933.0008|doi-access=free}}</ref>

For several years he suffered from [[Bright's disease]]. On 5 April 1893, unable to work, he left India for England, but died at sea on 6 May 1893.<ref name=Bragg/>

===Flower mantis drawing===
[[File:Hymenopus bicornis in active pupa stage by James Wood-Mason 1889.jpg| thumb|right|Drawing of nymph of the [[flower mantis]] ''[[Hymenopus coronatus|Hymenopus bicornis]]'' by James Wood-Mason, 1889]]
Wood-Mason gave his [[flower mantis]] drawing to [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], who wrote in his 1889 book ''Darwinism'':

{{blockquote|A beautiful drawing of this rare insect, ''[[Hymenopus bicornis]]'' (in the nymph or active pupa state), was kindly sent me by Mr. Wood-Mason, Curator of the Indian Museum at [[Calcutta]]. A species, very similar to it, inhabits [[Java]], where it is said to resemble a pink orchid. Other Mantidae, of the genus ''[[Gongylus]]'', have the anterior part of the thorax dilated and coloured either white, pink, or purple; and they so closely resemble flowers that, according to Mr. Wood-Mason, one of them, having a bright violet-blue prothoracic shield, was found in Pegu by a botanist, and was for a moment mistaken by him for a flower. See ''Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.'', 1878, p. liii.|Alfred Russel Wallace<ref>Wallace, 1889. Note 80.</ref>}}

Wallace passed the drawing to [[Edward Bagnall Poulton]], who published it in his 1890 book ''[[The Colours of Animals]]''.<ref>Poulton, 1890. pp 74-75.</ref>

==Honours==
Wood-Mason was a Fellow of the [[Royal Entomological Society]]. In 1888 he became a Fellow of the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name=Bragg/>

Over 10 marine animals have the specific name ''woodmasoni'' in his honour, including several described by Alcock of the ''Investigator'' : ''[[Heterocarpus woodmasoni]]'', ''[[Coryphaenoides woodmasoni]]'', ''[[Thalamita woodmasoni]]'', and ''[[Rectopalicus woodmasoni]]''.<ref name=Bragg/>

Two species of snake are named in his honour: ''[[Oligodon woodmasoni]]'' and ''[[Uropeltis woodmasoni]]''.<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Wood-Mason", p. 289).</ref>

==Publications==
[[File:Squillidae James Wood-Mason 1895.jpg|thumb|Illustration of Squillidae, including at left what is now ''[[Heterosquilla tricarinata]]'' by James Wood-Mason]]
* [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1878.tb01946.x/abstract ''Entomological Notes''. 1. ''On the difference in the form of the Antennae between the Males of'' Idolomorpha ''and those of other genera of'' Empusidae, ''a subfamily of'' Mantidae]. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, Volume 26, Issue 4, pages 259–270, December 1878.
* ''List of the lepidopterous insects collected in Cachar by Mr. Wood-Mason, by J. Wood-Mason and [[Lionel de Nicéville]].'' Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1887. (53 p., 4 leaves of plates: ill. (one col.)) Reprinted from the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal; 55 pt.2 no.4 (1886).
* ''A Catalogue of the Mantodea, with descriptions of new genera and species, and an enumeration of the specimens''. Printed by order of the Trustees of the Indian Museum, 1889.
* ''On the uterine villiform papillae of Pteroplataea micrura, and their relation to the embryo, being natural history notes from H.M. Indian marine survey ... R.F. Hoskyn, R.N., commanding''. Harrison and Sons, 1891.
* ''Further observations on the gestation of Indian rays: Being natural history notes from H.M. Indian marine survey steamer 'Investigator', Commander R.F. Hoskyn, R.N., commanding''. Harrison and Sons, 1892.
* ''[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47320#page/3/mode/1up Figures and Descriptions of Nine Species of Squillidae from the collection in the Indian Museum]''. Calcutta. Published by order of the trustees of the Indian Museum, 1895.

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Sources==

* {{cite journal|title=Obituary of James Wood-Mason. |last=Alcock |first=AW |journal=Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |year=1893 |pages=110–113|url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofasi1893asia#page/110/mode/2up/}}
* {{cite journal|title=[Obituary of Professor Wood-Mason] |author=Anon |journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London |year=1893 |pages=lvi}}
* {{cite journal|title=Biographies of Phasmatologists – 7. James Wood-Mason. |last=Bragg |first=PE |journal=Phasmid Studies |year=2008 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–7}}
* {{cite book|title=The Colours of Animals: Their Meaning and Use, Especially Considered in the Case of Insects |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner |last=Poulton |first=Edward Bagnall |year=1890 |pages=74–75 |author-link=Edward Bagnall Poulton|title-link=The Colours of Animals}}
* {{cite book|last=Wallace |first=Alfred Russel |title=Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection, with Some of Its Applications |year=1889 |publisher=Macmillan |author-link=Alfred Russel Wallace|title-link=s:Darwinism (Wallace) |via=Wikisource}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/library/archives/catalogue/DServe.exe?dsqServer=placid&dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Persons&dsqSearch=Code==%27PX10669%27&dsqCmd=Show.tcl Natural History Museum: Mason; James Wood- (1846-1893); Curator Indian Museum]
* [http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.120250/221556/008 South Asia Archive: papers by Wood-Mason]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wood-Mason, James}}
[[Category:British carcinologists]]
[[Category:English zoologists]]
[[Category:English lepidopterists]]
[[Category:1846 births]]
[[Category:1893 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Charterhouse School]]
[[Category:English marine biologists]]
[[Category:People from Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:Museum directors]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Queen's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of the University of Calcutta]]

Ravishankar Shukla

2026-03-07T10:12:54Z

Orthodhaval: slightly correct structure for consistency and added references for consistency

{{Short description|1st Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Ravishankar Shukla
| image = RavishankarShukla.jpg
| caption =
| order = 1st
| office = Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh
| term_start = 26 January 1950
| term_end = 31 December 1956
| constituency = [[Saraipali Assembly constituency|Saraipali]]
| predecessor = ''Office Established''
| successor = [[Bhagwantrao Mandloi]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1877|8|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Saugor]], [[Central Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1956|12|31|1877|8|2|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| spouse = Shrimati Bhawani Devi Shukla
| children = 6, including [[Shyama Charan Shukla|Shyama]] and [[Vidya Charan Shukla|Vidya]]
| relatives = [[Amitesh Shukla]] (grandson)
| occupation = {{hlist|Indian independence activist|Politician}}
| office1 = Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| constituency1 = [[Central Provinces and Berar]]
| termend1 = 25 January 1950
| termstart1 = 9 December 1946
}}

'''Ravishankar Shukla''' (2 August 1877 — 31 December 1956)<ref>{{cite web |title= Indian Autographs: Ravishankar Shukla |url= https://www.indianautographs.com/productdetail-118180.html}}</ref> was a leader of the [[Indian National Congress]], [[Indian independence movement]] activist, the Premier of the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] from 27 April 1946 to 25 January 1950, first Chief Minister of the reorganised Madhya Pradesh state from 1 November 1956 until his death on 31 December 1956, He was elected from [[Saraipali]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] (now in [[Chhattisgarh]]). He also served as Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]] from [[Central Provinces and Berar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituent Assembly Members |url=http://loksabha.nic.in/constituent/Constituent.aspx |access-date=30 November 2022 |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref>

==Early life==
{{refimprove section|date=July 2012}}
Born in a wealthy [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=State Governments|first=Society for study of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ez4dAAAAMAAJ&q=sc+shukla+kanyakubja |title=Journal of the society for study of state governments |date=1972|language=en}}</ref> family, his father and grandfather were rich and scholarly. His ancestors belonged to district [[Unnao]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Subhash Chandra|title=Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla, Life and Times|date=2007 |publisher=Bhartiya Bhasha Peeth|page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytFHAAAAMAAJ&q=Ravishankar+Shukla+kanyakubja|language=en}}</ref>
His father, Pandit Jagganath Shukla, came of a family which had resisted British rulers for three generations and his mother, Tulsi Devi, was industrious and a capable manager. Young Ravishankar's earliest years were passed in a scholarly atmosphere heavily charged with [[Indian epic poetry|Indian classics]], [[Ramcharitmanas|Shri Ramcharit Manas]] and [[Bhagavad Gita|Gita]]. He was admitted to Sunderlal Guru's [[Gurukula|Pathshala]] in [[Saugor]]. It was one of the six Pathshalas established by the British in Central Provinces.

Ravishankar continued his schooling at [[Rajnandgaon]] and subsequently at Raipur High School. He then shifted to [[Jabalpur|Jubbulpore]] and joined [[Robertson College Jabalpur|Robertson College]] (whose premises then were what is today the Model High School in front of the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court|High Court of Jabalpur]]) and completed the Intermediate in 1895 aged 18 years. The same year he shifted to [[Nagpur]] and joined [[Hislop College]] for the graduation course.<ref>{{Cite book |last=University|first=Australian national|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYfuAAAAIAAJ&q=Ravishankar+Shukla+kanyakubja |title=Essay on Gandhian Politics. |date=1971|publisher=clarendon press|isbn=978-0-19-827176-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career (1897–1908) ==
[[File:Viceroy Wavell meets Indian leaders at Simla Conference.jpg|thumb|[[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Viceroy Wavell]] meets Ravishankar Shukla at Simla Conference]]
When the 13th [[History of the Indian National Congress|Congress session]] took place in 1897 in the nearby town of [[Amravati]], one of his professors, Bhagirath Prasad, decided to attend it and took along with him his student Ravishankar Shukla. This was the first contact between Pt. Shukla and the Congress. Pandit Shukla graduated in 1899, aged 22 years.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

Ravishankar married Bhawani Devi, then sixteen years of age, in June 1902. Six months after their [[marriage]], the plague epidemic spread through the town of Jubbulpore. It was here that Bhawani Devi fell victim of the dreaded [[Plague (disease)|plague]].{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

In 1904, he took along with him the [[Bastar State#Rulers|Maharaja of Bastar]] to Congress session at [[Mumbai|Bombay]], where he saw [[barrister]] [[Mahatma Gandhi]] for the first time, who had just arrived from [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]].{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

In 1906 and the beginning of 1907, during his last days in [[Khairagarh]], Pt. Shukla privately appeared for [[Bar examination|Law exams]] conducted by [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]] at [[Allahabad]]. After passing the exams, he came back to [[Rajnandgaon]] to start [[Practice of law|legal practice]]. Within a few years of starting his legal practice, Shukla was a great success as a pleader in the courts of [[Raipur]].{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

== Struggle for Indian independence (1909–1935) ==
* In 1910, Shukla attended Congress session at Benaras as delegate. Here he met [[Madan Mohan Malaviya|Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]] and from then onward theirs would be a lifelong association. At the same time, the Kanyakubja Mahasabha session also took place in [[Varanasi|Benares]]. Pt. Shukla participated in this session as well. On his return from Benaras after the Congress he established the state Kanyakubja Sabha whose first session was held in Nagpur in March 1912. In subsequent years he organised Mahasabhas (public meetings) at Raipur and Jabalpur. By the year 1917 Pt. Shukla was acknowledged as the leader of his community throughout the [[Hindi Belt|Hindi region]] of [[Central Provinces and Berar]] and [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Padalkar|first=Ravindra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbgUEAAAQBAJ&dq=kanyakubja+nagpur&pg=PT267|title=Ruling Dynasties of Independent India - Volume 1|date=2021|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-63714-799-3 }}</ref>

* Pt. Shukla had a strong conviction of the importance of the role of [[Hindi]] as a national language, for the pride of the country and the natural convenience it could bring to a child entering school vis-a-vis [[English language|English]] as a medium of teaching. He always took the lead and constantly pursued the cause of Hindi as the national language. In 1916, the seventh session of Antar-Bhartiya Sammelan of Hindi at Jubbulpore was held, in which Pt. Shukla participated. After its success, he launched Central Provinces and Berar Hindi Sahitya Sammelan and held its first session at [[Raipur]] in 1918. In the fifth session of the Sahitya Sammelan, held at Nagpur in March 1922, he for the first time proposed to incorporate Hindi instead of English as ''Rashtriya Bhasha'' (National language).{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

* A British Minister, [[Edwin Montagu|Sir Montagu]] was sent to India in 1917 to assess the situation of unrest arising in India after the [[World War I|First World War]]. To express the public opinion before the British government, meetings were held all over the country. One such meeting, held in [[Raipur]] on 26 August 1917, was addressed by Pt. Shukla: there he called upon his countrymen to make sacrifices and to fight for our rights, otherwise he said we will always remain a [[British Empire|colony of the British]].{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

== Political apprenticeship ==
* A special session of Congress was called at Calcutta in September 1920 under the presidency of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] to assess the political situation in the country. Pt. Shukla went to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to attend the session and there he invited the Congress to hold its next session at [[Central Provinces and Berar]].{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

* When the British enacted the [[Rowlatt Act]], it was a challenge to the Indian freedom movement. It was from this point that Mahatma Gandhi started his civil disobedience movement with truth and non-violence as principles. The [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]], as it would be known, created the atmosphere of a great revolution in the country. Pt. Shukla did not abandon his legal practice but would now devote most of his time and resources on the national movement. He gave up all his stylish clothes made using English yarn and got them all consigned to the fire, symbolic of emergence into a new era, and instead now the Shukla household would have only [[Khadi]] hand-woven, using cotton. In the year 1921 Pt. Shukla became a member of the All India Congress Committee.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

* [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University|Nagpur University]] was created in 1923. Before this all the colleges of the state were affiliated to [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad]] and [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta Universities]]. Sir Bipin Krishna Bose, the vice-chancellor of the University, appointed Pandit Shukla as the member of the executive committee of the University.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

== Raipur District Council and civil disobedience ==
Pandit Shukla had become a member of the Raipur District Council in 1921. He believed that through these local bodies the freedom struggle could best be fought. Alongside this he wanted to propagate education and an awakening for freedom among the masses. In 1922, the State Government handed over the management of schools to the District Council. Pandit Shukla established contacts with the teachers of these schools and to induce [[Indian nationalism|nationalism]] in them he organised teachers' conferences. There were 310 schools under the district council, and 900 [[Teacher#India|teachers]] in these schools. Every year about 30,000 students were studying in these schools. These conventions of teachers worked to improve teaching methods, [[Health care|health]], [[cleanliness]], and [[patriotism]]. Pandit Shukla remained the president of Raipur District Council from 1927 to 1937. {{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

In a meeting of State Congress Committee held at Raipur, [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra|Pandit Dwarika Prasad Mishra]] suggested to name Hindi speaking part of the Central Provinces and Berar as ''[[Mahakoshal]]''. In the beginning of 1930 Pandit Shukla & Pt. D. P. Mishra along with Chief of Mahakoshal Congress Committee [[Seth Govind Das]] toured the entire Central Provinces to propagate the importance of Satyagrah movement. Pandit Shukla developed a force of young men to extensively propagate the ideals of the satyagraha.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

Pandit Shukla was arrested for his participation in [[Salt March#Civil disobedience movement|Civil Disobedience Movement]]. Initially, he was kept in Jubbulpore Jail but was soon shifted to Seoni Jail.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

In the beginning of 1931, [[Gandhi-Irwin pact]] took place. Accordingly, all political prisoners who were imprisoned during Civil Disobedience Movement were released from the jails. On 13 March, Pandit Shukla along with other [[Political prisoner|political prisoners]] of the State was released from the jail.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

While imprisoned Pandit Shukla was again elected president of Raipur District Council on 24 October 1930. Angered on this the State Government on 19 October 1930 by an extraordinary gazette took over the Raipur District Council for three years. The Government stopped all the patriotic programmes run by the District Council under Pandit Shukla. On 8 March 1934 the Council's work was again handed over to Pandit Shukla. He got all the programmes of the Council restarted which were closed by the Government.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

To infuse national awakening in the State Pandit Shukla started a Weekly Hindi Magazine ''Mahakoshal'' from [[Nagpur]] in 1935. Next year this was shifted to Raipur from where it is now published as a prominent Daily.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

The British authorities had formed the Central Provinces in 1861 by uniting the former [[Nagpur Province|State of Nagpur]] with the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories|Territory of Saugor-Nerbudda]]. In doing so, they brought together the [[Marathi people|Marathi speaking people]] of the former and the Hindi speaking people of the latter. The two linguistic regions, which comprised the province, had distinctive societies and developed, in course of time, differing economies. {{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

In 1919, Marathi Congressman dominated provincial politics from the capital city of Nagpur. But subsequently they started dividing. The [[Anti-Brahminism|non-Brahmins]] and [[Dalit#Harijan|Harijans]] formed parties in opposition to the Congress, and the Congress itself got divided into rival groups of Congressman and the supporters of [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Tilak]]. The [[Marathi Brahmin|Marathi Brahmin community]] which led the Marathi Congress since 1900, regarded Lokmanya Tilak as their political guru and, for reasons of ideology, as from their unwillingness to surrender political power, they resented Gandhiji's attempt to interfere in the politics of their region.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

== Provincial elections and aftermath ==
* In 1934, the Congress members agreed to enter the [[1934 Indian general election|elections]] for [[Central Legislative Assembly]]. In the elections Congress emerged as the largest single political party. Congress had won all over Mahakoshal, [[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]] and [[Vidarbha|Vidarbh]]. Soon in 1936, the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|elections]] for Provincial assemblies also took place. Like other six states, Central Provinces & Berar won with overwhelming and decisive victory for the Congress.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

* In the meeting of the Congress Party held on 14 July 1937, Pandit Shukla proposed the name of [[Narayan Bhaskar Khare|Dr. Narayan Bhaskar Khare]] to be the leader of the party in the [[Vidhan Bhavan, Nagpur|Legislative Council]], which was accepted. Pandit Shukla, Pt. Dwarika Prasad Mishra, [[Ramrao Deshmukh|Sh. Ram Rao Deshmukh]], Sh. Purushottam Balwant Gole, Sh. Durga Shankar Mehta, Barrister Mohd. Yusuf Sharif were members of the Cabinet.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

* Pt. Shukla, on taking charge of the Education Ministry, proposed a new programme to bring in basic changes in the [[Macaulayism|method of education]]. He believed that during the [[Colonial India#East India Company|150 years of the British rule]], the Government had deliberately adopted such methods as to get very few educated. He believed that such an [[Educational system|education system]] which was not imparting [[Self-sustainability|self-reliance]], building moral character and professionalism was of no use and has to be effectively changed. With the view that for prosperity of [[democracy]], education of masses with emphasis on self-reliance has to be done, he introduced 'Vidya-Mandir' education programme. Mahatma Gandhi found that his own principles of basic education are embedded in 'Vidya-Mandir' [[Education policy|education plan]].{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

* Pt. Shukla appointed a committee under the presidency of [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Sh. Zakir Hussain]] of Jamia Milia to prepare the curriculum for Vidya-Mandir scheme. [[Spinning (textiles)|Spinning]], [[Weaving]], [[Agriculture]], [[Social studies|Social Studies]], [[Natural science|General Science]], [[Mathematics]], [[Geography]], [[Hindi|mother-tongue]], [[Music]] and [[Drawing]] were introduced for primary education. Mahatma Gandhi gave his blessings for success of the programme.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

* The Cabinet of Dr. Khare lacked unity from the beginning. Dr. Khare was invariably surrounded by outsiders rather than his own cabinet colleagues. The internal bickering within the cabinet rose so high that the [[All India Congress Committee|Central Parliamentary Board]] had to intervene. On 24 May 1938, the Congress members of the State Legislative Assembly were invited at [[Pachmarhi]]. The chief of the Congress Parliamentary Board, [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Patel]], [[Maulana Azad]] and [[Jamnalal Bajaj]] had come to [[Pachmarhi]] to find a solution of this problem. The members of the [[Congress Working Committee|High Command]], after hearing both the factions, got them to agree on a compromise formula, but Dr. Khare despite the advice of [[Rajendra Prasad|Babu Rajendra Prasad]] insisted on resignation of three ministers from Mahakoshal.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

* Shukla, Mishra and Mehta refused to submit their resignations without such instructions from Congress High Command. On 20 July 1938, Dr. Khare asked the [[Francis Verner Wylie|British Governor of the State]] to dismiss these three ministers or else, he said to the Governor, "I am submitting my resignation". The British governor had no hesitation in dismissing the three ministers.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

* This act of Dr. Khare was not taken kindly by the High Command and after taking disciplinary action on him, he was asked to resign. To review the situation a meeting of Congress High Command was held in [[Wardha]] on 21 to 23 July under the [[List of presidents of the Indian National Congress|Presidency]] of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. Maulana Azad, Sardar Patel and Babu Rajendra Prasad all were of the view that Dr. Khare should resign for the wrong he had done.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

*The Congress Legislative Assembly Members met at Wardha on 26 July under the Congress President Subhas Chandra Bose and elected Pandit Ravi Shankar Shukla as their leader.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

* Being elected leader of the Congress Party in the Legislative Assembly, Shukla was invited by the Governor to form his Government. Pt. Dwarika Prasad Mishra, Pt. Durga Shankar Mehta, Sambhaji Rao Gokhle, Chhagan Lal Bharuka were members of his Cabinet. From August 1938 to November 1939 this Cabinet remained in office.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

* So far there was no popular Congress minded English daily news paper published in the [[Central Provinces and Berar]]. With this in view Pandit Shukla formed a [[Limited company|Limited Company]] and started "Nagpur Times" to propagate Congress views of national importance. This paper had to later face [[Freedom of the press in British India#Censorship on press|censorship of the colonial government]] in subsequent years of the movement. The paper was severely penalised several times and had to face difficult financial situation, but undoubtedly it maintained its propagation of national policy of Congress.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

* On [[Invasion of Poland|1 September 1939]], Germany declared war on Poland. Within two days this war took shape of [[World War II]]. Without taking the opinion of the [[Legislatures of British India#Legislative Assemblies (1937–1947)|Legislative Assemblies of the States]], the then [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|British Viceroy]] enjoined India in the war. Congress opposed this and like other Congress ruled states the Cabinet in Central Provinces & Berar submitted its resignation in November 1939 and reverted to the task of opposing the war.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

== Personal life ==
He died on 31 December 1956, at the age of 79 at [[New Delhi]] and was survived by his wife, six sons (Pt. Ambika Charan Shukla, Pt. Bhagwati Charan Shukla, Pt. Ishwari Charan Shukla, Pt. Girija Charan Shukla, [[Shyama Charan Shukla|Pt. Shyama Charan Shukla]] and [[Vidya Charan Shukla|Pt. Vidya Charan Shukla]]) and three daughters. Pandit Shukla dominated the Indian political scene, not only before the ten years of his premier and chief ministership, but for decades after his death.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

==See also==
* [[Shyama Charan Shukla]] elder son and former Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh
* [[Vidya Charan Shukla]] his son and prominent Indian politician.
* [[Kranti Trivedi]] his youngest daughter and a prominent Hindi writer
* [[Prajapati Trivedi]] his grandson and son of Kranti Trivedi

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.freeindia.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=483 Profile on Freeindia.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421191606/http://freeindia.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=483 |date=21 April 2016 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090548/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/01/stories/2007010101740901.htm The Hindu: Obituary]

{{Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Ravishankar}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lawyers from British India]]
[[Category:People from Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]]
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[[Category:Chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
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[[Category:People from the Central Provinces]]

Auto Shankar (film)

2026-03-03T21:39:56Z

Orthodhaval: expanded formatting and added references

{{short description|2005 film by D. Rajendra Babu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Auto Shankar Grand 100 Days poster.jpg
| director = [[D. Rajendra Babu]]
| producer = [[Ramu (Film Producer)|Ramu]]
| writer = B. L. Venu
Tushar Ranganath ([[Dialogues]])
| screenplay = Ajay Kumar
| story = Ajay Kumar
| starring = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] [[Shilpa Shetty]] [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]]
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = [[H. C. Venu]]
| editing = T. Shashikumar
| studio = Ramu Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2005|09|09|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}
'''''Auto Shankar''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[masala film]] starring [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Shilpa Shetty]], and [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/happy-birthday-shilpa-shetty-azad-to-auto-shankar-her-8-best-south-indian-films-you-should-watch-101623167025881.html|title=Happy birthday Shilpa Shetty: Azad to Auto Shankar, her 8 best South Indian films you should watch|date=8 June 2021|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/11slide4.htm|title=Raadhika: Glam doll or performer?|date=11 July 2006|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author=R. G. Vijayasarathy}}</ref> The film was directed by [[D. Rajendra Babu]] and produced by [[Ramu (Film Producer)|Ramu]], of Ramu Enterprises. It tells the story of Shankar, an autorickshaw driver belonging to a middle-class family, who gets into a conflict with Maya, a moneylender. However, the tables turn when she loses her property and they fall in love.

The film was dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Aanavakari'', in [[Hindi]] as ''Shilpa - The Big Don'' in 2007 and in [[Malayalam]] as ''Sarappa Sundari''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Make way for Shilpa, The Big Don |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/10shilpa.htm |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> The film was remade in Bangladesh in 2017 as ''[[Ohongkar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-anuraga-aralithu-to-u-turn-kannada-movies-that-were-remade-in-foreign-languages/etphotostory/76302041.cms|title = From 'Anuraga Aralithu' to 'U Turn': Kannada movies that were remade in foreign languages| work=The Times of India |date = 10 June 2020}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Shankar is a middle-class autorickshaw driver. He is friendly and jovial. Maya, a moneylender, is brought up in a rich family and is portrayed as a boorish character. She is unscrupulous in recovering loans given to the poor and has designed crude methods to recover the money. She is also the daughter of a lady [[don (honorific)|don]].

Shankar defends the poor and fights the moneylenders. Several interesting battles follow, after which the Maya loses all her property and prestige. It is also revealed that she is not really the daughter of the lady don. She then learns a lesson that reforms her attitude. She makes amends, and Shankar embraces her as the two fall in love. The rest forms the plot of the story.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Auto Shankar
* [[Radhika Kumaraswamy]] as Gowri
* [[Shilpa Shetty]] as Maya, an arrogant moneylender
* [[Sudharani]] as Geeta, Shankar's sister
* [[Bhavya]] as an Auto driver's wife
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Shankar's father
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Shankar's mother
* [[Gurukiran]] as Akash, Geeta's husband
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Ramayya, Maya's biological father
* [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] as Maya's biological mother
* [[Srinivas Prabhu]]
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as a victim whose daughter committed suicide due to Maya
* Ashok Rao as [[Director general of police|DGP]] of Police
* Lakshman Rao as Corrupt Police Inspector
* [[Doddanna]] as Kalamma's husband
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Maava, Kalamma's accountant
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Kalamma, a lady don and Maya's adopted mother
* Ashalatha
* [[Mohan Raj]] as Peddodu, Kalamma's brother
* Rajashekhar Kotian as Chinnodu, Kalamma's brother
* Mohan Juneja as a man who came to see Geeta for a marriage proposal
* Maarimutthu Sarojamma
* Shanthamma
* H. M. T. Nandha
* [[Padma Vasanthi]]
*[[Sadhu Kokila]] as Anandha, Gowri's maternal uncle
*[[B. Jayamma]]
* Bangalore Nagesh as Kalamma's husband's accountant
* Dileep
* M. N. Suresh
* Pailwaan Venu
{{Colend}}

==Production ==
The film was launched at Gavi Gangadeshwara Temple in Basavanagudi in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 December 2004 |title=Upendra is riding a wave! |url=http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=13627218 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103090034/http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=13627218 |archive-date=3 January 2005 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> As the director was ill during the majority of the shoot, [[Telugu cinema]]'s renowned associate director Shiva Ramakrishna, an associate of [[Puri Jagannadh]], directed the songs, fight sequences and a major portion of Shilpa Shetty's scenes. The movie was filmed in different locations including [[Austria]], [[Finland]], the [[Bangalore Palace]], and the Mysore Lamps Factory, [[Mysore]].

=== Controversy ===
The film sparked off a controversy with regard to a [[movie poster]] depicted a [[Glamour photography|glamour still]] of Shilpa Shetty from the film. A [[Madurai]] based lawyer filed an [[obscenity]] case against Shetty. Shetty however, protested by saying that "It (the photo) is not vulgar. I am an actor and an entertainer and I won't endorse [[vulgarity]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm15/i-won-t-endorse-vulgarity-shilpa/article1-135246.aspx |title=I won't endorse vulgarity: Shilpa |date=8 August 2006 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=26 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427012523/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm15/i-won-t-endorse-vulgarity-shilpa/article1-135246.aspx |archivedate=27 April 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music is composed by [[Gurukiran]].

