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Revati Lele

2026-05-08T15:01:20Z

OrenCombs50836: Started.

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Revati Lele
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Jalgaon]], [[Maharashtra]]
| occupation = Actress, dancer
| yearsactive = 2018–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Kaushik Bhide|2026}}
| partner = Adish Vaidya (2018–2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss fame Adish Vaidya opens up on marrying Revati Lele: We are considering it for sure |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-fame-adish-vaidya-opens-up-on-marrying-revati-lele-we-are-considering-it-for-sure-101663411208573.html |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Hindustan Times |date=17 September 2022}}</ref>
}}

'''Revati Lele''' is an Indian television actress and a [[Kathak]] dancer.<ref name="Kathak" /> She started her acting career with episodic ''Gulmohar'' on Zee Yuva. Later, she worked in [[Indian television drama]] ''[[Vithu Mauli]]'', ''Vartul'' and ''Lalit 205'' etc. From 2022 to 2024, she is played a role in [[Star Pravah]]'s ''[[Lagnachi Bedi]]'' as Madhurani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Star Pravah's new-serial-lagnachi-bedi-to-go-on-air-from-january-31 |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/photos/television/star-pravahs-new-serial-lagnachi-bedi-to-go-on-air-from-january-31-starcast-a590/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=LOKMAT |language=mr}}</ref> Currently she is playing a role in [[Star Pravah]]'s Kon Hotis Tu, Kay Zalis Tu! as Amruta Dharmadhikari.

== Personal life ==
Lele was in the relationship with Adish Vaidya but they broke up in 2023 after dating 6 years.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Revati Lele on her breakup news with boyfriend Adish Vaidya: Things have happened, but don't want to talk about my personal life |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-revati-lele-on-her-breakup-news-with-boyfriend-adish-vaidya-things-have-happened-but-dont-want-to-talk-about-my-personal-life/articleshow/102270533.cms |access-date=2023-10-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She engaged with another guy in December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=रेवती लेले पुन्हा एकदा पडली प्रेमात, नव्या नात्याची कबुली देत बॉयफ्रेंडची झलकही दाखवली |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/revati-lele-confirm-new-relationship-after-breakup-with-adish-vaidya/articleshow/126199029.cms |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2020, she essayed the role of [[Ramabai Peshwa]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} in the television serial ''Swamini''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Revati Lele to feature in popular TV show Swamini as Ramabai Peshwe – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actress-revati-lele-to-feature-in-popular-tv-show-swamini-as-ramabai-peshwe/articleshow/77128462.cms |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> on [[Colors Marathi]]. In 2021, she stepped into Hindi television industry with the show ''[[Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha]]''{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} on [[StarPlus]] in which she played the character Bansuri. She also acted in Marathi serial ''[[Lagnachi Bedi]]'' on [[Star Pravah]] channel.

Revati Lele is also a [[Kathak]] dancer and a performer.<ref name="Kathak">{{Cite news |last=Patowari |first=Farzana |date=21 August 2021 |title=Revati Lele teaches foreign students Kathak before and after her shoot everyday |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/revati-lele-teaches-foreign-students-kathak-before-and-after-her-shoot-everyday/articleshow/85510057.cms |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> She has completed her Nritya Visharad under Tina Tambe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shanker |first=Vijay |date=22 November 2022 |title=Fifteen glorious years of learning Kathak |url=https://narthaki.com/info/rev22/rev2799.html |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> She has been a part of [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] style musical [[Mughal-e-Azam (musical)|''Mughal-e-Azam'']] directed by [[Feroz Abbas Khan]].

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Channel
!Ref(s)
|-
|2017
|''Zindagi Not Out''
|Ajinkya's girlfriend
|[[Zee Yuva]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|''Lalit 205''
|Sara
|[[Star Pravah]]
|
|-
|''Gulmohar''
|Ruchi
|[[Zee Yuva]]
|
|-
|''[[Vithu Mauli]]''
|Mandakini
|[[Star Pravah]]
|
|-
|''Vartul''
|Shweta
|[[Zee Yuva]]
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Swamini]]''
|[[Ramabai Peshwa]]
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swamini shoot resumes; Rama to transform into Ramabai Peshwe - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/swamini-shoot-resumes-rama-to-transform-into-ramabai-peshwe/articleshow/77048653.cms |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha]]''
| Bansuri Rawal Parekh
| [[Star Plus]]
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/swamini-fame-revati-lele-sets-foot-in-hindi-prime-time-show-aapki-nazron-ne-samjha/603f8bdee64e0402b8c3443f | title=Swamini Fame Revati Lele Sets Foot in Hindi Prime Time Show Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha }}</ref>
|-
| 2022–2024
| ''[[Lagnachi Bedi]]''
| Madhurani Deshpande Adhikari
| [[Star Pravah]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi Actor Adish Vaidya Spends Time With Revathi Lele on Lagnachi Bedi Sets |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/marathi-actor-adish-vaidya-spends-time-with-revathi-lele-on-lagnachi-bedi-sets-5554717.html |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=News18 |date=14 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2025–2026
|Kon Hotis Tu, Kay Zalis Tu!
|Amruta Dharmadhikari
|[[Star Pravah]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|12160430}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lele, Revati}}
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]

A. G. Venkatachalam

2026-05-04T07:47:18Z

OrenCombs50836:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. G. Venkatachalam
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end = 4 May 2026
| constituency = [[Anthiyur Assembly constituency|Anthiyur]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = E. M. R. Raja @ Rajakrishnan. K.
|
}}

'''A. G. Venkatachalam''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Anthiyur Assembly constituency|Anthiyur]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211224045824/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC105.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC105.pdf|access-date= 2 May 2022 |archive-date=24 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anthiyur Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a105|access-date= 2 May 2022}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
! Ref.
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Anthiyur Assembly constituency|Anthiyur]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||44.84% || K. S. Shanmugavel|| [[AIADMK]] || 44.12%|| <ref name=":0" />
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Anthiyur Assembly constituency|Anthiyur]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Lost ||39.07% || E. M. R. Raja Alias Rajakrishnan. K. R|| [[AIADMK]] || 42.21%|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatachalam, A}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Hero (2019 Tamil film)

2026-05-02T06:34:05Z

OrenCombs50836: Adding A Info.

{{Short description|2019 film directed by P. S. Mithran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hero
| image = Hero (2019 Tamil film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[P. S. Mithran]]
| writer = {{ubl|P. S. Mithran|Pon Parthiban|Savari Muthu|Antony Bhagyaraj}}
| producer = {{ubl|Kotapadi J. Rajesh|T. Ezhumalaiyan}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Sivakarthikeyan]]
*[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]
*[[Kalyani Priyadarshan]]
*[[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]]
*[[Abhay Deol]]
}}
| cinematography = [[George C. Williams (cinematographer)|George C. Williams]]
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = KJR Studios
| released = {{film date|2019|12|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Hero''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[superhero film|superhero]] film directed by [[P. S. Mithran]], who co-wrote the film with Pon Parthiban, Savari Muthu and Antony Bhagyaraj. The film was produced by Kotapadi J. Rajesh under his production house KJR Studios. It stars [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], [[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]] and [[Abhay Deol]] in prominent roles. This film marks the Tamil film debuts of Kalyani and Deol.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Gurumurthy |date=13 March 2019 |title=MASS: SIVAKARTHIKEYAN'S NEXT FILM TITLE HERE! |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sivakarthikeyans-next-film-sk15-with-ps-mithran-is-titled-hero.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331001401/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sivakarthikeyans-next-film-sk15-with-ps-mithran-is-titled-hero.html |archive-date=31 March 2019 |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The music for the film is composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], with cinematography done by [[George C. Williams (cinematographer)|George C. Williams]], and editing done by [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]].

The film was [[wide release]]d on 20 December 2019.<ref name="reldate">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2019 |title=Abhay Deol's Tamil film 'Hero' release date out! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/sep/10/abhay-deols-tamil-film-hero-release-date-out-2031504.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018144155/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/sep/10/abhay-deols-tamil-film-hero-release-date-out-2031504.html |archive-date=18 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Prior to its release, filmmaker Bosco Prabhu accused Mithran for plagiarising his story. In April 2020, the [[Madras High Court]] issued an [[interim order]] banning the film from television and streaming platforms, due to which it was taken down from [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2020 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Hero taken down from OTT platforms due to plagiarism charges |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-s-hero-taken-down-from-ott-platforms-due-to-plagiarism-charges-1668430-2020-04-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418204815/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-s-hero-taken-down-from-ott-platforms-due-to-plagiarism-charges-1668430-2020-04-18 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2020 |title=Sivakarthikeyan film Hero removed from Amazon Prime Video due to ongoing plagiarism charges |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sivakarthikeyan-fim-hero-removed-from-amazon-prime-video-due-to-ongoing-plagiarism-charges-8278231.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625184816/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sivakarthikeyan-fim-hero-removed-from-amazon-prime-video-due-to-ongoing-plagiarism-charges-8278231.html |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=20 April 2020 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> The ban was lifted in May 2020 once the issue was resolved.<ref name="banlift" /> The film received generally positive to mixed reviews, with praise directed towards the performances ( particularly Arjun){{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}, cinematography, story, action sequences and themes, and criticism for its screenwriting, characterization and pacing.

== Plot ==
{{plot|date=April 2022}} 
Sakthivel "Sakthi" is a young boy who dreams of becoming a superhero, like [[Shaktimaan]]. After being ridiculed by his teacher and classmates for believing that Shaktimaan is real, Sakthi tries to prove it by falling off the terrace of his school, injuring himself in the process. His father tries to convince Sakthi that Shaktimaan is fictitious by showing the disclaimer of the actor [[Mukesh Khanna]] advising viewers that the events depicted in the show are purely fictitious, causing Sakthi to abandon his hopes of becoming a superhero.

Years later, Sakthi and Inbaraj, a.k.a. "Ink", are friends who earn their livelihood as educational brokers and run a Xerox shop in their neighborhood that houses a certificate [[forgery]] unit to provide individuals forged degrees to secure their desired jobs for exorbitant sums. Sakthi bumps into Meera, a social worker at an educational fair and falls in love with her. Meera happens to be the inspiration of Sakthi's friend Mathi, a brilliant girl who aspires to become an [[aerospace engineering|aeronautical engineer]]. Mathi devises an engine that runs on saltwater as a measure to help her father and many others thwart the problem of rising petrol prices. Meera soon learns of Sakthi's true profession and confronts him, where she learns the reason behind his dark profession; his father disowned him after Sakthi confessed to him that, in spite of securing district rank in the higher secondary examinations, he had sold his certificate in order to obtain money to save his father through surgery as he was suffering from a fatal lung infection.

Meera advises Sakthi to help Mathi secure an admission in an engineering college without any payment in order to redeem himself. Sakthi tries to secure admission for Mathi but to no avail. He learns that the only way to help Mathi secure a seat is to demonstrate the practical applications of her engine which is rejected by Sathyamoorthy, Mathi's teacher who runs a school for the academically weak but brilliant children. Sakthi bypasses his warnings and demonstrates the engine at an educational fair by attaching it to an auto rickshaw. This attracts the attention of the henchman of Mahadev. In turn, he promises a seat for Mathi with a full scholarship. The next day, the auto rickshaw is seized by the police, and Mathi is arrested on the grounds of [[Patent infringement|Patent violation]]. The court convicts her guilty of the charges. Mathi is completely distraught and attempts suicide by jumping off a running train.

Sakthi takes her to the hospital, only for the doctors to delay her treatment, and she eventually succumbs to her injuries. Sakthi and Ink are also convicted guilty and are placed on the wanted list for aiding Mathi. Sakthi, who is on the run decides that the only way to avenge Mathi's death and prove her innocence is to confront the company issuing the patents. Due to his experience in forging certificates, he easily fishes out the fact that the patent was forged by the company under Mahadev's orders, but is attacked in the process when he is rescued by Sathyamoorthy wearing a mask. Sathyamoorthy explains to him that Mahadev is a corrupt geneticist and industrialist whose aim is to wipe out innovation in work culture. He also subdues brilliant students and subjects them to [[lobotomy]], rendering their [[frontal cortex]] unusable, therefore reducing them to his "puppets". He uses their innovations to sell them to foreign companies and earn profits.

Sathyamoorthy also explains his past; being an advocate of innovation and logical thinking, he tried various ways to inculcate the same in the school curriculum but was faced with opposition and his school was eventually blown up by Mahadev's men, killing the brilliant students. Sathyamoorthy survived the incident but was beaten up and paralyzed by Mahadev's cronies. Thereafter, Sathyamoorthy secretly nurtured the surviving children away from Mahadev in the outskirts of the city. Sakthi, upon hearing Sathyamoorthy's story, decides to fight the system along with him and the children, donning the mantle of the "Mask." Using the gadgets developed by the children and Sathyamoorthy's training, Sakthi fights through Mahadev's henchmen and eventually learns the truth. Sathyamoorthy apparently sacrifices himself in the struggle, prompting Sakthi to telecast the innovative inventions of students and explaining to the audience that children should be given the freedom to follow their passion and not be just mere bookworms.

Sakthi also tells the parents to check their children's journals to find out their interests and desires and encourage the same. Sakthi's father, who happens to hear the telecast, finds Sakthi's journal and realizes his mistake of mistreating Sakthi. In the final fight, Mahadev's plans are foiled, and Sakthi kills him by injecting a [[pathogen]]. Six months later while still on the wanted list, Sakthi runs the school along with Meera on the outskirts of the city. A cop approaches him and takes him in his jeep around the city, where Sakthi finds major developments in the city due to the innovations of Mathi and other brilliant students. The officer tosses away the documents relating to Sakthi's charges as he had opened his eyes about his child's dreams and requests Sakthi to continue on with the mantle of the Mask. In the [[post-credits scene]], it is also revealed that Sathyamoorthy is alive and is helping Sakthi in his missions.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]] as Sakthivel "Sakthi" / Mask
** [[Raaghavan|Raghavan]] as young Sakthivel
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Sathyamoorthy "Moorthy"/Mask
* [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] as Meera (Voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]])
* [[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]] as Mathi
* [[Abhay Deol]] as Mahadeva
* Shyam Krishnan as Mahadev's assistant
* [[Robo Shankar]] as Inbaraj "Ink"
* [[Elango Kumaravel]] as Mathi's father
* [[Azhagam Perumal]] as Sakthi's father
* [[Prem (actor)|Prem]] as police officer
* Rishikanth as Lawyer
* Ray Paul as Sathyamoorthy's student
* KPY Surendar as sathyamoorthy's student
* Nithyaraj as Sathyamoorthy's student
* 96 Gowthamraj as Ragu, Sathyamoorthy's old student (flashback student)
* Raja Rani Pandian as a TV viewer
* Robo Chandru as a TV viewer
* Shrawan as a TV viewer
* Priya Rajkumar as a TV viewer
* Douglas Kumaramoorthy as a private university HR manager
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as the head master of Shakthi's school
* Mullai as Mullai, a resident of Sakthivel's area
* Kothandam as a resident of Sakthivel's area
* [[Rahul Thatha]]
* Winner Ramachandran as a stall owner
* Aswin Rao as a hacker
* Swetha Venugopal as Thendral
* Vignesh Shanmugam as a seat broker
* "Black Sheep" Ayaz as a helpline caller and in a special appearance in the song "Overa Feel Pannuren"
* "Unakennappa" Vivek as a helpline caller and in a special appearance in the song "Overa Feel Pannuren"
* Sharath Ravi as a mechanic who is also Sakthi's friend
* [[P. S. Mithran]] in a special appearance as a fake certificates dealer
{{colend}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After a successful debut through ''[[Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]'', director P. S. Mithran announced in early-2019 that he would direct a film featuring actor [[Sivakarthikeyan]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2018 |title=Sivakarthikeyan-PS Mithran film officially announced |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-ps-mithran-film-officially-announced-90982 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213065045/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-ps-mithran-film-officially-announced-90982 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandramouli |date=25 February 2019 |title=Exciting Update on Sivakarthikeyan's next |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/exciting-update-on-sivakarthikeyans-next-with-psmithran.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531073004/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/exciting-update-on-sivakarthikeyans-next-with-psmithran.html |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

=== Cast and crew ===
The crew of director Mithran's previous film, ''Irumbu Thirai'' were also retained for this film as well, including composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], editor [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]], cinematographer [[George C. Williams (cinematographer)|George C. Williams]]. Additionally, [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], who was the main antagonist in ''Irumbu Thirai'' was added to the cast.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2 November 2018 |title=Sivakarthikeyan to lock horns with Arjun Sarja for thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-to-lock-horns-with-arjun-sarja-for-thriller-1380900-2018-11-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316194533/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-to-lock-horns-with-arjun-sarja-for-thriller-1380900-2018-11-02 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Furthermore,<ref name="auto" /> later actress [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] was announced to play the female lead alongside actress [[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]] in a supporting role. The film also marks Abhay Deol's Tamil debut, and he will be playing the main villain role for the first time in his career .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandramouli |date=25 February 2019 |title=Young heroine joins the cast of Sivakarthikeyan's Next |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/young-heroine-joins-the-cast-of-sivakarthikeyans-sk15.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531162204/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/young-heroine-joins-the-cast-of-sivakarthikeyans-sk15.html |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2019 |title=Abhay Deol plays villain in Tamil film Hero, says it was 'a natural progression' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/abhay-deol-plays-villain-in-tamil-film-hero-says-it-was-a-natural-progression-see-pics/story-37Htqb55BCANk46YIcg57J.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024130027/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/abhay-deol-plays-villain-in-tamil-film-hero-says-it-was-a-natural-progression-see-pics/story-37Htqb55BCANk46YIcg57J.html |archive-date=24 October 2019 |access-date=24 October 2019 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film was officially announced with its title ''Hero'' on 13 March 2019, with a formal pooja held, marking the commencement of the principal photography.<ref name="auto1" />

== Themes and influences ==
M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewed the film as a spiritual sequel to ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'' (1993).<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=20 December 2019 |title=Hero Movie Review: Fairly good vigilante film, middling superhero movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/hero/amp_movie_review/72895272.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424050350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/hero/amp_movie_review/72895272.cms |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=20 December 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Some of the scenes and inventions used in the film were actually based on real-life incidents, which includes the [[Water-fuelled car|salt-water engine]] and satellites using [[helium]] filled balloon.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1209372347330809856 |user=sathishmsk |title=#Hero film speaks about the unsung heroes. Scenes have been inspired been inspired from real life incidents. |first=Sathish Kumar |last=M |date=23 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224073732/https://twitter.com/sathishmsk/status/1209372347330809856 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2019 |title=Students launch satellite using helium-filled balloon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/students-launch-satellite-using-helium-filled-balloon/article26904440.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112164921/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/students-launch-satellite-using-helium-filled-balloon/article26904440.ece |archive-date=12 January 2020 |access-date=12 January 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hero
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">21 December 2019 {{small|(Singles)}} 9 January 2020 {{small|(Album)}}</div>
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:20
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Nerkonda Paarvai]]
| year = 2019
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Kalathil Santhippom]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc =
}}

The soundtrack album is composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, marking his second collaboration with Sivakarthikeyan and P. S. Mithran after ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' (2013) and ''[[Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]'' (2018) respectively. All the songs were released as singles, before being released as an album. The lyrics for the songs were written by [[Pa. Vijay]], [[Rokesh|G. Rokesh]] and rap versions were penned by Abby Simone and MC Sanna.

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title1 = Malto Kithapuleh
| length1 = 3:43
| title2 = Hero Title Track
| length2 = 4:16
| title3 = Overa Feel Pannuren
| length3 = 3:44
| title4 = Aayiram Mugangal
| length4 = 3:41
| title5 =
| length5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length = 15:20
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = Shyam Vishwanathan
| extra2 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], Abby Simone
| extra3 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], MC Sanna
| extra4 = [[Ilayaraaja]]
| note2 = Rap versions by Abby Simone
| note3 = Rap versions by MC Sanna
| all_lyrics = [[Pa. Vijay]], except where noted
| note1 = Lyrics written by [[Rokesh]]
}}

== Marketing ==
The title poster, announcing the release date of the film was launched by the makers on 27 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2019 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Hero release date announced |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-s-hero-release-date-announced-106269?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728121829/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-s-hero-release-date-announced-106269?amp |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The first look was released on 2 September 2019, on the day of [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayagar Chathurthi]], where Sivakarthikeyan was seen holding a mask.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2022 |title=Hero first-look poster out. Sivakarthikeyan is mysterious in PS Mithran film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/hero-first-look-poster-out-sivakarthikeyan-is-mysterious-in-ps-mithran-film-1594480-2019-09-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211102546/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/hero-first-look-poster-out-sivakarthikeyan-is-mysterious-in-ps-mithran-film-1594480-2019-09-02 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The second look was released on 18 October 2019. Sivakarthikeyan is presented wearing mask with fire and chaos all around.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 2019 |title=Sivakarthikeyan in 'Hero': masked crusader or superhero? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivakarthikeyan-in-hero-masked-crusader-or-superhero/article29736029.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018155435/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivakarthikeyan-in-hero-masked-crusader-or-superhero/article29736029.ece |archive-date=18 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The official teaser was launched by [[Salman Khan]] on 24 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=MB9Dj_YEMW0 |title=Hero Official Teaser {{!}} Sivakarthikeyan {{!}} Arjun {{!}} Yuvan Shankar Raja {{!}} P.S.Mithran |date=24 October 2019 |publisher=Lahari Music |via=YouTube}}</ref> The official trailer was released on 13 December 2019.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

As a part of the film's promotional purposes, the makers launched a new [[augmented reality]] game experience titled Play Hero, on 23 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2019 |title=Sivakarthikeyan-starrer 'Hero' gets an Augmented Reality game |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/nov/26/sivakarthikeyan-starrer-hero-gets-an-augmented-reality-game-2067009.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211103056/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/nov/26/sivakarthikeyan-starrer-hero-gets-an-augmented-reality-game-2067009.html |archive-date=11 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The latest poster of the film was launched on 28 November 2019. The production company KJR Studios, advertised the film in local trains, along with ''[[Dabangg 3]]'', for which the distribution rights were bought by the company.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1203601078563901441 |user=kjr_studios |title=#HeroTrain maapla! |date=8 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208091603/https://twitter.com/kjr_studios/status/1203601078563901441 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1203602712111116288 |user=kjr_studios |title=#Dabangg3 on wheels 🔥🔥 One of a kind train promotions for @BeingSalmanKhan's Tamil outing!💥 |date=8 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208092559/https://twitter.com/kjr_studios/status/1203602712111116288 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The makers also launched a one-of-a-kind upscale promotion, in which the "Hero" symbol is lighted up in buildings.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1203683802356207616 |user=kjr_studios |title=Testing something really UNIQUE & STUNNING for #Hero 🔥🔥🔥 Know where this is? |date=8 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208145620/https://twitter.com/kjr_studios/status/1203683802356207616 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 9 December 2019, the makers launched the official merchandise of the film teaming up with BeatRoute and Fully Filmy.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1204045625165135873 |user=kjr_studios |title=We're stoked to be launching the official #HeroMerchandise of EXCLUSIVE COLLECTABLES 🤩 ~Glow in the dark T-Shirt ~3D Embossed T-Shirt ~Pop grip ~Keychain ~Neck chain |date=9 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209144119/https://twitter.com/kjr_studios/status/1204045625165135873 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later the following day, on 10 December 2019, the makers released the [[WhatsApp]] stickers of the film.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1204272148749012992 |user=kjr_studios |title=#HEROWAStickers out now! 🔥🤗🤩 Download the app from google play store to start using the stickers on @WhatsApp 📱 |date=9 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210172610/https://twitter.com/kjr_studios/status/1204272148749012992 |archive-date=10 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 December 2019, the makers launched the Augmented Reality filter for [[Facebook]] and [[Instagram]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1204634693313810432 |user=kjr_studios |title=Now you too can become a #Hero🔥🔥 Check out #HeroARFilter for Facebook now! |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211075655/https://twitter.com/kjr_studios/status/1204634693313810432 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1204637985792086017 |user=kjr_studios |title=Unleash the #Hero in you with #HeroARFilter 🔥🔥🔥 Surprise, now out on Instagram too🤩🤩🤩 |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211102007/https://twitter.com/kjr_studios/status/1204637985792086017 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Theatrical trailer of the film was released on 13 December 2019, at [[Sathyam cinemas]] in [[Chennai]], and it was later released on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1204725164442701827 |user=kjr_studios |title=Much awaited. Much anticipated. We hope it'll be much loved too! #HeroTrailer🎭launch event happening at Sathyam Cinemas on Friday at 8 AM. Releasing online at 11:03 AM🕚 |date=11 December 2019 |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211191900/https://twitter.com/kjr_studios/status/1204725164442701827 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The makers also announced a promotional event at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], Chennai on 15 December 2019, coinciding with the [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2019–20#1st ODI|first ODI match between India and West Indies]] which was also hosted in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1205136975000297473 |user=kjr_studios |title=GUESS WHAT'S HAPPENING THIS SUNDAY? 🎭 |date=12 December 2019 |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213030456/https://twitter.com/kjr_studios/status/1205136975000297473 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released on 20 December 2019, clashing with ''[[Dabangg 3]]'', which was also distributed by KJR Studios.<ref name="reldate" /> The film released in [[Dubai]] on 19 December 2019, a day before its original release.

=== Distribution ===
The [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] distribution rights were acquired by the production house itself.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1207238561298206720 |user=kjr_studios |title=We are happy to announce the we will be doing the distribution of #Hero in the God's own country 🤩😍 |date=18 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218100002/https://twitter.com/kjr_studios/status/1207238561298206720 |archive-date=18 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Horizon Studio acquired the [[Karnataka]] distribution rights. The overseas rights were bought by AP International and Home Screen Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1205115632196280322 |user=GoldenCinemaGCC |title=. @Siva_Kartikeyan 's #Hero directed by @Psmithran , music by @thisisysr , starring @akarjunofficial , @AbhayDeol & @kalyanipriyan , is all set to release in UAE & GCC on 19th December! |date=12 December 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215040457/https://twitter.com/GoldenCinemaGCC/status/1205115632196280322 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The film collected {{INRConvert|1.64|c}} in the first weekend and {{INRConvert|57.19|l}} in the second weekend in [[Chennai]]. The film collected {{INRConvert|3.12|c}} in 10 days in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2019 |title=Box office collection: Karthi's Thambi overpowers Hero and Good Newwz in Chennai |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-karthis-thambi-overpowers-hero-good-newwz-chennai-811063 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112025146/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-karthis-thambi-overpowers-hero-good-newwz-chennai-811063 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5, stating that "A superhero story origin, that's also a spiritual sequel to Shankar's ''Gentleman''".<ref name="TOI" /> For ''[[Firstpost]]'', Sreedhar Pillai rated the 3/5, stating that "Mithran has given a neat commercial entertainer, which also calls for a rethink of our educational policy."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=20 December 2019 |title=Hero movie review: Sivakarthikeyan takes a detour from romantic comedies but film isn't thoroughly convincing |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hero-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-takes-a-detour-from-romantic-comedies-but-film-isnt-thoroughly-convincing-7806971.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114004054/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hero-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-takes-a-detour-from-romantic-comedies-but-film-isnt-thoroughly-convincing-7806971.html |archive-date=14 January 2020 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5, stating that "''Hero'' is a must watch for families this holiday season, which has a relevant message on the modern-day educational system."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2019 |title=Hero review: An-engaging-entertainer-for-families!! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/hero-review-an-engaging-entertainer-for-families-review-tamil-tmujazajhjacc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220060557/https://www.sify.com/movies/hero-review-an-engaging-entertainer-for-families-review-tamil-tmujazajhjacc.html |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, stating that "Hero had all the potential to become a proper superhero film sensible to Tamil cinema standards. But, the lumbering narrative (in a few portions), exaggerated scenes and illogical loopholes ruin the entire experience."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=20 December 2019 |title=Hero Movie Review: Sivakarthikeyan's film has interesting premise, but let down by execution |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/hero-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-s-film-has-interesting-premise-but-let-down-by-execution-1629925-2019-12-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922144654/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/hero-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-s-film-has-interesting-premise-but-let-down-by-execution-1629925-2019-12-20 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, stating that "Hero takes its messaging very, very seriously. The film is a scathing criticism of the good education system. It attacks colleges, pressurising parents, the spineless government, and above all, a syllabus that stifles originality and creativity, and in the words of Mahadev (Abhay Deol), "that is designed to create labourers." Moorthy (Arjun) says as much."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2019 |title=Hero Movie Review: A gentleman trains a hero in this okayish origins film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/dec/20/hero-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-arjun-kalyani-abhay-deol-ps-mithran-yuvan-shankar-raja-kjr-16150.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112171926/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/dec/20/hero-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-arjun-kalyani-abhay-deol-ps-mithran-yuvan-shankar-raja-kjr-16150.html |archive-date=12 January 2020 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5, stating that "Sivakarthikeyan's superpower is being super preachy."<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2019 |title=Hero movie review: Sivakarthikeyan's superpower is being super preachy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/hero-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-6176722/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115124047/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/hero-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-6176722/ |archive-date=15 January 2020 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] for ''[[Film Companion]]'' reviewed it as "The film is surprisingly understated. It steers clear of massy "hero" moments, and there's a lot of clear, clean thinking in the writing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=20 December 2019 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's superhero saga needed more punch, but it's still solid |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/hero-movie-review-ps-mithran-sivakarthikeyan-kalyani-priyadarshan-abhay-deol-arjun-sarja-baradwaj-rangan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606110242/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/hero-movie-review-ps-mithran-sivakarthikeyan-kalyani-priyadarshan-abhay-deol-arjun-sarja-baradwaj-rangan/ |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi for Cinestaan reviewed the film as "PS Mithran's Hero is the Gentleman tribute we needed and it's a film that pretty much gets everything right."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=21 December 2019 |title=Hero review: Sivakarthikeyan-starrer is a Gentleman tribute that needed more punch |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/hero-41340 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112172803/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/hero-41340 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== Potential sequel ==
During the film's audio launch in December 2019, the actor indicated there might be a sequel titled ''Hero 2''. He said that the film could become a franchise if ''Hero'' becomes a super hit and if the director is available. These comments fuelled speculation early on that the film would develop into a franchise.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 December 2019|title=Sivakarthikeyan hints 'Hero 2' could be on the cards|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-hints-hero-2-could-be-on-the-cards/articleshow/72532564.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Prior to the film's release, aspiring filmmaker Bosco Prabhu reported Mithran to South Indian Film Writers Association, accusing him of plagiarising his script registered with the association in 2017 and making it into ''Hero''. After a scrutiny with 18 EC members, film director [[K. Bhagyaraj]], who is the head of the association, pointed out the plots of ''Hero'' and Bosco's scripts were both the same. Mithran denied any plagiarism, claiming the film had a different plot. Post the association's decision, Bhagyaraj sent Mithran a letter telling him to compensate and give Bosco credits for Hero's story. When Mithran did not respond and went ahead with the film's release, Bhagyaraj insisted Bosco to go to court, assuring him of the association's support.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2019 |title=Hero mired in story theft controversy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/261219/hero-mired-in-story-theft-controversy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226041531/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/261219/hero-mired-in-story-theft-controversy.html |archive-date=26 December 2019 |access-date=26 December 2019 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

Feeling the members of the association compared the core plots instead of screenplay, Mithran stated that the film's story was incorporated from many stories found in newspaper articles and real-life incidents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2019 |title=PS Mithran reacts to Sivakarthikeyan's 'Hero' plagiarism charges |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ps-mithran-reacts-sivakarthikeyan-s-hero-plagiarism-charges-114822 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226222755/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ps-mithran-reacts-sivakarthikeyan-s-hero-plagiarism-charges-114822 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |access-date=26 December 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> He also wrote back to the president of the Writers' Association, denying any plagiarism of Bosco's script, and requesting them to compare and reviews both scripts before reaching a conclusion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Hero' story theft issue – Director P.S. Mithran opens up |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sivakarthikeyan-hero-script-stolen-issue-p-s-mithran-clarifies-bosco-prabhu-original-story-2017-news-250151 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226114216/https://www.indiaglitz.com/sivakarthikeyan-hero-script-stolen-issue-p-s-mithran-clarifies-bosco-prabhu-original-story-2017-news-250151 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |access-date=24 December 2019 |website=Indiaglitz.com}}</ref> In 2020, months after the film started streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]], the court gave a judgement in favour of Prabhu and issued an interim order that resulted in the film being banned from television airings and getting taken down from Prime Video.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2020 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Hero' to not be aired on television due to the ongoing plagiarism case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-hero-to-not-be-aired-on-television-due-to-the-ongoing-plagiarism-case/articleshow/75218851.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420235959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-hero-to-not-be-aired-on-television-due-to-the-ongoing-plagiarism-case/articleshow/75218851.cms |archive-date=20 April 2020 |access-date=18 April 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In May 2020, the case was resolved and the film was reinstated on Prime Video.<ref name="banlift">{{Cite news |date=3 May 2020 |title=Ban on Sivakarthikeyan's 'Hero' finally lifted |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ban-on-sivakarthikeyans-hero-finally-lifted/articleshow/75515739.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504095352/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ban-on-sivakarthikeyans-hero-finally-lifted/articleshow/75515739.cms |archive-date=4 May 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=10709232}}

[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2010s vigilante films]]
[[Category:2019 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. S. Mithran]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Indian superhero films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:2019 controversies]]
[[Category:2010s superhero films]]
[[Category:Films based on newspaper and magazine articles]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Vinitha

2026-05-01T16:03:47Z

OrenCombs50836: post

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Vinitha
| image = Vinitha.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|10|19}}
| occupation = Author, editor
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| period = 2007–present
| genre = Children's literature, fiction, non-fiction, [[picture books]]
| awards = FICCI Publishing Awards, Neev Book Award
| spouse =
| children = 2
| website = {{URL|https://vinithastories.com/}}
}}
'''Vinitha Ramchandani''' is an Indian author of over 30 books tailored for [[Children's literature|children]] and [[Young adult literature|young adults]], spanning [[genre fiction]], non-fiction, and picture books.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2013 |editor-last=Chattopadhyay |editor-first=Debina |title=Pied Piper of Bandra |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/interview-pied-piper-of-bandra-1930492 |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinitha Ramchandani (Author and Editor) |url=https://thewritescene.com/blog/interview-with-vinitha/ |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=TheWriteScene}}</ref> Notably, her book ''Sera Learns to Fly'' won the Best Children's Book of the Year award at the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|FICCI]] Publishing Awards in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2020 |title=Books should not merely reflect society but should pave the way to create society - Chairman, NBT, India |url=https://beta.ficci.in/pressrelease-page.asp?nid=3595 |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=[[FICCI]]}}</ref><ref name="FICCI Award">{{Cite web |date=13 January 2020 |title=FICCI Publishing Awards given away |url=https://curriculum-magazine.com/ficci-publishing-awards-given-away/ |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=Curriculum Magazine}}</ref> while ''Lost and Found in a Mumbai Koliwada'' received multiple award nominations in 2020. Also her children's picture-book ''Ammu and the Sparrows'' gained recognition by being listed on the Parag Honour List<ref name="Parag Award">{{Cite web |title=Parag New Release |url=https://www.paragreads.in/parag-reads/parag-new-release/ |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=Parag Reads}}</ref> and receiving the prestigious Neev Literature Award in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ammu and The Sparrows |url=https://www.neevliteraturefestival.org/shortlist/ammu-and-the-sparrows/ |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=Neev Literature Festival}}</ref> Four of her stories have been integrated into the curricula of educational boards such as [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] and [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka's Little Turtle |url=https://www.big-slate.com/study/en/c/b3052008/priyankas-little-turtle-vinitha-ramchandani |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=BigSlate}}</ref>

==Career==
Vinitha has worked in the fields of editing and writing for over 20 years. Her writing spans both fiction and creative non-fiction, covering topics such as the environment, [[body positivity]], and emotional well-being for children. Notably, she has explored urban living spaces and their relevance to children through her popular column, 'Mumbai for Kids,' published in the tabloid [[Mid-Day]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinitha Ramchandani |url=https://www.mid-day.com/search/vinitha-ramchandani-articles |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=Mid-Day}}</ref> as well as 'City Mosaic Series' published in the People Places Project.

Her literary endeavors extend beyond traditional storytelling formats. She co-authored 'Once Upon a Story' with Dr. [[Swati Popat Vats]], a book for teachers exploring the life and teaching methodology of [[Gijubhai Badheka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2019 |title=Once Upon a Story- A book launched on the teachings of educationist, Gijubhai Badeka|url=https://www.punekarnews.in/once-upon-a-story-a-book-launched-on-the-teachings-of-educationist-gijubhai-badeka/ |website=PunekarNews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2019 |title=What Makes a Good Teacher? An Excerpt From Once Upon A Story|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/home-top-video/swati-popat-vats-book-excerpt/ |website=SheThePeople}}</ref> Furthermore, Vinitha's poetic work also got featured in publications such as The Alipore Post [[Poetry Archive]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=The Alipore Post Poetry Archive |url=https://www.thealiporepost.com/post/the-alipore-post-poetry-archive |website=The Alipore Post |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=21 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421020326/https://www.thealiporepost.com/post/the-alipore-post-poetry-archive |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In recognition of her dedication to empathy and education, Vinitha was honored with the Kalinga Fellowship in 2018 for her work with urban school children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalinga Fellowship 2018 Report |url=https://www.kalingafellowship.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2018-Kalinga-Fellowship-Report-2.pdf |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=Kalinga Fellowship}}</ref> Additionally, she was awarded a scholarship at [[Hedgebrook]]’s Writers in Residence Program in 2020, supporting fully-funded residencies for selected women-identified writers.{{Cn|date=May 2024}}

== Awards and recognitions ==
*FICCI's Special Jury Award for Best Book of the Year (Age Category Below 10), 2020 for ''Sera Learns to Fly''<ref name="FICCI Award" />
*Parag Honour List and Neev Literature Award, 2021 for ''Ammu and the Sparrows''<ref name="Parag Award" />
*Parag Honour List 2024 for [[Jamini Roy]]'s Unbroken Lines<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parag Honour List Books |url=https://www.paragreads.in/parag-reads/parag-honour-list-books/?author=Vinitha |website=Parag Reads}}</ref>

== Works ==
*{{cite book |title=Mom's Going to Have a Baby: The Reproductive System |date=2007 |publisher=IETS Publication |isbn=978-81-89636-36-4 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=The Tiger Charmer |date=2008 |publisher=Mango, DC Books |isbn=978-8126421855 |language=English, Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=The Birdman |date=2008 |publisher=Mango, DC Books |isbn=978-8126420803 |language=English, Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=When the Mountains Laughed |date=2008 |publisher=Mango, DC Books |isbn=978-8126421862 |language=English, Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=Turtle Tales |date=2008 |publisher=Mango, DC Books |isbn=978-8126421459 |language=English, Malayalam}} (CBSE curriculum)
*{{cite book |title=Living Dreams |date=2008 |publisher=Mango, DC Books |isbn=978-8126455904 |language=English, Malayalam}} (ICSE curriculum)
*{{cite book |title=Krishna and the Ducks |date=2008 |publisher=Mango, DC Books |isbn=978-8126420827 |language=English, Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=Unni's Story |date=2008 |publisher=Mango, DC Books |isbn=978-8126421442 |language=English, Malayalam}} (CBSE curriculum)
*{{cite book |title=Sethu Learns to Smile |date=2008 |publisher=Mango, DC Books |isbn=978-8126421435 |language=English, Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=Mallika and the Cobra |date=2008 |publisher=Mango, DC Books |isbn=978-8126420810 |language=English, Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=Meerabai |date=2011 |publisher=Mango Classics, DC Books |isbn=978-8126433001 |language=English, Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=The Tongue Cut Sparrow and Other Stories |date=2011 |publisher=Mango, DC Books |isbn=978-8126430819 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=The Mirror of Matsuyama and the Stone Cutter and other Japanese Folk Tales |date=2011 |publisher=Mango DC Books |isbn=978-8126430802 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=Living with Bonsai |date=2012 |publisher=Simon and Schuster India |isbn=978-8184620504 |language=English}} (Ghost-written)
*{{cite book |title=Character-Building Tales from Aesop's |date=2013 |publisher=Smile Books |isbn=9789382238614 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=Character Building Bedtime Stories |date=2013 |publisher=Smile Books |isbn=978-9382238669 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=Vriksha: Original Tree Stories and Real Tree Facts |date=2013 |publisher=Mango, DC Books |isbn=9788126443598 |language=English}} <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2016 |title=Trees are treasures |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/trees-are-treasures/article5853914.ece |website=TheHindu}}</ref>
*{{cite book |title=People Called Mumbai: Children's Version |date=2015 |publisher=FunOKPlease |isbn=978-9381593264 |language=English}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=Dive into history |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/011018/dive-into-history.html |website=TheAsianAge}}</ref>
*{{cite book |title=Subhas Chandra Bose: What Netaji Did, What Netaji Said |date=2015 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-9350098301 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=Sera Learns to Fly |date=2018 |publisher=Katha India |isbn=978-9388284035 |language=English, Hindi}}
*{{cite book |title=Lost and Found in a Mumbai Koliwada |date=2019 |publisher=The People Place Project & Penguin Random House |isbn=978-9387280519 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=Rain: A City Through Seasons |date=2019 |publisher=The People Place Project & Penguin Random House |isbn= 978-9-38728-051-9 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=Once Upon a Story: Divaswapna and the Gijubhai Method |date=2019 |publisher=The Write Place & Authors Upfront |isbn= 978-9-38728-031-1 |language=English}} Co-Written with Dr Swati Popat Vats
*{{cite book |title=Ammu and the Sparrows |date=2020 |publisher=Partham Books |isbn= 978-93-90190-57-7 |language=English, Marathi, Hindi, Kannada, Telugu, Nepali, Indonesian}}
*{{cite book |title=Be Careful Bappa |date=2021 |publisher=The People Place Project & Penguin Random House |isbn= 978-9-38443-994-1 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=Yaari: An Anthology on Friendship by Women and Queer Folx |date=2022 |publisher=Yoda Press |isbn=978-9382579168 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=Fabulous Fables from India |date=2023 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-9356990043 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=Stories from the Panchatantra |date=2023 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-93-5699-458-4 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=Jamin Roy's Unbroken Lines |date=2023 |publisher= Art1st |isbn=978-8194210931 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=Hug Yourself: Body Positivity and Empowerment Stories for Teenagers |date=2024 |publisher= Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0143470557 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=The Girl Who Wouldn't Stay Within the Lines|date=2025 |publisher= Daffodil Lane Books |isbn=978-9365375251 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=Simple Not Easy|date=2026|publisher= Crosswords Bookstores Private Limited |isbn=978-9349943506 |language=English}} Co-Written with Rajneesh Mahajan
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://vinithastories.com/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vinitha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

[[Category:Indian women children's writers]]

[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
{{improve categories|date=May 2024}}

Sanjiv Khanna

2026-04-24T20:58:50Z

OrenCombs50836: new

{{Short description|51st Chief Justice of India (November 2024 to May 2025)}}
{{Distinguish|Sanjeev Khanna}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjiv Khanna
| image = Chief Justice Sanjiv Khanna.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2024
| order = 51st
| status =
| office = Chief Justice of India
| term_start = 11 November 2024
| term_end = 13 May 2025
| succeeded = [[Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| office1 = Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start1 = 18 January 2019
| term_end1 = 10 November 2024
| nominator1 = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| office2 = Judge of [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start2 = 24 June 2005
| term_end2 = 17 January 2019
| nominator2 = [[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]]
| appointer2 = [[A P J Abdul Kalam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|05|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| alma_mater = [[St Stephen's College, Delhi]], ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi|Faculty of Law, Delhi]], ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| relations = [[Hans Raj Khanna]] (uncle)
| children = 2
}}
'''Sanjiv Khanna '''(born 14 May 1960) is a retired Indian jurist who served as the [[List of chief justices of India|51st]] [[Chief Justice of India]] from 11 November 2024 to 13 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjiv Khanna |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/sanjiv-khanna/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111052516/https://www.scobserver.in/judges/sanjiv-khanna/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was the ''ex officio'' Patron-in-Chief of the [[National Legal Services Authority]] and the [[de facto]] Chancellor of the [[National Law School of India University]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-10-24 |title=Justice Sanjiv Khanna to take oath as Chief Justice of India on November 11, 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/justice-sanjiv-khanna-to-take-oath-as-chief-justice-of-india-on-11-11-2024/article68792732.ece |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He has also served as a judge at the [[Delhi High Court]].

==Early life and background==
Sanjiv Khanna was born on 14 May 1960.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Deka |first=Kaushik |date=12 November 2024 |title=Family legacy to high-stakes verdicts: What to expect from CJI Sanjiv Khanna in six months |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/family-legacy-to-high-stakes-verdicts-what-to-expect-from-cji-sanjiv-khanna-in-six-months-2632295-2024-11-12 |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref>

Khanna's uncle was [[Hans Raj Khanna]], a former judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vishwanath |first=Apurva |date=2024-10-24 |title=Justice Sanjiv Khanna appointed next Chief Justice of India, will enter office Nov 11 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/justice-sanjiv-khanna-appointed-next-chief-justice-of-india-9637179/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Hans Raj, who propounded the [[basic structure doctrine]] in 1973 and famously delivered the lone dissenting judgement in the [[ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla|ADM Jabalpur v. Shiv Kant Shukla]] case, popularly known as the [[Habeas corpus|Habeas Corpus]] case, in 1976, was superseded to the office of the [[Chief Justice of India]] by [[M. H. Beg]] at the behest of the then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]], protesting which he resigned from the court in early 1977.<ref>{{cite web |title=CJ & Sitting Judges |url=http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/cjsittingjudges.asp |accessdate=12 January 2019 |publisher=Delhi High Court |archive-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816090653/http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/cjsittingjudges.asp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=SC recommends names of Justices Maheshwari, Sanjiv Khanna as top court judges |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sc-recommends-names-of-justices-maheshwari-sanjiv-khanna-as-top-court-judges/articleshow/67498650.cms |accessdate=12 January 2019 |work=Samanwaya Rautray |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=12 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112153012/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sc-recommends-names-of-justices-maheshwari-sanjiv-khanna-as-top-court-judges/articleshow/67498650.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="54CJI">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2021 |title=7 Next CJIs |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/7-next-cji-s/ |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Supreme Court Observer |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228123417/https://www.scobserver.in/journal/7-next-cji-s/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Education ===
Khanna completed his schooling at the [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School]], [[New Delhi]], in 1977.<ref name=":1" /> After graduating from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] in 1980 with a [[Bachelor of Arts]], he studied Law at Campus Law Centre of the [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]], in the same batch as Justice [[Indu Malhotra]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mittal |first1=Radhika |date=6 November 2024 |title=Sanjiv Khanna: The Future Chief Justice of India and His Journey to the Apex Court - Desi Kaanoon |url=https://desikaanoon.in/sanjiv-khanna-the-future-chief-justice-of-india-and-his-journey-to-the-apex-court/ |website=Desi Kaanoon}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==Career==
Khanna was enrolled as an Advocate in the [[Bar Council of Delhi]] in the year 1983. In 2004, he also served as the Standing Counsel (Civil) for the [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]], and before this appointment, he was working as the Senior Standing Counsel for the [[Income Tax Department]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Naaz |first=Fareha |date=25 October 2024 |title=Justice Sanjiv Khanna's journey: Modern School, St Stephen's alumni to becoming India's next Chief Justice |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/justice-sanjiv-khannas-journey-from-early-life-to-becoming-indias-next-chief-justice-11729830754928.html |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=Mint |archive-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113013526/https://www.livemint.com/news/justice-sanjiv-khannas-journey-from-early-life-to-becoming-indias-next-chief-justice-11729830754928.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 24 June 2005, he was elevated as an additional judge of the Delhi High Court and made permanent on 20 February 2006. He was elevated as a judge of the Supreme Court of India on 18 January 2019. Khanna was elevated despite 32 other High Court judges being more senior than him.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2024-10-26 |title=Sanjiv Khanna: A servant of justice |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sanjiv-khanna-a-servant-of-justice/article68800869.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-11-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110150535/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sanjiv-khanna-a-servant-of-justice/article68800869.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> His elevation sparked controversy within judicial circles; however, his appointment was approved by the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Droupadi Murmu administering the oath of office to Justice Sanjiv Khanna as the Chief Justice of India.jpg|thumb|[[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]] administering the oath of office to Justice Sanjiv Khanna as the [[Chief Justice of India]].]]
On 17 October 2024, in accordance with central government convention, the outgoing Chief Justice [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]] recommended the name of Justice Khanna as the next Chief Justice to the [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=18 October 2024 |title=CJI Chandrachud names Justice Sanjiv Khanna as successor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cji-chandrachud-names-justice-j-sanjiv-khanna-as-successor/article68763371.ece |access-date=12 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn= |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111065354/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cji-chandrachud-names-justice-j-sanjiv-khanna-as-successor/article68763371.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Khanna took oath as the 51st Chief Justice of India (CJI) after the retirement of Chief Justice Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud on 11 November 2024 during a ceremony held at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhargava |first=Ashish Kumar |date=30 October 2024 |title=Parents Of Sanjiv Khanna, Next Chief Justice Of India, Wanted Him To Be Chartered Accountant |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/parents-of-sanjiv-khanna-next-cji-wanted-him-to-be-chartered-accountant-6908395 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=NDTV |archive-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113011436/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/parents-of-sanjiv-khanna-next-cji-wanted-him-to-be-chartered-accountant-6908395 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-11 |title=Justice Sanjiv Khanna takes oath as 51st Chief Justice of India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sanjiv-khanna-swearing-in-chief-justice-of-india-9663793/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2024-11-11 |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111065915/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sanjiv-khanna-swearing-in-chief-justice-of-india-9663793/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Khanna retired as the CJI on 13 May 2025,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=14 May 2025 |title=Ex-CJI Sanjiv Khanna declares: No post-retirement roles for me |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/excji-sanjiv-khanna-declares-no-post-retirement-roles-for-me-11747191196537.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514050709/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/excji-sanjiv-khanna-declares-no-post-retirement-roles-for-me-11747191196537.html |archive-date=14 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=Mint |url-status=live }}</ref> and was succeeded by [[Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai]] as the next CJI.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojha |first=Srishti |date=14 May 2025 |title=Justice BR Gavai takes oath as Chief Justice today, first Buddhist in the role |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/justice-bhushan-ramkrishna-gavai-br-gavai-take-oath-52nd-chief-justice-of-india-cji-first-buddhist-scheduled-castes-in-role-2724415-2025-05-14 |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref> Khanna stated that he would not accept any official roles after his retirement; however, he would seek to remain in the field of law.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2025 |title=CJI Sanjiv Khanna declines post-retirement role, plans 'third innings' in law |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cji-sanjiv-khanna-declines-post-retirement-role-plans-third-innings-in-law/articleshow/121153652.cms |access-date=17 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Khanna is married and has two children.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahapatra |first=Dhananjay |date=2024-10-30 |title=As CJI, Justice Khanna to focus on paring pendency |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/as-cji-justice-khanna-to-focus-on-paring-pendency/articleshow/114748841.cms |access-date=2024-11-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113031209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/as-cji-justice-khanna-to-focus-on-paring-pendency/articleshow/114748841.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Chief Justices of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, Sanjiv}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Modern School (New Delhi) alumni]]
[[Category:Lawyers from New Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Chief justices of India]]

Yudhvir Singh Judeo

2026-04-23T01:13:41Z

OrenCombs50836: added

{{Short description|Indian politician (1982–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Yudhvir Singh Judeo
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1982|3|1}}
| birth_place = [[Ratlam]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2021|9|20|1982|3|1}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] for [[Chandrapur (Chhattisgarh assembly constituency)|Chandrapur]]
| constituency =
| term_start = 8 December 2008
| term_end = 11 December 2018
| predecessor = Nobel Kumar Verma, [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| successor = Ram Kumar Yadav, [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Sanyogita Singh Judeo
| children = 1
| website =
| footnotes =
| source =
| office3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| parents = [[Dilip Singh Judeo]] (father)
| country = India
| profession = Politician
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Yudhvir Singh Judeo''' (1 March 1982 – 20 September 2021) was an Indian politician and son of former Union Minister and BJP Leader Kumar [[Dilip Singh Judeo]]. He was a [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] for the [[Chandrapur (Chhattisgarh assembly constituency)|Chandrapur]] constituency from 2008 to 2018. He was a scion of the Jashpur Royal Family.

==Political career==
Judeo was first elected to the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chandrapur (Chhattisgarh assembly constituency)|Chandrapur]] constituency in 2008 and became [[Parliamentary secretary]] in [[Raman Singh]]'s Government. Also he got re-elected in the 2013 assembly election and became chairman of Chhattisgarh state beverages corporation (cabinet minister rank).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cgvidhansabha.gov.in/hindi_new/mla_biodata_4th/36.pdf |title= Resume |website=cgvidhansabha.gov.in |format=PDF|access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/2013-election-results.html|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election 2013 - results, polling stats, winners and more.|website=www.elections.in|access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Yudhvir Singh Judeo was married to Rajkumari Sanyogita Singh Judeo, daughter of Majhale Raja Sawai Ashit Varn Singh Judeo and [[Rani]] Anjana Singh of erstwhile [[Ajaigarh|Ajaigarh State]] on 25 February 2012 from [[Constitution Club of India]] in [[New Delhi]]. The couple had a daughter Kumari Udhyanjana Singh Judeo born on 1 May 2013. He died on 20 September 2021 at the age of 39. He was suffering from a liver-related ailment for years and was under treatment for the last one month prior to his death.<ref>[https://thenewscorridor.com/2021/09/20/yudhveer-singh-judev-passes-away/ Yudhveer Singh Judev passes away]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Judeo, Yudhvir Singh}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ratlam]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2013–2018]]

{{Chhattisgarh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Shyari Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:35:10Z

OrenCombs50836: details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| constituency_no = 23
| name = Shyari
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Tenzing Norbu Lamtha]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Sikkim]]
| district = [[Gangtok district|Gangtok]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
| established = 2008
| electors = {{formatnum:16196}}<ref>{{cite web
| title = Voter Turnout Sikkim Election 2024
| url = https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/VOTER%20TURNOUT%20SIKKIM%20ELECTION%202024.pdf
| website = CEO Sikkim
| publisher = Chief Electoral Office, Sikkim
| access-date = 2025-08-09
}}</ref>
| reservation = BL
}}
'''Shyari Assembly constituency''' is one of the 32 assembly constituencies of [[Sikkim]], a north east state of [[India]]. This constituency falls under [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/sikkim/assembly-constituencies/shyari.html Shyari Assembly constituency Elections]</ref><ref>[http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/09_Delimitation%20act%2C%202002.pdf THE DELIMITATION ACT, 2002]</ref>

This constituency is reserved for members of the [[Bhutia-Lepcha]] community.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Karma Tempo Namgyal Gyaltsen || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=2 | [[Kunga Nima Lepcha]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Tenzing Norbu Lamtha]]|| {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Shyari<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tenzing Norbu Lamtha]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front|votes=6,633 |percentage=51.84% |change={{increase}}8.62}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kunga Nima Lepcha]]|party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|votes=5,319|percentage=41.57%|change={{decrease}}12.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pempo Dorjee Lepcha|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=403|percentage=3.15%|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Citizen Action Party – Sikkim]]
|candidate = Sonam Tshering Lepcha
|votes = 268
|percentage = 2.09%
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=93|percentage=0.73%|change={{decrease}}0.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Karma Tashi Bhutia|votes=80|percentage=0.63%|change={{decrease}}0.76}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,356 |percentage=10.60% |change= {{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,796|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =16196 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Shyari<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kunga Nima Lepcha]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=6,638 |percentage=54.31% |change={{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Wangdi Bhutia |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,282 |percentage=43.22% |change={{decrease}}1.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chewang Dorjee Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=170 |percentage=1.39% |change={{steady}} }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=132 |percentage=1.08% |change={{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,356 |percentage=11.09% |change= {{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,222 |percentage=77.69% |change= {{decrease}}3.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,732 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |swing= {{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Shyari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kunga Nima Lepcha]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=5,324 |percentage=52.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Tempo Namgyal Gyaltsen |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,588 |percentage=45.01% |change={{decrease}}18.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samdup Dorjee Lama |party=Indian National Congress |votes=142 |percentage=1.39% |change={{decrease}}33.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=140 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=736 |percentage=7.22% |change= {{decrease}}21.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,194 |percentage=80.76% |change= {{decrease}}0.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,623 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}10.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Shyari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Tempo Namgyal Gyaltsen |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,034 |percentage=63.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kunga Nima Lepcha]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,753 |percentage=34.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Tshering Sherpa |party=Sikkim Gorkha Party |votes=97 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ang Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad |votes=87 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,281 |percentage=28.62% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,971 |percentage=81.51% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,779 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Gangtok district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}
{{coords|27.315|88.608|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Gangtok district]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Trent Limited

2026-04-18T08:55:26Z

OrenCombs50836: done

{{short description|Indian retail company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Trent Limited
| logo = Trent Limited.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = Insidelulu1.jpg
|bSize = 360
|cWidth = 245
|cHeight = 150
|oTop = 20
|oLeft= 0
|Location=center
}}
| image_caption = Westside store in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|TRENT}}|{{BSE|500251}}|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent|[[BSE SENSEX]] constituent}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1952}} (as [[Lakmé Cosmetics|Lakmé Limited]])<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=About Us2.0 |url=https://trentlimited.com/pages/copy-of-about-us2-0 |website=Trent Limited |access-date=17 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
----
{{start date and age|1998}} (as Trent Limited)<ref name="about"/>
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location_country = India
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Noel Tata]] {{small|(Chairman)}}|P. Venkatesalu {{small|(CEO)}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vijayraghavan |first1=Kala |last2=Mascarenhas |first2=Rajesh |title=Trent plans global retail push after acing it in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/trent-plans-global-retail-push-after-acing-it-in-india/articleshow/110645533.cms |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=3 June 2024}}</ref>}}
| num_employees = 25,277 (March 2024)<ref name="ar">{{cite web |title=Annual Report |url=https://docs.trent-tata.com/TrentLimited/AGM%20%20documents/2023-24/Seventy%20Second%20Annual%20Report%20FY%202023-24.pdf |publisher=Trent Limited |access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref>
| industry = [[Retail]]
| locations =
| parent = [[Tata Group]]
| ISIN = INE849A01020
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|17353|c}} (FY2025)
| operating_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|2029|c}} (FY2025)
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|1534|c}} (FY2025)
| homepage = {{url|https://trentlimited.com}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref name="fy23">{{cite news |title=Trent Q4 FY25 results|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/e1982b0d-f653-4ad7-b04e-94b469776b39.pdf |language=en |publisher=Trent Limited |access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Trent Limited''' ([[portmanteau]] of Tata Retail Enterprise) is an Indian [[retail]] company, which is part of the [[Tata Group]] and based in [[Mumbai]]. Started in 1998, Trent owns and operates fashion and lifestyle [[retail format]]s such as Westside, [[Zudio]] and Utsa. The company also runs retail chains like Star Bazaar and [[Zara (retailer)|Zara]] through joint ventures.