The music of the song "Ready Ready" was used in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]]'' and the music was given by Guru Kiran.
{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! Song title !! Singers
|-
| "Kabaddi Kabaddi" || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
|-
| "Kachhi Kachhi" || [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| "Line Hodi" || [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Guru Kiran]]
|-
| "Raja Muddu Raja" || [[S. Janaki]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| "Ready Ready" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "Yen Madlo" || [[Sunder (singer)|Sundar]]
|-
|}

==Reception==
Film critic [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "''Auto Shankar'' is one of those typical mass (or it masala) films which are made in style but lack substance".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2475/kannada/auto-shankar/581/review.htm|title=Auto Shankar Movie Review|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning|date=9 September 2005}}</ref> B. S. Srivani of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Ajaykumar has written an 'original' screenplay which is heavily influenced by Telugu movies -even the scenes reek of Telugu overtones. It is sad to see a director of Rajndra Babu's calibre picturising 'reality' in such a crude manner".<ref>{{cite web|title=Auto Shankar|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=1 April 2025|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep112005/movies171152005910.asp|first=B. S.|last=Srivani|date=11 September 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207073130/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep112005/movies171152005910.asp|archive-date=7 December 2006}}</ref>

==Box office==
''Auto Shankar'' successfully ran for 100 days. The film was released at the same time as the [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] starrer ''[[Namma Basava]]'' and there was a fierce competition between the two films. Both the films were successful at the box office,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_namma_basava_100days.asp |title=Namma Basava and Auto Shankar hit the 100days mark |publisher=Viggy.com |date=2011-03-13 |accessdate=2012-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latestcinema.com/kannada/Kannada-audio-race.html |title=Kannada audio race : Jogi, Amrithdhare, Vishnu Sena, Anna Thangi, Uppi Dada MBBS, top five films : Jogi, Amrithdhare, Auto Shankar, Namma Basava, Swamy, Guru Kiran has now become the toast of Kannada film music fans|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |via=Latestcinema.com |accessdate=2012-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427025714/http://www.latestcinema.com/kannada/Kannada-audio-race.html |archive-date=27 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but ''Auto Shankar'' turned out to be more successful than ''Namma Basava''.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0466361|Auto Shankar}}
*[http://www.viggy.com/english/current_auto_shankar.asp Preview of the film]

{{D. Rajendra Babu}}

[[Category:2005 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2005 action films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Films shot in Finland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Austria]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by D. Rajendra Babu]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films about suicide]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:2005 controversies]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]

Love Mouli

2026-03-03T09:14:10Z

Orthodhaval: done

{{Short description|2024 Indian romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love Mouli
| image = Love Mouli.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Avaneendra
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist| * [[Navdeep]]
* [[Pankhuri Gidwani]] }}
| narrator =
| music = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| cinematography = Avaneendra
| editing = Avaneendra
| studio = Nyra creations LLP
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2024|6|7|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = }}
'''''Love Mouli''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by Avaneendra and produced by Nyra Creations LLP. The film stars [[Navdeep]] and [[Pankhuri Gidwani]]. Apart from directing the film, Avaneendra also serves as the cinematographer and editor.<ref>{{cite news |title=Love Mouli trailer out: Navdeep plays a man seeking love of his life through his art |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/09/love-mouli-trailer-out-navdeep-plays-a-man-seeking-love-of-his-life-through-his-art |work=Cinema Express |date=4 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Navdeep]] as Mouli
* [[Pankhuri Gidwani]] as Chitra
* Charvi Dutta

== Production ==
''Love Mouli'' was conceived by director Avaneendra during his tenure as an associate writer on ''[[RRR]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Director Avaneendra says Love Mouli is all about Pure Love |url=https://www.ntvenglish.com/movie-news/director-avaneendra-says-love-mouli-is-all-about-pure-love.html/amp |work=NTV ENGLISH |date=5 June 2024}}</ref> He developed the story in a novel-like format<ref>{{cite news |title=Director Avaneendra: Women will connect more with Love Mouli |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/05/director-avaneendra-women-will-connect-more-with-love-mouli |work=Cinema Express |date=6 June 2024 |language=en |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829111227/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2024/Jun/05/director-avaneendra-women-will-connect-more-with-love-mouli |url-status=live }}</ref> due to initial uncertainty regarding lead actors. He later considered several young Telugu actors before casting [[Navdeep]] in the lead role, notwithstanding his limited recent film activity as a lead actor.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} The film was subsequently promoted as Navdeep's comeback as a lead actor,<ref>{{cite news |title=Navdeep: Love Mouli will mark a new beginning in my career |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/May/27/navdeep-love-mouli-will-mark-a-new-beginning-for-me |work=Cinema Express |date=7 May 2024 |language=en |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829111228/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2024/May/27/navdeep-love-mouli-will-mark-a-new-beginning-for-me |url-status=live }}</ref> with the term "Navdeep 2.0" being widely used.<ref>{{cite news |title=Navdeep: నవదీప్‌ 2.0ని చూశారా? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/navdeep-new-look-from-his-new-movie/0205/122018129 |work=[[Eenadu]] |date=27 January 2022 |language=te |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519213259/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/navdeep-new-look-from-his-new-movie/0205/122018129 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film received an A certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Love, Mouli' passes Censor Board |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/love-mouli-passes-censor-board-878230 |work=The Hans India |date=5 June 2024 |language=en |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829111229/https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/tollywood/love-mouli-passes-censor-board-878230 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Love Mouli
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| cover =
| alt = album cover for Love Mouli
| released = 4 January 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Love Mouli - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/love-mouli/zk43lnLxoqM_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=4 January 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829111300/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/love-mouli/zk43lnLxoqM_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 36:37
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<ref name=":N18" />
| producer = Govind Vasantha
| chronology = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| prev_title = [[Blue Star (film)|Blue Star]]
| prev_year = 2024
| next_title = [[Election (2024 film)|Election]]
| next_year = 2024
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Love Mouli
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = The Anthem of Love Mouli
| single1date = 15 September 2023<ref name=":S1">{{cite news |last1=Cherukuri |first1=Abhilasha |title=The Anthem of Love Mouli Out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Sep/16/the-anthem-of-love-mouli-out-47700.html |work=Cinema Express |date=5 September 2023 |language=en |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829111855/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2023/Sep/16/the-anthem-of-love-mouli-out-47700.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
{{external music video| header = External audio
|{{YouTube|TU0IMSbe04U|Love Mouli – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Govind Vasantha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Love Mouli |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5RyM3KIgsCwf5ttEX8evT4 |website=[[Spotify]] |access-date=29 August 2024 |language=en |date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829111346/https://open.spotify.com/album/5RyM3KIgsCwf5ttEX8evT4 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":N18">{{cite news |title=Ravi Teja Unveils Navdeep-starrer Love Mouli's Jukebox; Fans Can't Wait For The Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ravi-teja-unveils-navdeep-starrer-love-moulis-jukebox-fans-cant-wait-for-the-film-8729958.html |work=News18 |date=6 January 2024 |language=en |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829111259/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/ravi-teja-unveils-navdeep-starrer-love-moulis-jukebox-fans-cant-wait-for-the-film-8729958.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The first single, "The Anthem of Love Mouli" was released on 15 September 2023.<ref name=":S1" />
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = The Anthem of Love Mouli
| length1 = 3:25
| lyrics1 = [[Anantha Sriram]]
| extra1 = Anish Krishnan
| title2 = Humming Alone
| length2 = 3:02
| lyrics2 = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| extra2 = Govind Vasantha
| title3 = The Vibe Of Mouli
| length3 = 4:18
| lyrics3 = Anantha Sriram
| extra3 = Anish Krishnan
| title4 = Mouli's Dream (Live)
| length4 = 2:50
| lyrics4 = Govind Vasantha
| extra4 = Govind Vasantha
| title5 = She is Real
| length5 = 4:20
| lyrics5 = Anantha Sriram
| extra5 = Sarath Santhosh
| title6 = Tear Drop On Violin
| length6 = 2:14
| lyrics6 = Govind Vasantha
| extra6 = Govind Vasantha
| title7 = The First Tear Drop
| length7 = 3:48
| lyrics7 = Anantha Sriram
| extra7 = Zeba Tommy
| title8 = Sita Ram
| length8 = 3:33
| lyrics8 = Anantha Sriram
| extra8 = [[Chinmayi Sripaada]]
| title9 = Aakasamlo Taara
| length9 = 3:10
| lyrics9 = Anantha Sriram
| extra9 = Rohith Jayaraman
| title10 = Into The Future
| length10 = 4:01
| lyrics10 = Anantha Sriram
| extra10 = Zeba Tommy
| title11 = Light In My Heart
| length11 = 1:56
| lyrics11 = Govind Vasantha
| extra11 = Govind Vasantha
| total_length = 36:37
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical release ===
The film was initially slated for release on 19 April 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Navdeep's Love Mouli gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/02/navdeeps-love-mouli-gets-release-date |work=Cinema Express |date=2 April 2024 |language=en |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417044319/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/02/navdeeps-love-mouli-gets-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the release date was subsequently changed, and it was released on 7 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Love Mouli set to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/May/09/love-mouli-set-to-release-on-this-date |work=Cinema Express |date=11 May 2024 |language=en |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829111738/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2024/May/09/love-mouli-set-to-release-on-this-date |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film's digital rights were acquired by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]],{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} and it premiered on the platform on 27 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Love Mouli gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Jun/23/love-mouli-gets-ott-release-date |work=Cinema Express |date=23 June 2024 |language=en |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623080134/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Jun/23/love-mouli-gets-ott-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Love Mouli'' received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for its moments of romance but criticism for its slow pace.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Love Mouli'' is more than just a romantic drama; it is an evocative and visual journey that leaves an impression. While the film's bold narrative and unorthodox treatment may not appeal to everyone, those who appreciate the blend of romance with deeper existential themes will find this film rewarding."<ref>{{cite news |title=Love Mouli Movie Review: A bold blend of art, adventure, and existential quest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/love-mouli/amp_movie_review/110853388.cms |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=9 June 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829111909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/love-mouli/amp_movie_review/110853388.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt29120615}}

[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

Jeev Majha Guntala

2026-03-01T22:10:10Z

Orthodhaval: new a info

{{Short description|2021 Indian Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jeev Majha Guntala.jpeg
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = Jitendra Gupta
| director = Mukesh Banekar
| creative_director = Yuvraj Ghorpade
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 754
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Jitendra Gupta Mahesh Tagde
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| animator =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Tell-a-Tale Media Pvt. Ltd.
| budget =
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|06|21}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2023|09|16}}
| related = ''[[Mithuna Raashi]]''
}}

'''''Jeev Majha Guntala''''' ({{translation|My life is involved}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Marathi show Jeev Majha Guntala to launch soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/new-marathi-show-jeev-maza-guntala-to-launch-soon/articleshow/82998729.cms |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The show premiered from 21 June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=नात्यांचा गुंता आणि पराकोटीचा द्वेष यात अंतरा-मल्हारचं प्रेम खुलेल का? |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/new-marathi-serial-jiv-majha-guntala-starting-from-21st-june/amp_articleshow/83637397.cms |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> It starred Yogita Chavan and Saurabh Choughule in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=नियतीच्या खेळीने होणार का अंतराचा मल्हार?, ‘जीव माझा गुंतला’ मालिकेत नवे वळण |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/jiv-majha-guntala-serial-update-avb-95-2599233/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> It is an official remake of [[Kannada]] TV series ''[[Mithuna Raashi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title="अबोल प्रेमाचा रांगडा बाज", ‘जीव माझा गुंतला’ नवी मालिका लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला! In|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/colors-marathi-new-serial-coming-soon-jiv-majha-guntala-a-different-love-story-kpw-89-2501083/lite/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Summary ==
It is the story of Antara whose family is going through a financial crisis. In this situation, along with studies, she also drives a taxi to support her family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mithunaraashi to be remade into Marathi soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/mithunaraashi-to-be-remade-into-marathi-soon/articleshow/83914683.cms |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The series ends with Chitra committing suicide, while Antara and Malhar live together with their son.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Yogita Chavan as Antara Shitole / Antara Malhar Khanvilkar<ref>{{Cite web |title=पडद्यावर महिला रिक्षाचालक बनून कसं वाटलं? योगिता चव्हाण म्हणते... |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/interview/jeev-majha-guntala-actress-jiv-majha-guntala-yogita-chavan-talks-about-experience-of-auto-rickshaw-driving/amp_articleshow/84646534.cms |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Saorabh Choughule as Malhar Khanvilkar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: While auditioning for Jeev Majha Guntala, I was confident that this is going to work: Cinematographer-turned-actor Saorabh Rajnish Choughule - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/while-auditioning-for-jeev-majha-guntala-i-was-confident-that-this-is-going-to-work-cinematographer-turned-actor-sourabh-rajnish-choughule/articleshow/83743669.cms |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
;Malhar's family
* Prajakta Navnale / Purva Shinde as Shweta Shitole / Shweta Megh Khanvilkar
* Sumedha Datar as Suhasini Khanvilkar
* Pratiksha Mungekar as Chitra Sudhakar Khanvilkar<ref>{{Cite web |title=अभिनेत्री प्रतिक्षा मुणगेकर दिसणार 'या' नव्या मालिकेत |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/pratiksha-mungekar-new-show-jiv-majha-guntala/amp_articleshow/83714442.cms |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Bharat Daini as Sudhakar Khanvilkar
* Milisha Jadhav as Saumya Sudhakar Khanvilkar
* Ronak Shinde / Bipin Surve as Megh Khanvilkar (Banti)
* Milind Oak as Aajoba
* Veena Katti as Aaji
* [[Devdatta Nage]] as Tushar Desai

;Antara's family
* Milan D'souza as Akshata
* Jyoti Date as Manjiri Shitole
* Shweta Mokashi-Kulkarni as Seema
* Ravindra Phaltankar as Keshav

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Language
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Title
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Original release
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Notes
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Mithuna Raashi]]'' ಮಿಥುನ ರಾಶಿ
| 28 January 2019
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| 27 February 2022
| Original
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Jeev Majha Guntala'' जीव माझा गुंतला
| 21 June 2021
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| 16 September 2023
| rowspan="2" |Remake
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Tumpa Autowali]]'' টুম্পা অটোওয়ালি
| 16 May 2022
| [[Colors Bangla]]
| 31 March 2024
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt15346198}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/jeev-majha-guntala/1971002635 ''Jeev Majha Guntala''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Joshiy

2026-02-23T16:44:50Z

Orthodhaval: improved article

{{short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Fan POV|date=October 2024}}
{{Tone|date=October 2024}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Joshiy
| image = Joshi.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|07|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Varkala]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India
| othername =
| years_active = 1978 {{endash}} present
| spouse = Sindhu Joshi
| occupation = Film director
| children = 2
}}

'''Joshiy''' (born 18 July 1952) is an Indian [[film director]] who works predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema]] and also directed [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]]-language films.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=15 September 2011 |title=Quest for perfection |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2455824.ece |access-date=8 July 2012}}</ref>

Joshiy made his directorial debut in the 1978 film ''[[Tiger Salim]]'', but it was the 1980 film ''[[Moorkhan (film)|Moorkhan]]'' that was his breakthrough in Malayalam cinema. He is regarded as the pioneer of [[film noir]] and [[action thriller]]s in Malayalam.

==Early life==
Joshiy, the sixth child of Vasudevan and Gowri, was raised in [[Varkala]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India, alongside his eight siblings—three brothers and five sisters. His father, Vasudevan, worked as a canteen operator at the [[Singapore Naval Base]] before returning to India to establish a cinema theatre, Varkala Sasi. Joshiy's father died when he was six years old, after which his elder brother Shashankan and brother-in-law Sreenivasan (who named him Joshy) took on family responsibilities and expanded the theater business by opening two additional theatres: Varkala Vasu and Attingal Gowri. Varkala Sasi hosted both film screenings and stage plays, providing Joshiy early exposure to art.<ref name="Mathrubhumi1">{{cite news |author1=Bhanuprakash |title='അന്ന് ജയൻ മാറിച്ചിന്തിച്ചിരുന്നെങ്കിൽ ഒരുപക്ഷേ, ജോഷി എന്ന ഇന്നത്തെ സംവിധായകൻ ഉണ്ടാകുമായിരുന്നില്ല' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/director-joshiy-exclusive-interview-part-1-filmography-of-joshiy-1.8202170 |access-date=31 October 2024 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=8 January 2023 |language=ml}}</ref>

Joshiy attended [[Sree Narayana College, Cherthala]], but left without completing his degree. Joshiy, who showed little interest in formal education, declined an offer from Sreenivasan to join the [[Pune Film Institute]], preferring instead to explore opportunities directly in the film industry. During college, he and his junior, [[Ratheesh]]—who would later become an actor—were recruited with 30 other students as [[junior artist]]s in the 1969 film ''[[Koottukudumbam]]'', appearing as spectators in a dance scene featuring [[Sheela]] and [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]].

==Career==
In 1969, at the age of 20 and during his final year of college, Joshiy left school to pursue opportunities as an [[assistant director]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi1"/> He moved to Chennai to try his luck in the film industry and began his career working under renowned directors [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] and [[J. Sasikumar]]. He also assisted [[Crossbelt Mani]] and he was the assistant director of [[Aanayum Ambariyum]] in 1978 film directed by [[Crossbelt Mani]]. He made his debut as director through ''[[Tiger Salim]]'', released in 1978. His next movie was ''[[Moorkhan (film)|Moorkhan]]'' which was followed by ''[[Raktham]]''. He directed [[Prem Nazir]], [[Srividya]] in ''Ithihasam''.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Following this, Joshiy directed many films including ''[[Kaahalam]]'', ''[[Sharam]]'', ''[[Karthavyam (1982 film)|Karthavyam]]'', ''[[Dheera]]'' and ''[[Aarambham]]''. In 1983, he collaborated with [[Mammootty]] for the first time, for ''[[Aa Rathri]]''. This was followed by ''[[Kodumkattu]],'' came out and a series of films including ''[[Bhookambam]]'', ''[[Kodathi]]'', ''[[Alakadalinakkare]]'', ''[[Muhurtham Pathnonnu Muppathinu]]'' and ''[[Minimol Vathicanil]]'' and ''[[Sandarbham|Sandharbham]]''.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

In 1985, Joshiy directed ''[[Nirakkoottu]]'', based on the script by debutant [[Dennis Joseph]]. Joshiy, Mammootty, and Dennis Joseph continued working together with ''[[Nyayavidhi]]'', ''[[Shyama (film)|Shyama]]'' and ''[[Veendum]]''. He made his debut in Hindi films in 1984 and achieved national fame when he directed ''[[Dharm Aur Qanoon]]'' starring [[Rajesh Khanna]] in a double role along with [[Dharmendra]]. It had box office collection of {{INR|6.5 crores}} in 1984<ref name=":2">[https://archive.today/20130125205721/http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Dharam+Aur+Qanoon Dharam Aur Qanoon - Starring Dharmendra, Rajesh Khanna, Asha Parekh, Jayaprada, Mazhar Khan, Vinod Mehra, Om Shivpuri, Danny Denzongpa, Supriya Pathak. Dharam Aur Qanoon's box...]</ref> and went on to become a hit at the Indian boxoffice.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219165002/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-date=19 February 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The films ''[[Veendum]]'', ''[[Nyayavidhi]]'', ''[[Aayiram Kannukal]]'', ''[[Sayam Sandhya]]'', ''[[Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku]]'' followed. In the same year, Joshiy directed ''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]'' under Jubilee Productions which was a blockbuster and the highest grossing Malayalam film at the time ( his third Industrial hit ) and was a comeback film for [[Mammootty]]. In 1987, he directed [[Itihaas (1987 film)]], starring [[Raaj Kumar]] in the lead in Hindi, which was remake of Ithihasam. In 1988, Joshiy directed three films, all scripted by [[Dennis Joseph]] and [[Mammootty]] in the lead role - ''[[Dhinarathrangal]]'', ''[[Sangham (1988 film)|Sangham]]'' and ''[[Thanthram]]''. In 1989, he again teamed with [[Mohanlal]] for ''[[Naduvazhikal]]''. In 1989, Joshiy brought out a military film. ''[[Nair Saab]]'', completely shot in Kashmir, with [[Mammootty]] in the title role. ''[[Mahayanam]]'', his third film of the year. ''[[No.20 Madras Mail]]'' was released in 1990 with [[Mohanlal]] in lead role, followed by the investigation thriller ''[[Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu]]''. ''[[Kuttettan]]'' was his third film of that year. Joshiy's next film was ''[[Kauravar]]'' in 1992.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

In 1993, ''[[Dhruvam]]'' got released, followed by ''[[Sainyam]]'' in 1994. His debut into Telugu cinema was in 1994 through ''Angarakshugudu'', starring Rajashekhar and [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] in leading roles. In 1997 Joshiy brought out ''[[Bhoopathi (1997 film)|Bhoopathi]]'' with [[Suresh Gopi]] in the lead role. Joshiy joined with Gopi and [[Renji Panicker]] for ''[[Lelam]]'' and ''[[Pathram]]'' in 1997 and 1999. His next two films were ''[[Praja]]'' and ''[[Dubai (2001 film)|Dubai]]'' in 2001 which performed poorly at the box office.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} He took a break after these films. In 2004, Joshiy made a comeback with ''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]'', this time [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] in the leading role and was followed by ''[[Mampazhakkalam|Maambazhakkaalam]]''. ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]'' released in 2005 starring [[Mohanlal]], followed by ''[[Lion (Malayalam film)|Lion]]'' in 2006.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

His next films included ''[[Pothan Vava]]'' (2006) and ''[[July 4 (film)|July 4]]'' (2007) followed by ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]'' (2007) and ''Janmam'' (2007). In 2008 he directed ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' bringing together almost all Mollywood actors. It was followed by the thriller ''[[Robin Hood (2009 film)|Robinhood]]'' in 2009. ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]'' released in 2011, a multi-star film with [[Mohanlal]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] and [[Sarath Kumar]]. In 2012, he directed ''[[Run Baby Run (2012 film)|Run Baby Run]],'' another film with [[Mohanlal]] in the lead. It was followed by ''[[Lokpal (film)|Lokpal]]'' in 2013 and ''[[Salaam Kashmier]]'' 2014 with [[Jayaram]] and Suresh Gopi in lead roles. In 2015, Joshiy directed ''[[Lailaa O Lailaa]]''. After a four-year hiatus, Joshiy made a comeback with the hit movie ''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]'' and also directed the 2022 film ''[[Paappan]]''.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==Personal life==
Joshiy is married to Sindhu. The couple have a son, Abhilash, and a daughter, Aishwarya, who died in a car accident in [[Chennai]] in July 2011. Abhilash is married to Varsha. Abhilash made his directorial debut with ''[[King of Kotha]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dulquer Salmaan announces two projects 'King of Kotha' and 'Othiram Kadakam' on his birthday |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2021/07/28/dulquer-salmaan-announces-two-projects-king-of-kotha-and-othiram-kadakam-on-his-birthday.html |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Writer
|-
| 1978|| ''[[Tiger Salim]]'' ||[[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]]
|-
| 1980|| ''[[Moorkhan (film)|Moorkhan]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Pappanamkodu Lakshmanan]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |1981 || ''Ithihasam''
|-
|''[[Raktham]]'' || [[Kaloor Dennis]]
|-
|''[[Kaahalam]]'' ||Joshy
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1982 || ''[[Aadharsam|Aadarsham]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Pappanamkodu Lakshmanan]]
|-
|''[[Aarambham]]''
|-
|''[[Dheera]]''
|-
|''[[Karthavyam (1982 film)|Kartavyam]]'' ||[[Kaloor Dennis]]
|-
|''[[Sharam (film)|Sharam]]'' || rowspan="2" |[[Pappanamkodu Lakshmanan]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |1983 || ''Ankam''
|-
| ''[[Bhookambam]]'' ||[[Priyadarshan]]
|-
| ''[[Aa Raathri]]''|| [[Kaloor Dennis]]
|-
| ''[[Himam]]''||[[T. Damodaran]]
|-
| ''[[Kodumkattu]]'' ||[[Pappanamkodu Lakshmanan]]
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1984 || ''[[Kodathi]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Kaloor Dennis]]
|-
|''[[Minimol Vathicanil]]''
|-
|''[[Sandarbham]]''
|-
|''[[Ivide Ingane]]'' ||[[Pappanamkodu Lakshmanan]]
|-
|''[[Alakadalinakkare]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Kaloor Dennis]]
|-
|''[[Idavelakku Sesham]]''
|-
|''[[Inakili]]'' ||[[John Paul Puthusery|John Paul]]
|-
|''[[Piriyilla Naam]]'' ||[[Sheriff]]
|-
|''[[Umanilayam]]'' || [[Cochin Haneefa]]
|-
|''[[Dharm Aur Qanoon]]'' || B. R. Ishara, Bhushan Banmali
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1985 || ''[[Nirakkoottu]]''
|[[Dennis Joseph]]
|-
|''[[Iniyum Kadha Thudarum]]''|| [[John Paul Puthusery|John Paul]]
|-
|''[[Oru Kudakeezhil]]'' || rowspan="5" | [[Kaloor Dennis]]
|-
|''[[Onningu Vannengil]]''
|-
|''[[Katha Ithuvare]]''
|-
|''[[Vannu Kandu Keezhadakki]]''
|-
|''[[Muhurtham Pathnonnu Muppathinu]]''
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1986|| ''[[Veendum]]''|| rowspan="4" | [[Dennis Joseph]]
|-
|''[[Nyayavidhi]]''
|-
|''[[Sayam Sandhya]]''
|-
|''[[Aayiram Kannukal]]''
|-
|''[[Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku]]'' || [[Kaloor Dennis]]
|-
|''[[Shyama (film)|Shyama]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Dennis Joseph]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1987 || ''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]''
|-
|''[[Itihaas (1987 film)|Itihaas]]'' (Hindi film) || Gyandev Agnihotri
|-
|''[[January Oru Orma]]'' || [[Kaloor Dennis]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1988 || ''[[Sangham (1988 film)|Sangham]]'' || rowspan="6" | [[Dennis Joseph]]
|-
|''[[Thanthram]]''
|-
|''[[New Delhi (1988 Kannada film)|New Delhi]]'' (Kannada film)
|-
|''[[New Delhi (1988 Hindi film)|New Delhi]]'' (Hindi film)
|-
|''[[Dinarathrangal]]''
|-
|''[[Antima Teerpu (1988 film)|Antima Teerpu]]'' (Telugu film)
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1989 || ''[[Mahayanam]]''|| [[A. K. Lohithadas]]
|-
|''[[Nair Saab]]''|| [[Dennis Joseph]]
|-
|''[[Naduvazhikal]]''|| [[S. N. Swamy]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1990 || ''[[Kuttettan]]''
|[[A. K. Lohithadas]]
|-
|''[[Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu]]'' ||[[P. Padmarajan]]
|-
|''[[No.20 Madras Mail]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=No.20 Madras Mail song remade |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/no20-madras-mail-song-remade-news-malayalam-mdgjyujgcacsi.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>|| [[Dennis Joseph]]
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Kauravar]]''|| [[A. K. Lohithadas]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993 || ''[[Dhruvam]]''
| rowspan="4" |[[S. N. Swamy]]
|-
|''[[Airport (1993 film)|Airport]]'' (Tamil film)
|-
| rowspan="2"|1994 || ''Angarakshakudu'' (Telugu film)
|-
| ''[[Sainyam]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''[[Lelam]]''|| [[Renji Panicker]]
|-
|''[[Bhoopathi (1997 film)|Bhoopathi]]''|| [[Dennis Joseph]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999 || ''[[Pathram]]''
|[[Renji Panicker]]
|-
|''[[Vazhunnor]]''|| [[Benny P. Nayarambalam]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || ''[[Praja]]''|| rowspan="2" | [[Renji Panicker]]
|-
|''[[Dubai (2001 film)|Dubai]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]''|| [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas|Udayakrishna Siby K. Thomas]]
|-
| ''[[Mampazhakkalam]]''|| T.A. Shahid
|-
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]''||[[Ranjan Pramod]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
|''[[Pothan Vava]]''
|[[Benny P. Nayarambalam|Benny P Nayarambalam]]
|-
|''[[Lion (Malayalam film)|Lion]]''
|[[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas|Udayakrishna Siby K. Thomas]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]''|| [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
|-
|''[[July 4 (film)|July 4]]''|| [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas|Udayakrishna Siby K. Thomas]]
|-
|''Janmam''
|[[S. N. Swami]]
|-
| 2008|| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' || [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas|Udayakrishna Siby K. Thomas]]
|-
| 2009|| ''[[Robin Hood (2009 film)|Robin Hood]]''|| [[Sachi-Sethu]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[Sevenes]]'' || [[Iqbal Kuttippuram]]
|-
| ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]'' || [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Run Baby Run (2012 film)|Run Baby Run]]'' || [[Sachy (writer)|Sachy]]
|-
| 2013 ||''[[Lokpal (film)|Lokpal]]'' || [[S. N. Swamy]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 ||''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avatharam]]'' || Vyasan Edavanakad
|-
| ''[[Salaam Kashmier]]'' || [[Sachi-Sethu|Sethu]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Lailaa O Lailaa]]'' || Suresh Nair
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]'' || Abhilash N. Chandran
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Paappan]]'' || [[RJ Shaan]]<ref name="times">{{cite news |last1=Soman |first1=Deepa |date=15 Feb 2021 |title=Suresh Gopi starrer 'Paappan' is Joshiy's next! |work=[[Times Of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suresh-gopi-starrer-paappan-is-joshiys-next/articleshow/80919745.cms}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || [[Antony (2023 film)|''Antony'']]<ref name="Antony">{{cite news |last1=Movies |first1=SJP |date=15 Feb 2021 |title=Joju George's next with filmmaker Joshiy titled 'Antony' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/joju-georges-next-with-filmmaker-joshiy-titled-antony/article66737088.ece/}}</ref> || Rajesh Varma
|-
|TBA
|JXUM
|Abhilash N. Chandra
|-
|}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0430782|name=Joshi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshiy}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Varkala]]
[[Category:1952 births]]

Meivazhi

2026-02-08T02:33:14Z

Orthodhaval: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Syncretic monotheistic religion}}
{{multiple issues|
{{lead too long|date=June 2022}}
{{original research|date=August 2023}}
{{Copy edit|for=tone, clarity|date=November 2025}}
}}{{Infobox religion
| name =
| image = A temple of Meivazhi Salai.JPG
| type = [[Indian Religions]]
| scripture = Aadhi Mei Udhaya Pooranam;
Aadhi Maanmiyam;
| theology = [[Monotheistic]]
| area = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| language = [[Tamil_Language|Tamil]]
| founder = [[Meivazhi#Founder|Meivazhi Salai Aandavargal]]
}}
'''Meivazhi''' ({{langx|ta|மெய்வழி Meyvaḻi}}), meaning 'the True Path', also known as the "மறலி கை தீண்டா சாலை ஆண்டவர்கள் மெய் மதம்", is a [[syncretism|syncretic]] [[monotheism|monotheistic]] religion based in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It seeks to spread the true purpose of every religion which originated on Earth and preaches the oneness of all religions such as [[Saivism]], [[Vaishnavism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Islam]], [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], etc.<ref>{{Cite news|title=மெய்வழி மதம்: பல்வேறு மதங்கள், சாதிகளின் சங்கமம்!|language=ta|newspaper=www.vikatan.com|url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/spirituality/62956-meyvazhi-religion-it-is-confluence-of-religions.art|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2024-01-12 |title=சாதி மத பேதமின்றி மெய்வழிச்சாலையில் நடக்கும் சமத்துவ பொங்கல் விழா |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/special-news/pongal-festival-meivazhi-salai-samathuva-pongal-1089689 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nainar |first=Nahla |date=2018-01-13 |title=The way of Meivazhi Salai, where all faiths merge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-way-of-meivazhi-salai-where-all-faiths-merge/article22437404.ece |access-date=2025-12-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Its focus is on spiritual enlightenment and conquest of the cycle of birth and death by attaining Heaven, through the teachings and blessings of its founder and leader, Meivazhi Salai Aandavargal ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: மெய்வழி சாலை ஆண்டவர்கள் meyvaḻi cālai āṇṭavarkaḷ), who is believed to be the [[Kalki]] Avatar, the final [[incarnation]] of God during the end of Kali Yuga and the beginning of the Kalki Yuga, foretold by several religions.