==History==
In 1998, the Tatas sold off their 50% stake in [[Lakmé Cosmetics]] to [[Hindustan Unilever Limited|Hindustan Lever]] for {{INRConvert|200|c|year=1998|mode=historical}}, and created Trent with the proceeds from the sale. [[Simone Tata]], the chairperson of Lakmé, went on to head Trent. The company began operations in 1998, after acquiring the only store of [[Littlewoods]] in [[Bangalore]] and renaming the store "Westside".<ref>{{cite news |title=Noel Tata's decisions help Trent come out at the top |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/the-tortoise-that-came-in-from-the-cold-244602-2009-10-23 |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=Business Today}}</ref>

Trent operated only Westside stores until 2004, when it opened its first Star Bazaar [[hypermarket]] in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Trent's Westside opens 100th store in Bhubaneswar |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-tata-trents-westside-opens-100th-store-in-bhubaneswar-423450/ |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Trent to launch value stores for apparel in next 6 months |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/C20aCIsqqqP5QBi5PxzaFO/Trent-to-launch-value-stores-for-apparel-in-next-6-months.html |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=Mint}}</ref>

In 2005, Trent acquired a 76% controlling stake in [[Landmark Bookstores]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/31/stories/2005083101750800.htm |title=Trent acquires 76% stake in Landmark for Rs 103.6 cr |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |date=2005-08-31 |accessdate=2011-02-23}}</ref> a [[Chennai]]-based privately owned books and music retailer, and completed 100% acquisition in April 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2008/05/01/stories/2008050150190500.htm |title=Trent buys out Landmark promoter |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |date=2008-05-01 |accessdate=2011-02-23}}</ref>

In 2007, Trent entered a franchisee agreement with [[Benetton Group]] to set up Sisley stores in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trent ties up with Benetton to promote Sisley brand |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/trent-ties-up-with-benetton-to-promote-sisley-brand/articleshow/2379980.cms |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=18 September 2007}}</ref> In 2008, Trent launched value fashion stores called Fashion Yatra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trent launches new apparel format 'Fashion Yatra' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/trent-launches-new-apparel-format-fashion-yatra/articleshow/3620403.cms |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> However, by 2012, the company shut down all Fashion Yatra stores and later terminated its Sisley agreement in an effort to shelve loss-making ventures.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trent closing stores in value fashion chain |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/trent-closing-stores-in-value-fashion-chain-112020800065_1.html |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

In 2009, Trent and [[Inditex]] established a 49:51 [[joint venture]] to run [[Zara (retailer)|Zara]] stores in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trent forms JV with Inditex to promote Zara stores |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/trent-forms-jv-with-inditex-to-promote-zara-stores/articleshow/4080722.cms |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=5 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=For Tata's Trent, Zara is just a 'financial investment' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/for-tata-s-trent-zara-is-just-a-financial-investment-115071000010_1.html |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> Two years later, the two companies entered a similar agreement to open [[Massimo Dutti]] stores in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trent-Inditex to bring Massimo Dutti to India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/trent-inditex-to-bring-massimo-dutti-to-india-111072300078_1.html |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

In 2014, [[Tesco]] acquired a 50% stake in Star Bazaar for £85 million and became a joint venture partner.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tesco forms JV with Trent for multi-brand retail in India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tesco-forms-jv-with-trent-for-multi-brand-retail-in-india-114032100826_1.html |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tesco completes JV with Trent; first foreign supermarket chain to bring FDI in multi-brand retail |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/tesco-completes-jv-with-trent-first-foreign-supermarket-chain-to-bring-fdi-in-multi-brand-retail/articleshow/36050618.cms |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=5 June 2014}}</ref> After the establishment of the joint venture, Star Bazaar started [[supermarket]] format Star Market and small [[convenience store]] format Star Daily,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Sapna |title=After a lull, Star Bazaar plans store expansion |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/5ZSRjZxrno5V1UDtUaBmdI/After-a-lull-Star-Bazaar-plans-store-expansion.html |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=mint |date=20 December 2015 |language=en}}</ref> but discontinued the latter by early 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Shutter down: Trent shuts all 20 Star Daily stores |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-shutter-down-trent-shuts-all-20-star-daily-stores-1128815/ |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=Financial Express |date=11 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> when it began its [[online grocery]] service called StarQuik.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata group's Trent revamps online grocery operations, launches portal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tata-group-s-trent-revamps-online-grocery-operations-launches-portal-118011500051_1.html |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

In 2015, Trent entered into a partnership with [[Sonae]] to open and operate [[Sport Zone]] outlets in India, but the venture was later dissolved.<ref>{{cite news |title=Portugal's Sonae bets on India for sporting retail growth |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL8N0XO35Z/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="setter"/>

In 2016, Trent opened its first [[Zudio]] store in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Noel Tata's masterstroke in retail |url=https://www.business-standard.com/opinion/columns/noel-tata-s-masterstroke-in-retail-123082801246_1.html |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> Over the subsequent years, the number of Zudio stores grew at a faster rate than Trent's flagship format Westside, driven by high [[Asset turnover|turnover]] of Zudio's relatively inexpensive [[fast fashion]] clothing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Sesa |title=Zudio, Tata's Retail Sensation, Is Now Bigger Than Westside |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/profit-insights/tatas-retail-gem-zudio-is-now-bigger-than-westside |access-date=3 May 2025 |work=NDTV Profit |date=23 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tandon |first1=Suneera |title=Trent speeds up Zudio expansion, adds over 200 stores last fiscal |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/trent-speeds-up-zudio-expansion-adds-over-200-stores-last-fiscal-11716262775192.html |access-date=3 May 2025 |work=Mint |date=21 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="pyra"/>

In 2019, Trent acquired a 51% stake in [[Booker Wholesale|Booker India]] for {{INRconvert|22|c|mode=historical|year=2019}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trent to acquire 51% stake in Booker India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/trent-to-acquire-51-stake-in-booker-india/articleshow/71280828.cms |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=24 September 2019}}</ref> After the [[COVID-19 pandemic|outbreak of COVID-19]], Trent [[Positioning (marketing)|repositioned]] Landmark Bookstores as a beauty and accessories retailer called Misbu. In 2023, the company started [[occasionwear]] chain, Samoh.<ref name="setter">{{cite news |title=The trend setter |url=https://www.iiflcap.com/Upload/Research/IIFL_-_Trent_-_Company_update_-_Oct_2023_-_20231026.pdf |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=IIFL}}</ref>

In 2024, the company began operating internationally with the opening of a Zudio store in [[Dubai]].<ref name="pyra">{{cite news |title=How the bottom-of-the-pyramid strategy worked out for Zudio |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fashion-/-cosmetics-/-jewellery/how-the-bottom-of-the-pyramid-strategy-worked-out-for-zudio/articleshow/114018651.cms |access-date=3 May 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=7 October 2024}}</ref>

==Retail formats==
Retail formats of Trent include:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col" style="width: 250px;" |Name
!scope="col" style="width: 150px;" |No. of stores (March 2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=Investors’ Presentation on the Audited Financial Results (Standalone and Consolidated) for the year ended 31st March 2025 |url=https://docs.trent-tata.com/Trent_Limited_Q4FY25_Investor_Deck_V3.pdf |publisher=Trent Limited |access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref>
!scope="col" style="width: 500px;" |Type
!scope="col" style="width: 100px;" |Year established
!scope="col" style="width: 250px;" |Notes
|-
|Westside
|align="center"|248
|Branded fashion apparel, footwear and accessories for men, women and children, along with home decor and furnishings
| 1998
| Wholly-owned
|-
|[[Zudio]]
|align="center"|765
|Affordable fashion for men, women and children
| 2016
| Wholly-owned
|-
|Utsa
|align="center"|20
|Contemporary ethnic apparel, beauty products and accessories
|2019
| Wholly-owned
|-
|Samoh
|align="center"|5
|Indian occasionwear
|2023
| Wholly-owned
|-
|Star
|align="center"|78
|Supermarket format offering groceries, daily essentials and general merchandise
|2004
| 50:50 joint venture with [[Tesco]]
|-
|[[Zara (retailer)|Zara]]
|align="center"|23
|[[Fast-fashion]] retail chain
|2009
| 35:65 joint venture with [[Inditex]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malviya |first1=Sagar |title=Trent's JV deal for Zara, Massimo has a 'put' edge |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/trents-jv-deal-for-zara-massimo-has-a-put-edge/articleshow/120529096.cms |access-date=3 May 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=23 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Massimo Dutti]]
|align="center"|3
|Premium clothing retail chain
|2011
| 49:51 joint venture with Inditex
|-
|[[Booker Wholesale|Booker India]]
|align="center"|5
|[[Cash and carry (wholesale)|Cash and carry]] format for businesses and traders
|2019
| 51:49 joint venture with Tesco
|-
|}
<gallery>
File:Westside Store - Mani Square Mall - Kolkata 20180223154855.jpg|Inside a Westside outlet in [[Kolkata]].
File:Hyderabad at night in 2024 01.jpg|A typical neighbourhood Zudio store, [[Hyderabad]].
File:Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai) - Zara.jpg|Zara store in [[Mumbai]].
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Trent (Westside)}}
*{{official}}

{{Tata Group}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:Trent Limited| ]]
[[Category:Retail companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Clothing brands of India]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1998]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:NIFTY 50]]
[[Category:BSE SENSEX]]

Varanasi North Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:38:24Z

OrenCombs50836: done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Varanasi North
| map_image = 388-Varanasi North.svg
| mla = [[Ravindra Jaiswal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 4,04,345 (2019)
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 388
}}

'''Varanasi North''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Varanasi North in the [[Varanasi district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Varanasi North is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency has been numbered 388 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Varanasi North. Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/varanasi-north.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Sheikh Abdul Samad
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|Lal Bahadur Singh
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Sheikh Abdul Samad
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Vishwanath Prasad
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[Shankar Prasad Jaiswal]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Shafiur Rahman Ansari
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Mushtaq Ahmad
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Shafiur Rahman Ansari
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="3" |Amarnath Yadav
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Abdul Kalam (Varanasi politician)|Abdul Kalam]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|2005^
|Rabiya Begum
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Abdul Samad Ansari
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ravindra Jaiswal]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}
==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Varanasi North<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ravindra Jaiswal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:134471}}
|percentage = 54.61
|change = +3.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ashfaque Ahmed
|votes = {{formatnum:93695}}
|percentage = 38.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shyam Prakash
|votes = {{formatnum:10457}}
|percentage = 4.25
|change = -10.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gulerana Sabassum
|votes = {{formatnum:3102}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change = -29.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1532}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change = +0.13
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:40776}}
|percentage = 16.56
|change = -3.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:246225}}
|percentage = 57.65
|change = -1.55
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate ''Ravindra Jaiswal'' won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Indian National Congress]] candidate ''Abdul Samad Ansari'' by a margin of 45,502 votes.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Varanasi North<ref name="results2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ravindra Jaiswal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:116017}}
|percentage = 50.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abdul Samad Ansari
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:70515}}
|percentage = 30.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sujeet Kumar Maurya
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:32574}}
|percentage = 14.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1115}}
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:45502}}
|percentage = 19.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:227695}}
|percentage = 59.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2012]]: Varanasi North}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ravindra Jaiswal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 47,980
|percentage = 26.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sujeet Kumar Maurya
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 45,644
|percentage = 25.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Abdul Samad Ansari
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 37,434
|percentage = 20.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rabiya Kalam
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 31,029
|percentage = 17.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ravikant Singh
|party = Quami Ekta Dal
|votes = 4,709
|percentage = 2.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 2,336
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,81,126
|percentage = 52.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2007]]: Varanasi North}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Haji Abdul Samad Ansari
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 26,544
|percentage = 29.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dr. Shivnath Yadav
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 24,345
|percentage = 27.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rabiya Kalam
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 17,652
|percentage = 19.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Vijay Prakash Gupta
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 7,349
|percentage = 8.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sheikh Mohammad Shamim
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,068
|percentage = 4.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 2,199
|percentage = 2.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 88,919
|percentage = 31.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Legislative Assembly By Election, 2005: Varanasi North}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rabiya Kalam
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 48,862
|percentage = 51.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ravindra Jaiswal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 32,864
|percentage = 34.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dr. Wakil Ahmed Ansari
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 9,207
|percentage = 9.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Kunwar Pramod Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,953
|percentage = 2.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mohammad Rafique Ansari
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 588
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 15,998
|percentage = 16.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 95,005
|percentage = 32.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{coord|25.367|83.001|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Varanasi]]
[[Category:Politics of Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Chittapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:03Z

OrenCombs50836: Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chittapur
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 40
| map_image = 40-Chittapur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Priyank M. Kharge]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Valmiki Nayak]]
| electors = {{formatnum:235755}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}
'''Chittapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. Chittapur is also part of [[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Chittapur Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/chittapur.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= October 6, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=List of elected members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm |work=kar.nic|access-date=October 6, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 6, 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Rudrappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | Vijaya Devi Raghavender Rao
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || R. Nagappa
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Vijay Desai
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Prabhakar. R. Telkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | Vishawanath Hebbal Patil || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan="3" | [[Baburao Chinchansur]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Vishawanath Hebbal Patil || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 elections in India#Karnataka|2009 By-election]] {{efn|Resigned on 29/05/2009}} || Valmiki Nayak || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="3" | [[Priyank Kharge]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chittapur <ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Priyank Kharge]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 81,323 |percentage = 53.08% |change = {{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manikanta Rathod |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 67,683 |percentage = 44.18% |change = {{decrease}}2.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagadish S. Sagar |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 962 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 816 |percentage = 0.53% |change = {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,640 |percentage = 8.90% |change = {{increase}}5.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 153,242 |percentage = 65.00% |change = {{increase}}4.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 153,195}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 235,755 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chittapur <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chittapur Election Result 2018 Live: Chittapur Assembly Elections Results (Vidhan Sabha Polls Result) |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/karnataka/chittapur-election-result/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=News18}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Priyank Kharge]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,700 |percentage = 49.65% |change = {{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Valmiki Nayak]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 65,307 |percentage = 46.53% |change = {{increase}}18.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devaraja. V. K |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,218 |percentage = 0.87% |change = {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raju Hadnoor |party = All India Mahila Empowerment Party |votes = 1,136 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,052 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,393 |percentage = 3.13% |change = {{decrease}}19.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,397 |percentage = 60.54% |change = {{decrease}}4.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 140,369}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 231,920 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chittapur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Priyank Kharge]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,379 |percentage = 51.02% |change = {{increase}}7.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Valmiki Nayak]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,188 |percentage = 28.08% |change = {{decrease}}17.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurunath |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 9,596 |percentage = 7.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raju Mukkanna Wadi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,546 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ayyappa Ramateerth |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,310 |percentage = 0.96% |change = {{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhanalaxmi Rathod |party = Welfare Party of India |votes = 1,103 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahesh Kashi |party = Independent politician |votes = 982 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tippanna Odeyaraj |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 955 |percentage = 0.70% |change = {{decrease}}3.91 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,191 |percentage = 22.94% |change = {{increase}}21.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 124,004 |percentage = 65.11% |change = {{increase}}8.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 135,976}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,446 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.03 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 elections in India#Karnataka|2009 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Chittapur <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Valmiki Nayak |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,365 |percentage = 45.51% |change = {{increase}}11.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Priyank Kharge]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,759 |percentage = 44.00% |change = {{decrease}}8.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Bennur |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,904 |percentage = 4.61% |change = {{decrease}}2.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankar Jadhav |party = BPP |votes = 1,410 |percentage = 1.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ayyappa Ramateerth |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,356 |percentage = 1.28% |change = {{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Ghattargi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,286 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devindra S/o Hanmanth |party = Independent politician |votes = 977 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,606 |percentage = 1.51% |change = {{decrease}}16.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,276 |percentage = 56.93% |change = {{increase}}4.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,276}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,663 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chittapur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,837 |percentage = 52.13% |change = {{increase}}24.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Valmiki Kamalu Nayak |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,395 |percentage = 33.89% |change = {{increase}}20.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Bennur |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,574 |percentage = 6.88% |change = {{decrease}}41.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tippanna Odeyaraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,419 |percentage = 2.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raju Mukkanna Wadi |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,112 |percentage = 2.21% |change = {{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Savita. H. Rathod |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 1,254 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Husenappa Hulagappa Kalli Lingasur |party = Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes = 1,009 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,442 |percentage = 18.24% |change = {{decrease}}1.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,652 |percentage = 52.04% |change = {{decrease}}6.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,600}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,801 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.38 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}4.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chittapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vishawanath Hebbal Patil |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 40,871 |percentage = 47.96% |change = {{increase}}47.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Basavannappa Chinchansur |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,921 |percentage = 28.07% |change = {{decrease}}24.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Prabhuraj Kanta |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,760 |percentage = 13.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil. B. G |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 2,845 |percentage = 3.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Md. Maqbool Khan Madrkhan |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,373 |percentage = 2.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Md. Masiuddin Klyani |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,014 |percentage = 2.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khaummuddin Bidri |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 771 |percentage = 0.90% |change = {{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagenderappa Gundi Malkhed |party = All India Forward Bloc |votes = 657 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,950 |percentage = 19.89% |change = {{increase}}9.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,276 |percentage = 58.17% |change = {{decrease}}5.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 85,212}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,590 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chittapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Baburao Chinchansur]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,919 |percentage = 52.65% |change = {{increase}}16.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishawanath Hebbal Patil |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 31,863 |percentage = 42.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishwanath Malakappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,883 |percentage = 2.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Ismail Khasim Sab |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 638 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anna Rao Sannurkar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 633 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annappa Makikappa Nagoor |party = Independent politician |votes = 550 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,056 |percentage = 10.62% |change = {{increase}}9.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,768 |percentage = 63.36% |change = {{increase}}2.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,825}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,925 |percentage = 4.92% |change = {{increase}}2.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,895 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chittapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Baburao Chinchansur]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,355 |percentage = 36.32% |change = {{decrease}}14.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishawanath Hebbal Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,529 |percentage = 35.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karsiddappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 5,165 |percentage = 7.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sivalingappa Patil Bhagodi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,272 |percentage = 6.12% |change = {{increase}}5.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Revansiddappa Bhagodi |party = Janata Dal |votes = 2,287 |percentage = 3.28% |change = {{decrease}}10.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Rasheed Phylvan |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,032 |percentage = 2.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tippusing |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,079 |percentage = 1.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bandeppa Devantgi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,066 |percentage = 1.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand. K. Malkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 872 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 826 |percentage = 1.18% |change = {{decrease}}16.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,812 |percentage = 60.38% |change = {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,811}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,980 |percentage = 2.76% |change = {{decrease}}3.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,926 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chittapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Baburao Chinchansur]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,786 |percentage = 50.38% |change = {{increase}}8.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishawanath Hebbal Patil |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,717 |percentage = 32.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Revansiddappa Bhagodi |party = Janata Dal |votes = 8,607 |percentage = 14.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjun |party = Independent politician |votes = 976 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baswareddy Karreddy |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 510 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. K. Kale Kashinathrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 506 |percentage = 0.83% |change = {{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,069 |percentage = 18.12% |change = {{increase}}10.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,317 |percentage = 60.19% |change = {{increase}}5.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,102}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,215 |percentage = 6.45% |change = {{increase}}3.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,523 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.52 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chittapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vishawanath Hebbal Patil |party = Janata Party |votes = 23,038 |percentage = 49.52% |change = {{decrease}}6.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumanthraya Allur |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,605 |percentage = 42.14% |change = {{increase}}9.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tukaram Joteappa |party = Lokdal |votes = 1,775 |percentage = 3.82% |change = {{decrease}}2.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Lingayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 909 |percentage = 1.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baswaraj Shantappa Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 801 |percentage = 1.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srimanth Siddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 391 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,433 |percentage = 7.38% |change = {{decrease}}15.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,964 |percentage = 55.03% |change = {{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,519}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,445 |percentage = 3.01% |change = {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,156 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chittapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vishawanath Hebbal Patil |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,096 |percentage = 56.10% |change = {{increase}}29.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhaker Raghavendrarao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,911 |percentage = 32.78% |change = {{increase}}19.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Neeranna Timmaji |party = Lokdal |votes = 2,603 |percentage = 6.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramdev. S. Verma |party = Independent politician |votes = 657 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rachayya Gangayya Korwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 474 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. A. Sattar |party = Independent politician |votes = 329 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivasharnappa Bashateppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 316 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,185 |percentage = 23.32% |change = {{decrease}}5.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,727 |percentage = 52.36% |change = {{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,386}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,341 |percentage = 3.29% |change = {{decrease}}1.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,790 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.84 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chittapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhakar. R. Telkar |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 20,814 |percentage = 56.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kusumakar Desai |party = Janata Party |votes = 10,015 |percentage = 26.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Shankarshetty Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,108 |percentage = 13.76% |change = {{decrease}}38.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satyanarayan Vyas |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,180 |percentage = 3.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,799 |percentage = 29.09% |change = {{increase}}16.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,878 |percentage = 52.90% |change = {{increase}}5.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,117}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,761 |percentage = 4.53% |change = {{increase}}4.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,497 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}4.64 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chittapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vijay Desai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,392 |percentage = 52.51% |change = {{decrease}}7.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Revansidappa Kanta |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 14,119 |percentage = 40.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Budanna Mahadev |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,513 |percentage = 7.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,273 |percentage = 12.20% |change = {{decrease}}16.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,373 |percentage = 47.19% |change = {{decrease}}4.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,024}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,077 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chittapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Nagappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,088 |percentage = 59.76% |change = {{increase}}6.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Ramreddy |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 8,867 |percentage = 31.01% |change = {{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Fakirappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,433 |percentage = 8.51% |change = {{decrease}}9.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Baswanappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 204 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,221 |percentage = 28.75% |change = {{increase}}4.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,173 |percentage = 51.41% |change = {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,592}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,690 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chittapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vijaya Devi Raghavender Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,296 |percentage = 53.01% |change = {{increase}}13.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shantmallappa Anna Rao Bhankur |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 6,167 |percentage = 28.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivas Rao Gudi |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,847 |percentage = 18.05% |change = {{decrease}}10.47 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,129 |percentage = 24.07% |change = {{increase}}16.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,680 |percentage = 43.26% |change = {{increase}}7.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,310}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,431 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chittapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vijaya Devi Raghavender Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,018 |percentage = 39.67% |change = {{decrease}}43.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shantappa Sangapa Herur |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,629 |percentage = 31.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharnappa Fakirappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 5,045 |percentage = 28.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,389 |percentage = 7.85% |change = {{decrease}}58.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 17,692 |percentage = 35.66% |change = {{increase}}7.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 17,692}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,610 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}10.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}43.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chittapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,103 |percentage = 83.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shantappa Sangappa Herur |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 2,611 |percentage = 16.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,492 |percentage = 66.77% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 15,714 |percentage = 28.30% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 15,714}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,519 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chittapur]]
* [[Kalaburagi district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|17.12|77.09|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Metro Railway (Operations and Maintenance) Act, 2002

2026-04-13T12:52:18Z

OrenCombs50836: stub...

{{About|the act of the Parliament of India that governs the operation and maintenance of metro rail systems|the law governing the construction of works relating to such systems| Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox legislation
|short_title = Metro Railway (Operations and Maintenance) Act, 2002
|legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
|image =
|imagesize = 150
|imagealt =
|caption =
|long_title = An Act to provide for the operation and maintenance and to regulate the working of the metro railway in the National Capital Region, metropolitan city and metropolitan area and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto.
|citation = [http://urbanindia.nic.in/programme/ut/MetroRail_Act_2002.pdf Act No. 60 of 2002]
|territorial_extent = [[India]] (except [[Kolkata]])
|enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
|date_passed = 25 November 2002
|enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
|date_passed2 = 12 December 2002
|date_assented = 17 December 2002
|date_commenced = 29 October 2002
|signed_by =
|date_repealed =
|administered_by =
|bill = Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Bill, 2002
|bill_citation =
|bill_date = 21 November 2002
|introduced_by = [[Ananth Kumar]]
|1st_reading =
|2nd_reading =
|3rd_reading =
|conf_committee_passed =
|bill2 =
|bill_citation2 =
|bill_date2 =
|introduced_by2 =
|1st_reading2 =
|2nd_reading2 =
|3rd_reading2 =
|conf_committee_passed2 =
|date_conf_committee =
|white_paper =
|committee_report =
|amended_by = The Metro Railways (Amendment) Act, 2009
|repeals =
|related_legislation = [[The Metro Railways Act, 1978|The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978]] Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Ordinance, 2002
|summary =
|keywords =
|status = amended
}}

The '''Metro Railway (Operations and Maintenance) Act, 2002''', formerly the '''Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2002''', is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] that governs the operations of metro rail systems in India. The law was first promulgated as an Ordinance on 29 October 2002. When it was first enacted in 2002, the Act applied only to the National Capital Territory of [[Delhi]]. It was amended in 2009 to permit the Central Government to extend the Act to any metropolitan city or area, after consultation with the concerned State Government. However, the amendment specifically prohibits the centre from extending the Act to the metropolitan city of [[Kolkata]].

==Proposal and enactment==
The ''Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2002'' was promulgated as an Ordinance titled the ''Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Ordinance, 2002'' by then President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] on 29 October 2002.<ref name="thetribune1">{{cite news|agency=Tribune News Service |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021203/ncr1.htm#4 |title=Govt pushing Acts through backdoor: Cong |newspaper=The Tribune |date=2002-12-02 |access-date=2014-05-07}}</ref> The ''Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Bill, 2002'' (Bill No. 73 of 2002) was introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 21 November 2002 by then [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Urban Development Minister]] [[Ananth Kumar]], and was passed by that House on 25 November.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Bills Information System|url=http://164.100.47.4/newlsbios_search/NewAdvsearch.aspx|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="LokSabhaBills">{{cite web|url=http://data.gov.in/catalog/lok-sabha-government-bills#web_catalog_tabs_block_10 |title= Lok Sabha Government Bills as on 20th July 2013 |publisher=data.gov.in |access-date=2014-05-07}}</ref>

The bill was moved in the [[Rajya Sabha]] by Ananth Kumar on 2 December 2002.<ref name="thetribune1"/> The bill was passed by a [[voice vote]] in the Rajya Sabha on 12 December. The bill received assent from then President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam on 17 December,<ref name="LokSabhaBills"/> and was notified in ''[[The Gazette of India]]'' on 18 December. It retroactively came into effect from 29 October 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2002|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/rightto_infoact/Documents/dmr_oper-Main_act_2002.pdf|work=delhimetrorail.com|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=7 May 2014|date=18 December 2002}}</ref>

==Sections==
The Act grants the Metro Railway Administrator (MRA) four main powers:
* to acquire, hold and dispose of all kinds of properties owned by it, both movable and immovable
* to improve, develop or alter any property or asset held by it
* to develop any Metro railway land for commercial use
* to execute any lease or grant any licence in respect of the property held by it<ref name="dna1">{{cite web|author=Binoo Nair |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-as-mumbai-readies-itself-for-the-metro-here-are-some-rules-to-keep-in-mind-1984973 |title=As Mumbai readies itself for the Metro, here are some rules to keep in mind |work=Daily News & Analysis |date=2013-10-22 |access-date=2014-05-07}} This article contains quotations from the actual legislation, which is in the public domain.</ref>

The Act requires the MRA to seek approval from the Railway Board whenever it rolls out services using a completely newly made train on the track. For example, the rolling stock on the [[Mumbai Metro]] required approval from the Railway Board before operations could begin. If the trains used on the metro system had at least the same dimensions as another operational metro in India, the approval would not have been required.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhosale|first=Arpika|title=Conditional clearance delays Mumbai Metro further|url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/conditional-clearance-delays-mumbai-metro-further-175|access-date=9 May 2014|newspaper=The Asian Age|date=9 May 2014|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

Section 6 of the Act gives the Metro Railway Administrator (MRA) vast powers to ensure immediate safety of the metro rail system. The MRA has the power to "acquire, hold and dispose of all kinds of properties owned by it, both movable and immovable".<ref name="dna1"/> It includes the right to enter any land adjoining the metro railway alignment to remove obstructions which may obstruct the movement of the trains or obstruct the view of the signals.<ref name="dna1"/> It also includes the right to erect hoardings as well as to use the metro property extensively for garnering advertising revenue.<ref name="dna2">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-reliance-infrastructure-inches-closer-to-full-control-over-mumbai-metro-1984209 |title=Reliance Infrastructure inches closer to full control over Mumbai metro |work=Daily News & Analysis |date=2014-05-02 |access-date=2014-05-07}}</ref>

Section 27 prohibits any person with a contagious disease or infection from travelling on the metro. The administrator has the right to remove such a person from its premises. Section 59 allows the MRA to act against people accused of drunken behaviour, nuisance, vandalism, or using abusive and obscene language. The section provides for a fine of {{INR}}500 and expulsion of the offender from the metro service.<ref name="dna1"/>
Section 34 of the Act grants the power to fix the first set of fares without the interference of any outside body with the MRA. However, the subsequent revision of fares, will be decided by a three-member Fare Fixation Committee headed by a retired or sitting High Court judge.<ref name="dna2"/> Section 60 prohibits passengers from carrying offensive material on the metro. Violation of this section is punishable by a fine of {{INR}}500. The offender will also be held responsible for any injury or loss of life so caused by it.<ref name="dna1"/>

Section 62 authorizes the MRA to, if it chooses, to remove any person from the metro if he is caught demonstrating against the metro within the metro premises. The passenger can be removed even if he has a ticket/pass. Pasting posters inside coaches etc. can attract a fine of {{INR}}1,000 and/or 6 months imprisonment. Section 63 deals with rooftop travel. Any passenger doing so can be removed from the premises and also punished with a fine of {{INR}}50 and/or one month imprisonment. Section 64 forbids the unlawful entry of persons into the metro premises or walking on the tracks illegally. Violation of the section is punishable by a fine of {{INR}}500 and/or 6 months imprisonment. Section 67 allows for imprisonment of up to 4 years and a fine of {{INR}}5,000 for any passenger obstructing the running of a train by squatting or picketing. Section 68 prescribes one year imprisonment and/or {{INR}}1,000 fine for any passenger obstructing metro railway staff from discharging their duties.<ref name="dna1"/>

Section 73 forbids the sale of any kind of articles inside the Metro coach or premises, without permission from the MRA. Violation of this section is punishable by a {{INR}}500 fine and a jail term of 6 months. Section 74 pertains to sabotage. It permits authorities to imprison a person for anything between 3 years and life. In case the sabotage results in death and severe destruction, the death penalty can be invoked as well. Section 82 grants any MRA official or a policeman of [[head constable]]'s rank or any other person authorised by the MRA, such the [[Maharashtra]] State Security Corporation personnel deployed for station security, the power to arrest, even without warrant. Section 86 of the Act maintains that the central government from time to time can issue directions on "issues of policy" which would be binding on the MRA. Section 90 of the Act declares all employees of the MRA as public servants as defined by Section 21 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC).<ref name="dna1"/>

==2009 amendment==
The Act was amended in 2009. The amendment bill titled ''The Metro Railways (Amendment) Bill, 2009'' Bill No. 64-C of 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1235476108/The%20Metro%20Railways%20%28Amendment%29%20Bill,%202009%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 May 2015 |archive-date=30 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830090744/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1235476108/The%20Metro%20Railways%20%28Amendment%29%20Bill%2C%202009%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Metro Rail Policy 2017==
Metro Rail Policy 2017 lays down norms and guidelines for development of Metro Rail projects and conditions for approvals and aids to be provided by [[Union government]] for these projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-the-new-metro-policy-4801052/|title=What is the new Metro Policy?}}</ref> Metro rail projects will be approved and aided by [[Union government]] only if there is private participation and the projects ensures last-mile connectivity for commuters.

==See also==
* [[Rapid transit in India]]
* [[Metro Railways Act, 1978]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/psearch/Result13.aspx?dbsl=4607 Lok Sabha debate on the Bill]
* [http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1235476108/The%20Metro%20Railways%20%28Amendment%29%20Bill,%202009%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf Metro Railways (Amendment) Bill, 2009 - Full text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830090744/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1235476108/The%20Metro%20Railways%20%28Amendment%29%20Bill%2C%202009%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf |date=30 August 2015 }}

[[Category:Vajpayee administration]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2002]]

News Time Bangla

2026-04-10T12:55:05Z

OrenCombs50836:

{{short description|Indian Bengali news channel}}
{{About|the Bengali news channel|the German television news program|Newstime}}
{{Multi |
{{unreferenced|date=February 2018}}
{{Notability|company|date=February 2026}} }}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = News Time Bangla
| logo = News_Time_new_logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2017
| logo_alt =
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|df=y|2010|01|01}}
| key_people =
| picture_format = [[480i]] ([[Standard-definition television|SDTV]]), [[576i]] ([[Standard-definition television|SDTV]])
| network =
| owner = PTC Network
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| area = India Bangladesh
| headquarters = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
}}

'''News Time Bangla''' is a 24-hour [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[news channel]] launched in 2010. In 2011 they broadcast the [[2011 Indian Federation Cup|33rd Federation cup]] held in [[Kolkata]]. it is a sister channel of Punjabi channel [[PTC News]]

==See also==
*[[International broadcasting]]
*[[List of Indian television stations]]
*[[:Category:24-hour television news channels|24-hour television news channels]]

==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Bengali language television channels}}
{{Television news in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:News Time}}
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2010]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Yes I Am Student

2026-04-09T20:01:06Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yes I Am Student
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Tarnvir Singh Jagpal]]
| producer = Tarnvir Singh Jagpal
| writer = Gill Raunta
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Sidhu Moosewala]]
*[[Mandy Takhar]]}}
| music = {{Plainlist|
*Intense
*The Kidd}}
| cinematography = Ravi Kumar Sana
| editing = Gagan Sachdeva

| studio = Tarn Jagpal Films
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
*Tarn Jagpal Films }}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|10|22}}
| runtime = 112 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/yes-i-am-student-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mzqyndu |title=Yes I Am Student |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=31 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131141100/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/yes-i-am-student-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtmtawmda0oti |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Yes I Am Student''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi language]] film directed and produced by [[Tarnvir Singh Jagpal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Sidhu Moosewala and Mandy Takhar share why their film ‘Yes I Am Student’ is unique |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/pollywood/sidhu-moosewala-and-mandy-takhar-share-why-their-film-yes-i-am-student-is-unique-327625 |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025203759/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/pollywood/sidhu-moosewala-and-mandy-takhar-share-why-their-film-yes-i-am-student-is-unique-327625 |url-status=live}}</ref> It stars [[Sidhu Moose Wala]], [[Mandy Takhar]] and Gill Raunta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Yes I Am Student’ trailer: Sidhu Moosewala’s acting astonishes all - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/yes-i-am-student-trailer-sidhu-moosewalas-acting-astonishes-all/articleshow/86887450.cms |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028082437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/yes-i-am-student-trailer-sidhu-moosewalas-acting-astonishes-all/articleshow/86887450.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film is written by Gill Raunta. The film was released on 22 October 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sidhu-moosewala-and-mandy-takhar-say-their-film-yes-i-am-student-will-strike-a-chord-with-the-audience-328494 |title=Sidhu Moosewala and Mandy Takhar say their film Yes I Am Student will strike a chord with the audience |date=23 October 2021 |work=The Tribune |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201163116/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sidhu-moosewala-and-mandy-takhar-say-their-film-yes-i-am-student-will-strike-a-chord-with-the-audience-328494 |url-status=live}}</ref> This film marked Moose Wala's final film in his lifetime before his [[Assassination|assassination]] on 29 May 2022.

== Cast ==
*[[Sidhu Moosewala]] as Jass Gill
*[[Mandy Takhar]] as Reet
*Gill Raunta as Heera
*[[Jaggi Singh (actor)|Jaggi Singh]]
*Naginder Gakhar as Baldev
*Malkit Rauni as Jarnail Singh
*Seema Kaushal as Jass Gill 's Mother
*Deep Mandian
*Raj Kakra as Builder ([[Cameo appearance]])
*Harjinder Singh Thind as [[Radio personality|Radio Jockey]]
*Bhavkhandan Singh Rakhra as Professor

== Plot ==
{{Expand section|date=November 2025}}

A young man leaves his motherland to study abroad and search for a better future in Canada.

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In November 2018 Director Tarnvir Singh Jagpal announced a new film ‘Yes I Am A Student’<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sidhu-moose-wala-is-making-his-cinematic-debut-in-and-as-yes-i-am-a-student/articleshow/66846535.cms?from=mdr |title=Sidhu Moose Wala is making his cinematic debut in and as ‘Yes I Am A Student’ |date=28 November 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=31 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131155240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sidhu-moose-wala-is-making-his-cinematic-debut-in-and-as-yes-i-am-a-student/articleshow/66846535.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
On 27 August 2019, principal photography began<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/yes-i-am-student-the-shoot-of-sidhu-moose-walas-debut-movie-goes-on-the-floor/articleshow/70856241.cms?from=mdr |title=Yes I Am Student: The shoot of Sidhu Moose Wala’s debut movie goes on the floor |date=27 August 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=31 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131160942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/yes-i-am-student-the-shoot-of-sidhu-moose-walas-debut-movie-goes-on-the-floor/articleshow/70856241.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> Filming was completed on 4 March 2020.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Yes I am Student
| type = soundtrack
| artist = The Kidd & Intense
| cover =
| alt =
| released = September 2021
| recorded = 2019–2021
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:46
| label = [[Tips Industries|Tips Punjabi]]
| producer = The Kidd, Intense
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
| audio1 =
}}

The soundtrack of the film are composed by Sidhu Moose Wala, The Kidd, Intense, Gurtaj and Barbie Mann. They consisted of six songs.
{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| total_length = 23:45
| title1 = Athra Style
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| lyrics1 = [[Sidhu Moose Wala]]
| music1 = The Kidd
| extra1 = [[Sidhu Moose Wala]], Jenny Johal
| length1 = 4:00
| title2 = Yaariyaan
| lyrics2 = Sidhu
| music2 = The Kidd
| extra2 = Sidhu
| length2 = 3:12
| title3 = Saab
| lyrics3 = {{hlist|Happy Malhi|Sidhu}}
| music3 = The Kidd
| extra3 = {{hlist|Sidhu|Gurtaj}}
| length3 = 3:23
| title4 = Jaan
| lyrics4 = Sidhu
| music4 = Intense
| extra4 = Sidhu
| length4 = 3:56
| title5 = Pyaar
| lyrics5 = Gill Raunta
| music5 = The Kidd
| extra5 = Barbee Mann, Tarnvir Singh Jagpal
| length5 = 3:28
| title6 = Baapu
| lyrics6 = Sidhu
| music6 = Intense
| extra6 = Sidhu
| length6 = 5:46
}}

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on October 21, 2021. After that, it was released on the [[Chaupal (streaming)|Chaupal]] for digital streaming.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

== Reception ==

''[[The Times of India]]'' gave three out of five stars, stating that "In the movie, there are a number of other characters who played significant roles. For instance, there were students who mirrored the exact image that people with a bias against international students had. They used to burn the money sent by their parents on expensive cars, drugs, clubbing, and more. Thereafter, there was Jassa’s friend, Heera, who made sure to stand by him in every thick and thin, and also made him understand the difference between right and wrong. Last but not least, Jassa’s uncle showed us the image of the so-called relatives who promise to have our back all the time, but never live by their words"<ref>{{Citation |title=Yes I Am A Student Movie Review: The story impresses the audience but not the acting of Sidhu Moosewala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/yes-i-am-a-student/movie-review/87209763.cms |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022135433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/yes-i-am-a-student/movie-review/87209763.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Cinestaan.com'' wrote that, "''Yes I Am Student'' has its heart in the right place and draws attention to an oft-neglected yet crucial issue. It's also nice to see Moosewala's film actively shunning alcohol and drug usage, drawing awareness about the social evil and sending a positive message to viewers."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/yes-i-am-student-47936 |title=Yes I Am Student review: A slow-paced film that raises crucial issues |date=22 October 2021 |publisher=Cinestaan.com |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=31 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131180543/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/yes-i-am-student-47936 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|13245864}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|yes_i_am_student}}

{{Sidhu Moose Wala}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab]]
[[Category:Films shot in Toronto]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 Punjabi-language films]]

Sirsaganj

2026-04-05T18:07:20Z

OrenCombs50836:

{{Primary sources|date=April 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = ठाकुरगढ़
| official_name = SIRSAGANJ
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| seal_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|03|25|N|78|41|10|E|type:city_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 162
| population_total = 28212(14926 males, 13286 females)<ref>[https://archive.today/20130412224547/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=5615&category=U.A. Unknown]</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 205151/283151
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sirsaganj''' is a town and a [[municipal board]] in [[Firozabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

Sirsaganj is a Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituency of the State of Uttar Pradesh in [[India]]. (AC No. 99). ""Smt Ranjana Singh"" is Chairmen of Nagar Palika Parishad, Sirsaganj and Shri Sarvesh Singh Yadav is MLA of Sirsaganj.In the town of Sirsaganj, there live 4,404 families constituting a population of 28,212 persons. There live 14,926 males and 13,286 females in Sirsaganj. The sex ratio of Sirsaganj is 887.98 females per 1000 males.

Hinduism is the main religion here. Muslims, Jains, and Sikhs are in minorities. In Hindus, Aheers and Kshatriyas are in majority. This area is mainly inhabited by Aheers and Jadon Rajputs while also having significant population of other Rajputs too.Lodhs and Gadariyas aslo have sizeable population here.

Some of the biggest and famous villages of this constituency are :- Karhara, Kesari, Paigu, Sothra, Kaurara, Kishni, Gadsan.Most of the villages belongs to Ahirs and Thakurs while some belongs to Jatavs and Lodhs.

Spiritual culture of this city is defined as a nearby radius of 5–10 km like Hanumaan Bari, Samor Baba, Jaimai Mata Mandir, Jaduwara, Radha Krishna Mandir, Shri Shakleshwar Mahadev, Shri Vankhandeshwar and Baba Dudhadhari Mandir.<ref>[https://www.bhaktibharat.com/list/top-famous-temple-of-sirsaganj Top Famous Temple of Sirsaganj]</ref>

Generally, people of Sirsaganj mainly speak [[Braj Bhasha]] which is a dialect of [[Hindi]]. People also speak standard Hindi. Many people in the town also have fluency in English. There are also a few speakers of [[Urdu]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].

Farming and shopkeeping is the main occupation of the people of Sirsaganj. In Sirsaganj there also live a large number of merchants, servicemen, lawyers, and teachers.most of the population practices agriculture mostly potato and wheat.

==Geography==

[[File:Potato flowers.jpg|thumb|Flowers of a potato plant]]
[[File:Russet potato cultivar with sprouts.jpg|thumb|Russet potatoes with sprouts]]
[[File:Wheat P1210892.jpg|thumb|Wheat]]

Sirsaganj is located at {{Coord|27|03|25|N|78|41|10|E|type:city_region:IN-UP}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Sirsaganj.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Sirsaganj, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref>

Some Main Roads of Sirsaganj are Kaurara Road, Araon Road, Paigu Road, Kunjpura Road, Sothra Road, Karhal Road, and Etawah Road which can be called as "Lifeline of Sirsaganj" because it's economical and geographical importance, all the major businesses, shops, and showrooms are on this road and this road connects to all the previously mentioned roads!

Sirsaganj is 80 km away from the major metropolitan city of Agra, which is an international travel destination. The other major cities close to Sirsaganj are Firozabad (34 Km), Etawah (47 Km)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Firozabad district]]

Nila (2023 film)

2026-03-30T20:21:47Z

OrenCombs50836:

{{short description|Indian Malayalam-language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Indu Lakshmi
| writer = Indu Lakshmi
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Kerala State Film Development Corporation]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Shanthi Krishna]]
*[[Mamukkoya]]
*[[Vineeth]]
*Mini I. G.
*[[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Rakesh Dharan
| editing = Appu N. Bhattathiri Shaijas K. M.
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2023|03| |WIFF|2023|08|03|India|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Nila''''' ({{Translation|Moon}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by Indu Lakshmi, starring [[Shanthi Krishna]], [[Mamukkoya]], [[Vineeth]], Mini I. G. and [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/nila-story-elderly-woman-and-unusual-friendship-director-indu-tnm-174145|title=‘Nila is the story of an elderly woman and an unusual friendship’: Director Indu to TNM|author1=Cris|first2= Lakshmi |last2=Priya|date=6 March 2023|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/indu-lakshmi-talk-about-the-malayalam-movie-nila-that-she-has-scripted-and-directed/article67149473.ece|title=Indu Lakshmi says her maiden film ‘Nila’ is about how resilience and willpower in women can bring about positive changes|first=Saraswathy|last=Nagarajan|date=3 August 2023|work=The Hindu|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803071342/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/indu-lakshmi-talk-about-the-malayalam-movie-nila-that-she-has-scripted-and-directed/article67149473.ece|archive-date=3 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/nila-is-inspired-from-the-women-in-my-life-says-director-indu-lakshmi/|title='Nila' is inspired by the women in my life, says director Indu Lakshmi|first=Arjun|last=Ramachandran|date=11 August 2023|website=The South First}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Shanthi Krishna]] as Dr. Malathy
*[[Mamukkoya]] as Rahman
*[[Vineeth]] as Mahi
*Mini I. G. as Mini
*[[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] as Nila
*[[Madhupal]]

==Reception==
Reviewing the film at the International Women’s Festival (WIFF) in Alappuzha, Arjun Ramachandran of ''The South First'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Nila'' is a female-oriented movie that showcases the abilities of a wheelchair-bound elderly woman. It deserves a huge round of applause for its bold theme".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/nila-movie-review/|title=Nila review: This well-intentioned movie from director Indu Lakshmi celebrates womanhood|first=Arjun|last=Ramachandran|date=26 March 2023|website=The South First|access-date=27 January 2026|archive-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422054721/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/nila-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Athira M of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Indu Lakshmi’s directorial debut, ''Nila'', is a heartwarming take on a woman’s spunk, confidence and spirit. It may not be a crowd pulling ‘masala’ film but the refreshing narrative, performances and the making make the film worth your time".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nila-malayalam-movie-review-shanthi-krishna-excels-in-indu-lakshmis-refreshing-narrative/article67160972.ece|title=‘Nila’ Malayalam movie review: Shanthi Krishna excels in Indu Lakshmi’s refreshing narrative|date=5 August 2023|first=Athira|last=M|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805064901/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nila-malayalam-movie-review-shanthi-krishna-excels-in-indu-lakshmis-refreshing-narrative/article67160972.ece|archive-date=5 August 2023|access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "''Nila'' is a decent effort —all things considered".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Aug/05/nila-movie-review-shanthi-krishna-bolsters-an-empowerment-tale-2602010.html|title='Nila' movie review: Shanthi Krishna bolsters an empowerment tale|first=Sajin|last=Shrijith|date=5 August 2023|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=27 January 2026|archive-date=20 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620103351/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Aug/05/nila-movie-review-shanthi-krishna-bolsters-an-empowerment-tale-2602010.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Lakshmi Priya of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "''Nila''’s script, written by the director herself, is refreshingly original and unpretentious, acting as an ode to a woman’s tenacity even as age catches up to her".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/nila-review-shanthi-krishna-vineeth-starrer-refreshing-ode-women-s-tenacity-180652|title=Nila review: Shanthi Krishna-Vineeth starrer is a refreshing ode to women’s tenacity|first=Lakshmi|last=Priya|date=4 August 2023|website=The News Minute|access-date=27 January 2026|archive-date=23 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923070334/https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/nila-review-shanthi-krishna-vineeth-starrer-refreshing-ode-women-s-tenacity-180652|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|28480150}}

[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bijibal]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Suicide attack

2026-03-28T20:21:47Z

OrenCombs50836: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Violent tactic resulting in the attacker's intentional death}}
{{Multiple issues|collapsed=yes|
{{Lead too short|date=November 2025}}
{{bare urls|date=January 2026}}
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{{Use Oxford spelling|date=June 2025}}
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{{Multiple image| total_width = 400 | perrow = 1/2
| caption_align = center | caption1 = The moment when hijacker-pilot [[Marwan al-Shehhi]] carried out a suicide dive on the [[2 World Trade Center (1971–2001)|South Tower]] (left) with [[United Airlines Flight 175]] during the [[September 11 attacks]], New York City{{efn|The [[1 World Trade Center (1970–2001)|North Tower]] (right), seen burning in the picture, had been hit by a suicide attack 17 minutes earlier by [[Mohamed Atta|Mohammed Atta]], also from the same group, flying [[American Airlines Flight 11]].}}
| image1 = UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11.jpeg
| image2 = D4Y Yoshinori Yamaguchi col.jpg
| image3 = Yukioarakikamikazepilot17.jpg
| footer_align = center | footer = Two [[Kamikaze]] pilots: Lt. Yoshinori Yamaguchi's [[Yokosuka D4Y]] (left) in a suicide dive against {{USS|Essex|CV-9|6}} on 25 November 1944 and pilot [[Yukio Araki]] (right) died in a suicide attack on 27 May 1945, [[#Children and teenagers|at age 17]]
}}

A '''suicide attack''' (also known by a wide variety of other names, [[#Terminology|see below]]) is a deliberate [[Strike (attack)|attack]] in which the perpetrators [[suicide|intentionally end their own lives]] as part of the attack. These attacks are a form of [[murder–suicide]] that is often associated with [[terrorism]] or [[war]]. When the attackers are [[definition of terrorism|labelled as terrorists]], the attacks are sometimes referred to as an act of ''suicide terrorism''.<ref name="Moghadam 2006" /> Military use of suicide is not directly regulated by [[international law]], but suicide attacks sometimes violate prohibitions against [[perfidy]] or [[Civilian casualty|targeting civilians]].<ref name="Hunter 2015 (AOAV)" /> Suicide attacks have occurred in various contexts, ranging from military campaigns—such as the Japanese {{lang|ja-Latn|[[kamikaze]]}} pilots during [[World War II]] {{nowrap|(1944{{endash}}1945)}}—to more contemporary [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist]] campaigns—including the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001.
Suicide attacks have been used by a wide range of political ideologies, from [[far-right]] ([[Empire of Japan|Japan]] and [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] in WWII) to [[far-left]] (such as the [[PKK]] and [[Japanese Red Army|JRA]]).<ref name="IWM transcript" /><ref name="F24 Ynet KO SA" />

{{TOC limit|4}}

== Definition and terminology {{ anchor |Terminology|definition}}==
{{See also|Suicide terminology}}
=== Kamikaze ===
{{further
| Kamikaze #Definition and origin
| Kamikaze (typhoon)
| Japanese Empire
| Suicide attack #Japanese Empire
}}
[[Kamikaze]] was a term initially used for Japanese suicide pilots in [[World War II]], but is occasionally used in other contexts. Some reports at the time labelled the 1972 [[Lod Airport massacre]] in Israel by the [[Japanese Red Army]] (JRA) a "[[Kamikaze]]" attack, but others have criticized the label, including the surviving attacker's interpreter.<ref name="col rep" /><ref name="Satoshi Sugawara" /> The Kamikaze were a [[Japanese Special Attack Units|unit of suicide bombers]] in for the [[Empire of Japan]] in WWII, which had a very different ideology to the JRA. Researchers from [[Duke University]] described the JRA's motives as "rooted in [[anti-imperialism]], [[anti-colonialism]], and [[anti-capitalism]]".<ref name="Global Revolution" /> In more recent reports the 1972 JRA attack on Lod airport is described in modern terms such as "suicide attack" and "suicide mission", even when referring to the attacker who survived.<ref name="F24 Ynet KO SA" /> All three militants intended to die, but one survived.<ref name="F24 Ynet KO SA" /> He confessed and hoped to be quickly executed, but some attribute this to retrospective "[[survivor guilt]]".<ref name="Okamoto hope" />

=== Suicide bombing ===
The term "{{ visible anchor |suicide bombing}}" dates back to at least 1940 when a ''[[New York Times]]'' article mentioned the term in relation to German tactics.<ref>"Germans Maintain Losing Airline Inside Panama Canal Defense Zone: Service in Ecuador Keeps 20 Pilots for Two Planes—Company Called Center of Fifth Column Activities New Route Planned Value in Case of War". Russell B. Porter,''[[New York Times]]'', August 10, 1940, p. 6</ref>{{Primary source inline|Need a reference for it being one of the first uses, not just to the article itself|date = March 2025}} Less than two years later, the ''New York Times'' referred to a Japanese {{lang|ja-Latn|[[kamikaze]]}} attempt on an American carrier as a "suicide bombing".<ref>"CARRIER ROUTS FOE: Ships' and Planes' Fire Foils Japanese Raid Near Gilbert Isles A FIGHTER PILOT DOWNS 6 Fleet Force Escapes Damage, but Loses Two Aircraft – Suicide Dive Balked NAVY IN ACTION IN THE FAR PACIFIC U.S. CARRIER ROUTS 18 BOMBERS IN RAID DOWNED SIX PLANES", ''[[New York Times]]'', 4 March 1942, ROBERT F. WHITNEY.</ref> In 1945, ''[[The Times of London]]'' referred to a {{lang|ja-Latn|kamikaze}} plane as a "suicide-bomb".<ref>''The Times'' (London), August 21, 1945, p. 6</ref> Two years later, it referred to a new British pilot-less, radio-controlled rocket missile as originally designed "as a counter-measure to the Japanese 'suicide-bomber'."<ref>''The Times'' (London), April 15, 1947, p. 2, (quote) "Designed originally as a counter-measure to the Japanese 'suicide-bomber,' it is now a potent weapon for defence or offence" (The quotes are in the original and suggest that the phrase was an existing one) {{verify source | reason = please add a link to an archive or a modern source quoting this |date = June 2025}}</ref>

=== Labelling attacks as suicide {{ anchor |Labelling as suicide|Suicide}}===
{{further | topic = [[suicide]]
| suicide terminology {{!}} terminology
| suicide legislation {{!}} legislation
| religious views on suicide {{!}} religious views
| proxy bomb
}}
{{Suicide sidebar|In warfare}}

The definition of "[[suicide]]" in this context is also a matter of debate. Suicide terrorism itself has been defined by [[Ami Pedahzur]], a professor at the [[University of Haifa]],<ref name="Professor Pedahzur" >{{cite web | title=Prof. Ami Pedahzur |website=[[University of Haifa]] |date = 29 November 2023 | url = https://marsci.haifa.ac.il/en/ami-pedahzur/ | access-date = 2025-06-08 | last1=Kupperman | first1=Mili }} {{date missing |date = June 2025}}</ref> as "violent actions perpetrated by people who are aware that the odds they will return alive are close to zero".{{sfn |Pedahzur |2004 |p=8}} Other sources exclude from their work "suicidal" or high risk attacks, such as the [[Lod Airport massacre]] or a "reckless charge in battle".<ref name="ICT-STDC" /><ref name="Dodd" />
Despite the [[Lod Airport massacre]] being explicitly planned as a suicide attack, and modern mainstream Israeli and international media describing the event as a "suicide attack" or "[[suicide mission]]".<ref name="F24 Ynet KO SA" />
[[Yoram Schweitzer]], from the [[International Institute for Counter-Terrorism]] (an Israeli think tank), focuses only on true "suicide attacks", where the odds of survival are not "close to zero" but required to be zero, because "the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission".<ref name="ICT-STDC" >{{cite web | author=Yoram Schweitzer | author-link=Yoram Schweitzer | url = http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/42/Default.aspx | title=Suicide Terrorism: Development and Characteristics|publisher=[[International Institute for Counter-Terrorism]]|date = April 21, 2000 | access-date = March 22, 2015|quote=... a very specific kind of attack. It does not deal with the very high-risk terror operations that leave only little chance of survival to their perpetrators. Such attacks as the [[Japanese Red Army]]'s (JRA) attack at Lod airport in 1972, [[Abu Nidal]]'s attack on a synagogue in Istanbul in 1986 and the [[PFLP-GC]] hand-glider attack on an army barracks in [[Kiryat Shmona]] in 1987 fall outside the scope of this paper. Also excluded were the self-inflicted deaths of members of terrorist organization … a politically motivated violent attack perpetrated by a self-aware individual (or individuals) who actively and purposely causes his own death through blowing himself up along with his chosen target … the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission."| archive-date = May 27, 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130527191602/http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/42/Default.aspx}}</ref>
The narrower definition would also exclude the actions of groups such as those by the [[#Hashishiyeen|Hashishiyeen]], by the [[#Moro juramentado|Moro juramentado]], and in [[#Aceh in WWII|Aceh during WWII]] ([[#Attackers killed by their opponents|see below]]).
[[Adam Lankford]] also excludes from the definition are "[[proxy bomb]]ings", which may have political goals and be designed to look like a suicide bombing. The difference is that the "proxy" is forced to carry a bomb under threat, or the proxy isn't fully aware that they are delivering a bomb that will kill them. The definition also generally excludes [[mass shooting]]s in which the perpetrators commit suicide, as the shooter committing suicide is a separate act from shooting their victims. Further distinction is how many of such shootings are driven by personal and psychological reasons, rather than political, social or religious motives, such as the [[Columbine High School massacre]], the [[Virginia Tech shooting]] or [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]] in the [[Mass shootings in the United States|United States]].<ref name="LANKFORD-17-12-2012" >{{cite news | last1=Lankford | first1=Adam| title=What Drives Suicidal Mass Killers|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/18/opinion/what-drives-suicidal-mass-killers.html | access-date = 7 October 2015|agency= [[The New York Times]] |date = 17 December 2012|quote=For years, the conventional wisdom has been that suicide terrorists are rational political actors, while suicidal rampage shooters are mentally disturbed loners. But the two groups have far more in common than has been recognized … Although suicide terrorists may share the same beliefs as the organizations whose propaganda they spout, they are primarily motivated by the desire to kill and be killed — just like most rampage shooters.}}</ref>{{better source needed|date = April 2023}}
However, in 1999 the [[Columbine High School massacre]] was widely labelled as a suicide attack: both attackers shot themselves, but they planned the attack as a bombing.<ref name="NYT 25 April 1999" /><ref name="1999 updated 2011" /> It is also a common [[Islamophobic trope|trope]] that Muslim attackers are defined as terrorists while others are defined as mentally ill.
It may not always be clear to investigators which type of killing is which as suicide attack campaigns sometimes use {{ visible anchor |proxy bombers}}, as alleged in Iraq,<ref name="Saudi fighter threatened" /> or manipulate the vulnerable to become bombers.<ref name="Dodd" /><ref name="Azami Dawood" /> [[Adam Lankford]], also argues that the motivation to kill and be killed connects some suicide attackers more closely to "suicidal rampage" murderers than is commonly thought.<ref name="LANKFORD-17-12-2012" />

==={{ visible anchor |Religious terminology}} for attackers and victims ===
{{further
| Abrahamic religions
| Religious views on suicide
| Islamic view of death #Suicide
| Jewish views on suicide
}}
All [[Abrahamic religions]] forbid suicide.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Romain | first1=Jonathan | last2=Carey | first2=George | title = There is nothing holy about agony: religious people and leaders support assisted dying too | journal = [[The BMJ]] | date = 8 September 2021 | volume=374 | article-number=n2094 |doi=10.1136/bmj.n2094| pmid=34497050 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2019-10/abrahamic-religions-life-euthanasia-suicide-palliative.html | title=Abrahamic religions: No to euthanasia, assisted suicide, yes to palliative care - Vatican News | date = 28 October 2019 }}</ref>
Suicide and suicide attempts have been decriminalised in most of the western world, but remain criminalised in some countries, such as Afghanistan,<ref name="countries afghanistan" /> Nigeria,<ref name="Nigeria 9 October 2021" /> Palestine,<ref name="5 October 2023" /> and others.<ref name="decrim countries" /><ref name="9 September 2021" /><ref name="unitedgmh" />
Terminology relating to this sin or crime is used by Jews, Christians, and Muslims to condemn suicide attackers (see also above), different terminology is usually used to describe self sacrifice that they believe is justified, including actions their enemies label suicide attacks (see below).

==== Martyrdom of attackers and victims {{ anchor |Martyrdom operations|martyrdom operations|Martyrdom operation|martyrdom operation|Martyrdom|martyrdom|Martyr|martyr}}====
{{further | topic = [[Martyrdom]] and conflict
| Martyrdom in Islam
| Islamophobic trope #Shahid {{!}} Shahid (trope)
| Chahid (Algeria)
| Military Saint
| 21 Coptic Martyrs of Libya
| Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
| Martyrdom in Judaism
| Self-sacrifice in Jewish law
}}
[[File: Benzir Bhutto's death place mark.JPG |thumb|right|Plaque marking the location of the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]], written in [[Urdu]]. Translation: ''Place of Martyrdom, Ms. Benazir Bhutto martyred''. [[Benazir Bhutto]] was killed by a suicide terrorist in 2007.{{efn|name=Benazir}}]]

Among Muslims, secular Arabs, and related cultures, the term martyr or ''shaheed'' has a broad meaning and can refer to leaders who have been assassinated or executed, civilian casualties of war, and combatants who did not intend to die.<ref name="shahid in Israel" />

[[Martyrdom in Islam#Victims of terrorism|Victims of suicide bombings]] and [[Martyrdom in Islam#Suicide bombings|the bombers]] are both commonly referred to as [[martyrs]], by opposing groups, or when referring to different attacks.
Some Arabic speaking militant groups and their supporters call suicide attacks "[[Martyrdom in Islam#Martyrdom operations|martyrdom operations]]" ({{langx|ar| للعمليات الاستشهادية | aleamaliaat alistishhadia }}).<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://aja.ws/ug04zv | script-title = ar: هل يعيد "الطوفان" الزخم للعمليات الاستشهادية؟ | الجزيرة نت}}</ref> The term "suicide" is avoided by people who think an attack was justified, because [[Islamic views on suicide|Islam forbids]] taking one's own life in most circumstances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Does Islam permit suicide? |url=https://www.alislam.org/question/islam-permit-suicide/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Islam Ahmadiyya |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide in Islam - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Islam-QA |language=en}}</ref>
The concept of [[martyrdom in Islam]] is broad including people who died in plagues and women who died in childbirth, as well as fallen combatants who did not intend to die.<ref>{{cite web | last1 = كساب | first1 = أكرم | date = 30 May 2022 | script-title = ar: شهيد الإسلام في القرآن والسنة (1) | title = Martyr of Islam in the Qur'an and Sunnah (1) | url = https://www.aljazeera.net/blogs/2022/5/30/%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-1 | website = الجزيرة نت www.aljazeera.net | publisher = Al Jazeera |language=ar}}</ref> According to Israeli academic [[Assaf Moghadam]], the term "martyrdom operation" has been used by [[Hamas]], [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades]], [[Fatah]]'s [[Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades]], and other Palestinian factions.<ref name="Moghadam-16" >{{cite book | last1=Moghadam | first1=Assaf| author-link =Assaf Moghadam | editor1-last=Pedahzur | editor1-first=Ami | title = Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom |date = 2006| publisher=[[Routledge]] | location = Oxon, NY | isbn=978-0-415-77029-3 |page=16| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aAGTAgAAQBAJ&q=use+the+term++MARTYRDOM+OPERATIONS&pg=PA16 | access-date = 6 October 2015 | quote = … "martyrdom operations". This term is used by radical Islamist organizations such as Al Qaeda or Hamas, but also by more secular organizations such as Fatah-Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades or the Palestinian Front for the Liberation of Palestine }}</ref>{{verify source | reason = someone with access to the book please confirm the start of the quote |date = May 2025}}
The term "martyrdom operation" was also used in [[March 2003]] by the [[Iraq]]i administration to referred to suicide attacks on invading troops during the [[2003 Iraq war]], and in particular their promise to retake the [[Baghdad airport]].{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}

[[Martyrdom in Islam#Victims of terrorism|Victims]] of suicide attacks are also referred to as martyrs by a wide variety of cultures.
[[Benazir Bhutto]], the leader of the [[Pakistan People's Party]], is the most famous example of a progressive Muslim who is regarded as a martyr after being murdered in a suicide attack. Bhutto was [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto|assassinated in 2007]] by a teenage Islamic extremist.<ref name="injury" /><ref name="exhumation" />
After her death, many things in Pakistan, mostly related to education, were named or renamed in her honour, referring to her by the title ''"shaheed"'' (martyr).{{efn|name=Benazir}}

When [[Palestinian suicide attacks#ISIS|an ISIS-inspired suicide bomber]] blew himself up at [[Rafah crossing]] in 2017, he was described by locals and in Arabic package media as a suicide bomber ({{langx|ar|فجر انتحاري}} or {{lang|ar|الانتحاري}}), not a martyr.<ref name="Five sources" >Five sources: {{bullet}}{{nbs}}{{cite news | title = A suicide bomber blew himself up at a Hamas security checkpoint near the Egyptian border. Dubai | script-title = ar: انتحاري يفجر نفسه بنقطة أمنية لحماس قرب حدود مصر | url = https://www.alarabiya.net/arab-and-world/2017/08/17/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%B1-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1 | work = العربية www.alarabiya.net | date = 17 August 2017 |language=ar}} {{bullet}}{{nbs}}{{cite web | title = ISIS to Hamas: What happened in Rafah is a result of your killing, persecution, and destruction of mosques in Gaza. | script-title = ar: داعش لحماس: ماحدث في رفح هو نتاج قتلكم ومطاردتكم وتدميركم للمساجد بغزة | date = 18 August 2017 | url = https://ramallah.news/post/87685/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4-%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AD-%D9%87%D9%88-%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%83%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9 }} {{bullet}}{{nbs}}{{cite news | title = ISIS claims responsibility for Gaza bombing and threatens Hamas | script-title = ar: داعش يتبنى تفجير غزة ويتوعد حماس | url = https://www.raya.com/2017/08/18/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3 | work = جريدة الراية www.raya.com | date = 18 August 2017 |language=ar| script-quote = ar: تبنى تنظيم داعش في سيناء التفجير الانتحاري الذي وقع فجر أمس في غزة والذي راح ضحيته الانتحاري وشرطي، وكثفت وزارة الداخلية الفلسطينية في غزة إجراءاتها الأمنية على الحدود بين القطاع ومصر إثر تفجير «انتحاري» استهدف أمس عدداً من عناصر الأمن، ما أدى لمقتل أحدهم إلى جانب منفذ الهجوم. | trans-quote = The Islamic State group in Sinai claimed responsibility for the suicide bombing that took place at dawn yesterday in Gaza, which killed the bomber and a policeman. The Palestinian Interior Ministry in Gaza intensified its security measures on the border between the Strip and Egypt following a “suicide” bombing that targeted a number of security personnel yesterday, which led to the death of one of them, in addition to the perpetrator of the attack.}} {{bullet}}{{nbs}}{{cite news | title = Funeral procession for a Palestinian policeman killed in a suicide bombing in southern Gaza | script-title = ar: تشييع جثمان شرطي فلسطيني قتل في تفجير انتحاري جنوبي غزة | url = https://www.aa.com.tr/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%AC%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9/886581# | work = www.aa.com.tr | date = 17 August 2017}} {{bullet}}{{nbs}}{{cite web | script-title = ar: "الدولة" ردا على التفجير الانتحاري في غزة: "حماس" تحصد ثمار قتلها ومطاردتها لعناصرنا | url = https://www.alquds.co.uk/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D8%B2/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20260107180644/https://www.alquds.co.uk/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D8%B2/ | archive-date = 7 January 2026 }}</ref><ref name="AJ" />{{efn| though sometimes use a related word {{langx|ar|شهدت||deceased}}, example: {{langx|ar|وأفاد شهود عيان بأن القتيل من سكان منطقة "تل السلطان" في رفح، وهو من نشطاء جماعة سلفية تنتمي فكريا إلى تنظيم الدولة الإسلامية.||Eyewitnesses reported that the deceased was a resident of the "Tel al-Sultan" area in Rafah, and was an activist in a Salafist group that ideologically belongs to the Islamic State organization.}}<ref name="AJ"/>}} The border guard who was killed attempting to stop him crossing into Egypt, a member of Hamas' Qassam Brigades, was described in official statements and Arabic language media as a martyr ({{langx|ar|الشهيد نضال الجعفري|al-Shaheed Nidal al-Jaafari}}) and he became a martyr ({{langx|ar|استشهاد|[[Istishhad]]}}, {{langx|ar|استشهاد نضال جمعة||Martyrdom of Nidal al-Jaafari}}).<ref name="anger over deviant ideology" /><ref name="shms Rafah bomber family" /><ref name="paldf" />, some international media, and the bomber's family. His family condemned him, describing ISIS member's action as completely criminal and anti-Palestine, and announced they would not be holding funeral services for the ISIS suicide-bomber.<ref name="alquds Rafah martyr" /><ref name="shms Rafah bomber family" /> Gaza's clans referred to the bombing as suicide terrorism ({{langx|ar|العمل الإرهابي الانتحاري}}).<ref name="alquds Rafah martyr" />
The bomber was also [[posthumously]] disowned by family, who announced they would be holding no funeral.<ref name="NA 18 August 2017">{{cite news | script-title = ar: سياسة {{!}} تقارير عربية {{!}} "داعش" يفجر في غزة: القطاع على أبواب مرحلة جديدة | trans-title = Politics {{!}} Arab Reports {{!}} "ISIS" bombs Gaza: The Strip is on the verge of a new phase | url = https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4-%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9 | work = www.alaraby.co.uk | date = 18 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20260119184931/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4-%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9 | archive-date = 2026-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | script-title = ar: خبر عائلة كلاب تتبرأ من نجلها الذي فجر نفسه بقوة أمنية بغزة | date = 17 August 2017 | url = https://shms.ps/post/61559/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A3-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%B1-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9 }}</ref>

==== Biblical references ====
{{see also|King Saul #Suicide|Samson #Death|Judges 16|Daniel 5|Suicide in antiquity #Biblical accounts}}
[[File:064.The Death of Samson.jpg |thumb|180px| Illustration of Samson by [[Gustave Doré's illustrations for La Grande Bible de Tours|Gustave Doré]].{{ efn |name=Gustave| [[Gustave Doré]] was the [[Gustave Doré's illustrations for La Grande Bible de Tours|illustrator]] of the Bible that was handed to the British prison guard in 1947, by an [[Etzel (Irgun Tzvai-Leumi)|Etzel]] militant who [[#1947|blew himself up moments later]].<ref name="MR 27 July 2017" /><ref name="Sheleg 2007" /><ref name="book comes home" /> }} ]]

In [[Israel]], [[Samson]]'s words, in [[Judges 16]]:30 ({{langx|he|תמות נפשי עם פלשתים||let me die with the Philistines}}, [[Biblical Hebrew|Biblical]] {{langx|he|תָּמוֹת נַפְשִׁי עִם-פְּלִשְׁתִּים||}}).<ref name="kikar" /><ref name="yNet Ali" /><ref name="Judges 16" />, are quoted as a justification for acts of self sacrifice in battle. The same biblical quote is cited in both praise and criticism of this approach to warfare.<ref name="kikar" /><ref name="rev globes" /> Prior to the establishment of the State of Israel, this story was cited by two of the [[Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine|anti-British]] pre-state militant groups in reference to their [[#1947|premeditated plans]].<ref name="Sheleg 2007 suicide operation" /> One leader claimed that two militants who blew themselves up had not committed suicide, as such, due to [[Olei Hagardom|allegedly mitigating circumstances]].<ref name="murdered by the British" /><ref name="Sheleg 2007 approval" /> Their modern critics claim the situation itself was largely self-inflicted.<ref name="study unit" />

Some within Israel view the Samson in a very negative light.<ref name="Rinon 2024" />
People from Christian backgrounds, or people who live within majority-Christian communities, have carried out suicide attacks [[Ignacy Hryniewiecki|in Eastern Europe]], [[Sana'a Mehaidli|Lebanon]], [[Bath School disaster|the United States]], [[#1905 in New Zealand|New Zealand]], and elsewhere (see below). They have usually not used religious language to explain or justify their actions. Most have been members or supporters of secular movements, or they have perpetrated [[#personal|isolated attacks]] and they did not give lengthy reasons as to why they perpetrated the attacks.<ref name="lewis-2013" /><ref name="Nassau" /><ref name="1905 in New Zealand" />{{citation needed| reason = Bath School disaster, Sana'a Mehaidli's religion |date = May 2025}}
However, in 1959 in [[Houston]], Texas, Paul Harold Orgeron reportedly mentioned “the will of God” before detonating a suitcase bomb that killed himself and 5 other people at [[Poe Elementary School bombing|Poe Elementary School]].<ref name="Houstonia" >{{cite news | title = A Look Back at the 1959 Poe Elementary School Bombing | url = https://www.houstoniamag.com/news-and-city-life/2013/03/suffer-the-children-march-2013 | work = [[Houstonia Magazine]] | date = 15 March 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200807155053/https://www.houstoniamag.com/news-and-city-life/2013/03/suffer-the-children-march-2013 | archive-date = 2020-08-07 | quote = Meanwhile, he mumbled about “the will of God” and “power in a suitcase”.}}</ref>

==== Non-Abrahamic religions ====
[[Kuyili]] – who killed herself in a suicide attack in 1780, [[#1780|see below]] – is revered as ''Theepaanchi Amman'', meaning "the goddess who jumped into fire", in Muthupatti village near Sivagangai, Tamil Nadu, based on local oral traditions.<ref>{{cite news | title = Kuyili: the warrior in queen Velu Nachiyar’s army | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kuyili-the-warrior-in-queen-velu-nachiyars-army/article65757815.ece | access-date = 21 August 2025 | work = [[The Hindu]] | date = 11 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = What is the connection between the world's first suicide bomber, Kuili, and the burning goddess? | script-title = ta: உலகின் முதல் தற்கொலைப் போராளி குயிலிக்கும் தீப்பாய்ந்த அம்மனுக்கும் என்ன சம்பந்தம்? | url = https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/temples/103958-history-of-kuyili-and-theepaaintha-amman-temple-in-muthuppatti | access-date = 21 August 2025 | website = [[Vikatan]] | date = 4 October 2017 |language=ta}}</ref>

==== Opferanschlag (sacrifice bombing)====
In German-speaking areas the term "[[sacrifice]] bombing" ({{langx|de|Opferanschlag}}) was proposed in 2012 by German scholar {{ill|Arata Takeda|de}}.<ref name="Takeda sacrifice" />
This is different from the German word used by Nazi Germany to refer to self sacrifice attacks.{{citation needed| reason = please look for a citation before removing this sentence, it is meninges on other pages on Wikipedia |date = September 2025}}

=== Labelling attacks as terrorism {{ anchor |Labelling as terrorism|Terrorism}}===
{{further
| definition of terrorism
| war on terror
| dehumanisation
| Propaganda #Wartime
}}
{{Terrorism|by ideology}}

Suicide attacks include both "suicide terrorism" and attacks targeting combatants. "[[Terrorism]]" is often defined as any action "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants" for the purpose of intimidation.<ref>Definition given by [[Kofi Annan]], March 2005 in the UN General Assembly, while Secretary General of the UN: {{cite web | title=Story: UN reform | url = https://www.un.org/unifeed/script.asp?scriptId=73 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070427012107/http://www.un.org/unifeed/script.asp?scriptId=73 | archive-date = 2007-04-27 | access-date = 2010-02-24 | publisher = United Nations }}</ref> This definition is often not used consistently; even those claiming to define terrorism this way sometimes describe attacks on their own military as "terrorism", while attacks on civilians by allied state actors are almost never called terrorism.<ref name="disap" />

An alternative definition provided by [[Jason Burke]], a journalist who has lived among Islamic militants, suggests that most define terrorism as "the use or threat of serious violence" to advance some kind of "cause", stressing that terrorism is a tactic.<ref>{{cite book | author=Jason Burke | title=Al-Qaeda: The True Story of Radical Islam | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-_FJFFrit8AC | access-date = August 19, 2012|year=2004|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-666-9|pages=1–24 (22)}}</ref>
This definition is often referred to by the euphemism "[[political violence]]".<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/LIB100003885 | title=Talking terrorism: a dictionary of the loaded language of political violence / Philip Herbst. Language of political violence|website=www.awm.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/ftpv20 | title=Terrorism and Political Violence|website=Taylor & Francis}}</ref>

Academic [[Fred Halliday]] has written that assigning the descriptor of "terrorist" or "terrorism" to the actions of a group is a tactic used by states to deny "legitimacy" and "rights to protest and rebel".<ref>F. Halliday. (2002). ''Two Hours that Shook the World: September 11, 2001 – Causes and Consequences'', Saqi; {{ISBN|0-86356-382-1}}, pp. 70–71</ref>
Israeli diplomacy has been very influential in defining terrorism as a concept.<ref name="disap" /><ref name="word terrorism" >{{cite web | url = https://mondoweiss.net/2014/08/israels-terrorism-ideological/ | title = Israel's decades-long effort to turn the word 'terrorism' into an ideological weapon | date = 26 August 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Salon terror" >{{cite web | url = https://www.salon.com/2010/03/14/brulin/ | title = Salon Radio: Remi Brulin Transcript | date = 14 March 2010 }}</ref>
This was largely led by [[Menachem Begin]], who himself has been labelled as a terrorist leader, as commander of the [[Irgun]] militant group before Israel was recognized as a nation state by [[Western power]]s.<ref name="word terrorism" /><ref name="Salon terror" />

=== Homicide bombing {{ anchor |Homicide}}===
{{See also|murder–suicide|mass murder|List of rampage killers (religious, political, or ethnic crimes) {{!}} mass murders (religious, political, or ethnic)|Demonizing the enemy}}
Some efforts have been made to replace the term "suicide bombing" with {{ anchor |Homicide bombing}}"{{ visible anchor |homicide bombing}}", based on the assertion that "[[homicide]]" is a more apt adjective than "suicide" since the primary purpose of such a bombing is to kill other people. The only major media outlets to use it were the [[Fox News Channel]] and the ''[[New York Post]]'', both of which are owned by [[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]] and have since mostly abandoned the term.<ref>{{Cite book|author=L. Khan|title=A Theory of International Terrorism: Understanding Islamic Militancy|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|location=Boston, MA|year=2006|isbn=978-90-04-15207-6|pages=97–98}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Tim Grieve |url = http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2003/10/31/fox/index.html |title=Fox News: The inside story |work=Salon.com |date = October 31, 2003 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110204084700/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2003/10/31/fox/index.html | archive-date = February 4, 2011}}</ref> Robert Goldney, a professor emeritus at the [[University of Adelaide]], has argued in favor of the term "homicide bomber". Goldney argued that studies show that there is little in common between people who blow themselves up intending to kill as many people as possible in the process and actual suicide victims.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why it's 'homicide bomber' not 'suicide bomber'|url = http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-09-homicide-bomber-suicide.html|website=medicalxpress.com | access-date = 2016-02-09}}</ref> Fox News producer Dennis Murray argued that a suicidal act should be reserved for a person who does something to kill only themselves. [[CNN]] producer Christa Robinson argued that the term "homicide bomber" was not specific enough, stating that "A homicide bomber could refer to someone planting a bomb in a trash can".<ref name="Moghadam-16" /><ref>{{cite news|author=Peter Johnson|url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/113807077.html?dids=113807077:113807077&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+15%2C+2002&author=Peter+Johnson&pub=USA+TODAY&desc=Homicide+bomber+vs.+suicide+bomber&pqatl=google|title=Homicide bomber vs. suicide bomber | access-date = 22 March 2015 | work=[[USA Today]] | archive-date = 5 November 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105042612/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/113807077.html?dids=113807077:113807077&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+15,+2002&author=Peter+Johnson&pub=USA+TODAY&desc=Homicide+bomber+vs.+suicide+bomber&pqatl=google}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2002/04/13/annan-wants-peacekeepers-in-middle-east/ | title=Annan wants peacekeepers in Middle East}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{about| intentional use of suicide | unsuccessfully avoided deaths |suicide in the military}}
Initially, these attacks primarily targeted military, police, and public officials. This approach continued with groups like [[Al-Qaeda]], which combined mass civilian targets with political leadership.<ref name="Moghadam 2006" /> While only a few suicide attacks occurred between 1945 and 1980,<ref name="Pape-2003" /> between 1981 and September 2015 a total of 4,814 suicide attacks were carried out in over 40 countries,<ref name="CPoST" /> resulting in over 45,000 deaths. The global frequency of these attacks increased from an average of three per year in the 1980s to roughly one per month in the 1990s, almost one per week from 2001 to 2003,{{sfn|Atran|2006|p=128}} and roughly one per day from 2003 to 2015.<ref name="CPoST" /> In 2019, there were 149 suicide bombings in 24 countries, carried out by 236 individuals. These attacks resulted in 1,850 deaths and 3,660 injuries.<ref name="Rinehart 2021-06-15" />

=== Related actions ===
{{main|suicide mission}}

==== Suicide protests ====
{{main|Suicide protest}}

{{further
| Self-immolation
| Hunger strikes
| Hunger strikes in Turkey (2016–2017)
| Suffragette bombing and arson campaign
| Hunger Strike Medal
}}
Suicide is sometimes used as an extreme act of protest, without intent to cause tangible damage to the opponent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nooraeen |first1=Sara |last2=Croarkin |first2=Paul E. |title=Protest suicide: considerations for psychiatrists and psychologists |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |date=2023 |volume=14 |article-number=1213420 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1213420 |doi-access=free |pmid=37398601 |pmc=10308011 |issn=1664-0640}}</ref>
[[Romas Kalanta]] was a 19-year-old Lithuanian student who self-immolated in 1972 to protest against the [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet regime in Lithuania]], sparking the [[1972 unrest in Lithuania]]; another 13 people self-immolated in that same year.<ref>{{cite web | last1 = Anušauskas | first1 = Arvydas | author-link1=Arvydas Anušauskas | title = KGB reakcija į 1972 m. įvykius | url = http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/13/aarvydas.htm | access-date = 10 August 2023 | website = [[Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania]] }}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date = May 2025}}
[[Hunger strikes]] are another use of self harm, and actual or potential suicide, that is used by some militant groups.{{example needed|s| date = June 2025}}

==== Self-sacrifice to prevent other casualties ====
{{See also|Falling on a grenade|Altruistic suicide|Suicide mission #Self-sacrifice to prevent other casualties}}{{summarise section|fix=It needs a sentence, not a section.|date=September 2025}}
During the [[2006 Lebanon War]], [[IDF]] Major [[Roi Klein]] and his unit took part in the [[Battle of Bint Jbeil]]. During a [[Hezbollah]] ambush, a [[hand grenade]] was thrown over the wall that was between Hezbollah militants and Klein and his unit. Klein jumped on the live grenade and muffled the explosion with his body. The soldiers reported that Klein recited the Jewish prayer, [[Shema Yisrael]], as he jumped on the grenade. He then handed over his encoded radio to another officer, who took command of the force, and died.<ref>{{Citation | title = Israel Ha'yom | url = http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=33543}}.</ref><ref name= "Lubotzky" >{{cite book |last= Lubotzky |first= Asael |author-link=Asael Lubotzky |title= [[From the Wilderness and Lebanon]] |year=2016 |publisher= [[Koren Publishers Jerusalem]] |isbn=978-1-59264-417-9|pages= 56–57}}</ref><ref name="JP071709" >{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=148998|title=Family of Golani hero may lose home|last=Lazaroff|first=Tovah|author2=Dan Izenberg |date=July 17, 2009|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="Meotti" >{{cite book|last=Meotti|first=Giulio |title=A New Shoah: The Untold Story of Israel's Victims of Terrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqMVfx6dCJkC&q=Roi+Klein&pg=PA386|year=2010|publisher=[[Encounter Books]]|isbn=978-1-59403-477-0|page=386}}</ref><ref name="Katz" >{{cite book|last=Katz|first=Yossi|title=A Voice Called: Stories of Jewish Heroism|url=https://archive.org/details/voicecalledstori0000katz|url-access=registration|quote=Roi Klein.|year=2010|publisher=[[Gefen Publishing House]]|isbn=978-965-229-480-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/voicecalledstori0000katz/page/193 193]}}</ref> According to ''The Telegraph'' he yelled "Long live Israel",<ref name="TDT080907" >{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559875/Israel-honours-bravery-of-armed-forces.html|title=Israel honours bravery of armed forces|last=Butcher|first=Tom|date=9 August 2007|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> although this was probably a misinterpretation of "Shema Yisrael" (שמע ישראל).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/HP_0.html|title=- חדשות, כלכלה, ספורט ובידור מהארץ ומהעולם nrg|website=www.makorrishon.co.il}}</ref>

==== Preventing capture ====
{{further
| Suicide mission #Preventing capture
| Suicide pill
| Hannibal Directive #Controversy within the IDF
| First Jewish–Roman War
| Siege of Masada
| Masada myth
| Mass suicide
| Suicide Cliff
}}
During the [[First Jewish–Roman War]], the letter of the [[Sicarii]] determined that the people in the [[Siege of Masada|besieged city]] of [[Masada]] should commit [[mass suicide]], and even murder family members, to avoid capture during the [[Siege of Masada]].<ref name="Rinon 2024" />
The [[Masada myth|story of Masada]] is prominent in Israeli culture.<ref name="Rinon 2024" />
The [[Sicarii]] Jewish sect are also sometimes described as carrying out "suicidal" attacks against their enemies ([[#Sicarii|see below]]).<ref name="Masada" />

Other than as a way to cause enemy casualties, another situation in which some militaries and related bodies (such as intelligence agencies) encourage their own members to commit suicide is too avoid being captured by the enemy. The concept also often includes the use of intentional [[friendly fire]].<ref name="rev globes" /> Either to avoid disclose of military secrets, [[Hannibal Directive|avoid]] the [[Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange|need for a prisoner exchange]], or for more intangible ideological motives.<ref name="Masada" /> Individuals are encouraged by a perception that capture is a fate worse than death, and the likelihood of [[torture]] is strongly emphasised in internal propaganda. Sometimes, to the point that even civilians embrace the concept of dying (or killing people on their own side) to avoid capture.<ref name="unimaginable" /><ref name="JP 844045" />

In some cases, [[suicide mission|special forces of Western militaries have]] been provided with [[suicide pills]] to take if they are at risk of capture.<ref name="Freya CBC" /><ref name="JN JC" />
Some militaries of nation states avoid equipping their troops with any means specifically designed to facilitate suicide, but imply that soldiers are obliged to resort to extreme measures to avoid capture including taking their own lives, or killing their comrades, with whatever means are available.<ref name="rev globes" /><ref name="Brody 2015" /><ref name="Brody 2024" /> Hand grenades have been repeatedly used or recommended.<ref name="tr 49008320" /><ref name="rev globes" />
In 1952, three Chinese soldiers reportedly killed themselves with hand grenades to avoid capture.<ref name="tr 49008320" >{{cite news | title = Death Before Capture | url = https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/49008320 | work = [[The West Australian]] | date = 2 January 1952 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250604121741/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/49008320 | archive-date = 2025-06-04 | quote = Three Chinese soldiers blew them selves to pieces with gren ades to escape capture by Allied troops who surround ed their platoon near Kum song on the Korean central front on New Year's Eve. The Chinese clasped grenades to their stomachs and pulled the pins before they could be captured.}}</ref>{{additional citation needed | reason = there is another example from China and multiple stories about North Koreans |date = June 2025}}
Military commanders have reportedly recommended explosives such as hand grenades as a means of suicide, for the advantage of killing as many of the would-be captors as possible, thus converting the situation into an improvised suicide attack.<ref name="rev globes" />

=== Attackers killed by their opponents ===
{{Main|Suicide mission #Attacks against stronger opponents}}

{{see also|Martyrdom in Islam #Willingness to die in Battle|Suicide attack #Labelling as suicide}}
Some sources define "suicide terrorism" and "suicide attack" broadly to include attackers who are killed by other people.<ref>{{cite news | title = Suicide terrorism may have arrived in Australia | url = https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-07/obrien-suicide-terrorism-may-have-arrived-in-australia/6833970 | work = ABC News | date = 7 October 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151008014304/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-07/obrien-suicide-terrorism-may-have-arrived-in-australia/6833970 | archive-date = 2015-10-08 | quote = the "Chicago Project" describes a suicide attack as "an attack in which an attacker kills himself or herself to kill others". However, the Collins dictionary describes a suicide attack as "a terrorist attack which someone undertakes knowing that he or she will die in the attack". I would argue that this definition more accurately describes a suicide attack.}}</ref>
At the opposite extreme, militant leaders of from [[Jewish terrorism|Jewish]] or [[Islamic militant]] groups – [[Abrahamic religions|both religions]] that [[Religious views on suicide|forbid suicide]] – claim that directly causing one's own death sometimes is not suicide (see above: [[#suicide|suicide]] and [[#Religious terminology|religious terminology]]).
However, followers of these religiously derived ideologies define their enemies as suicidal, even if their opponent uses the same technique, such as when an [[#ISIS|ISIS]]-linked [[Palestinian suicide attacks#ISIS|suicide bomber]] killed [[al-Qassam]] border guard [[Nidal al-Jaafari]] at [[Rafah crossing]] ([[#martyrdom|see above]]).
During the colonial era and up to [[World War II]], Muslims in [[Aceh]] and [[Moro people|Moro]], now part of Indonesia and the Philippines, attacked much more powerful opponents – principally the Dutch, the Japanese, and the Americans – despite near certain death. Some authors have characterised these as predecessors of modern suicide bombings.<ref name="Indigenous roots" >Indigenous roots of the "first" Filipino suicide bombing (Lowy Institute) https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/indigenous-roots-first-filipino-suicide-bombing</ref>
Other sources say that suicide bombings in places like the Philippines arrose only recently, due to foreign influence from international cultists such as ISIS.<ref name="rsis 2020 Jolo" >{{cite web | date = 31 August 2020 | last1 = Yeo | first1 = Kenneth | last2 = Mahzam | first2 = Remy | title = RSIS Commentary No. 165: 2020 Jolo Suicide Attack: Evolving Tactics | url = https://rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/CO20165.pdf | website = rsis.edu.sg | publisher = [[S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies]] (RSIS), NTU. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250427110057/https://rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/CO20165.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2025 | access-date = 24 September 2025 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="Jolo 24 Aug 2020" >{{cite news| date = 24 Aug 2020 | title = 14 killed in Jolo twin bombings in southern Philippines | url = https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/24/14-killed-in-jolo-twin-bombings-in-southern-philippines | work = Al Jazeera | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201011011400/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/24/14-killed-in-jolo-twin-bombings-in-southern-philippines | archive-date = 2020-10-11 | quote = Monday's incident was one of at least six suicide bombings in the past three years, a mode of attack previously rare in the Philippines … Sulu is known as the stronghold of the [[Abu Sayyaf Group]], an armed group that has allied itself with ISIL (ISIS). [[Abu Sayyaf]] has long been battling for independence in the southern region of [[Mindanao]], which they regard as their ancestral homeland dating back to the pre-Spanish colonial period.}}</ref><ref name="Estabillo 3 July 2019" >{{cite news| date = 3 July 2019 | last1 = Estabillo | first1 = Allen | title = First Filipino suicide bomber in Sulu identified | url = https://www.sbs.com.au/language/filipino/en/podcast-episode/first-filipino-suicide-bomber-in-sulu-identified/bxozfqsri | work = SBS Language (SBS Filipino) | language = fil, en}} {{verify source|date = August 2025}}</ref>

===={{ visible anchor |Sicarii}} (first century AD)====
{{further
| #First | #Preventing capture
| Suicide mission #Preventing capture
| Jewish terrorism
| First Jewish–Roman War
| Masada myth
| Sicari
}}
The [[Sicarii]] Jewish sect are sometimes described as carrying out "suicidal" attacks against their enemies.
Riaz Hassan said that the first-century AD Jewish [[Sicarii]] sect carried out "suicidal missions to kill" [[Hellenized Jews]] they considered immoral collaborators.<ref name="Masada" />
An article in [[BBC Arabic]] originally called the [[Sicarii]] the first group to carry out suicide attacks.{{additional citation needed | reason = please find an archive of the Arabic on Wayback Machine |date=October 2025}}
In September 2023, over a year after initial publication, this attracted controversy in English language Israeli media, when a complaint led to a change in the article.<ref name="JP 759136" /><ref name="i24news 20230917" />
[[The Jerusalem Post]] classified the article under "antisemtitism".<ref name="JP 759136" /> The [[Sicarii]] sect play a central role in [[Masada myth|Israeli mythology]].<ref name="Rinon 2024" />
The Sicarii killed themselves and their families [[Suicide mission#Preventing capture|to avoid capture]] ([[#Sicarii|see above]]), but in their attacks they were [[Suicide mission#Attackers killed by their opponents|killed by their opponents]].<ref name="Rinon 2024" /> The Sicarii carried out attacks knowing it would lead to their own executions.<ref name="JP 759136" />
The revised BBC article claimed the first suicide attacks were by the [[Order of Assassins]], who are also [[Suicide mission#Order of Assassins|killed by their opponents]] (see next section).<ref name="JP 759136" /><ref name="i24news 20230917" />

==== Order of Assassins (1090 to 1275) {{ anchor |Hashishiyeen (1090 to 1275)|Hashishiyeen}}====
{{main|Order of Assassins}}

The [[Order of Assassins]] ({{langx|ar|حَشّاشِین|Hashishiyeen}}; {{langx|fa|حشاشين|Ḥaššāšīn}}) were from a sect of [[Ismaili]] [[Shi'a Muslims]]. They assassinated two [[Caliphs]], as well as many viziers, Sultans, and [[Crusades|Crusade]] leaders over 300 years,{{when|date = May 2025}}<ref>{{cite book | last1=Acosta | first1=Benjamin|editor1-last=Stanton|editor1-first=Andrea L.|editor2-last=Ramsamy|editor2-first=Edward | title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia|date = 2012|publisher=Sage|page=21|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&q=history+Hashishin+killed+caliphs&pg=PA21 | access-date = 13 October 2015|chapter=Assassins|isbn=978-1-4129-8176-7}}</ref> before being annihilated by [[Mongols|Mongol]] invaders. {{lang|ar-Latn|Hashishiyeen}} were known for targeting the powerful, using the dagger as a weapon (rather than something safer for the assassin such as a crossbow), and for not attempting to escape after completing their killing.<ref name="ARSI-BL-xii" />

==== Moro juramentado {{ anchor |Moro|juramentado|Juramentado|Moro juramentado|Moro Juramentado}}====
{{further
| Juramentado
| Martyrdom in Islam #Juramentado
| Suicide mission #Juramentado
| Terrorism in the Philippines
}}
[[Juramentado]], in [[Philippines|Philippine]] [[History of the Philippines|history]], refers to a male [[Moro people|Moro]] [[Swordsman#Filipino|swordsman]] (from the [[Tausug people|Tausug]] tribe of [[Sulu Islands|Sulu]]) who attacked and killed targeted occupying and invading [[police]] and [[soldier]]s. Death was expected, and considered [[martyrdom]], undertaken as a form of [[jihad]].<ref>{{Cite thesis | last=Luga | first=Alan R. | title=Muslim Insurgency in Mindanao, Philippines |date = 2002 |degree=Master's |publisher=United States Army Command and General Staff College | url = https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA406868 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210416191700/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA406868 | url-status=live | archive-date = April 16, 2021 |page=10 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last=Turbiville | first=Graham H. Jr. | title=Bearers of the Sword Radical Islam, Philippines Insurgency, and Regional Stability | url = http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/sword.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120621224454/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/sword.htm | archive-date = June 21, 2012 | access-date = June 21, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last=McKenna | first=Thomas M. |date = 1994 | title=The Defiant Periphery: Routes of Iranun Resistance in the Philippines |journal=Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice | volume=35 |issue=35 |pages=11–27 |jstor=23171780}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Philippines | url = http://dogbrothers.com/phpBB2/index.php?action=printpage;topic=10.0 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160408231454/http://dogbrothers.com/phpBB2/index.php?action=printpage;topic=10.0 | archive-date = April 8, 2016 |website=dogbrothers.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last=Russel | first=Florence Kimball | url = https://103.55.108.22:8080/get/pdf/1220 | title=A Woman's Journey Through the Philippines: On a Cable Ship That Linked Together the Strange Lands Seen En Route |publisher=L. C. Page & Company | year=1907 | location=Boston | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160413094754/http://103.55.108.22:8080/get/pdf/1220 | archive-date = 13 April 2016}}</ref>{{verify source | reason = copied from Juramentado page |date = April 2025}}

[[Moro people]] who performed suicide attacks were called {{lang|fil|mag-sabil}}, and the suicide attacks were known as {{lang|fil|parang-sabil}}.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://www.academia.edu/1921767 | title=Al Harakatul Al Islamiyyah: Essays on the Abu Sayyaf Group by Rommel Banlaoi | first=Rommel | last=Banlaoi|date = 9 September 2012 |via=www.academia.edu}}</ref> The Spanish called them {{lang|es|[[juramentado]]s}}. The idea of the {{lang|es|juramentado}} was considered part of {{lang|ar-Latn|[[jihad]]}} in the Moros' Islamic religion. During an attack, a {{lang|es|juramentado}} would throw himself at his targets and kill them with bladed weapons such as [[Barong (knife)|barongs]] and [[kris]] until he was killed. The Moros performed {{lang|es|juramentado}} suicide attacks against the Spanish in the [[Spanish–Moro conflict]] of the 16th to the 19th centuries, against the Americans in the [[Moro Rebellion]] from 1899 to 1913), and [[Philippine resistance against Japan#Moro resistance in Mindanao|against the Japanese in World War II]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia | first=Howard M. | last=Federspiel|edition=illustrated|year=2007|publisher=University of Hawaii Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC&pg=PA125|page=125|isbn=978-0-8248-3052-6 | access-date = March 10, 2014}}</ref>

The Moro ({{langx|es|juramentados}}) launched suicide{{verify source |date = April 2025}} attacks on the Japanese, Spanish, Americans and Filipinos, but did not attack the non-Muslim Chinese as the Chinese were not considered enemies of the Moro people.<ref>{{cite book | title=Filipino Heritage: The Spanish Colonial period (Late 19th Century): The awakening | first=Alfredo R. | last=Roces|volume=7 of Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation, Alfredo R. Roces|publisher=Lahing Pilipino Publishing | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xMkRAQAAMAAJ&q=The+juram+en+tado+'+s+act+was+occasionally+performed+against+the+Japanese+during+World+War+II%C2%97+and+the+Japanese+were+clearly+defined+as+enemies.+The+juramentado+never+went+after+Chinese+residents+in+spite+of+the+fact+that+the+Chinese+were+non-Muslims|page=1702 | access-date = March 10, 2014|year=1978}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Filipino Heritage: The Spanish colonial period (late 19th century) | first=Alfredo R. | last=Roces|volume=7 of Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation|year=1978|publisher=Lahing (Manila) | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=akNvAAAAMAAJ&q=The+juramentado's+act+was+occasionally+performed+against+the+Japanese+during+World+War+1+1+—and+the+Japanese+were+clearly+defined+as+enemies.+The+juramentado+never+went+after+Chinese+residents+in+spite+of+the+fact+that+the+Chinese+were+non-Muslim.|page=1702 | access-date = March 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Filipinas, Volume 11, Issues 117–128|year=2002|publisher=Filipinas Pub. | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wvkMAQAAMAAJ&q=The+juramentado's+act+was+occasionally+performed+against+the+Japanese+during+World+War+1+1+—and+the+Japanese+were+clearly+defined+as+enemies.+The+juramentado+never+went+after+Chinese+residents+in+spite+of+the+fact+that+the+Chinese+were+non-Muslim. | access-date = March 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Understanding Islam and Muslims in the Philippines|editor-first=Peter G.|editor-last= Gowing|edition=illustrated|year=1988|publisher= New Day Publishers | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-H25AAAAIAAJ&q=In+spite+of+the+individual+nature+of+many+juramentados,+the+fact+remains+that+it+was+never+done+against+members+of+ethnic+groups+who+were+not+considered+military+and+religious+enemies+of+the+Tausug.+Chinese,+for+example,+in+spite+of+their+status+as+non-+Moslems,+were+seldom+molested.+As+one+man+put+it,+%22There+is+no+sense+killing+the+Chinese|page=56|isbn=978-971-10-0386-9 | access-date = March 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Kiefer | first1= Th. M. | title=Parrang Sabbil: Ritual suicide among the Tausug of Jolo|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|date = January 1, 1973|volume=129|issue=1|page=111|doi=10.1163/22134379-90002734|doi-access=free}}</ref> The Japanese responded to these suicide attacks by massacring all known family members and relatives of the attackers.<ref>{{cite web| title = Approved for public release, distribution unlimited | url = https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADB068659.pdf | author = Schmidt | year = 1982 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111111203932/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADB068659%26amp;Location=U2%26amp;doc=GetTRDoc.pdf | archive-date = 2011-11-11 | page = 161 }}</ref>

According to historian [[Stephan Dale]], the Moro were not the only culture who carried out suicide attacks "in their fight against Western hegemony and colonial rule".
In the 18th century, suicide tactics were used on the [[Malabar Coast]] of southwestern India, and in [[Aceh]] in Northern [[Sumatra]] as well (see above).<ref name="ICT-STDC" /><ref>{{cite journal| journal = [[The Journal of Conflict Resolution]] | title = Religious Suicide in Islamic Asia | author = Stephen Fredric Dale | location = Department of History [[Ohio State University]] | jstor=174087 }}</ref>{{clarify| reason = be more specific than "suicide tactics" did they kill themselves or were they killed by their opponents? |date = August 2025}}

==== Aceh War (1873–1904) {{ anchor |Aceh War|Aceh war|1873|1904}}====
{{see also|Suicide mission #Aceh War|Martyrdom in Islam #Aceh|Suicide attack #Dutch|#Aceh in WWII}} {{Multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 250px
| image1 = Japanese East Indies (orthographic projection).svg
| caption1 = The former [[Dutch East Indies]] (dark{{spaces}}red) within the [[Empire of Japan]] (light{{spaces}}red) at its furthest extent
| direction = vertical 
| image4 = Aceh in Indonesia.svg
| caption4 = Location of [[Aceh]] on a map of present day [[Indonesia]].
| caption_align = center
}}

Muslim [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]] from the [[Aceh Sultanate]] performed suicide attacks known as ''parang-sabil'' against Dutch invaders during the [[Aceh War]] (1873–1904).{{ verify source | reason = are they suicide attacks or just very high risk? if just high risk, don't remove this section, but clarify please. |date = June 2025}} It was considered part of personal {{lang|ar-Latn|[[jihad]]}} in Islam. The Dutch called it {{lang|nl|Atjèh-moord}}, ({{Literal translation}} Aceh murder).<ref>{{cite book | title=Atjeh | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JXMeAAAAIAAJ&q=Atj%C3%A8h-moord&pg=PA613|year=1878|publisher=Brill Archive|pages=613–|id=GGKEY:JD7T75Q7T5G}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=J. Kreemer | title=Atjèh: algemeen samenvattend overzicht van land en volk van Atjèh en onderhoorigheden | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kzosAAAAMAAJ&q=Atj%C3%A8h-moord|year=1923|publisher=E.J. Brill|page=613}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url = https://www.academia.edu/6515130 | title=A Crazy State: Violence, Psychiatry, and Colonialism in Aceh, Indonesia, ca. 1910–1942 | first=David | last=Kloos|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|doi=10.1163/22134379-17001003 | access-date = 12 December 2016}}</ref> The Acehnese work of literature the ''[[Hikayat]] Perang Sabil'' provided the background and reasoning for the {{lang|nl|Atjèh-moord}} as Acehnese suicide attacks upon the Dutch.<ref>{{cite book | author1=John Braithwaite | author2=Valerie Braithwaite | author3=Michael Cookson | author4=Leah Dunn | title=Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and Reconciliation in Indonesian Peacebuilding | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OrdM8X7CBTAC&q=Acehmord&pg=PA347 |year=2010 |publisher=ANU E Press |isbn=978-1-921666-23-0 |page=347ff}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = http://press.anu.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/ch0617.pdf | title=6. Aceh |publisher=Press.anu.edu.au |year=2010 |page=343 |doi=10.22459/AV.03.2010 | access-date = 2016-01-17 | last1=Braithwaite | first1=John | last2=Braithwaite | first2=Valerie | last3=Cookson | first3=Michael | last4=Dunn | first4=Leah |isbn=978-1-921666-22-3 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url = https://www.academia.edu/18313161 | title=Anomie and Violence: Non-Truth and Reconciliation in Indonesian Peacebuilding | John Braithwaite |website=Academia.edu |date = 1970-01-01 | access-date = 2016-01-17 | last1=Braithwaite | first1=John}}</ref>{{verify source | reason = suicide or high risk? |date = June 2025}} The Indonesian translations of the Dutch terms are {{lang|id|Aceh bodoh}}, {{lang|id|Aceh pungo}}, {{lang|id|Aceh gila}}, or {{lang|id|Aceh mord}}.<ref>{{cite book | author1=Sayed Mudhahar Ahmad | author2=Aceh Selatan (Indonesia) | title=Ketika pala mulai berbunga: seraut wajah Aceh Selatan | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I65yAAAAMAAJ&q=Mereka+ini+terkenal+memiliki+keberanian+luar+biasa+dan+tidak+takut+maut.+Orang-orang+semacam+itu+dijuluki+Belanda+sebagai+pengidap+penyakit+Aceh+mord+%28Aceh+gila%29,+yang+dalam+bahasa+Aceh+disebut+Aceh+pungo+%28Aceh+bodoh%29.+Belanda+...|year=1992|publisher=Pemda Aceh Selatan|page=131}}</ref>

==== Aceh in WWII ====
{{see also|Suicide mission #Aceh in WWII|Suicide attack #Aceh War|#Dutch|#During World War II}}

{{lang|nl|[[Atjèh-moord]]}} was also used against the Japanese by the [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]] during the [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies#The occupation|Japanese occupation of Aceh]].<ref>{{cite book | author=A. J. Piekaar | title=Atjèh en de oorlog met Japan | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=txYyAQAAIAAJ&q=Atj%C3%A8h-moord|year=1949|publisher=W. van Hoeve|page=3}}</ref> The [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]] {{lang|ar-Latn|[[Ulama]]}} (Islamic Scholars) fought against both the Dutch and the Japanese, revolting against the Dutch in February 1942 and against Japan in November 1942. The revolt was led by the All-Aceh Religious Scholars' Association (PUSA). The Japanese suffered 18 dead in the uprising while they slaughtered either up to 100 or over 120 Acehnese.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0GrWCmZoEBMC&dq=amuntai+japanese&pg=PA252 Ricklefs 2001], p. 252.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RcdwAAAAMAAJ&q=In+November+1942,+the+Japanese+found+themselves+putting+down+a+local+rebellion+against+their+rule+carried+out+by+the+same+Acehnese+who+had+removed+the+Dutch+to+make+way+for+their+arrival.+One+leader+of+a+religious+school+in+Cot+Plieng,+... Martinkus 2004], p. 47.</ref>
The revolt happened in Bayu and was centred around Tjot Plieng village's religious school.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3NETAQAAMAAJ&q=When+the+resistance+of+the+religious+school+of+Tjot+Plieng+in+Bayu+was+ended+in+November+1942,+over+100+Acehnese+were+massacred,+18+Japanese+died,+and+yet+another+conqueror+had+learned+the+penalty+of+trying+to+deal+with+Aceh+by+force "Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine, Volume 3, Issues 43–52" 2003], p. 27.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.atjehcyber.net/2011/08/sejarah-jejak-perlawanan-aceh.html | title=Sejarah Jejak Perlawanan Aceh |website=Atjehcyber.net |date = 2011-08-10 | access-date = 2016-01-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160427002230/http://www.atjehcyber.net/2011/08/sejarah-jejak-perlawanan-aceh.html | archive-date = 2016-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012/3 | title=Waspada, Sabtu 17 Maret 2012 by Harian Waspada |website=Issuu.com |date = 16 March 2012 | access-date = 2016-01-17 | archive-date = 14 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160314210034/https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012/3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012 | title=Waspada, Sabtu 17 Maret 2012 by Harian Waspada |website=[[Issuu.com]] |date = 16 March 2012 | access-date = 2016-01-17 | archive-date = 15 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160315025913/https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012 }}</ref>
During the revolt, the Japanese troops armed with mortars and machine guns were charged by sword wielding Acehnese under {{lang|id|Teungku Abduldjalil}} (Tengku Abdul Djalil) in [[Buloh Gampong Teungah]] on 10 November and [[Tjot Plieng]] on 13 November.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BiTjAAAAMAAJ&q=tjot+plieng "Berita Kadjian Sumatera: Sumatra Research Bulletin, Volumes 1–4" 1971], p. 35.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=v3kDBvr5UeYC&q=tjot+plieng Nasution 1963], p. 89. {{full citation needed|date = August 2025}}</ref> In May 1945 the Acehnese rebelled again.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BpZuAAAAMAAJ&q=village+and+the+mosque+at+the+beginning+of+November.+In+the+fighting+that+ensued,+18+Japanese+were+killed+and+more+than+120+Acehnese+perished.+Furthermore+a+local+revolt+broke+out+in+Aceh+in+May+1945. Jong 2000], p. 189.</ref>

==== Disposable use of troops during WWI and WWII {{ anchor |World War One|WWI|WW1}}====
{{further
| Human wave attack
| Forlorn hope
| Gallipoli landing
| Anzac Day
| Suicide attack #During World War Two
}}
{{Campaignbox Gallipoli}}
Supreme Allied Commander [[Lord Mountbatten]] claimed high casualties were justified during the [[Dieppe Raid]], "For every man that died at [[Dieppe]], ten were saved on [[D-Day]]".<ref name="JN JC" /><ref>{{cite web | title=BBC - History - World Wars: Dieppe Raid | url = https://www.bbc.com/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ff4_diepperaid.shtml }}</ref>
From one frito of twelve (11 Canadians and one British), only two returned alive, the others were killed or captured.<ref name="Freya CBC" /> One of the survivors was a [[Jack Nissenthall|British radar expert]], who had been given a [[cyanide pill]] to take if he was captured.<ref name="Freya CBC" />

==== Suicide by cop ====

{{Excerpt|Suicide by cop}}

== First suicide attacks (attackers who killed themselves) {{ anchor |History|Attackers who killed themselves|Before WWII|before WWII|First|first}}==
{{see also|History of suicide|World War I|Interwar period}}
Several different events have been described as the first suicide attack in different sources.<ref name="thebetterindia" /><ref name="queen-velu" />

The oldest story that is widely described as a suicide attack in modern sources is the biblical story of [[Samson#Suicide attack|Samson's destruction]] of the [[Philistine]] temple in [[History of Gaza|Gaza]] in [[Judges 16:30]].<ref name="alarabiya sam" /><ref name="first shahid" /><ref name="Takeda 2010" /><ref name="mythic discourse" />
A study by German scholar {{ill|Arata Takeda|de}} analyzes analogous behavior represented in literary texts from the antiquity through the 20th century, these being ''[[Ajax (Sophocles)|Ajax]]'', ''[[Samson Agonistes]]'', ''[[The Robbers]]'', and ''[[The Just Assassins]]''. The study concluded "that suicide bombings are not the expressions of specific cultural peculiarities or exclusively religious fanaticisms. Instead, they represent a strategic option of the desperately weak who strategically disguise themselves under the mask of apparent strength, terror, and invincibility".<ref name="mythic discourse" /><ref name="Takeda 2010" />
Other writers have also interpreted Samson's death [[Samson#Suicide attack|as suicide attack]].{{sfn|Drury|2003}}{{sfn|Wicker|2003}}{{sfn|Atiya|1973}} A few have compared him to the hijackers who were responsible for the [[September 11 attacks]].{{sfn|Drury|2003}}{{sfn|Wicker|2003}}

An article in [[BBC Arabic]] claimed the [[Sicarii]] were the first group to carry out suicide attacks. In September 2023 the BBC responded to a complaint, deleted the Sicarii and reworded the second example so that the revised article called the [[Order of Assassins]] ([[Ismaeli Shia|Ismaeli]] [[Persecution of Shia Muslims|Shia]]) the first.<ref name="JP 759136" /><ref name="i24news 20230917" /> However, both groups were [[Suicide mission#Attackers killed by their opponents|killed by their opponents]] ([[#Attackers killed by their opponents|see above]]).