It draws strongly from [[Hinduism]], although its founder was born in a [[Muslim]] family. The Meivazhi allows membership irrespective of caste, creed, colour or religion. The only requirement for being a disciple of Meivazhi religion is to be a believer in God.

The Meivazhi has its own set of holy [[scripture]]s that runs up to four volumes, along with a unique prayer system and festivals. Its official liturgical language is [[Tamil language|Tamil]].

The Meivazhi has only one temple all across the world, which is situated at [[Meivazhi Salai]] in [[Pudukkottai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], named as the Ponnaranga Devalayam ([[Tamil Language|Tamil]]: பொன்னரங்க தேவாலயம், Poṉṉaraṅka tēvālayam). The Meivazhi Temple stipulates a dress-code for its followers, which are white panchakacham and a white, pointed [[turban]] for its male followers, while its female followers wear a headscarf. The pointed turban (with Kalgi) worn by its followers, is believed to signify the beginning of the Kalki Yuga.

The senior disciples of Meivazhi, who had received spiritual revelations ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: உபதேசம் Upatēcam) directly from Meivazhi Salai Aandavargal, wear saffron clothing and wear saffron pointed [[turban]] with an upward-pointing [[crescent]] symbol called as 'Kilnaamam' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: கிள்நாமம் Kiḷnāmām). The senior disciples prefix the word 'Meivazhi' before their name and suffix the word 'Anandar/Anandagi', while the younger disciples have the word 'Salai' prefixed to their names.
<ref>Chennai DC Special, 16 June 2010 [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_Q7KTGY-IGsdVJ0Tkg3dW5qWXM/edit?usp=sharing Meivazhisalai showcases alternate way of life] Retrieved February 2015</ref><ref>Kayleigh Robinson [http://www.maduraimessenger.org/printed-version/2014/april/spirituality/ "Becoming One with the Divine: Meivazhi Salai Shows the Way"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150423180728/http://www.maduraimessenger.org/printed-version/2014/april/spirituality/ |date=2015-04-23 }}, ''Madurai Messenger'', April 2014.</ref><ref>அருணகிரி [http://www.keetru.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17294:2011-11-08-03-00-33&catid=38:tamilnadu&Itemid=121 "தமிழ்நாட்டுக்கு உள்ளே ஒரு தனி நாடு"], ''கீற்று'', Nov 2011.</ref><ref>Deccan Chronicle Vol. 6, No. 81, 16 June 2010 [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_Q7KTGY-IGsVkViRUo0VTFMZ00/edit?usp=sharing ''Village chooses to live without electricity''] Retrieved February 2015</ref>

The Meivazhi forbids smoking, alcohol, gambling, theft, and practices vegetarianism.

==Founder==
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = Meivazhi
| other_names = Marganannadhar
| image = Meivazhi_Master.jpg
| caption = A Photo of Meivazhi Salai Andavargal.
| birth_name = Khader Badsha Rowther
| birth_date = 1857{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
| birth_place = Markhampatti, Tamil Nadu, India
| known_for = Founder of Meivazhi
| predecessor =
| father = Jamal Hussain Rowther
| mother = Periya Thayi
| spouse =
| children =
| name = Meivazhi Salai Andavargal
}}

=== Biography of Salai Aandavargal ===
{{split|Meivazhi Salai Aandavargal|date=January 2021}}
The Meivazhi followers address their founder as "Meivazhi Salai Aandavargal ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: மெய்வழி சாலை ஆண்டவர்கள் meyvaḻi Cālai āṇṭavarkaḷ)".

An earliest documented account of a meeting with Meivazhi Salai Andavargal, in the erstwhile [[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga|Tiruppattur]] Meivazhi Ashram, has been narrated in a Book titled 'Glimpses of Chettimarnad' published in 1937 by R.J. Ram & Company, Triplicane High Road, Madras, authored by a Journalist and Explorer named Nilkan A. Perumal, who had mistakenly entered the [[Pudukkottai State]], under the rule of the [[Thondaman dynasty]], while touring the [[Chettinad]] region.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Glimpses-Chettimarnad-Nilkan-Perumal/dp/B0008C8822/ref=sr_1_2?dchild=1&qid=1589728142&refinements=p_27:Nilkan+Perumal&s=books&sr=1-2|title=Glimpses of Chettimarnad|publisher=R.J. Ram|year=1937|language=en}}</ref>

Further details on the early life, history and experiences of Meivazhi Salai Aandavargal are sourced from one of the holy scriptures of Meivazhi, titled "Aadhi Maanmiyam ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ஆதி மாண்மியம்)", written by Meivazhi Salai Andavargal himself.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nainar|first=Nahla|date=2018-01-13|title=The way of Meivazhi Salai, where all faiths merge|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-way-of-meivazhi-salai-where-all-faiths-merge/article22437404.ece|access-date=2019-06-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Early life===
According to the scripture, Aadhi Maanmiyam, Meivazhi Salai Aandavargal was born in 1857 at Markhampetti village, Oddanchatram Taluk, [[Dindigul district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. His birth name was Khader Badsha Rowther. His father 'Jamal Hussain Rowther' and mother 'Periya Thayi'. He had his primary education from a teacher, under a banyan tree in his village.

He initially learned to recite Qur'an, but soon after his teacher's death, came his quest of finding the truth about life and the state of the soul after death. He went after prophets and preachers to learn the correct path to salvation. He had asked orange-robed sanyasins, the black-robed bearded fakirs and the Gospel-preaching Christian missionaries to show him the correct way for God realization.<ref name=":2" /> However, he soon realized that people were pretending to be saints for the sake of money. Subsequently, he lost hope in spirituality.

At the age of 18, he was married to Suleka Bivi. With the blessings of his parents, he migrated to Kasukkaranpalayam Village, Perundurai taluk, [[Erode]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and established himself as a wholesale paddy merchant. He had a daughter named Aisuamma.

===Meeting with Guru - Thanigai Mani Piran (Guru Nayagam)===
At the age of 27, Meivazhi Salai Andavargal was contemplating moving out of India to enrich his rice business. At this time, he coincidentally met an elderly person, whom Meivazhi Salai Andavargal invited to his Paddy shop and offered Ragi Dosa with Honey. Meivazhi Salai Andavargal proudly conversed with this elderly person regarding [[hatha yoga]] as the only way to attain spiritual enlightenment. But the response of the Elderly person shocked Meivazhi Salai Andavargal, and sensed that the elderly man was a divine intervention. Soon, Meivazhi Salai Andavargal became a Disciple of the elderly person. The name of the elderly person was revealed to be Shri Thanigai Mani Piran (Also known as Mohamed Saligh and as Paattayar or Paattaiyah), who was stated to be more than 600 years old.

The Guru of Meivazhi Salai Andavargal, Shri Thanigai Mani Piran, eventually baptized Salai Aandavargal through Brahmopadhesam ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ப்ரஹ்மோபாதேசம் Prahmōpātēcam) or the spiritual revelations, at Kasukkaranpalayam, [[Erode]], revealing his true identity and his divine purpose on Earth, elaborating that he had waited more than 600 years to meet Meivazhi Salai Andavargal, and it was their destiny to meet.

The scripture Aadhi Maanmiyam, Chapter 9B, Page 249, extracts certain verses written by [[Ayya Vaikundar]], foretelling the meeting between Meivazhi Salai Andavargal and his Satguru, their bonds, their parting of ways and the subsequent events. It is stated that the meeting of Salai Andavargal and his satguru, was already prophesied by many saints.

After the spiritual revelation, Meivazhi Salai Aandavargal lost interest in materialistic possessions and renounced his profession, wife, child and everything, in pursuit of the highest spiritual enlightenment, and following his satguru across India and many other countries.

The first meeting of Meivazhi Salai Andavargal and his satguru is celebrated by the Meivazhi followers as a festival during [[Purnima|pournami day]] of the [[Panguni Uthiram|Panguni]] month (April), as the "([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: பிறவா நாள் பிறப்பு திருநாள் Piṟavā nāḷ piṟappu tirunāḷ)" festival.

===Shepherdhood===
As per the scripture Aadhi Maanmiyam, Meivazhi Salai Andavargal had trained in the art of [[Penance]] for 12 years along with his satguru, and had finally attained the highest level of spiritual enlightenment. On fulfilling the destiny, his Satguru decided to gradually part ways to prepare Meivazhi Salai Andavargal for his real purpose on Earth. The Satguru had ordered Meivazhi Salai Andavargal to tend to a flock of sheep at Reddiapatti village in [[Virudhunagar district]] for a year, and during this time, Shri Thanigai Mani Piran gradually started fading from Meivazhi Salai Andavargal's life, until Meivazhi Salai Andavargal became accustomed to being alone. This separation and the event of tending to Sheep, is remembered and celebrated annually by the disciples, as the "([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ஆடு மேய்ப்பு திருக்கோலக் காட்சி Āṭu mēyppu tirukkōlak kāṭci)" festival during the month of [[Vaisakha]] (Vaikasi in Tamil).

===Tapas/Penance===
As per the scripture Aadhi Maanmiyam, After Meivazhi Salai Andavargal had tended to Sheep for a year as per his Satguru's command, his satguru directed Meivazhi Salai Andavargal to observe severe [[Penance]] or [[Tapas (Sanskrit)|Tapas]] in a cave on the western side of [[Thiruparankundram]] hill (near [[Madurai]]), which he carried out. After 12 years of Penance, under the wakefulness and near-starvation diet of Prickly pear, Meivazhi Salai Andavargal is stated to have acquired all the divine symbols (sannadams) – such as [[Udukai]], [[Trishula]], [[Shankhu]], [[Sudarshana Chakra]], Villu, Vaal, [[Gada (mace)]], Angusam, Paasam, Modhagam, [[Vel]] and finally the "Kilnamam" (Crescent moon), stated to be visible in his sacred palms. The Crescent moon is stated to be the ultimate divine symbol, used by the Meivazhi followers as their religion's symbol.

The acquiring of the ultimate divine symbol Crescent Moon on his palm, by Meivazhi Salai Aandavargal, is commemorated by the Meivazhi followers, by celebrating the festival of "([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: கோடாயுத சன்னதத் திருக்காப்பு கங்கநத் திருநாள் Kodaayudha Sannathath Thirukkappu Kangganath Thirunall) in the month of [[Vaisakha|Vaikasi]] (June).

===The Beginning of Meivazhi===
When Shri Thanigai Mani Piran understood that his disciple Meivazhi Salai Andavargal was fully endowed with wit and power, he christened Salai Andavargal as "Maarganadhar" and directed Meivazhi Salai Andavargal to return to the world to undertake the divine mission of redeeming the seekers of truth from the bondage of ignorance and illusion and persuaded Meivazhi Salai Andavargal to proceed forward alone in his holy mission.

Initially, cladding himself in a saffron robe, Meivazhi Salai Andavargal, preached to [[Sannyasa|sanyasis]] and saints, but thereupon he understood that most of the sanyasis were impostors not because of their ignorance, but deliberation to loot innocent people's money for satisfying their lust and hunger. Finally, Andavargal gave up the garb of sanyasi and took to preaching family people engaged in worldly occupations.

===The Rajagambeeram Ashram===
The First Meivazhi sabha was started at Rajagambeeram village in [[Sivaganga district]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1901. However, it is stated that the Hindu priests, Moslem Imams and Christian Padres heard about his doctrine with dismay and persecuted Salai Andavargal, forcing him to flee Rajagambiram.

The Meivazhi sabha was subsequently started in [[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga|Tiruppattur]], a panchayat town in [[Sivaganga district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Even at Tiruppattur, it is stated that the persecution had continued for a time, but had soon ended, as men began coming in large numbers to hear his teachings, and from small beginnings, the number of followers gradually increased, year by year.<ref name=":2" /> At Tiruppattur, he married Panimathi Nachiyar as per his Satguru's wish. Thereafter, Salai Andavargal and Shri Thanigai Mani Piran permanently parted ways.

The Meivazhi Sabha was formally registered as a Society on 19.06.1933.

==Beliefs of Meivazhi==
===Origin of Man===
The contents of the 4 Volumes of Meivazhi religions' Sacred Texts emphasizes on the prime duty of every man to "Know himself". In the Volume, "Kodayudha Koor", it has been stated that Tamil is the oldest language on Earth. In the Tamil Language, the word "மனுஷன்/Maṉuṣaṉ", means Man. If the said Tamil word is split into two, it becomes "மனு/Maṉu (Earthly)" + either "ஈசன்/Īcaṉ (God)" or "நீசன்/Nīcaṉ (Vile or Bad)", which indicates what a Man is truly capable of transforming into. The Man was created as a God. The prime purpose of the Meivazhi religion is to make Mankind, aware of their true astral identity and also to reveal the true purpose of every religion which came upon Earth.

As explained by the Sacred texts of every major religion, the Meivazhi religion explains that Man is an Astral being originally created by a Superior God in Heaven in a highly powerful and sophisticated form. However, he was deceived and tempted by Satan (who was a God himself, created by the Superior God), into consuming a forbidden fruit made by Satan, which the Superior God had warned never to consume. When man relented to Satan's temptation that consumption of the forbidden fruit would make him much more powerful than the creator himself, man had lost all his highly sophisticated powers and was eternally trapped in a Lowly, despicable, earthly form, with traces of Satan inside. Consequently, man (in his lowly form) and Satan were both banished from Heaven and imprisoned on Earth for their sins. However, on seeing and hearing man's cries, the Superior God pitied man and reduced his punishment from an eternity, to a lifetime of repentance on Earth for his sin of consuming the forbidden fruit and also promised to stay within the man's lowly form for a lifetime to let him find a way to attain his true heavenly form.

The Volume "Maanmiyam", explains that in order to make Earth more livable for Man, the Superior God had gone a step further to create 1008 earthly features such as mountains, waterfalls, seas, along with thousands of animals and birds and many other wonders on earth, entirely for man, even though man had not dared to ask for any of it since such a debt cannot be repaid by man, even if an equivalent of heaven is given back to the Superior God. Such magnanimity of the Superior God and of the man's debt is stated to be explained in [[Tirukkuṛaḷ]] 101, which reads as follows: -

செய்யாமல் செய்த உதவிக்கு வையகமும்

வானகமும் ஆற்றல் அரிது

Tamil-English Translation:
(The gift of heaven and earth is not an equivalent for a benefit which is conferred where none had been received.)

===Purpose of Man on Earth===
A Man's primary duty on Earth, is to know himself.

The Man, started his life on Earth, with both the Superior God (Good) and the Satan (Evil) within himself. The Volume, Kodayudha Koor, reveals that the heavenly form of man is locked inside himself with 16 divine locks across 16 directions. For a man's soul to regain control of his true Heavenly form, a man has to earn it within his lifetime, by acknowledging, praying and gaining the sympathy of the Superior God within himself. It is stated that a man can attain that heavenly form, with the guidance of the Superior God or any other man who had attained the heavenly form.

But, when a man forgets the Superior God within himself and fails to regain the Heavenly form before his lifetime on Earth, the Superior God leaves his earthly form, and the Man's soul is born in a fresh earthly form. The Man is struck in an indefinite cycle of birth and rebirth, until the final yuga, when the Earth will be destroyed, and Satan is bound to eternally enslave the man's soul, turning him into a நீசன்/Nīcaṉ (vile or bad).

===The Yugas===
During Man's initial days on Earth, known as the [[Satya Yuga]], Mankind was well aware of their astral descent and Mankind was very successful in conquering Satan and returning to Heaven in their Astral Form. However, as the [[Treta Yuga]] and the [[Dvapara Yuga]] passed, Satan's influence had grown exponentially leading to widespread corruption, chaos and destruction. Eventually, the Mankind was completely corrupted by Satan with materialistic pleasures, lust and greed, provoking them to commit evil deeds, and making them forget their origins.

It is stated in the Volume "Kodayuda Koor", that the [[Kali Yuga]] had begun when the [[Mahabharata]] War started. It was the first war between mankind, where mankind had completely forgotten their Astral origins and fought amongst themselves over lust and petty earthly materialistic possessions due to the corruption caused by Satan. It is stated that after the beginning of [[Kali Yuga]], the mankind had completely forgotten the Superior God within themselves, with absolutely no clue of their astral origins. Thus, mankind was trapped in a cycle of birth and rebirth, under Satan's deceptions and illusions, without reaching their true heavenly form. According to the Meivazhi religion, the biggest sin a man could commit on Earth is "forgetting the presence of the Superior God within Man's lowly earth form", and all the debts owed by mankind to the Superior God.

The Meivazhi religion teaches that throughout the [[Satya Yuga]], [[Treta Yuga]] and the [[Dvapara Yuga]], nearly 33 Crores men had conquered the deceptions of Satan and attained their true heavenly form, returning to heaven. Further, that throughout the Yugas, nearly 1,24,000 men, known as the Nabis or prophets, had returned or stayed on Earth to assist mankind in breaking the cycle of birth and rebirth, and regain their true heavenly form. However, it is stated that many of the Nabis who came down to Earth during the [[Dvapara Yuga]] were ridiculed by the ignorant mankind and far worse, in the initial days of the [[Kali Yuga]], many such Nabis were even tortured by such ungrateful mankind, under the influence of Satan. As such, a majority of mankind had fallen as prey to Satan, with absolutely no clue about their identity or their purpose in life.

The Meivazhi religion teaches that, apart from the 1,24,000 Prophets who came to Earth during different Yugas, to awaken the mankind from their ignorance, the Superior God himself had come down to Earth in nine different earthly Avatars, across various regions on Earth, throughout the Yugas under various names, all pointing to the same God. It is revealed that every religion on Earth, is merely a shadow of the same Superior God, teaching the same core principles, with the sole intent of making mankind realize its astral origin and its true capabilities. But despite the efforts of the Superior God and the Prophets, Mankind was too corrupted by Satan. Under the influence of Satan, the Prophets were disrespected and cruelly tortured by the Mankind.

Satan had actively worked against the teachings of the Superior God and the Prophets, manipulating mankind to believe in multiple religious beliefs, multiple gods and even false Gods. Satan had managed to manipulate and fragment Mankind into different groups and had actively pitted the followers of one fragment against each other, destroying the very purpose of all those Religions. As such, every such religion lost its true purpose and became powerless. Religion became a mere mockery serving no purpose and this led to further chaos, and a major portion of Mankind had no means to attain their true heavenly form. A large portion of Mankind was following religions only in name, without knowing their true purpose nor the fact that the Superior God exists within oneself, nor their astral origins, completely blinded by their lust, greed and materialistic desires.

===Kalki Yuga===
It is stated in the Volume "Kodayutha Koor" that the start of the Meivazhi Religion marks the end of the [[Kali Yuga]] and the beginning of the Kalki Yuga, which was prophesied in the [[Kalki Purana]] and anticipated by the sacred texts of many religions. The Meivazhi religion has successfully united 69 Castes of Hinduism, along with every major religion on Earth, such a Christianity, Islam, etc., into a single community. The Meivazhi, preaches the oneness of all religion, with the sole intent of revealing the true purpose of every religion which existed on Earth, and to make mankind realize their true astral origins and their destiny to reach Heaven through the example of its founder.

The founder of Meivazhi had instructed the disciples, never to worship statues or any photos of him, which are merely temporary identities of the Superior god. The Meivazhi teaches its followers that both the Superior God and the Satan, exist within themselves, and it is up to the Mankind to choose whichever path they desire. The Meivazhi teaches that the Superior God is inside the Man's heart during his lifetime and that a Man's affection alone could earn the sympathy of the Superior God. Thus the proverb in Tamil, "அன்பே சிவம்/Aṉpē civam" meaning, Love is God. The Meivazhi further teaches its followers that the Superior God exists within Man only to protect his Soul from Satan, and never to pray for petty materialistic possessions. It explains that praying for materialistic possessions from the Superior God is like asking an Emperor for a broom.

The followers of the Meivazhi religion believe that the founder of the Meivazhi religion is the [[Kalki]] avatar, the final incarnation of Lord [[Vishnu]] as mentioned in [[Hinduism]] and also the [[Second Coming]] of God's incarnation on this Earth as mentioned in various other religions., expected to bring an end to the [[Kali (demon)]].

===The End of the World Prophecy===
The Volume Kodayudha Koor states that the destruction of the Earth will take place before [[Hijri year]] 1500, which is 21-Jul-2077 in Gregorian Calendar. Further, in the volume Maanmiyam, in chapter 9B - "Sannadham Perum Paruvam", Page 254, a poem written by [[Ayya Vaikundar]], has been extracted, wherein at Stanzas 2 and 3, certain hints have been made in Tamil as follows:-

"...வங்காள அரண்மனையார் / Vangala Palace (or Royals)

வாறாரே கலியழிக்கச் / are coming to destroy Kali

செப்ப எளிதல்லவே / It is not very easy

செயிக்கஏலா தாராலும்... / no one can win"

Although the exact meaning of the word "Vangala" is unclear, it could possibly indicate the rise of [[Bengal]] or China.

===Religious attributes of a true Spiritual Guru===
Meivazhi teaches that the Heavenly tokens which distinguish a true spiritual guru from impostors are that:
*he has conquered slumber and sleep.
*he has conquered the necessity to breathe.
*he has practically overcome the need for food.

The followers of Meivazhi believe that Salai Aandavargal had exhibited all the above-stated features.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A Letter to the Judge, who seeks a divine guidance |url=https://www.angelfire.com/ms/Salai/Letter.html |access-date=2020-05-14 |website=[[Angelfire]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Absolutely About the Absolute : A Road Map to the Land of Soul eBook : Azhagan, CA.K. Nirai Mathi : Amazon.in: Books |url=https://www.amazon.in/dp/B09RQP8QJC?ref=KC_GS_GB_IN |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=www.amazon.in| date=2 February 2022 }}</ref>

===Incorruptibility===
It is believed that the primordial sign that a man has reached the Superior God is that the person's physical self will become [[Incorruptibility|incorruptible]] when he dies. It is believed that, When a man dies without even meeting the Supreme God within himself, he dies without even fulfilling his most basic purpose in life, and therefore, the Supreme God merely leaves his earthly form without helping the Soul to attain its true heavenly form.
Consequently, the earthly form decays and the Soul becomes eternally enslaved by Satan. However, when a Man had realized the Supreme God within himself and prayed affectionately throughout his lifetime, he is helped by the Supreme God attain his true heavenly form locked within himself, at the time of his death and Satan would fear to get anywhere close to a Man's heavenly form. Therefore, the earthly form would never decompose. It is believed that every religion came to earth only to prove this as a fact and it can be seen in many saints, whose bodies have not decomposed through hundreds of years. This divine phenomenon is stated to happen among the people of the Meivazhi religion and there were instances, where even non-followers, who had visited the Meivazhi Salai temple and prayed, had shown signs of divine incorruptibility.<ref>{{Cite web|title=இறந்தவர்களைச் சிரித்த முகத்துடன் அடக்கம் செய்யும் மக்கள்! - புதுக்கோட்டையில் ஓர் அதிசய கிராமம் #MyVikatan {{!}} Meivazhi Salai village which spreads true equality|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/156991-meivazhi-salai-village-which-spreads-true-equality.html|last=ManiMaran.R, Vengadesh.R|date=2019-05-08|website=Vikatan|language=ta|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

The Followers of Meivazhi believe that a person's attainment of Heaven can be ascertained by their body, by observing the following 10 observable divine signs after death showing Immortal Proofs, emphercial evidence of Salvation at the time of death:
* No Putrefaction / No bad stench from the physical body - only a pleasant aroma emanates from it. No discharge of foul-smelling liquid / Gas.
* No Rigor Mortis / stiffening of the body. Showing signs of the flexibility of bodily parts.
* No Livor Mortis / The body will be light in weight - alike a flower-basket.
* The body sweats as time passes.
* No Algor Mortis - The complete body exhibits warmness.
* The natural conditions of the throat prevails. Hence the body takes in the Holy Water (Kaashaaya Theertham) when given.
* The knuckles giving out sound when cracked, all continuing - as in the living state.
* The disappearance of deformities (e.g. a hunched back), with which they may have been afflicted in life.
* No Pallor Mortis / The pure and pleasant state of the human body reflecting youthfulness and cheeriness blooming on the face.
* No Decomposition / Skeletonization - The human body does not decay after death and also, the Mother earth does not harm the body - but preserves it just like a Seed that is ready to sprout.

Meivazhi followers mention the non-decomposing bodies of [[Ramanuja]], [[Francis Xavier]], [[Bernadette Soubirous]], and many [[Buddhist mummies|Buddhist monks]], as examples and proof that this phenomena has been occurring since the beginning of mankind and continuing to occur. This is known across the World by different names in different faiths, as Divine Incorruptibility, Wafath, Sukoshinbitsu, Asleep in Christ, Adakkam, Jiva Sammadhi, Mukthi, Moksha, Eternal Salvation.<ref>மரணம் நீக்க ஜீவ மருந்து: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLRMCEXbY1c எல்லோரும் இன்புற்று வாழ வேண்டும் - சிறு வாழ்வு அல்ல,மரணம் இல்லா பெருவாழ்வு], YouTube, April 12, 2020.</ref>

==Meivazhi Scriptures==
Meivazhi has its own Holy scriptures running up to four volumes in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language.<ref name="Meivazhi Sabha">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/meivazhi-sabha-releases-book/article3271334.ece Meivazhi Sabha releases book], ''[[The Hindu]]'' April 2, 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anandh |first=Vijay |title=Meivazhi Noolgal |url=https://www.academia.edu/42095291}}</ref>

* Volume I ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ஆதி மெய் உதய பூரண வேதாந்தம் Āti mey utaya pūraṇa vētāntam)<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஆதிமெய் உதய பூரண வேதாந்தம் |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.tamildigitallibrary.in |language=en}}</ref>
* Volume II ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ஆண்டவர்கள் மான்மியம் Āṇṭavarkaḷ māṉmiyam)
*Volume III ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: எமன் படர் அடிபடு திரு மெய்ஞ்ஞானக் கொரல் Emaṉ paṭar aṭipaṭu tiru meyññāṉak koral)
* Volume IV ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: எமன் படர் அடிபடு கோடாயுதக் கூர் Emaṉ paṭar aṭipaṭu koṭāyūtak kūr)

==Meivazhi Sabha==
The first Meivazhi Ashram was founded in 1926 at Rajagambeeram village in [[Sivaganga district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. On a full moon day, Andavargal hoisted a flag (Pooran Kodi) with 96 bells. Several disciples came and attended the historic event. Andavargal composed a song called Gnana Sangu In one of the Meivazhi Vedas, namely "Aadhi Maanmiyam", at Chapter 2, page 7, it is stated that the Village Rajagambeeram was previously known as [[Shambhala]] during the times of [[Narada]]. However, due to religious persecution at Rajagambeeram Village, the said Ashram was abandoned. Subsequently, the Meivazhi Asharam was started at [[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga|Tiruppattur]], a panchayat town in the present [[Sivaganga district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], where the Sabha was initially registered as a Society on 19 June 1933 under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (Act 21 of 1860, India). From small beginnings, the number of followers gradually increased year by year.

On 14.09.1940, Madurai Ashram was inaugurated and the sabha was shifted to Madurai (Aruppukottai Road) The new Ashram was painstakingly built entirely using Granite stones. But in 1942, during the Second World War, the British Government acquired the entire place in Madurai and paid a compensation of Rs.1,37,750/- to the Meivazhi Sabha. Consequently, the sabha had to be shifted again to a different place and the Madurai Ashram came to be referred as the பழஞ்சாலை/Paḻañcālai (meaning old Salai). It is stated that even prior to the acquisition, some prophetic carvings were inscribed in the lentil stones of the Ashram hall in the year 1940, which reads as "ஆலயம் மாற அரசு மாறும்" ("When the Temple changes, the Government will change"). The said inscription in the erstwhile Meivazhi Ashram (presently the Madurai Aerodrome campus) remains a monument for the Disciples. The Meivazhi sabha was later shifted to Pappanachivayal, [[Pudukkottai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], near the Ural Hills, in the erstwhile [[Pudukkottai State]], where Salai Aandavargal purchased a jungle land for about Rs.6,000/- and cleared it for habitation. On 17.11.1942, Andavargal hoisted the first flag and named the place as Meivazhi Salai The Sabha was re-registered on 10 June 1944 and it became the [[Meivazhi Salai]] village.