=== Arnold von Winkelried (1386 in Switzerland) {{ anchor |Switzerland 1386|1386}}===
[[Arnold von Winkelried]] was considered a hero in the Swiss struggle for independence for sacrificing himself at the [[Battle of Sempach]] in 1386.{{citation needed|date = March 2025}}

=== Kuyili (1780 in India) {{ anchor |India 1780|1780}}===
{{main|Kuyili|Velu Nachiyar}}

In 1780, an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[female suicide bombers|woman]] named [[Kuyili]] applied [[ghee]] and oil onto her body and set herself ablaze. She then jumped into an armoury of the [[East India Company]], causing it to explode. This suicide attack helped to secure victory for her queen, [[Velu Nachiyar]], in the battle.<ref>
{{cite news | title = Tamil Nadu to build memorial for freedom fighter Kuyili | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-to-build-memorial-for-freedom-fighter-Kuyili/articleshow/20075937.cms | access-date = 13 August 2014 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | date = 16 May 2013 | location = [[Chennai, India]]}}</ref><ref name="thebetterindia" >
{{cite web | last1=S | first1 = Lekshmi Priya | title = Velu Nachiyar & Kuyili: The Women Who Took Down The British 85 Yrs Before 1857! | url = https://thebetterindia.com/157316/news-india-independence-women-fighters-british-raj/ | website = thebetterindia.com | access-date = 28 August 2018 | location = [[Chennai, India]] | quote = It is quite possible that Kuyili’s act may have been one of the first instances of a suicide bombing in the history of mankind that ended up leaving not one speck of ammunition left for the British to retaliate.}}</ref><ref name="queen-velu" >
{{cite web| url = http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-queen-velu-nachiyar-sivagangai-first-queen-fight-british-55163 | title = Remembering Queen Velu Nachiyar of Sivagangai, the first queen to fight the British | work = [[The News Minute]] | date = 3 January 2017 | quote = In 1780, she led the charge against her enemies with an army she had built along with the help of Sultan Hyder Ali of Mysore. She is also credited to have been the first person to use a human bomb - Kuyili, her loyal follower (and some say adoptive daughter), doused herself in oil/ghee and set herself aflame to blow up the ammunition of the British.}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news | title=Of woman power and Tamizh glory | url = https://www.news18.com/news/india/of-woman-power-and-tamizh-glory-375394.html|newspaper=IBN Live|date = 14 June 2011 | location = [[Chennai, India]]}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news | title = Veeramangai Velu Nachiyar | url = https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/veeramangai-velu-nachiyar/article26016399.ece|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|date = 18 January 2019 | location = [[Chennai, India]]}}</ref>
Historical evidence about her life is scarce, relying primarily on folk songs and oral histories due to her marginalized Arunthathiyar or Sambavar background.<ref>{{cite web | last = Mukherjee | first = Oishi |title = Kuyili: The Dalit Commander Whose Sacrifice Remains An Unsung Tale | url = https://feminisminindia.com/2018/07/31/kuyili-dalit-commander-sivagangai/ | access-date = August 21, 2025 | website = Feminism in India | date = July 31, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Anand | first = T. | title = Role of Velu Nachiar in the Indian Freedom Movement | journal = Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities | volume = 8 | issue = S1 | date = February 2021 | pages = 156–158 | doi = 10.34293/sijash.v8iS1-Feb.4005 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349695054_Role_of_Velu_Nachiar_in_the_Indian_Freedom_Movement}}</ref>

=== 17th- and 19th-century Dutch {{ anchor |Dutch}}===
{{see also|Suicide attack #Aceh War}}

In the late 17th century, [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] official [[Yu Yonghe]] recorded that injured [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] soldiers fighting against [[Koxinga]]'s forces for control of Taiwan in 1661 would use gunpowder to blow up both themselves and their opponents rather than be taken prisoner.<ref>{{cite book | last=Yu | first=Yonghe | title=Small Sea Travel Diaries|year=2004|publisher=SMC Publishing Inc.|isbn=978-957-638-629-9|page=196|editor=Macabe Keliher}}</ref> However, Yu may have confused such suicidal tactics with the standard Dutch military practice of undermining and blowing up overrun positions, which almost cost Koxinga his life during the [[Siege of Fort Zeelandia]].<ref>{{cite book | first1=William | last1=Campbell | author-link=William Campbell (missionary) | title=Formosa under the Dutch: Described from Contemporary Records|year=1903|publisher=[[Kegan Paul]] |lccn=04007338|oclc=66707733| url = https://archive.org/details/formosaunderdut01campgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/formosaunderdut01campgoog/page/n468 452] | access-date = April 18, 2015}}</ref>

On 5 February 1831, during the [[Belgian Revolution]], a gale blew a Dutch [[gunboat]] under the command of [[Jan van Speyk]] into the quay of the [[port of Antwerp]]. As the ship was stormed by Belgians, van Speyk refused to surrender, instead igniting the ship's gunpowder with either his gun or cigar, blowing up the ship. The explosion killed 28 out of the 31 crewmen and an unknown number of Belgians.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Kennedy | first = James C. | title = A Concise History of the Netherlands | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-521-87588-2 | location = [[Cambridge]], United Kingdom | pages=294 }}</ref>{{additional citation needed| reason = This was the only citation on the page "Jan van Speyk", but it probably doesn't cover this whole paragraph. |date=October 2025}}

=== Ignaty Grinevitsky (1881) and others in Russia {{ anchor |Ignaty Grinevitsky|Ignacy Hryniewiecki|Russia 1881|1881}}===
{{further
| Ignacy Hryniewiecki
| Narodnaya Volya | label2 = Narodnaya Volya (the People's Will)
| Assassination of Alexander II of Russia
}}

A Russian man named [[Ignaty Grinevitsky]] (also spelled: [[Ignacy Hryniewiecki]]) is sometimes described as the first known suicide bomber.{{sfn|Lewis|2013}}<ref name="AOAV 1881" /> The invention of dynamite in the 1860s presented revolutionary and terrorist groups in Europe with a weapon nearly 20 times more powerful than gunpowder. However, using dynamite required overcoming the technical challenges of detonating it at the right time. One solution was to use a human trigger, which was the technique used to assassinate Tsar [[Alexander II of Russia]] in 1881.{{sfn|Lewis|2013}}<ref>{{cite book| last1=Naimark | first1=Norman M. | author-link1 = Norman M. Naimark | chapter = Terrorism and the fall of Imperial Russia | editor1-last = Rapoport | editor1-first = David C. | editor1-link = David C. Rapoport | title = Terrorism: The first or anarchist wave | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rjSjAUcH0vsC|series=Terrorism: Critical Concepts in Political Science | volume=1 | publisher = Taylor & Francis |date = 2006|page=280|isbn=978-0-415-31651-4 | access-date = 2015-04-17| quote = […] [[Sophia Perovskaya|Sof'ia Perovskaia]] […] and [[Andrei Zhelyabov|Andrei Zheliabov]] carefully planned another attempt on the life of the Tsar. […] They rented a shop on Malaia Sadovaia, a street frequented by the Tsar, and dug a tunnel from the basement under the street. Zheliabov was arrested on 27 February 1881, and Perovskaia took charge of the assassination, planned for 1 March. This time they got their prey: the explosives placed under the street failed to detonate, but the second of two suicide bombers fatally wounded the Tsar.}}</ref> A would-be suicide bomber killed Russian Minister of the Interior [[Vyacheslav von Plehve]], in St Petersburg in 1904, but survived with major injuries.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Julicher | first1=Peter | title=Renegades, Rebels and Rogues Under the Tsars | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cnN_x0ssn40C | publisher = McFarland | date = 2003 | page=229 | isbn=978-0-7864-1612-7 | access-date = 2015-04-17 | quote = ...[[Boris Savinkov]] recruited Yegor Sazonov, a former medical student, who was willing to sacrifice himself to accomplish the deed. […] On July 15 (28), 1904, a determined Sazonov ran through a crowd of onlookers and positioned himself in front of the approaching carriage just in time. When it swerved to avoid him, he threw his bomb through the side window. The explosion killed Plehve and left Sazonov badly injured.}}</ref>

=== Personal disputes before WWII {{ anchor |Personal|personal}}===
{{see also|Suicide attack #Pilot suicides|label1=Pilot suicides (below)|#Car bomb suicides|Yangquan cinema bombing|1976 Mason County jail bombing}}

==== 1905 in New Zealand {{ anchor |1905|NZ 1905}}====
{{see also|Murchison, New Zealand #History|Terrorism in New Zealand|#NZ 1982|#USA 1953}}
[[File:Murchison suicide attack 042.jpg |thumb| Commemorative plaque for the [[Murchison, New Zealand#History|1905 Murchison suicide attack]] ]]

The earliest known non-military suicide attack occurred in [[Murchison, New Zealand]], on 14 July 1905. When a long-standing dispute between two farmers resulted in a court case, defendant Joseph Sewell arrived with sticks of [[gelignite]] strapped to his body. During the court proceedings, Sewell shouted "I'll blow the devil to hell, and I have enough dynamite to do just that." He was then ushered out of the building and when a police officer tried to arrest him on the street, Sewell detonated the charge, killing himself. No one other than Sewell was killed by the attack.<ref name="1905 in New Zealand" >{{cite news | title = The Murchison Tragedy | url = http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NEM19050715.2.18 | access-date = 17 January 2016 | work = [[The Nelson Mail|Nelson Evening Mail]] | volume=XL | date = 15 July 1905 |page=2}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web | url = https://natlib-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=NLNZ&docid=INNZ7118417400002837&context=L&search_scope=INNZ |website=natlib-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com | title = The Murchison tragedy | quote = Uses records of the court case and the inquest to present the story of the Sewell-Neame trial, and the death of Sewell by explosives. Journal (Murchison District Historical and Museum Society), Dec 1992; p.20-24}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news| date = 16 January 2016 | title = NZ suicide bombing a world first | work = [[The Press]] |page=A13}} (access date: 17 January 2016) {{verify source| reason = a source on the page "Murchison, New Zealand" seems to combine a print and on-line version of an article into one citation |date = September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| archive-date = 2025-09-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250922195911/https://www.stuff.co.nz/nelson-mail/opinion/75765195/murchison-suicide-bombing-a-world-first | last1 = Hindmarsh | first1 = Gerard | title = Murchison suicide bombing a world first | url = http://www.stuff.co.nz/nelson-mail/opinion/75765195/murchison-suicide-bombing-a-world-first | access-date = 22 September 2025 | work = www.[[stuff.co.nz]] | date = 16 January 2016 | quote = the world's first strapped-on suicide bombing happened in Murchison. Joseph Sewell was a 57-year-old farmer from Longford when he strapped himself with sticks of gelignite and blew himself up outside the Murchison Courthouse on Friday 14 July 1905. It was an event that got reported worldwide as "The Murchison Tragedy".}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web | last1 = Gillespie | first1 = Alexander | title = Searching for our own Guy Fawkes | url = https://www.stuff.co.nz/opinion/98540798/searching-for-our-own-guy-fawkes | website = www.[[stuff.co.nz]] | quote = New Zealand made its most significant contribution to the practice of terrorism on the global stage, providing the world's first suicide bomber in 1905 ... the first was Joseph Sewell, a 57-year-old farmer who strapped sticks of gelignite to himself and then detonated outside the Murchison court house ... Sewell attached the explosives to himself and then put his coat over the top ... Sewell only blew himself up, and only did it because of a dispute with his neighbour over the ownership of straying animals over unfenced lands, not to make some political point. | archive-date = 2025-09-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250922174811/https://www.stuff.co.nz/opinion/98540798/searching-for-our-own-guy-fawkes }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web | title = JOURNAL: First blood / by Gerard Hindmarsh | url = https://natlib.govt.nz/records/31940093?search%5Bi%5D%5Bsubject%5D=New+Zealand+--+Murchison&search%5Bi%5D%5Btag%5D=natlib%3Aonly_at_the_library&search%5Bpath%5D=items | website = natlib.govt.nz | quote = Electronic title 'Feuds: first blood' ... Source: New Zealand listener (1994), 4 May 2013; v.238 n.3808: p.22-23 }} {{cite web | title = First blood | author = Gerard Hindmarsh | url = https://natlib-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=NLNZ&docid=INNZ7113888930002837&context=L&search_scope=INNZ | via = natlib-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com | work = Part Of: [[New Zealand Listener|New Zealand listener]] (1994), 4 May 2013; v.238 n.3808:p.22-23 | quote = Description: Revisits and details an incident at the Murchison courthouse 14 Jul 1905, in which accused man Joseph Sewell detonated an explosive that killed him and injured others. Claims it may be the first incident of suicide bombing using explosives strapped to one's body.}}
</ref><ref name="Te Ara 1" />

==== 1927 Bath School bombings in Michigan, USA {{ anchor |1927|USA 1927}}====
{{further
| Bath School disaster
| Andrew Kehoe
| Car bomb #History
| mass murder
| Poe Elementary School bombing
}}

The first reported car bombing was the [[Bath School disaster|Bath School bombings]] in [[Michigan]], USA in 1927. Multiple separate explosions on the same day killed 45 people, including the bomber, and half of a school was destroyed.{{according to whom|date = October 2024}}
The bombings were all carried out by [[Andrew Kehoe]], motivated by a [[#personal|personal grievance]].
His death was possibly an intentional [[suicide]], but the cause of the explosion was a gun shot that might not have been intended to set off the load. The explosion itself did not seem to form part of a suicide attack on a specific planned target other than possibly himself and his truck.
The explosives in his truck detonated when he saw two men nearby had a gun, after he set off multiple other bombs.<ref name="Inquest Page 326"/><ref name="Inquest Page 352"/>
The explosion may have been set off indirectly by him firing his own gun at the men.<ref name="Inquest Winchester"/><ref name="Jones PhD Dissertation Page 1"/>
Most of the deaths were caused by the earlier bombs.<ref name="ellsworth ch 2"/><ref name="Burcar"/>

=== Pahartali European Club attack (1932, in Bangladesh) ===
[[File:Euclub.jpg|thumb|The Pahartali European Club (shown here in 2010) was torched by the group of revolutionaries.]]

In 1932, Surya Sen planned an attack on the Pahartali European Club which had a signboard that read "Dogs and Indians not allowed".<ref>{{cite book |author=Geraldine Forbes |author-link=Geraldine Forbes |year=1999 |title=Women in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&pg=PA140 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |volume=IV.2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=140–141 |isbn=978-0-521-65377-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr98/fe0898/f1808989.html |title=Remembering the Legendary Heroes of Chittagong |work=NIC |access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clatgyan.com/downloads/Independence-CLATGyan.pdf |title=Indian Independence |access-date=5 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119062342/http://www.clatgyan.com/downloads/Independence-CLATGyan.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sen decided to appoint a woman leader for the mission. As Kalpana Datta was arrested prior to the planned attack, Pritilata was assigned the leadership of the group. Pritilata went to Kotowali sea side for arms training and the plan of their attack was finalised there.<ref name="The Fire-Brand Woman Of Indian Freedom Struggle.">{{cite web |url=http://www.towardsfreedom.in/site/Pritilata_Waddedar |title=The Fire-Brand Woman Of Indian Freedom Struggle. |publisher=Towards Freedom |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> It was decided to attack the club on 24 September 1932, and the members of the group were given [[potassium cyanide]], to be swallowed to commit suicide if they were caught. Pritilata herself committed suicide on this attack after sustaining bullet injury.<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Amin |first=Sonia |year=2012 |chapter=Waddedar, Pritilata |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Waddedar,_Pritilata |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref name="Kalpana Dutt 1979 53">{{cite book |author=Kalpana Dutt |year=1979 |title=Chittagong Armoury raiders: reminiscences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcoBAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Peoples' Pub. House |page=53}}</ref> According to the police report, one woman was killed, and four men and seven women were injured in the attack.<ref name="Sonali Swapno">{{cite book|last=Pal|first=Rupamay|title=Surjo Sener Sonali Swapno|year=1986|publisher=Deepayan|location=Kolkata|page=162}}</ref>
=== Spanish civil war (1936–1939)===
{{see also|Spanish Civil War|Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War}}
{{campaignbox Spanish Civil War}}

There are a few reports of suicide bombers during the civil war in the 1930s.<ref name="first shahid" />{{additional citation needed | reason = needs the Al-Ittihad article, but I'm having trouble finding it. Ambiguity in Arabic to Hebrew to English means this might be mistranslated |date = June 2025}}

=== Chinese suicide squads ===
{{see also|Suicide attack #During World War II|#Japanese|#Korean War|Martyrdom in Chinese culture|National Revolutionary Army #Dare to Die Corps}}
[[File: Chinese infantry soldier preparing a suicide vest of Model 24 hand grenades at the Battle of Taierzhuang against Japanese Tanks.jpg|thumb|right|Chinese suicide bomber putting on a 24 hand grenade-explosive vest prior to attack on Japanese tanks at the [[Battle of Taierzhuang]].]]

During the [[Xinhai Revolution]] and the [[Warlord Era]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], "[[National Revolutionary Army#Dare to Die Corps|Dare to Die Corps]]" ({{lang-zh|s=敢死队|t=敢死隊|p=gǎnsǐduì|w=Kan-ssu-tui | first=t}}) or "suicide squads".<ref name="China multi ref" >"[[National Revolutionary Army#Dare to Die Corps|Dare to Die Corps]]" in the [[Xinhai Revolution]] and the [[Warlord Era]]:
* {{cite web | author=LEAR | title=词语"敢死队"的解释汉典zdic.net | url = http://www.zdic.net/c/2/2B/67998.htm | access-date = November 7, 2014}}
* {{cite web | title=敢死队的意思,含义,拼音,读音-敢死队的汉语词典解释 | url = http://cidian.xpcha.com/9e7g5dxwqhb.html | access-date = November 7, 2014| archive-date = August 11, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140811163900/http://cidian.xpcha.com/9e7g5dxwqhb.html}}
* {{cite web | title=6. 敢死队 gǎnsǐduì | url = http://today.zgxc.org.cn/content.php?typeid=5&id=28788 | access-date = 12 December 2016| archive-date = 21 August 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160821183438/http://today.zgxc.org.cn/content.php?typeid=5&id=28788}}
* {{cite web | author=海词词典 | title=dare-to-die ship | url = http://dict.cn/dare-to-die%20ship | access-date = November 7, 2014}}
* {{cite web | title=a dare-to-die corps 的翻译是:敢死队是什么意思?英文翻译中文,中文 | url = http://www.woyaofanyi.com/translate_1554934.html | access-date = November 7, 2014| archive-date = October 30, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141030000518/http://www.woyaofanyi.com/translate_1554934.html}}
* {{cite web | title=敢死队, a dare-to-die corps,音标,读音,翻译,英文例句,英语词典 | url = http://www.dictall.com/indu53/67/5367062169C.htm | access-date = 12 December 2016}}
* {{cite web | title=a dare-to-die corps – 中英文在线翻译英语在线翻译 | url = http://www.haodic.com/query/a%20dare-to-die%20corps| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141030125833/http://www.haodic.com/query/a%20dare-to-die%20corps/| archive-date = October 30, 2014 | access-date = November 7, 2014}}
* {{cite web | title=敢死队 – 汉语词典 – 911查询 | url = http://cidian.911cha.com/MWNjbG8=.html | access-date = November 7, 2014}}
* {{cite book | author1=Carl Glick | author2=Sheng hwa Hong | title=Swords of silence: Chinese secret societies, past and present | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tP_NAAAAMAAJ&q=dare+to+die+swords+china|year=1947|publisher=Whittlesey House}}
</ref> were frequently used by Chinese armies.{{verify source| reason = is this supported by previous source? |date = May 2025}}
China deployed these suicide units against the Japanese during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]].{{verify source| reason = is this supported by previous sources? |date = July 2025}}

In 1938 300 Chinese troops reportedly killed themselves with hand grenades to avoid being captured.<ref name="tr 229868436" >{{cite news| title = Chinese Die But Not Surrender | location = London | newspaper = The Sun (Sydney, NSW: 1910 - 1954) | url = https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/229868436 | via = Trove | date = 23 Mar 1938 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250604140615/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/229868436 | archive-date = 2025-06-04 | quote = Refusing to surrender, 300 Chinese troops blew them selves to pieces with their own hand-grenades. The self-sacrifice occurred, says a Shanghai message, in the Tientsin-Pukow conflict. The 300 were part of the army of 200,000 who are attempting to stem the Japanese advance. These men swore to die, rather than to surrender their positions. Their commander, Wang Ming-chang, blew out his brains with his revolver after sustaining a wound in the stomach. His men followed him with grenade.}}</ref>
Hand grenade suicide to avoid capture has also been used by other militaries ([[#Preventing capture|see above]]), and allegedly was recommended by the leader of the [[Golani Brigade]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]].<ref name="rev globes" />

In the [[Xinhai Revolution]], many [[Martyrdom in Chinese culture|Chinese revolutionaries became martyrs]] in battle. "Dare to Die" student corps were founded for student revolutionaries wanting to fight against [[Qing dynasty]] rule. [[Sun Yat-sen]] and [[Huang Xing]] promoted the corp, Huang saying, "We must die, so let us die bravely."<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=51Fpis0D1v0C&q=dare+to+die+china&pg=PA263 | title=Sun Yat Sen and the Chinese Republic | first=Aul | last=Linebarger|year=2008|publisher=READ BOOKS|page=263|isbn=978-1-4437-2438-8 | access-date = July 28, 2010}}</ref> Suicide squads were formed by Chinese students going into battle, knowing that they would be killed fighting against overwhelming odds.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B_UnAAAAMAAJ&q=This+is+a+suicide+squad%3B+don't+come+with+us,+please.%22 | title=China yearbook|year=1975|publisher=China Pub. Co.|page=657 | access-date = July 28, 2010}}</ref>

The [[72 Martyrs of Huanghuagang]] died in the uprising that began the [[Wuchang Uprising]]. They were recognized as heroes and martyrs by the [[Kuomintang]] party and the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5bpAAAAIAAJ&q=Yu+Pei-lun+martyr | title=Selected speeches and messages | first=Kai-shek | last=Chiang|year=1968|publisher=Government Information Office|page=21 | access-date = July 28, 2010}}</ref> The martyrs in the "Dare to Die" corps wrote letters to family members before heading off to certain death. The {{lang|zh-Latn|[[Second Guangzhou Uprising#Memorials|Huanghuakang]]|italics=no}} was built as a monument to the 72 dead.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hOeeAAAAIAAJ&q=dare+to+die+china&pg=PA93 | title=Huang Hsing and the Chinese revolution | author=Chün-tu Hsüeh|year=1961|publisher=Stanford University Press|page=93}}</ref> The deaths of the revolutionaries helped the establishment of the Republic of China, overthrowing the Qing dynasty.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm7VAAAAMAAJ&q=It+was+the+martyrs%27+blood+which+paved+the+way+for+the+founding+of+the+Republic+of+China | title=Free China review, Volume 14|year=1964|publisher=W.Y. Tsao|page=88 | access-date = July 28, 2010}}</ref> Other "Dare to Die" student corps in the Xinhai revolution were led by students who later became major military leaders in Republic of China, like [[Chiang Kai-shek]]<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=03catqbPCmgC&q=dare+to+die+china&pg=PA23 | title=The generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China, Volume 39 | first=Jay | last=Taylor|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|page=23|isbn=978-0-674-03338-2 | access-date = July 28, 2010}}</ref> and [[Huang Shaoxiong]] with the Muslim [[Bai Chongxi]] against Qing dynasty forces.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=r3AJFusMHJwC&q=pai+ch'ung-hsi+dare+to+die&pg=PA51 | title=Biographical dictionary of Republican China, Volume 3 | first1=Howard L. | last1=Boorman | first2=Richard C. | last2=Howard | first3=Joseph K. H. | last3=Cheng|year=1979|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York City|isbn=978-0-231-08957-9|page=51 | access-date = July 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.asia.ubc.ca/page/6/?profile_cct_group | title=Yip So Man Wat Memorial Lectures, 2013 | author=Pai Hsien-yung|date = 2013|website=UBC DEPARTMENT OF ASIAN STUDIES|page=6 | access-date = August 3, 2014}}</ref>
Dare to Die troops were used by warlords.<ref>{{cite book | title=Chinese Civil War Armies 1911–49 | first=Philip S. | last=Jowett|volume=306|edition=illustrated|year=1997|publisher=Osprey Publishing | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck6IumJLdPkC&pg=PA14|page=14|isbn=978-1-85532-665-1 | access-date = April 24, 2014}}{{Dead link|date = August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The Kuomintang used one to put down an insurrection in Canton.<ref>{{cite news | title=PART ONE CHIANG VERSUS COMMUNISM: HIS PERSONAL ACCOUNT | author=Chiang Kai-shek|newspaper=LIFE Magazine Vol. 42, No. 25|date = June 24, 1957|page=147 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IT8EAAAAMBAJ&q=dare+to+die+china&pg=PA147 | access-date = July 28, 2010 | author-link=Chiang Kai-shek}}</ref> Many women joined them in addition to men to achieve martyrdom against China's opponents.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cZ3V9umMPf8C&q=Other+women+in+joining+the+%22Dare+to+Die%22+Regiments+later+on,+saw+her+as+a+model+for+rebellion+against+the+enemies+of+China.+One+of+her+last+poems+was+particularly+well-known+because+it+combined+the+themes+of+her | title=Women in modern China: transition, revolution, and contemporary times | author=Marjorie Wall Bingham, Susan Hill Gross|year=1980|publisher=Glenhurst Publications|page=34|isbn=978-0-86596-028-2 | access-date = July 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YYpIAAAAYAAJ&q=dare+to+die+china&pg=PA79 | title=China review, Volume 1|year=1921|publisher=China Trade Bureau, Inc.|page=79 | access-date = July 28, 2010}}</ref> They were known as {{lang|zh|烈士}} ({{transliteration|zh|lit-she}}; martyrs) after accomplishing their mission.<ref>{{cite book | author1=Carl Glick | author2=Sheng hwa Hong | title=Swords of silence: Chinese secret societies, past and present | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tP_NAAAAMAAJ&q=Lit-she|year=1947|publisher=Whittlesey House|page=202}}</ref>

During the [[January 28 Incident]] or Shanghai Incident (28 January – 3 March 1932), a Dare to Die squad from the [[19th Route Army]] attacked Japanese positions during the escalating rioting and violence in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The First Battle of Shanghai 1932|url=https://www.pacificatrocities.org/the-first-battle-of-shanghai-1932.html|website=Pacific Atrocities Education|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}</ref>

Suicide bombing was also used against the Japanese. The Dare to Die Corps was effectively used against Japanese units at the [[Battle of Taierzhuang]]. They used swords<ref name="Fenby 2003" >{{cite book | title=Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the China He Lost | first=Jonathan | last=Fenby|year=2003|publisher=Simon and Schuster | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PNJOxyP0SqEC&q=dare+to+die+corps+swords&pg=PA319|pages=318–319|isbn=978-0-7432-3144-2 | access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Fenby 2008" >{{cite book | author=Jonathan Fenby | title=Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8VIUAQAAIAAJ&q=dare+to+die+taierzhuang+swords|date = 24 June 2008|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-166116-7|page=284}}</ref> and wore suicide vests made out of grenades.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://war.163.com/15/0427/09/AO6TATTL00014OMD.html | title=台儿庄巷战:长官电令有敢退过河者杀无赦_网易军事 | access-date = 2016-03-16 | archive-date = 2018-06-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140144/http://war.163.com/15/0427/09/AO6TATTL00014OMD.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.88p4.com/2015/04/27/taierzhuang-street-fighting-executive-power-to-make-those-who-have-dared-to-retreat-across-the-river-unforgiven-124486.html | title=Taierzhuang street fighting: Executive power to make those who have dared to retreat across the river Unforgiven – Netease International News | first=Bun | last=Wong | access-date = 12 December 2016| archive-date = 20 October 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171020023846/http://www.88p4.com/2015/04/27/taierzhuang-street-fighting-executive-power-to-make-those-who-have-dared-to-retreat-across-the-river-unforgiven-124486.html}}</ref>

One Chinese soldier detonated a grenade vest, killing 20 Japanese soldiers in the [[defense of Sihang Warehouse]]. Chinese troops [[Explosive belt|strapped explosives such as grenade packs or dynamite to their bodies]] and threw themselves under Japanese tanks to destroy them.<ref>{{Cite thesis | last=Schaedler | first=Luc | title=Angry Monk: Reflections on Tibet: Literary, Historical, and Oral Sources for a Documentary Film|type=Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Zurich For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy | url = http://www.zora.uzh.ch/17710/3/Angry_Monk_Dissertation.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140719204815/http://www.zora.uzh.ch/17710/3/Angry_Monk_Dissertation.pdf| archive-date = 2014-07-19|year=2007|page=518|publisher=University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts | access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref> This tactic was used during the [[Battle of Shanghai]] to stop a Japanese tank column when an attacker exploded himself beneath the lead tank,<ref>{{cite book | title = Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze | first=Peter | last=Harmsen |edition=illustrated|year=2013|publisher=Casemate| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jpPUAgAAQBAJ&q=shanghai+grenade+tanks+japanese&pg=PT127 |page=112|isbn=978-1-61200-167-8| access-date = 24 April 2014}}</ref> and at the Battle of Taierzhuang where Chinese troops with dynamite and grenades strapped to themselves rushed the Japanese tanks<ref>{{cite book | title=China Condensed: 5000 Years of History & Culture | first=Siew Chey | last=Ong|edition=illustrated|year=2005|publisher=Marshall Cavendish | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bt7q8hfiZ4gC&q=taierzhuang+suicide+bombers&pg=PA94|page=94|isbn=978-981-261-067-6 | access-date = 24 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = http://numistamp.com/Taierzhuang-1938----Stalingrad-1942-(Page-1).php| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110709203351/http://numistamp.com/Taierzhuang-1938----Stalingrad-1942-%28Page-1%29.php| archive-date = 2011-07-09 | title=Taierzhuang 1938 – Stalingrad 1942 | last1=Olsen | first1=Lance|date = 2012|via=Numistamp|publisher=Clear Mind Publishing|isbn=978-0-9838435-9-7 | access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://grognard.com/info1/stormover.pdf | title=STORM OVER TAIERZHUANG 1938 PLAYER's AID SHEET|website=grognard.com | access-date = 24 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=China Condensed: 5,000 Years of History & Culture | author=Ong Siew Chey|year=2011|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|isbn=978-981-4312-99-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LdKIAAAAQBAJ&q=japanese+tanks+suicide+bombers&pg=PA79|page=79|edition=reprint | access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref> in one incident obliterating four Japanese tanks with grenade bundles.<ref>{{cite book | title=International Press Correspondence, Volume 18|year=1938|publisher=Richard Neumann | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nRlWAAAAYAAJ&q=Thus,+for+instance,+a+group+of+Chinese+soldiers,+in+spite+of+heavy+artillery+fire,+attacked+a+column+of+Japanese+tanks+with+hand-grenades+and+destroyed+four+tanks,+sacrificing+their+own+lives.+These+courageous+soldiers+thereby+opened+the+way+for+the+Chinese+troops.+According+to+reports+from+Shanghai,+the+losses+of+the+Japanese+army+operating+on+the+eastern+front+amounted+in+February+to+5,400+killed+and+12,700+wounded.+400+oificers+were+killed+or+wounded.+In+March+35+Japanese|page=447 | access-date = April 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{harv| Epstein |1939}}</ref>

During the {{nowrap|1946{{endash}}1950}} [[Chinese Communist Revolution|Communist Revolution]], [[coolie]]s, poor laborers, fighting the Communists formed Dare to Die Corps.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/revolutiontradit00lieb | url-access=registration|quote=dare to die china. | title=Revolution and tradition in Tientsin, 1949–1952 | author=Kenneth Lieberthal|year=1980|publisher=Stanford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/revolutiontradit00lieb/page/67 67]|isbn=978-0-8047-1044-2 | access-date = July 28, 2010}}</ref> During the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]], protesting students also formed "Dare to Die Corps" risking their lives defending the leaders of the protest.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ng0Rr7FsoqQC&q=dare+to+die+china&pg=PA237 | title=Red China Blues: My Long March from Mao to Now | author=Jan Wong|year=1997|publisher=Random House, Inc.|page=237|isbn=978-0-385-25639-1 | access-date = July 28, 2010}}</ref>

== During World War II ==
=== Germans during World War II ===
{{see also|Leonidas Squadron|Sonderkommando Elbe|Mass suicides in Nazi Germany|German resistance to Nazism #Suicide bombing attempts|Assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler}}
{{Campaignbox World War II}}
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[[Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff]] intended to assassinate [[Adolf Hitler]] with a suicide bombing in 1943, but was unable to complete the attack.<ref>[[Roger Moorhouse]], ''Killing Hitler''. Jonathan Cape, pp. 191–193 (2006); {{ISBN|0-224-07121-1}}.</ref>

During the [[Battle for Berlin]] the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe|italics=no}} flew "self-sacrifice missions" ({{langx|de|selbstopfereinsätze}}) against Soviet bridges over the [[River Oder]]. These "total missions" were flown by pilots of the [[Leonidas Squadron]]. From 17 to 20 April 1945, using any available aircraft, the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe|italics=no}} claimed the squadron had destroyed 17 bridges. However, military historian [[Antony Beevor]] believes this claim was exaggerated and only the railway bridge at [[Küstrin]] was definitely destroyed. He comments that "thirty-five pilots and aircraft was a high price to pay for such a limited and temporary success". The missions were called off when the Soviet ground forces reached the vicinity of the squadron's airbase at [[Jüterbog]].<ref>[[Antony Beevor|Beevor, Antony]]. ''Berlin: The Downfall 1945'', Penguin Books, 2002, p. 238; {{ISBN|0-670-88695-5}}; accessed April 18, 2015.</ref>{{verify quote| text = "selbstopfereinsätze" |date = September 2025}}

The Luftwaffe also form the [[Sonderkommando Elbe]] squadron late in the war, flying [[Messerschmitt Bf 109|Bf 109s]] in ramming attacks on Allied bombers. In their lone mission on 7 April 1945, a force of 180 Bf 109s managed to ram 15 Allied bombers, downing 8 of them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=German Kamikazes: Little-Known WWII Tale of Suicidal Pilots Over Europe|url=https://worldcrunch.com/world-affairs/german-kamikazes-little-known-wwii-tale-of-suicidal-pilots-over-europe/|website=Worldcrunch|date=2024-10-04|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en-US|last=Worldcrunch}}</ref>Though widely described as suicide missions, the pilots were expected to [[parachute]] out just before or after the ramming attack.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the Sonderkommando Elbe: Nazi Germany's Kamikaze Pilots|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/meet-sonderkommando-elbe-nazi-germanys-kamikaze-pilots-189649/|website=The National Interest|date=2021-07-14|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en-US|first=Michael|last=Peck}}</ref>

=== Destruction of Auschwitz crematorium IV (1944) ===
{{main|Auschwitz Sonderkommando revolt
}}The [[Sonderkommando]] [[revolt]] at [[Auschwitz]] on 7 October 1944 is widely described as a [[suicide mission]].
Most (452) of the rebel prisoners were [[#Attackers killed by their opponents|killed by]] the [[SS guards]] during or soon after the uprising. Rebels armed with work tools and [[shivs]] attacked SS guards who were armed with pistols and machine guns.<ref name="Sonderkommando nationalww2museum" >{{cite web | ref = The National WWII Museum | title = The Sonderkommando Uprising in Auschwitz-Birkenau | url = https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/sonderkommando-uprising-auschwitz-birkenau | website = [[The National WWII Museum]] | location = [[New Orleans]] | date = 3 October 2024}}</ref>

Some of the Sonderkommando prisoners took the already suicidal mission a step further. They set fire to Crematorium IV while they were inside the building, and stayed inside to prevent the guards putting out the fire until the building was destroyed. The fire possibly also ignited explosives they had placed in the walls.<ref name="Sonderkommando" /><ref name="Sonderkommando nationalww2museum" />

The [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance]] outside the camp tried to postpone the uprising until the [[Red Army]] were close enough to assist, originally it was planned to coordinate with [[Operation Bagration]], but was delayed. Some worried that people who did not participate would face collective punishment for the revolt.
The Sonderkommando prisoners, who had been forced to work in the crematorium, were unwilling to wait; they worried they would be killed before the Red Army approached to [[Liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp|liberate the concentration camp]], which eventually happened in 1945.<ref name="Sonderkommando" >{{citation | last1 = Kassabian | first1 = Joe | last2 = O'Mahony | first2 = Tom | last3 = Bethea | first3 = Nate | title = Episode 390 - The Auschwitz Sonderkommando Revolt | url = https://podcasts.apple.com/za/podcast/episode-390-the-auschwitz-sonderkommando-revolt/id1393845532?i=1000738995570 | series = Lions Led By Donkeys Podcast | publisher = | via = [[Apple Podcasts]] | date = 1 December 2025}} – Source cited in this source
* Lawerence Langer. Versions of Survival: The Holocaust and the Human Spirit
* Primo Levi. The Drowned and the Saved.
* Nathan Cohen. Diaries of the Sonderkommando - Confronting Fate and Reality.
* Tzipora Hager Halivni. Preparation for Revolt in Auschwitz-Birkenau: Heroes and Martyrs.
* Filip Muller. Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Chambers.
* Henryk Tauber. Deposition made on May 24, 1945. Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the gas chambers.
* {{harvnb|The National WWII Museum|2024}}: "The Sonderkommando Uprising in Auschwitz-Birkenau".</ref>

=== Allied forces during WWII ===
{{see also|Suicide attack #Disposable use of troops during WWI and WWII}}

In 1941, some newspapers reported that, "While two New Zealand officers stood on a bridge in Greece holding up advancing Germans with their revolvers, a New Zealand sergeant placed two bared wires together and blew the bridge, the officers, and himself to smithereens".<ref>{{cite news| title = BLEW THEMSELVES UP TO SAVE MATES | url = https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/231454283 | newspaper = [[The Sun (Sydney)|The Sun (Sydney, NSW)]] | date = 13 June 1941 }}</ref>

=== Against invading and occupying Japanese forces ===
{{For|Chinese and Acehenese attacks against the Japanese|Suicide attack #Chinese suicide squads|Suicide attack #Aceh in WWII|Suicide mission #Aceh in WWII}} {{further
| topic = related Japanese invasions and [[military occupation]]s in WWII
| Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies {{!}} Dutch East Indies
| Japanese occupation of West Sumatra {{!}} West Sumatra (including Aceh)
| Japanese occupation of the Philippines {{!}} Philippines
| Second Sino-Japanese War {{!}} 2nd Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
| Japanese invasion of Manchuria {{!}} invasion of Manchuria
| Manchukuo {{!}} Manchukuo (Manchuria)
| Unit 731
}}

=== Attacks by the Empire of Japan {{ anchor |Japanese|Japanese Empire|Empire of Japan|Japan|Kamikaze|kamikaze}}===
{{further| Japanese Special Attack Units | Kamikaze | Kaiten {{!}} Kaiten (suicide torpedo) | Kairyū-class submarine | Yokosuka | Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka {{!}} Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka (aircraft) | Lunge mine | Shinyo (suicide motorboat) {{!}} Shinyo (motorboat) | Fukuryu | Banzai charge | Smertnik {{!}} Smertnik (Russian slur) |Suicide Cliff}}
{{Campaignbox Pacific War}}
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The most overt and prolific use of suicide attacks during [[World War II]] was by [[Empire of Japan]]. It remains the most intense and deadly, campaign of suicide attacks in history.<ref name="IWM transcript" /> [[Kamikaze]] pilots on [[suicide mission]]s flew aircraft full of bombs and [[improvised explosives|improvised missiles]] at enemy targets.<ref name="IWM transcript" /> The attacks used 2600 aircraft to kill 7000 allied naval personnel and 4000 Japanese suicide operatives.<ref name="IWM transcript" >{{cite web | title = How effective was the Japanese kamikaze campaign? | url = https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/how-effective-was-the-japanese-kamikaze-campaign | website = [[Imperial War Museum]]s | access-date = 7 December 2024 | format = video transcript | quote = The Japanese expended 2600 aircraft in kamikaze attacks, and with them the lives of 4000 airmen. The attacks killed more than 7000 Allied naval personnel.}}</ref><ref name="IWM kamikaze failed" >{{cite web | title = Why the kamikaze campaign failed | url = https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=UvroLTbhJ50 | website = www.youtube.com/@ImperialWarMuseums | publisher = [[Imperial War Museums]] | location = United Kingdom | date = 7 June 2023 | format=video }}</ref>

{{lang|ja-Latn|[[Kamikaze]]}} was a ritual{{verify source |date = April 2025}} act of self-sacrifice carried out by Japanese pilots of explosive-laden [[aircraft]] against Allied warships which occurred on a large scale at the end of World War II.
About 3000 attacks were made and about 50 ships were sunk.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Dodd | first1=Henry | title=A short history of suicide bombing|date = 23 Aug 2013|publisher=Action on Armed Violence | url = https://aoav.org.uk/2013/a-short-history-of-suicide-bombings/ | access-date = 13 October 2015}}</ref>

Later in the war, as Japan became more desperate, this act became formalised and ritualised. Planes were outfitted with explosives specific to the task of a suicide mission.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Jackson | first1=Steve | title=Lucky Lady: The World War II Heroics of the USS Santa Fe and Franklin|date = 2003|publisher=Da Capo Press.|isbn=978-0-7867-1310-3|page=308 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=65tzvzXJxC8C&q=ritualized+kamikaze&pg=PA308 | access-date = 6 October 2015}}{{Dead link|date = September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> {{lang|ja-Latn|Kamikaze}} strikes were a weapon of [[asymmetric war]] used by the [[Empire of Japan]] against [[United States Navy]] and [[Royal Navy]] [[aircraft carrier]]s, although the [[armoured flight deck]] of the Royal Navy carriers diminished {{lang|ja-Latn|kamikaze}} effectiveness. Along with fitting existing aircraft with bombs, the Japanese also developed the {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka|Ohka]]}}, a purpose-built suicide aircraft that was air-launched from a carrying bomber and propelled to the target at high speed using rocket engines. The Japanese Navy also used piloted [[torpedo]]es called {{lang|ja-Latn|[[kaiten]]}} (heaven shaker) on suicide missions. Although sometimes called [[midget submarine]]s, these were modified versions of the unmanned torpedoes of the time and are distinct from the torpedo-firing midget submarines used earlier in the war, which were designed to [[wikt:Infiltration|infiltrate]] [[shore]] defenses and return to a [[mother ship]] after firing their torpedoes. Although extremely hazardous, these midget submarine attacks were not technically suicide missions, as the earlier midget submarines had escape hatches. {{lang|ja-Latn|Kaitens}}, however, provided no means of escape.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~un3k-mn/konadaa-girei.htm | title=Escape system | access-date = 18 September 2010}} {{full citation needed|date = September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~un3k-mn/konadaa-huchi.htm | title=Hatches | access-date = 18 September 2010}} {{full citation needed|date = September 2025}}</ref>

{{gallery | align = center | mode = packed | height = 160 | captionstyle = font-size: 80%;
| File: Kamikaze zero.jpg
| [[A6M Zero]] attack on {{USS|Missouri|BB-63}}, {{nowrap|11 April 1945}}
| File: Air d4y 11.jpg
| Special attack pilot Lieutenant Yoshinori Yamaguchi's [[Yokosuka D4Y Suisei|Yokosuka D4Y]] diving at the carrier {{USS|Essex|CV-9|6}}, {{ nowrap |25 November 1944.}}
| File: USS Essex (CV-9) is hit by a Kamikaze off the Philippines on 25 November 1944.jpg
| A ''[[kamikaze]]'' aircraft explodes after crashing into ''Essex'' on {{nowrap|25 November 1944}}
| Image: Kamikaze attacks USS White Plains (CVE-66) on 25 October 1944 (80-G-288882).jpg
| [[Japanese Special Attack Units |Tokkotai unit]] Kamikaze crash diving, about to miss escort carrier [[USS White Plains (CVE-66) |USS ''White Plains'' (CVE{{nbh}}66)]], {{nowrap|25 October 1944}}
| File: USS Franklin (CV-13) and USS Belleau Wood (CVL-24) afire 1944.jpg
| {{USS|Belleau Wood|CVL-24|2}} (left) and ''Franklin'' hit by ''[[kamikaze]]s'', {{nowrap|30 October 1944}}
}}

== Pilot suicides after WWII {{ anchor |Pilot suicides|Pilot suicides in commercial aircraft|Pilot suicides|Pilot suicides killing passengers}}==
{{Further
| #List of suicide attacks during the Cold War
}}
Some passenger [[airline pilots]] appear to have committed [[mass murder|mass]] [[murder-suicide]], or attempted to, with no apparent political motives.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.afr.com/companies/transport/murder-suicides-by-pilots-are-climbing-and-airlines-don-t-know-why-20220614-p5atgp | title=Murder-suicides by pilots are climbing and airlines don't know why | first=Alan | last=Levin|date = 13 June 2022|website=Australian Financial Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.vox.com/2015/3/26/8294971/pilot-suicide-crash | title=The disturbing history of pilots who deliberately crash their own planes | first=Brad | last=Plumer|date = 26 March 2015|website=Vox}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-32610497 | title=Six cases of suspected airline pilot suicides|work=BBC News |date = 6 May 2015}}</ref>

=== Examples of undisputed pilot suicides and attempted suicides ===
{{Main list|Suicide by pilot
}}

* {{ annotated link |Japan Air Lines Flight 350}}.
* [[Germanwings Flight 9525]] - Suicidal co-pilot locked the captain out of the cockpit and deliberately crashed the aircraft into the [[French Alps]], killing 150.<ref>{{Cite web | last=Richards | first=Victoria |date = 2015-03-26 | title=Read the full transcript of the Germanwings press conference | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/germanwings-crash-full-transcript-of-press-conference-a101436.html | access-date = 2024-02-20 |website=The Independent | archive-date = 30 August 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240830001835/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/germanwings-crash-full-transcript-of-press-conference-a101436.html | url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Examples of speculated and disputed pilot suicides ===
{{see also|conspiracy theorising}}

* {{ annotated link |SilkAir Flight 185}}
* {{ annotated link |EgyptAir Flight 990}}
* [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 370]] (8 March 2014) – Pilot suicide is one of several competing explanations suggested for the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.

== During the Cold War {{ anchor |Cold War (1947–1991)|Cold War|Cold war}}==
{{further
| topic = [[Cold War]]
| Cold War in Asia
| Rollback #Cold War
| List of conflicts related to the Cold War{{!}}List of conflicts
| Historiography of the Cold War{{!}}Historiography
}}
=== Reduced suicide attacks after WWII ===
{{History of the Cold War}}
After the [[Surrender of Japan]], at the [[end of World War II in Asia]], there was a massive reduction in the number of suicide attacks. The few that did occur were sometimes carried out by individuals for [[#personal|personal reasons]] such as [[#Pilot suicides|pilot suicides in commercial aircraft]] (see above).
For most of the [[Cold War]] suicide attacks were only sporadic, but suicide attacks began to become more frequent towards the [[end of the Cold War]] ([[#1980s|see below]]).