The Meivazhi Sabha had a President and 24 senior disciples referred to as the "சத்தியப்பிடி மூப்பர்/Cattiyappiṭi mūppar" (Elders of Truth), appointed by Salai Andavargal himself, to take care of the everyday affairs of the Sabha. One Meivazhi Kailai Anandhar, a leading criminal lawyer of that time, was the president of the Association till 1974 and thereafter due to his old age, Salai Andavargal appointed one Meivazhi Murugamalai Anandar as the President. It is stated that during the British-ruled period, the senior disciples had suggested to Salai Andavargal that the compensation amount given by the British and the offerings given by the Disciples, could be converted in the form of Gold and thus several Gold ingots engraved with the seal of the British Crown were purchased and stored at various hidden locations across the village under different trees. The location of the ingots were known to a very few disciples, many of whom had died due to old age. However, immediately after His holiness Salai Andavargal attained a greatest Penance State called [[Vankani Virat Thavam]] on 19.02.1976, Now, his holiness is in Highest Penance state since, but some confusion and chaos prevailed among the followers, as to the future of the temple administration and also the uncertainty as to whether the phenomenon of [[Incorruptibility]] will continue or not. In March 1976, the followers had faced a credibility crisis, when the Indian Government Customs and Excise Department officers, on the basis of some anonymous tip-off from within the village, raided the hermitage in a weeklong operation, unearthing all the stored gold and silver ornaments including personal belongings of some of the disciples, during uncertain times of Emergency period in India. The Government had charged many of the disciples for illegal hoarding of wealth, but eventually lost the case since the recovered ornaments were not personal belongings of the Disciples, but belongings of the Sabha.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Diamonds and gold seized from Meivazhisalai ashram in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime/story/19760515-diamonds-and-gold-seized-from-meivazhisalai-ashram-in-tamil-nadu-819145-2015-04-04|author=Rama Rao Gidugu |date=April 4, 2015 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Salai Yugavanan And Ors. vs Collector Of Customs And Central Excise on 4 November, 1986 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1245577/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meivazhi Salai Vargavan vs Tiruchirapalli on 1 August, 2019 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/65022429/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref> After years of uncertainty and fear, the disciples finally came back to the temple when they realized that the phenomenon of [[Incorruptibility]] was continuing to take place even when Salai Andavargal was in a state of [[Mahasamādhi]]. The place where Salai Andavargal attained [[Mahasamādhi]], is referred to as the "Ponnaranga Devalayam ([[Tamil Language|Tamil]]: பொன்னரங்க தேவாலயம், Poṉṉaraṅka tēvālayam), meaning "The Golden Temple". All the Prayers, Rituals and Festivals are held around this Shrine.

===Hindu Temple or Not?===
Immediately after Salai Aandavargal attained [[Mahasamādhi]] on 12.02.1976, during the late 1970s and the 1980s, the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] ([[HR & CE]]), Tamil Nadu, had attempted to take control of the Ponnaranga Devalayam Temple, which was heavily contested by the Temple before the Hon'ble High Court of Madras in Writ Appeal No. 151 of 1977, wherein the Hon'ble First Bench of the Madras High Court, vide an Order dated 23.09.1985, directed the department to make a decision under Section 63(a) of the HR&CE Act (Act 22 of 1959, Tamil Nadu) whether the Ponnuranga Devalayam Temple is a Hindu temple or not, before proceeding any further. As such, the case was contested by the Temple before the Deputy Commissioner of HR&CE Department in O.A. No. 69 of 1985, during which, depositions were obtained from several members of the community, who originally belonged to various religions such as Hinduism, Christianity, Islam. Notably, several leading lawyers were followers of this Religion. One Meivazhi Kailai Anandhar, a Hindu by birth and leading criminal lawyer of that time, was the president of the Association till 1974 <ref name=":1" /> One Meivazhi Gowshal Anandar, a Muslim by birth and another leading criminal lawyer, who was the chairman of the Wakf Board; Justice Suryamurty, a retired Judge of the Hon'ble High Court, were all part of this Religion. It was noted in the proceedings that the Ponnuranga Devalayam and Meivazhi sabha were not exclusively intended for the Hindus alone, but non-Hindus also. It was observed in the proceedings that all the followers of Meivazhi Andavar have been strictly adopting the principles and regulations and mode of living, religious rituals, ceremonies, conducting of marriages, conducting of obsequies after death, as enumerated in their four sacred books, and that it is quite different from the regulations and the rituals to be followed by the Hindus at the time of religious ceremonies, like marriages, etc. It was further observed that the institution Ponnuranga Devalayam does not have any [[Dwajasthambam|Thuvajasthambam]], [[Prakaram|praharam]], [[gopuram]] and [[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimaanam]], etc., which are normal features for a Hindu Temple. Ultimately, the proceedings were concluded vide an Order dated 03.04.1986, holding that the Ponnuranga Devalayam and the Meivazhi sabha do not come under the purview of the HR&CE Act, (Act 22 of 1959, Tamil Nadu). This was also confirmed by the Hon'ble High Court of Madras in Writ Petition (Madurai) No. 13175 of 2012.

===Dress code for entering the Ashram===
Meivazhi followers have a mandatory dress code for entering the ashram. It stipulates white panchakacham and a white pointed [[turban]] for its Male followers, while its female followers, wear a headscarf or cover their head with their Saree. The Senior followers (known as Anandars), who had obtained spiritual revelations ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: உபதேசம் Upatēcam) from Salai Aandavargal, wear saffron clothing and wear saffron pointed [[turban]] with an upward-pointing [[crescent]] symbol called as 'Kilnaamam' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: கிள்நாமம் Kiḷnāmām).

Most of the followers wear the Turban throughout the day. Therefore, the Government of Tamil Nadu, in 2007, had provided a relaxation to the followers of Meivazhi, from wearing bike helmets when wearing their Turban. This is similar to the relaxation given to the wearers of Turban in [[Sikhs]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The men of Meivazhi Salai in Pudukkottai are exempted from wearing helmets|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/sep/23/the-men-of-meivazhi-salai-in-pudukkottai-are-exempted-from-wearing-helmets-2037603.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=23 September 2019 |access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ஹெல்மெட் கட்டாயம் இல்லாத ஒரே சாலை – மெய்வழி சாலை|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/meivazhi-people-meivazhi-religion-meivazhi-salai-in-pudhukottai-helmet-rule-exemption-for-meivazhi-religion/|date=2019-09-23|website=Indian Express Tamil|language=ta-IN|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=அதிதேஜா |date=2019-09-20 |title=மெய்வழிச்சாலைக்கு ‘ஹெல்மெட்’ தேவையில்லை!- தலையைக் காக்கும் தலைப்பாகைகள்! |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/special-articles/special-article/meivazhi-sabha-helmet-exempting-tn-government-abstract |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=Nakkheeran |language=ta}}</ref>

==Practices and rituals==
The followers of Meivazhi do not worship any idols, tombs or any materialistic subjects. They are non-materialistic and believe that the God exists within their hearts. They pray focussing on the God within themselves. The Daily rituals around the temple are a mere reminder that the God is within their heart. The Daily prayer rituals or 'Vanakkam ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: வணக்கம் Vaṇakkam)' take place throughout the day at their temple. The Anandhars or Disciples take turns to stay in the temple and conduct the rituals throughout the day and at nights.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nainar |first=Nahla |date=2018-01-13 |title=The way of Meivazhi Salai, where all faiths merge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-way-of-meivazhi-salai-where-all-faiths-merge/article22437404.ece |access-date=2025-12-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

* 4:30AM - Recital of Thirupanchanai Yeluchi ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: திருப்பஞ்சணையெழுச்சி).

* 5.30AM - 6.00AM - Recitation of Aadhi Maanmiyam ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ஆதி மான்மியம்).

* 7.00AM - Recital of Maha Sankalpa Manthiram ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: மகா சங்கல்ப மந்திரம்).

* 11.45AM-12.15PM - Afternoon Prayer or Aravalam ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: அரவலம்).
* 5.30PM - Recital of Adhi Mei Udhayapoora Vedandham ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ஆதி மெய் உதய பூரண வேதாந்தம்)

* 6.00PM - Evening Prayer.

* 8.30PM - Recital of Theiva Thedu Koodagam ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: தெய்வத்தேடு கூடகம் பாடுதல்).

* 9.00PM - Night Prayer, followed by Recital of [[The Buddha|Lord Buddha's]] [[Buddhist eschatology#Sermon of the Seven Suns|Sermon of the Seven Suns]] Prophecy in Tamil.

* 12.00AM - Recital of [[The Buddha|Lord Buddha's]] [[Buddhist eschatology#Sermon of the Seven Suns|Sermon of the Seven Suns]] Prophecy in Tamil.

* 1.30AM - Recital of Miscellaneous Prophecies.

* 2.00AM - Recital of [[The Buddha|Lord Buddha's]] [[Buddhist eschatology#Sermon of the Seven Suns|Sermon of the Seven Suns]] Prophecy in Tamil.

* 3.00AM - Recital of 'Uthiyovana Siddhi Kaanagam ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: உத்தியோவான சித்தி கானகம்)' Prayer. Recital of Miscellaneous Prophecies.

* 4.00AM - Recital of [[The Buddha|Lord Buddha's]] [[Buddhist eschatology#Sermon of the Seven Suns|Sermon of the Seven Suns]] Prophecy in Tamil.

* 4.20AM - Recital of "Meiporul Adaikalappa ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: மெய்ப்பொருள் அடைக்கலப்பா)" and "En Disaiyum ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: எண்டிசையும்)". Morning Prayers continue.

== List of Festivals ==
===Month of [[Thai (month)|Thai]] (January-February)===
* Kolari Saalaiyar Pongal Festival ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: கோளரி சாலையார் பொங்கல் திருநாள் Kōḷari cālaiyār poṅkal tirunāḷ) celebrating the festival of Pongal by preparation of sweet Pongal using holy water by the Disciples around the Ponnaranga Devalayam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2024-01-12 |title=சாதி மத பேதமின்றி மெய்வழிச்சாலையில் நடக்கும் சமத்துவ பொங்கல் விழா |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/special-news/pongal-festival-meivazhi-salai-samathuva-pongal-1089689 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Pattabi |date=2024-02-02 |title=PHOTO ESSAY {{!}} Capturing unity in diversity: A glimpse into Meivazhi Salai’s Pongal celebrations |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/photo-essay/photo-essay-capturing-unity-in-diversity-a-glimpse-into-meivazhi-salais-pongal-celebrations/article67792278.ece |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>
* Selva Pongal (instead of Mattu/Cow Pongal) is celebrated on the subsequent day.

===Month of [[Panguni]] (March-April)===
* Piravaa naal Pirappu Thirunal ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: பிறவா நாள் பிறப்பு திருநாள் Piṟavā nāḷ piṟappu tirunāḷ), celebrating the day of Spiritual rebirth of Salai Andavargal.
* Flag hoisting of 'Pooran Kodi' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: பூரான் கொடி Pūrāṉ koṭi), a special flag decorated with 92 bells.

===Month of [[Vaikaasi]] (May-June)===
* Aadu meippu Thiruvizha ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ஆடு மேய்ப்பு திருவிழா Āṭu mēyppu tiruviḻā), in remembrance of Salai Andavargal as a Good Shepherd as per the command of his Guru.
* Pasubatha Kangana Thiruvizha ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: பாசுபத கங்கணம் திருவிழா Pācupata kaṅkaṇam tiruviḻā), celebrating Salai Andavargal's acquisition of Sannadam and Spiritual powers through continuous Penance.
* Puthadai Punai seer Thiruvizha ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: புத்தாடை புனை சீர் திருவிழா Puttāṭai puṉai cīr tiruviḻā), celebrating the start of a Spiritual life through family life.
* Flag hoisting of 'Pooran Kodi' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: பூரான் கொடி Pūrāṉ koṭi), a special flag decorated with 92 bells

===Month of [[Purattaasi]] (September-October)===
* Pichai Andavar Thirukkola Thiruvizha ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: பிச்சை ஆண்டவர் திருக்கோல திருவிழா Piccai āṇṭavar tirukkōla tiruviḻā), celebrating the Bestower of Alms.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayan |first=Sneha |date=2025-10-10 |title=பிச்சை ஆண்டவரை வழிபட ஒன்று கூடிய மெய் மத மக்கள் - காய்கறிகள் எடுத்து வந்து களைகட்டிய விழா |url=https://tamil.news18.com/spiritual/125th-pichai-andavar-festival-was-held-at-meivazhi-salai-near-pudukkottai-sne-pdp-local18-ws-bl-1939929.html |url-status=live |work=News18 Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

===Month of [[Karthikai]] (November-December)===
* Karthigai Deepam, ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: கார்த்திகை தீபம் Kārttikai tīpam), celebrating the Festival of Lights.

===Month of [[Maargazhi]] (December-January)===
* Thiru Avathara Thirunal ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: திரு அவதார திருநாள் Tiru avatāra tirunāḷ), during [[Bhogi]]), celebrating the birth of Salai Andavargal.

===Bi-Monthly Events===
* Flag hoisting of 'Killnaama Kodi' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: கிள்நாமம் Kiḷnāmam)', a White flag bearing the Crescent Moon, is done twice every month, on the full moon day and on the third day of New Moon.

==See also==
* [[Meivazhi Salai]], Village
* [[Shambhala]]
* [[Ayyavazhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Religion topics}}

[[Category:Monotheistic religions]]
[[Category:New religious movements in India]]
[[Category:Religious syncretism]]
[[Category:Indian religions]]
[[Category:1857 introductions]]

Kalyani Sen

2026-02-02T06:03:20Z

Orthodhaval: new new article

{{Short description|Indian naval servicewoman}}
{{Infobox person
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| name = Kalyani Sen
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| image = Chief Officer Margaret L Cooper, Deputy Director of the Women’s Royal Indian Naval Service (WRINS), with Second Officer Kalyani Sen, WRINS at Rosyth during their two month study visit to Britain.jpg
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| caption = Kalyani Sen (left) with Chief Officer Margaret I. Cooper (right), at [[Rosyth]], 3 June 1945
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| education = *[[Kinnaird College for Women|Kinnaird College]], Lahore
*[[Government College University, Lahore|Government College]], Lahore
*[[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]]
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| years_active = 1943–1945
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|embed_title = [[Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)]] WAC(I)
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| father = [[Sumarendra Nath Gupta|S. N. Gupta]]
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'''Kalyani Sen''' (born {{circa|1917}}) was [[Subaltern (military)|Second Officer]] of the [[Women’s Royal Indian Naval Service]] (WRINS), a section of the [[Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)]] WAC(I). In 1945, she became the first Indian servicewoman to visit the UK.

Sen was the daughter of the principal of the [[National College of Arts|Mayo Arts College]], [[Lahore]]. In 1938 she gained a masters in English literature from the [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] before commencing studies for a masters in political science. As a student she performed in theatre and at one time played [[Ophelia]] in the play ''[[Hamlet]]'', at a time when Indian women did not typically act on stage. Her success on stage led to her being sought out for cinema. In 1938, while a student at Punjab University, at a session of the All-India Inter-University Debate, she was announced as the best speaker after she spoke against the proposal that India should not contribute to future wars. That debate won her the gold medal and Punjab University the [[Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee]] trophy.

In 1943, during the [[Second World War]], Sen joined the WAC(I). The following year she received the [[Commission (document)|King's commission]] as [[Subaltern (military)|Second Officer]].

==Early life and education==
Kalyani Sen (née Gupta), affectionately known as 'Babli',<ref name=Palit2004>{{Cite book |last=Palit |first=Maj Gen DK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPLSMXSl8dEC |title=Musings & Memories: Vol (I) |date=2004 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=81-7062-275-1 |location=New Delhi |pages=114, 127, 236 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=C&MG1941>{{cite news |title=Births |work= [[Civil and Military Gazette]]|location=Lahore
|date=26 September 1941|page=2|url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19410926/014/0002|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> was born around 1917, the only daughter of [[Sumarendra Nath Gupta|S. N. Gupta]], an artist and the principal of the [[National College of Arts|Mayo Arts College]], [[Lahore]],<ref name=Palit2004/><ref name=Chatterjee1938>{{Cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=Ramananda |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170936/page/n431/mode/2up?q=all-india |title=All-India Inter-University debate in Calcutta|journal=[[Modern Review (Calcutta)|Modern Review]]|date=1938 |publisher=Prabasi Press Private, Limited |volume=Lxiv|page=658 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=IndInf1945>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbV7iAkhz4kC |title=Indian Information |date=1945 |pages=386, 463 |language=en}}</ref> and Mrs. Gupta, who later became a chief commander for the [[Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)]] WAC(I).<ref name=IndInf1945/> Her grandfather was the journalist [[Nagendranath Gupta]].<ref name=Chatterjee1938/> She studied at [[Kinnaird College for Women|Kinnaird College]] and [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College]], both in Lahore.<ref name=C&MG1945>{{cite news |title=Women's work for women in India |work= Civil & Military Gazette|location=Lahore
|date=5 August 1945|page=8|url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19450805/089/0008|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Bali1969>{{Cite book |last=Bali |first=Amar Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bz5uCceDJ_YC |title=Glimpses of Punjab's History |date=1969 |publisher=New Delhi |pages=148 |language=en}}</ref> At the 13th annual exhibition of the [[Punjab Fine Arts Society]] in 1935, she was listed as one of the prize winners.<ref name=C&MG.27February1935>{{cite news |title=Punjab Fine Arts Society: 13th Annual Exhibition |work= Civil & Military Gazette|location=Lahore
|date=27 February 1935|page=10|url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19350227/154/0010|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> At Government College, she performed in open air theatre,<ref name=C&MG.3June1938>{{cite news |title=Government College Dramatic Club |work= Civil & Military Gazette|location=Lahore
|date=3 June 1938|page=9|url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19380603/139/0009|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and played [[Ophelia]] in the play ''[[Hamlet]]'', at a time when Indian women did not typically act on stage.<ref name=CinVis1980>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opQHAQAAIAAJ |title=Cinema Vision India |date=1980 |publisher=S. Kak |volume=1 |language=en|quote=But when Kalyani Gupta was sought for from the Punjab to play in a Calcutta film we felt that we were entering the stream of entertainment arts. At that time it must be remembered that hardly any woman had been allowed to appear on the stage or in the films.}}</ref> Her success on stage led to her being sought out for cinema in then Calcutta.<ref name=CinVis1980/>

In 1938, she gained a masters in English literature from the [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] before commencing studies for a masters in political science.<ref name=C&MG1945/> There, she took part in debates including arguing against the notion that "sport is not in the domain of women."<ref name="AIR1938">{{Cite journal |date=7 March 1938 |title=Picked from the programmes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-LgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA360 |journal=The Indian Listener |language=en |publisher=All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi |volume=III |issue=6 |pages=360}}</ref> In the same year, at a session of the [[All-India Inter-University Debate]], organised by the [[Department of Law, University of Calcutta|Calcutta University Law College union]], she was announced as the best speaker after she spoke against the proposal "That India should be no party to future wars."<ref name=Chatterjee1938/> That debate won her the gold medal, and resulted in the [[Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee]] trophy going to Punjab University.<ref name=Chatterjee1938/>

==Second World War==
In 1943, during the [[Second World War]], Sen joined the WAC(I).<ref name=IndInf1945/>{{efn|Wives of [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) officers were first employed in 1939, at the onset of the Second World War, with the purpose of assisting in decoding secret messages.<ref name=Mohanan2020>{{Cite book |last=Mohanan |first=Kalesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPqzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94 |title=The Royal Indian Navy: Trajectories, Transformations and the Transfer of Power |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-55495-5 |location=Abingdon, Oxford |pages=94–96 |language=en}}</ref> The WAC(I) was created in 1942 and its naval section, WRINS, was formed in 1944.<ref name=Harfield2005>{{cite journal |last1=Harfield |first1=Alan |title=The Women's Auxiliary Corps (India) |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |date=2005 |volume=83 |issue=335 |pages=243–254 |jstor=44231211 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44231211 |issn=0037-9700|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It corresponded with the WRNS.<ref name=Harfield2005/>}} The following year she received the [[Commission (document)|King's commission]] as [[Subaltern (military)|Second Officer]].<ref name=Deepak2019>{{Cite journal |last=Deepak |first=Kashyap |year=2021 |title=Indian Women in World War II: The Air Raid Precaution 'Comfort' Women |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03769836211052097 |journal=Indian Historical Review |language=en |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=202–217 |doi=10.1177/03769836211052097 |s2cid=244592858 |issn=0376-9836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1945, now an officer for the Women’s Royal Indian Naval Service (WRINS), she became the first Indian service woman to visit the UK, at the age of 28.<ref name=WRIN>{{cite web |title=Women's Royal Indian Naval Service established during WW2 |url=https://wrens.org.uk/womens-royal-indian-naval-service-established-during-ww2/ |website=Association of Wrens |access-date=13 November 2022 |date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113063040/https://wrens.org.uk/womens-royal-indian-naval-service-established-during-ww2/|archive-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref name=C&MG.April1945>{{cite news |title=Three "WRINS" Officers arrive in London |work= Civil & Military Gazette|location=Lahore
|date=15 April 1945|page=5|url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19450415/072/0005|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Along with Chief Officer [[Margaret Isobel Cooper|Margaret I. Cooper]] and second officer [[Phyllis Cunningham]], their purpose was to carry out a two month study of training and administration in the [[Women's Royal Naval Service]] (WRNS), by visiting WRNS establishments across Britain.<ref name=WRIN/><ref name=C&MG.April1945/> They arrived in the UK on 13 April of that year and attended a press conference that same day.<ref name=C&MG.April1945/> Sen made broadcasts from the [[BBC World Service|BBC]] in English and Bengali, and attended a ceremony at [[Buckingham Palace]].<ref name=C&MG1945/> She reported that "In India there is still a big prejudice against girls and women working with men… but the women are so keen to get into the Services that they are breaking it down."<ref name=WRIN/> On 3 July 1945, they left the UK to return to India.<ref name=C&MG.4July1945>{{cite news |title=WRINS returning to India after training in U.K |work= Civil & Military Gazette|location=Lahore
|date=4 July 1945|page=8|url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19450704/131/0008|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> At the time, her husband was serving with the [[Indian Army during World War II|Indian Army]] in Burma.<ref name=C&MG.April1945/>

==Personal life==
During her course in political science in 1939, she married Captain (later [[Lieutenant-General]]) [[Lionel Protip Sen]] of the [[10th Baluch Regiment|Baluch Regiment]].<ref name="C&MG.Nov1939">{{cite news |date=2 November 1939 |title=Allied army chiefs in France |page=9 |work=Civil & Military Gazette |location=Lahore |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19391102/148/0009 |url-access=subscription |via=British Newspaper Archive}}</ref> Her first daughter, Radha, was born in 1941.<ref name=C&MG1941/><ref name=Pass1949>{{cite news |title=Inwards Passenger Lists.; Class |work= UK and Ireland, Incoming Passenger Lists, 1878-1960
|date=1949|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/28697775:1518?tid=&pid=&queryId=5f69ca6e5dd9c645a4c29c57aeb4281b&_phsrc=cYQ3&_phstart=successSource|via=ancestry.co.uk|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1947, she gave birth to [[Mala Sen|Mala]].<ref name=Roy2011/><ref name=EEWM/> In 1953, her marriage to L. P. Sen ended in divorce.<ref name=Roy2011>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Amit |title=The woman who tamed a bandit |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-woman-who-tamed-a-bandit/cid/391084 |access-date=18 November 2022 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |date=27 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119072237/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-woman-who-tamed-a-bandit/cid/391084|archive-date=19 November 2022}}</ref><ref name=EEWM>{{cite web |title=Mala Sen: Writer and race equality activist |url=https://eastendwomensmuseum.org/blog/mala-sen-writer-and-race-equality-activist |website=East End Women's Museum |date=18 July 2016 |access-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119071950/https://eastendwomensmuseum.org/blog/mala-sen-writer-and-race-equality-activist|archive-date=19 November 2022}}</ref> According to [[Farrukh Dhondy]], she later married Tutu Bhagat and lived in a well-off part of Mumbai.<ref name=Dhondy2024>{{cite book |last1=Dhondy |first1=Farrukh |title=Fragments against My Ruin: A Life |date=2024 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-80429-528-1 |pages=56–58 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1TdEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|language=en |chapter=A town too small}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|nzJnWOcYtwA|Why You Should Know About Second Officer Kalyani Sen?)}}. ''[[The Better India]]''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Kalyana}}
[[Category:Kinnaird College for Women University alumni]]
[[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:1910s births]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women in war]]
[[Category:Indian women in World War II]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Frenemy

2026-02-01T18:09:17Z

Orthodhaval:

{{Short description|Type of friend and enemy}}
{{Redirect|Bad Friend|the Rina Sawayama song|Bad Friend (song)|other uses|Frenemies (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2019}}

[[Image:frenemy.png|thumb]]
'''''Frenemy''''' is a [[portmanteau]] of the words ''[[friendship|friend]]'' and ''[[enemy]]'' that refers to "a person whom one is friendly with, despite a dislike or rivalry" or "a person who combines the characteristics of a friend and an enemy".<ref name = OED>{{cite web|url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/273014?|title=frenemy, n. |work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |access-date=October 7, 2019}}</ref>

The term is used to describe personal, geopolitical and commercial relationships both among individuals and groups or institutions. According to communication scholars, Carol Mills and Paul Mongeau, in interpersonal relationships, frenemyships are often maintained because the "relational benefits (e.g., saving face, maintaining social networks, and sustaining potential instrumental connections) outweigh negative ramifications of dealing with the relationship or terminating it." In these relationships, parties engage in civil interaction in public, but fundamentally distrust or dislike one another.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mills |first1=Carol Bishop |last2=Yu |first2=Panfeng |last3=Mongeau |first3=Paul A. |title=Frenemies: Acting like Friends but Feeling like Enemies |journal=Western Journal of Communication |date=20 October 2023 |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=795–815 |doi=10.1080/10570314.2022.2146458 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360872786}}</ref>

== History ==
Both [[Merriam-Webster]] and the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' date the earliest known print appearance of "frienemies" to 1891, in a [[Norton, Kansas]], newspaper article about "George A. Spaulding, the [[Machiavelian]] diplomatist of [[Phillipsburg, Kansas|Phillipsburg]]", who was attending to legal matters "not in the hands of his frienemies".<ref name = OED/><ref>{{cite newspaper|url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-champion-frienemies/37259425/|title = Hon. George A. Spaulding|newspaper = The Champion|date = December 17, 1891|accessdate = July 18, 2025|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/frenemy|title = frenemy|website = [[Merriam-Webster]]|accessdate = July 18, 2025|quote = First Known Use 1891, in the meaning defined above}}</ref> In 1953, the word, with identical spelling, appears in an article titled "Howz {{sic}} about calling the Russians our Frienemies?" by the American gossip columnist [[Walter Winchell]] in the ''[[Nevada State Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/frenemies-and-bromances-w_b_829223 |last=Rodgers |first=Nichole |date=March 4, 2011 |title='Frenemies' and 'Bromances': Who Gendered Friendship? |work=[[HuffPost]] |access-date=October 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/8250216/The-best-of-frenemies.html |last=Cavendish |first=Lucy |date=January 17, 2011 |title=The best of frenemies |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=October 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>Oxford English Dictionary online: https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/273014</ref>

The spelling "frenemy" was used in the newspaper article "The Best of Frenemies" by [[Jessica Mitford]], published in 1977.<ref name = OED/> She claimed that the word had been "coined by one of [her] sisters when she was a small child to describe a rather dull little girl who lived near us. My sister and the frenemy played together constantly…all the time disliking each other heartily."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njBZ6FAdiXkC&q=coined+by+one+of+my+sisters+when+she+was+a+small+child+to+describe+a+rather+dull+little+girl+who+lived+near+us.+My+sister+and+the+Frenemy+played+together+constantly&pg=PA218 |last=Mitford |first=Jessica |date=2010 |title=Poison Penmanship: The Gentle Art of Muckraking |page=218 |publisher=[[New York Review Books]] |isbn=9781590175293 |access-date=October 7, 2019}}</ref>

== People ==
A ''[[Businessweek]]'' article stated that frenemies in the workplace are common, even in business to business partnerships.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ama.org/academics/Pages/Are-Your-Partners-Friends-or-Frenemis.aspx|title=Are Your Partners Friends or Frenemies?|last=Jap|first=Sandy|date=2017|website=AMA.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124602/https://www.ama.org/academics/Pages/Are-Your-Partners-Friends-or-Frenemis.aspx|archive-date=February 9, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to increasingly informal environments and the "abundance of very close, intertwined [[Co-working|relationships]] that bridge people's professional and personal lives ... [while] it certainly wasn't unheard of for people to socialize with colleagues in the past, the sheer amount of time that people spend at work now has left a lot of people with less time and inclination to develop friendships outside of the office."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070629015955/http://www.businessweek.com/careers/content/jun2007/ca20070614_437227.htm Frenemies at Work], Liz Ryan, BusinessWeek, June 14, 2007.</ref>

Professional relationships are successful when two or more business partners come together and benefit from one another, but personal relationships require more common interests outside of business. Relationships in the workplace, in a sports club, or any place that involves performance comparing, form because of the commonalities between persons. Due to the intense environment, competitiveness can evolve into envy and strain a relationship. Frenemy type relationships become routine and common because of the shared interest of business dealings or competition.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

[[Sigmund Freud]] said of himself that "an intimate friend and a hated enemy have always been indispensable to my emotional life…not infrequently…friend and enemy have coincided in the same person".<ref>Quoted in Ernest Jones, ''The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud'' (1964) p. 37</ref>

== Types ==
Frenemies can be divided into different categories based on their behaviors:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-bonds-we-make/201802/behind-frenemy-lines|title=Behind Frenemy Lines|website=Psychology Today|language=en|access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201304/the-3-types-frenemies|title=The 3 Types of Frenemies|work=[[Psychology Today]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@vvanedwards/the-science-of-frenemies-2ae9376165d1|title=The Science of Frenemies|last=Edwards|first=Vanessa Van|date=2017-04-07|website=Medium|access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref>
* '''Unfiltered/Undermining frenemy''': This type of frenemy insults, makes fun of, and cracks sarcastic jokes about the friend so frequently that it gets hard to tolerate. Also, secrets are disclosed in public.
* '''Over-involved frenemy''': This kind of frenemy gets involved in the friend's life in ways that the friend might not approve of. They reach out to their family, friends, or significant others in inappropriate ways without their permission to find something out. Their over-involvement often bothers and irritates the friend.
* '''Competitive work frenemy''': This kind of frenemy is a competitor to one person. Since they work in the same place or area, they behave well, make compliments, and act as well-wishers, but in reality, they never want something good to happen to the other. They never want the other to become more successful.
* '''Ambivalent frenemy''': This kind of frenemy has both positive and negative qualities. Sometimes, they can be helpful and polite, but sometimes, they also act in a selfish or competitive way.
* '''Jealous frenemy''': Jealousy can turn friends into frenemies. A person may become jealous of their friends because of their raise, success, beauty, personality, humor, or social status.
* '''Passive-aggressive frenemy''': They make mean remarks and give backhand compliments but never directly to the other's face. They can leave a person feeling confused about whether they have done something wrong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/life/wellness/five-types-of-frenemies-and-the-signs-that-you-have-one-1.4060736|title=Five types of frenemies and the signs that you have one|last=Clarke|first=Katrina|date=April 8, 2017|website=CBC News|access-date=October 7, 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Anti-fan]]
* [[Competition]]
* [[The enemy of my enemy is my friend]]
* [[Promoting adversaries]]
* [[Love–hate relationship]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}
* [[Australian Broadcasting Company]] [http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/business/items/200611/s1796206.htm Sir Martin Sorrell discusses media changes]
* [http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-eun8jan08,1,7226121.story LA Times: Google an ally, not a threat, media exec says], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''
* [http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/82145/february-13-2007/the-word---apocalypse-mao--murdered-by-the-orient-s-success---frenemy The Word - Apocalypse Mao: Murdered by the Orient's Success - Frenemy] [[Colbert Report]]

[[Category:1890s neologisms]]
[[Category:Interpersonal relationships]]
[[Category:Friendship]]
[[Category:English words]]

Usha Pravin Gandhi College of Arts, Science and Commerce

2026-01-28T16:57:25Z

Orthodhaval: made new entry

{{Short description|College in Vile Parle, Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Usha Pravin Gandhi College of Arts, Science and Commerce
| image_size = 150px
| established = {{start date|1990}}
|type = Graduation, Post Graduation,
| president = Shri Amrish Patel
| principal = Anju Kapoor
| students = 1086+
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
|language = English
| website = [http://www.upgcm.ac.in/ upgcm.ac.in/]
| affiliations = [[University of Mumbai]]
}}

'''Usha Pravin Gandhi College of Arts, Science and Commerce''', also known as '''UPG College''', is a college in [[Vile Parle]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]] that is affiliated with the [[University of Mumbai]]. It is a branch of the SVKM Group [[Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal]].