=== Insurgency in Palestine (1944–1948) {{ anchor |Insurgency in Palestine|1944–1948|Palestine|1947}}===
{{See also|Cold War (1947–1948)}}
{{further
| Jewish insurgency in Palestine {{!}} Insurgency in Palestine
| Olei Hagardom {{!}} Executed Irgun and Lehi
}}
In the 1930s, Zionist insurgents in Palestine used [[#proxy bombers|proxy bombing]] and [[animal-borne bomb attacks]] in [[list of Irgun attacks|their attacks on civilian targets]] such as [[Haifa]] vegetable market.<ref name="Haaretz 20 June 1939" /><ref name="Persico" />
By the 1940s they explored the possibility of using humans on their own side, resulting in at least two deaths.<ref name="Margalit" /><ref name="Sheleg 2007" />
The [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi militant group]] used [[Judges 16:30]] in discussions about potential suicide attacks. In a meeting about ways to assassinate General [[Evelyn Barker]], the British Army commander in [[Mandatory Palestine]], a [[Female suicide bomber|young woman volunteered]] to do the assassination as a [[suicide bombing]].<ref name="Margalit" />
They referred to it as a "[[Let my soul die with the Philistines]]" proposal ({{langx|he|תמות נפשי עם פלשתים}}), or a "[[Samson option]]".<ref name="Margalit" /><ref name="Judges 16" />
On that occasion other members of the group allegedly rejected her offer.{{efn|name=MargalitDeath| She also had a physical disability that might have made her unable to carry out the plan the group had in mind.<ref name="Margalit" />
The Lehi memorialize her among their martyrs and fallen combatants ({{langx|he|הללי לח"י}}), but her cause of death is not described.<ref name="Margalit" /><ref name="hLLY LHY" />}}
However, the Lehi collaborated with the [[Irgun]] militant group on at least one joint suicide bombing carried out by one militant from each group during the [[Jewish insurgency in Palestine|insurgency against the British]] (before the [[1948 Palestine war]]).<ref name="Charters 2007" /><ref name="Sheleg 2007 suicide operation" /> The plan, named ''Operation Samson'' ({{ langx |he| מבצע שמשון |Mivtsa Shimshon}}), was intended to be a suicide attack, but the two militants were [[Suicide mission#Failed and aborted suicide attacks|the only casualties]].<ref name="Sheleg 2007" /><ref name="haaretz OS" /><ref name="OS 161618" />
A Lehi militant and an Irgun militant blew themselves up in [[Museum of Underground Prisoners|Jerusalem Central Prison]].<ref name="hangman defeated" /><ref name="Mercury 1947" /><ref name="ih 2021-05-21" /><ref name="Charters 2007" />
They used [[improvised explosive device|improvised grenades]] that had been constructed by another Lehi prisoner. The explosives were disguised as oranges to hide them from the guards, and smuggled in with the prisoners' food.<ref name="Srugim Philistines" /><ref name="Perth 22 April 1947" /><ref name="Sheleg 2007 suicide operation" /><ref name="ih 2021-05-21" /><ref name="Maariv 3 September 2023" />
The plan was to use the grenades as they were taken to the gallows to kill themselves, the executioners, and British officials who attended hangings.<ref name="Srugim Philistines" /><ref name="Sheleg 2007" /><ref name="toi 2013" />
But the explosives detonated early, while the two of them were alone together in their cell.<ref name="Sheleg 2007" />
Allegedly when the pair learned that {{ill|Rabbi Jacob Goldman|he|יעקב גולדמן (רב בתי הסוהר)| lt =Rabbi Goldman}} would be present at their hanging, they changed the plan and committed suicide alone together before they were scheduled to be taken to the gallows.<ref name="Eretz Modern Era" />{{efn| Including by the Irgun leader at the time, and his [[Likud#History|political successor]] in 2010.<ref name="Begin April 1947" /><ref name="Begin 1951" /><ref name="BN 2010" />}}
The Lehi militant who built the IEDs, later had a leadership role in the Israeli military's [[CBRN defense|nuclear, chemical, and biological]] [[Israel and weapons of mass destruction|weapons]] division ({{langx|he|אב״כ}}).{{efn| sources.<ref name="Chissin" /><ref name="Reznitsky (he)" /><ref name="srugim obt" /><ref name="EBA SA" />}}{{efn|name=ABC}}{{efn|name=gas}}
The story of their deaths has featured in multiple speeches by [[Likud]] leaders.{{efn
|name=LS| [[Likud#History|Likud]] party leaders
* [[Menachem Begin]]<ref name="1964 quote" /><ref name="Begin 1981" /><ref name="Maariv 3 September 2023" />
* [[Ehud Olmert]]<ref name="EO 2007" />
* [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]<ref name="BN 2010" /><ref name="Ynet 9 March 2010" />}}
In 2007, [[The Jerusalem Post]] described the double suicide as "One of the best-known stories of heroism leading to the creation of the State of Israel".<ref name="Pomerantz" />

{{gallery| align = center | mode = packed | height = 150 | captionstyle = font-size: 85%;
| title = The prison is now the [[Museum of Underground Prisoners]] {{efn| {{commonscat inline|Interior of the museum of the Underground Prisoners}} {{commonscat inline|Gallows at the museum of the Underground Prisoners}} }}
| File:MOTUP IMG 6348.JPG | Eight militants [[Olei Hagardom |were hanged]].{{efn|name=Dov| According to [[#The Revolt |The Revolt]], the plan was originally devised for [[Dov Gruner]], top left. But before it could be crried out, he was relocated to [[Acre Prison]], where he was executed alonside the other three on the top row.{{sfn|Begin|1951}} }}

| File: 2-3000-584 Jerusalem, Underground Prisoners' Museum, 4-12-14 - 700.jpg | The intended location of the suicide attack was the gallows.{{efn|name=early}}
| File: MOTUP IMG 6352.JPG | Death row cell with oranges.{{efn| representing the two "orange grenades"}}
| File: PikiWiki Israel 12652 museum of the underground prisoners in jerusalem.jpg | Office of the warden, one of the intended victims.<ref name="toi 2013" />
}}

=== Korean War (1950–1953) {{ anchor |Korean War|Korea|Korean}}===
{{further
| Korean War
| Cold War (1948–1953)
}}
{{Campaignbox Korean War}}

[[North Korea]]n tanks were attacked by [[South Koreans]] with suicide tactics during the [[Korean War]].<ref>{{cite book | title=International Journal of Korean Studies | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=egsxAQAAIAAJ&q=Upon+knowing+that+2.36-inch+bazookas+were+not+effective+against+the+Soviet-made+T-34s,+they+organized+%22a+suicidal+group,%22+approached+the+tanks,+and+threw+a+bundle+of+hand+grenades+with+Molotov+cocktails+into+the+turrets+of+the+North+Korean+tanks.+Moreover,+after+fighting|year=2001|publisher=Korea Society and the International Council on Korean Studies|page=40}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Carter Malkasian | title=The Korean War | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BHB5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT22|date = May 29, 2014|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-4728-0994-0|pages=22–}}{{Dead link|date = August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

American tanks in Seoul were attacked by North Korean suicide squads, who used satchel charges.<ref>{{cite book | author=Charles R. Smith | title=U.S. Marines in the Korean War | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Xov0PtHvy-QC&pg=PA183|publisher=[[Government Printing Office]]|isbn=978-0-16-087251-8|pages=183–|year=2007}}</ref> North Korean soldier [[Li Su-Bok]] is considered a hero for destroying an American tank with a suicide bomb.<ref>{{cite book | author=Sonia Ryang | title=North Korea: Toward a Better Understanding | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w1GzO3CV1aAC&pg=PA78|date = January 16, 2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-3207-4|pages=78–}}</ref>

In 1952, three Chinese soldiers reportedly killed themselves with hand grenades to avoid capture.<ref name="tr 49008320" />

=== 1953 in West Virginia {{anchor|USA 1953|1953}}===
{{see also|#NZ 1905|#USA 1927|#China 1981|1976 Mason County jail bombing|Poe Elementary School bombing {{!}} 1959 Poe Elementary School bombing|Domestic violence in the United States}}
In January 1953 at a magistrate's Court in [[West Virginia]], 47-year-old Donzel McCray "turned himself into a {{ visible anchor |human bomb}}" with sticks of dynamite strapped to his waist.<ref name="tr 194082329" />{{efn| also reported as "Don" or "McGray".<ref name="tr 130926746" /><ref name="Don Mccray Zanesville" >{{cite news| title = Zanesville Times Recorder Archives, Jan 13, 1953, p. 1 | url = https://newspaperarchive.com/zanesville-times-recorder-jan-13-1953-p-1/ | work = Zanesville Times Recorder in Zanesville, Ohio | via = newspaperarchive.com | date = 13 January 1953 | location = Zanesville, Ohio | quote = Don Mccray turned himself into a human bomb setting off several sticks of dynamite strapped to his Waist.}} {{verify source| reason = somebody with access to the site please confirm quote and check for other details |date = June 2025}}</ref>}} He killed himself and injured his ex-wife and her lawyer.<ref name="tr 130926746" >{{cite news| title = MAN BECOMES HUMAN BOMB | url = https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/130926746 | newspaper = "The News" (Adelaide, SA) | date = 13 January 1953 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250601065717/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/130926746 | archive-date = 2025-06-01 | quote = Donzel McCray, 47 }} (The paper is simply called "The News": {{cite news| title = News (Adelaide, SA: 1923 - 1954) | url = https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/title/461 | website = trove.nla.gov.au | publisher = [[National Library of Australia]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250601071519/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/title/461 | archive-date = 2025-06-01 | quote = On 6 Feb. 1954 the title changed to 'The S.A. Sunday mail'.}})</ref><ref name="tr 175351189" >{{cite news | title = BLEW HIMSELF UP | url = https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/175351189 | newspaper = [[Uralla Times]] | date = 15 January 1953 | location = Australia | quote = Weston, West 'Virginia, a man turned himself into a human bomb, setting off several sticks of dynamite strapped to his waist. He was blown to pieces and his divorced wife and her lawyer were critically injured. The incident occurred at a court. The magistrate was thrown from his chair, and another lawyer knocked unconscious.}}</ref><ref name="tr 161665690" >{{cite web | url = https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/161665690 | title=Man Became Human Bomb | work=National Advocate | date = 14 January 1953 }}</ref><ref name="tr 194082329" >{{cite news| title = HUMAN BOMB | url = https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/194082329 | work = [[Daily Examiner]] | via = trove.nla.gov.au | date = 14 January 1953 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250601080014/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/194082329 | archive-date = 2025-06-01 | quote = Police said the incident took place a few minutes after Donzel McGray, 47, and jobless, walked into a Magistrate's office. "Look what's going to happen here", he said as he unbuttoned his coat to display five or six sticks of explosive.}}</ref> The couple had six children and had divorced the previous September.<ref name="Nassau" >{{cite news | title = 'Human Bomb' Kills Self, Wounds Wife | url = https://www.nyshistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=ndrs19530113-01.1.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN---------- | work = Nassau Daily Review-Star | date = 13 January 1953 | quote = WESTON, W. Va. "Look what's going to happen here", said Donzel Raymond McCray as he dis-played five or six sticks of dyna-mite strapped to his waist. As five persons, including his divorced wife, looked on in horror yesterday, he touched two small batteries to wires extending from the dynamite. McCray was blown to bits and his wife and her lawyer, Charles N. Bland, were critically injured. The other three witnesses Magistrate W. S. Fults, Linn Mapel Brannon, and 78-year-old J. N. Osborn escaped serious injury. McCray, 47, and his wife were divorced last September. They had six children. | archive-date = 6 October 2025 | access-date = 4 June 2025 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20251006033828/https://www.nyshistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=ndrs19530113-01.1.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN---------- | url-status = dead }}</ref>

=== Israeli and Egyptian wars (1956–1970) ===
{{further
| Six-Day War
| Suicide attack #Nuclear
| Cold War (1953–1962)
}}
==== Early suicide tactics in Gaza ====
Some Israelis romanticize acts of self sacrifice in battle by analogy to the [[Hebrew Bible|Biblical]] hero [[Samson]], particularly if they take place in [[Gaza City|Gaza]], where Israelis believe he [[Samson#Death by suicide|committed suicide]] and [[die with the Philistines|killed thousands of]] enemy [[Philistines]] in the process.<ref name="kikar" /> In situations where death or severe injury is already difficult to avoid, it is seen as heroic to abandon efforts to save one's self and instead focus on causing as much harm as possible to the enemy, in the process of effectively committing suicide.<ref name="yNet Ali" /> This includes some anecdotes of events during their wars with Egypt.<ref name="kikar" />

==== Suez Crisis (1956) {{ anchor |1956|Jules Jammal}}====
{{main|Jules Jammal|Suez Crisis}}

According to Egyptian media,{{who|date = September 2025}} during the [[Suez Crisis]] in 1956, an [[Arab Christian]] military officer from Syria, [[Jules Jammal]], sunk a French ship with a suicide attack.<ref>{{cite news | author=Sami Moubayed | title=Rising above odds to resurrect leaders | url = http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/weekend-review/articles/rising-above-odds-to-resurrect-leaders-1.40430|newspaper=Weekend Review | date = 2 May 2008 | author2 = Mustapha Al Sayyed }}</ref>
However, none of the French ships named by the sources were harmed during the crisis. It is unclear which actual ship he is supposed to have sunk. One source calls the ship at issue the "[[Ocean liner|liner]] ''Jean D'Arc''"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120630001733/http://www.syrianhistory.com/view-photo/1021 Jules Jammal (1932 1956), the famous officer in the Syrian Navy who fought in the Suez Canal war of 1956: Syrian History] and [http://www.syrianhistory.com/People/key/Jules+Jammal Jules Jammal: Syrian History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824015503/http://www.syrianhistory.com/People/key/Jules+Jammal |date=24 August 2012 }}</ref> and another the "French warship, ''Jeanne D'Arc''".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070515152656/http://www.mideastviews.com/articleview.php?art=208 Middle East analysis by Sami Moubayed – Reflections on May 6], Mideastviews.com; accessed 15 June 2015</ref> There was a [[French cruiser Jeanne d'Arc (1930)|French cruiser ''Jeanne d'Arc'']] in service at that time, but it was decommissioned in 1964 rather than sunk. Some sources name the [[French battleship Jean Bart (1940)|battleship ''Jean Bart'']].<ref>{{cite book | url = https://archive.org/stream/changingpatterns010404mbp/changingpatterns010404mbp_djvu.txt | title=The Changing Patterns of the Middle East | author=Pierre Rondout|date = 1961|publisher=Praeger|page=161|edition=Revised}}, which refers to the ''Jean Bart'' as a "cruiser")</ref>

==== "War of Attrition" (1967–1970)====
{{see also|Taysir Abu Saada|War of Attrition|Battle of Karameh|Mosab Hassan Yousef}}
On 21 March 1968, in response to persistent [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) raids against [[Israelis]], Israel [[Battle of Karameh|attacked]] the town of [[Karameh]], Jordan, the site of a major PLO camp. The goal of the invasion was to destroy the [[Karameh]] [[Palestinian refugee camps|refugee camp]] and capture [[Yasser Arafat]] in reprisal for the attacks by the PLO against Israelis.{{citation needed|date = March 2025}}
The PLO attacks had culminated in an Israeli school bus hitting a mine in the [[Negev]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Two Are Killed when Bus Carrying School Children Hits Mine in Eilat Area | url = https://www.jta.org/archive/two-are-killed-when-bus-carrying-school-children-hits-mine-in-eilat-area }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last=Senker | first=Cath | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hI844N9leNUC&pg=PA45 | title=The Arab-Israeli Conflict | date = 2004| publisher = Black Rabbit Books | isbn = 978-1-58340-441-6 }}{{Dead link|date = August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
According to a biography of an autobiography by [[Tass Saada]] – an alleged former PLO sniper who [[Ex-Muslims|converted]] to [[Christianity in the United States]] – this battle marked the [[List of Palestinian suicide attacks|first known deployment]] of [[Palestinian suicide bombers|suicide bombers by Palestinian]] ([[#1947|Arab]]) forces.<ref name="Once an Arafat Man" /><ref name="Saada Karameh" />{{additional citation needed| reason = based on one autobiography from an eccentric author |date = July 2025}}
Modern academics describe aspects of the way the [[Battle of Karameh]] is remembered as a "myth" or "distortion".<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4329583 The Political Mythology of the Battle of Karameh] W. Andrew Terrill. [[Middle East Journal]] (Published By: Middle East Institute) Vol. 55, No. 1 (Winter, 2001), pp. 91-111 (21 pages)</ref>

=== Nuclear weapons {{ anchor |Nuclear|nuclear}}===
{{further
| Nuclear weapons
| History of nuclear weapons
}}
==== United States nuclear weapons ====
{{further
| Nuclear weapons of the United States
| Green Light teams
}}
On 27 December 2018, the ''Green Bay Press-Gazette'' interviewed veteran{{clarify|date = October 2023}} Mark Bentley, who had trained for the [[Special Atomic Demolition Munition]] (SADM) program to manually place and detonate a modified version of the [[W54]] nuclear bomb. The report stated that he and other soldiers training for the program knew this was a suicide mission because either it would be unrealistic to outrun the timer on the bomb, or that soldiers would be obligated to secure the site before the timer went off. However, in theory the timer could be set long enough to give the team a chance to escape. Bently claimed:<ref>{{cite news | author=Paul Srubas, Green Bay (Wis.) Press-Gazette via the AP | title=His job was to place atomic bombs. Place them, not drop them. Set the timer. Run like hell. | url = https://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/story/news/2019/01/07/depere-atomic-bombs-hiroshima-nagasaki-fort-belvoir-davycrockett-mark-bentley-army-service-cold-war/2418122002/|newspaper=[[Green Bay Press-Gazette]]|date = January 7, 2019}}</ref>
{{blockquote|We all knew it was a one-way mission, a suicide mission […] You set your timer, and it would click when it went off, or it went ding or I forget what, but you knew you were toast. Ding! Your toast is ready, and it's you. […] The Army is not going to set a bomb like that and run away and leave it, because they don't know if someone else would get ahold of it. They have to leave troops there to make sure it's not stolen or compromised, and that would just be collateral damage. You didn't go out with the thought that it was anything other than a one-way mission. If you're Bruce Willis, you get away, but I ain't Bruce Willis.}}

However, employment manuals for atomic demolition munitions specifically describe the firing party and their guard retreating from the emplacement site, at which point the device is protected through a combination of passive security measures including concealment, camouflage and the use of decoys, as well as active security measures including booby-traps, obstacles such as [[concertina wire]] and landmines, and long ranged artillery fire.<ref>{{cite report |date = August 1971 | title=Employment of Atomic Demolition Munitions (ADM) |publisher=Headquarters, Department of the Army |docket=FM 5-26|ref=CITEREFEmployment_of_Atomic_Demolition_Munitions_(ADM) | url = https://archive.org/details/fm-5-26-1971 |pages=3-15 to 3-16}}</ref> Further, the SADM included a Field Wire Remote Control System (FWRCS). This device enabled the sending of safe/arm and firing signals to the weapon via a wire for safe remote detonation of the weapon.<ref>{{cite report | author=Bartlett, J G |date = 11 February 1964 | title=Electromagnetic Radiation Susceptibility of the B54-0 (SADM) and the Field Wire Remote Control System (U) | url = https://www.osti.gov/opennet/detail?osti-id=16341307 |publisher=Sandia National Lab | access-date = 4 June 2021 | archive-date = 25 May 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210525064046/https://www.osti.gov/opennet/detail?osti-id=16341307 | url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Samson Option ====
{{main|Samson Option|The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy|Nuclear weapons and Israel}}

Israel's [[The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy|alleged]] nuclear strategy, the "[[Samson Option]]", takes its name from [[Samson]]'s suicide in [[Gaza City]], the same [[Hebrew Bible judges|Biblical story]] that the [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi]] and [[Irgun]] militant group used to describe potential and attempted suicide attacks ([[#1947 Operation Samson|see above]]).<ref name="Margalit" />
The story is about an [[Israelite]] [[Biblical judges|judge]] named [[Samson]], who kills himself and the [[Philistines]] who captured him by pushing apart the pillars of a [[Dagon]] temple, bringing down the roof crushing everyone.{{sfn|Hersh|1991|pp = 137}}<ref>{{cite web | last1 = Beres | first1 = Louis René | title = Israel and the "Samson Option" in an Interconnected World | url = https://mwi.westpoint.edu/israel-samson-option-interconnected-world/ | website = Modern War Institute | access-date = 4 July 2023 | date = 16 November 2018}}</ref>

The Lehi militant who built the bombs intended the [[#1947 Operation Samson|suicide attack in Jerusalem Central Prison]] in 1947, later had a leadership role in the Israeli military's [[CBRN defense|nuclear, chemical, and biological]] [[Israel and weapons of mass destruction|weapons]] division ({{langx|he|אב״כ}}).{{efn|name=ABC}}{{efn| Sources.<ref name="Chissin" /><ref name="Reznitsky (he)" /><ref name="srugim obt" /><ref name="EBA SA" />}}{{efn|name=gas|
He originally enlisted using his girlfriend's surname.<ref name="Reznitsky (en)" /><ref name="Reznitsky (he)" />
Some of his work was purely defensive, such as the development of gas masks, but even that was conducted in great secrecy.<ref name="19 October 2005" /> }}

=== Lod airport massacre (1972) {{ anchor |Lod airport massacre|1972}}===
{{main|Lod airport massacre|Japanese Red Army|PFLP-EO|Cold War (1962–1979)}}

One of the first incidents to be labelled "suicide terrorism" was the [[Lod Airport massacre|mass shooting]] at the airport in [[Lod]], Israel's international airport.{{citation needed| reason = who is "suicide terrorism" quoting? |date = June 2025}}{{efn|Now known as [[Ben Gurion Airport]], re-named after [[David Ben-Gurion]].}} Two of the attackers died during the attack, one of whom deliberately committed suicide using a hand grenade.<ref name="mTnbJ" >{{Cite web | last=Blumenkrantz | first=Zohar |date = 2010-02-13 | title=Israeli Rights Group Sues North Korea Over 1972 Terror Attack | url = https://www.haaretz.com/2010-02-13/ty-article/israeli-rights-group-sues-north-korea-over-1972-terror-attack/0000017f-e1ce-d38f-a57f-e7de293d0000 |website=Haaretz}}</ref>
According to [[France 24]] and [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]], "The massacre was planned as a suicide attack and all three Japanese militants had intended to mutilate their faces with their grenades to make [[Body identification|identification]] more difficult".<ref name="F24 Ynet KO SA" />

It was carried out by three foreign fighters from the [[Japanese Red Army]] (a communist militant group from Japan) in corroboration with the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations]] ([[PFLP-EO]]) division, led by [[Wadie Haddad]], a rebellious offshoot of the [[PFLP]].<ref name="Wadie JC" />
Some reports at the time labelled the incident a "[[Kamikaze]]" attack,<ref name="col rep" >{{cite web | title= Collection of news reports | url = https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79-01194A000200120001-1.pdf | website= www.cia.gov | access-date = 4 December 2024}}</ref> but others have criticized the label, including the surviving attacker's interpreter.<ref name="Satoshi Sugawara" >{{cite news | author1= Satoshi Sugawara | title=Interpreter for Red Army terrorist still indignant 50 years after Tel Aviv attack | url = https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/society/general-news/20220605-34480/ | access-date = 4 December 2024 | work= japannews.yomiuri.co.jp [[The Japan News]] (English edition of [[Yomiuri Shimbun]]) | date = 5 June 2022 | location= Japan }}</ref> The Kamikaze were a [[Japanese Special Attack Units|unit of suicide bombers]] in the airforce of [[imperial Japan]] in WWII, the [[Empire of Japan]] had a very different ideology to the JRA. Researchers from [[Duke University]] described the JRA's motives as "rooted in anti-imperialism, anti-colonialism, and anti-capitalism".<ref name="Global Revolution" >{{cite journal | last1= Randall | first1= Jeremy | title= Global Revolution Starts with Palestine: The Japanese Red Army's Alliance with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine | journal= Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East | date = 1 December 2023 | volume= 43 | issue= 3 | pages= 358–369 | doi= 10.1215/1089201X-10892853 | url = https://read.dukeupress.edu/cssaame/article/43/3/358/384021/Global-Revolution-Starts-with-PalestineThe | access-date = 4 December 2024 |issn=1089-201X| url-access = subscription }}</ref>
In 2010, [[Ze'ev]] Sarig, the former manager of [[Lod Airport]], compared the attack to the [[September 11 attacks]] in New York, "This attack was for Israelis what the September 11th attacks were for Americans", when trying to sue North Korea for the attack in a United States court in [[Puerto Rico]] in 2010.<ref name="mTnbJ" />

=== Cold War era literature and mythology ===
{{further
| Culture during the Cold War
| Suicide in literature
| History of suicide
}}
==== The Revolt (1951) {{ anchor |The Revolt}}====
{{Multiple image
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| image2 = King David Hotel bombing, Jerusalem 1946.jpg
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| footer_align = left
| footer = Left: Exhibit in the [[Lehi Museum]] depicting [[#1947|the prisoners]] in red uniforms. Right: The most famous [[List of Irgun attacks|Irgun attack]], the 1946 [[King David Hotel bombing]], was not a suicide attack as such.{{efn| one bomber was killed, but he was shot.}} However, many of the technical and propaganda techniques they used have now become ubiquitous in modern terrorism, including groups who have prolifically used suicide bombing.<ref name="wotr" /><ref name="Davis The First Car Bomb" >{{cite book | doi=10.1525/9780520949454-011 | chapter = The First Car Bomb | title = Transforming Terror | date = 2019 | last1 = Davis | first1 = Mike | pages=32–33 |isbn=978-0-520-94945-4 }}</ref><ref name="ICB k35" />
| caption_align = center
}}

''[[The Revolt|The{{nbs}}Revolt]]'', written by [[Menachem Begin]] before he became [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]], tells the story of the [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi]] (referred to by their translated name's acronym, F.F.I. "[[Freedom Fighters of Israel]]" in early English editions) and Begin's own [[Irgun]] fighters during the [[Jewish insurgency in Palestine]].{{sfn|The Revolt}}
The Revolt influenced groups from a wide variety of ideologies.<ref name="WOTR 22 July 2021" />
Some of these groups were the groups began using suicide attacks in the 1990s.
The book was allegedly found [[Osama bin Laden]]'s [[al-Qaeda]] organization.<ref name="WOTR 22 July 2021" >{{cite web| last1 = Hoffman | first1 = Bruce | author1-link = Bruce Hoffman | last2 = Ware | first2 = Jacob | author2-link = Jacob Ware | url = https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/july-22-a-pivotal-day-in-terrorism-history/ | title = July 22: A Pivotal Day in Terrorism History | date = 22 July 2021 | work = [[War on the Rocks]] | archive-date = 12 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240312081549/https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/july-22-a-pivotal-day-in-terrorism-history/ | url-status=live}}</ref>
Begin praised his militants' willingness to die, "These two wonderful young men greeted the sentence with the singing of [[Hatikvah]]".<ref name="singing of Hatikvah" >{{harvnb|Begin|The Revolt|1951| p = 330}}: "The wearers of the crimson gallows-dress grew in number. In March, Moshe Barazani, a member of the F.F.I, was sentenced to "be hanged by the neck till he was dead." Early in April three British officers again donned their caps while one of them uttered the formula to Meir Feinstein, a member of the Irgun. These two wonderful young men greeted the sentence with the singing of Hatikvah".</ref>
The "two wonderful young men" we're the two who blew themselves up [[#1947|in 1947]], he described their deaths, "even before they put on their red uniforms. They too held their heads high when they faced their judges… But they did not reach the gallows. They too sang on the threshold of death — a song of faith in God: 'Lord of the world who reigned before creation'. But their song ended with a great explosion which shattered the silence of the prison in occupied Jerusalem".<ref name="Lord of the world" />{{efn| "Lord of the world who reigned before creation" is a translation of [[Adon Olam]]. }}
In 1977 the author became prime minister, after previously being in opposition.<ref name="1977 win" /> Historical militants featured prominently in his political speeches.<ref name="Begin 1964" /><ref name="1981 IAJBF" /><ref name="Tablet IAJBW" /> He praised the actions of his militants during the [[Jewish insurgency in Palestine|insurgency in Palestine in the 1940s]], including the leader of the cell who [[King David Hotel bombing|bombed the King David Hotel]] (killing 91 people and 1 terrorist). His favourites were, again, the two young militants who blew themselves up in Jerusalem prison [[#1947|in{{nbs}}1947]].<ref name="1981 IAJBF" /><ref name="Tablet IAJBW" /><ref name="Harkov 2019" />

==== The Turner Diaries (1978) ====
{{main|The Turner Diaries}}

[[The Turner Diaries]] is a work of fiction, but is confirmed to have inspired terrorist attacks and far right extremist movements.{{Citation needed|date = September 2025}}
In the final scene before the epilogue, the main character carries out a suicide attack on [[The Pentagon]], in an aircraft carrying a nuclear bomb.<ref>{{cite web | last1 = Romano | first1 = Aja | title = How a dystopian neo-Nazi novel helped fuel decades of white supremacist terrorism | url = https://www.vox.com/22232779/the-turner-diaries-novel-links-to-terrorism-william-luther-pierce | website = Vox | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20260119095711/https://www.vox.com/22232779/the-turner-diaries-novel-links-to-terrorism-william-luther-pierce |archive-date=2026-01-19 | date=28 January 2021 |quote=The book chillingly culminates in Turner planning to fly a plane into the Pentagon in a suicide bombing mission — an act the narrative tells us ushered in a “New Era” of white supremacist rule and made Turner a national folk hero to the subsequent Aryan civilization.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | date = 18 July 2025 | title = What to Do With the Dangerous Novel 'The Turner Diaries' | newspaper = [[The Atlantic]] | url = https://www.theatlantic.com/books/archive/2025/07/what-do-dangerous-novel-turner-diaries/683580/ | archive-url = https://archive.today/20250719190216/https://www.theatlantic.com/books/archive/2025/07/what-do-dangerous-novel-turner-diaries/683580/ | archive-date = 2025-07-19 | quote = It is told through a series of diary entries that Turner makes from 16 September 1991, to 9 November 1993, the day he pilots an airplane into the Pentagon in a suicide mission.}}</ref>
However, that specific scene is rarely linked to any specific attacks.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==== White Wolves (South Africa) ====
The ''White Wolves'', a loosely affiliated and semi mythical group of pro-[[apartheid]] terrorists [[Terrorism in South Africa|in South Africa]], expressed an overt willingness to die during attacks.<ref name="White Wolves" >{{Cite web | url = https://omny.fm/shows/weird-little-guys/the-white-wolf | title=The White Wolf - Weird Little Guys|website=omny.fm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.iheart.com/podcast/1119-weird-little-guys-201395214/ | title=Weird Little Guys|website=iHeart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/episode/6O5wt2Kg5UxvswukRZ8lzl?si=e52fQGIrQvOsIOTmib6JRQ | title=Spotify|website=open.spotify.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-white-wolf/id1760218611?i=1000700050736 | title=The White Wolf|website=Apple Podcasts}}</ref>{{additional citation needed| reasons = the existing source has additional sources listed, some of which might be useful. |date = May 2025}}
The White Wolves were thought to be the [[Strijdom Square massacre#Perpetrator|perpetrators of the Strijdom Square massacre]].{{citation needed| reason = previous source says attributions to the "White Wolves" are often ambiguous |date = July 2025}}

==== Preceding Cold War armed conflicts ====
{{further
| Cold War in Asia
| Soviet–Afghan War
| Islamic terrorism #1960s and 1970s
| List of conflicts related to the Cold War
}}
[[Sunni Muslims]] were possibly the last major branch of the [[Abrahamic religions]] to resort to overt suicide attacks.
Islamic suicide bombing is a fairly recent phenomenon. It was absent from the 1979{{endash}}1989 [[Soviet–Afghan War|Afghan jihad]] against the Soviet Union,<ref name="FeldmanITNA" /> an asymmetrical war where the {{lang|ar-Latn|mujahideen}} fought [[Soviet Air Forces|Soviet warplanes]], helicopters and tanks primarily with light weapons. According to author [[Sadakat Kadri]], "the very idea that Muslims might blow themselves up for God was unheard of before 1983, and it was not until the early 1990s that anyone anywhere had tried to justify killing innocent Muslims who were not on a battlefield". After 1983, the process was limited among Muslims to [[Hezbollah]] and other [[Lebanese Shia Muslims|Lebanese Shia]] factions for more than a decade.<ref name="Kadri" />

The early 1980s saw an increase in the use of [[definition of terrorism|terrorist tactics]] in the Middle East, by ideologically diverse groups.
The book ''[[The Revolt]]'', written by the former [[Irgun]] commander [[Menachem Begin]] before he became [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]], influenced groups from a wide variety of ideologies, allegedly including [[Osama bin Laden]]'s [[al-Qaeda]] organization.<ref name="WOTR 22 July 2021"/>
In ''[[Rise and Kill First]]'' Israeli journalist [[Ronen Bergman]] wrote that [[Hezbollah]]'s 1983 campaign of coordinated [[Islamic terrorism|terrorist attacks]] against United States, French, and Israeli military installations in [[Beirut]] drew inspiration from the [[Irgun]]'s 1946 [[Jewish insurgency in Palestine|bombing campaign against the British]] created an atmosphere of fear which eventually forced the British to withdraw.<ref name="Rise Up Book" />{{verify source| reason = terrorism page used this source to say Hagenah and Irgun, but most sources say Irgun and Lehi |date = July 2025}}
Bergman further asserts that the influence of [[Israel and state-sponsored terrorism|Israeli-sponsored terrorist]] operations on the emerging Islamists was also of operational nature: the Israeli proxy [[Front for the Liberation of Lebanon from Foreigners]] had carried out multiple deadly [[car bomb|truck bombings]] in Lebanon long before the [[history of Hezbollah|emergence of Hezbollah]], a [[Mossad]] agent told Bergman: "I saw from a distance one of the cars blowing up and demolishing an entire street. We were teaching the Lebanese how effective a [[car bomb]] could be. Everything that we saw later with Hezbollah sprang from what they saw had happened after these operations".<ref name="Rise Up Book" >
{{cite book| author1-link = Ronen Bergman | last1 = Bergman | first1 = Ronen | title = Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations | date = 26 July 2018 | publisher = John Murray Press | isbn = 978-1-4736-9472-9 }}</ref>

=== Increased suicide attacks in the {{ visible anchor |1980s}}===
{{further
| Cold War in Asia
| 1981 Irish hunger strike
| 1982 Lebanon War
| Cold War (1979–1985)
| Cold War (1985–1991)
| Islamic terrorism #1980s and 1990s
}}
==== Arabs began using suicide attacks in the 1980s ====
[[File: BombenanschlagUS-BotschaftBeirut.jpg |thumb|1983 suicide bombing of the [[1983 US embassy bombing in Beirut|U.S. embassy in Beirut]].]]

The 1980s saw the first suicide attacks by Arabs, and by [[#suicide|stricter definitions of suicide attack]], the first suicide attacks in the Middle East. Earlier examples were the three Japanese foreign fighters [[#1972|in 1972]], only one of whom killed himself as planned, the [[Meir Feinstein|Ashkenazi]] and [[Moshe Barazani|Kurdish-Iraqui]] duo who blew themselves up before reaching their target [[#1947|in 1947]] (see above).<ref name="1981 IAJBF" /><ref name="Tablet IAJBW" />
As well as stories such as [[Jules Jammal]] whose suicide attacks probably happened only in myth.{{additional citation needed| reason = source for Jules Jammal |date=October 2025}}
The [[Islamic Dawa Party]]'s [[1981 Iraqi embassy bombing|car bombing of the Iraqi embassy in Beirut in December 1981]] and [[Hezbollah]]'s [[April 1983 U.S. Embassy bombing|bombing of the U.S. embassy in April 1983]] and [[1983 Beirut barracks bombing|attack on United States Marines and French barracks]] in October 1983 brought suicide bombings international attention and began the modern suicide bombing era.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-062813-051049|doi-access=free | title=The Rise and Spread of Suicide Bombing|year=2015 | last1=Horowitz | first1=Michael C.|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=18|pages=69–84}}</ref>
Other parties to the civil war were quick to adopt the tactic, and by 1999 factions such as Hezbollah, the [[Amal Movement]], the [[Ba'ath Party]], and the [[Syrian Social Nationalist Party]] had carried out a total of roughly 50 suicide bombings.{{Citation needed|date = November 2024}} The Syrian Social Nationalist Party sent the [[Sana'a Mehaidli|first recorded female suicide bomber]] in 1985.<ref name="FEMALE SUICIDE BOMBERS" >{{cite web | url = http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB408.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051006051237/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB408.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2005 | title=FEMALE SUICIDE BOMBERS | author=Debra D. Zedalis| publisher=Strategic Studies Institute |date = June 2004}}</ref><ref name="Zedalis google books" >{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2eTc5pm_Y3MC | title=Female Suicide Bombers | author=Debra D. Zedalis |date = August 2004|publisher=The Minerva Group |isbn=978-1-4102-1593-2 | access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref><ref name="Zedalis martinfrost.ws" >{{cite web | url = http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/jan2008/female_bombers.html | title=Female Suicide Bombers | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140726124637/http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/jan2008/female_bombers.html | archive-date = July 26, 2014 | author=Debra D. Zedalis| publisher=University Press of the Pacific| date = 2004| quote=Iraq militants turn to women for suicide attacks}}</ref><ref name="Rajan" >{{cite book | last1=Rajan | first1=V. G. Julie | title=Women Suicide Bombers: Narratives of Violence|date = 2011|publisher=Routledge.|page=225|isbn=978-1-136-76021-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=d8CsAgAAQBAJ&q=Sana%27a+Mehaidli+first+female+suicide+bomber&pg=PA225 | access-date = 13 October 2015|quote=Rosemary Skaine writes about Sana'a Mehaidli the first suicide bomber and first women {{sic?}} bomber for the Syrian Socialist Network Party ...}}</ref>

==== Hezbollah ====
{{further| History of Hezbollah | Terrorism in Lebanon }}
One of the first bombing campaigns utilizing primarily suicide attacks had considerable political success. In the early 1980s, Hezbollah used these bombing attacks, targeting first foreign peacekeepers and then Israel. The result in both cases was the targets withdrawing from Lebanon.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Boot | first1=Max | title=When suicide bombing is simply strategic suicide | url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-apr-07-la-oe-boot7-2010apr07-story.html | access-date = 7 October 2015 | work = Los Angeles Times|date = 7 April 2010}}</ref>{{better source needed| date = April 2023}}

=== Suicide bombings by individuals ===
Some of the first 1980s suicide bombings were by individuals, for both political and [[#personal|personal]] motives, for example:

==== 1981 Yangquan theatre bombing {{ anchor |China 1981}}====
{{Main|Yangquan theatre bombing}}

The Yangquan theatre bombing was a suicide bombing that killed 32 people, in a cinema in [[Yangquan]], [[Shanxi]], [[Terrorism in China|China]], on 22 July 1981.
On 22 July 1981, 24-year-old [[Gao Haiping]] invited a girl, who had dumped him previously, to a film screening in [[Yangquan]].{{efn| The theatre was the San Kuang Club ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|三矿俱乐部}}), an institution run by the Bureau of Mining Affairs ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|矿务局}}).}}
He intended to kill them both with a bomb made of about 3 kg of [[ammonium nitrate]] and an electric detonator in a metal box.
When the woman did not show up, Gao entered the theatre alone and took his place in seat 25 in the second row. At about 8 p.m., he put the bomb on his lap and detonated it, killing himself and 31 other people, wounding another 127, and severely damaging the theatre.{{verify source| reason = sumary of main page, and footnotes on that page were ambiguous |date = September 2025}}
Gao Haiping was an only child. He worked as a miner and was described as a loner who was pessimistic and dissatisfied with his life.<ref name="YTB book" >[https://books.google.com/books?id=UK-EAAAAIAAJ 警卫资料汇编: 1978-1991]; 北京市公安局警卫处, 1992. (p. 278)</ref>
A suicide note and letters to his parents were found in a drawer in his home, as well as explosives wrapped in paper.<ref name="YTB book"/><ref>[http://www.police.com.cn/Article/renwu/jszj/200502/453.html 刑侦专家乌国庆诠释爆炸瞬间] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718132621/http://www.police.com.cn/Article/renwu/jszj/200502/453.html|date=2011-07-18}}, ''[[Police.com.cn]]'' (9 February 2005)</ref>

==== Wanganui Computer Centre (1982) {{ anchor |1982|NZ 1982}}====
{{main|Wanganui Computer Centre bombing}}

{{see also|Whanganui #History|Terrorism in New Zealand|Christchurch mosque shootings |#NZ 1905}}
Not all [[political violence|politically motivated]] suicide attacks targeted other people.
On 18 November 1982, [[Neil Roberts (Anarchist)|Neil Roberts]] carried out a [[Wanganui Computer Centre bombing#Bombing|suicide bombing]] in [[Whanganui]], [[Terrorism in New Zealand|New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Bomb damage at the Whanganui Computer Centre | url = https://tiaki.natlib.govt.nz/#details=ecatalogue.1055401 | quote = …the suicide attack by Neil Roberts on the National Law Enforcement Database, known as the Whanganui Computer, at the Whanganui Computer Centre.}}</ref>
His target was a facility housing the main computer centre of the [[National Law Enforcement System|National Law Enforcement Database]] belonging to [[New Zealand Police]], [[Judiciary of New Zealand|Courts]], [[Ministry of Transport (New Zealand)|Ministry of Transport]], and other law enforcement agencies, in [[Whanganui#History|Whanganui]]. The power of the explosion made it so that police were initially unable to determine the gender of the perpetrator.<ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/morningreport/audio/20159086/wanganui-computer-centre-explosion-news-report | title = Wanganui Computer Centre explosion news report | date = 2014-11-28 | work = [[Radio New Zealand]] | access-date = 2018-05-24 | language = en-nz}}</ref>
The attacker, 22-year-old Neil Roberts, a "punk rock" [[anarchist]], was the only person killed, and the computer system was undamaged.<ref>{{cite web| website = libcom.org | url = http://libcom.org/library/neil-roberts-wanganui-police-bomb | title = 1982: The death of Neil Roberts | quote = On November 18, 1982 at 12.35 a.m., Neil Roberts, a 22 year old punk anarchist, walked up to the entrance of the building which housed the Wanganui police computer.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| website = punkfest.orcon.net.nz | url = http://punkfest.orcon.net.nz/index2002.htm | title = Neil Roberts 20th Anniversary Memorial Punk Fest | access-date = 25 January 2017 | archive-date = 11 March 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080311001017/http://punkfest.orcon.net.nz/index2002.htm }}</ref>{{better source needed|date = August 2025}}
He had written on a piece of cardboard before the explosion, "Heres [sic] one anarchist down. Hopefully there is a lot more waking up. One day we'll win – one day". A public toilet nearby had the slogan "We have maintained a silence closely resembling stupidity" painted on it, a slogan which the police believe Roberts had painted,<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://thewireless.co.nz/articles/an-anarchist-with-a-death-wish | title = An anarchist with a death wish | work = [[The Wireless (website)|The Wireless]] ([[RNZ]]) | access-date = 2018-05-24}}</ref> and borrowed from the Revolutionary Proclamation of the [[Junta Tuitiva]] of 1809.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/the-maintenance-of-silence-1985/quotes | title = The Maintenance of Silence | website = nzonscreen.com | access-date = 17 March 2019 | quote = When the bombing {{as written|occ|ured [sic]}}, [director William] Keddell was angered by the media reaction to "what was clearly a politically motivated suicide": "The 'misguided youth' stuff just swept the real issues under the carpet. The Wanganui Computer was worth protesting about. It represented a profound and sad change in New Zealand. " (citing: Film scholar Russell Campbell, quoting director William Keddell in The Journal of New Zealand Studies no 8, 2009) }}</ref>
The phrase is still closely linked with the bombing by the New Zealand public.<ref>Field, M., "[https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/63097477/null Opera about NZ's only suicide bomber]," ''stuff.co.nz'' 11 November 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2019.</ref>

=== Sri Lankan civil war ===
{{Further| Suicide bombings in Sri Lanka }}
{{Campaignbox Sri Lankan Civil War}}
During the [[Sri Lankan civil war]], the [[Tamil Tigers]] (LTTE) adopted suicide bombing as a tactic, using bomb belts and [[female suicide bomber|female bombers]]. The LTTE carried out their first suicide attack in July 1987.{{efn|group=lower-alpha|''[[Jane's Intelligence Review]]'' lists 168 [[Suicide bombings in Sri Lanka]] carried out by the LTTE between 187 and 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/225 | title=Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam – Mapping Militant Organizations | first=Daniel | last=Cassman}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://washingtontimes.com/op-ed/20060819-095333-3607r.htm | title=Tending to Sri Lanka|work=The Washington Times | access-date = June 17, 2008}}</ref> Their [[LTTE Black Tiger|Black Tiger]] unit committed 83 suicide attacks from 1987 to 2009, killing 981 people.<ref>{{cite web | title=Year: 1982–2015: Group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam | url = http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1|website=Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database | access-date = 22 Dec 2016| archive-date = 24 January 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1}}</ref> Those killed [[List of assassinations of the Sri Lankan Civil War|included]] former Indian Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]]<ref>{{cite news | title=Tamil Tiger 'regret' over Gandhi | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5122032.stm |work=BBC News |date = 27 June 2006 | access-date = 10 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=We killed Rajiv, confesses LTTE | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/We-killed-Rajiv-confesses-LTTE/articleshow/1686574.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110908152114/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-06-28/india/27793042_1_ltte-suicide-bomber-rajiv-gandhi-velupillai-prabhakaran | url-status=live | archive-date = 8 September 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date = 28 June 2006 | access-date = 10 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title=On This Day 21 May – 1991: Bomb kills India's former leader Rajiv Gandhi | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/21/newsid_2504000/2504739.stm |publisher=BBC | access-date = 5 November 2007 | date = 21 May 1991}}</ref> and the president of Sri Lanka, [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]].<ref>{{cite news | first=Mark | last=Baker | title=Hopes high for end to Sri Lanka war | url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/09/15/1032054710030.html |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date = 16 September 2002 | access-date = 10 May 2007 |location=Melbourne}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Sri Lanka assassination plot | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/140084.stm |work=BBC News |date = 27 July 1998 | access-date = 10 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=V. S. | last=Sambandan | title=Inquiries into Premadasa, Dissanayake killings closed | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/05/stories/2005090507041200.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070301153730/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/05/stories/2005090507041200.htm | archive-date = 1 March 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date = 5 September 2005 | access-date = 10 May 2007 | location = Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = CHRONOLOGY-Assassinations of political figures in Sri Lanka | url = http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/CrisesArticle.aspx?storyId=COL159286&WTmodLoc=World-R5-Alertnet-5 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20070424061503/http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/CrisesArticle.aspx?storyId=COL159286&WTmodLoc=World-R5-Alertnet-5 | archive-date = 24 April 2007 | work = [[Reuters UK]] |date = 10 November 2006 | access-date = 10 May 2007}}</ref>

==== Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) 1987–2009 ====
{{Further| Black Tigers }}

The [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] were thought{{who|date = May 2025}} to have mastered{{tone inline|date = May 2025}} the use of [[suicide attacks]] and had a separate unit, "The [[Black Tigers]]", consisting "exclusively of cadres who have volunteered to conduct suicide operations".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1703/17031060.htm | title=The LTTE and suicide terrorism|publisher=Hinduonnet.com | access-date = May 19, 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100504204040/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1703/17031060.htm| archive-date = May 4, 2010}}</ref>
The first prominent suicide bombing by the LTTE occurred in 1987 when [[Captain Miller (Tamil militant)|Captain Miller]] drove a [[car bomb|truck laden with explosives]] into a Sri Lankan army camp killing 40 soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Secrets of their success | url = http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/world/ny-wosri0719,0,990180.story?page=2&coll=ny-top-headlines | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090522035420/http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/world/ny-wosri0719,0,990180.story?page=2&coll=ny-top-headlines | archive-date = May 22, 2009 |website=Newsday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last=Perera | first=Amantha | date = 17 July 2003 | title = Suicide bombers feared and revered | url = http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EG17Df03.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20031217102802/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EG17Df03.html | archive-date = 17 December 2003 | website = Asia Times}}</ref>

Use of suicide by the LTTE had mixed results. The [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) pioneered the use of suicide bombings against civilian and political targets. In 2000, Yoram Schweitzer called the LTTE "unequivocally the most effective and brutal terrorist organization ever to utilize suicide terrorism".<ref name="ICT-STDC" /> Their struggle for an [[Independence|independent]] state in the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|North]] and [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|East]] of the island lasted for 26 years and led to the deaths of two heads of state or government, several ministers, and up to 100,000 combatants and civilians, from by a [[UN]] estimate.<ref>{{Cite news| url =http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/20/2576543.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090524162659/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/20/2576543.htm | archive-date =24 May 2009 | title =Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN| publisher = [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date = 20 May 2009}}</ref> Politically, its attacks succeeded in halting the deployment of the Indian peace keeping troops to Sri Lanka and the subsequent postponement of the peace-talks in Sri Lanka.<ref name="ICT-STDC" /> Nonetheless, the conflict ended in May 2009 not with an independent [[Tamil Eelam|Eelam]], but with the overrunning of LTTE strongholds and the killing of its leadership by the Sri Lankan military and security forces.{{citation needed|date = April 2025}}

==={{ visible anchor |List of suicide attacks during the Cold War}} (1947–1991)===
{{further| topic = the [[Cold War]] era
| Cold War (1947–1948){{!}}1947–1948
| Timeline of the Cold War{{!}}Timeline
| Cold War (1985–1991){{!}}1985–1991
| List of conflicts related to the Cold War{{!}}Conflicts
}}
{| align=center class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 85%;"
|- style="white-space: nowrap"
! [[:category: suicide bombings by country|Country]]
! Event {{efn-lr| Unless otherwise stated, at least one person intentionally and directly caused their own death during an action that was intended to cause other casualties or materially damage enemy assets.}}
! [[Suicide weapon|Weapon]](s)
! colspan=2 | Deaths {{efn-lr|name=key| Total deaths, then:
* s {{=}} suicides (directly caused their own death)
* k {{=}} attackers [[#Attackers killed by their opponents|killed by other people]], {{nowrap|including [[friendly fire]]}}
* p {{=}} [[proxy bomb|proxy bombers]] and other attackers under extreme duress
* v {{=}} victims who were not involved in the attack
}}
! colspan=2 | [[:category: suicide bombings by decade|Date]]
|-
| Palestine ([[Museum of Underground Prisoners|Jerusalem]]) || Two [[Olei Hagardom|condemned militants]] blew themselves up [[Museum of Underground Prisoners|in prison]] ([[#1947|see above]]) || Improvised hand grenades || 2 || 2s 0v{{efn|[[Suicide mission#Failed and aborted suicide attacks|detonated early]]}} || {{dts|abbr=y|format=dm|21 April 1947}} || 1947
|-
| [[:Category: Suicide bombings in the United States|USA]] ([[West Virginia|WV]]) || [[Donzel McCray]] ([[#USA 1953|see above]]) || "Human bomb" || 1 || 1s 0v{{efn|two seriously injured}} || {{dts|abbr=y|format=dm|13 January 1953}} || 1953
|-
| [[:Category: Suicide bombings in the United States|USA]] ([[Houston |TX]]) || [[Poe Elementary School bombing]] by Paul Harold Orgeron || Suitcase bomb || 6 || 1s 5v || {{dts|abbr=y|format=dm|September 15, 1959}} || 1959
|-
| USA || [[Continental Airlines Flight 11]] bombed by Thomas G. Doty || Bomb || 45 || 1s 44v || {{dts|abbr=y|format=dm|May 22, 1962}} || 1962
|-
|-
| Israel ([[Lod]]) || [[Lod Airport massacre]] by [[Japanese Red Army|JRA]] || hand grenades and{{nbs}}guns || 28 || 1s 1k 26v || {{dts|abbr=y|format=dm|30 May 1972}} || [[:Category:Suicide bombings in the 1970s|1972]]
|-
|-
| Israel to USA || [[TWA Flight 841 (1974)|TWA Flight 841]] ||  || 88 || ?s 80+v || {{dts|abbr=y|format=dm|September 8, 1974}} || [[:Category:Suicide bombings in the 1970s|1974]]
|-
| [[Incarceration in the United States|USA]] ([[Mason County, West Virginia|WV]]) || [[1976 Mason County jail bombing|Mason County jail bombing]] {{ anchor |1976|USA 1976|Mason County jail bombing}} || Bomb || 5 || 1s 1k 3v || {{dts|abbr=y|format=dm|March 2, 1976}} || [[:Category:Suicide bombings in the 1970s|1976]]
|-
| China || [[Yangquan theatre bombing]] || Bomb || 32 || 1s 31v || {{dts|abbr=y|format=dm|22 July 1981}} || [[:Category:Suicide bombings in 1981|1981]]
|-
| Japan ([[Haneda Airport|Tokyo]]) || [[Japan Air Lines Flight 350]] || Aircraft || 24 || 0s{{efn|suicidal pilot survived}} || {{dts|abbr=y|format=dm|9 February 1982}} || 1982
|-
| [[Aviation in Australia|Australia]] || Attack on [[Bankstown Airport]] by Philip Henryk [[Wozniak]] in a stolen light aircraft || Aircraft || 1 || 1s 0v{{efn|Damaged multiple aircraft on the ground}} || {{dts|abbr=y|format=dm|1982-09-16}} || [[1982 in aviation|1982]]
|-
| [[Terrorism in New Zealand|New Zealand]] || [[Wanganui Computer Centre bombing|Suicide bombing]] of [[Wanganui]] [[Wanganui Computer|Computer Centre]] by [[Neil Roberts (anarchist)|Neil Roberts]] || Bomb || 1 || 1s 0v{{efn|The target was the computer, not other people, but the computer was mostly in unharmed.}} || {{dts|abbr=y|format=dm|1982-11-18}} || [[:Category:Suicide bombings in 1982|1982]]
|-
| [[Suicide in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] ([[Nelliady]]) || [[LTTE]] militant [[Captain Miller (Tamil militant)|"Captain Miller"]]'s bombing of [[Nelliady Madhya Maha Vidyalayam]], which being used as a [[Sri Lanka Army]]{{nbh}}base || Truck bomb || 18+ || 1s/p{{efn| He was tied to the car, see [[Captain Miller (Tamil militant)]].<ref name="Lewis">{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Jeffrey William | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E24eVvgg6yUC | title = The Business of Martyrdom: A History of Suicide Bombing |date=2012 | publisher = [[Naval Institute Press]] | isbn = 978-1-61251-097-2}}</ref>}} 17{{nbh}}55v || {{dts|abbr=y|format=dm|5 July 1987}} || [[:Category:Suicide bombings in 1987|1987]]
|-
| Greece ([[Poros]]) || [[City of Poros ship attack]] and [[car bomb]] (detonated early)|| car bomb + others || 11 || 3a 8v || {{dts|abbr=y|format=dm|July 11, 1988}} || 1988
|-
| Israel || [[Tel Aviv-Jerusalem bus 405 suicide attack]] (attacker survived) || Bus crashed by passenger || 16 || 0s 16v || {{dts|abbr=y|format=dm|6 July 1989}} || 1989
|-
| Northern Ireland || [[Proxy bomb]]ings by [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]<ref>{{cite web | title = The IRA Proxy Bombings Kill 6 Troops, Civilian : Northern Ireland: The attack by the terrorist group is the deadliest against British forces in two years. | first = SHAWN | last = POGATCHNIK | date = 25 October 1990 | url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-10-25-mn-4248-story.html | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20260121222024/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-10-25-mn-4248-story.html | archivedate = 2026-01-21 | quote = forcing civilians to deliver car bombs that killed six soldiers in nearly simultaneous incidents at two border checkpoints. One civilian also died and at least 20 people were wounded, officials said. According to the widow of the civilian victim, Patsy Gillespie, he was ordered by IRA gunmen to drive a car packed with an estimated 1,000 pounds of explosives into the Londonderry border post about 4 a.m. Gillespie and five soldiers were killed, and 10 people were injured}}</ref> || [[Proxy bomb|Proxy]] [[car bombs]] || 7 || 1p 6v || {{dts|abbr=y|format=dm|24 October 1990}} || [[Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1990–1991)#September–October|1990]]
|- style="background:#E7F7FF;"
| The [[USSR]] became [[post-Soviet states]] || colspan=4 | The [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]] (USSR) marked the end of the [[Cold War]] era, and the United States became the only remaining [[superpower]]. || {{dts|abbr=y|format=dm|1991-12-26}} || [[1991 in the Soviet Union|1991]]
|-
|} '''Table footnotes''' {{reflist|group=lower-roman}}

== Statistics about the increase ==
{{Update section|reason=this is now more than a decade out of date|date=November 2025}}

{| align=left class="wikitable sortable"  style="text-align:center;"
|+ Locations of recent suicide attacks
|- style="white-space: nowrap;"
! rowspan=2 | Country
! colspan=2 | 1982 to mid-2015 <ref name="table: by location" > Click "Search Database" then under "filter by" click "location": {{cite web| title = Year: 1982–2015. Group | url = http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 | website = [[Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism]] [[Suicide Attack Database]] | publisher = [[University of Chicago]] | access-date = 2015-11-20 | archive-date = 2016-01-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1}}</ref>
|-
! Attacks !! Deaths
|-
| Iraq
| {{nts|1938}} || {{nts|20084}}
|-
| [[Suicide bombings in Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| 490 || {{nts|6287}}
|-
| Afghanistan
| 1059 || {{nts|4748}}
|-
| [[:Category: Suicide bombings in the United States|USA]] {{efn-lr| All 4 attacks were on [[11 September 2001]], 2997 [[casualties of the September 11 attacks|deaths includes]] the victims and [[19 hijackers]].{{verify source| reason = why is the 2005 University of Oklahoma bombing excluded?|date=November 2025}} }}
| 4 || {{nts|2997}}
|-
| Syria
| 172 || {{nts|2058}}
|-
| [[Suicide bombings in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
| 115 || {{nts|1584}}
|-
| Nigeria
| 103 || {{nts|1347}}
|-
| Yemen
| 87 || {{nts|1128}}
|-
| Lebanon
| 66 || {{nts|1007}}
|-
| Somalia
| 91 || 829
|-
| Russia
| 86 || 782
|-
| [[Arab–Israeli conflict|Israel]]
| 113 || 721
|-
| Algeria
| 24 || 281
|-
| [[Terrorism in Indonesia|Indonesia]]
| 10 || 252
|-
| Egypt
| 21 || 246
|-
| Kenya
| 2 || 213
|-
| [[Assassination and terrorism in Iran|Iran]]
| 8 || 160
|-
| Libya
| 29 || 155
|-
| [[Terrorism in India|India]]
| 15 || 123
|-
| [[List of suicide attacks in Turkey|Turkey]]
| 29 || 115
|-
| [[:Category: suicide bombings in the United Kingdom|UK]] {{efn-lr| [[7 July 2005 London bombings]] }}
| 5 || 78
|-
|  [[Palestine]]
| 59 || 67
|-
| All other countries
| 99 || 674
|-
|}

[[File: Suicide-attacks-cpost-bigger-font.JPG |upright=1.8|thumb|center| The number of suicide attacks grew enormously after 2000. Number of suicide attacks and deaths from attacks 1982–2014.<ref>{{cite web| title = Number of suicide attacks and deaths from attacks 1982–2014 | publisher = [[Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism]], [[University of Chicago]] | url = https://dss.princeton.edu/catalog/resource1057 | work = [[Suicide Attack Database]] }}</ref>]]
[[File:Terrorist incidents worldwide.svg |upright=1.8|thumb|center| Casualties of terrorist incidents worldwide (1976–2016), including suicide attacks and other incidents labelled as terrorism.]]