==History==
UPG College was established by Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal in 2003. Since its inception in 2003, Usha Pravin Gandhi College has introduced many courses. The college has introduced courses such as Bachelors in Management Studies (BMS), Bachelors in Mass Media (BMM), Bachelors in Information Technology (BSc.IT), Bachelor of Arts (Film, Television and New Media Production) and Masters in Information Technology (MSc.IT).

UPG College offers add-on courses including:
* Certified digital media marketing
* Certified digital photography
* Integrated course in film making
* Integrated course in television

==Facilities==

The college is situated on the 3rd floor in between [[Mithibai College]] and [[Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics]]. The college library and staff room are on the 2 and 1/2 floor. The college office is on the 3rd floor. BSc IT and MSc IT lectures are conducted on the 3rd floor. The college has 2 computer labs, 1 electronic lab and 3 classrooms on the 3rd floor. BMM lectures are conducted on the fourth floor, where the college has 6 classrooms. The BMS department conducts its lectures on the 5th floor, in another 6 classrooms available.

==Faculties==
=== BMS Department===
* Prof Shubhangi Nargund
* Dr. Mayur Vyas (Coordinator)
* Prof Sriram Deshpande
* Prof Abhijeet Mohite
* Prof Lokesh Tardalkar
* Dr. Sharyn Bangera
* Dr. Naresh Sukhani

=== BMM Department ===
* Prof Rashmi Gahwlot (Coordinator)
* Dr Navita Kulkarni
* Prof Madhuvanti Date
* Prof Ashish Mehta
* Prof Mayur Sarfare

=== BSc IT Department ===
* Prof Swapnali Lotlikar (Coordinator for BSc IT)
* Prof Smruti Nanavaty (Coordinator for MSc IT)
* Prof Prashant Chaudhary
* Prof Sunita Gupta

=== BA FTNMP Department===
* Prof Ashish Mehta (Coordinator BA)
* Prof Lokesh Tardalkar
*Prof Dr. Machunwangliu Kamei
* Prof Sukriti Kohli
* Prof Devanshu Singh

==See also==
*[[Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics]]
*[[Mithibai College]]

==References==
# {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120413035316/http://www.minglebox.com/college/SVKM-s-Usha-Pravin-Gandhi-College-of-Management Mingle Box - Review]}}
# [http://www.bms.co.in/fybms-cutoff-2015-first-merit-list-of-usha-pravin-gandhi-college/ Bms.co.in - Review]

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://upgcm.ac.in}}

[[Category:University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Management education]]

Balvinder Singh Sahni

2026-01-26T02:52:29Z

Orthodhaval: creating a biography more to come!

{{Short description|Indian businessman (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Balvinder Singh Sahni
| image = Balvinder Sahni (Abu Sabah) (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| other_names = Abu Sabah
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|4|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kuwait City, [[Kuwait]]
| citizenship = India<ref name="ht2025" />
| occupation = Businessman, real estate developer
| known_for = Founder of RSG Group
| criminal_charges = Money laundering, financial fraud
| criminal_penalty = 5 years imprisonment, fine, asset confiscation, deportation
| criminal_status = Imprisoned
}}
'''Balvinder Singh Sahni''' (born 7 April 1972), also known as '''Abu Sabah''', is an Indian businessman and real estate developer based in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. He is the founder and chairman of the RSG Group, a conglomerate involved in real estate, hospitality, and other sectors. In 2025, Sahni was convicted in Dubai on charges of [[money laundering]] and financial fraud.<ref name="firstpost">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Who is Balvinder Singh Sahni, the Indian-origin billionaire jailed in Dubai? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/who-is-balvinder-singh-sahni-the-indian-origin-billionaire-jailed-in-dubai-13885821.html |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sahni was born in [[Kuwait City]], [[Kuwait]], to parents of [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] heritage. His father, Amrik Singh, operated a business in the automotive sector. Sahni attended the New English School in Kuwait and left higher studies at age 18 to join the family business. He later established his own business ventures in the Gulf region.<ref name="ht2025">{{cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=Indian billionaire Balvinder Singh Sahni sentenced to 5 years in jail in Dubai for money laundering |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/indian-billionaire-balvinder-singh-sahni-sentenced-to-5-years-in-jail-in-dubai-for-money-laundering-101746495485669.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=From billionaire to behind bars: The rise and fall of Balvinder Singh Sahni |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/from-billionaire-to-behind-bars-the-rise-and-fall-of-balvinder-singh-sahni/vi-AA1EgCqo?ocid=finance-verthp-feeds |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2025}}

== Business career ==

=== Establishment of RSG Group ===
In the early 2000s, Sahni moved to Dubai, where he established the Raj Sahni Group (RSG), a business involved in real estate, hospitality, and other sectors. The company's projects in Dubai have included developments such as Qasr Sabah and Burj Sabah.<ref name="firstpost" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Who Is Balvinder Singh Sahni? Indian Origin Billionaire Convicted Of Money Laundering In Dubai |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/world/who-is-balvinder-singh-sahni-indian-origin-billionaire-convicted-of-money-laundering-in-dubai |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref>

=== Public profile ===
Sahni attracted public attention for high-profile purchases and a notable social media presence. In 2016, he purchased the "D5" vehicle license plate in Dubai for AED 33 million (approximately US$9 million).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rs 80 Crore Rolls Royce Number, $100 Million Mansion: The Lavish Life Of Convicted Indian-Origin Billionaire |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/rs-80-crore-rolls-royce-number-100-million-mansion-into-the-lavish-life-of-convicted-indian-origin-billionaire-balvinder-singh-sahni-8340535 |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> He maintained a significant following on social media and was frequently seen wearing blue clothing in public appearances.<ref name="ndtv2025">{{cite news |date=9 May 2025 |title=Indian-origin billionaire Balvinder Singh Sahni jailed in Dubai for money laundering |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/indian-origin-billionair-balvinder-singh-sahni-jailed-in-dubai-for-money-laundering-8340586 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=6 May 2025 |title=Rs 830 Crore Mansion - Now 5 Years In Jail |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/politics/india-news/rs-830-crore-mansion-now-5-years-in-jail-145995 |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Legal issues ==

=== Investigation and charges ===
In late 2024, Sahni was arrested following an investigation by Dubai authorities into allegations of money laundering and financial fraud involving shell companies and forged documents. The case involved significant sums of money and numerous co-defendants.<ref name="tribune2025">{{cite news |date=9 May 2025 |title=Dubai-based Indian billionaire jailed for money laundering |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/dubai-based-indian-billionaire-balvinder-singh-sahni-jailed-for-money-laundering/ |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A scandal in Dubai |url=https://themorningcontext.com/business/a-scandal-in-dubai |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=themorningcontext.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Conviction and sentencing ===
In May 2025, the Dubai Fourth Criminal Court convicted Sahni of money laundering. He was sentenced to five years in prison and fined AED 500,000. The court also ordered the confiscation of AED 150 million linked to the illegal activities and his deportation following his prison term. Several others, including his eldest son, were also convicted and sentenced.<ref name="uaestories2025">{{cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=Luxury to Legal Trouble: Balvinder Sahni's Fall From Grace |url=https://uaestories.com/luxury-to-legal-trouble-balvinder-sahnis-fall-from-grace/ |work=UAE Stories}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Aghaddir |date=2 May 2025 |title=Dubai-based Indian billionaire gets 5 years in jail for money laundering |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/crime/dubai-indian-billionaire-owner-of-no-5-car-plate-gets-5-years-in-jail-for-money-laundering-1.500114121 |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=Gulf News|language=en}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Prior to his legal troubles, Sahni contributed to charitable causes in India, including funding hospitals and old-age homes in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=From $100 Million Mansion To Prison: A Look At Dubai-Based Indian Billionaire's Ultra Luxurious Life |url=https://in.mashable.com/culture/93753/from-100-million-mansion-to-prison-a-look-at-dubai-based-indian-billionaires-ultra-luxurious-life |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sahni was also known by the nickname "Abu Sabah".<ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE: Indian billionaire jailed, to be deported in money laundering case |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/crime/indian-businessman-abu-sabah-5-year-jail-deportation-money-laundering |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2025 |title=Indian-origin billionaire businessman 'Abu Sabah' jailed for money laundering in Dubai |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2025/05/03/indian-origin-billionaire-businessman-abu-sabah-jailed-for-money-laundering-in-dubai |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref> He lived in [[Palm Jumeirah]], Dubai.<ref name="news18">{{cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=Who is Balwinder Singh Sahni, Indian billionaire jailed for money laundering in Dubai? |url=https://www.news18.com/world/who-is-balwinder-singh-sahni-indian-billionaire-jailed-for-money-laundering-in-dubai-ws-kl-9325237.html |work=[[News18]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahni, Balvinder Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned abroad]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of money laundering]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]

Noorpur Assembly constituency

2026-01-23T05:24:37Z

Orthodhaval: small update lead for clarity further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Noorpur
| constituency_no = 24
| map_image = 24-Noorpur.svg
| mla = [[Ram Avtar Singh]] Saini
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 213969 (2022)
| type= SLA
}}

'''Noorpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Bijnor district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Nagina Lok Sabha constituency]]. The first election in this assembly constituency was held in 1967 after the delimitation order (Delimitation Commission (1964)) was passed in 1964. The constituency ceased to exist in 1976 when the delimitation order (DPACO 1976) was passed. In 2008, the constituency was again created when "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed.<ref name="Delimitation Commission 1964">{{cite news|title=Delimitation Commission 1964|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=23 August 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DC-Proposals.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 23 August 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=23 August 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=23 August 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/noorpur.html}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Noorpur Assembly constituency is
KC Boodhpur
PCs Haizarpur Bhatt, Mahamdabad,
Paijaniya,
Shivala,
Nayak Nangla,
*Chandpur tehsil :-
Sujatpur Tikar,
Khaspura
Umribarhi,
Chajupura & Chehla of Phoona KC
Noorpur MB of Chandpur Tehsil;
*Sahaspur region:-
KC [[Sahaspur]],
Mewanawada ,
Kiwad,
Mevajat,
Alampuri,
Mehmoodpur,
Sipaiwalla,
Maqoosdpur,
Hiranpura,
Vill.Rasoopurkasba
PCs Budhanpur, Kuri Bangar, Lamba Khera, Moh. Alipur Inayat, Pithapur, Sadafal of Seohara KC & [[Sahaspur]] NP of Dhampur Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Noorpur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/noorpur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Khub Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Sheo Nath Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1974-2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Lokendra Singh (politician)|Lokendra Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|2018^
|[[Naim Ul Hasan]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Ram Avtar Singh]] Saini
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Noorpur<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ram Avtar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:92574}}
|percentage = 43.27
|change = -6.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Chandra Prakash Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:86509}}
|percentage = 40.43
|change = -6.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jiyauddin
|votes = {{formatnum:31300}}
|percentage = 14.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:946}}
|percentage = 0.44
|change = -0.10
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6065}}
|percentage = 2.84
|change = -0.16
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:213969}}
|percentage = 65.94
|change = +4.31
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 bypoll ===
{{Election box begin | title=By-Elections, 2018: Noorpur<ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Naim Ul Hasan]]
|votes = 94,875
|percentage = 50.23
|change = +17.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Avnish Singh
|votes = 89,213
|percentage = 47.23
|change = +8.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = 1,012
|percentage = 0.54
|change = -0.01
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,662
|percentage = 3.00
|change = -3.27
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 188,883
|percentage = 61.63
|change = -5.30
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Noorpur<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Lokendra Singh (politician)|Lokendra Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79172}}
|percentage = 38.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Naim Ul Hasan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:66436}}
|percentage = 32.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gohar Iqbal
|votes = {{formatnum:45902}}
|percentage = 22.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Mahan Dal
|candidate = Vijaypal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5338}}
|percentage = 2.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Yogesh Urf Tillu Tyagi
|votes = {{formatnum:2172}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1115}}
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12736}}
|percentage = 6.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:203108}}
|percentage = 66.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Noorpur, Uttar Pradesh|Noorpur]]<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=23 August 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Lokendra Singh (politician)|Lokendra Singh]]
|votes = 47,566
|percentage = 26.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohd. Usmaan
|votes = 42,093
|percentage = 23.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Qutbuddin
|votes = 34,798
|percentage = 19.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 9 candidates
|votes = 52,122
|percentage = 29.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,473
|percentage = 3.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 176,579
|percentage = 65.51
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser =
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
*[[Nagina Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sahaspur]]
*[[Bijnor district]]
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Bijnor district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

When Chai Met Toast

2026-01-18T21:43:34Z

Orthodhaval: made pg...

{{Short description|Indian indie band from Kochi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| current_members = *Ashwin Gopakumar
*Achyuth Jaigopal
*Palee Francis
*Pai Sailesh
| origin = [[Kochi]], Kerala, India
| years_active = 2016–present
| website = {{URL|https://whenchaimettoast.com/}}
| image = File:WIKI NEW.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = From left to right: Achyuth Jaigopal, Palee Francis, Ashwin Gopakumar and Pai Sailesh
}}
'''When Chai Met Toast''' is a multilingual indie-folk alternative band<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prabhan|first=Pooja|date=5 September 2017|title='Chai'vinists and proud!|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/050917/chaivinists-and-proud.html|access-date=2021-10-20|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> formed in [[Kochi, Kerala]] in 2016. The band's lineup comprises vocalist Ashwin Gopakumar, guitarist Achyuth Jaigopal, keyboardist Palee Francis, and drummer Pai Sailesh. The band is known for their happy and lighthearted music which they create in [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]], sometimes featuring [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 September 2020|title=Asia Spotlight: India's When Chai Met Toast on sparking joy with their indie folk tunes|url=https://www.bandwagon.asia/articles/asia-spotlight-when-chai-met-toast-interview-India-Kochi-When-We-Feel-Young-indie-folk-All-That-Matters-2020|access-date=2021-10-20|website=Asia Spotlight: India's When Chai Met Toast on sparking joy with their indie folk tunes {{!}} Bandwagon {{!}} Music media championing and spotlighting music in Asia.|language=en}}</ref>

Having released two EPs and several singles, the band has been recognized as a rising artist in [[Spotify]]’s RADAR program.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anna Ben appears in When Chai Met Toast's new video|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/oct/08/anna-ben-appears-in-when-chai-met-toasts-new-video-2207211.html|access-date=2021-10-20|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The video of their single Break Free was chosen as one of [[VH1]] India's top 50 hit videos. They have also developed the tracks for comedian [[Kenny Sebastian]]’s 2018 web series Die Trying.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 February 2018|title=Life of a struggling musician|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/662029/life-struggling-musician.html|access-date=2021-10-20|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

When Chai Met Toast frequently performs at live events and music festivals in India, including Bacardi [[NH7 Weekender]], SulaFest, [[OnePlus]] Music festival and Red Bull Tour Bus. In August 2021, their music was featured in the trailer of [[Farhan Akhtar]]’s upcoming [[Bollywood]] film Jee Le Zaraa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Shirley Setia to Ritviz... Independent music is scoring the charts amid the pandemic|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/from-shirley-setia-to-ritviz-independent-music-is-scoring-the-charts-amid-the-pandemic|access-date=2021-10-20|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref>

== Band members ==

*Ashwin Gopakumar – Vocals
* Achyuth Jaigopal – Guitar and Banjo <ref>{{Cite news|last=Upadhye|first=Aishwarya|date=13 December 2019|title=Here's the story of how chai met toast|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/heres-the-story-of-how-chai-met-toast/article30295584.ece|access-date=2021-11-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Palee Francis – Keyboard and Producer
* Pai Sailesh – Drums and Percussions
{{Infobox artist discography|Artist=When Chai Met Toast|EP=2|Singles=3|Music videos=3|Studio=1|Option name=Nature Tapes|Option=3}}

== History ==

== Discography ==
===Singles and albums===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Type
!Title!! Number of Songs !! Songs !! Language !! Notes

|-
|2017
| Single
| Joy of Little Things<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tagat|first=Anurag|date=27 October 2018|title=When Chai Met Toast on their new album Believe, finding their footing — and a growing following|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/when-chai-met-toast-on-their-new-album-believe-finding-their-footing-and-a-growing-following-5453971.html|access-date=2021-09-19|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
| 3
|
* Joy of Little Things
* Firefly
* Beautiful World
|English
|
|-
|2018
| Single
| Run Closer
| 1
| Run Closer
|English
|
|-
|2018
| EP
| Believe
| 4
|
* Khoj (Passing By)
* Who Are You
* Believe, Forever
|English, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|-
|2019
| Single
| 'Hop Stomp'
| 1
| 'Hop Stomp'
|English
|
|-
|2019
| Single
| Nee Aara<ref>{{Cite web|last=KP|first=Gopika|date=2 August 2019|title=With an ode to Kerala floods, 'When Chai Met Toast' says good morning to Malayalam|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/08/02/ode-to-kerala-floods-nee-ara-when-chai-met-toast.html|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>
| 1
| Nee Aara
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|-
|2019
| Single
| Karam (Equals Sessions)
| 1
| Karam (Equals Sessions)
|English, [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| Collaborated with [[Rangala Sardar]]
|-
|2020
| Single
| Maybe I Can Fly
| 1
| Maybe I Can Fly
|English
|
|-
|2020
| Single
| When We Feel Young
| 1
| When We Feel Young
|English,[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|-
|2020
| Single
| Kahaani<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 October 2020|title=Anna Ben appears in When Chai Met Toast's new video|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/oct/08/anna-ben-appears-in-when-chai-met-toasts-new-video-2207211.html|access-date=2021-09-19|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
| 1
| Kahaani
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|-
|2020
| Single
| Ocean Tide
| 1
| Ocean Tide
|English
|
|-
|2021
| Single
| Break Free
| 1
| Break Free
|English
|
|-
|2021
| Single
| Kahaani (Duet)
| 1
| Kahaani – Duet
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| Female Vocals by Pavithra Chari
|-
|2021
| Single
| Yellow Paper Daisy
| 1
| Yellow Paper Daisy
|English
|
|-
|2021
| Album
| When We Feel Young<ref>{{Cite news|last=Akundi|first=Sweta|date=23 September 2020|title=When Chai Met Toast's debut album will make you feel young|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/when-chai-met-toast-debut-album-when-we-feel-young/article32675786.ece|url-access=limited|access-date=2021-09-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

| 7
|
* Constellation
*Ocean Tide
* When We Feel Young
* Kahaani
* Remember
* Break Free
* Maybe I Can Fly
|English, [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|2022
| Single
| Nee Aara – Red Cable Sessions
| 1
| Nee Aara – Red Cable Sessions
|English
|
|-
|2022
| Single
| Lovin' U
| 1
| Lovin' U
|English
|Released this single as a part of Instagram's #1MinMusic
|-
|}
===Films===
* ''[[Friday Night Plan]]'' (2023)

* ''[[Do Aur Do Pyaar]]'' (2024)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{oweb|https://whenchaimettoast.com/}}

[[Category:Indian rock music groups]]
[[Category:Indian folk music groups]]
[[Category:Culture of Kochi]]

Weir Assembly constituency

2026-01-13T10:00:21Z

Orthodhaval: cleanup

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Weir
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-75-Weir.svg
| mla = [[Bahadur Singh Koli]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|incumbent_image =
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]]
| reservation = SC
| electors = {{formatnum:272377}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 75
}}
'''Weir Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="3"|Party
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Shanti Pahadia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| [[Jagannath Pahadia]]
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2008/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 May 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|[[Bahadur Singh Koli]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 - Rajasthan - Election Commission of India |date= |author= |access-date= 26 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 elections in India#Rajasthan|2014^]]
|rowspan=2| [[Bhajan Lal Jatav]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Bahadur Singh Koli]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

^By poll
== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Weir<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bahadur Singh Koli]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:94056}}
|percentage = 49.78
|change = +11.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhajan Lal Jatav]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:87084}}
|percentage = 46.09
|change = -0.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sunil Kumar
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3255}}
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:990}}
|percentage = 0.52
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6972}}
|percentage = 3.69
|change = -5.45
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188953}}
|percentage = 69.37
|change = +2.14
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Weir<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhajan Lal Jatav]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:78716}}
|percentage = 47.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramswaroop Koli]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:63433}}
|percentage = 37.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Atarsingh Pagaria
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:21985}}
|percentage = 13.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1356}}
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15283}}
|percentage = 9.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:167209}}
|percentage = 67.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bharatpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.47|77.32|display=title}}

[[Category:Bharatpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]

Atikur Rahman

2026-01-08T00:52:22Z

Orthodhaval: creating basic info initial version

{{Short description|Human rights defender (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Atikur Rahman
| birth_date = 1994
| education = Ph.D.
| alma_mater = [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]]
| occupation = Activist
}}

'''Atikur Rahman''' (born 1994) is a member of the [[Popular Front of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=High Court grants bail to PFI member: 'No reason to justify continued detention' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/high-court-grants-bail-to-pfi-member-no-reason-to-justify-continued-detention-8504211/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=18 March 2023}}</ref> and a human rights [[Defender (association football)|defender]] who has been involved in activism in India. He was arrested on 5 October 2020, along with journalist [[Sidheeq Kappan|Siddique Kappan]], student Masood Ahmad, and taxi driver Mohammad Alam while they were on their way to meet the family of a Dalit woman who was raped and murdered in [[2020 Hathras gang rape and murder|Hathras]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Punished for Being Muslim,' Says Atiqur Rahman, Arrested Along With Kappan, After 960 Days in Jail |url=https://thewire.in/rights/punished-muslim-atiqur-rahman-hathras-case-960-days-jail |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=When the commitment to social change is a provocation for an increasingly repressive State: A profile of Atikur Rahman – The Polis Project |url=https://www.thepolisproject.com/read/when-the-commitment-to-social-change-is-a-provocation-for-an-increasingly-repressive-state-a-profile-of-atikur-rahman/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Rushda Fathima |date=2021-10-15 |title=After AIIMS Advices Heart Surgery For Atikur Rahman, Mathura Jail Authorities Submit Report In Court |url=https://thecognate.com/after-aiims-advices-heart-surgery-for-atikur-rahman-mathura-jail-authorities-submit-report-in-court/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=The Cognate |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Arrest and charges ==
Atikur along with three others was arrested in October 2020 whilst en path to Hathras, Uttar Pradesh, following the alleged [[2020 Hathras gang rape and murder|gang rape and murder]] of a 19-year-antique Dalit girl. Uttar Pradesh's Special Task Force officially charged them with multiple offenses, including sedition, [[criminal conspiracy]], terror funding, and promoting enmity among one-of-a-kind companies based on various factors like faith and place of house and claimed that they were purportedly journeying to Hathras with the purpose to disturb peace as part of a conspiracy. They were also charged with sections 17 and 18 of the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] associated with elevating funds for terror acts and numerous sections of the IT Act.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hathras gang rape case: UP Police files charge-sheet against eight including a Kerala journalist for sedition, other offences |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/hathras-gang-rape-case-up-police-files-charge-sheet-against-eight-including-a-kerala-journalist-for-sedition-other-offences-2352533.html |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2023, He was granted bail in a case filed under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act. However, his release from detention was delayed due to the absence of bail in the [[Anti–money laundering|Prevention of Money Laundering Activities]] case lodged against him. Subsequently, in May of the same year, a court in Uttar Pradesh granted him bail in connection with a case filed by the [[Enforcement Directorate]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Granted bail in ED case, activist Atikur Rahman to walk out of jail |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/granted-bail-in-ed-case-activist-atikur-rahman-gets-to-walk-out-of-jail-23288641 |website=Mid-day |language=en |date=25 May 2023}}</ref>

== Health deterioration ==
Rahman's health deteriorated while in detention; he developed a neurological disease in addition to an existing heart ailment, leading to paralysis on the left side of his body and memory loss. Despite his condition, there were reports of delays and denials of medical treatment. [[Amnesty International]] and other human rights organizations have called for his immediate release, stating that his detention was arbitrary and solely for peacefully exercising his human rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=India: Immediately release activist Atikur Rahman |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/09/india-immediately-release-activist-atikur-rahman/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=JAIN |first=NIKITA |date=2022-09-07 |title=Atikur Rahman's Health Deteriorating, says Family |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/india/atikur-rahmans-health-deteriorating-says-family-339871 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.thecitizen.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-09-07 |title=Indian Americans Decry Denial of Life-Saving Medical Care to Activist-Scholar Atikur Rahman |url=https://beyondheadlines.in/2022/09/indian-americans-decry-denial-of-life-saving-medical-care-to-activist-scholar-atikur-rahman/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=BeyondHeadlines |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MuslimMirror |date=2021-08-27 |title=Hathras detainee Atikur Rahman in threat of custodial murder, say spouse, CFI activists |url=https://muslimmirror.com/eng/hathras-detainee-atikur-rahman-in-threat-of-custodial-murder-say-spouse-cfi-activists/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Muslim Mirror |language=en-US}}</ref>

After spending 32 months in jail, Atikur Rahman was finally released. He was a Ph.D. student at Meerut's [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] and also the national office bearer of [[Campus Front of India]], a student movement. He was active during the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|anti-Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) protests]] and has been vocal about issues affecting marginalized communities in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aafaq |first=Zafar |date=2023-06-23 |title='We were punished for being Muslim': Atikur Rahman, arrested with Siddique Kappan, is finally free |url=https://scroll.in/article/1051390/we-were-punished-for-being-muslim-atikur-rahman-arrested-with-siddique-kappan-is-finally-free |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akanksha |date=2020-08-22 |title=Revealed: How UP police 'terrorised' Muslim activists ahead of Ram temple ceremony |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/08/22/revealed-how-up-police-terrorised-muslim-activists-ahead-of-ram-temple-ceremony |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Atikur}}
[[Category:Chaudhary Charan Singh University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People involved in the Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
{{Authority control}}

Daniel Selvaraj

2025-12-31T09:52:30Z

Orthodhaval: refined article for consistency

{{Short description|Indian writer (1938–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{infobox person
|name = Daniel Selvaraj
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1938|1|14}}
|birth_place = [[Thenkalam]], Thirunelveli district, Tamilnadu
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2019|12|20|1938|1|14}}
|death_place =
|spouse = Bharathaputhri
|occupation = lawyer, writer
|image = D.Selvaraj Portrait.jpg
|children = Siddharthan, Sevagan, Veda Gnanalakshmi
}}
'''D. Selvaraj''' (14 January 1938 – 20 December 2019) was an Indian writer who wrote novels, short stories, and plays in the [[Tamil language]]. A lawyer by profession, he was involved in various [[Communist]] and left-leaning writers' organisations such as the Democratic Writers Association of India and the Tamil Nadu Progressive Writers Association (TNPWA), of which he was an executive committee member. He received the Tamil Nadu Government's literary award for the best novel of 2011 for his work on tannery workers of Southern Tamil Nadu titled ''Thol''. He did the field work for Thol for a decade before writing it. The novel was awarded the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil|Sahitya Akademi award for Tamil]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/ECDDA8C5-599F-4414-AC25-1E019964D678/FinalDownload/DownloadId-0A4321F7FB125262A6118E720286A846/ECDDA8C5-599F-4414-AC25-1E019964D678/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sa-award2012.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi award announcement|accessdate=21 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2012/dec/20/satchidanandan-thayil-among-24-sahitya-akademi-awardees-435642.html|title=Satchidanandan, Thayil among 24 Sahitya Akademi awardees|date=20 December 2012|newspaper=The New Indian Express|agency=IANS|accessdate=1 August 2020}}</ref>