{| align=right class="wikitable sortable"  style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"
|+ Groups who have recently used suicide attacks
|- style="white-space: nowrap;"
! rowspan=2 | Group {{verify source | reason = is this from the Chicago project's claim of responsibility data category? if so, it should specify as "claimed by" |date = October 2025}}
! colspan=2 | 1982 to mid-2015 <ref name="table: by organization" >
Click "Search Database" then under "filter by" click "group": {{cite web| title = Year: 1982–2015. Group | url = http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 | website = [[Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism]] [[Suicide Attack Database]] | publisher = [[University of Chicago]] | access-date = 2015-11-20 | archive-date = 2016-01-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 }}
{{verify source| reason = Do the numbers in "Deaths" in this table include attackers? If not, please change to precise wording that excludeds the attackers.|date = October 2025}}</ref>
|-
! Attacks !! Deaths
|-
| [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]]{{efn-lr| includes earlier versions of the group counted separately by the CPOST Suicide Attack Database: Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, and Islamic State of Iraq }}
| 424 || {{nts|4949}}
|-
| [[Al-Qaeda]] (Central)
| 20 || {{nts|3391}}
|-
| [[Taliban]] (Afghanistan)
| 665 || {{nts|2925}}
|-
| [[Al-Qaeda in Iraq]]
| 121 || {{nts|1541}}
|-
| [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Tamil Tigers]] (LTTE)
| 82 || 961
|-
| [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabab]]
| 64 || 726
|-
| [[Qassam Brigades]]{{efn-lr| military wing of the Islamic Resistance Movement ([[Hamas]])}}
| 78 || 511
|-
| [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula|Al-Qaeda (Arabian{{spaces}}Peninsula)]]
| 23 || 354
|-
| [[Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna|Ansar al-Sunna]] (Iraq)
| 28 || 319
|-
| [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]
| 50 || 225
|-
| [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades]]
| 40 || 107
|-
| [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|Taliban (Pakistan)]]
| 7 || 92
|-
| [[Ansar Bait al-Maqdis|Ansar Bait al{{nbh}}Maqdis]]
| 10 || 84
|-
| [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK (Turkey)]] {{verify source | reason = is "PKK (Turkey)" appropriate |date = October 2025}}
| 10 || 32
|-
| [[Hezbollah]]
| 7 || 28
|-
| Other groups or unidentified attackers
| {{nts|2547}} || {{nts|22877}}
|-
|}
{| align=center
|+ '''Table footnotes'''
| colspan=3 | {{reflist|group=lower-roman}}
|}

== Post-Cold War and war on terror ==
{{Globalize|section|the [[West Bank]]|the [[Levant]]|reason=some details could be moved to [[Palestinian suicide attacks]].|date=July 2025}}
{{Further
| International relations since 1989
| War on terror
}}
=== Post-Cold War Palestine ===
{{further
| Palestinian suicide attacks {{!}} Palestinian suicide attacks (1989 to 2019)
| list of Palestinian suicide attacks {{!}} List of attacks (1989 to 2024)
| Intifada
| First Intifada
| Second Intifada
| Hunger strikes by Palestinian prisoners of Israel {{!}} prisoner hunger strikes
}}{{First Intifada}}{{Campaignbox Second Intifada}}
[[File: Beit Lid suicide bombing (1995).jpg |thumb|Scene after a Palestinian suicide bombing in 1995.]]
[[File: אתר דובר צהל - הפיגוע בבית ליד (2001).jpg |thumb|Wreckage vehicles after a 2001 suicide bombing in Beit Lid Junction]]

[[List of Palestinian suicide attacks|Suicide bombing]] became a popular tactic among [[Palestinian terror|Palestinian militant]] organizations such as [[Hamas]], [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Islamic Jihad]], the [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade]], and occasionally by the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine|PFLP]].{{sfn |Pedahzur |2004 |pp=66–69 }} The first suicide bombing in post-independence Israel was done by "Hamas" in 1994.<ref name="rwkckb07" />{{better source needed| reason = title: "Chechen suicide bombers" and journal "Journal of Slavic Military Studies" would be citing another source for this point.|date=October 2025}} Attacks peaked from 2001 to 2003 with over 40 bombings and over 200 killed in 2002.<ref>{{cite web | title=RESULTS ARE FILTERED BY: Year: 1982–2015. Country: Israel | url = http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1|website=Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database | access-date = 2015-11-20| archive-date = 2016-01-24| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Schweitzer, Y. |s2cid=144812564 | title=Palestinian ''Istishhadia'': A Developing Instrument' |doi=10.1080/10576100701435761 | url = http://www.inss.org.il/upload/%28FILE%291300198331.pdf |year=2007 |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=667–689 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151121045437/http://www.inss.org.il/upload/%28FILE%291300198331.pdf | archive-date = November 21, 2015}}</ref> Bombers affiliated with these groups often use so-called "[[Explosive belt|suicide belts]]", [[explosive device]]s which often included [[Shrapnel (fragment)|shrapnel]] designed to be strapped to the body under clothing. To maximize the loss of life, the bombers seek out enclosed spaces, such as cafés or city [[bus]]es crowded with people at [[rush hour]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3256858.stm Analysis: Palestinian suicide bombings]. BBC News (2007-01-29); retrieved 2012-08-19.</ref> Less common are military targets such as soldiers waiting for transport at the roadside. These bombings have had more popular support than in other Muslim countries. More [[music videos]] and announcements that promise [[eternity|eternal]] reward for suicide bombers can be found on Palestinian television, according to [[Palestinian Media Watch]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pmw.org.il/tv%20part1.html | title=PA Indoctrination of Children to Seek Shahada | access-date = 2008-11-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081112223611/http://www.pmw.org.il/tv%20part1.html | archive-date = November 12, 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pmw.org.il/index.html Palestinian Media Watch official website] {{webarchive | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050521025750/http://www.pmw.org.il/index.html |date = May 21, 2005}}, Pmw.org.il; retrieved 2012-08-19.</ref>{{better source needed| reason = propaganda site | date = June 2025}} Israeli sources observed that Hamas, Islamic Jihad and Fatah operate "Paradise Camps", training children as young as 11 to become suicide bombers.<ref>[http://www.adl.org/PresRele/IslME_62/4153_62.asp "Palestinian Summer Camps Teach Terror Tactics, Espouse Hatred; Some Found to Be Funded by UNICEF"] {{Webarchive | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050620082356/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/IslME_62/4153_62.asp |date = 2005-06-20}}, adl.org; retrieved 2012-08-19.</ref><ref>[http://www.eufunding.org/Textbooks/EuropesPalestinianChildren.html Europe's Palestinian Children What Hope for Them?] {{webarchive | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050308113828/http://www.eufunding.org/Textbooks/EuropesPalestinianChildren.html |date = March 8, 2005}}. Eufunding.org; retrieved 2012-08-19.</ref> In 2004, due to increased effectiveness in Israel's security measures and stricter checkpoint protocols, terrorist organizations began employing [[Female suicide bomber|women]] and [[Use of child suicide bombers by Palestinian militant groups|children]] more frequently as operatives, assuming that they would raise fewer suspicions and undergo less rigorous inspections.<ref>{{Cite news | last=Issacharoff | first=Avi |date = April 5, 2010 | title=Femme Fatale, Jihad Style | url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2010-04-05/ty-article/femme-fatale-jihad-style/0000017f-e3e5-d804-ad7f-f3ff686a0000 | access-date = 2023-10-14 | newspaper = [[Haaretz]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | last = Myre | first = Greg | date = 2004-03-25 | title=Israeli Soldiers Thwart a Boy's Suicide Bombing Attempt |language=en-US| newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/25/world/israeli-soldiers-thwart-a-boy-s-suicide-bombing-attempt.html | access-date = 2023-10-14 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==== Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) ====
{{further|History of Hamas}}
Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) and their militant wing [[al-Qassam]], were formed in the 1980s but avoided using suicide in their [[Palestinian political violence|political violence]] until the following decade.
The group have utilized suicide intermittently in specific situations.<ref name="Jeffrey 15 January 2009" />
Suicide attempts are a criminal offense in Palestine and many other majority Muslim countries.<ref name="5 October 2023" /><ref name="decrim countries" /><ref name="9 September 2021" /><ref name="unitedgmh" /><ref name="countries afghanistan" />

[[Hamas]]'s most sustained suicide bombing campaign from 2003 to 2004 involved several members of Hebron's {{lang|ar-Latn|Masjad|italics=no}} (mosque) al-Jihad soccer team. Most lived in the Wad Abu Katila neighborhood and belonged to the al-Qawasmeh {{lang|ar-Latn|[[hamula]]}} (clan). Several were classmates in the neighborhood's local branch of the Palestinian Polytechnic College. Their ages ranged from 18 to 22. At least eight team members were dispatched to suicide shooting and bombing operations by the Hamas military leader in Hebron, Abdullah al-Qawasmeh. Al-Qawasmeh was killed by Israeli forces in June 2003 and succeeded by his relatives Basel al-Qawasmeh, killed in September 2003, and Imad al-Qawasmeh, captured on 133 October 2004. In retaliation for the assassinations of Hamas leaders Sheikh [[Ahmed Yassin]] on 22 March 2004 and [[Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi]] on 17 April 2004, Imad al-Qawasmeh dispatched Ahmed al-Qawasmeh and Nasim al-Ja'abri for a suicide attack on two buses in Beer Sheva. The attack took place on 31 August 2004. In December 2004, Hamas declared a halt to suicide attacks.<ref name="ATRAN" />

On 15 January 2008, the son of [[Mahmoud al-Zahar]], the leader of Hamas in the [[Gaza Strip]], was killed. Another son had been killed in a 2003 assassination attempt on Zahar. Three days later, Israel Defense Minister [[Ehud Barak]] ordered the [[Israel Defense Forces]] to seal all border crossings with Gaza, cutting off the flow of supplies to the territory in an attempt to stop rocket barrages on Israeli border towns. Nevertheless, violence from both sides only increased. On 4 February 2008, friends Mohammed Herbawi and Shadi Zghayer, who were members of the Masjad al-Jihad soccer team, staged a suicide bombing at a commercial center in Dimona, Israel. Herbawi had previously been arrested as a 17-year-old on 15 March 2003 shortly after a suicide bombing on Haifa bus, which was done by Mamoud al-Qawasmeh on March 5, 2003. Herbawi had coordinated suicide shooting attacks on Israeli settlements by others on the team, such as on 7 March 2003 with an attack by Muhsein, Hazem al-Qawasmeh, Fadi Fahuri, and Sufian Hariz. He was also involved with another set of suicide bombings in Hebron and Jerusalem on 17 and 18 May 2003 by Fuad al-Qawasmeh, Basem Takruri, and Mujahed al-Ja'abri. Although Hamas claimed responsibility for the [[2008 Dimona suicide bombing|Dimona attack]], the politburo leadership in Damascus and Beirut was initially unaware of who initiated and carried out the attack. It appears that Ahmad al-Ja'abri, military commander of Hamas's [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] in Gaza, requested the suicide attack through Ayoub Qawasmeh, Hamas's military liaison in Hebron, who knew where to look for eager young men who had self-radicalized together and had already mentally prepared themselves to die.<ref name="ATRAN" /><ref>[http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_9.html#atran THE WORLD QUESTION CENTER 2008 (p. 9)] {{Webarchive | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130407141943/http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_9.html#atran |date = 2013-04-07}}, Edge.org; retrieved August 19, 2012.</ref>

==== Results of Palestinian suicide attacks ====
[[File:IDF-Caterpillar-D9N-1133.jpg |thumb|Early Israeli construction of West Bank barrier in 2003.]] {{see also|public diplomacy of Israel|Bulldozer politics}}{{Summarize section|date=January 2026}}
It is more difficult to determine whether Palestinian suicide bombings have proved to be a successful political tactic. Hamas "came to prominence" after the first intifada as "the main Palestinian opponent of the [[Oslo Accords]]", the US-sponsored peace process that oversaw the gradual and partial removal of Israel's occupation in return for Palestinian guarantees to protect Israeli security.<ref name="BBC-Hamas-2009" /> according to the BBC.<ref name="BBC-Hamas-2009" >{{cite news | title=Who are Hamas? | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1654510.stm | access-date = 14 November 2015|agency=BBC News|date = 4 January 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the DOP (September 1993)] {{webarchive | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101206172711/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm |date = 2010-12-06}}, Mfa.gov.il; retrieved August 19, 2012.</ref>
The accords were sidetracked after the 1996 election of right-wing Israeli leader [[Benjamin Netanyahu]].{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} Hamas's suicide bombings of Israeli targets "were widely" credited for the popularity among Israelis of the hardline Netanyahu, from Menachem Begin's [[Likud party]].<ref name="BBC-Hamas-2009" />

The drop in suicide bombings in Israel has been explained by the many security measures taken by the Israeli government,<ref name="Schweitzer-2010" /><ref name="BBC-2007" /> especially the building of the "separation barrier",<ref>{{cite web | last1=Weinstein | first1=Jamie | title=Barrier's Success Counted In Lives | url = http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2004-02-02/news/0401300663_1_west-bank-barrier-sound-barriers-suicide-bombings|website=Sun-Sentinel|date = February 2, 2004 | access-date = August 1, 2014| archive-date = August 11, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140811072549/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2004-02-02/news/0401300663_1_west-bank-barrier-sound-barriers-suicide-bombings}}</ref><ref name="HuffPost-2013" /> and a general consensus among Palestinians that the bombings were a "losing strategy".<ref name="HuffPost-2013" >{{cite news | last1=Steves | first1=Rick | title=The Security Fence, the Anti-Terrorism Barrier, the Wall | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rick-steves/the-security-fence-the-an_b_4296601.html | access-date = 13 October 2015|agency=HuffPost|date = 2013-11-18}}</ref> The suicides and other attacks on civilians had "a major impact" on the attitudes of the Israeli public.<ref name="Waxman-2011" /> Instead of creating demoralization, the attacks generated even greater support for the right-wing [[Likud]] party which brought to office another hardliner, the former general [[Ariel Sharon]]. In 2001, 89% of Israeli Jews supported the Sharon government's policy of "targeted assassinations" of Palestinian militants involved in terrorism against Israel, the number rising to 92% in 2003.<ref name="Waxman-2011" >{{cite journal | last1=Waxman | first1=Dov | title=Living with terror, not Living in Terror: The Impact of Chronic Terrorism on Israeli Society |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism|date = 2011|volume=5|issue=5–6 | url = http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/living-with-terror/html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120324132359/http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/living-with-terror/html | url-status=usurped| archive-date = 24 March 2012 | access-date = 14 October 2015|quote=Palestinian terrorism during the second Intifada clearly affected the political preferences of the Israeli electorate. Sharon's resounding victory in the 2001 election was one indication of this effect. Another was the Likud party's decisive win in the 2003 Knesset elections, doubling the number of its seats in parliament (from 19 to 38), while the rival pro-negotiation center-left Labor party lost seven seats (dropping from 26 to 19 seats). Not only did Palestinian terrorism boost the electoral appeal of the political right in Israel, it also helped to bring about a rightward shift in the political positions of the Israeli public. In general, more Israelis identified themselves as right-wing and fewer as left-wing. ... Palestinian terrorism ... had a major impact on their attitudes towards the use of force against Palestinians. Israeli Jews became much more militant and 'hawkish.' ... Angry and embittered by the seemingly endless series of gruesome Palestinian suicide bombings inside Israel, the vast majority of the Israeli public staunchly supported the Sharon government's offensive military measures against the Palestinians. In 2001, for instance, 89 percent of Israeli Jews supported the Sharon government's policy of "targeted assassinations" of Palestinian militants involved in terrorism against Israel}}</ref> Opinion polls of the Jewish Israelis found 78{{endash}}84% supported the "[[Israeli West Bank barrier|separation barrier]]" in 2004.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/1.4751323 Peace Index / Most Israelis support the fence, despite Palestinian suffering] – Haaretz — Israel News — Ephraim Yaar, Tamar Hermann — March 10, 2004</ref>

The "heightened security measures" also affected the target populations. During the bombing campaign, Israelis were questioned by armed guards and given a quick pat down before being let into cafés.<ref name="Hoffman-6-2003" />

In the [[West Bank]], the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] has at times [[House demolition in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict|demolished homes]] that belong to families whose children or landlords whose tenants had volunteered for such missions, whether completed or not.<ref>''[http://www.btselem.org/download/200411_Punitive_House_Demolitions_Eng.pdf Through No Fault of Their Own: Punitive House Demolitions during the al-Aqsa Intifada]'' [[B'Tselem]], November 2004</ref> An internal review starting in October 2004 brought an end to the policy, but it was resumed in 2014.<ref>{{cite web| author = Ed Farrian | url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Law/Legal+Issues+and+Rulings/Human+Rights+Issues+for+the+Palestinian+population+-+April+2005.htm | title = Human Rights Issues for the Palestinian population | date = April 2005 | publisher = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)]] | website = mfa.gov.il | access-date = 11 July 2015 }}</ref> Other military measures taken during the suicide attack campaign included: a widescale re-occupation of the West Bank and blockading of Palestinian towns; "targeted assassinations" of militants, an approach used since the 1970s; raids against militants suspected of plotting attacks; mass arrests; curfews; stringent travel restrictions; and physical separation from Palestinians via the {{convert|650|km|mi}} [[Israeli West Bank barrier]] in and around the West Bank.<ref name="BBC-2007" /><ref>{{cite web | title=Frontline: Shattered Dreams of Peace | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oslo/negotiations/|website=PBS.ORG | access-date = 21 October 2015|quote=On March 29, 2002, after a suicide bomber killed 30 people, Israel launched Operation Defensive Shield. Israel's troops re-entered Palestinian cities and refugee camps, hunting down terrorists and often leaving massive destruction in their wake. Three months later, in mid-June 2002, two more suicide bombings struck Israel. Sharon announced Israel would immediately begin a policy of taking back land in the West Bank, and holding it, until the terror attacks stopped.}}</ref> The [[Second Intifada]] and its suicide attacks are often dated as ending around the time of an unofficial ceasefire with some of the most powerful Palestinian militant groups in 2005.<ref name="BBC-2007" >{{cite news | title=Analysis: Palestinian suicide attacks | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3256858.stm | access-date = 13 October 2015|agency=BBC News|date = 29 January 2007}}</ref> A new "[[Israeli–Palestinian conflict (2015)|knife intifada]]" started in September 2015. Still, although many Palestinians were killed in the process of stabbing or attempting to stab Israelis, their deaths were not "a precondition for the success" of their mission and so are not considered suicide attacks by many observers.<ref name="ICT-STDC" />

=== Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) {{ anchor |PKK}}===
{{main|Kurdistan Workers' Party}}

{{see also|History of the Kurdistan Workers' Party|Turkish nationalism|Anfal campaign|Barzani (tribe)|Peshmerga}}
[[File:Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg |right|thumb| PKK supporters at 2003 march opposing the [[Iraq War]], London]]{{clear left}}

The [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK), a secular group, have also been involved in suicide attacks.{{citation needed|date = September 2025}}
Their first militant action was an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate {{ ill |Mehmet Celal Bucak|tr|Mehmet Celal Bucak|ku|Mehmet Celal Bucak}}.<ref name="Joost" >{{Cite journal | last = Jongerden | first = Joost | date = March 2008 | title = Aliza Marcus (2007). Blood and Belief, the PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. New York and London: New York University Press, pp. 395. Ali Kemal Özcan (2005). Turkey's Kurds, a theoretical analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Öcalan. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 310 | url = https://epa.oszk.hu/02300/02341/00010/pdf/EPA02341_ceu_2008_01_120-132.pdf | journal = CEU Political Science Journal | volume=3 | issue=1 | pages = 127–132 }}</ref>

The PKK began their insurgency against the Turkish state in 1984.{{clarify| reason = when was their first suicide attack? |date = May 2025}} However, they did not carry out their first suicide attack until the 1990s.

According to the [[Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism]]'s [[Suicide Attack Database]], as of 2015, ten suicide attacks by the PKK from 1996 to 2012 killed 32 people and injured 116.<ref>{{cite web | title=Year: 1982–2015. Group: Kurdistan Workers Party | url = http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1|website=Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database | access-date = 2015-11-20| archive-date = 2016-01-24| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1}}</ref>{{update inline| reason =when is their most recent?|date = May 2025}}

On 12 May 2025, the Kurdistan Workers' Party announced it would disband as part of a peace initiative with Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://apnews.com/article/turkey-kurdish-militants-disarm-9f4347a04cba48ceb509d2e82023a19e | title=A Kurdish militant group decides to disband and disarm as part of a peace initiative with Turkey | date = 11 May 2025 | publisher = [[Associated Press]] | access-date = 11 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Al-Qaeda begin using suicide in the {{ visible anchor |1990s}}===
[[File:Mohamed Atta.jpg |thumb|right| Mohamed Atta, the ringleader of the 9/11 attacks, who crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center, is the deadliest reliably documented suicide attacker in history, being directly responsible for over 1,600 deaths.]]

[[Al-Qaeda]] carried out its first suicide attack in the mid-1990s.<ref name="rwkckb07" >{{cite journal | last=Kurz | first=Robert W. | author2=Charles K. Bartles|s2cid=96476266 | title=Chechen suicide bombers|journal=Journal of Slavic Military Studies|year=2007|volume=20|issue=4|pages=529–547|doi=10.1080/13518040701703070 | url = http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a477845.pdf | access-date = August 30, 2012| archive-date = October 11, 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171011185147/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a477845.pdf | url-status=live}} {{better source needed| reason = title: "Chechen suicide bombers" and journal "Journal of Slavic Military Studies" would be citing another source for this point.|date=October 2025}}</ref>
Analysis of the 9/11 [[al-Qaeda]] attackers found almost all had joined the group with someone else. About 70% of them joined with friends and 20% with kin. Interviews with friends of the 9/11 hijackers reveal they were not "recruited" into al-Qaeda. They were Middle Eastern Arabs isolated even among the Moroccan and Turkish Muslims who are predominate in Germany. Seeking friendship, they began socializing after services at the {{lang|ar-Latn|Masjad al-Quds|italics=no}} and other nearby mosques in [[Hamburg]], in local restaurants and the dormitory of the Technical University in the suburb of Harburg. [[Mohamed Atta]], [[Ramzi bin al-Shibh]], and [[Marwan al-Shehhi]] lived together as they self-radicalized. They wanted to go to [[Chechnya]], then [[Kosovo]].<ref name="ATRAN" >{{cite web | last1=Atran | first1=Scott | title=The Making of a Terrorist: A Need for Understanding from the Field Testimony before the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security Washington, DC | url=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/atran_congress_12march08.pdf | website=umich.edu | access-date=4 October 2015 | date=March 12, 2008 | archive-date=8 May 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508142324/http://sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/atran_congress_12march08.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>{{clear left}}

[[File:The U.S. Embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in the aftermath of the August 7, 1998, al-Qaida suicide bombing.jpg |center|thumb| The [[Embassy of the United States, Dar es Salaam|U.S. Embassy in Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania, in the aftermath of 7 August 1998, [[Al-Qaeda]] [[1998 United States embassy bombings|suicide bombing]].]]

=== Columbine High School suicide attack (1999) {{ anchor |1999}}===
{{further
| Columbine High School massacre
| School massacres in the United States
| Columbine effect
}}
The perpetrators of the [[Columbine High School massacre|massacre]]
both killed themselves during the attack.<ref name="NYT 25 April 1999" /><ref name="1999 updated 2011" />
The attack inspired [[Columbine effect|numerous]] [[copycat crime|copycats]], many of which were also [[#Suicide by cop|suicidal attacks]] or suicide bombings.<ref name="ABC USA 4 January 2009" /><ref>{{cite web | title = It’s 25 years since Columbine. This is why I can’t leave the story behind | url = https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/apr/20/its-25-years-since-columbine-this-is-why-i-cant-leave-the-story-behind | quote = the NIU killer studied Columbine and Virginia Tech, where the shooter described wanting to “repeat Columbine” and idolised its “martyrs”. Five generations of fallout, and they’re all re-enacting the legend that set it in motion.}}</ref>

=== Start of the 21st Century {{ anchor |21st Century|2000s}}===
In early 2000, analyst [[Yoram Schweitzer]] saw a pause in bombing campaigns and argued that "most of the groups that were involved in suicide terrorism either stopped using it or eventually reduced it significantly".<ref name="ICT-STDC" />

==== Narrowing definition of suicide attack ====
The number of attacks using suicide tactics grew from an average of fewer than five per year during the 1980s to 81 suicide attacks in 2001 and 460 in 2005.{{sfn|Atran|2006|p=129}} By 2005, the tactic had spread to dozens of countries.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Maggio | first1=Edward J | title=Private Security In The 21st Century: Concepts And Applications|date = 2009|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers.|isbn=978-0-7637-5190-6|page=205 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CZNdwscVq1EC&q=By+2005,+the+suicide+bombing+has+spread+to+dozens+of+countries.&pg=PA205 | access-date = 13 October 2015}}</ref>
The absolute number increased despite a narrowing of the definition of suicide attacks.
The [[United States government]] defined "modern" suicide bombing has been defined as "involving explosives deliberately carried to the target either on the person or in a civilian vehicle and delivered by surprise".<ref>{{cite book | last1=Kraft | first1=Michael | last2=Marks | first2=Edward | title=U.S. Government Counterterrorism: A Guide to Who Does What|date = 2011|publisher=CRC Press|chapter=1. Modern Terrorism and the Federal Government Response}}</ref>{{verify source| reason = confirm quote and attribution |date = May 2025}}
[[Noah Feldman]]'s definition excludes attacks, such as the [[Lod Airport massacre]] ([[#Lod airport massacre (1972)|see above]]), where "the perpetrator's ensured death" was not "a precondition for the success of his mission"<ref name="ICT-STDC" /> (despite the [[Lod Airport]] attack being overtly planned as a suicide attack, and often referred to as such,<ref name="F24 Ynet KO SA" /> as well as the surviving attacker wanting the death penalty for himself).<ref name="Okamoto hope" />

=== Russia and Chechnya ===
{{see also|terrorism in Russia|public diplomacy of Russia}}
Suicide bombings have become a tactic in [[Chechnya]], first being used in the conflict in 2000 in [[Alkhan Kala]].{{sfn|Pedahzur|2004|p=112}} and spreading to Russia, notably with the [[Moscow theater hostage crisis]] in 2002 and the [[Beslan school hostage crisis]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1054699.html | title = Factbox: Major Terrorist Incidents Tied To Russian-Chechen War | work = [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]/[[Radio Liberty]] | date = 8 April 2008 | publisher = [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] Rferl.org | access-date = 22 March 2015}}</ref>{{better source needed| reason = government funded public diplomacy source |date = June 2025}}

=== 2001 September 11 attacks and after ===
{{further
| September 11 attacks
| Heather Penney
| War on terror
}}
[[File:9-11 LEAD HIJACKER COLLAGE.png|thumb|The four hijacker-pilots who deliberately crashed the planes as part of the September 11 attacks. Left to right: Mohamed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi, [[Hani Hanjour]], [[Ziad Jarrah]]]]
The [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, orchestrated by [[al-Qaeda]], were the deadliest attacks on American soil since the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] which thrust the United States into [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web | last1=Lidgett | first1=Adam | title=9/11 Attacks In Photos 2015: 15 Iconic Images From September 11, 2001 And Its Aftermath 14 Years Later | url = http://www.ibtimes.com/911-attacks-photos-2015-15-iconic-images-september-11-2001-its-aftermath-14-years-2091600|website=International Business Times | access-date = 12 January 2016|date = Sep 11, 2015}}</ref> They involved the hijacking of four large passenger [[jet airliners]]. Unlike earlier airline hijackings, the primary focus was the planes instead of the passengers because their long transcontinental flight plans meant they carried more fuel, allowing a bigger explosion on impact.<ref name="lewis-2013" /> [[American Airlines Flight 11]] and [[United Airlines Flight 175]] were deliberately flown into the Twin Towers of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]], destroying both 110-story skyscrapers in less than two hours. [[American Airlines Flight 77]] was flown into [[the Pentagon]] ([[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department Of Defense]] Headquarters) in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], causing severe damage to the west side of the building. These attacks resulted in the deaths of 221 people (including the 15 hijackers) on board the three planes as well as 2,731 more in and around the targeted buildings.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/americas/2001/day_of_terror | title=America's day of terror|work=BBC News | access-date = March 22, 2015}}</ref> [[United Airlines Flight 93]] crashed into a field near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]] after a revolt by the plane's passengers, killing all 44 people (including the four hijackers) on board.<ref name="NPR 3 September 2021" /><ref name="24 August 2021" /><ref name="Flight 93 National Memorial" /> In total, the attacks killed [[Casualties of the September 11 attacks|2,996 people and injured more than 6,000 others]].{{efn|name=Thousands}}
The U.S. stock market closed for four trading days after the attacks in the first unscheduled close since the Great Depression.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/everything-you-need-know-about-stock-market-schedule | title=Everything You Need to Know About the Stock Market Schedule | website=www.nasdaq.com}}</ref> Nine days after the attack, [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] called for a "[[war on terror]]".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/911-wars-timeline | title=9/11 Wars: Timeline }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cfr.org/timeline/how-911-reshaped-foreign-policy | title=Timeline: How 9/11 Reshaped Foreign Policy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.georgewbushlibrary.gov/research/topic-guides/global-war-terror | title=Global War on Terror | George W. Bush Library }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://millercenter.org/president/gwbush/foreign-affairs | title=George W. Bush: Foreign Affairs | Miller Center | date = 4 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/sept-11-attack.html | title=The 9/11 Terrorist Attacks|website=Naval History and Heritage Command}}</ref> Shortly thereafter he launched the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] to find and capture [[Osama bin Laden]], the leader of [[al-Qaeda]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/afghanistan-war-how-did-911-lead-to-a-20-year-war | title=Afghanistan War: How did 9/11 lead to a 20-year war? }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-war-afghanistan | title=Timeline: The U.S. War in Afghanistan }}</ref> A copy of [[The Revolt]], memoir of the Irgun commander, was found in one of [[al-Qaeda]]'s training bases.<ref name="wotr">{{cite web| url = https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/july-22-a-pivotal-day-in-terrorism-history/ | title = July 22: A Pivotal Day in Terrorism History | date = 22 July 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Hoffman 19 March 2015" />

==== United States response ====
{{further
| Counterterrorism
| Heather Penney
| United States Air Force
| Guantanamo Bay hunger strikes
| public diplomacy of the United States
}}

After the attacks on [[11 September 2001]], at least in the short term, the results were negative for Al-Qaeda, as well as the [[Taliban]]. Since the attacks, Western nations have diverted massive resources towards stopping similar actions, as well as increasing [[border]] security, and military actions against various countries believed to have been involved with terrorism.<ref>{{cite book | title=Servamus, Volume 99|date = 2006|publisher=SARP-Uitgevers|page=17 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yDgFAQAAIAAJ&q=have+diverted+massive+resources+towards+stopping+similar+actions,+as+well+as+tightening+up+borders, | access-date = 15 October 2015}}</ref>
Critics of the [[war on terrorism]] suggest the results were negative, as the subsequent actions of the United States and other countries has increased the number of recruits and their willingness to carry out suicide bombings.{{citation needed|date = April 2025}}

In the U.S., the post-9/11 era meant "previously inconceivable security measures—in airports and other transportation hubs, hotels and office buildings, sports stadiums and concert halls".<ref name="Hoffman-6-2003" />

In the United States, the element of suicide in the 9/11 attacks persuaded many that previously unthinkable, "out of the box" strategic policies in a "[[war on terrorism]]" were necessary. This included "preventive war" against countries not immediately attacking the U.S., to almost unlimited surveillance of virtually any person in the United States by the government without normal congressional and judicial oversight.<ref name="NPR-USTaHTOSI" >[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130492404 Understanding Suicide Terrorism And How To Stop It], npr.org; accessed 22 March 2015</ref> These responses "produced their own costs and risks—in lives, national debt, and America's standing in the world".<ref name="NPR-USTaHTOSI" />

=== United States invasion of Iraq ===
[[File:After a VBIED Iraq War 2007-2008.jpg |thumb|right| The result of a car bombing in Iraq.]]

After the [[invasion of Iraq in 2003]] led by the U.S., [[Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)|Iraqi and foreign insurgents]] carried out waves of suicide bombings. More attacks have been carried out in Iraq than in any other country, with 1,938 as of mid-2015.<ref name="CPOST-LOC-total" />

In addition to [[United States military]] targets, they attacked many civilian targets such as [[Shiite]] [[mosque]]s as well as international offices of the [[UN]] and the [[Red Cross]]. Iraqi men waiting to apply for jobs with the new army and [[police]] force were targets. In the lead up to the [[Iraqi parliamentary election, January 2005|Iraqi parliamentary election]] on 30 January 2005, suicide attacks upon civilian and police personnel involved with the [[election]]s increased. There were also reports of the insurgents co-opting disabled people as involuntary suicide bombers.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/After-Saddam/Handicapped-boy-made-into-bomb/2005/02/01/1107228705132.html "Handicapped boy who was made into a bomb"], Smh.com.au, February 2, 2005; retrieved August 19, 2012.</ref>

==== Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) {{ anchor |Islamic State|ISIS|Daesh|2010s}}====
{{further
| Islamic State
| Islamic State in Iraq and Syria
| Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant
| Islamic State – Khorasan Province
}}
The self-declared "[[Islamic State]]" (ISIS){{efn| {{langx|ar|داعش|Da'esh}}, {{langx|he|דאעש|Da'esh}}.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/topics/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A2%D7%A9 | script-title = he: דאעש | trans-title=ISIS | language=he | website=www.ynet.co.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.kan.org.il/tags/generaltags/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A2%D7%A9/ | title=דאעש | language=he | trans-title=ISIS | website = www.kan.org.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.israelhayom.co.il/tag/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A2%D7%A9 | script-title = he: דאעש | edition = Hebrew | language=he | trans-title = ISIS | website = [[Israel Hayom]] | date = 12 May 2025 }}</ref> }} use suicide attacks against government targets before they attack. The attackers use a wide range of methods, from suicide vests and belts to bomb trucks and cars and APCs filled with explosives. Usually, the suicide bomber involved in a "martyrdom operation" will record his last words in a martyrdom video before they start their attack, which will be released after the suicide attack is done.{{citation needed|date = May 2025}}
A study published by [[The Guardian]] in 2017 analyzed 923 attacks done between December 2015 and November 2016 and compared the military tactic to those used by {{lang|ja-Latn|kamikaze}} operations.<ref name="guardian2017" >{{cite news | author=Jamie Gierson | title = Isis has industrialised martyrdom, says report into suicide attacks |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date = February 28, 2017}}</ref> [[Charlie Winter]], the author of the study, said that ISIS had "industrialized the concept of martyrdom". 84% of suicide attacks were directed towards military targets, usually with armed vehicles. About 80% of the attackers were of Iraqi or Syrian origin.<ref name="guardian2017" /> According to the [[Institute for National Security Studies (Israel)|Institute for National Security Studies]], there were fewer suicide attacks worldwide in 2017, but more female suicide bombers participated in them. According to the institute, ISIS and al-Qaeda led the suicide terrorism.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/2018-01-07/ty-article/.premium/0000017f-e630-d97e-a37f-f77537560000 | script-title = he: ב-2017 היו פחות פיגועי התאבדות בעולם, אך השתתפו בהם יותר מחבלות }}</ref>

In 2017 and 2019, during the [[Sinai insurgency]], there were suicide bombings in the [[Gaza Strip]] by local ISIS sympathizers. ISIS are a global extremist group, with an ideology that fundamentally [[Islam and nationalism|opposes]] the [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian]] [[Islamic nationalism|nationalism]] of Hamas and the other groups above.<ref name="anti" >{{cite web | url = https://www.usmcu.edu/Outreach/Marine-Corps-University-Press/MES-Publications/MES-Insights/Excommunicating-Hamas/ | title=MES Insights, vol. 14, no. 6 }}</ref> In 2017 two [[Hamas government in the Gaza Strip|Hamas government]] border guards were killed while attempting to intercept an ISIS suicide bomber at [[Rafah Crossing]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1146196/middle-east | title=Hamas guard killed in rare suicide attack in Gaza Strip | date = 18 August 2017 }}</ref><ref name="npr.org" >{{Cite web | url = https://www.npr.org/2018/01/15/578172703/what-effect-isis-declaration-of-war-against-hamas-could-have-in-the-middle-east | title=What Effect ISIS' Declaration Of War Against Hamas Could Have In The Middle East | date = 2018-01-15 | website=www.npr.org}}</ref> The Hamas government responded to that bombing with a crackdown on followers of "[[Ideology of the Islamic State|deviant ideologies]]" (meaning ISIS and [[Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip|similar groups]]).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.arabnews.com/node/536401/amp | title=Cracking down on deviant ideology }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title= Hamas militant killed by suicide bomber in Gaza | url = https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-gaza-suicide-bomber-20170817-story.html | work = [[Los Angeles Times]] | agency= [[Associated Press]] | date = 17 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181029061613/http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-gaza-suicide-bomber-20170817-story.html | archive-date = 29 October 2018 | location= New York City (AP) and Los Angeles (LA Times) }}</ref>
In 2018, members of [[Sinai Province|ISIS in the Sinai]] "declared war" on Hamas, demanding Hamas release ISIS militants held in [[Human rights in the Gaza Strip|Gaza's prisons]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/10/world/middleeast/isis-hamas-sinai.html | title=ISIS Declares War on Hamas, and Gaza Families Disown Sons in Sinai (Published 2018) | work=The New York Times | date = 10 January 2018 | last1=Abuheweila | first1=Iyad | last2=Kershner | first2=Isabel }}</ref> Then in 2019, another suicide attack – also attributed to ISIS – directly targeted [[Palestinian Civil Police Force|Gaza Strip police]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2019/israel/ | title=Israel, West Bank, and Gaza }}</ref> Three police officers were killed,<ref name="reuters.com" >{{Cite web | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/world/explosions-hit-gaza-police-checkpoints-three-dead-officials-idUSKCN1VH2C3/ | title=Explosions hit Gaza police checkpoints, three dead - officials | website=www.reuters.com | date = 2019-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.france24.com/en/20190828-deadly-explosions-police-checkpoints-gaza-strip | title=Deadly explosions hit police checkpoints in Gaza Strip | date = 28 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_officials-explosions-hit-gaza-police-checkpoints-three-dead/6174697.html | title = Officials: Explosions Hit Gaza Police Checkpoints, Three Dead | date = 27 August 2019 }}</ref> all three victims were allegedly members of Hamas.<ref name="npasyria.com" >{{cite news |date = 28 August 2019 | title=Hamas: ISIS is behind the bombings in Gaza - North press agency | url = https://npasyria.com/en/43824/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241109035438/https://npasyria.com/en/43824/ | archive-date = 9 November 2024 | website = npasyria.com | agency = [[North Press Agency]] }}</ref> Gaza's Security forces responded by arresting ten people whom they suspected were members of the cell who arranged the attack.

In the following years, ISIS members also carried out suicide attacks in different locations. In December 2018, according to the director of the [[Syrian Observatory for Human Rights]], [[Rami Abdul Rahman|Rami Abdel Rahman]], at least three suicide bombers blew themselves up inside the city of [[As-Suwayda]] in the [[Jabal al-Druze]] of southern [[Syria]]. This was in addition to suicide bombers who attacked seven villages in the surrounding suburbs.<ref>{{Cite web | script-title = he: 183 הרוגים במתקפה של דאעש בדרום סוריה | url = https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/global/242257/ | access-date = 2025-06-22 |website=כאן {{!}} תאגיד השידור הישראלי |language=he}}</ref> According to [[The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center]], In January 2019, ISIS carried out a suicide bombing attack using a car bomb against a joint American-[[Kurdish population|Kurdish]] patrol.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Another ISIS suicide bombing attack targets Americans and Kurds; ISIS threatens more attacks - The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center | url = https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/another-isis-suicide-bombing-attack-targets-americans-kurds-isis-threatens-attacks/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230127025720/https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/another-isis-suicide-bombing-attack-targets-americans-kurds-isis-threatens-attacks/ | archive-date = 27 January 2023 | access-date = 2025-06-22 |website=www.terrorism-info.org.il | url-status = live }}</ref> [[2021 Kabul airport attack]] was suicide bombing attack. In January 2021, ISIS claimed responsibility for a double suicide bombing in a [[Baghdad]] market that killed at least 32 people and wounded more than 100. It was the first major suicide attack by the Islamic State group in the previous three years.<ref>{{Cite news | last=הידיעות | first=סוכנויות | date = 2021-01-28 | script-title = he: אחרי פיגוע קטלני: "חוסל מפקד דאעש בעיראק" | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/HkJwMtxgO | access-date = 2025-06-22 |work=Ynet |language=he}}</ref>
In June 2025, the Syrian Interior Ministry announced a suicide attack carried out by a member of the Islamic State cult in [[Church (building)|Church]]. According to the statement, he shot at worshippers in a church and then blew himself up inside.<ref>{{Cite web | last=קייס | first=רועי | script-title = he: פיגוע קטלני בכנסייה בדמשק: 30 הרוגים, המחבל - פעיל דאעש | url = https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/global/923876/ | access-date = 2025-06-22 |website=כאן {{!}} תאגיד השידור הישראלי |language=he}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date = 2025-06-22 | script-title = he: סוריה: מחבל של דאעש פתח באש והתפוצץ בכנסייה בדמשק, לפחות 15 נהרגו - וואלה חדשות | url = http://news.walla.co.il/item/3759555 | access-date = 2025-06-22 |website=וואלה |language=he}}</ref>

=== South and Central Asia ===
{{main|Terrorism in Central Asia}}

==== Afghanistan ====
{{Further| United States invasion of Afghanistan }}

Other major locations of suicide attack are Afghanistan, with 1,059 attacks as of mid-2015,<ref name="CPOST-LOC-total" /> and Pakistan, with 490 attacks.<ref name="CPOST-LOC-total" />
In the first eight months of 2008, Pakistan overtook Iraq and Afghanistan in suicide bombings, with 28 bombings killing 471 people.<ref>Shahan Mufti. {{cite journal | url = https://www.csmonitor.com/2008/1010/p04s03-wosc.html | title=Suicide attacks a growing threat in Pakistan |journal=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] | access-date = 2008-10-09 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090221164358/http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/1010/p04s03-wosc.html | archive-date = February 21, 2009}}. csmonitor.com.</ref>

==== Pakistan ====
{{further
| terrorism in Pakistan
| public diplomacy of Pakistan
}}
Shaheed (martyr) [[Benazir Bhutto]], former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] and leader of the [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP), was [[Assassination of Benazir Bhutto|assassinated in a terrorist attack]] on 27 December 2007.<ref name="injury" >{{cite news| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7161489.stm | title = Bhutto 'wounded in suicide blast'| work = BBC News | access-date = 27 December 2007 | date = 27 December 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071230053145/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7161489.stm| archive-date = 30 December 2007 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Pakistan's Former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto Assassinated | date = 27 December 2007 | publisher = Voice of America | url = http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-12/2007-12-27-voa12.cfm | work = VOA News | access-date = 27 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080725141827/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-12/2007-12-27-voa12.cfm | archive-date = 25 July 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Bhutto survived" >{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7161590.stm | title = Benazir Bhutto killed in attack | work = BBC News | access-date = 27 December 2007 | date = 27 December 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228135135/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7161590.stm | archive-date = 28 December 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref> Benazir and 23 other people were killed by a 16-year-old [[suicide bomber]] using an [[explosive belt]] and [[Gun law in Pakistan|used a gun]].<ref name="exhumation" >{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/12/29/bhutto.death/index.html | title=Bhutto exhumation OK, Pakistan official says|publisher=CNN|date = 29 December 2007 | access-date = 1 March 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080229074415/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/12/29/bhutto.death/index.html| archive-date = 29 February 2008 | url-status=live}}</ref>
Bhutto had already survived a previous [[2007 Karsaz bombing|assassination attempt]] in [[Karachi]].<ref name="Bhutto survived" >{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7161590.stm | title = Benazir Bhutto killed in attack | work = BBC News | access-date = 27 December 2007 | date = 27 December 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071228135135/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7161590.stm | archive-date = 28 December 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=nytimes_karachi>{{cite news | first = Carlotta | last = Gall | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/world/asia/19pakistan.html | title = Bomb Attack Kills Scores in Pakistan as Bhutto Returns | author2 = Masood, Salman | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 19 October 2007 | access-date = 27 December 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211012202/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/world/asia/19pakistan.html | archive-date = 11 December 2008 | url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/10/18/pakistan.explosions/index.html | publisher = CNN | title = Death toll rises in Bhutto attack | access-date = 27 December 2008 | date = 19 October 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071223111401/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/10/18/pakistan.explosions/index.html#cnnSTCVideo | archive-date = 23 December 2007 | url-status = live}}</ref>
Following this, many schools and universities were named in honour of her martyrdom.{{efn|name=Benazir}}

=== Africa ===
{{further|Terrorism in Africa}}
Since 2006, {{lang|ar-Latn|[[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Shabaab]]|italics=no}} has carried out major suicide attacks in [[Somali Civil War|Somalia]],<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1945398,00.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091207005106/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1945398,00.html| archive-date = December 7, 2009|magazine=Time | title = Suicide Bombing Marks a Grim New Turn for Somalia | access-date = March 22, 2015}}</ref> the worst year so far being 2016 with 28 attacks.

=== Western Europe ===
{{see also|terrorism in Europe}}
In Europe, four [[Islamist suicide bombers]] exploded home-made peroxide explosives on three London underground trains and a bus on [[7 July 2005 London bombings|7 July 2005]], during the morning rush hour. These "7/7" bombings killed 52 civilians and injured 700.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2005/london_explosions/default.stm | title=Special Reports | London explosions|work=BBC News | access-date = March 22, 2015}}</ref>

On 22 May 2017, the [[Manchester Arena bombing]] occurred which resulted in 23 deaths and 1,017 injuries. The attack was carried out as people were leaving an [[Ariana Grande]] concert.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Attack – Manchester Arena Inquiry | url = https://manchesterarenainquiry.org.uk/report-volume-one/part-1-missed-opportunities/the-attack/ |website=manchesterarenainquiry.org.uk | access-date = 27 March 2023}}</ref>

=== Car bomb suicides in the 2020s {{ anchor |Car bomb suicides|2020s}}===
{{Further
| Car bomb
| Lone wolf terrorism
| 2020 Nashville bombing
| 2025 Palm Springs fertility clinic bombing
}}
[[2020 Nashville bombing|On 25 December 2020]], a suicide bombing occurred in [[Nashville, Tennessee]].{{citation needed | date = March 2025}}

[[2025 Palm Springs fertility clinic bombing|On 17 May 2025]], a 2010 silver [[Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] sedan loaded with explosives [[2025 Palm Springs fertility clinic bombing|detonated outside the American Reproductive Centers fertility clinic]] in [[Palm Springs, California]], resulting in the death of the perpetrator, 25-year-old [[Guy Edward Bartkus]], and injuries to four others.<ref name="NBCNews1" /><ref name="Desert Sun" /><ref name="nihilistic ideations" /> Nearby buildings were damaged and windows were shattered.<ref name="FBI calls it" /><ref name="Springs California" /> A [[tripod]] and camera were found at the scene.<ref name="BalchanPost" /><ref name="nihilistic ideations" /> The FBI called it an "intentional act of terrorism".<ref name="Desert Sun" /><ref name="FBI calls it" /> Bartkus reportedly identified himself as the perpetrator of the bombing in a [[martyrdom video|video posted online]], an audio recording, and [[manifesto]] in which he described himself as a "pro-mortalist" and said people did not give consent to exist.<ref name="Suspect identified" /> A 32-year-old man named Daniel Jongyon Park was arrested for possible involvement.<ref name="Washington man" /><ref name="in connection with" /> Park was expelled from Poland to face prosecution on the United States.<ref name="Poland Park" />

== Attacker demographics {{ anchor |Age and gender}}==

=== Children and teenagers{{anchor|child suicide bomber|child suicide bombers|Child Suicide Bomber|Child Suicide Bombers|children|Children|teenagers|Teenagers|minors}}===
{{See also|History of children in the military|Use of child suicide bombers by Palestinian militant groups}}
[[File:72nd Shinbu 1945 Kamikaze.jpg|thumb|26 May 1945. Corporal [[Yukio Araki]], holding a puppy, with four other pilots of the [[72nd Shinbu Squadron|72nd ''Shinbu'' Squadron]] at [[Kaseda, Kagoshima|Bansei]], [[Kagoshima]]. Araki died the following day, at the age of 17, in a suicide attack on ships near [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]].]]

[[Yukio Araki|Araki Yukio]] was born on 10 March 1928, at the age of fifteen he joined the [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service]]'s Youth Pilot Training Program.<ref name="kamikazeimages.net" /> On 27 May 1945, Araki took off from Bansei Airfield, in [[Kagoshima Prefecture]], on a ''[[kamikaze]]'' mission, flying a [[Mitsubishi Ki-51]].<ref name="Gordon" /> At the age of seventeen, Araki was one of the youngest known ''kamikaze'' pilots. It has been speculated that his plane was one of two that struck the USS ''Braine'', killing 66 of her crew; however, the ship did not sink.<ref name="kamikazeimages.net" /><ref name="bos carole" />

There was a heated dispute surrounding the death penalty trial of the [[Irgun]] militant who [[suicide mission|blew himself up]] in 1947 ([[#1947|see above]]).
He was sentenced to death alongside another militant for their role in the {{ill|bombing of Jerusalem Train Station|he|פיצוץ תחנת הרכבת המנדטורית בירושלים}}, but the other militant later had his sentence commuted to life in prison.<ref name="Aderet 2021-11-01" /><ref name="MF iz" />
There was heated debate about the age of the Irgun suicide militant when he was sentenced. His mother and brother claimed he was 17, too young to be executed according to the law of the British authorities.<ref name="MR 27 July 2017" /><ref name="JTA 18 Apr 47" /><ref name="JTA 4 April 1947" /><ref name="Benjamin" /><ref name="Bella" />
The court claimed he was 23, because he had served in the British military during World War II, and the British refused to believe they had recruited a minor who was lying about his age.<ref name="JTA 18 Apr 47" />
[[Yehuda Lapidot]] and the IDF say he was born on 5 October 1927.<ref name="Yehuda Lapidot - the Irgun" >{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/stream/yehuda-lapidot-the-irgun/Yehuda%20Lapidot%20-%20The%20Irgun_djvu.txt | title = Yehuda Lapidot - the Irgun }}</ref>
Surviving relatives disagree, maintaining that he was born in July 1929.<ref name="MR 27 July 2017" />

[[Mohammed Hossein Fahmideh]], a 13-year-old Iranian boy who fought in the [[Iran–Iraq War]], is said – by former [[CIA activities in Iran|CIA]] operative [[Robert Baer]] – to be the first Muslim to have participated in such an attack in contemporary history.<ref name="Robert Baer" />{{additional citation needed| reason = keep the CIA guy but add something more balanced |date = August 2025}}
The boy strapped [[rocket-propelled grenade]]s to his chest and blew himself up under an Iraqi tank in November 1980.{{better source needed| reason = a very similar "first" story was used by Japan to inspire Kamikaze, but detailed balanced sources usually say the "first Kamikaze" incident is a myth |date = August 2025}}
A near identical tactic was used by [[Chinese Nationalists]] in the 1930s and 1940s ([[#Chinese suicide squad|see above]]).
[[Ayatollah Khomeini]] declared Fahmideh a national hero.<ref name="tebyan Mohammed Hossein Fahmideh" />
According to Robert Baer, the boy was used as an inspiration for further [[martyrdom in Islam#Willingness to die in battle|volunteers for martyrdom]].<ref name="Robert Baer" />
The Iranian website, [[Tebyan Cultural Institute]] describes the child's death as heroic.<ref name="tebyan Mohammed Hossein Fahmideh" >{{cite web| url = http://www.tebyan.net/index.aspx?pid=52570 | title = Our leader: Mohammed Hossein Fahmideh | website = tebyan.net [[Tebyan Cultural Institute]] | date = 29 October 2007 | archive-date = 2011-01-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110108160222/https://www.tebyan.net/index.aspx?pid=52570 | quote = Mohammed Hossein Fahmideh, was a 13 year old boy who is praised by Iranians as a true patriot… Hossein knew that his time would be up sooner or later; therefore he grabbed a hand grenade off one of the nearby bodies and pulled the pin out as he ran and jumped underneath an enemy tank, killing himself and disabling the tank … Ayatollah Khomeini declared Fahmideh Iranian national hero, calling him 'our leader'… }}</ref>
According to former CIA officer Robert Baer, "[[Ayatollah Khomeini]]'s embattled Islamic republic adopted Fahmideh as a national hero and as an inspiration for further bloodshed and [[martyrdom in Islam#Fahmideh|martyrdom]]".<ref name="Robert Baer" >{{cite news| url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article626388.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110523053003/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article626388.ece | archive-date = 23 May 2011 | work = [[The Times]] | location = [[London]] | title = The making of a suicide bomber | date = 3 September 2006 | access-date = 5 May 2010 | quote = Former [[CIA activities in Iran|CIA]] officer [[Robert Baer]] … "The origins of suicide bombing lie among the Shi'ite in Iran. A 13-year-old child, [[Hossein Fahmideh]], strapped rocket-propelled grenades to his chest and blew himself up under an Iraqi tank in November 1980. [[Ayatollah Khomeini]]'s embattled Islamic republic adopted Fahmideh as a national hero and as an inspiration for further bloodshed and martyrdom".}}</ref>

In [[Lebanon]] on 9 April 1985, [[Sana'a Mehaidli]], a 16-year-old member of the [[Syrian Social Nationalist Party]] (SSNP), detonated an explosive-laden vehicle that killed two Israeli soldiers and injured twelve more. She is often described as the first [[female suicide bomber]].<ref name="FEMALE SUICIDE BOMBERS" /><ref name="Zedalis google books" /><ref name="Zedalis martinfrost.ws" /><ref name="Rajan" /> She is known as "the Bride of the South".<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dI4wOL2ETqAC | title=Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria | author=Lisa Wedeen |date = 1999-06-15| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] | access-date = 2016-01-17|isbn=978-0-226-87788-4}}</ref>{{verify source| reason = age mentioned on her page | date = June 2025}} During the [[Lebanese Civil War]], female SSNP members bombed Israeli troops and the Israeli proxy militia, the [[South Lebanon Army]].{{citation needed|date = January 2015}}

[[Dylan Klebold]] was 17 and [[Eric Harris]] was 18 when they carried out the [[#1999|suicide attack]] on [[Columbine High School massacre|their highschool]].<ref name="NYT 25 April 1999" /><ref name="1999 updated 2011" />
It was originally planned as a bombing, ending in a double car bombing, but the bombs failed to detonate, so they shot their victims instead, then both shot themselves in the head.<ref>{{cite news | date = 20 April 2004 | author-link = Dave Cullen | title = The Depressive and the Psychopath | website = slate.com | url = https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2004/04/at-last-we-know-why-the-columbine-killers-did-it.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20260118150319/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2004/04/at-last-we-know-why-the-columbine-killers-did-it.html | archive-date = 2026-01-18}}</ref><ref> https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/columbine-high-school-massacre </ref>

[[Italian Australian]] teenager [[Jake Bilardi]] was 18 years old when he travelled to the Iraq to carry out a suicide attack for an ISIS-linked group.<ref> https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-12/jake-bilardi-islamic-state-alleged-blog-radicalisation-journey/6306844 </ref><ref> https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/bilardi-passport-cancelled-in-oct-bishop/3lj4xwbjc </ref><ref> https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/jake-bilardi-interview-i-am-a-regular-soldier-of-the-islamic-state/wekvygike </ref><ref> https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/jihadi-jake-bilardis-passport-was-cancelled-by-julie-bishop-in-october-last-year-20150312-142549.html </ref> His attack targeted the Iraqi Army, who claimed they sustained no casualties.
His death was used in ISIS propaganda.<ref name="Jake SMH" >{{cite news | last1 = Bachelard | first1 = Michael | title = Jake Bilardi's death used for propaganda value by Islamic State | url = https://www.smh.com.au/world/jake-bilardis-death-used-for-propaganda-value-by-islamic-state-20150317-1m0ssu.html | work = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | date = 17 March 2015}}</ref>
The death of a young English-spreading foreigner also attracted far more mainstream media attention than most of the group's suicide attacks.<ref name="Jake SMH" >{{cite news | last1 = Bachelard | first1 = Michael | title = Jake Bilardi's death used for propaganda value by Islamic State | url = https://www.smh.com.au/world/jake-bilardis-death-used-for-propaganda-value-by-islamic-state-20150317-1m0ssu.html | work = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | date = 17 March 2015}}</ref>
One Australian newspaper described the 18-year-old man as having been "groomed".<ref> https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/may-their-organs-implode-how-melbourne-teen-jake-bilardi-was-groomed-by-is-20171102-gzd95x.html </ref>

=== Women {{ anchor |Gender|Girls}}===
{{Excerpt|female suicide bomber}}

==== Gendered motivations ====
In some traditions,{{who|date = April 2025}} women are customarily seen as peace-makers rather than as front-line actors in conflicts.<ref>Clonan, Tom. "The History of Women in Combat." Technological School of Dublin, School of Media, 1998, pp. 117-162</ref> This stereotype has made them useful as suicide bombers, because they might be underestimated and thus be able to enter target areas inconspicuously, leading to more lethal suicide attacks.<ref>O'Rourke, L. "What's Special about Female Suicide Terrorism." Security Studies. Vol. 18. 2009. Pp. 681-718</ref> Whether women's motivations for becoming suicide bombers generally differ from men's remains a pertinent question. Bloom has suggested some salient reasons for women to turn to suicide bombings, such as "to avenge a personal loss, to redeem the family name, to escape a life of sheltered monotony and achieve fame, or to equalize the patriarchal societies in which they live".<ref name="Bloom 2007" >{{Cite journal | last=Bloom | first=Mia |date = 2007 | title = Female Suicide Bombers: A Global Trend | journal = [[Daedalus (journal)]] | volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=94–102 |doi=10.1162/daed.2007.136.1.94 |jstor=20028092 |issn=0011-5266}}</ref> Some earlier literature suggested that women tend to be motivated by personal trauma rather than by ideological reasons.<ref name="Bloom 2007" /> Other researchers disagree with this assessment and state that it reduces women's political agency, seeing as they are just as capable of making a choice based on ideology.<ref>Gowrinathan, Nimmi. "Evident Truths: American Women at War." Los Angeles Review of Books, LA Review of Books, 2 Apr. 2021, lareviewofbooks.org/article/evident-truths-american-women-at-war/.</ref> Women's as well as men's usual motivations for becoming suicide bombers should be assumed to be nuanced and complex.<ref>Amireh, Amal. "Palestinian Women's Disappearing Act: The Suicide Bomber through Western Feminist Eyes." MIT [[Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies|Eleconic Journal of Middle East Studies]], Vol. 5, Spring 2005. Pp. 228-242</ref>

== Tactics and strategies ==

=== Devices ===
{{Further| topic = [[suicide weapons]] | explosive belt | car bomb | improvised explosive device |Kaiten |Kairyū-class submarine |Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka | Shin'yō-class suicide motorboat | Fukuryu | Lunge mine }}

Various groups adapt their strategies to suit specific targets. For example, in the 1980s, [[Hezbollah]] favored the use of explosive-laden cars, while the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] in [[Sri Lanka]] employed tactics involving explosive-laden boats. Palestinian organizations in the 1990s refined an approach involving suicide bombers with [[explosive belt]]s, influencing groups like the [[Chechens]] and the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]]. In contemporary Iraq, local factions have utilized [[Car bomb#History|explosive-laden vehicles]] to target heavily guarded military facilities.<ref name="Moghadam 2006" />
Decades earlier, the Lehi militant group were discovered to have constructed a "coat bomb", with explosives concealed by being stitched inside the coat.<ref name="Haaretz coat bomb" /> They appear to have attempted to use it in a non-suicide bombing, taking it off and leaving it behind in the targeted building, but it failed to detonate for unclear reasons.<ref name="Betty" /> They also used it for smuggling explosives into England.<ref name="Haaretz coat bomb" />

=== Strategic advantages ===
According to author [[Jeffrey William Lewis]], success campaigns of suicide bombing require: willing individuals, organisations to train and use them, and a society willing to accept such acts in the name of a greater good.<ref name="lewis-2013" /> The organisations work to guarantee individual suicide bombers that they "will be remembered as martyrs dying for their communities". By imbuing suicide attacks with "reverence and heroism", it becomes more attractive to recruits.<ref name="lewis-2013" /> According to Yoram Schweitzer, modern suicide terrorism is "aimed at causing devastating physical damage, through which it inflicts profound fear and anxiety". Its goal is not to produce a negative psychological effect only on the victims of the actual attack, but on the entire target population.<ref name="ICT-STDC" /> Attackers themselves have often framed suicide attacks as acts of courageous self-sacrifice made necessary by the superior military or security strength of the enemy. The technique has also been called "the atomic weapon of the weak".<ref name="Schweitzer-2010" >{{cite journal | last1=Schweitzer | first1=Yoram | title=The Rise and Fall of Suicide Bombings in the Second Intifada | journal=Strategic Assessment | date=October 2010 | volume=13 | issue=3 | url=http://www.inss.org.il/uploadimages/Import/%28FILE%291289896644.pdf | access-date=21 October 2015 | archive-date=24 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://www.inss.org.il/uploadimages/Import/%28FILE%291289896644.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> According to [[Hamas]] founder Sheikh [[Ahmed Yassin]], "Once we have warplanes and missiles, then we can think of changing our means of legitimate self-defense. But right now, we can only tackle the fire with our bare hands and sacrifice ourselves".<ref>Quoted in [[Mia Bloom]] (2005), ''Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror'' (New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 3–4; {{ISBN|0-231-13320-0}}.</ref>