==Biography==
Selvaraj was born to Daniel and Gnanam Ammal in 1938 in [[Thenkalam]], [[Tirunelveli| Tirunelveli district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/skin-deep/article5048748.ece|title=Skin deep|first=S. S.|last=Kavitha|newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 August 2013|accessdate=21 December 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> His parents were plantation labourers who worked in the tea plantations in Munnar at the [[Kerala]]- Tamil Nadu border. He obtained his B.A. degree in Tirunelveli (1959) Hindu College and his law degree in [[Madras]] (1962) Madras Law college. His early inspiration came from Maupassant short stories, Dickens and Thomas Hardy's novels. His Principal in Hindu college Professor Alexandar Gnanamuthu introduced him to Shakespeare and Selvaraj was hooked on good literature for his life. He published his first short story in ''Janasakthi''daily's weekly magazine, the official magazine of [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI). During 1957-58, he also published regularly in the progressive literary magazine ''Shanthi'' run by [[T. M. Chidambara Ragunathan]], along with Sundara Ramaswamy he was a regular contributor to "Shanthi". As a writer he was influenced by the Communist ideals of [[P. Jeevanandham]] and became a member of the TNPWA. His short stories and novels appeared regularly in literary magazines like ''Neethi'', ''Semmalar'', ''Kannadasan'' and ''Thamarai''. His first noted work was the novel ''Malarum Sarugum'' (1967) written on the background of the peasant agitation in the Tirunelveli district. It is considered to be the first Dalit novel written in Tamil. He followed it with ''Thaeneer'' (1973) which was about the plight of the tea plantation workers. He wrote a number of plays, the most notable of which are ''yugasangamam'' (1968) and "Paatu Mudiyum Munnae". ''Yugasangamam'' was awarded the best play award by Tamil Nadu Government's literary association and is currently a part of the curriculum at the Tamil studies department, [[Delhi University]]. "Paatu Mudiyum Munnae" was staged all over Tamil Nadu by T.K. Balachander troupe and lyrics for the play were penned by Paatukkottai Kalayanasundaram - which led to a close relationship with this legendary poet. He sharpened his writing skills with constant criticism and guidance from Tho.Mu.Si. Raghunathan/ Thi.Ka.Sivasankaran/ Jeevanandam. In fact when Jeevanandam was the editor of "Thamarai" D.S. was the one editing the magazine behind the scenes. He spent years and years researching his novels before sitting down to pen them. His "Thol" novel is an apt example of that effort. He spent 10 years researching the novel in Dindigul tanneries and erstwhile workers in tanneries before writing it down. "Thol" was awarded the Tamil Nadu Government Award for the best novel of 2009 and the novel has been given the honour by Sahitya Akademi in 2012. He lived his last years in [[Dindigul]]. He was married to Bharathaputri and had three children (Siddharthan Prabhu, Sarvagan Prabhu, Veda gnana lakshmi all 3 married) . He happily shared his time between writing, his advocate practice and playing with his 5 grand children.<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news | last= Viswanathan| first= S.| title= Writing for a cause | date=11 August 2007| url =http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2416/stories/20070824506012000.htm| work =[[The Hindu]]| accessdate = 2010-01-28}}</ref><ref name="hindu2">{{cite news| last= Viswanathan| first= S.| title= A trailblazer: T.M. Chidambara Ragunathan, 1923-2001.| date= 22 February 2002| url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1903/19031010.htm| work= [[The Hindu]]| accessdate= 2010-01-28| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110606104223/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1903/19031010.htm| archive-date= 6 June 2011| url-status= usurped}}</ref><ref name="thenral">{{cite news|last=Madhusudhanan |first=The |title=D. Selvaraj profile |url=http://www.tamilonline.com/thendral/print.aspx?id=102&cid=18&aid=1474 |work=www.tamilonline.com |accessdate=2010-01-28 |language=ta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716191644/http://www.tamilonline.com/thendral/print.aspx?id=102&cid=18&aid=1474 |archive-date=2011-07-16 }}</ref><ref name="noolakam1">{{cite news | last= Kailasapathy| first=S. | title=Essays on Tamilology| url =http://www.noolaham.net/project/04/350/350.htm| work =www.noolaham.net| accessdate = 2010-01-28|language=ta}}</ref><ref name="noolakam2">{{cite news | last= Ponnuthurai| first=S. | title=Review of "Vee"| url =http://www.noolaham.net/project/01/64/64.htm| work =www.noolaham.net| accessdate = 2010-01-28|language=ta}}</ref><ref name="tamilvu">{{cite news | title=Dalits in today's literature| url =http://www.tamilvu.org/courses/diploma/d071/d0714/html/d0714552.htm| work =Tamil Virtual University| accessdate = 2010-01-28|language=ta}}</ref><ref name="authors">{{cite news | title=D. Selvaraj profile at Tamilauthors.com| url =http://www.tamilauthors.com/writers/india/T.Selvaraj.html| work =www.tamilauthors.com| accessdate = 2010-01-28|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl3001/stories/20130125300109300.htm |title='Socialist realism is still relevant' |access-date=2013-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205072648/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl3001/stories/20130125300109300.htm |archive-date=2013-02-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''Malarum charugum'' (Novel) (Malligai, 1967)
* ''Theneer'' (Novel) (New Century book house, 1973)
* ''Moolathanam'' (Novel) (1977)
* ''Agnikundam'' (Novel) (1980)
* ''Yugasangamam'' (Play) (1968)
* ''Jeeva'' - Biography of P Jeevanandham (Sahitya Akademi, 2005)
* ''Saamichidambaranaar'' - Biography of Tamil writers (Sahitya Akademi, 2006).
* ''Pradosham'' (Varam:Chennai, 2007)
* ''Thole'' (2010) - Awarded best novel of the year by the Tamil Nadu Government - Presented by the Hon Chief Minister Dr. J. Jayalalitha on 13 April 2012

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Tamil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Selvaraj, Daniel}}
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil writers]]
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil]]
[[Category:Indian communist writers]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]

Ramanlal Joshi

2025-12-31T07:57:52Z

Orthodhaval: added info

{{Short description|Indian literary critic and editor (1926-2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ramanlal Joshi
| image = Ramanlal Joshi.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1926|5|22}}
| birth_place = Heerpura village, [[Vijapur]], [[Gujarat]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2006|9|10|1926|5|22}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]]
| occupation = literary critic, editor
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = Indian
| education = * Master of Arts
* Ph.D
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Vivechanni Prakriya'' (1981)
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = * [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1984)
* [[Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar]] (2001)
| signature =
| years_active =
| module = {{Infobox academic
| child = yes
| doctoral_advisor = [[Umashankar Joshi]]
| thesis_title =Govardhanram - A Study
| thesis_url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/36740
| doctoral_students = [[Mafat Oza]]
}}
}}

'''Ramanlal Jethalal Joshi''' (22 May 1926 – 10 September 2006) was [[Gujarati language]] literary critic and editor from [[India]]. He studied and later taught at Gujarat University in Ahmedabad. He served at several literary and educational institutions. He edited, authored and published criticism in more than forty-two books. He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1984.

==Biography==
Ramanlal was born on 22 May 1926 in Heerpura near [[Vijapur]] in north [[Gujarat]] to Jethalal and Maniben. His family belonged to [[Vadnagar]] village. He completed primary education from [[Vadnagar]], and secondary education from [[Pilvai]] in north Gujarat. He completed Bachelor of Arts in Gujarati and Sanskrit in 1950 from [[Vadodara]] and Master of Arts in same subjects in 1954 from the [[University of Bombay]]. He was a research fellow at School of Languages, Gujarat University from 1954 to 1959. He taught at GLS Arts College from 1959 to 1962. He completed PhD under [[Umashankar Joshi]] in 1962 from [[Gujarat University]]. He joined the School of Languages in Gujarat University and served as a professor from 1962 to 1968, as a reader from 1969 to 1979, a lecturer of Gujarati from 1979. In 1986, he retired from the post of Director of the School of Languages and Literature, Gujarat University. He later served as the director of College Development Council of Gujarat University.<ref name="AGSI2">{{cite book|last=Brahmabhatt|first=Prasad|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ (ગાંધીયુગ અને અનુગાંધી યુગ)|publisher=Parshwa Publication|year=2007|location=Ahmedabad|pages=372–373|language=gu|script-title=gu:Arvachin Gujarati Sahityano Itihas (Gandhiyug Ane Anugandhi Yug)|trans-title=History of Modern Gujarati Literature (Gandhi Era & Post-Gandhi Era)}}</ref><ref name="Dutt1999">{{cite book|author=Kartik Chandra Dutt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA534|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0873-5|page=534|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203202504/https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA534|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=gsp>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Ramanlal-Joshi.html|language =gu|title=રમણલાલ જેઠાલાલ જોશી |work =[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |access-date =12 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="toi">{{cite news|date=12 September 2006|title=Author Ramanlal Joshi dead|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Author-Ramanlal-Joshi-dead/articleshow/1985006.cms|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203202501/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Author-Ramanlal-Joshi-dead/articleshow/1985006.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

He served as the chairman of the [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]] from 1986 to 1987. He also served as the vice president of [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] from 1984 to 1988. He was a member of General Council of [[Sahitya Akademi]], New Delhi from 1983 to 1987. He was the Emeritus Fellow of [[University Grant Commission (India)|University Grant Commission]] from 1988 to 1998. He was also adviser of Gujarati for ''[[Encyclopedia of Indian Literature]]''. He was a founder editor of literary magazine, ''Uddesh'' from August 1990. He died on 10 September 2006 at [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="AGSI2" /><ref name="Dutt1999" /><ref name="gsp" /><ref name="toi" />

==Works==
His five decades works of criticism, research and editing are published in 42 books. His works of criticism are ''Govardhanram: Ek Adhyayan'' (1963, updated 1978), ''Abhipsa'' (1968–78), ''Pariman'' (1969), ''Shabdasetu'' (1970), ''Pratyaya'' (1970), ''Bharatiya Naval Katha'' Vol I (1974), ''Samantar'' (1976), ''Viniyog'' (1977), ''Gujarati Sahitya Sabhani Katyavahi : 1963'' (1977), ''Vivechanni Prakriya'' (1981), ''Pragnyamurti Govardhanram'' (1986), ''Nishpatti'' (1988), ''Parivesh'' (1988), ''Vivechan ni Abohava'' (1989), ''Aadivachan'' (1995), ''Nirupan'' (1999) and ''Granthno Panth'' (1999).<ref name="AGSI2" />

His books in English are ''Govardhanram'' (1979), ''Variation on a Theme: Essays on Gujarati Literature'' (1993). ''Govardhanram'' is a [[monograph]] on [[Govardhanram Tripathi]]. ''Sva. Sakshar [[Navalram]] Laxmiram nu Jivanvrutant ane Kavijivan'' (1966), ''Shabdalok na Yatrio'' 1–2 (1983) and ''Akshatna Aradhako'' 1''–''2 (1998) are his biographical works.<ref name="AGSI2" />

He coedited ''Akhegeeta'' (1967, 1978, with Umashankar Joshi) and ''Akha na Kavyo'' (1995), the collection of poetry by medieval poet, [[Akho]]. He also coedited ''Kavyasanchay-3'' (1981, with [[Jayant Pathak]]), ''Uttamlal ni Gadyasiddhi'' (1972, with Ramprasad Bakshi), ''Govardhan Pratibha'' (1983), ''Phool Zare Gulmahor'' (1982, 1984, selected stories of [[Gulabdas Broker]]), ''Gurushishya Samvad'' (with [[Dhiru Parikh]]), ''Sundaramna Kavyoi,'' Jyotirekha, Sundaramni Pratinidhi Vartao (1989). He edited ''Gujarati Granthkar Shreni'', a short biographical series on Gujarati litterateurs published by Gujarati Sahitya Parishad, from 1976 to his death in 2006.<ref name="AGSI2" /><ref name="Dutt1999" /><ref name="gsp" /><ref name="toi" /><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996">{{cite book|author1=Nalini Natarajan|author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA121|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|page=121|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203202522/https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA121|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==
[[File:Ramanlal Jethalal Joshi Road signboard.jpg|thumb|Ramanlal Jethalal Joshi Road in Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, was named after him]]
He was awarded [[Sahitya Akademi award]] in 1984 for his work on process of criticism, ''Vivechanni Prakriya''. He also received [[Anantrai Raval]] Criticism Award in 1993 for his contribution in field of criticism. He was also awarded [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]]'s [[Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar]] (in a collaboration with [[Raghuveer Chaudhari]]) in 2001.<ref name="AGSI2" /><ref name="Dutt1999"/><ref name=gsp/><ref name="toi"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author|search=Ramanlal Joshi}}
* {{Gbooks-author|Ramanlal Joshi}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Ramanlal}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:People from Mehsana district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Gujarat University]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]

Munshiram Manoharlal

2025-12-27T05:53:17Z

Orthodhaval:

{{Short description|Indian academic publishing company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox publisher
| parent =
| status = Active
| founded = {{Start date|1952}}
| founder = Manohar Lal Jain
| country = {{flagcountry|India}}
| headquarters =54 Rani Jhansi Road, [[New Delhi]] 110 055, [[India]]
| imprints = {{unbulleted list | [http://sanctumbooks.com Sanctum Books] | [https://bookvistas.com BookVistas.com] }}
| distribution = Worldwide
| keypeople = Vikram Jain
| publications =
| topics = [[Indology]], [[Indian art]], [[art history]], [[archaeology]], [[architecture]], Indian medicine, medicinal plants, [[Ayurveda]], [[music]], [[dance]], [[theatre]], [[Film|cinema]], [[geography]], [[travel]], [[Exploration|voyages]], [[religion]], [[philosophy]], [[Dictionary|dictionaries]], [[Glossary|glossaries]], handbooks, encyclopaedias, [[numismatics]], [[philately]], [[epigraphy]], [[Indian history]], [[sociology]], [[anthropology]], [[social studies]], [[languages]], [[literature]], and [[linguistics]]
| genre =
| revenue =
| numemployees = 100+
| url = {{URL|https://mrml.online/|mrml.online}}

}}

'''Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.''' ('''MRML''') is a leading publishing house located in New Delhi, India. Established in 1952 by Manohar Lal Jain, it is one of the oldest publishing houses in India.

==About==
MRML publishes books on [[social sciences]] and [[humanities]] and has published over 3000 academic and scholarly publications in [[Indian art]], [[art history]], [[architecture]], [[archaeology]], [[history]], [[culture]], [[politics]], [[numismatics]], [[geography]], [[travel]], [[Exploration|voyages]], [[Indian law]], Indian [[medicine]], [[language]], [[literature]], [[linguistics]], [[Dictionary|dictionaries]], glossaries, handbooks, [[Index (publishing)|indices]], [[music]], [[dance]], [[theatre]], [[religion]], [[philosophy]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Jainism]], [[Sufism]], [[Sikhism]], [[tantra]], [[mysticism]], [[yoga]], [[Sanskrit]] [[literature]], [[sociology]], [[anthropology]], and related subjects.

MRML co-publishes scholarly titles with governmental institutions and bodies such as the Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR); Centre for Studies in Civilizations, which is world-renowned for the series of scholarly publications called the Project of History of Science, Philosophy and Culture ([[PHISPC]]); [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] ([[IGNCA]]); and [[Indian Council of Historical Research]] (ICHR). In addition, MRML publishes and reprints books in collaboration with university presses, independent publishers, scholars, and institutions around the world.

== History ==
Munshiram Manoharlal belongs to a family of publishers who were the pioneers in Indological publishing in India. The origins of the family business can be traced back to 1870 in Lahore where books were published under the name of the ancestral company which was founded by Mehar Chand Jain. He named it Meharchand Lachhmandas. Mehar Chand Jain, a widely respected literary figure, had translated the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of the Sikhs, into English. The British government in India decorated him for his ground-breaking work. The company slowly expanded and its publications were being sold at premier bookstores all over the country.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19981109-tradition-specialist-publishers-innovate-export-and-thrive-on-a-niche-market-827331-1998-11-08 Making Money Down the Ages], [[India Today]], 9 November 1998.</ref><ref>[http://www.mrml.online/home//india-today.jpg Making Money Down the Ages], [[India Today]], 9 November 1998.</ref><ref>[http://www.mrml.online/home//india-today-(hindi).jpg Making Money Down the Ages (in Hindi)] [[India Today]], 9 November 1998.</ref>

Meharchand Lachhmandas was the first to publish several classic, essential, and perennial texts in the field of Indology, and became the premier Indological publisher with a long list of published titles. It had a vast collection of manuscripts and publications from around the world at its bookshops. Lahore was the centre of education at that time and the company's bookshops specialized in Indology. It flourished for three subsequent generations, i.e., Lachhman Das Jain, Munshi Ram Jain, and Manohar Lal Jain.

In 1947, just before the partition of India, the offices, press, bookstore, and residence were burned down by Muslim activists. Fortunately, the women and children of the family had been evacuated earlier to Amritsar. Soon afterwards, Manohar Lal Jain was forced to flee to Amritsar to take refuge, and with the help of kind Muslim neighbours, he escaped safely across the border. The family was once again united, but with no business or assets.

After the partition of India, there was a split in the family business. Manohar Lal Jain separated from the parent company Meharchand Lachhmandas to set up his own bookselling and publishing company. In 1948, he sold the jewelry his wife had brought with her from Lahore, and with that money, steps were taken to re-establish the business. Since Manohar Lal Jain was a well-known publisher with an excellent reputation, it was not difficult for him to restart the business. His services to the literary world were recognized and the business flourished once again.<ref>[http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=4583 Book Barons of Delhi], [[Hinduism Today]], May 1998.</ref>

In 1952, Munshiram Manoharlal was founded as a bookselling and publishing company at Nai Sarak in Delhi. It soon gained popularity and respect and became a leading Indological publisher, bookseller, and library-supplier from India. Munshiram Manoharlal's publications, along with other publications from the Indian subcontinent, were now being marketed aggressively in the South Asian market and exported to countries all over the world.

Manohar Lal Jain died in 1988 due to cardiac arrest. Subsequently, MRML was run by his son, Ashok Jain and grandson, Vikram Jain. Ashok Jain died in 2021 and MRML is now owned by Vikram Jain.<ref>[http://www.frankfurter-buchmesse.eu/en/magali/?p=2511 In his grandfather's footsteps] Frankfurt Book Fair Website, 8 November 2010.</ref>

== MRML Group of Companies ==

# [https://mrml.online Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd]
# [https://sanctumbooks.com Sanctum Books]
# [https://bookvistas.com BookVistas.com]

== Bookstores ==

# MRML's head-office, principal bookstore, and distribution centre is located at 54 Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi-110055.<ref>[http://www.mrml.online page=shop/contactus Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Website (Contact Us)]</ref>
# Sanctum Books: MRML's city showroom located at 68 Medical Association Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002.<ref>[http://www.sanctumbooks.com Sanctum Books website]</ref>

== Online Book Portal ==

# [https://bookvistas.com BookVistas.com]

== Publications ==

MRML's publications include:

* The [[Mahabharata]] of Krishna-Dwaipayana [[Vyasa]], 12 volumes by [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]]
* The [[Astadhyayi]] of [[Pāṇini|Panini]], 6 volumes by [[Rama Nath Sharma]]
* Yogavarttika of [[Vijnanabhiksu]], 4 volumes by [[T. S. Rukmani]]
* ''[[Yogasūtrabhāṣyavivaraṇa]]'' of [[Adi Shankara|Ādi Śaṅkara]], 2 volumes by [[T. S. Rukmani]]
* History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, General Editor: [[D.P. Chattopadhyaya]]; over 100 volumes published so far
* [[Manasara]] Series, 7 volumes by Prasanna Kumar Acharya
* [[Ananda K. Coomaraswamy]] Series
* A Source-book of Indian Archaeology, 3 volumes, edited by [[Frank Raymond Allchin]] and [[D. K. Chakrabarti]]
* Complete Works of Goswami Tulsidas, 6 volumes, translated into English by S.P. Bahadur
* [[Ramayana]] in Regional Languages Series, 3 volumes published so far, translated into English by Shanti Lal Nagar
* [[Calukya]] Architecture, 3 volumes by Gerard Foekema
* Concise History of Ancient India, 3 volumes by A.K. Majumdar
* New History of the [[Marathas]], 3 volumes by Govind Sakharam Sardesai
* The Vedantasutras with the Sribhasya of Ramanujacarya, 3 volumes, translated into English by M.B. Varadaraja Aiyangar
* A History of [[Sufism]] in India, 2 volumes by S.A.A. Rizvi
* The [[Atharvaveda]], The [[Samaveda]], and the [[Yajurveda]] by Devi Chand
* The [[Rigveda]], The [[Atharvaveda]], The [[Samaveda]], and the [[Yajurveda]] by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]]
* Sangitaratnakara of Sarngadeva, 2 volumes published so far by R.K. Shringy and Prem Lata Sharma
* An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology, 2 volumes, edited by A. Ghosh
* The Builders of Indian Philosophy Series, General Editor: R. Balasubramanian
* History of the [[Sikhs]], 5 volumes by Hari Ram Gupta
* Ancient Indian Massage by Harish Johari
* The Coins of the Indian Sultanates by Stan Goron and J.P. Goenka
* Discourse in Early Buddhist Art: Visual Narratives of India by [[Vidya Dehejia]]
* Slaves of the Lord: The Path of the Tamil Saints by [[Vidya Dehejia]]
* The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development by Y. Krishan
* Kriya-yoga: The Science of Life-force by Swami Nityanandna Giri

<ref name="mrml online">[http://www.mrml.online Munshiram Manoharlal website]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.mrml.online}}
* [https://www.sanctumbooks.com Sanctum Books website]
* [https://www.bookvistas.com BookVistas website]

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Indology]]
[[Category:Bookstores of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]

2024 Rajkot gaming zone fire

2025-12-26T02:31:02Z

Orthodhaval: Made redirect

{{Short description|Gaming zone fire in Rajkot}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| image = 2024 Rajkot gaming zone fire.jpg
| caption = Still from a video showing the fire
| date = 25 May 2024
| location = [[Rajkot]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| type = Building fire
| reported deaths = 32
| missing =
| reported injuries = 9
}}

On 25 May 2024, a fire broke out at a gaming zone in [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]], India, killing 32 people.<ref name="AIMA Media">{{cite web |last1=Das |first1=Biswajit |title=Rajkot gaming zone fire death toll increased to 32 including 9 children |url=https://aimamedia.org/newsdetails.aspx?nid=263011 |website=AIMA Media |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=9 Children Among 27 Dead In Massive Fire At Gaming Zone In Gujarat's Rajkot a cause of the great fire was welding sparks initiated by a reckless employee named Amansh Bhalodia. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/fire-breaks-out-at-gaming-zone-in-gujarats-rajkot-casualties-feared-cops-5744212 |work=NDTV |date=26 May 2024 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526073100/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/fire-breaks-out-at-gaming-zone-in-gujarats-rajkot-casualties-feared-cops-5744212 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Single source|date=May 2025|section}}
The gaming zone was built in 2024 in temporary structures that had tin roofs and two floors. There were insufficient fire extinguishers and emergency exits in the buildings according to reports. The building also did not possess the [[No Objection Certificate|required certification]] from the fire department.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Doshi |first=Brijesh |date=26 May 2024 |title=Rajkot gaming zone lacked fire department permit, had only one exit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-rajkot-gaming-zone-fire-noc-clearance-lack-entry-exit-route-several-killed-latest-news-top-updates-2543981-2024-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526061012/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-rajkot-gaming-zone-fire-noc-clearance-lack-entry-exit-route-several-killed-latest-news-top-updates-2543981-2024-05-26 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Incident ==
{{More sources|section|small=y|date=May 2025}}
The fire was reportedly caused when sparks from welding fell onto a pile of plastic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Sanstuti |date=2024-05-27 |title=Video Shows Welding Sparks Led To Massive Fire At Rajkot Gaming Zone That Killed 27 People |url=https://www.news18.com/india/rajkot-gaming-zone-fire-cctv-welding-sparks-piles-of-inflammable-material-plasic-caught-blaze-viral-video-8905119.html |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> There was only one exit in the first floor. Nearly 2,000 litres of diesel was stored at the TRP Game Zone for generators, while 1,000 to 1,500 litres of petrol was stored for go-kart racing, which made the fire almost uncontrollable. There were around 70 to 80 people at the time of fire.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajkot Gaming Zone Had Just One Exit, Was Running Without Fire License |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajkot-fire-live-updates-no-fire-license-one-exit-major-safety-violations-at-rajkot-game-zone-5747655 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=[[NDTV]] }}</ref>

The fire resulted in the deaths of 32 people, including nine children.<ref name="AIMA Media"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajkot Fire Live Updates{{!}} 'Such gaming zones significant threat to public safety': Gujarat HC takes suo motu cognisance of fire incident |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajkot-game-zone-fire-live-updates-9351818/ |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=[[Indian express]] }}</ref>

== Investigation ==
The [[government of Gujarat]] formed a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) to investigate the fire incident.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kshatriya |first1=Dilip Singh |date=26 May 2024 |title=Gujarat: 27, including children, killed in Rajkot gaming zone fire accident |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/May/25/at-least-24-killed-in-massive-fire-at-gaming-zone-in-gujarats-rajkot |work=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526073056/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/May/25/at-least-24-killed-in-massive-fire-at-gaming-zone-in-gujarats-rajkot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=24 June 2024 |title=RAJKOT FIRE TRAGEDY : A TECHNICAL OVERVIEW |url=https://firesafeworld.com/rajkot-fire-tragedy-a-technical-overview/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Fire Safe World |language=en-US |archive-date=13 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613044131/https://firesafeworld.com/rajkot-fire-tragedy-a-technical-overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The SIT, led by Additional Director General of Police Subhash Trivedi, was tasked with submitting a report within 72 hours and commenced its inquiry promptly upon arrival in [[Rajkot]].<ref name=":0" /> Initial investigations revealed that the fire originated from sparks during [[welding]] work, which ignited flammable materials stored nearby.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkot game zone fire: What led to the 'man-made disaster' that killed 27? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/rajkot-game-zone-fire-what-led-to-the-man-made-disaster-that-killed-27-124052700507_1.html }}</ref> The gaming zone was operating without the necessary [[fire safety]] permits and lacked adequate [[emergency exit]]s.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=4 Officials Arrested In Rajkot Gaming Zone Tragedy, Fire Chief Questioned |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/4-officials-arrested-in-rajkot-gaming-zone-tragedy-fire-chief-questioned-5782073 |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Rajkot Game Zone Fire That Killed 27 Is Man-Made Disaster: Gujarat High Court |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajkot-game-zone-fire-that-killed-27-is-man-made-disaster-gujarat-high-court-5748411 |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528004642/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajkot-game-zone-fire-that-killed-27-is-man-made-disaster-gujarat-high-court-5748411 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=26 May 2024 |title=Gujarat HC takes suo motu cognizance of Rajkot game zone fire, calls it 'man-made disaster' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-hc-takes-suo-motu-cognizance-of-rajkot-game-zone-fire-calls-it-man-made-disaster/articleshow/110436485.cms |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2024 |title=Rajkot fire: Gujarat High Court fumes, says 'We don't trust state government now' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/gujarat-rajkot-game-zone-fire-high-court-were-you-asleep-we-dont-trust-government-anymore-2544268-2024-05-27 |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528052216/https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/gujarat-rajkot-game-zone-fire-high-court-were-you-asleep-we-dont-trust-government-anymore-2544268-2024-05-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A [[First information report|First Information Report]] (FIR) was filed against six partners of the gaming zone on charges of [[culpable homicide]] not amounting to murder. Subsequently, the owner and manager were arrested, and FIRs were registered against six employees. As the investigation progressed, the number of accused increased to 11, with nine individuals arrested. One of the accused, Prakash Hiran, was killed in the fire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkot Game Zone Fire: Probe Team Cites "Serious Negligence" By Officials, Owners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajkot-game-zone-fire-probe-team-cites-serious-negligence-by-officials-owners-5809141 |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en }}</ref> The [[Gujarat High Court]] took [[Sua sponte|''suo motu'']] cognizance of the incident, describing it as a "man-made disaster." The court observed that such gaming zones and recreational facilities had been established without requisite approvals from competent authorities.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /> It directed [[municipal corporation]]s to provide information on the legal provisions under which these establishments were permitted to operate.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" />

In response to the incident, the [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat government]] suspended nine officials, including the [[Chief fire officer|Chief Fire Officer]] and other municipal personnel, citing [[gross negligence]] in allowing the gaming zone to operate without necessary approvals.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" /> Additionally, four government officials, including town planning officers and a former fire station officer, were arrested in connection with the tragedy.<ref name=":3" />

== Aftermath ==
Following the incident, the Gujarat DGP instructed all gaming zones in the state to be inspected and close those operating without fire safety permits. It also directed police to conduct the procedure in coordination with municipal fire officers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajkot Fire Live Updates{{!}} 'Such gaming zones significant threat to public safety': Gujarat HC takes suo motu cognisance of fire incident |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajkot-game-zone-fire-live-updates-9351818/ |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=[[Indian express]] }}</ref><ref name=":1" />

The Chief Minister of Gujarat [[Bhupendra Patel]] announced an ex gratia of ₹400,000 to the kin of each of the dead and ₹50,000 to each injured.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |date=26 May 2024 |title=Rajkot gaming zone fire: 'Shocked' Gujarat high court takes suo motu cognizance. 'Man-made disaster…' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajkot-gaming-zone-fire-gujarat-high-court-takes-suo-motu-cognizance-trp-game-zone-101716705893044.html |work=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526170006/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajkot-gaming-zone-fire-gujarat-high-court-takes-suo-motu-cognizance-trp-game-zone-101716705893044.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2024 |title=Rajkot game zone fire: PM Modi announces Rs 2 lakh ex gratia to kin of deceased |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/rajkot-game-zone-fire-pm-modi-announces-rs-2-lakh-ex-gratia-to-kin-of-deceased/articleshow/110440812.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 }}</ref> He also visited the scene of the fire and met with victims of the disaster in hospital. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] expressed condolences and prayers for the victims.<ref name="apfire">{{Cite news |title=Bodies of 27 'burnt beyond recognition' after a massive fire in Indian amusement park, relatives say |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-distraught-relatives-fire-amusement-park-fire-8662fcb08cf3e5c5d8230ce8fc1ed806 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=20 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241020215027/https://apnews.com/article/india-distraught-relatives-fire-amusement-park-fire-8662fcb08cf3e5c5d8230ce8fc1ed806 |url-status=live }}</ref> Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] expressed his condolences, stating on [[Twitter|X]] that he was "extremely distressed" by the disaster. He also announced an [[ex gratia]] of ₹2 [[lakh]] from the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund for the [[next of kin]] of each deceased and ₹50,000 for the injured.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi expresses grief at loss of lives in Rajkot fire tragedy |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/pm-modi-expresses-grief-at-loss-of-lives-in-rajkot-fire-tragedy/1531806 |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Press Trust Of India |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615132326/https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/pm-modi-expresses-grief-at-loss-of-lives-in-rajkot-fire-tragedy/1531806 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi expresses grief at loss of lives in Gujarat's Rajkot fire tragedy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/pm-modi-expresses-grief-at-loss-of-lives-in-gujarat-s-rajkot-fire-tragedy-124052501271_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719231227/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/pm-modi-expresses-grief-at-loss-of-lives-in-gujarat-s-rajkot-fire-tragedy-124052501271_1.html |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2024 |title=PM Modi 'extremely distressed' after Rajkot fire, condolences pour in |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/fire-mishap-in-rajkot-pm-modi-tributes-9351946/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718065631/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/fire-mishap-in-rajkot-pm-modi-tributes-9351946/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2024 |title=Rajkot game zone fire: PM announces compensation of Rs 2 Lakh for kin of deceased |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/rajkot-game-zone-fire-pm-announces-compensation-of-rs-2-lakh-for-kin-of-deceased-9353656/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2024 |title=Rajkot game zone fire: PM Modi announces Rs 2 lakh ex gratia to kin of deceased |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/rajkot-game-zone-fire-pm-modi-announces-rs-2-lakh-ex-gratia-to-kin-of-deceased/articleshow/110440812.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[2020 Vijayawada fire]]
*[[Bangalore circus fire]]
*[[2023 Kohima fire]]
*[[2013 Kolkata market fire]]
*[[2019 Surat fire]]
*[[Delhi hotel fire]]
*[[Kamala Mills fire]]
*[[Srirangam marriage hall fire]]
*[[Uphaar Cinema fire]]
*[[2006 Kolkata leather factory fire]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Building and structure fires in India]]
[[Category:2024 disasters in India|Rajkot]]
[[Category:2024 fires in Asia|Rajkot]]
[[Category:2020s in Gujarat]]
[[Category:May 2024 in India|Rajkot]]
[[Category:Disasters in Gujarat]]

Tarini (Marathi TV series)

2025-12-10T00:38:29Z

Orthodhaval: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Jagaddhatri (TV series)]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Sindhudurg Gomantak Maratha Samaj

2025-11-12T23:27:16Z

Orthodhaval: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Gomantak Maratha Samaj]]{{R from merge}}

[[Category:Society of Goa]]

Scottish Church Collegiate School

2025-09-16T01:19:47Z

Orthodhaval: made a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Scottish Church Collegiate School (SCCS)
| logo = Scottish Church Collegiate School logo.jpg
| logo_size = 150px
| address = 73, Bidhan Sarani, 32/8, Beadon Street, [[Kolkata]] – 700006, [[West Bengal]], India.<ref name=Address>{{cite web|title=Official Site|url=http://www.thescottishchurchschool.com/|publisher=Scottish Church Collegiate School|access-date=2 July 2014}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.5913093|N|88.3692459|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1830|7|13}}
| founder = [[Alexander Duff (missionary)|Alexander Duff]] &
[[Raja Rammohan Roy]]
| affiliation = [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|WBBSE]] & [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|WBCHSE]]
| nickname = SCOTTISHIANS
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Church of North India]]
| president = Rt. Rev. Dr. Paritosh Canning, Bishop of Kolkata.
| headmaster = Bivash Saniel
| houses = rammohan(red)
=vivekananda(orange)
= netaji(green)
= duff(blue)
| website = {{URL|http://www.sccskolkata.in}}
}}

The '''Scottish Church Collegiate School''' is a school in north [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India. This school has three branches: Bidhan Sarani (Kolkata), Kestopur (Krishnapur, Kolkata) and Beadon Street (Kolkata).

==Notable former pupils==

* [[Anindya Chatterjee]], film and music director, singer, lyricist and actor<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|title=Old boys' meet|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090214/jsp/calcutta/story_10534281.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026071807/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090214/jsp/calcutta/story_10534281.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2012|access-date=4 April 2023|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota}}</ref>
* [[Tanishk Bagchi]], music producer, composer, singer and lyricist<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/humma-humma-to-tamma-tamma-mdash-he-rsquo-s-bolly-rsquo-s-music-man-of-the-moment-meet-calcutta-boy-tanishk-bagchi/cid/1426727 |title=Humma Humma to Tamma Tamma – he's Bolly's music man of the moment. Meet Calcutta boy Tanishk Bagchi |website=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota |access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>
* [[Sayantan Das]], chess player<ref name="Telegraph"/>
* [[Manna Dey]], singer, music director and musician<ref name="Joshi p. 68">{{cite book | last=Joshi | first=S. | title=Bollywood Through Ages | publisher=Best Book Reads | isbn=978-1-311-67669-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHQWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT68 | access-date=4 April 2023 | page=68}}</ref><ref name="De 2007 p. 3">{{cite book | last=De | first=M. | title=Memories Come Alive: An Autobiography | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-14-310193-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIGobALr8xwC&pg=PP3 | access-date=4 April 2023 | page=3}}</ref>
* [[Dhan Gopal Mukerji]], writer<ref name="Mukerji Chang Mankekar Gupta 2002 p. 258">{{cite book | last1=Mukerji | first1=D.G. | last2=Chang | first2=G.H. | last3=Mankekar | first3=P. | last4=Gupta | first4=A. | title=Caste and Outcast | publisher=Stanford University Press | series=Asian America | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-8047-4434-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0N5sxifW2WQC&pg=PA258 | access-date=4 April 2023 | page=258}}</ref>
* [[Badal Sircar]], dramatist and theatre director<ref name="Katyal 2015 p. 1">{{cite book | last=Katyal | first=A. | title=Badal Sircar: Towards a Theatre of Conscience | publisher=SAGE Publications | year=2015 | isbn=978-93-5150-371-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ut5LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 | access-date=4 April 2023 | page=1}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Scottish Church College]], the twin institution of the school, also founded by Duff.
*[[List of schools in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.sccskolkata.in/}}

{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

[[Category:Church of North India schools]]
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Private schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Christian schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Primary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1830]]
[[Category:1830 establishments in India]]

Deba Singh

2025-09-06T21:18:37Z

Orthodhaval: Started Biography.

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
|name = Deba Singh
|image =
|caption =
|fullname = Debendra Prasad Singh
|birth_date = 1943<ref name="dps" />
|birth_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India
|death_date = 18 November 2024
|death_place =
|position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
|years1 =
|clubs1 = Orissa Police
|caps1 =
|goals1 =
|years2 =
|clubs2 = [[Odisha football team|Orissa]]
|caps2 =
|goals2 =
|nationalyears1 = 1967–1968
|nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
|nationalcaps1 = 1
|nationalgoals1 = 0
}}
'''Debendra Prasad "Deba" Singh''' (1943 – 18 November 2024) was an Indian [[association football|footballer]] who played as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for [[Odisha football team|Orissa]] and the [[India national football team|India national team]].<ref name="dps" >{{Cite web |url=http://orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=Mzcz |title=Debendra Prasad Singh |website=Orisports |accessdate=22 March 2022 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219100320/http://orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=Mzcz |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is the father of former Indian international footballer [[Rajendra Prasad Singh (footballer)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]].<ref name="rps" >{{Cite web |url=http://orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=NDQ1 |title=Rajendra Prasad Singh |website=Orisports |accessdate=22 March 2022 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219095512/http://orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=NDQ1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Singh received the first OSJA (Odisha Sports Journalists’ Association) awards in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://odishatv.in/sports/purnima-hembram-deba-singh-receive-first-osja-awards-283497/amp |title=Purnima Hembram, Deba Singh receive first OSJA awards |website=Odisha TV |date=21 March 2018 |access-date=22 March 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322193919/https://odishatv.in/sports/purnima-hembram-deba-singh-receive-first-osja-awards-283497/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> Singh died on 18 November 2024, at the age of 82.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=FootballOdisha |number=1858515889081176509 |title=The FAO expresses its deepest condolences on the passing of Shri Debendra Singh, an esteemed former International Football Player, who left us today at the age of 82. Shri Singh proudly represented Odisha in the Santosh Trophy for several years. May his soul rest in peace. 💐🙏 |date=18 November 2024 |access-date=18 November 2024 }}</ref>

==Club career==
He played for Orissa Police<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/9469|title=Odisha Police|access-date=2022-03-22|archive-date=2022-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213175806/https://www.the-aiff.com/club/9469|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=Mjc3Mw== |title=Orissa Police bag FAO First Division League title |website=Orisports |accessdate=22 March 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322193941/http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=Mjc3Mw%3D%3D |url-status=live }}</ref> in the Cuttack Senior League domestically. Singh was part of the [[Odisha football team|Orissa]] team which was coached by [[Amal Dutta]] and captained the squad that reached the semi-finals in the 1967–68 edition of the [[Santosh Trophy]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/odisha-fa-expresses-grief-at-passing-away-of-amal-datta/articleshow/53155323.cms |title=Odisha FA expresses grief at passing away of Amal Datta |last1=Ganguly |first1=Abhishek |website=The Times of India |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322193928/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/odisha-fa-expresses-grief-at-passing-away-of-amal-datta/articleshow/53155323.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Santosh Trophy Winners |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiasantoshhist.html |website=RSSSF |access-date=2022-03-22 |archive-date=2021-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918131806/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiasantoshhist.html |url-status=live }}</ref> by defeating [[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19671017&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |title=Orissa recover to win in extra time |date=17 October 1967 |access-date=24 February 2023 |publisher=The Indian Express }}</ref>

==International career==
Singh made his senior national team debut in his only appearance against [[Myanmar national football team|Myanmar]] in an international friendly.<ref name="dps" /><ref>{{cite web |title=1967-68 |url=https://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2494?000 |website=mealib.nic.in |access-date=24 February 2023 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Deba}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Footballers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]

{{India-footy-defender-stub}}

List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi

2025-09-03T04:40:12Z

Orthodhaval: minor cleanup

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]], popularly known as ''Mahatma Gandhi,'' informally [[Father of the Nation#List|The Father of the Nation]] in India, undertook 18 [[fasting|fast]]s during [[Indian Freedom Movement|India's freedom movement]]. His longest fasts lasted 21 days. Fasting was a tool used by Gandhi as part of his philosophy of ''[[Ahimsa]]'' ([[nonviolence|non-violence]]) as well as [[satyagraha]].<ref name=gdn11>{{cite news|title=National hunger strike?|url=http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=307474|access-date=27 January 2012|newspaper=[[Gulf Daily News]]|date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

==Fasts==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Number
! Date
! Duration
! Place
! Reason and demands
! Reaction to fast
! Result
|-
| 1
| 1913 (13–20 July)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL013.PDF#[207,{%22name%22:%22FitH%22},678|title=Letter to Millie Graham Polak, July 13, 1913}}</ref>
| data-sort-value="7" | 7 days
| [[Phoenix, Durban|Phoenix]], South Africa
| First [[Prāyaścitta|penitential]] fast<ref name=dhiman/>
|
|
|-
|2
|1914 (February)
|1 day<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunt |first=James D. |title=An American looks at Gandhi : essays in satyagraha, civil rights, and peace |date=2005 |publisher=Promilla & Co. Publishers, in association with Bibliophile South Asia |isbn=81-85002-35-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=32 |oclc=61170051}}</ref>
|Phoenix, South Africa
|A Phoenix teacher had violated [[Ashram]] rules by eating [[Pakora|pakodas]] with some students but denied it. Gandhi began an indefinite fast of atonement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter to Raojibhai Patel, footnote 1, After February 15, 1914 |url=https://gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL014.PDF}}</ref>
|She confessed a day later.
|Gandhi ended the fast.
|-
| 3
| 1914 (2 May – 16 May)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter to Elizabeth Mari Molteno, May 19, 1914 |url=https://gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL014.PDF}}</ref>
| data-sort-value="14" | 14 days
| Phoenix, South Africa
| Second penitential fast<ref name="dhiman" />
|
|
|-
| 4
| 1918 (15–18 March)
| data-sort-value="3" | 3 days
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| Striking mill workers in [[Ahmedabad]] were dejected and losing hope of getting their needed raise. Gandhi announced an indefinite fast until it was resolved.
| Mill workers agreed to stay on strike.
| Mill workers and owners agreed to arbitration; the workers got their raise.<ref name="Mahatma.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.mahatma.com/php/showContent.php?linkid=7 |title=Short Chronology of Gandhi's Life |author=Jack, Homer A. |date=2005 |work=Mahatma.com |publisher=Worldview.com |access-date=27 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051023094337/http://mahatma.com/php/showContent.php?linkid=7 |archive-date=23 October 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 5
| 1919 (14-17 Apr)
| data-sort-value="3" | 72 hours
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| First anti-violence fast: against the attempted derail of a train at [[Nadiad]].<ref name="dhiman" />
|
|
|-
| 6
| 1921 (19-22 Nov)
| data-sort-value="4" | 3 days
| [[Bombay]]
| Second anti-violence fast: indefinite fast until peace was made in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], after [[Prince of Wales riots|violence broke out]] on the occasion of the [[Edward VIII|Prince of Wales]]' arrival<ref name="dhiman" />
|Community leaders went around the city to "restore and preserve peace."<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.granth.6850|title=The Bombay Chronicle, 22 November 1921|date=1921-11-22|publisher=The Bombay Chronicle (Bombay)}}</ref>
|After a peaceful night, broke his fast with "a frugal fruit repast."<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.granth.6861|title=The Bombay Chronicle, 23 November 1921|date=1921-11-23|publisher=The Bombay Chronicle (Bombay)}}</ref>
|-
| 7
| 1922 (12-17 Feb)
| data-sort-value="5" | 5 days
| [[Bardoli]]
| Third anti-violence fast: for atonement for violence done in [[Chauri Chaura incident]].{{fact|date=September 2024}}
|
|
|-
| 8
| 1924 (18 Sep – 8 Oct)
| data-sort-value="21" | 21 days
| [[Delhi]]
| First [[Hinduism in India|Hindu]]-[[Islam in India|Muslim]] unity fast
| Interest of Hindu-Muslim unity after the first [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]]
| Ended fast while listening to the [[Quran]] and [[Gita]] being read.<ref name="ie4mar43_b">{{cite news|title=The Previous Fasts|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LLw-AAAAIBAJ&pg=4995,4559107&dq=|access-date=27 January 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=4 March 1943}}</ref>
|-
| 9
| 1925 (24 Nov – 1 Dec)
| data-sort-value="7" | 7 days
|
| Third penitential fast.<ref name="dhiman" />
|
|
|-
| 10
| 1932 (20-26 Sep)
| data-sort-value="6" | 149 hours<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pyarelal |date=1932 |title=The Epic Fast |url=https://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/epic_fast.pdf }}</ref>
| [[Poona]]
| First anti-[[Dalit|untouchability]] fast: against clauses of the [[Communal Award]] creating separate electorates and separate reservation of seats for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Depressed Classes]]. The anti-untouchability activist [[B. R. Ambedkar]] had advocated for these clauses, but Gandhi prioritized unity among Hindus over political representation for the Depressed Classes. (He did not oppose separate electorates for Muslims, Sikhs, or Christians.)
| Fast undertaken at [[Yerwada Central Jail]].<ref name="ie4mar43_b" /> National leaders assembled in Pune, where Ambedkar reluctantly negotiated with Gandhi, resulting in the [[Poona Pact]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Basu |first=Swaraj |date=2000 |title=The Poona Pact and the Issue of Dalit Representation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148174 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=61 |pages=986–998 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>
| As a result of the [[Poona Pact]], the [[British Raj|British Government]] withdrew the clauses in the [[Communal Award]] against which Gandhi was protesting.<ref name="ie4mar43_b" /> The Depressed Classes would get reserved seats, but they would be elected by joint electorates. Reactions to the Poona Pact among the Depressed Classes were mixed, and its legacy is still debated.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Balakrishnan |first=Uday |date=2020-04-13 |title=Ambedkar and the Poona Pact |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/ambedkar-and-the-poona-pact/article31333684.ece |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 11
| 1932 (3-4 Dec)
| 1 day
|
| Second anti-untouchability fast: sympathetic to Appasaheb Patwardhan<ref name="dhiman">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSXgQYRxfmkC&pg=PA315|title=Betrayal of Gandhi|author=O.P. Dhiman|year=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-78-35-746-1}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| 12
| 1933 (8 May – 29 May)
| data-sort-value="21" | 21 days
|
| Third anti-untouchability fast: for the improvement of [[Harijan]]s' condition<ref name="nyt_obit">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1002.html|title=Mohandas K. Gandhi: The Indian Leader at Home and Abroad|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=31 January 1948|access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>
|Released unconditionally from prison on 8 May 1933, and observed the fast at [[Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey|Lady Thackersey]]'s home in Poona.
|
|-
| 13
| 1933 (16-23 Aug)
| data-sort-value="7" | 7 days
|
| Fourth anti-untouchability fast: to obtain privileges (while in prison) that would enable him to carry on his fight in behalf of the Harijans<ref name="nyt_obit" />
| Released unconditionally from prison on 23 August 1933, for health reasons<ref name="rajmohan">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC&pg=PA361|title=Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|date=10 March 2008|page=361|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25570-8}}</ref>
|
|-
| 14
| 1934 (7-14 Aug)
| 7 days
|
| Fourth anti-violence fast: against a violent young Congressman<ref name="dhiman" />
|
|
|-
| 15
| 1939 (3-7 March)
| data-sort-value="3" | 99 hours<ref name="advocate">{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68544508|title=Rajkot dispute settled - Gandhi breaks his fast|publisher=The Advocate|date=8 March 1939}}</ref>
| [[Rajkot]]
| Establishment of a political reform committee and release of satyagraha prisoners.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=theg |last2=Higuyin #g |last3=Ago |first3=Hi • 4 Years |date=2019-03-03 |title=Gandhi's flawed fast - 99 hours in Rajkot |url=https://steemit.com/gandhi/@thegandhiguy/gandhi-s-flawed-fast-99-hours-in-rajkot |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=Steemit |language=en}}</ref>
|The [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|British Viceroy]] brokered a deal to end the fast.
|Gandhi's wife was freed, but the committee was never formed.
|-
| 16
| 1943 (10 Feb – 3 Mar)
| data-sort-value="21" | 21 days
| [[Delhi]]
| Objecting to six months of detention without charges by the British.<ref name="dna11">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_anna-a-man-of-stamina-his-longest-fast-lasted-12-days_1579090|access-date=27 January 2012|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=24 August 2011|title=Anna a man of stamina, his longest fast lasted 12 days }}</ref><ref name="ie4mar43_a">{{cite news|title=Gandhiji Breaks Fast|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LLw-AAAAIBAJ&pg=2180,4555643|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=4 March 1943|access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>
|
|The British ignored him; nothing changed.
|-
| 17
| 1947 (1-4 Sep)
| data-sort-value="4" | 73 hours
| [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]
| Second Hindu-Muslim unity fast<ref name="dhiman" />
|
|
|-
| 18
| 1948 (13-18 Jan)
| data-sort-value="6" | 123 hours
|
| Third Hindu-Muslim unity fast for restoration of [[Religious violence in India|communal peace]]. Gandhi was reading the dreadful news of the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948|Kashmir war]], while at the same time fasting to death because Muslims could not live safely in Delhi. Meeting Maulana Azad, Gandhi laid down seven conditions for breaking his fast. These were:
*The annual fair (the Urs) at the Khwaja Bakhtiyar shrine at Mehrauli, due in nine days time, should take place peacefully;
*The hundred odd mosques in Delhi converted into homes and temples should be restored to their original uses;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gandhi-s-last-and-greatest-fast/story-wpf0NL3LgsWUegv7uVTopL.html | title=Gandhi's last (And greatest) fast | date=31 August 2018 }}</ref>
*Muslims should be allowed to move freely around Old Delhi;
*Non-Muslims should not object to Delhi Muslims returning to their homes from Pakistan;
*Muslims should be allowed to travel without danger in trains;
*There should be no economic boycott of Muslims;
*Accommodation of Hindu refugees in Muslim areas should be done with the consent of those Muslims already in these localities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gandhi-s-last-and-greatest-fast/story-wpf0NL3LgsWUegv7uVTopL.html|title = Gandhi's last (And greatest) fast|date = 31 August 2018}}</ref>
| Politicians and leaders of communal bodies had to agree for a joint plan for restoration of normal life. [[Nathuram Godse]] assassinated Gandhi.
| A large number of important politicians and leaders of communal bodies agreed to a joint plan for restoration of normal life in the city
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/eventcontentdetail/MTA=/NzM4Nw== List of fasts done by Mahatma Gandhi]

{{Mohandas K. Gandhi|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Protests in British India]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:Hunger strikes|Gandhi]]

Chingkheinganba Thiyam

2025-09-02T07:24:20Z

Orthodhaval: Started A Page

{{short description|Indian professional footballer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Western name order|Thiyam Chingkheinganba}}
{{Meitei name|Thiyam|Chingkheinganba|}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Chingkheinganba Thiyam
| image =
| fullname = Chingkheinganba Thiyam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|3|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| height = 
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Tata Football Academy]]
| years1 = 2016
| clubs1 = [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
| caps1 = 1
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2017–2018
| clubs2 = [[TRAU F.C.|TRAU]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 7 May 2016
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Chingkheinganba Thiyam''' ({{langx|mni|Thiyam Chingkheinganba}}, born 21 March 1996) is an Indian former professional [[association football|footballer]].

==Career==
Chingkheinganba started his career with the [[Tata Football Academy]] before graduating in 2015.<ref name="TFA">{{cite news|title=Elite Tata academy spawns 13 dribblers|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151103/jsp/jharkhand/story_51063.jsp#.Vy2b2JMrLBI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603124123/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151103/jsp/jharkhand/story_51063.jsp#.Vy2b2JMrLBI|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 June 2016|accessdate=7 May 2016|work=Telegraph India|date=3 November 2015}}</ref> From Tata, he moved to [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] of the [[I-League]].<ref name="TFA"/> He made his professional debut for the club on 13 March 2016 against reigning league champions, [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]. He started the match and played 42 minutes as Mumbai lost 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan 2-0 Mumbai|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/13/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/mumbai-fc/2177584/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

For the [[2017–18 I-League 2nd Division]] season, Thiyam joined [[TRAU F.C.|TRAU]].<ref>{{cite news |title=TRAU gear up for Second Division League |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport1..170318.mar18 |accessdate=11 February 2020 |work=E-Pao |date=16 March 2018}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{updated|7 May 2016}}<ref>{{soccerway|thiyam-chingkheinganba/437898}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|Domestic Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|[[I-League]]||1||0||—||—||—||—||—||—||1||0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!1!!0
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.tatafootballacademy.com/tfa-cadets.asp Tata Football Academy Profile].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chingkheinganba, Thiyam}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Mumbai FC players]]
[[Category:TRAU FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Fertilizer Corporation of India

2025-08-19T19:37:27Z

Orthodhaval: small changes

#REDIRECT [[Fertiliser Corporation of India]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

India women's cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2022

2025-08-19T14:43:50Z

Orthodhaval: new data

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = India women's cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2022
| team1_image = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
| team1_name = Sri Lanka
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 23 June
| to_date = 7 July 2022
| team1_captain = [[Chamari Athapaththu]]
| team2_captain = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 0
| team2_ODIs_won = 3
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Nilakshi de Silva]] (123)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Shafali Verma]] (155)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Inoka Ranaweera]] (6)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] (7)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Ind)
| no_of_twenty20s = 3
| team1_twenty20s_won = 1
| team2_twenty20s_won = 2
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Chamari Athapaththu]] (139)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (92)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Inoka Ranaweera]] (6)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Radha Yadav]] (4)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Ind)
}}

The [[India women's national cricket team|India women's cricket team]] toured Sri Lanka to play against the [[Sri Lanka women's national cricket team|Sri Lanka women's cricket team]] in June and July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/india-likely-to-tour-sri-lanka-for-six-match-loi-series-in-june |title=India likely to tour Sri Lanka for six-match LOI series in June |work=Women's CricZone |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914202151/https://www.womenscriczone.com/india-likely-to-tour-sri-lanka-for-six-match-loi-series-in-june |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/indian-women-set-to-tour-sri-lanka-england/articleshow/91703126.cms |title=Indian women set to tour Sri Lanka, England |work=The Times of India |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> The tour consisted of three [[Women's One Day International]] (WODI) and three [[Women's Twenty20 International]] (WT20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.crictelegraph.com/indian-women-cricket-team-set-to-tour-sri-lanka-england/ |title=Indian Women Cricket Team set to tour Sri Lanka, England |work=Cric Telegraph |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521092629/https://www.crictelegraph.com/indian-women-cricket-team-set-to-tour-sri-lanka-england/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/122533/harmanpreet-kaur-elevated-to-odi-captaincy-for-sl-tour |title=Harmanpreet Kaur elevated to ODI captaincy for SL tour |work=CricBuzz |date=8 June 2022 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> The WODI matches were part of [[2022–2025 ICC Women's Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://srilankacricket.lk/2022/06/india-national-womens-team-tour-of-sri-lanka-schedule/ |title=India National Women's team tour of Sri Lanka: Schedule |work=Sri Lanka Cricket |date=14 June 2022 |access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2650274 |title=Sri Lanka name 19-member squad for white-ball series against India |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref> Both teams used the matches as preparation for the [[Cricket at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|women's cricket tournament]] at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Birmingham]], England.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/preview-india-and-sri-lanka-look-to-turn-around-fortunes-before-commonwealth-games |title=Preview: India and Sri Lanka look to turn around fortunes before Commonwealth Games |work=Women's CricZone |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622154910/https://www.womenscriczone.com/preview-india-and-sri-lanka-look-to-turn-around-fortunes-before-commonwealth-games/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] was named as India's new captain for the tour,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/harmanpreet-kaur-to-lead-t20i-and-odi-squad-for-sri-lanka-tour |title=Harmanpreet Kaur to lead T20I and ODI squad for Sri Lanka tour |work=Women's CricZone |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630214856/https://www.womenscriczone.com/harmanpreet-kaur-to-lead-t20i-and-odi-squad-for-sri-lanka-tour/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> after [[Mithali Raj]] announced her retirement from international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/indias-mithali-raj-announces-retirement-from-international-cricket-1318812 |title=Mithali Raj retires from international cricket |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=8 June 2022 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref>

The visitors won the WT20I series 2–1 and the WODI series 3–0.