A major reason for the popularity of suicide attacks, despite the sacrifice involved for its perpetrators, is its tactical advantages over other types of terrorism such as the ability to conceal weapons, make last-minute adjustments, an increased ability to infiltrate heavily guarded targets, and the lack of need for remote or delayed detonation, escape plans or rescue teams. Robert Pape observed that "Suicide attacks are an especially convincing way to signal the likelihood of more pain to come, because if you are willing to kill yourself you are also willing to endure brutal retaliation. [...] The element of suicide itself helps increase the credibility of future attacks because it suggests that attackers cannot be deterred".{{sfnq| q = ''Dying to Win'' |Pape|2005| p = 28–29 }}
Other scholars have criticized Pape's research design, arguing that it cannot draw any conclusions on the efficacy of suicide terrorism.<ref name="Ashworth 2008" >{{Cite journal | last1=Ashworth | first1=Scott | last2=Clinton | first2=Joshua D. | last3=Meirowitz | first3=Adam | last4=Ramsay | first4=Kristopher W.|date = 2008 | title=Design, Inference, and the Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism|journal=[[American Political Science Review]] |volume=102|issue=2|pages=269–273|doi=10.1017/S0003055408080167|jstor=27644515|s2cid=17827986|issn=0003-0554}}</ref>

[[Bruce Hoffman]] described the characteristics of suicide bombing as "universal" —
"Suicide bombings are inexpensive and effective. They are less complicated and compromising than other kinds of terrorist operations. They guarantee media coverage. The suicide terrorist is the ultimate smart bomb. Perhaps most important, coldly efficient bombings tear at the fabric of trust that holds societies together".<ref name="Hoffman-6-2003" />

Suicide bombings are often followed by heightened security measures and [[reprisal]]s by their targets. Because a deceased suicide bomber cannot be targeted, the response is often a targeting of those believed to have sent the bomber. Because the threat of retaliation cannot deter future attacks if the attackers were already willing to kill themselves, pressure is great to employ intensive surveillance of virtually any potential perpetrator, "to look for them almost everywhere, even if no evidence existed that they were there at all".<ref name="NPR-USTaHTOSI" />

== Motivation for attacks ==
According to [[Bruce Hoffman]] (quoting the [[RAND Corporation]]) and [[Assaf Moghadam]], suicide attacks distinguish themselves from other terror attacks due to their heightened lethality and destructiveness.<ref name="Hoffman-6-2003 & RAND" /><ref name="Moghadam 2006" /> Perpetrators benefit from the ability to conceal weapons and make last-minute adjustments, and there is no need for escape plans or rescue teams. There is also no need to conceal their identities.{{verify source| reason = do any sources on the page support "no need to conceal their identities" ? |date = September 2025}}{{efn|name=identities| However, some suicide attackers have attempted to multilate themselves in ways that would conceal their identities.<ref name="F24 Ynet KO SA" /> }} In the case of suicide bombings, they do not require remote or delayed detonation.<ref name="Hoffman-6-2003" /> Although they accounted for only 4% of all "terrorist attacks" between 1981 and 2006, they resulted in 32% of terrorism-related deaths at 14,599 deaths. 90% of these attacks occurred in [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]], [[Israel]], [[Palestine]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Sri Lanka]].{{verify source |date = May 2025}}<ref name="What Motivates" /> By mid-2015, approximately three-quarters of all suicide attacks occurred in just three countries: [[Terrorism in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[Terrorism in Pakistan|Pakistan]], and [[Terrorism in Iraq|Iraq]].<ref name="CPOST-LOC-total" />

William Hutchinson describes suicide attacks as a weapon of [[psychological warfare]]{{sfn|Hutchinson|2007}} aimed at instilling fear in the target population,<ref name="Psychology of Terrorism 2014" /> undermining areas where [[the public]] feels secure, and eroding the "fabric of trust that holds societies together." This weapon is further used to demonstrate the lengths perpetrators will go to achieve their goals.<ref name="Hoffman-6-2003" /> Motivations for suicide attackers vary. {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Kamikaze]]}} pilots acted under military orders, while other attacks have been driven by [[Religious terrorism|religious]] or [[Nationalism|nationalist]] purposes. According to analyst [[Robert Pape]], prior to 2003, most attacks targeted occupying forces. For example, 90% of attacks in Iraq before the [[Iraqi conflict (2003–present)|civil war]] started in 2003 aimed at forcing out occupying forces. Pape's tabulation of suicide attacks runs from 1980 to early 2004 in [[Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism|''Dying to Win'']], and to 2009 in [[Robert Pape#Cutting the Fuse|''Cutting the Fuse'']].{{sfnq|Pape|Feldman|2010| q = Cutting the Fuse }}{{sfnq| q = ''Dying to Win'' |Pape|2005}} According to American-French anthropologist [[Scott Atran]], from 2000 to 2004, the ideology of Islamist [[Istishhad|martyrdom]] played a predominant role in motivating the majority of bombers.<ref name="Atran 2006 page 127" />

=== Recent attacker profiles and motivations ===
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|{{Globalize section|[[Middle East]]|date=January 2026}}{{Summarise section|date=July 2025}}{{Original research section|date=July 2021}}}}
Studies of who becomes a suicide attacker and what motivates them have often come to different conclusions. According to Riaz Hassan,<ref name="What Motivates" />
{{blockquote|apart from one demographic attribute—that the majority of suicide bombers tend to be young males—the evidence has failed to find a stable set of demographic, psychological, socioeconomic and religious variables that can be causally linked to suicide bombers' personality or socioeconomic origins.}}
Anthropologist [[Scott Atran]] wrote,
"[Terrorists] are not sufficiently different from everyone else. Insights into homegrown jihadi attacks will have to come from understanding group dynamics, not individual psychology. Small-group dynamics can trump individual personality to produce horrific behavior in otherwise ordinary people.{{sfn|Atran|2006|p=128}}
Atran's research has found that the attacks are not organized from the top down, but occur from the bottom up. It is usually a matter of following one's friends and ending up in environments that foster [[groupthink]]. Atran is also critical of the claim that terrorists simply crave destruction; rather, they are often motivated by beliefs they hold sacred, as well as their moral reasoning.{{sfn|Atran|2006|p=136}}

A study of the remains of 110 suicide bombers in Afghanistan for the first part of 2007 by Afghan pathologist Yusef Yadgari found 80% were suffering from physical ailments such as missing limbs (before the blasts), cancer, or leprosy. Also, in contrast to earlier findings of suicide bombers, the Afghan bombers were "not celebrated like their counterparts in other Arab nations. Afghan bombers are not featured on posters or in videos as martyrs".<ref>{{cite web| last1=Nelson | first1=Soraya Sarhaddi | author-link = Soraya Sarhaddi Nelson | url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15276485 | title = Disabled Often Carry Out Afghan Suicide Missions | website = npr.org | date = 15 October 2007 | access-date = 22 March 2015 }}</ref>
Menachem Begin called his only known suicide militant as "Meir the Stump", a reference to his amputated left arm.<ref name="Begin May 1947" />

[[Robert Pape]], director of the Chicago Project on Suicide Terrorism, found the majority of suicide bombers came from the educated middle classes. For example, [[Humam Khalil Abu-Mulal al-Balawi|Humam Balawi]], who perpetrated the [[Camp Chapman attack]] in Afghanistan in 2010, was a medical doctor.<ref>Joby Warrick, ''The Triple Agent'', New York: Doubleday, 2011. p. 37</ref>

A 2004 paper by [[Harvard University]] Professor of Public Policy [[Alberto Abadie]] "cast[s] doubt on the widely held belief that terrorism stems from poverty, finding instead that terrorist violence is related to a nation's level of political freedom", with countries "in some intermediate range of political freedom" more prone to terrorism than countries with "high levels" of political freedom or countries with "highly authoritarian regimes". "When governments are weak, political instability is elevated, so conditions are favorable for the appearance of terrorism".<ref>Alberto Abadie. {{cite web |date = October 2004 | title=Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism | url = http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/aabadie/povterr.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151123104136/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/aabadie/povterr.pdf | archive-date = November 23, 2015 | access-date = October 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/11.04/05-terror.html Freedom squelches terrorist violence] {{Webarchive | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150919050732/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/11.04/05-terror.html|date = 2015-09-19}}. News.harvard.edu; November 4, 2004; accessed August 19, 2012.</ref> A 2020 study found that while well-educated and economically well-off individuals are more likely to be behind suicide terrorism, it is not because these individuals self-select into suicide terrorism, but rather because terrorist groups are more likely to select high-quality individuals to commit suicide terrorist attacks.<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Morris | first=Andrea Michelle |year=2020 | title=Who Wants to Be a Suicide Bomber? Evidence from Islamic State Recruits | journal = International Studies Quarterly | volume=64 | issue=2 | pages=306–315 | doi=10.1093/isq/sqaa012}}</ref>

Pape found that among [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic suicide terrorists]], 97 percent were unmarried and 84 percent were male. If the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] was excluded, this changed to be 91 percent male.<ref name="Pape-2003" /> A study conducted by the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]] in [[Iraq]] in 2008 found that suicide bombers were almost always single men without children aged 18 to 30, with a mean age of 22, and were typically students or employed in [[Blue-collar worker|blue-collar occupations]].<ref>{{cite news |date = March 15, 2008 | title=U.S. study draws portrait of Iraq bombers |work=[[USA Today]] | url = https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2008-03-15-iraq-study_N.htm | access-date = February 27, 2020}}</ref> In a 2011 doctoral thesis, anthropologist Kyle R. Gibson reviewed three studies documenting 1,208 suicide attacks from 1981 to 2007 and found that countries with higher [[polygyny]] rates correlated with greater production of suicide terrorists.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Harmon | first1=Vanessa | last2=Mujkic | first2=Edin | last3=Kaukinen | first3=Catherine | last4=Weir | first4=Henriikka |year=2018 | title=Causes & Explanations of Suicide Terrorism: A Systematic Review | url = https://www.hsaj.org/articles/14749 |journal=Homeland Security Affairs |publisher=[[Center for Homeland Defense and Security|NPS Center for Homeland Defense and Security]] |volume=25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Gibson | first=Kyle R. |year=2011 | title=The Roles of Operational Sex Ratio and Young-Old Ratio in Producing Suicide Attackers |publisher=[[University of Utah]] | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260059007}}</ref> Political scientists [[Valerie M. Hudson]] and Bradley Thayer noted that countries where polygyny is widely practiced tend to have higher [[List of countries by intentional homicide rate|homicide rates]] and [[Rape statistics|rates of rape]]. The pair have argued that because [[Polygyny in Islam|Islam is the only major religious tradition where polygyny is still largely condoned]], the higher degrees of marital inequality in [[Muslim world|Islamic countries]] compared to most of the world causes them to have larger populations susceptible to suicide terrorism. Hudson and Theyer contended that [[Houri|promises of harems of virgins]] for [[Shahid|martyrdom]] serves as a mechanism to mitigate [[In-group and out-group|in-group]] conflict within Islamic countries by redirecting their violence towards out-groups.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Hudson | first1=Valerie M. | author-link1=Valerie M. Hudson | last2=Thayer | first2=Bradley |year=2010 | title=Sex and the Shaheed: Insights from the Life Sciences on Islamic Suicide Terrorism |journal=[[International Security (journal)|International Security]] |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=48–53 |jstor=40784561}}</ref>

Along with his research on the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Tamil Tigers]], Scott Atran found that Palestinian jihadist groups such as [[Hamas]] provide monthly [[stipend]]s, [[Lump sum|lump-sum payments]], and prestige to the families of suicide terrorists.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Atran | first=Scott | author-link=Scott Atran |year=2003 | title=Genesis of Suicide Terrorism | url = https://jeannicod.ccsd.cnrs.fr/ijn_00509568/file/genesis_of_Suicide_terrorism.pdf |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |volume=299 |issue=5612 |pages=1534–1539 |bibcode=2003Sci...299.1534A |doi=10.1126/science.1078854 |pmid=12624256 |s2cid=12114032 | archive-date = 24 November 2022 | access-date = 14 July 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221124212255/https://jeannicod.ccsd.cnrs.fr/ijn_00509568/file/genesis_of_Suicide_terrorism.pdf }}</ref>{{sfn|Atran|2006|p=127-147}} Cognitive scientist [[Steven Pinker]] argues in ''[[The Better Angels of Our Nature]]'' (2011) that because the families of men in the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] often cannot afford [[bride price]]s and that many potential brides end up in polygynous marriages, the financial compensation of an act of suicide terrorism can buy enough brides for a man's brothers to have children to make the self-sacrifice pay off in terms of [[kin selection]] and [[Fitness (biology)|biological fitness]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Pinker | first=Steven | title=The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined | title-link=The Better Angels of Our Nature |publisher=[[Penguin Group]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-14-312201-2 |place=New York |pages=353–358 | author-link=Steven Pinker}}</ref>

Motivations vary greatly and are different in the case of each individual. Fanaticism (nationalist, religious, or both) may result from brain-washing, negative experiences regarding "the enemy", and the lack of a perspective in life. Suicide attackers may want to hurt or kill their targets because they hold them responsible for all bad things that have happened to them or in the world, or simply just because they want to escape misery and poverty.<ref>Artur Lakatos, "War, Martyrdom and Suicide Bombers: Essay on Suicide Terrorism", in Cultura. International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology, Issue 14/2010, pp 171–180</ref>
Based on biographies of more than seven hundred foreign fighters uncovered at an Iraqi insurgent camp, researchers believe that the motivation for suicide missions at least in Iraq was not "the global jihadi ideology", but "an explosive mix of desperation, pride, anger, sense of powerlessness, local tradition of resistance, and religious fervor".<ref name="What Motivates" >{{cite web | last1 = Hassan | first1 = Riaz | title = What Motivates the Suicide Bombers? | url = http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/what-motivates-suicide-bombers-0 | work = [[YaleGlobal Online|YaleGlobal]] | publisher = [[Yale Center for the Study of Globalization]] | access-date = 13 October 2015 | date = 3 September 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215906/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/what-motivates-suicide-bombers-0 | archive-date = 4 October 2013}}</ref>

Criminal justice professor Adam Lankford argues that suicide terrorists are not psychologically normal or stable. They are motivated to suicide and killing to mask their desire to die beneath a "veneer of heroic action" because of the religious consequences of killing themselves outright.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Martin | first1=Cameron | title=BOOK REVIEWS. The Myth of Martyrdom | url = https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2013/0218/The-Myth-of-Martyrdom | access-date = 23 October 2015|agency=csmonitor.com|date = February 18, 2013}}</ref> He has identified more than 130 individual suicide terrorists, including 9/11 ringleader [[Mohamed Atta]], with classic suicidal risk factors such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, other mental health problems, drug addictions, serious physical injuries or disabilities, having suffered the unexpected death of a loved one, or other personal crises.{{sfn|Lankford|2013| p = 61 }}

==== Nationalist resistance and religion ====
[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Poster Glorifying Suicide Bomber Found in Jenin.jpg|thumb|A 2002 [[Commemorative posters in Palestine|Commemorative poster]] of [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] suicide bomber Ashraf Sallah Alasmar in [[Jenin]].]]

According to [[Robert Pape]], director of the Chicago Project on Suicide Terrorism, as of 2005, 95 percent of suicide attacks have the same specific strategic goal. This goal is to cause an occupying state to withdraw forces from a disputed territory, making nationalism their principal motivation rather than religion.{{sfnq|Pape|2005| q = ''Dying to Win'' | p = 128 }}

Alternately, another source found that in Lebanon from 1983 to 1999, it was Islamists who influenced secular nationalists. Their use of suicide attacks spread to the secular groups. Five Lebanese groups "espousing a non-religious nationalist ideology" followed the lead of Islamist groups in attacking by suicide, "impressed by the effectiveness of Hezbollah's attacks in precipitating the withdrawal of the 'foreigners' from Lebanon".<ref name="ICT-STDC" /> In Israel suicide attacks by Islamist Islamic Jihad and Hamas also preceded those of the secular [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine|PFLP]] and the [[Al-Fatah]]-linked [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades]].{{citation needed|date = June 2025}}
However, the first suicide attack in post-independence Israel was in 1972, by foreign fighters from the [[Japanese Red Army]] (a secular militant group) allied to [[PFLP-EO]] unit (a secular group, led by [[Wadie Haddad]]).<ref name="F24 Ynet KO SA" /><ref name="Wadie JC" />

Pape found other factors associated with suicide attacks. This included the government of the targeted country being democratic and the public opinion of the country playing a role in determining policy. He also found that a difference in religion between the attackers and occupiers, and<ref>{{Cite book | last1=Vuong | first1=Quan-Hoang | title=A Mindsponge-Based Investigation into the Psycho-Religious Mechanism Behind Suicide Attacks | last2=Nguyen | first2=Minh-Hoang | last3=Le | first3=Tam-Tri| date = 2021 | publisher = Walter de Gruyter GmbH | isbn=978-83-66675-58-2 }}</ref> grassroots support for the attacks{{sfnq|Pape|2005| q = ''Dying to Win'' | p = 92 }} contributed. Other factors include attackers being disproportionately from the educated middle classes,{{sfn|Atran|2006|p=130}} high levels of brutality and cruelty by the occupiers,{{sfnq|Pape|2005| q = ''Dying to Win'' | p = 60 }} and competition among militant groups fighting the occupiers.{{sfnq|Pape|2005| q = ''Dying to Win'' | p = 200–216 }}

Other researchers, such as Yotam Feldner, argue that perceived religious rewards after death are instrumental in encouraging Muslims to commit suicide attacks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID=IA2500 | title=Contemporary Islamist Ideology Authorizing Genocidal Murder|publisher=MEMRI|date = January 27, 2004 | access-date = May 19, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Yotam Feldner | url = http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID=IA7401 | title='72 Black Eyed Virgins': A Muslim Debate on the Rewards of Martyrs|publisher=MEMRI | access-date = May 19, 2010}}</ref> These researchers contend that Pape's analysis is flawed, particularly his contention that democracies are the main targets of such attacks.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jackson Wade | first1 = Sara | author-link2 = Dan Reiter | last2 = Reiter | first2 = Dan | year = 2007 | title = Does Democracy Matter? Regime Type and Suicide Terrorism | doi = 10.1177/0022002706298137 | journal = Journal of Conflict Resolution | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 329–348 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.519.1840 | s2cid = 11699344}}</ref> Other scholars have criticized Pape's research design, arguing that it cannot draw any conclusions on the causes of suicide terrorism.<ref name="Ashworth 2008" />

Atran argues that suicide bombing has moved on from the days of Pape's study,{{sfn|Atran|2006|p=130}} where non-Islamic groups have carried out very few bombings since 2003. Instead, bombing by Muslim or Islamist groups associated with a "global ideology" of "martyrdom" has skyrocketed. In 2004 in Iraq alone, there were 400 suicide attacks and 2,000 casualties.{{sfn|Atran|2006|p=131-133}} Other researchers question why prominent anti-occupation secular terrorist groups have not used suicide, such as the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|Provisional IRA]], [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]], or [[Anti-imperialism|anti-colonialist]] insurgents in Vietnam, Algeria, and elsewhere.<ref name="bootSbB" /><ref name="FPRI-horowitz" /> They also question Pape omits that the first suicide attack in Lebanon targeted the embassy of Iraq, a country that was not occupying Lebanon.<ref name="bootSbB" />

Mia Bloom agrees with Pape that competition among insurgents groups is a significant motivator, arguing the growth in suicide as a tactic is a product of "outbidding". That is, the need by competing insurgent groups to demonstrate their commitment to the cause to the broader public. This is achieved as making the ultimate sacrifice for the insurgency is a "bid" impossible to top.<ref>Bloom, Mia, ''Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror'' (2005), p.94-98</ref> This explains its use by Palestinian groups, but not that by the Tamil Tigers.<ref name="FPRI-horowitz" >{{cite web | last1=Horowitz | first1=Michael | title=The History and Future of Suicide Terrorism | url = http://www.fpri.org/articles/2008/08/history-and-future-suicide-terrorism |website=Foreign Policy Research Institute | access-date = 22 October 2015 |date = August 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150922021706/http://www.fpri.org/articles/2008/08/history-and-future-suicide-terrorism | archive-date = September 22, 2015}}</ref> Still other researchers have identified sociopolitical factors as more central in the motivation of suicide attackers than religion.<ref>Galtung, Johan. "11 September 2001: Diagnosis, Prognosis, Therapy", In: ''Searching for peace – the road to TRANSCEND'', Galtung, Johan, Jacobsen, Carl, Brand-Jacobsen, Kai, London: [[Pluto Press]], 2002, pp. 87–102</ref><ref name="klare-7-11-2001" >{{cite news | author=Michael Klare | url = http://www.salon.com/sex/feature/2001/11/07/islam/index.html | title=Sex and the suicide bomber |work=Salon.com |date = November 7, 2001 | access-date = May 19, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100508041826/http://www.salon.com/sex/feature/2001/11/07/islam/index.html | archive-date = May 8, 2010}}</ref>

According to [[Scott Atran|Atran]],<ref>{{cite web | last=Atran | first=Scott | title=Terrorism and Radicalization: What Not to Do, What to Do | url = http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/Atran07/|publisher=Edge.org | access-date = 2012-08-19|date = November 2007}}</ref> and former CIA case officer [[Marc Sageman]],<ref>{{Cite book | author=Sageman, Marc | title=Leaderless Jihad|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8122-4065-8}} {{Page needed|date = December 2011}}</ref> support for suicide actions is triggered by moral outrage at perceived attacks against Islam and sacred values. However, this is converted to action as a result of small-world factors, such as being part of a football club with other {{lang|ar-Latn|jihadis}}. Millions express sympathy with global {{lang|ar-Latn|jihad}}. According to a 2006 Gallup study involving more than 50,000 interviews in dozens of countries, seven percent of the world's 1.3 billion Muslims consider the 9/11 attacks "completely justified".<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Rahman | first1=Jamal | title=In Review [of book]: Who Speaks for Islam?|journal=Yes! Magazine|date = Oct 31, 2008 | url = http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/sustainable-happiness/in-review-who-speaks-for-islam | access-date = 9 October 2015| archive-date = 24 January 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/sustainable-happiness/in-review-who-speaks-for-islam}}</ref><ref>An estimated 7–14% of Muslims worldwide (depending on the poll taken) supported the Al Qaeda strike against the United States.{{cite journal| title = Looking for the roots of terrorism [Interview with Scott Atran] | journal = Nature | first=Sara | last=Reardon | date = 15 January 2015 | doi = 10.1038/nature.2015.16732 | s2cid = 155646601 | url = http://www.nature.com/news/looking-for-the-roots-of-terrorism-1.16732 | access-date = 5 October 2015 | url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[Assaf Moghadam]] also argues that the increase in "suicide terrorism" since 2001 is driven by {{lang|ar-Latn|[[Salafi jihadism|Salafi jihadist]]|italics=no}} ideology and Al-Qaeda.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Moghadam | first1=Assaf| author-link = Assaf Moghadam | title=The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of ... | year = 2008 | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RMeqBfA9-RUC | access-date = 22 October 2015 | isbn = 978-1-4214-0144-7 |pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Moghadam | first1 = Assaf | author-link = Assaf Moghadam | title = Suicide Terrorism, Occupation, and the Globalization of Martyrdom: A Critique of Dying to Win | journal = Studies in Conflict & Terrorism | date = 2006 | volume=29 | issue=8| pages = 707–729 | doi = 10.1080/10576100600561907 | s2cid=143286352 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{sfnq| Pape | 2005 | q = ''Dying to Win''}}

Updating his work in a 2010 book ''Cutting the Fuse'', Pape reported that a close analysis of the time and location of attacks strongly support his conclusion that "foreign military occupation accounts for 98.5%—and the deployment of American combat forces for 92%—of all the 1,833 suicide terrorist attacks around the world" between 2004 and 2009.{{sfn|Pape|Feldman|2010|p=28}} Pape wrote that, "the success attributed to the surge in 2007 and 2008 was actually less the result of an increase in coalition forces and more to a change of strategy in Baghdad and the empowerment of the Sunnis in Anbar".{{sfn| Pape | Feldman | 2010 | p = 33}}

The same logic can be seen in Afghanistan. In 2004 and early 2005, NATO occupied the north and west, which was controlled by the Northern Alliance, whom NATO had previously helped fight the Taliban. An enormous spike in suicide terrorism only occurred later in 2005 as NATO moved into the south and east, which had previously been controlled by the Taliban, and locals were more likely to see NATO as a foreign occupation threatening local culture and customs.{{sfn| Pape | Feldman | 2010 | p = 36}}
Critics argue the logic cannot be seen in Pakistan,<ref name="bootSbB" >{{author| Max Boot | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111021093830/http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/suicide-bomb_577292.html | title = Suicide by Bomb | newspaper = ''[[The Weekly Standard]]'' | date = 1 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Abrahms | first1=Max | title=[Review of] Cutting the Fuse The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop It|journal=Middle East Quarterly|date = Spring 2012|volume=19|issue=2 | url = http://www.meforum.org/3237/cutting-the-fuse | access-date = 22 October 2015}}</ref>{{sfnq| Pape | Feldman | 2010 | q = Cutting the Fuse }} which has no occupation and the second highest number of suicide bombing fatalities as of mid-2015.{{verify source | reason = are these points covered in the previous source? |date = July 2025}}

==== Islam and related religions ====
{{further
| Islamic terrorism
| Istishhad
| Inghimasi
| Suicide legislation #Asia
}} {{Jihadism sidebar}}

What connection the high percentage of suicide attacks executed by Islamist groups since 1980 has to do with the religion of Islam is disputed. Specifically, scholars, researchers, and others disagree over whether Islam forbids suicide in the process of attacking enemies, or the killing of civilians. According to a report compiled by the Chicago Project on Suicide Terrorism, 224 of 300 suicide terror attacks from 1980 to 2003 involved Islamist groups or took place in Muslim-majority countries.<ref>computed from Table 1 in ''Dying to Win'', {{harvnb|Pape|2005|p = 15 }}</ref>{{Original research inline| date = June 2025}} Another tabulation found more than a fourfold increase in suicide bombings in the two years following Pape's study and that the overwhelming majority of these bombers were motivated by the ideology of Islamist martyrdom.{{sfn|Atran|2006|p=131-133}} For example, as of early 2008, 1,121 Muslim suicide bombers have blown themselves up in [[Iraq]].{{sfn|Fisk|2008}}

===== Recent perpetration of suicide attacks by Muslims =====

[[Sunni Muslims]] were possibly the last major branch of the [[Abrahamic religions]] to resort to overt suicide attacks.
Islamic suicide bombing is a fairly recent phenomenon. It was absent from the 1979–1989 [[Soviet–Afghan War|Afghan jihad]] against the Soviet Union,<ref name="FeldmanITNA" /> an asymmetrical war where the {{lang|ar-Latn|mujahideen}} fought [[Soviet Air Forces|Soviet warplanes]], helicopters and tanks primarily with light weapons.{{verify source| reason = is this in the following source cited for the next paragraph |date = August 2025}}
According to author [[Sadakat Kadri]], "the very idea that Muslims might blow themselves up for God was unheard of before 1983, and it was not until the early 1990s that anyone anywhere had tried to justify killing innocent Muslims who were not on a battlefield". After 1983, the process was limited among Muslims to [[Hezbollah]] and other [[Lebanese Shia Muslims|Lebanese Shia]] factions for more than a decade.<ref name="Kadri" />

Since then, according to [[Noah Feldman]], videotaped pre-confession of faith by attackers known as the "vocabulary of martyrdom and sacrifice" have become part of "Islamic cultural consciousness" and these confessions are "instantly recognizable" to Muslims.{{tone inline|date = August 2025}}<ref name="FeldmanITNA" /> The tactic has spread through the Muslim world "with astonishing speed and on a surprising course".<ref name="FeldmanITNA" />
"First the targets were American soldiers, then mostly Israelis, including women and children. From [[Lebanon]] and Israel, the technique of suicide bombing moved to Iraq, where the targets have included mosques and shrines, and the intended victims have mostly been [[Shia]] [[Iraqi people|Iraqis]]. ... [In] [[Afghanistan]], ... both the perpetrators and the targets are orthodox [[Sunni]] Muslims. Not long ago, a bombing in Lashkar Gah, the capital of [[Helmand Province]], killed Muslims, including women, who were applying to go on [[Hajj|pilgrimage]] to [[Mecca]]. Overall, the trend is definitively in the direction of Muslim-on-Muslim violence. By a conservative accounting, more than three times as many Iraqis have been killed by suicide bombings in just three years (2003–6) as have Israelis in ten (from 1996 to 2006). Suicide bombing has become the archetype of Muslim violence;– not just to Westerners but also to Muslims themselves".<ref name="FeldmanITNA" />

Recent research on the rationale of suicide bombing has identified both religious and sociopolitical motivations.<ref name="autogenerated2002" >{{cite book| author = Olivetti, Vincetto | year = 2002 | title = Terror's Source | publisher = Amadeus Books | isbn = 978-0-9543729-0-3}} {{Page needed|date = December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Esposito, John | year = 2003 | title = Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | isbn = 978-0-19-516886-0}} {{Page needed|date = December 2011}} and {{cite book| author = Ayubi, Nazih | year = 1991 | title = Political Islam | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-10385-5}} {{Page needed|date = December 2011}} and {{harv|Mohammed Hafez|2003}} {{full citation needed|date = October 2025}}</ref>
Those{{who|date = October 2025}} who cite religious factors as an important influence note that religion provides the framework because the bombers believe they are acting in the name of Islam and will be [[Martyrdom in Islam|rewarded as martyrs]]. Since martyrdom is seen as a step towards{{clarify|date = October 2025}} paradise, those who commit suicide while discarding{{clarify| reason = "defending" ? |date = October 2025}} their community from a common enemy believe that they will reach an ultimate salvation after they die.<ref name="autogenerated2002" />

In the media attention given to suicide bombing during the [[Second Intifada]] and after 9/11, sources hostile to radical Islamism quoted radical scholars promising various heavenly rewards, such as 70 virgins ({{langx|ar-Latn|[[houri]]}}) as wives, to Muslims who die as martyrs, specifically as suicide attackers.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Ibn Warraq | title=Virgins? What virgins? | url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/jan/12/books.guardianreview5 | access-date = 8 October 2015|work=The Guardian|quote=In August, 2001, the American television channel CBS aired an interview with a Hamas activist Muhammad Abu Wardeh, who recruited terrorists for suicide bombings in Israel. Abu Wardeh was quoted as saying: 'I described to him how God would compensate the martyr for sacrificing his life for his land. If you become a martyr, God will give you 70 virgins, 70 wives and everlasting happiness.' |date = 11 January 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Farmer | first1=Brian R. | title=Understanding Radical Islam: Medieval Ideology in the Twenty-first Century |date = 2007 |publisher=Peter Lang. |location=NY |isbn=978-0-8204-8843-1 |pages=55–56 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bIQ0hhu8l7IC&q=Muhammad+Abu+Wardeh+virgins&pg=PA55 | access-date = 8 October 2015}}</ref> Other alleged rewards for those dying are being cleansed of all sin and brought directly to paradise, and not having to wait for the [[Last Judgment#Islam|Day of Judgement]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Peters | first1 = Rudolph | editor1-last=Coolsaet|editor1-first=Rik | title=Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: European and American ...|date = 2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|page=147|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GOKhAgAAQBAJ&q=jihad+go+directly+to+paradise&pg=PA147 | access-date = 15 October 2015|chapter=11. Dutch Extremist Islamism: Van Gogh's Murderer and his Ideas|isbn=978-1-4094-7645-0|quote=According to widespread Islamic belief, warriors killed in jihad are rendered free of sin and go directly to Paradise...}}</ref><ref>One scholar of history (Leor Halevi) suggests that suicide killers may be motivated by the idea that by dying while waging jihad they are transported directly to paradise, thus bypassing "the tortures of the grave" ("a state akin to the late Christian concept of [[purgatory]]"). {{cite journal | last1=Bamyeh | first1=Mohammad | title=Reviewed Work: Muhammad's Grave: Death Rites and the Making of Islamic Society by Leor Halevi|journal=Review of Middle East Studies |date = 2009 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=91–93 |jstor=41888571 |doi=10.1017/S2151348100000264 |s2cid=165022804}}</ref>

Others, such as [[As'ad AbuKhalil]], maintain that "the tendency to dwell on the sexual motives" of the suicide bombers "belittles" the bombers "sociopolitical causes", and that the alleged "sexual frustration" of young Muslim men "has been overly emphasized in the Western and Israeli media" as a motive for terrorism.<ref name="klare-7-11-2001" />
[[Suicide legislation|Suicide is criminalised]] many in majority-Muslim countries ([[#suicide|see above]]).

===== Support for "martyrdom operations" and analogous concepts =====
{{further| Martyrdom #Islam | Martyrdom in Islam | Suicide legislation #Asia | Islamic view of death #Suicide }}

Islamist militant organizations including [[al-Qaeda]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] argue that, despite what some Muslims claim is Islam's strict prohibition of suicide and murder,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://abdulhaqq.jeeran.com/ruling.html | title=The Islamic Ruling on the Permissibility of Martyrdom Operations | access-date = 2004-10-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041011230417/http://abdulhaqq.jeeran.com/ruling.html | archive-date = October 11, 2004}}. abdulhaqq.jeeran.com.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://abdulhaqq.jeeran.com/fatwa_sheikh_qaradhawi.html | title=Fatwa of Sheikh Yousef Al-Qaradhawi | access-date = 2004-10-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041009222904/http://abdulhaqq.jeeran.com/fatwa_sheikh_qaradhawi.html | archive-date = October 9, 2004}}. abdulhaqq.jeeran.com.</ref>
suicide attacks fulfill the obligation of {{lang|ar-Latn|[[jihad]]}} against the "oppressor", "martyrs" will be rewarded with paradise, and have the support of some Muslim clerics.{{who| date = June 2025}}{{citation needed|date = June 2025}}
Clerics have supported suicide attacks largely in connection with the Palestinian issue. Prominent Sunni cleric [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] had previously supported such attacks by Palestinians in perceived defense of their homeland as heroic and an act of resistance.<ref>{{cite book | author=David Bukay | title=From Muhammad to Bin Laden: Religious and Ideological Sources of the Homicide Bombers Phenomenon | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VNtBgbrNGUQC&pg=PA295 | access-date = August 19, 2012|year=2008|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-7658-0390-0|pages=295–}}</ref> [[Lebanese Shia Muslims|Shia Lebanese]] cleric [[Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah]], the spiritual authority recognized by Hezbollah, holds similar views.<ref name="FeldmanITNA" />

The articles maintains that [[Abu Huraira]], a companion of the Muhammad, and [[Umar ibn Khattab]], the second caliph of Islam, approved acts which Muslims knew would lead to certain death. The Islamic prophet Muhammad also approved of such acts, according to authors Maulana Muawiya Hussaini and Ikrimah Anwar who cited numerous [[Hadith]] of Muhammad on the authority of Islamic jurist [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]]. "The Sahaba [companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad] who carried out the attacks almost certainly knew that they were going to be killed during their operations but they still carried them out and such acts were extolled and praised in the sharia."<ref>{{cite web | last1=Hussaini | first1=Maulana Muawiya | last2=Anwar | first2=Ikrimah | title=Let's Understand 'Suicide Bombing' | url = http://shahamat-english.com/english/index.php/articles/32625-let-s-understand-suicide-bombing|website=Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Voices of Jihad | access-date = 14 October 2015| archive-date = 17 November 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021403/http://shahamat-english.com/english/index.php/articles/32625-let-s-understand-suicide-bombing}}</ref>

==== Opposition and responses from Muslim scholars ====
Others, such as Middle East historian [[Bernard Lewis]], disagree:
"... a clear difference was made between throwing oneself to certain death at the hands of an overwhelmingly strong enemy, and dying by one's own hand. The first, if conducted in a properly authorized [ [[jihad]] ], was a passport to heaven; the second to damnation. The blurring of their previously vital distinction was the work of some twentieth-century theologians who outlined the new theory which the suicide bombers put into practice".<ref name="ARSI-BL-xii" >{{cite book | last1=Lewis | first1=Bernard | title=The Assassins, a radical sect in Islam|orig-date = 1967|year=2003|publisher=Basic Books.|pages=xi–xii | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sRVmL_h_PcsC&q=islamic+hashishin+suicide | access-date = 13 October 2015|isbn=978-0-7867-2455-0}}</ref>

The distinction from engaging in an act where the perpetrator plans to fight to the death but where the attack does not require their death is important to at least one Islamist terror group, [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT).{{where| date = June 2025}} While the group extols "martyrdom" and has killed many civilians, LeT believes suicide attacks where the attackers die by their own hand, such as by pressing a detonation button, are {{lang|ar-Latn|[[haram]]}} (forbidden). Its "trademark" is that of perpetrators fighting "to the death" but escaping "if practical". "This distinction has been the subject of extensive discourse among radical Islamist leaders".<ref>{{cite book | last1=Subrahmanian | first1=V.S. | last2=Sliva | first2=Amy | last3=Shakarian | first3=Jana | last4=Dickerson | first4=John P. | last5=Mannes | first5=Aaron | title=Computational Analysis of Terrorist Groups: Lashkar-e-Taiba|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media.|page=91 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ej1RD5dNykYC&q=Lashkar-e-Taiba,+fight+to+the+death&pg=PA91 | access-date = 6 October 2015|isbn=978-1-4614-4769-6|date = 2012-08-28}}</ref>

Several Western and Muslim scholars of Islam have posited that suicide attacks are a clear violation of classical Islamic law, and characterized such attacks against civilians as murderous and sinful.<ref name="CNN" >[http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-03/world/fatwa.against.terror_1_fatwa-ul-muslim-scholar?_s=PM:WORLD Muslim scholar's fatwa condemns terrorism] {{Webarchive | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100919222159/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-03/world/fatwa.against.terror_1_fatwa-ul-muslim-scholar?_s=PM:WORLD |date = 2010-09-19}}, Articles.cnn.com; retrieved August 19, 2012.</ref><ref name="Lewis 2008, p53" >Lewis, Bernard & Buntzie Ellis Churchill. "Islam: The Religion and the People" (p. 53), Wharton School Publishing, 2008.</ref>

According to [[Bernard Lewis]], "the emergence of the now widespread terrorism practice of suicide bombing is a development of the 20th century. It has no antecedents in Islamic history, and no justification in terms of Islamic theology, law, or tradition."<ref name="Lewis 2008, p53" /> Islamic legal [[Rules of war in Islam|rules of armed warfare]] or military {{lang|ar-Latn|jihad}} are covered in detail in the classical texts of Islamic jurisprudence,<ref name="FeldmanITNA" >{{cite news | first1 = Noah | last1 = Feldman | author1-link = Noah Feldman | title = Islam, Terror and the Second Nuclear Age | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/magazine/29islam.html?pagewanted=all | newspaper = [[New York Times]] | date = 29 October 2006 }}</ref> which forbid the killing of women, children, or non-combatants, and the destruction of cultivated or residential areas.<ref name="FeldmanITNA" /><ref name="LewisChurchill" >Bernard Lewis and Buntzie Ellis Churchill, ''Islam: The Religion and the People'', Wharton School Publishing, 2008, pp. 145–53.</ref><ref>Muhammad Hamidullah, ''The Muslim Conduct of State'' (Ashraf Printing Press (1987); {{ISBN|1-56744-340-0}}, pp. 205–08</ref>

For more than a millennium, these tenets were accepted by Sunnis and Shiites. However, since the 1980s militant Islamists have challenged the traditional Islamic rules of warfare to justify suicide attacks.<ref name="FeldmanITNA" /><ref name="LewisChurchill" />

Several respected Muslim scholars have provided scholastic refutations of suicide bombings, condemning them as terrorism prohibited in Islam and leading their perpetrators to hell.<ref name="CNN" />
In his over 400 page long ''[[Fatwa on Terrorism]]'' condemning suicide attacks, Muslim Islamic scholar Muhammad [[Tahir-ul-Qadri]] directly disputed the rationale of Islamists. He argues that indiscriminately killing both Muslims and non-Muslims is unlawful, and brings the Muslim {{lang|ar-Latn|[[ummah]]}} into disrepute, no matter how lofty the killers intentions.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Argon | first1=Kemal | title=Who's Really Behind Tahir ul-Qadri's 500-Page Fatwa Against Terrorism and Suicide Bombings? | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kemal-argon/whos-really-behind-tahir-_b_1266232.html | access-date = 14 October 2015|agency=Huffington Post Religion|date = 14 February 2012}}</ref>
[[Tahir-ul-Qadri]] states terrorism "has no place in Islamic teaching, and no justification can be provided to it [...] good intention cannot justify a wrong and forbidden act".<ref name="CNN" />

[[Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia|Grand Mufti]] [[Terrorism in Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], [[Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al Shaykh]], issued a {{lang|ar-Latn|[[fatwa]]}} on 12 September 2013 that suicide bombings are "great crimes" and bombers are "criminals who rush themselves to hell by their actions". Al Shaykh described suicide bombers as "robbed of their minds [...] who have been used [as tools] to destroy themselves and societies".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://en.alalam.ir/news/1543997 | title=Saudi grand mufti says suicide bombers will go to hell | access-date = November 7, 2014}}</ref>
"In view of the fast-moving dangerous developments in the Islamic world, it is very distressing to see the tendencies of permitting or underestimating the shedding of blood of Muslims and those under protection in their countries. The sectarian or ignorant utterances made by some of these people would benefit none other than the greedy, vindictive and envious people. Hence, we would like to draw attention to the seriousness of the attacks on Muslims or those who live under their protection or under a pact with them|Al Shaykh, quoting a number of verses from the Qur'an and Hadith".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news09171302.aspx | title = Saudi Grand Mufti condemns attacks on Non-Muslims | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140101221425/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news09171302.aspx | archive-date = 2014-01-01 | website = saudiembassy.net | access-date = 22 March 2015 }}</ref>
Even countries that have a history of suicide attacks, and have regarded them as martyrdom, have condemned them in situations they see as illegitimate.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

Following the [[2005 Bangladesh bombings]] by the banned outfit [[Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh]] (JMB), chief cleric of [[Bangladesh]] [[Ubaidul Haq]] led a protest of {{lang|ar-Latn|[[ulema]]}} denouncing [[terrorism]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Protest against Bangladesh bombs | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4512406.stm |publisher=BBC | access-date = 27 January 2016|ref=9 December 2005}}</ref> He said:
"[[Islam]] prohibits [[suicide bombings]]. These bombers are enemies of Islam. [...] It is a duty for all [[Muslims]] to stand up against those who are killing people in the name of [[Islam]]".{{verify quote| reason = is this in the previous citation? |date = October 2025}}

In January 2006, {{lang|ar-Latn|[[Shi'a Islam|Shia]] [[Marja'|Marja]]|italics=no}} (high ranking cleric) [[Yousef Sanei|Ayatollah al-Udhma Yousof al-Sanei]] decreed a {{lang|ar-Latn|[[fatwa]]}} against suicide bombing, declaring it a "terrorist act".<ref name="FeldmanITNA" >{{cite news | first1 = Noah | last1 = Feldman | author1-link = Noah Feldman | title = Islam, Terror and the Second Nuclear Age | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/magazine/29islam.html?pagewanted=all | newspaper = [[New York Times]] | date = 29 October 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last1=Khan | first1=Muqtedar | title=A fatwa against terrorism that might work | url = http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=27467&lan=en&sp=0 | access-date = 14 October 2015|agency=Common Ground News Service|date = 16 March 2010}}</ref> In 2005, Muhammad Afifi al-Akiti also issued a {{lang|ar-Latn|fatwa}} "Against The Targeting Of Civilians".<ref>[http://www.livingislam.org/maa/dcmm_e.html Defending the Transgressed] Fatwa against suicide bombing by Shaykh Muhammad Afifi al-Akiti; accessed 22 March 2015.</ref>

American{{clarify| reason = which country in America? United States? |date = October 2025}} based Islamic jurist and scholar [[Khaled Abou Al-Fadl]] argues, "The classical jurists, nearly without exception, argued that those who attack by stealth, while targeting noncombatants in order to terrorize the resident and wayfarer, are corrupters of the earth. "Resident and wayfarer" was a legal expression that meant that whether the attackers terrorize people in their urban centers or terrorize travelers, the result was the same: all such attacks constitute a corruption of the earth. The legal term given to people who act this way was ''muharibun'' (those who wage war against society), and the crime is called the crime of ''hiraba'' (waging war against society). The crime of ''hiraba'' was so serious and repugnant that, according to Islamic law, those guilty of this crime were considered enemies of humankind and were not to be given quarter or sanctuary anywhere .... Those who are familiar with the classical tradition will find the parallels between what were described as crimes of ''hiraba'' and what is often called terrorism today nothing short of remarkable. The classical jurists considered crimes such as assassinations, setting fires, or poisoning water wells – that could indiscriminately kill the innocent – as offenses of ''hiraba''. Furthermore, hijacking methods of transportation or crucifying people in order to spread fear are also crimes of ''hiraba''. Importantly, Islamic law strictly prohibited the taking of hostages, the mutilation of corpses, and torture".<ref>Khaled Abou Al-Fadl: ''The Great Theft. Wrestling Islam from the Extremists'', HarperCollins, p. 243 (2005); {{ISBN|0-06-056339-7}}.</ref>

According to ''[[When Religion Becomes Evil]]'', by [[Baptist]] minister [[Charles Kimball (minister)|Charles Kimball]], "There is only one verse in the Qur'an that contains a phrase related to suicide" (4:29).<ref>{{cite news| last1=Burek. | first1=Josh | title = Q&A: Islamic fundamentalism | url = https://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1004/p25s1-wosc.html | access-date = 15 October 2015 | agency = csmonitor.com | date = 4 October 2001}}</ref> "[[Wiktionary: يا|O]] you who have believed, do not consume one another's wealth unjustly but only [in lawful] business by mutual consent. And do not kill yourselves. Indeed, Allah is to you ever Merciful".<ref>{{cite quran|4|29|s=ns}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date = October 2025}}

Some commentators posit that "do not kill yourselves" is better translated "do not kill each other", and some translations, such as those by M. H. Shakir, reflect that view. Mainstream Islamic groups such as the [[European Council for Fatwa and Research]] also cite the Quranic verse [[Al-An'am]] 6:151<ref>{{cite quran|6|151|s=ns}}</ref>) as prohibiting suicide: "And take not life, which Allah has made sacred, except by way of justice and law".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?cid=1119503549272&pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaEAskTheScholar | title=Euthanasia: Types and Rulings | access-date = 2009-06-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090630072120/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?cid=1119503549272&pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaEAskTheScholar | archive-date = June 30, 2009}}</ref> The {{lang|ar-Latn|[[Hadith]]}}, including Bukhari 2:445, states: "The Prophet said, '...whoever commits suicide with a piece of iron will be punished with the same piece of iron in the Hell Fire', [and] 'A man was inflicted with wounds and he committed suicide, and so Allah said: 'My slave has caused death on himself hurriedly, so I forbid Paradise for him'".<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/bukhari/bh2/bh2_446.htm Hadith 2:445], sacred-texts.com; retrieved August 19, 2012.</ref><ref>Adil Salahi [http://www.aljazeerah.info/Islam/Islamic%20subjects/2004%20subjects/June/Committing%20Suicide%20Is%20Strictly%20Forbidden%20in%20Islam,%20Adil%20Salahi.htm Committing Suicide Is Strictly Forbidden in Islam], Aljazeerah.info, June 22, 2004; retrieved August 19, 2012.</ref>

Other Muslims have also noted Quranic verses in opposition to suicide, to taking of life other than by way of justice such as the death penalty for murder, and to collective punishment.<ref>url: islam.about DOT com/cs/currentevents/a/suicide_bomb.htm Suicide Bombers – Why do they do it, and what does Islam say about their actions? – Webarchive: web.archive.org/web/20040731083315/http://islam.about DOT com/cs/currentevents/a/suicide_bomb.htm date: 2004-07-31; accessed 22 March 2015</ref>{{better source needed| reason = when I paste this in a sandbox I get an error saying "The following link has triggered a protection filter: "about.com" Either that exact link, or a portion of it (typically the root domain name) is currently blocked." |date = May 2025}}

The international community considers the use of [[indiscriminate attack]]s on civilian populations<ref name="rwkckb07" /><ref>{{cite news | last1=Erlanger | first1=Steven and Fares Akram | title=Israel Warns Gaza Targets by Phone and Leaflet | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/world/middleeast/by-phone-and-leaflet-israeli-attackers-warn-gazans.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&smid=tw-nytimesworld&_r=1|website=[[The New York Times]]|date = 8 July 2014 | access-date = July 10, 2014}}</ref> as [[Geneva conventions#Protocols|illegal under international law]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Protection of the civilian population | url = http://www.icrc.org/ihl/WebART/470-750065|website=Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), June 8, 1977|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross | access-date = July 10, 2014}}</ref>

===== From Muslims in Muslim-minority countries =====

There are also objections from Muslim minority countries.
Israel – a [[Jewish state]] with a [[Islam in Israel |Muslim minority]] – has also glorified [[Jewish terrorism |militant]] [[Martyrdom in Judaism |martyrdom]] in educational materials and political propaganda, particularly [[Likud video of graves |Likud]], the political successor organisation to two [[Zionist militant]] groups ([[Menachem Begin]]'s [[Irgun]] and [[Yitzhak Shamir]]'s [[Lehi (militant group) |Lehi]]).<ref name="yahu’s speech" /><ref name="study unit" />
In 2010 Likud introduced a new study unit to the [[Education in Israel |school curriculum]] that focused on [[Olei Hagardom |martyred militants]] from these groups, including two who [[suicide mission #1947 |intentionally killed themselves]] with explosives.<ref name="yahu’s speech" /><ref name="Charters 2007" /><ref name="Sheleg 2007 suicide operation" />
The most passionate objections to this glorification of [[Jewish terrorism |terrorist]] [[Martyrdom in Judaism |martyrdom]] came from two Muslim [[Knesset members |Knesset]] members, [[Ahmed Tibi]] and [[Talab El-Sana]], both from the Islmist faction [[United Arab List]]-Ta'a.<ref name="Tibi ejected" />
Some Jewish members also objected, including by comparing Netanyahu to Hamas.<ref name="Tibi ejected" />

Ihsanic Intelligence, a London-based Islamic think-tank, published their two-year study into suicide bombings in the name of Islam titled ''The Hijacked Caravan''.<ref>[http://www.ihsanic-intelligence.com/dox/The_Hijacked_Caravan.pdf ''The Hijacked Caravan''] {{Webarchive | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050906062050/http://www.ihsanic-intelligence.com/dox/The_Hijacked_Caravan.pdf |date = 2005-09-06}}, ihsanic-intelligence.com; retrieved August 19, 2012.</ref> The study concluded that,
"The technique of suicide bombing is anathema, antithetical and abhorrent to Sunni Islam. It is considered legally forbidden, constituting a reprehensible innovation in the Islamic tradition, morally an enormity of sin combining suicide and murder and theologically an act which has consequences of eternal damnation".<ref>[http://mac.abc.se/home/onesr/ez/isl/0-sbm/The.Hijacked.Caravan.html ''The Hijacked Caravan: Refuting Suicide Bombings as Martyrdom Operations in Contemporary Jihad Strategy''] {{webarchive | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051023075058/http://mac.abc.se/home/onesr/ez/isl/0-sbm/The.Hijacked.Caravan.html |date = October 23, 2005}}, Mac.abc.se; retrieved August 19, 2012.</ref>

== See also ==

{{div col}}
* {{Annotated link |7 July 2005 London bombings}}
* {{Annotated link |2010 Austin plane crash}}
* {{Section link |Islamophobic trope |72 virgins}}
* {{Annotated link |Austin serial bombings|2018 Austin bombings}}
* {{Annotated link |Child suicide bombers in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
* {{Annotated link |Explosive belt}}
* {{Annotated link |Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg}}
* {{Annotated link |Heather Penney}}
* {{Annotated link|Jauhar}}
* {{Annotated link |Japanese Special Attack Units}}
* {{Annotated link |Kamikaze}}
* {{Annotated link |Martyr}}
* {{Annotated link |Martyrdom video}}
* {{Annotated link |Martyrdom in Islam}}
* {{Annotated link |Martyrdom in Palestinian society}}
* {{Annotated link |Murder-suicide}}
* {{Annotated link |Olei Hagardom}}
* {{Annotated link |Palestinian suicide attacks}}
* {{Annotated link |Suicide Killers}} – 2006 documentary film on psychology of suicide bombers
{{end div col}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist| group = lower-alpha | colwidth = 36em | refs =

{{efn|name=Thousands| Thousands more were injured.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/09/11/nine-facts-about-terrorism-in-the-united-states-since-911/ | title = Nine facts about terrorism in the United States since 9/11| newspaper = The Washington Post | access-date = 26 November 2015 | date = 11 September 2013 | archive-date = 31 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171031233003/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/09/11/nine-facts-about-terrorism-in-the-united-states-since-911/ | url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="3 June 2019" /> The exact figure is unknown―some sources say 6,000.<ref name="Embassy in Georgia" /> people were injured, while others go as high as 25,000.<ref>{{Cite news | last=Stempel | first=Jonathan| title = Accused 9/11 mastermind open to role in victims' lawsuit if not executed | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-sept-11-saudi-ksmohammed/accused-9-11-mastermind-open-to-role-in-victims-lawsuit-if-not-executed-idUSKCN1UO27M | access-date = February 9, 2023 | website = [[Reuters]] | date = 29 July 2019 }}</ref> }}

{{efn|name=early| The militant groups hoped to kill the warden and other officials who usually attended hangings. However, both IEDs donated earlier than planned, killing only the militants, most sources say this was a last moment change of plan when {{ ill |Rabbi Jacob Goldman|he|יעקב גולדמן (רב בתי הסוהר)}} insisted on attending the hanging }}

{{efn|name=Benazir| Named in honour of the martyr (shaheed) [[Benazir Bhutto]], after she was [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto|assassinated by a suicide bomber]] in 2007:
* [[Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University]]
* [[Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College]]
* [[Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University]]
* [[Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College]]
* [[Shaheed Benazir Bhutto City University]] in [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]]
* [[Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Dewan University]] in [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]]
* [[Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (Shaheed Benazirabad)]] in [[Nawabshah]], [[Sindh]]
* [[Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences]] in Sakrand, [[Sindh]]
* [[Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University (Karachi)]] in [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]]
* [[Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (Sheringal)]] in Dir, [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].
* [[Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University]] (previously known as the Frontier Women University, in [[Peshawar]], Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) }}

{{efn|name=ABC| The [[Hebrew acronym]] {{lang|he|אב״כ}} [[Aleph]] [[Bet (letter)|Bet]]ַ [[Kaph]] can also be written {{lang|he|אב״ך}} with the terminal form of the latter [[Kaph]], and the [[Gershayim]] is usually substituted for a double apostrophe or double quote mark.}}

}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|32em|refs=

<ref name="CPOST-LOC-total" >(Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location". Afghanistan (1059) Iraq (1938) and Pakistan (490) have a total 3487 attacks out of a total of 4620 worldwide). {{cite web | title= Year: 1982–2015. Group | url = http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1|website= Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database | access-date = 2015-11-20| archive-date = 2016-01-24| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1}}</ref>

<ref name="AOAV 1881" >{{cite web | title = A short history of suicide bombing | url = https://aoav.org.uk/2020/a-short-history-of-suicide-bombings/ | website = aoav.org.uk | publisher = AOAV | access-date = 6 October 2025 | location = United Kingdom | date = 23 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502110011/https://aoav.org.uk/2020/a-short-history-of-suicide-bombings/ | archive-date = 2021-05-02 | quote = On 13 March 1881, Ignaty Grinevitsky watched as his accomplice threw a small bomb at the convoy of Tsar Alexander II outside the Winter Palace in St Petersburg. Safely enclosed in a carriage made from bullet-proof material as a gift from Napoleon III, the Tsar stepped out, dazed but unhurt.}}</ref>