India won the opening match of the tour, with a 34-run win in the first WT20I.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/rodrigues-sharma-and-bowlers-help-india-seal-the-series-opener |title=Rodrigues, Sharma and bowlers help India seal the series opener against Sri Lanka |work=Women's CricZone |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006205640/https://www.womenscriczone.com/rodrigues-sharma-and-bowlers-help-india-seal-the-series-opener/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> India won the second WT20I by five wickets,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/india-ease-past-sri-lanka-to-clinch-t20i-series-with-a-match-to-spare |title=India go past Sri Lanka to seal T20I series despite late wobble |work=Women's CricZone |access-date=25 June 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> recording their 12th successive win against Sri Lanka in the format,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-in-sri-lanka-2022-1319706/sri-lanka-women-vs-india-women-2nd-t20i-1319710/match-report |title=Spinners, Kaur, Mandhana subdue SL to seal series win |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=25 June 2022 |access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref> and won the series with a match to play.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2655489 |title=India wrap series as Sri Lanka crumble after record partnership |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref> Sri Lanka won the third and final WT20I by seven wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/chamari-athapaththu-blitz-helps-sri-lanka-halt-losing-streak |title=Chamari Athapaththu stars as Sri Lanka halt losing streak |work=Women's CricZone |access-date=27 June 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627124037/https://womenscriczone.com/chamari-athapaththu-blitz-helps-sri-lanka-halt-losing-streak |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was Sri Lanka's first win against India at home in a WT20I match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-in-sri-lanka-2022-1319706/sri-lanka-women-vs-india-women-3rd-t20i-1319711/match-report |title=Athapaththu's 48-ball 80* gives Sri Lanka consolation win |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=27 June 2022 |access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref>

India won the first WODI match by four wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepapare.com/india-women-tour-of-sri-lanka-2022-1st-odi-match-report-scorecard/ |title=Sharma all-round show sees India take 1-0 series lead |work=The Papare |date=July 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022}}</ref> India then won the second WODI by ten wickets to take an unassailable lead in the series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/india-clinch-odi-series-on-back-of-renuka-singh-thakurs-early-strikes |title=India clinch ODI series on back of Renuka Singh Thakur's early strikes |work=Women's CricZone |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006205720/https://www.womenscriczone.com/india-clinch-odi-series-on-back-of-renuka-singh-thakurs-early-strikes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> India's run chase in the match was the highest successful target that was chased by a team in WODI cricket without losing a wicket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-in-sri-lanka-2022-1319706/sri-lanka-women-vs-india-women-2nd-odi-1319713/match-report |title=Renuka, Mandhana, Shafali brush Sri Lanka aside for 2-0 lead |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 July 2022}}</ref> India won the third and final WODI by 39 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/kaur-vastrakar-show-helps-india-complete-a-3-0-series-win |title=Kaur-Vastrakar show helps India sweep series against Sri Lanka |work=Women's CricZone |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006192204/https://www.womenscriczone.com/kaur-vastrakar-show-helps-india-complete-a-3-0-series-win/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-in-sri-lanka-2022-1319706/sri-lanka-women-vs-india-women-3rd-odi-1319714/match-report |title=Harmanpreet Kaur and Pooja Vastrakar star as India wrap up 3-0 sweep |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=2|WODIs
!colspan=2|WT20Is
|-
!{{crw|SL}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://srilankacricket.lk/2022/06/sri-lanka-womens-squad-for-india-series/ |title=Sri Lanka Women's Squad for India Series |work=Sri Lanka Cricket |date=20 June 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref>
!{{crw|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555888/team-india-senior-women-squad-for-sri-lanka-tour-announced?type=Latest |title=Team India (Senior Women) squad for Sri Lanka tour announced |work=The Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref>
!{{crw|SL}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/sri-lanka-name-19-member-squad-for-the-india-series |title=Sri Lanka announce 19-member squad for India series; young Vishmi Gunaratne returns |work=Women's CricZone |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620131611/https://www.womenscriczone.com/sri-lanka-name-19-member-squad-for-the-india-series/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
!{{crw|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2641784 |title=Harmanpreet named ODI captain as India announce squads for Sri Lanka series |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Chamari Athapaththu]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Nilakshi de Silva]]
* [[Kavisha Dilhari]]
* [[Vishmi Gunaratne]]
* [[Ama Kanchana]]
* [[Hansima Karunaratne]]
* [[Achini Kulasuriya]]
* [[Sugandika Kumari]]
* [[Kaushini Nuthyangana]]
* [[Hasini Perera]]
* [[Udeshika Prabodhani]]
* [[Oshadi Ranasinghe]]
* [[Inoka Ranaweera]]
* [[Harshitha Samarawickrama]]
* [[Sathya Sandeepani]]
* [[Anushka Sanjeewani]]
* [[Tharika Sewwandi]]
* [[Malsha Shehani]]
* [[Rashmi Silva]]
|
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Simran Bahadur]]
* [[Taniya Bhatia]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Yastika Bhatia]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Harleen Deol]]
* [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]]
* [[Richa Ghosh]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sabbhineni Meghana]]
* [[Deepti Sharma]]
* [[Meghna Singh]]
* [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]]
* [[Pooja Vastrakar]]
* [[Shafali Verma]]
* [[Poonam Yadav]]
|
* [[Chamari Athapaththu]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Nilakshi de Silva]]
* [[Kavisha Dilhari]]
* [[Vishmi Gunaratne]]
* [[Ama Kanchana]]
* [[Hansima Karunaratne]]
* [[Achini Kulasuriya]]
* [[Sugandika Kumari]]
* [[Kaushini Nuthyangana]]
* [[Hasini Perera]]
* [[Udeshika Prabodhani]]
* [[Oshadi Ranasinghe]]
* [[Inoka Ranaweera]]
* [[Harshitha Samarawickrama]]
* [[Sathya Sandeepani]]
* [[Anushka Sanjeewani]]
* [[Tharika Sewwandi]]
* [[Malsha Shehani]]
* [[Rashmi Silva]]
|
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Simran Bahadur]]
* [[Yastika Bhatia]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]]
* [[Richa Ghosh]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sabbhineni Meghana]]
* [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]
* [[Deepti Sharma]]
* [[Meghna Singh]]
* [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]]
* [[Pooja Vastrakar]]
* [[Shafali Verma]]
* [[Poonam Yadav]]
* [[Radha Yadav]]
|}

==WT20I series==
===1st WT20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 June 2022
| time = 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SL}}
| score1 = 138/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] 36[[not out|*]] (27)
| wickets1 = [[Inoka Ranaweera]] 3/30 (4 overs)
| score2 = 104/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kavisha Dilhari]] 47[[not out|*]] (49)
| wickets2 = [[Radha Yadav]] 2/22 (4 overs)
| result = India Women won by 34 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1319709.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Dambulla]]
| umpires = [[Nimali Perera]] (SL) and [[Deepal Gunawardene]] (SL)
| motm = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (Ind)
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd WT20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 June 2022
| time = 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 125/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vishmi Gunaratne]] 45 (50)
| wickets1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 127/5 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 39 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Inoka Ranaweera]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| result = India Women won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1319710.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Dambulla]]
| umpires = [[Deepal Gunawardene]] (SL) and [[Dedunu Silva]] (SL)
| motm = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Ind)
| toss = Sri Lanka Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd WT20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 June 2022
| time = 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SL}}
| score1 = 138/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 39[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets1 = [[Oshadi Ranasinghe]] 1/13 (3 overs)
| score2 = 141/3 (17 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chamari Athapaththu]] 80[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets2 = [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] 1/27 (4 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka Women won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1319711.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Dambulla]]
| umpires = [[Nimali Perera]] (SL) and [[Ranmore Martinesz]] (SL)
| motm = [[Chamari Athapaththu]] (SL)
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Chamari Athapaththu]] became the first batter for Sri Lanka to score 2,000 runs in WT20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/recordbreaking-chamari-athapaththu-denies-ind-clean-sweep-as-sl-win-final-t20i-101656332478239.html |title=Record-breaking Chamari Athapaththu denies IND clean sweep as SL win final T20I |work=The Hindustan Times |date=27 June 2022 |access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref>
}}

==WODI series==
===1st WODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 July 2022
| time = 10:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 171 (48.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nilakshi de Silva]] 43 (63)
| wickets1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 3/25 (8.2 overs)
| score2 = 176/6 (38 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 44 (63)
| wickets2 = [[Inoka Ranaweera]] 4/39 (10 overs)
| result = India Women won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1319712.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kandy]]
| umpires = [[Ranmore Martinesz]] (SL) and [[Prageeth Rambukwella]] (SL)
| motm = [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = Sri Lanka Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Rashmi Silva]] (SL) made her WODI debut.
* Women's Championship points: India 2, Sri Lanka 0.
}}

===2nd WODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 July 2022
| time = 10:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 173 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ama Kanchana]] 47[[not out|*]] (83)
| wickets1 = [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] 4/28 (10 overs)
| score2 = 174/0 (25.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 94[[not out|*]] (83)
| wickets2 =
| result = India Women won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1319713.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kandy]]
| umpires = [[Lyndon Hannibal]] (SL) and [[Prageeth Rambukwella]] (SL)
| motm = [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Vishmi Gunaratne]] (SL) made her WODI debut.
* Women's Championship points: India 2, Sri Lanka 0.
}}

===3rd WODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 July 2022
| time = 10:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SL}}
| score1 = 255/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 75 (88)
| wickets1 = [[Inoka Ranaweera]] 2/22 (10 overs)
| score2 = 216 (47.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nilakshi de Silva]] 48[[not out|*]] (59)
| wickets2 = [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] 3/36 (10 overs)
| result = India Women won by 39 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1319714.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kandy]]
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Ind)
| toss = Sri Lanka Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Women's Championship points: India 2, Sri Lanka 0.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-in-sri-lanka-2022-1319706 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{2022–2025 ICC Women's Championship}}
{{India women's national cricket team}}
{{Sri Lanka women's national cricket team}}
{{International cricket in 2022}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India women's cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2022}}
[[Category:Women's international cricket tours of Sri Lanka|India 2022]]
[[Category:India women's national cricket team tours|Sri Lanka 2022]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2022 in Sri Lankan cricket]]
[[Category:2022 in women's cricket]]
[[Category:2022–25 ICC Women's Championship]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{SriLanka-cricket-tour-stub}}

Charida

2025-07-20T17:06:31Z

Orthodhaval: fix details also

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Charida
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = File:Charida 1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Masks at Charida
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.2046|N|86.0314|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,568
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 723152
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03254
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Baghmundi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baghmundi]]
| website = {{URL|purulia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| module ={{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=340| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23.316|86.050}}| float=center|caption=Places in Jhalda subdivision in Purulia district. Key: M: municipality, C: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, X: craft centre, T: tourist centre, △: hills Owing to space constraints in the small map, the locations in the larger map on click through may vary slightly.
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|23|42|N|85|59|54|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= [[Chekya]]| numbered1=C| mark-title1= [[Chekya]] (Census Town)|label-color1= #800000 |label-sizeD=11| mark-sizeD=14|shapeD=l-circle|shape-colorD=#A40000|shape-outlineD=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|21|10|N|86|3|23|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=[[Begunkodor]]| numbered2=C| mark-title2= [[Begunkodor]] (Census Town)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|25|52|N|86|8|57|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3=[[Jaypur, Purulia|Jaypur]]| numbered3=C| mark-title3= [[Jaypur, Purulia]] (Census Town)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|22|12|N|85|58|12|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= [[Jhalda]]| numbered4=M| mark-title4= [[Jhalda]] (M) |shape-color4=#800000
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|25|16|N|86|12|28|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5=[[Agharpur]]| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Agharpur]] (R) |shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|30|19|N|86|4|34|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=[[Ananda Nagar, Purulia|Ananda Nagar]]| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Ananda Nagar, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|11|50|N|86|3|0|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=[[Baghmundi]]| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Baghmundi]] (R) |shape-color7=#C42222|ldy7=6
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|18|37|N|85|53|46|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=[[Jargo, Purulia|Jargo]]| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Jargo, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|24|47|N|86|4|46|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=[[Jiudaru]]| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Jiudaru]] (R) |shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|24|22|N|86|4|12|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10=[[Kotshila]]| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Kotshila]] (R) |shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|21|20|N|85|57|11|E}} | label-pos11=bottom|label11=[[Masina, Purulia|Masina]]| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Masina, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|11|2|N|86|3|50|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Patardi| numbered12=R| mark-title12= Patardi (R)|shape-color12=#C42222|ldy12=2
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|22|45|N|85|53|26|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=[[Tulin, Purulia|Tulin]]| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Tulin, Purulia|Tulin]] (R) |shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|11|44|N|85|53|37|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14= [[Suisa]]| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Suisa]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|12|30|N|86|1|53|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15='''Charida'''| numbered15=X| mark-title15= '''Charida'''(X)| shape-color15=black|label-color15=black|label-size15=14
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|34|N|86|7|49|E}} | label-pos16=right|ldy16=-5 |label16= Ajodhya Hill top | numbered16=T|shape-color16=green| mark-title16= Ajodhya Hills (T)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|11|44|N|86|5|29|E}} | shape17=l-square| label-pos17=bottom |label17= [[Purulia Pumped Storage Power Station|Purulia]]| numbered17=T|shape-color17=green| mark-title17= [[Purulia Pumped Storage Power Station]]|ldy17=0|ldx17=6
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|12|25|N|86|5|5|E}} | label-pos18=top |label18= Bamni Falls | numbered18=T|shape-color18=green| mark-title18= Ajodhya Hills (T)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|19|3|N|86|3|17|E}} | shape19=l-square|label-pos19=right |label19= [[Murguma Dam]] | numbered19=T|shape-color19=green| mark-title19= [[Murguma Dam]]
|mark-coord20={{coord|23.32|85.885}}| label20= Subarnarekha River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=-55| label-pos20=top| label-size20=9| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|23.2708989|85.9921269}}|shape21=l-triangle|label21= Chamtuburu| label-color21 = #C42222| label-pos21=left| mark-title21 =Chamtuburu Pahar hill|numbered21=△|mark-description21={{cvt|720|m}}|ldy21=2
|mark-coord22={{coord|23.2894|N|86.0506|E}}| label22= Ajodhya^Hills| label-color22 = #C42222 | label-angle22=0| label-pos22=bottom| label-size22=14| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|08|37.3|N|86|07|42.8|E}}|shape23=l-triangle|label23= [[Gorgaburu]]| label-color23 = #C42222| label-pos23=left| mark-title23 =Gorgaburu hill|numbered23=△|mark-description23={{cvt|677|m}}|ldy23=2
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|14|37.7|N|86|08|18.0|E}}|shape24=l-triangle|label24= Chandni Hill|label-color24 = #C42222| label-pos24=right| mark-title24 =Chandni Pahar hill|numbered24=△|mark-description24={{cvt|620|m}}|ldy24=2
|arc-coordA={{coord|23.45|85.86}}|arc-textA= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.43}}
}}
'''Charida''' (also referred to as Chorida, Chorda) is a village in the [[Baghmundi (community development block)|Baghmundi]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Jhalda subdivision]] of the [[Purulia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==

===Location===
Charida is located at {{coord|23.2046|N|86.0314|E|display=inline}}.

Charida is about 5 km from [[Baghmundi]] village, at the scenic foothills of the [[Ajodhya Hills]].<ref name="censushandbook">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook: Puruliya – Series 20, Part Xii A, Census of India 2011| work = Page 102: Brief Description of Places of Religious, Historical or Archaeological Importance and Places of Tourist Interest of the District| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 28 January 2020| archive-date = 22 September 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200922203136/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite web| url= https://www.thehindu.com/society/charida-the-village-of-mask-makers/article24113945.ece| title= Charida, the village of mask makers| first= Tania| last= Banerjee| publisher= The Hindu, 9 June 2018| accessdate= 28 January 2020| archive-date= 29 January 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200129043628/https://www.thehindu.com/society/charida-the-village-of-mask-makers/article24113945.ece| url-status= live}}</ref>

===Area overview===
Purulia district forms the lowest step of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The general scenario is undulating land with scattered hills. [[Jhalda subdivision]], shown in the map alongside, is located in the western part of the district, bordering [[Jharkhand]]. The [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] flows along a short stretch of its western border. It is an overwhelmingly rural subdivision with 91.02% of the population living in the rural areas and 8.98% living in the urban areas. There are 3 census towns in the subdivision. The map alongside shows some of the tourist attractions in the [[Ajodhya Hills]]. The area is home to Purulia [[Chhau dance]] with spectacular masks made at Charida. The remnants of old temples and deities are found in the subdivision also, as in other parts of the district.<ref>Houlton, Sir John, ''Bihar, the Heart of India'', 1949, p. 170, Orient Longmans Ltd.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 12 January 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/purulia| title = Purulia| work = Department of Tourism| publisher = Government of West Bengal| accessdate = 1 February 2020| archive-date = 13 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210613193601/https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/purulia| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.utsavpedia.com/cultural-connections/indian-performing-arts/chhau-dance-of-purulia/| title = Chhau dance of Purulia| publisher = Itsavpedia| accessdate = 1 February 2020| archive-date = 27 September 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200927233430/https://www.utsavpedia.com/cultural-connections/indian-performing-arts/chhau-dance-of-purulia/| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook: Puruliya – Series 20, Part Xii A, Census of India 2011| work = Page 102: Brief Description of Places of Religious, Historical or Archaeological Importance and Places of Tourist Interest of the District| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 28 January 2020| archive-date = 22 September 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200922203136/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://rangandatta.wordpress.com/2018/04/25/deuli-harup-and-suisa-crumbling-temples-scattered-statues-and-single-room-museum-purulia-district/#more-32881| title = Deuli, Harup and Suisa, Crumbling Temples, Scattered Statues and Single Room Museum| publisher = Rangan Dutta/ Wordpress| accessdate = 21 January 2020| archive-date = 10 February 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200210124446/https://rangandatta.wordpress.com/2018/04/25/deuli-harup-and-suisa-crumbling-temples-scattered-statues-and-single-room-museum-purulia-district/#more-32881| url-status = live}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Chorda had a total population of 2,568, of which 1,353 (53%) were males and 1,215 (47%) were females. There were 385 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Chorda was 1,416 (64.86% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html | title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work = West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 28 January 2020 | archive-date = 26 March 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150326034556/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Culture==
Charida is famous for the [[Chhau mask]]s used in the Purulia [[Chhau dance]].<ref name="censushandbook"/> Around 150 families are involved in mask-making. It involves five elaborate processes and depending on the intricacies involved it takes two to seven days to complete a mask. "The Chhau craft itself dates back 150 years, to the reign of King Madan Mohan Singh Deo of Baghmundi". A chau mask festival is organised at Charida in January–February. Some of the craftsmen have travelled to far off places such as Japan and France "to showcase their work and popularise Chhau."<ref name="hindu"/>

"The Kirat-Kiratin avtar of Shiva and Durga is the inspiration" behind the Chhau mask. Apart from their traditional use in the Purulia chhau dance, the masks have become a drawing room show piece. Traditionally, only people of lower castes were involved in mask making but the growing demand of the item is drawing in people from all castes into this profession.<ref name="hindu"/>

[[Gambhir Singh Mura]], an outstanding Chhau dancer and a Padma Shri awardee, belonged to the nearby village of Pitikiri Bamni. Now, his statue adorns Charida.<ref name="hindu"/>

==Charida picture gallery==
<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px">
File:Chau Dance.jpg|Chhau performance
File:Charida 5.jpg|A chhau mask
File:Charida 4.jpg|The preliminary stage of mask-making
File:Chau Mask Making.jpg|The advanced stage of mask making
File:An artisan making a mask in Chorida at Purulia.jpg|Providing finishing touches
File:Makers of Chau mask in the village Chorida of Bagmundi block of Purulia. 02.jpg|An artist at work
File:Chau masks on sell.jpg|Masks on sale
File:Mask Purulia1.jpg|Charida mask
File:Mask Purulia3.jpg|Charida mask
File:Gambhir Singh Mura.jpg|Statue of Gambhir Singh Mura
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Charida}}

{{Purulia District}}
{{Craft centres in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Villages in Purulia district]]

Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Kanajar

2025-06-26T11:20:19Z

Orthodhaval:

{{moresources|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox church
|name = Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Kanajar
|fullname =
|image = Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Kanajar.jpg
|caption= Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Kanajar
|native_name=
|denomination = [[Roman Catholic (Latin rite)]]
|churchmanship =
|membership =
|attendance =
|website = {{URL|lourdes.kanajar.com}}
|pushpin map = India Karnataka
|pushpin label position =
|pushpin map alt =
|pushpin mapsize =
|map caption = Location in Karnataka
|coordinates = {{coord|13.2723|74.8960|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|location =[[Kanajar]], Karkala Taluk, Udupi District, Karnataka

|former name =
|bull date =
|founded date = 24 July 1938<ref name=LourdesKanajar />
|founder = Rev. Fr. William Antony Lewis<ref name=LourdesKanajar />
|dedication =
|dedicated date =
|consecrated date =
|cult =
|relics =
|events =
|past bishop =
|people =

|parish =
|deanery = Karkala - St Philip Deanery
|archdeaconry =
|episcopalarea =
|archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore]]
|metropolis =
|diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Udupi]]
|province = Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore
|presbytery =
|synod =
|circuit =
|district = [[Udupi District]]
|division =
|subdivision =

|archbishop = Peter Machado
|bishop = Gerald I Lobo
|dean =
|provost =
|provost-rector =
|viceprovost =
|subdean =
|precentor =
|chancellor =
|canonchancellor =
|canon =
|canonmissioner =
|canonpastor =
|canontreasurer =
|succentor =
|archdeacon =
|prebendary =
|rector =
|vicar =
|curate =
|priestincharge =
|priest = Harold Pereira
|asstpriest =
|minister =
|assistant =
|honpriest =
|deacon =
|deaconness =
|seniorpastor =
|pastor =
|abbot =
|chaplain =

|architect =
|client =
|engineer =
|construction_start_date=
|completion_date =
|date_Inaugrated =
|date_demolished=
|cost =
|structural_system =
|style =
|size =
}}

'''Our Lady of Lourdes Church''' is a historic [[Roman Catholic Church]] dedicated to [[Our Lady of Lourdes]] situated at [[Kanajar]] near [[Karkala]], India. The church was built in 1938.<ref name=LourdesKanajar>{{cite web |url=http://lourdes.kanajar.com/history.htm |title= Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Kanajar | publisher=lourdes.kanajar.com}}</ref> This church comes under Deanery of Karkala, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Udupi]].

==Demographics==
The parish has 395 families with a population of 1117 members.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.udupidiocese.in/parishes/parishes/104-kanajar |title=KANAJAR | publisher=udupidiocese.in}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Roman Catholicism in Mangalore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Churches in Mangalore Diocese]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Udupi district]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1938]]
[[Category:1938 establishments in India]]

Nilgiri Road railway station

2025-06-21T14:49:11Z

Orthodhaval:

{{short description|Railway station in Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Nilgiri Road railway station
| type = [[Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Barunasing, Seragarh, [[Balasore district]], [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.426415|86.855469|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Odisha
| elevation = {{cvt|13|m}}
| line = [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] [[Kharagpur–Puri line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 3
| tracks = 4
| entrances =
| parking =
| opened = 1901
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = NGRD
| zone = [[South Eastern Railway zone]]
| division = [[Kharagpur railway division]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = South Eastern Railway
| status = {{color|green|Functioning}}
| former = [[East Coast State Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map =
| map_state =
| map_locator =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=South Eastern Railway zone|left=Balasore|right=Khantapara|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Chennai Central|type=[[Howrah–Chennai main line]]}}
}}
{{Kharagpur–Puri line|collapse=y}}
'''Nilgiri Road railway station''' is a railway station on [[Kharagpur–Puri line]], part of the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] under [[Kharagpur railway division]] of [[South Eastern Railway zone]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/NGRD/|title=NGRD / Nilgiri Road Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Nilgiri Road|website=www.totaltraininfo.com|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref> It is situated at Barunasing, Seragarh in [[Balasore district]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/nilgiri-road-ngrd-station|title=Nilgiri Road Railway Station (NGRD) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|publisher=NDTV|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>

==History==
In between 1893 and 1896 the [[East Coast State Railway]] constructed Howrah–Chennai main line. Kharagpur–Puri branch was finally opened for public in 1901.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-01|title=South Eastern Railway|date=2013-04-01|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref> The route was electrified in several phases. In 2005, Howrah–Chennai route was completely electrified.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history7.html|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Part 7|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Balasore district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1901]]
[[Category:Kharagpur railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Balasore]]

Belur, Kasaragod

2024-12-20T22:29:24Z

Orthodhaval: creating basic data first draft

{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Belur
| other_name = Bellur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.3921|N|75.1812|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kasargod district|Kasargod]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = Kodom-Belur Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 29.54
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12,181
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], English <ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 671531
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04997
| registration_plate = KL-14
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Assembly constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kanhangad (State Assembly constituency)|Kanhangad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|20c to 40c]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Belur''' is a village in [[Vellarikundu]] taluk of [[Kasaragod district]] in Kerala, India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kasargod.nic.in/tehsil/ |title=Taluk Offices |date= |author= |access-date= 24 August 2021}}</ref>

==Administration==
Belur village is administered by Kodom-Belur Panchayat under Kanhangad Block Panchayat. Belur is part of Kanhangad Assembly constituency under Kasaragod Loksabha constituency.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-18
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archivedate = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Belur village had population of 12,181 of which 5,837 are males and 6,344 are females. Belur village spreads over an area of {{cvt|29.54|km2}} with 2,938 families residing in it. The sex ratio of Belur was 1,087 higher than state average of 1,084. The population of children below 6 years was 10.46%. Belur had overall literacy of 84.6% lower than state average of 94%. The male literacy stands at 89.9% and female literacy at 79.8%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kasaragod |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=92,93 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kasaragod district}}

[[Category:Kanhangad area]]
[[Category:Villages in Kasaragod district]]

{{Kasaragod-geo-stub}}

NIILM University, Kaithal

2024-11-20T17:12:18Z

Orthodhaval:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox university
| name = NIILM University, Kaithal
| native_name =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date|2011}}
| closed =
| type = [[Private university (India)|Private university]]
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor = Prof. (Dr.) Shamim Ahmed<ref>{{cite web|title=Officers of NIILM University|url=https://www.niilmuniversity.ac.in/page/vice-chancellors-message|website=www.niilmuniversity.ac.in|accessdate=16 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
| city = [[Kaithal]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| campus =
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| athletics =
| colours =
| sports =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| affiliations =
| website = {{website|http://niilmuniversity.ac.in}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
| image_name =
| colors =
}}
'''NIILM University''' is a private university in [[Kaithal]] in the state of [[Haryana]], [[India]].

==History==
The NIILM University was initially proposed to be established by the NIILM Education Trust in [[Palwal]] in June 2009 but on 4 January 2010 the location was changed to Kaithal in the presentation to the government.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thakur|first1=Bhartesh Singh|title=51 teachers in 4 Haryana pvt varsities were grads or less|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/51-teachers-in-4-haryana-pvt-varsities-were-grads-or-less/story-pZ0ZxaU7UXozOHe5jkc0qL.html|accessdate=16 March 2018|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref> The university was established in 2011 through ''The Haryana Private Universities (Amendment) Act, 2011''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niilmuniversity.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/NIILM_Uni_act0001.pdf|date=27 September 2011|title=The Haryana Private Universities (Amendment) Act, 2011|accessdate=16 March 2018|publisher=[[Government of Haryana ]]|work=Haryana Gazette}}</ref>

== Schools==
NIILM University has the following schools:<ref>{{cite web|title=Home Page|url=http://www.niilmuniversity.ac.in/|website=www.niilmuniversity.ac.in|accessdate=16 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
* School of Law
* School of Hotel Management
* School of Arts and Science
* School Of Agricultural Sciences And Forestry<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2020-07-17|title=NIILM University Ranking, Courses, Admission 2020|url=https://edurehab.com/niilm-university-ranking-courses/|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Edu Rehab|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.niilmuniversity.in/}}

{{coord missing|Haryana}}
{{Universities in Haryana}}
[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:Kaithal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Haryana]]

Manvendra Pratap Singh

2024-11-09T06:55:11Z

Orthodhaval: update citations as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manvendra Pratap Singh
| image = Manvendra Pratap Singh.jpg
| caption = Manvendra in 2020
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|2|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| residence = [[Aligarh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 5 December 2020
| constituency = [[Agra (Graduates constituency)]]
| occupation = Teacher
| predecessor = Aseem Yadav
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| religion =
| spouse = Smt. Anita Singh
| parents =Thakur Rajveer Singh Yaduwanshi ('''Father''') Smt. Ramwati Devi ('''Mother''')
| children =
| alma_mater =[[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Council
| education = Ph.D. from History, Master of Arts (M.A) from English and History and Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.)
}}
'''Manvendra Pratap Singh''' is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and is currently serving as a Member of Legislative Council (MLC) from [[Agra (Graduates constituency)|Agra Graduates constituency]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://upvidhanparishad.nic.in/dalwaqr%20sadasya.htm|title=Names of UP Vidhan Parishad members|publisher=UP Vidhan Parishad|access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/politics/state-mlc-election-graduate-and-teachers-in-up-bjp-declared-name-of-candidates-21044650.html|title=MLC Election in UP: उत्तर प्रदेश MLC शिक्षक व स्नातक सीट चुनाव के लिए भाजपा के प्रत्याशी घोषित|publisher=Jagran|access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh-city-manvendra-pratap-of-aligarh-waved-in-mlc-election-created-history-21138279.html|title=अलीगढ़ के मानवेंद्र प्रताप सिंह ने एमएलसी चुनाव में लहराया परचम, रचा इतिहास|publisher=Jagran|access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/agra/up-mlc-result-2020-bjp-manvendra-pratap-singh-leads-in-agra|title=Up Mlc Election Result 2020: जानिए किसने बनाई आगरा स्नातक सीट पर बढ़त|publisher=Amar Ujala|accessdate=23 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/first-time-bjp-occupies-agra-graduate-seat-manvendra-pratap-singh-wins-ann-1666731|title=आगरा स्नातक सीट पर पहली बार बीजेपी का कब्जा, मानवेंद्र प्रताप सिंह हुए विजयी|publisher=ABP News|access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref> He is also a member of National Monitoring Committee for Minorities Education (NMCME), [[Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/cities/aligarh-muslim-university-student-demands-temple-in-campus-writes-to-vice-chancellor-1969792?fb&fbclid=IwAR23VGGOoT0xFL1AwL6rIVzGHcOjT8LxpVB2HvwKfT9Dop7dY9PiVV1WQLE|title=Aligarh Muslim University Student Demands Temple in Campus|publisher=NDTV|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/students-protest-installion-of-cctv-cameras-in-mens-loo-in-ds-college/articleshow/64247310.cms|title=Aligarh: Students protest installion of CCTV cameras in men’s loo in DS College
|publisher=Times of India|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Manvendra was born on 21 February 1972 in Daudpur village of [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He completed his post graduation from Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, [[Agra]]. He started his career as a [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] swayamsevak at a very early age. In 1989 when terrorism was at its peak in Kashmir many Kashmiri Pandits were killed by the terrorists during the insurgency, the Indian flag was also burned in Kashmir due to this situation in 1992 students from all over the country marched at [[Lal Chowk]] to host the Indian flag in [[Kashmir]]. This inspired him to join that union of students [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]] in 1992. He worked in ABVP for many years and was elected unopposed the State President of Western Uttar Pradesh. His father was also a supporter of [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] which later became [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He joined BJP in 2013. He worked in BJP for many years and in 2018 he was nominated as Vice President of Braj Kshetra, Uttar Pradesh [[BJP]]. In 2020 he was nominated as candidate for legislative council elections from [[Agra (Graduates constituency)|Agra Graduate seat]], which is one of the largest constituencies in Uttar Pradesh.

== Positions held ==
Vice President of [[Braj|Braj Kshetra]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/agra-news/bjp-braj-kshetra-exicutive-declared-before-loksabha-election-2020-3043416/|title=BJP Executive declared before loksabha election|publisher=Patrika|access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref> 
State President of [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]], [[Western Uttar Pradesh]]

==See also==
* [[Agra (Graduates constituency)]]

== External links ==
* [https://upvidhanparishad.nic.in UP Vidhan Parishad official website]
* [https://www.vidhanparishadproceedings.up.gov.in Vidhan Parishad Proceedings]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Manvendra Pratap}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Aligarh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Agra]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]

Nagaram, East Godavari district

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Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)

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Orthodhaval: further improved references for consistency and fixed typos per standard format

#REDIRECT [[Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha constituency]]

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