<ref name="Saudi fighter threatened" >{{cite news | last1=Oppel | first1=Richared A. Jr. | title=2 American Soldiers Are Killed in Insurgent Attacks in Iraq | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/27/world/middleeast/27baghdad.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0 | access-date = 7 October 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date = May 27, 2008|quote=in Mosul, Iraqi security forces raided a house and found six Iraqi boys 15 to 18 years old preparing to become suicide bombers, a police official in Mosul said. According to The Associated Press, four of the boys appeared before local reporters at Mosul police headquarters on Monday, including one who wept and said that a Saudi fighter "threatened to rape our mothers and sisters, destroy our houses and kill our fathers if we did not cooperate with him."}}</ref>

<ref name="JP 844045" >{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-844045 |title='All means are kosher': A look at the IDF's controversial Hannibal Directive - explainer |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |date=2025-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227184954/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-844045 |archive-date=2025-02-27 |quote=
The Hannibal Directive was reportedly created in the 1980s in response to the increased efforts by terrorist groups to take Israeli soldiers captive. These terrorist groups would use their hostages as bargaining chips in prisoner exchanges, where Israel would have to release a disproportionate amount of security prisoners in exchange for their captured soldiers.}}</ref>

<ref name="i24news 20230917" >{{cite web | title=I24NEWS | url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/diaspora-affairs/1694699649-bbc-rejects-criticism-for-linking-ancient-fanatical-jews-with-9-11-terror-attack | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917051933/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/diaspora-affairs/1694699649-bbc-rejects-criticism-for-linking-ancient-fanatical-jews-with-9-11-terror-attack | archive-date=17 September 2023 }}</ref>

<ref name="JP 759136" >{{Cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-759136 |title=Jews were original suicide bombers, BBC says in article on 9/11 attacks | the Jerusalem Post |date=14 September 2023 |access-date=7 October 2025 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914172746/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-759136 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

<ref name="Azami Dawood" >{{cite news | last1=Azami | first1=Dawood | title=How the Taliban groom child suicide bombers | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27250144 | access-date = 9 October 2015|agency=BBC News|date = 15 December 2014|quote=In some cases, [children recruited to be Taliban bombers] were given an amulet containing Koranic verses and told it would help them survive. Some handlers gave children keys to hang round their necks and were told the gates of paradise will open for them}}</ref>

<ref name="Te Ara 1" >{{cite web | ref = Te Ara | date = 2025-09-22 | page = 1 | title = Terrorism and New Zealand: the historical background | website = Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand (teara.govt.nz) | url = https://teara.govt.nz/en/terrorism-and-counter-terrorism/page-1 | publisher = [[New Zealand Government]] | archive-url = https://archive.today/20250922195806/https://teara.govt.nz/en/terrorism-and-counter-terrorism/page-1 | archive-date = 2025-09-22
| quote = In modern times the definition of terrorism remains contested but is generally applied to actions that: — have political aims and motives {{bullet}} are violent or threaten violence {{bullet}} are designed to have far-reaching psychological repercussions beyond the immediate target {{bullet}} are conducted by an organisation with an identifiable structure. — Some people believe that the term terrorism applies only to actions carried out by groups, and not to the actions of countries or individuals. … The assassination of US President William McKinley in September 1901 by the anarchist Leon Czolgosz sparked calls in the New Zealand press to 'exterminate' anarchists. Assassins and anarchists were identified as 'foreigners' and 'continentals' – generally Italian, German or Russian. From the 1880s, police detectives were assigned to keep watch for the arrival of foreign revolutionaries ... New Zealand has been fortunate to have largely been free of terrorism. There have, however, been a number of incidents that might be seen as terrorist. Most involved the actions of individuals rather than organised groups, and lacked clear political motives. One such action was by farmer Joseph Sewell, who blew himself up outside the Murchison courthouse on 14 July 1905. Sewell was angered by a dispute with another local farmer over the ownership of a heifer. In some cases the actions were clearly aimed at property rather than people. It is therefore questionable how accurately they can be described as terrorism. … The [[Wanganui Computer Centre bombing]]: On the night of 18 November 1982, 22-year-old Neil Roberts was killed while attempting to blow up the police computer at the Wanganui Computer Centre. Roberts, an anarchist with a long involvement in the anti-racist and peace movements, appears to have intended to kill himself in the explosion. No one else was harmed in the attack, which targeted the computer rather than police personnel. Roberts's attack was aimed as a blow against what he saw as an oppressive state and society. He left the graffiti message: 'We have maintained a silence closely resembling stupidity'.}}</ref>

<ref name="Begin April 1947" >{{cite web | ref = April 1947 | date = April 1947 | last = Begin | author-link = מנחם בגין | script-title = he: ירושלים (מאיר פיינשטיין ומשה ברזני) | url = https://db.begincenter.org.il/article/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8-%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%99/ | website = מאגר כתבי מנחם בגין - מרכז מורשת בגין |language=he-IL}}</ref>

<ref name="Hoffman 19 March 2015" >{{cite news | url = https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2015/03/19/long-long-road | title=Long, long road | newspaper=[[The Economist]] }}</ref>

<ref name="Embassy in Georgia" >{{cite web | title=A Day of Remembrance | date = 9 February 2023 | url = https://ge.usembassy.gov/a-day-of-remembrance/ | publisher = U.S. Embassy in Georgia | access-date = 27 October 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="Flight 93 National Memorial" >{{cite web | url = https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/flight93story.htm | title = Call to Action - Flight 93 National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service) }}</ref>

<ref name="3 June 2019" >{{Cite news| url = http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/27/us/september-11-anniversary-fast-facts/ | title = September 11th Fast Facts | date = 27 March 2015 |work=CNN| access-date = 14 May 2015 | archive-date = 3 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603190712/https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/27/us/september-11-anniversary-fast-facts/ | url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Charters 2007" >{{cite journal | first1 = David A. | last1 = Charters | date = 2007 | title = Jewish Terrorism and the Modern Middle East | journal = [[Journal of Conflict Studies]] | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | url = https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/10538/11136 | issn = 1715-5673 | quote = Facing the death penalty, two imprisoned Irgun members sacrificed themselves in a "martyrdom operation": they blew themselves up in prison with a smuggled grenade.}}</ref>

<ref name="24 August 2021" >{{cite web | url = https://www.rfi.fr/en/on-9-11-the-deadliest-attacks-in-history | title=On 9/11, the deadliest attacks in history | date = 24 August 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name="Psychology of Terrorism 2014" >{{cite web | last1= de la Corte Ibáñez | first1= Luis | title= The Social Psychology of Suicide Terrorism | url = http://www.ict.org.il/Article/1233/The-Social-Psychology-of-Suicide-Terrorism|website= ict.org.il|publisher= International Institute for Counter Terrorism | access-date = 22 December 2015|date = 19 October 2014|quote= Terrorism involves the use of force or violence in order to instill fear as a means of coercing individuals or groups to change their political or social positions which means that social influence is the ultimate goal of terrorism. Obviously we could say the same about suicide terrorism. […] An alternative perspective views terrorism, including suicide terrorism, as tool: a means to an end and a tactic of warfare that anyone could use.| archive-date = 21 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121085918/https://www.ict.org.il/Article/1233/The-Social-Psychology-of-Suicide-Terrorism}}</ref>

<ref name="Pape-2003" >{{cite journal | last1= Pape | first1= Robert | author1-link=Robert Pape | title=The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism |date = 27 August 2003|volume=97|issue=3|quote=Before the early 1980s, suicide terrorism was rare but not unknown (Lewis 1968; O'Neill 1981; Rapoport 1984). However, since the attack on the U.S. embassy in Beirut in April 1983, there have been at least 188 separate suicide terrorist attacks worldwide, in Lebanon, Israel, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Yemen, Turkey, Russia and the United States.|page=343|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|doi= 10.1017/S000305540300073X|hdl= 1811/31746|s2cid= 1019730|hdl-access= free}}</ref>

<ref name="Rinehart 2021-06-15" >{{cite web | last=Rinehart | first=Christine Sixta |date = 2021-06-15 | title=Escaping Atonement in Sunni Islam |doi=10.36304/ExpwMCUP.2021.03 |location=Quantico, Virginia |publisher=Marine Corps University Press | url = https://www.usmcu.edu/Outreach/Marine-Corps-University-Press/Expeditions-with-MCUP-digital-journal/Escaping-Atonement-in-Sunni-Islam/ | access-date = 2025-06-08 |via=U.S. Marine Corps }}</ref>

<ref name="Ynet 9 March 2010" >{{cite news| date = 9 March 2010 | title = MK Tibi ejected from Olei Hagardom plenum | url = https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3860306,00.html | work = [[Ynet]] News }}</ref>

<ref name="Takeda sacrifice" >{{ill|Arata Takeda|de}} ({{langx|ja|武田新|Takeda Arata}}) {{cite journal| last = Takeda | first = Arata | title = Das regressive Menschenopfer: Vom eigentlichen Skandalon des gegenwärtigen Terrorismus | url = http://www.humanistische-union.de/fileadmin/hu_upload/media/vorg2/vorg197_Takeda.pdf | year = 2012 | journal = Vorgänge – Zeitschrift für Bürgerrechte und Gesellschaftspolitik |volume=51|issue=1| pages = 116–129 }}</ref>

<ref name="mythic discourse" >{{ill|Arata Takeda|de}} ({{langx|ja|武田新|Takeda Arata}}) {{cite journal| last = Takeda | year = 2010 | title = Suicide bombers in Western literature: Demythologizing a mythic discourse | journal = Contemporary Justice Review | volume = 13 | issue = 4 |page =471 | doi = 10.1080/10282580.2010.517985 |s2cid=54018791}}</ref>

<ref name="Takeda 2010" >{{ill|Arata Takeda|de}} ({{langx|ja|[[:ja:武田新|武田新]]|Takeda Arata}}) {{cite book| last = Takeda | year = 2010 | title = Ästhetik der Selbstzerstörung: Selbstmordattentäter in der abendländischen Literatur | page = 296 | location = [[München]] | publisher = Wilhelm Fink | isbn = 978-3-7705-5062-3 | ol = 25296543M }}</ref>

<ref name="Begin 1981" >{{cite web | last = Begin | first = Menachem | author-link = Menachem Begin | year = 1981 | trans-title = Election speech at Malki Yisrael Square – known as the Tchach-Tchachim Speech | script-title = he: נאום בחירות בכיכר מלכי ישראל (מוכר כנאום הצ'חצ'חים) |work=מאגר כתבי מנחם בגין - מרכז מורשת בגין | url = https://db.begincenter.org.il/article/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8-%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%99-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8-%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95/ |language=he-IL}} — Hebrew Wikipedia page about the speech: {{ill|The Tchach-Tchachim Speech|he|נאום הצ'חצ'חים}}</ref>

<ref name="Betty" >{{cite web | script-title = he: קנוט לזרוס בטי – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י | url = https://lehi.org.il/he/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%98-%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1-%D7%91%D7%98%D7%99/ |language=he-IL}}
— English version: {{cite web | title=Knout Lazarus Betty – Freedom Fighters of Israel Heritage Association | url = https://lehi.org.il/en/knut-lazarus-betty/ }}</ref>

<ref name="Haaretz coat bomb" >[[Haaretz]]: https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-12-02/ty-article-magazine/.premium/british-intel-files-reveal-how-the-zionist-stern-gang-terrorized-london/0000017f-f69a-d47e-a37f-ffbecb290000</ref>

<ref name="WOTR 22 July 2021" >{{cite web| last1 = Hoffman | first1 = Bruce | author1-link = Bruce Hoffman | last2 = Ware | first2 = Jacob | author2-link = Jacob Ware | url = https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/july-22-a-pivotal-day-in-terrorism-history/ | title = July 22: A Pivotal Day in Terrorism History | date = 22 July 2021 | work = [[War on the Rocks]] | archive-date = 12 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240312081549/https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/july-22-a-pivotal-day-in-terrorism-history/ | url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="bos carole" >{{cite web| url = https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/Kamikaze-Attacks-Pacific-Theater-WWII | title = Kamikaze Attacks – Pacific Theater, WWII | last=Bos | first=Carole | publisher = AwesomeStories.com | access-date = 22 March 2016 | archive-date = 4 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404210653/https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/Kamikaze-Attacks-Pacific-Theater-WWII }}</ref>

<ref name="kamikazeimages.net" >{{cite web| url = http://www.kamikazeimages.net/books/japanese/yuki/index.htm | title = Yuki wa juunanasai tokkou de shinda (Yuki died at 17 in a kamikaze attack) | publisher = Kamikaze Images | access-date = 22 March 2016 | archive-date = 25 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172659/http://www.kamikazeimages.net/books/japanese/yuki/index.htm | url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Gordon" >{{cite web | url = http://www.kamikazeimages.net/writings/araki/index.htm | title = Last Letters of Corporal Yukio Araki | last = Gordon | first = Bill | date = May 2005 | publisher = Kamikaze Images | access-date = 23 March 2016 | archive-date = 16 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181216011446/http://www.kamikazeimages.net/writings/araki/index.htm | url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="shahid in Israel" >{{cite news| date = 23 June 2024 | last1 = Zbeedat | first1 = Nagham | url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-06-06/ty-article/.premium/explained-what-shahid-or-martyr-means-for-palestinians-and-israelis/0000018f-e351-d1da-adaf-f7df71ae0000 | title = Explained: What 'Shahid' or 'Martyr' means for Palestinians and Israelis | newspaper = [[Haaretz]] | archive-url = https://archive.today/20250315131622/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-06-06/ty-article/.premium/explained-what-shahid-or-martyr-means-for-palestinians-and-israelis/0000018f-e351-d1da-adaf-f7df71ae0000 | archive-date = 2025-03-15 }}</ref>

<ref name="first shahid" >{{cite news| trans-title = "Samson was the first shahid" | script-title = he: "שמשון היה השאהיד הראשון" שוב היהודים אשמים. העיתונות הערבית חשפה את ההשראה למחבלים המתאבדים: שמשון הגיבור היה המתאבד הראשון בהיסטוריה | url = https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART1/586/982.html | agency = [[Al-Ittihad (Emirati newspaper)]] | via = [[Makor Rishon]] (with criticism) | date = 27 May 2007 | script-quote = he: הכתבה, שפורסמה בעיתון "אל-אתחאד", היוצא לאור באיחוד האמירויות הערביות, תחת הכותרת "פיגועי ההתאבדות החלו ביהודים ולא הסתיימו בקמיקאזה", מתארת את פיגועי ההתאבדות לאורך ההיסטוריה, ומזכירה למשל את הטייסים היפנים ממלחמת העולם השנייה שצללו למותם כדי לפגוע באוניות אמריקניות, את ה"נמרים הטמילים" מסרי-לנקה, ואת המתאבדים הספרדים שפוצצו עצמם במהלך מלחמת האזרחים שפרצה במדינה בשנות ה-30 של המאה שעברה. | trans-quote = The article, published in the newspaper "Al-Ittihad", published in the United Arab Emirates, under the headline "Suicide attacks began with Jews and did not end with kamikazes", describes suicide attacks throughout history, and mentions, for example, the Japanese pilots from World War II who dived to their deaths to hit American ships, the "Tamil Tigers" from Sri Lanka, and the Spanish suicide bombers who blew themselves up during the civil war that broke out in the country in the 1930s. |language=he}} – Note: the Hebrew word used is "Shahid", which is derived from the Arabic word "Shaheed", meaning [[martyr]], but which is not generally used to refer to Jewish martyrs. It has connotations of terrorism in [[Modern Hebrew]].</ref>

<ref name="CPoST" >{{cite web| title = Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism. Suicide Attack Database | url = http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 | website = Cpostdata.uchicago.edu | publisher = [[University of Chicago]] | access-date = 24 March 2016 | archive-date = 24 January 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://cpostdata.uchicago.edu/search_new.php?clear=1 }}</ref>

<ref name="Begin 1951" >{{Cite book | title-link = The Revolt | title = The Revolt | author-link = Menachem Begin | last = Begin | first = Menachem | edition = English revised | publisher = [[Dell Books]] | ref = The Revolt }} {{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/the-revolt-menahem-begin | date = 2021-12-26 | title = Archived | website = archive.org }}</ref>

<ref name="Hunter 2015 (AOAV)" >{{cite web| last=Hunter | first=Jane |date = 5 June 2015 | title = Suicide bombings: What does the law actually say? | url = https://aoav.org.uk/2015/suicide-bombings-what-does-the-law-say/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150611185742/https://aoav.org.uk/2015/suicide-bombings-what-does-the-law-say/ | archive-date = 11 June 2015 | publisher = [[Action on Armed Violence]] (AOAV)}}</ref>

<ref name="Hoffman-6-2003">{{cite magazine| author1-link = Bruce Hoffman | last1 = Hoffman | first1 = Bruce | title = The Logic of Suicide Terrorism|magazine = [[The Atlantic]] | date = June 2003 | url = https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/06/the-logic-of-suicide-terrorism/302739/ | access-date = 13 October 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180815005901/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/06/the-logic-of-suicide-terrorism/302739/ | archive-date = 2018-08-15}}</ref>

<ref name="Hoffman-6-2003 & RAND" >{{harvnb|Hoffman|2003}}: According to data from the Rand Corporation's chronology of international terrorism incidents, suicide attacks on average kill four times as many people as other terrorist acts.</ref>

<ref name="F24 Ynet KO SA" >{{harvnb|France24|2022}} and {{harvnb|Ynet|2022}}: "The massacre was planned as a suicide attack and all three Japanese militants had intended to mutilate their faces with their grenades to make identification more difficult. Two of them died but [[Kōzō Okamoto|Okamoto]] was wounded and captured."</ref>

<ref name="Okamoto hope" >{{harv|Kowner|2022}} "Okamoto himself sought to take full responsibility for his actions. He was a model of cooperation in the interrogation, and confessed in the hope that he would be executed quickly."</ref>

<ref name="Wadie JC" >{{cite web| last1 = Bush | first1 = Lawrence | title = The Lod Airport Terrorist Attack | url = https://jewishcurrents.org/the-lod-airport-terrorist-attack | website = Jewish Currents | date = 29 May 2017 | quote = [[Wadie Haddad]] (Abu Hani), the Palestinian who was the primary organizer of the attack and later organized the Entebbe airport attack in Uganda, was poisoned to death by Mossad in early 1978.}}</ref>

<ref name="Moghadam 2006" >{{Cite book| year = 2006 | last = Moghadam | first = Assaf | author-link = Assaf Moghadam | chapter = Defining suicide terrorism | title = Root causes of suicide terrorism: the globalization of martyrdom | publisher = Routledge | isbn=978-0-415-77029-3 | editor-last = Pedahzur | editor-first = Ami | edition = Reprinted | series = Cass series on political violence | location = London | pages = 13–24 }}</ref>

<ref name="Benjamin" >{{cite web| last1 = Feinstein | first1 = Benjamin | date = 1 April 1947 | location = Karem Quarter, Jerusalem | title = Letter to: The President, Military Court Jerusalem | url = https://www.infocenters.co.il/jabo/jabo_multimedia/Files/linked/%D7%9713%20-3_43.PDF | website = www.infocenters.co.il | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250511212638/https://www.infocenters.co.il/jabo/jabo_multimedia/Files/linked/%D7%9713%20-3_43.PDF | archive-date = 2025-05-11 | page = 10 | quote = Now regarding the age of my brother Meir. So far the Prosecutors has tendered the following evidence on the subject: 1. A Birth Certificate issued by the Health Department, Government of Palestine, stating that the age of my brother Meir is 17 years 8 months. 2. My mother's sworn affidavit to the same effect. Medical Report by the Government Medical Officer, who was instructed to examine my brother at the request of the prosecutor, stating that my brother's age is 17½ yearв. Evidence by two military doctors that the age of my brother is 23-26 years.}}</ref>

<ref name="Bella" >{{cite web | last1 = Feinstein | first1 = Bella | title = SWORN by the said Mrs. BELLA FEINSTEIN of Jerusalem, before mе, Magistrete at Jerusalem this day of April 1947. | url = https://www.infocenters.co.il/jabo/jabo_multimedia/Files/linked/%D7%9713%20-3_42.PDF | date = April 1947 | website = www.infocenters.co.il/jabo/jabo_multimedia | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241230172926/https://www.infocenters.co.il/jabo/jabo_multimedia/Files/linked/%D7%9713%20-3_42.PDF | archive-date = 2024-12-30 | page = 5 | quote = This affidavit is sworn in support of an application for a judgment declaring that my said son Meir was born in Jerusalem on the 30th day of July 1929, or alternatively that on the 3rd day of April, 1947 he had not yet attained the age of 18 years.}}</ref>

<ref name="Inquest Page 326" >{{Citation | title=In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased ''(Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest)''|page=326| publisher=State of Michigan | date = 23–25 May 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="Inquest Page 352" >{{Citation | title=In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased ''(Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest)'' |page=352| publisher = [[State of Michigan]] | date = 23–25 May 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="Inquest Winchester" >{{Citation | title=In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased ''(Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest)''|pages=107, 135, 326, 328|publisher=State of Michigan | date = 23–25 May 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="Jones PhD Dissertation Page 1" >{{cite book | last=Jones | first=Amie | title=The Forgotten Children of Bath: Media and Memory of the Bath School Bombing of 1927 (PhD Dissertation) |year=2019 |publisher=[[University of Georgia]] |page=1 | url = https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/jones_amie_m_201908_phd.pdf | access-date = August 14, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220706215616/https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/jones_amie_m_201908_phd.pdf | archive-date = July 6, 2022}} Independently published in 2021: {{ISBN|979-8-4961-5073-6}}.</ref>

<ref name="ellsworth ch 2" >{{cite web | url = http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterTwo | title=Chapter Two{{spaces}}– Writer's Experience|work=The Bath School Disaster | author=Ellsworth, Monty J.|year=1927| publisher = Bath School Museum Committee (1991 ed.) | format = online version | access-date = 21 September 2018 | url-status=usurped| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171024231535/http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterTwo | archive-date = 24 October 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Burcar" >{{cite book | last=Burcar | first=Colleen | title=It Happened in Michigan: Remarkable Events That Shaped History|year=2011|publisher=Globe Pequot | url = {{GBurl|3xcjTa3sRisC|pg=PA87}} | access-date = January 15, 2013|pages=86–87|isbn=978-0-7627-6754-0}}</ref>

<ref name="kikar" >{{cite news | script-title = he: שלושה אירועי "תָּמוֹת נַפְשִׁי עִם פְּלִשְׁתִּים" של גיבורינו בעזה | url = https://www.kikar.co.il/haredim-news/s8s5o8 | work = כיכר השבת www.kikar.co.il | date = 13 February 2024 |language=he| script-quote = he: כתב ההיסטוריון צבי אילן כי במהלך הקרב הקשה הוצת זחל"מ ישראלי, ונהגו ביצע מעשה הקרבה בל יאמן. הוא הסיע את הרכב הבוער לעבר שני זחל"מים מצריים, התנגש בהם ופוצץ אותם על יושביהם. מהדורה זו היא שלישית במספר של "תמות נפשי עם פלישתים", וההיסטוריה חוזרת על עצמה שוב ושוב בגבורת העם היהודי הנאבק באויביו.}}</ref>

<ref name="yNet Ali" >{{cite news | author1 = Shakib Ali ({{langx|ar|شكيب علي}}) {{langx|he|שקיב (שכיב) עלי}} | script-title = he: לשחרר אותם לפני שלחמאס לא יהיה מה להפסיד | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1qcbdeit | work = Ynet | date = 8 December 2023 |language=he| script-quote = he: מצמררת המחשבה על הסיפור המקראי על שמשון הגיבור, שנתפס על ידי הפלישתים והוחזק בעזה, שם נקשר לעמודי המקדש. אחרי שהבין שלא יוכל להשתחרר, העדיף לנקום באויביו ומוטט את עמודי המבנה עליו ועל שוביו ואמר "תמות נפשי עם פלישתים".}}</ref>

<ref name="Judges 16" >From [[Judges 16]]:30 – Usually translated as '' 'Let me die with the Philistines' '' – {{cite web| title = Judges 16: Hebrew - English Bible - Mechon-Mamre | url = https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0716.htm | website = mechon-mamre.org }} '''English:''' 30 And Samson said: 'Let me die with the Philistines'. And he bent with all his might; and the house fell upon the lords, and upon all the people that were therein. So the dead that he slew at his death were more than they that he slew in his life. '''Hebrew:''' {{lang|he|ל וַיֹּאמֶר שִׁמְשׁוֹן, תָּמוֹת נַפְשִׁי עִם-פְּלִשְׁתִּים, וַיֵּט בְּכֹחַ, וַיִּפֹּל הַבַּיִת עַל-הַסְּרָנִים וְעַל-כָּל-הָעָם אֲשֶׁר-בּוֹ; וַיִּהְיוּ הַמֵּתִים, אֲשֶׁר הֵמִית בְּמוֹתוֹ, רַבִּים, מֵאֲשֶׁר הֵמִית בְּחַיָּיו.}}</ref>

<ref name="Masada" >{{cite book | last1=Hassan | first1=Riaz | title=Suicide Bombings|date = 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis.|page=8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DgQ_opkHdJ0C&q=Jewish++sect+suicidal&pg=PA8 | access-date = 13 October 2015|isbn=978-1-136-80452-6}} Quote: "Members of these sects numbered in the hundreds and, starting around AD 48, carried out suicidal missions to kill prominent Jews, temple priests who had succumbed to Hellenistic culture and Roman soldiers … Zealots and Sicarii continued their attacks for a quarter of a century, provoking brutal Roman retaliatory reprisals … The Jewish War finally ended at Masada. When the Roman army attacked this fortress at the end of AD 72, there were 960 insurgents and refugees within. Once the fall of the fortress became inevitable, Eleazar, the leader of the Zealots, persuaded Masada's defenders to engage in what remains one of the most famous group suicides in history. The Zealots in Masada preferred to die by their own hand rather than be captured by their Roman enemies. The symbolic act demonstrated their steadfast opposition to Roman oppression. The act of mass suicide was a political act."{{long quote|date=January 2026}}
* Citing (Rapoport 1984: 670): "… To generate a mass uprising, they escalated the struggle by shock tactics to manipulate fear, outrage, sympathy and guilt. Sometimes these emotional effects were provoked by terrorist atrocities which went beyond the consensual norms governing violence; at other times, they were produced by provoking the enemy into committing atrocities against his will."{{long quote|date=January 2026}}
* Citing (Pape 2005: 34): "… to be able to die nobly and freely… Only our shared death is able to protect our wives and children from violation and slavery … We, who have been brought up at home in this way, should set an example to others in our readiness to die… This suicide is commanded by our laws. Our wives and children ask for it. God himself has sent us the necessity for it."{{long quote|date=January 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Margalit" >{{langx|he| פניה רסקין (מרגלית) | Fania Raskin (Margalit)}}
*  {{cite book | title = Lehi People | script-title = he: לח"י אנשים | year = 2002 | location = [[Tel Aviv]] | volume = 2 | page = 800 | url = https://books.lehi.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%99-%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D-2-%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99.pdf | access-date = 21 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241221184320/https://books.lehi.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%99-%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D-2-%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99.pdf | archive-date = 21 December 2024 | script-quote = he: כאשר תוכננה התנקשות בגנרל בארקר, מפקד הצבא הבריטי בארץ־ישראל, הועלה רעיון, שבחורה תטייל עם עגלת תינוק, שתתפוצץ כאשר הגנרל יעבור לידה. נשאלה השאלה איך הבחורה תצליח להסתלק לפני ההתפוצצות. כאן התפרצה פניה והציעה את עצמה. בשביל פעולה כזאת, אמרה, היא תמצא כוחות לעמוד וללכת. ״ממילא חיי אינם חיים״, הוסיפה היא התכוונה לפעולת ״תמות נפשי עם פלשתים״. הצעתה נדחתה, כמובן. פניה רסקין הלכה לעולמה ב־-20.7.1947ג׳ מנחם אב תש״ז, בירושלים והיא בת 31 |language=he-IL}}
*  {{cite web | title = Raskin, Fania – Freedom Fighters of Israel Heritage Association | url = https://lehi.org.il/en/raskin-fania/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220707020736/https://lehi.org.il/en/raskin-fania/ | archive-date = 7 July 2022 | quote = Fania then spoke up and volunteered herself. She was sure that for an operation such as this, she would find the strength to stand and walk. "My life is no life anyway" she added. This was a "[[Let my soul die with the Philistines]]" proposal, the Samson option. Of course, her suggestion was rejected. Fania Raskin passed away on 20 July 1947, in Jerusalem. She was thirty-one.}}
*  {{cite web| script-title = he: רסקין פַניה – "מרגלית" – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י | url = https://lehi.org.il/he/%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%a7%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%a4%d6%b7%d7%a0%d7%99%d7%94/ | script-quote = he: הנצחה באנדרטה ביער לח"י במשמר איילון … שמה של פניה רסקין חרוט על לוח באנדרטה ביער לח"י | trans-quote = Commemoration at the monument in the Lehi Forest in Mishmar Ayalon … Fania Raskin's name is engraved on a plaque at the Lehi Forest memorial. |language=he-IL}} – Description: In the close up image, her name is the last on the list {{langx|he| פניה רסקין | Fania Raskin }}, with her Hebrew alias in brackets {{langx|he| מרגלית | Margalit }}.</ref>

<ref name="rev globes" >(Author name in {{langx|he| דרור פויר }}) {{cite news | date = 26 January 2009 | author1 = Dror Feuer | script-title = he: תמות נפשי עם פלישתים | trans-title = Let my soul die with the Philistines | url = https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1000419938 | work = [[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]] www.globes.co.il | archive-url = https://archive.today/20250312182614/https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1000419938 | archive-date = 2025-03-12 | script-quote = he: שבצה"ל החמירו את נוהל "חניבעל" והנחו את החיילים למנוע בכל מחיר מקרה של "גלעד שליט 2". כלומר: אם אתה חייל ומנסים לחטוף אותך, עליך להתנגד. לא הולך? עליך להתאבד ולקחת כמה שיותר לוחמי חמאס אתך (מג"ד מגולני ממליץ על שימוש ברימון אישי…) … אם זהו הלך המחשבה, למה שלא יקחו את נוהל "חניבעל" וישדרגו אותו עוד קצת ויהפכו אותו לנוהל "שמשון"? למה לחכות שיבואו חוטפים כשאפשר לקחת את החיילים ולשלוח אותם ישר להתאבד, בבחינת תמות נפשי עם פלשתים, ולסגור עניין. | trans-quote = (machine translation) The IDF strictened the "Hannibal" procedure and instructed the soldiers to prevent a case of "[[Gilad Shalit]] 2" at all costs. In other words: if you are a soldier and they try to kidnap you, you must resist. Le Holech? (see note) You must commit suicide and take as many Hamas fighters with you as possible (the battalion commander from Golani recommends the use of a grenade) ... If this is the mindset, why not take the "Hannibal" procedure and upgrade it a little further and turn it into the "[[Shimshon#Suicide attack|Shimshon]]" procedure? Why wait for kidnappers to come when it is possible to take the soldiers and send them straight to commit suicide, in the sense of [[die with the Philistines|dying with the Philistines]], and closing the matter.}} '''Note:''' the phrase "Le Holech?" ({{lang|he|לא הולך?}}) can be translated as ''"not working?"'' or ''"won't you?"'' or a few other phrases. {{verify source| reason = please verify translation of "Le Holech?" |date=November 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="JTA 18 Apr 47" >{{cite news | title = Palestine Military Commander Orders Two More Jews to Hang; Commutes Sentence of Third | url = https://www.jta.org/archive/palestine-military-commander-orders-two-more-jews-to-hang-commutes-sentence-of-third | work = [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] | date = 18 April 1947 | quote = Lt. Gen. [[Gordon MacMillan|Gordon H.A. MacMillan]], Palestine military commander, today confirmed the death sentences imposed on two Palestine Jews and commuted the sentence of a third to life imprisonment. Under amendments to the Emrgency Defense Regulations published yesterday there is no appeal from his decision. The condemned men are [[Moshe Barazani]], 21, and [[Meir Feinstein]], whose age the prosecution claims is 23. The third youth is [[Daniel Azulai]]. Barazani is a self-confessed [[Avraham Stern|Sternist]], who told the military court which convicted him that "you will not frighten us with your gallows". Feinstein's mother insists that her son, a veteran of the [[British Army]], is only 17. Barazani was captured in Jerusalem during the [[March 1947 martial law in Mandatory Palestine|imposition of martial law]] with hand grenade in his possession. The other two youths were charged with having participated in an {{ ill |attack on the Jerusalem central railroad station|he}} last October.}}</ref>

<ref name="JTA 4 April 1947" >{{cite web| date = 4 April 1947 | title = Two More Palestinian Jews Sentenced to Death; Seven Now Stand in Shadow of Gallows | url = https://www.jta.org/archive/two-more-palestinian-jews-sentenced-to-death-seven-now-stand-in-shadow-of-gallows | website = [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250511225304/https://www.jta.org/archive/two-more-palestinian-jews-sentenced-to-death-seven-now-stand-in-shadow-of-gallows | archive-date = 2025-05-11 | quote = Feinstein was sentenced to death following a government "expert's" testimony that he was at least 18 years old. The death sentence may not be imposed on anybody under that age. His brother attempted several times to tell the court that he was only 17, but he was refused permission to testify. Since the defendant's birth certificate was missing, the "expert" was ordered to estimate his age.}}</ref>

<ref name="MR 27 July 2017" >{{cite web | title = Challenge Validation | script-title = he: כל הדרך לגרדום: ימיו האחרונים של מאיר פיינשטיין | url = https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART2/887/372.html | newspaper = [[Makor Rishon]] | date = 27 July 2017 | quote = מאיר פיינשטיין נולד וגדל בירושלים. אם שואלים את אתר הזיכרון הרשמי של חללי צה"ל או את ויקיפדיה, תאריך הלידה שלו הוא 5 באוקטובר 1927. לדברי אחיינו, המועד הנכון הוא יולי 1929. |language=he}}</ref>

<ref name="MF iz" >{{cite web | script-title = he: טוראי מאיר פיינשטיין | website= www.izkor.gov.il | url = https://www.izkor.gov.il/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%20%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F/en_d9be30d455b8681b805f81f25da337aa }}</ref>

<ref name="study unit" >{{cite news| last1 = Kashti | first1 = Or | title = New study unit on pre-state fighters proves controversial | url = https://www.haaretz.com/2009-12-22/ty-article/new-study-unit-on-pre-state-fighters-proves-controversial/0000017f-ebc5-d3be-ad7f-fbef2c930000 | work = Haaretz | date = 22 December 2009 }} '''Quotes:'''
* An unnamed "senior university historian" said, "There are moral and philosophical questions that should be addressed when you teach 14-year-olds about people who chose to die rather than accept a pardon or negotiate with the British authorities … The new program embraces martyrdom and worships the victim for being a victim".
* "In a letter announcing the new program, (Education Minister [[Gideon Sa'ar]]) wrote, 'I hope the program, recounting Olei Hagardom's devotion to the struggle for Israel's independence, will bolster the students' ties with their people and heritage … and that their devotion will serve as an ideological model for our youth'."</ref>

<ref name="Aderet 2021-11-01" >{{cite news| last1 = Aderet | first1 = Ofer | date = 2021-11-01 | script-title = he: גם ממרחק של 75 שנה, קשה להאמין שהסיפור הזה התרחש בירושלים | url = https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/2021-11-01/ty-article-magazine/.premium/0000017f-db47-d856-a37f-ffc706930000 | newspaper = [[Haaretz]] | edition = Hebrew |language=he}}</ref>

<ref name="Perth 22 April 1947" >{{cite news| date = 22 April 1947 | title = Terrorists Suicide Before Execution | url = https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/78209995 | work = [[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)]] | location = [[Perth, Western Australia]] | quote = JERUSALEM, Tuesday — Two Jewish terrorists who were to have been executed before dawn today committed suicide in their cells shortly before midnight last night. They killed themselves by holding small quantities of explosives against their hearts shortly after they had received the last rites from. Jewish prison chaplain Rabbi {{ ill |Jacob Goldman|he|יעקב גולדמן (רב בתי הסוהר)}}. It is not known yet how they detonated the explosive. Rabbi Goldman was taken to police headquarters immediately after the men suicided. The men inscribed the Biblical phrase '[[Mene mene tekel upharsin]]' on the walls of their cells in the Jerusalem central prison be- fore killing themselves. The phrase is from the [[book of Daniel]], [[Daniel 5|chapter 5]]. verse 25. Daniel gave the interpretation of mene as ''God hath numbered thy kingdom and finished it'' and tekel as ''Thou art weighed in the balances and art found wanting.'' The two men, Meyer Feinstein and Moshe Barazani, had earlier appealed to the High Commissioner for clemency. Feinstein was sentenced to death for his part in the bomb outrage at [[Jerusalem–Khan railway station|Jerusalem railway station]] last October and Barazani was sentenced for having a hand grenade in his possession last month.}}</ref>

<ref name="Sheleg 2007" >{{cite web| last = Sheleg | first = Yair | date = 2007-04-07 | title = The Good Jailer | newspaper = [[Haaretz]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/2007-04-07/ty-article/the-good-jailer/0000017f-e225-d75c-a7ff-feaddde60000 | url-access=subscription | access-date = 24 July 2008 }} — Archive: {{cite web| title = The good jailer | newspaper = [[Haaretz]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/846330.html | archive-date = 26 March 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326071126/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/846330.html }}</ref>

<ref name="Sheleg 2007 approval" >{{harvnb|Sheleg|2007}} "Of course, we needed the condemned men's approval," (the Lehi veteran) recalls. "Moshe agreed right away, but since there was an [[Irgun]] man with him we had to request their approval, too. We asked the person responsible for Irgun prisoners in the jail, [[Eliyahu Tamler|Yehoshua Tamler]], what he thought, and he said they needed the consent of the top command. We had to wait a few days, despite fearing that they would be taken to the gallows in the meantime, until approval arrived from the commander of the Irgun, [[Menachem Begin]]."</ref>

<ref name="Sheleg 2007 suicide operation" >{{harvnb|Sheleg|2007}} (Yoram Tamir director of the [[Museum of Underground Prisoners]]) "…says the Lehi had envisioned a suicide operation during the hanging of one of their men prior to this incident: "They called it Operation Samson, in an allusion to the suicide of the biblical figure." Eliezer Ben-Ami, who prepared the makeshift orange grenades while he was imprisoned along with the two men, confirms that the plan was to turn their ascent to the gallows into an action that would harm the British authorities."</ref>

<ref name="Chissin" >'''Hebrew version:''' {{cite web| trans-title = Name: Ben-Ami (Chissin) Eliezer – Nickname in Lehi: Yehezkel | script-title = he: שם: בן־עמי (חסין) אליעזר – כינוי בלח״י: יחזקאל | url = https://web.archivhttps://lehi.org.il/he/%D7%91%D7%9F%D6%BE%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99-%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8-%D7%99%D7%97%D7%96%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C/ | website = lehi.org.il/he | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230130084546/https://lehi.org.il/he/%D7%91%D7%9F%D6%BE%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99-%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8-%D7%99%D7%97%D7%96%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C/ | archive-date = 2023-01-30 | script-quote = he: בין תפקידיו המרובים: מדריך חבלה, סילוק פצצות, קצין ייצור, מפקד סדנא, ראש מדור ניסויים, מג"ד 276 ורע"נ אב"כ. (ראש ענף אטומית ביולוגית כימית). ביום 20 באפריל 1948 נשא אליעזר לאישה את חברתו מהלח"י דרורה גלעדי (רזניצקי), אותה הכיר בשנת 1943. נולדו להם: ארנון, דורון ורווית, ונכדים. | trans-quote = Among his many positions: sabotage instructor, bomb disposal, production officer, workshop commander, head of the experimental section, battalion commander 276 and senior engineer in A.B.C. (head of the Atomic Biological Chemical Branch). On 20 April 1948, Eliezer married his girlfriend from Lehi, Drora Giladi (Reznitzky), whom he had met in 1943. |language=he}} '''Translation note:''' In Hebrew it uses the acronyms {{langx|he|רע"נ אב"כ|[[Resh]].[[Ayin|Ayn]].[[Nun (letter)|Nun]]. [[Aleph]].[[Bet (letter)|Bet]].[[Kaph]].}} then expands them in brackets as {{langx|he|ראש ענף אטומית ביולוגית כימית||Branch head Atomic Biological Chemical}}.
'''English translation:''' {{cite web | title = Ben-Ami (Chissin) Eliezer – "Yechezkel" – Freedom Fighters of Israel Heritage Association | url = https://lehi.org.il/en/ben-ami-chassin-eliezer/ | work=lehi.org.il/en | quote = He became known for assembling 'Grenade Filled Oranges' used by [[Moshe Barazani]] and [[Meir Feinstein]], who blew themselves up three hours before their British-planned execution. He was released 8 February 1948, and stayed active until joining the [[IDF]] 31 May 1948. He was discharged September 1969 ranking Lieutenant-Colonel. Eliezer served in the 8th Brigade, the Engineering Corps, and the Ordnance Corps, from dismantling bombshells to Commanding a Battalion. In 1951 he successfully finished an Engineer Corps Officers' Course and was sent to study at the Technion. He was involved in developing and testing armaments. He graduated Command and HQ School. Among his positions: instructor, sapper, Production Officer, Experimental Branch Head, 276 Battalion Commander, and Head of the Atomic-Biological-Chemical Weapons Branch.}}</ref>

<ref name="Reznitsky (en)" >{{cite news| date = 25 May 2023 | last1 = Elbaz Alush | first1 = Korin | title = In honor of IDF's 75th anniversary, first recruits share stories from the frontlines | url = https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/sjb311f3rh | work = Ynetnews | quote=Ben-Ami was quite the character, and knew no fear. Even when he joined the army, he acted on his own terms. "I enlisted under a false name," he said. "I chose to enlist as Eliezer Reznitsky. I took the last name of my girlfriend, who waited for me for five years while I was in prison, and later she became my wife. I knew that the [Ben-Gurion's] [[Mapai Party]] didn't want the borders I wanted for the country, and that the IDF wouldn't be the liberation army of the Israeli nation. So, I acted as I did underground, where we had nicknames. I changed my last name so that I wouldn't be recognized, in case I needed to fight beyond the borders that the IDF set. Only when I received the rank of sergeant did I return to my original last name." Ben-Ami enlisted in the 8th Armored Brigade … he transferred to the Combat Engineering Corps, then to the Technology and Maintenance Corps, and then back to engineering. He enlisted in the first Engineering Officers Course, in which he excelled, and went on to fulfill various roles: sapper, explosives instructor, and also higher-ranking roles.}} (Note, this is an English version, not a direct translation of the story in Hebrew edition)</ref>

<ref name="Reznitsky (he)" >{{cite news| date = 24 May 2023 | last1 = אלבז-אלוש | first1 = קורין | trans-title = Pioneer Corps: The IDF celebrates 75 years, and those who enlisted when it was founded remember how it all began | script-title = he: חיל החלוץ: צה"ל חוגג 75, ואלו שהתגייסו עם הקמתו זוכרים איך הכול התחיל | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1oxgsqhh | work = [[Ynet]] |language=he| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230526182429/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1oxgsqhh | archive-date = 2023-05-26 | script-quote = he: … "התגייסתי עם שם בדוי … בחרתי להתגייס כאליעזר רזניצקי. לקחתי את שם משפחתה של חברתי, שחיכתה לי במשך חמש שנים כשישבתי בכלא ולימים הפכה לאשתי. ידעתי שמפא"י לא רוצה את גבולות הארץ שאני רציתי ושצה"ל לא יהיה צבא השחרור של עם ישראל, אז פעלתי כמו במחתרת, שבה היו לנו כינויים … רק כשקיבלתי דרגת סמל חזרתי לשם משפחתי המקורי" … בן עמי התגייס לחטיבה 8, חטיבת השריון הראשונה בפיקודו של יצחק שדה. משם עבר לחיל ההנדסה, ואז לחימוש, ושוב להנדסה. הוא יצא לקורס קציני ההנדסה הראשון, סיים בהצטיינות והמשיך לשלל תפקידים: מסלק פצצות, מדריך חבלה וראש ענף אב"כ. | trans-quote = … 'I enlisted under a false name … I chose to enlist as Eliezer Reznitzky. I took the last name of my girlfriend, who waited for me for five years while I was in prison and later became my wife. I knew that [[Mapai]] did not want the borders of the country that I wanted and that the IDF would not be the liberation army of the people of Israel, so I acted like I did in the underground, where we had nicknames … Only when I received the rank of sergeant did I return to my original last name' … Ben Ami enlisted in the 8th Brigade, the first armored brigade under the command of [[Yitzhak Sadeh]]. From there he transferred to the Engineering Corps, then to Armaments, and back to Engineering. He took the first Engineering Officers' Course, graduated with honors, and went on to hold a variety of positions: bomb disposal officer, sabotage instructor, and head of the ABC branch.}} — '''Note:''' The name is {{langx|he|אליעזר רזניצקי|Eliezer Reznitsky}}, and the acronym is {{langx|he|אב"כ|A.B.C.}} with the letters [[Aleph]]–[[Bet (letter)|Bet]]–[[Kaph]], which stands for "atomic, biological, and chemical".</ref>

<ref name="EBA SA" >{{cite web| work = שי אלוני | script-work = he: שי אלוני shayaloni.co.il | script-title = he: לוחמים / אליעזר "יחזקאל" בן עמי (לח"י) | trans-title = Fighters / Eliezer "Yehezkel" Ben Ami (Lehi) | url = https://shayaloni.co.il/portfolio/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8-%D7%91%D7%9F-%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250513093014/https://shayaloni.co.il/portfolio/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8-%D7%91%D7%9F-%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99/ | archive-date = 2025-05-13 | script-quote = he: בן עמי היה זה שתכנן ויצר את שני "רימוני התפוז" בתוך כתלי בית הכלא, עבור משה ברזני (לח"י) ומאיר פיינשטין (אצ"ל), שפוצצו עצמם למוות כשלוש שעות לפני הוצאתם לגרדום. ב 1948, לאחר שחרורו מהכלא שב לפעילות בלח"י עד לפרוק המחתרת. בן עמי התגייס לצה"ל לחטיבה 8 עם כל לוחמי לח"י, בהמשך עבר להנדסה ולחיל החימוש. עסק בפיתוח אמצעי לחימה. בוגר ביה"ס לפיקוד ומטה. בין תפקידיו הרבים בצבא: מדריך חבלה וסילוק פצצות, קצין יצור, מפקד סדנא, ראש מדור ניסויים, מג"ד 276 וראש ענף לוחמת אב"כ. ב 1969, השתחרר מ צה"ל בדרגת סא"ל. |language=he-IL}}</ref>

<ref name="19 October 2005" >{{cite news | script-title = he: החדר האטום הראשון | url = https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2005-10-19/ty-article/0000017f-def9-d3ff-a7ff-fff906dc0000 | work = Haaretz הארץ – Hebrew edition | date = 19 October 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250513090810/https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2005-10-19/ty-article/0000017f-def9-d3ff-a7ff-fff906dc0000 | archive-date = 2025-05-13 |language=he}}</ref>

<ref name="murdered by the British" >{{Harvnb|Begin|1947}}:
{{langx|he|הם לא איבדו את עצמם לדעת. הם נרצחו על-ידי התליין הבריטי.||They did not commit the sin of suicide; they were murdered by the British executioner.}}</ref>

<ref name="hLLY LHY" >128 Lehi Martyrs
* {{cite web | script-title = he: חללי לח"י – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י | url = https://lehi.org.il/he/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99-%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%99/ |language=he-IL}}
* {{cite news | trans-title = Memorial Day ceremony for the fallen of Israel's armed forces, victims of hostilities, and 128 martyrs of the Lehi movement… | script-title = he: טקס יום הזיכרון לחללי מערכות ישראל, נפגעי פעולות האיבה ו-128 חללי לח"י, יום רביעי, 30.4.25, ב' באייר תשפ"ה, בשעה 10:30 – העמותה להנצחת מורשת לח״י | url = https://lehi.org.il/he/%d7%98%d7%a7%d7%a1-%d7%99%d7%95%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%96%d7%99%d7%9b%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%9f-%d7%9c%d7%97%d7%9c%d7%9c%d7%99-%d7%9e%d7%a2%d7%a8%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%99%d7%a9%d7%a8%d7%90%d7%9c-%d7%a0%d7%a4%d7%92/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250417050159/https://lehi.org.il/he/%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1-%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%94%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99-%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%92/ | archive-date = 17 April 2025 | access-date = 17 April 2025 |language=he-IL}}</ref>

<ref name="EO 2007" >{{cite web| date = 19 April 2007 | last1 = Olmert | first1 = Ehud | author1-link = Ehud Olmert | title = PM's Speech at the Ceremony Marking 60 Years Since Feinstein and Barzani Faced the Gallows | url = https://www.gov.il/en/pages/speechgar190407 | publisher = Prime Minister's Office: The 31st Government }}</ref>

<ref name="BN 2010" >{{cite web| date = 9 March 2010 | last1 = Netanyahu | author1-link = Benjamin Netanyahu | title = PM Netanyahu's Speech at the Knesset Special Session in Memory of the Jewish Prisoners Hung from the Gallows | url = https://www.gov.il/en/pages/speechgardom090310 | website = www.gov.il/en
| quote = Which of us does not remember the almost unbelievable story of [[Moshe Barazani]] and Meir Feinstein? Grenades were smuggled to their prison cells in a basket of oranges. Their original plan was to blow themselves up together as they were being hung. However, it then became clear to them that one of the rabbis of the Jewish community intended to be there as they were executed. In order not to endanger him, the two decided that after his visit, they would take their fate into their own hands. They embraced firmly and exploded the grenades up against their hearts. It is doubtful that anyone could invent such an unbelievable story, a story which expresses supreme heroism, sublime love for country and people. Yes, love of country, love of the homeland, love for their people.}}</ref>

<ref name="1977 win" >{{Harvnb|Leibovitz|2018}} – Quote "There was no way, they thought, that Menachem Begin could really win the election. But on 17 May 1977, he did, sending Israel's upper crust into a tailspin."</ref>

<ref name="Tablet IAJBW" >{{Harvnb|Leibovitz|2018}} – Quote "They fastened the grenade to their hearts", Begin said emotionally, "and they pulled the pin. An Ashkenazi Jew? An Iraqi Jew? They were Jews! Brothers! Warriors!"</ref>

<ref name="in connection with" >{{Cite news| last=Sundby | first=Alex | date = 2025-06-04 | title = Arrest in connection with Palm Springs fertility clinic bombing made at New York's JFK airport | url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/palm-springs-bombing-arrest-jfk-airport/ | access-date = 2025-06-04 | work = [[CBS News]] }}</ref>

<ref name="Washington man" >{{Cite news| date = 2025-06-04 | title = FBI arrests Washington man in New York linked to explosion at a California fertility clinic, officials say | url = https://www.king5.com/article/news/crime/fbi-arrests-wa-man-new-york-linked-explosion-california-fertility-clinic/281-1e14d4aa-77b8-478b-a3b2-9cb7accd09ec | access-date = 2025-06-04 | work = [[KING-TV]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Suspect identified" >{{Cite news | date = 17 May 2025 | title = Bomber of California fertility clinic identified, described himself as pro-mortalist | url = https://bnonews.com/index.php/2025/05/bomber-of-california-fertility-clinic-described-as-pro-mortalist/ | publisher = [[BNO News]] }}</ref>

<ref name="BalchanPost" >{{Cite news | url = https://thepalmspringspost.com/one-dead-after-bomb-explodes-outside-reproductive-center-in-downtown-palm-springs/ | title = One dead, four injured after explosion outside reproductive center in Downtown Palm Springs; police and FBI investigating as an act of terror | first = Kendall | last = Balchan | date = May 17, 2025 | work = Palm Springs Post | archive-date = May 17, 2025 | access-date = May 17, 2025 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250517225830/https://thepalmspringspost.com/one-dead-after-bomb-explodes-outside-reproductive-center-in-downtown-palm-springs/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name="srugim obt" >{{cite news| script-title = he: ברוך דיין האמת: נפטר לוחם לח"י אליעזר בן עמי | url = https://www.srugim.co.il/829766-%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%9a-%d7%93%d7%99%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%94%d7%90%d7%9e%d7%aa-%d7%a0%d7%a4%d7%98%d7%a8-%d7%9c%d7%95%d7%97%d7%9d-%d7%9c%d7%97%d7%99-%d7%90%d7%9c%d7%99%d7%a2%d7%96%d7%a8-%d7%91%d7%9f | script-work = he:סרוגים | trans-work = srugim.co.il | date = 15 August 2023 |language=he| script-quote = he:לאחר הקמת המדינה התגייס לצה"ל ושירת בחיל ההנדסה ובחיל החימוש, ובין תפקידו השונים הוא שימש מדריך חבלה, סילוק פצצות, קצין ייצור, מפקד סדנא, ראש מדור ניסויים, מג"ד 276 ורע"נ אב"כ.}} ({{langx|he|רע"נ אב"כ||head of [[WMDs]]}})</ref>

<ref name="Springs California" >{{Cite news | date = 17 May 2025 | title = Car explosion at fertility clinic in Palm Springs, California | url = https://bnonews.com/index.php/2025/05/explosion-fertility-clinic-in-palm-springs-california/ | access-date = 17 May 2025 | publisher = [[BNO News]] | archive-date = 17 May 2025 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250517203355/https://bnonews.com/index.php/2025/05/explosion-fertility-clinic-in-palm-springs-california/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name="FBI calls it" >{{Cite news | last1 = Ward | first1 = Jasper | last2 = Gardner | first2 = Timothy | date = 17 May 2025 | title = Bomb kills one near California fertility clinic; FBI calls it 'terrorism' | url = https://www.reuters.com/world/us/bomb-explodes-near-california-reproductive-health-facility-killing-one-mayor-2025-05-17/ | access-date = May 17, 2025 | work = [[Reuters]] }}</ref>

<ref name="Desert Sun" >{{Cite news | date = 17 May 2025 | title = One person dead in 'intentional act of violence' in downtown Palm Springs / One person dead in Palm Springs explosion called an 'intentional act of terrorism' | url = https://www.desertsun.com/live-story/news/local/2025/05/17/loud-boom-rattles-palm-springs-area-desert-sun-seeking-information/83695784007/ | access-date = 2025-06-03 | newspaper = [[The Desert Sun]] | archive-date = 18 May 2025 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250518013239/https://www.desertsun.com/live-story/news/local/2025/05/17/loud-boom-rattles-palm-springs-area-desert-sun-seeking-information/83695784007/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name="nihilistic ideations" >{{Cite web | last = Rodriguez | first = Matthew | date = 2025-05-18 | title = FBI: Palm Springs explosion suspect "had nihilistic ideations", is believed dead after fertility clinic bombing | url = https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/palm-springs-explosion-riverside-county-southern-california/ | access-date = 2025-05-18 | website = [[CBS News]] | language = en-US | archive-date = 19 May 2025 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250519210319/https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/palm-springs-explosion-riverside-county-southern-california/ | url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="NBCNews1" >{{Cite news | last1 = Blankstein | first1 = Andrew | last2 = Cohen | first2 = Rebecca | date = May 17, 2025 | title = 1 dead, 4 hurt in Palm Springs car explosion deemed 'act of terrorism' by FBI | url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/palm-springs-explosion-rcna207467 | access-date = May 17, 2025 | publisher = [[NBC News]] | archive-date = May 18, 2025 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250518192046/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/palm-springs-explosion-rcna207467 | url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name="Poland Park" >{{cite web | url = https://www.axios.com/2025/06/04/bondi-extradite-poland-daniel-jongyon-park | title=Scoop: Bondi helps secure extradition of fertility clinic bombing suspect to U.S. From Poland | date = 4 June 2025 }}</ref>

<ref name="Kadri" >{{cite book| last1 = Kadri | first1 = Sadakat | date = 2012 | title = Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia… | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |isbn=978-0-09-952327-7| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&q=Heaven+on+Earth:+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law | page=168 }}</ref>

<ref name="disap" >{{cite web | url = https://mondoweiss.net/2018/05/remarkable-disappearing-terrorism/ | title = The remarkable disappearing act of Israel's car-bombing campaign in Lebanon or: What we (Do not) talk about when we talk about 'terrorism' | date = 7 May 2018 }}</ref>

<ref name="1981 IAJBF" >{{Harvnb|Begin|1981}}: {{langx|he|המפקד הגדול במחוזות היה תימני; עוזי היה ספרדי; גידי, שעשה את הפעולה ההיסטורית של מלון המלך דויד, היה ספרדי; הממונה על כל האסירים בלטרון היה תימני - וכל הבחורים שלנו עמדו דום לפניו. איזו בעיה? אין לנו. כולנו יהודים. כולנו אחים. כולנו לוחמים … יש ביניהם עולי גרדום, אשר עד הרגע האחרון לחייהם שרו את שיר ״התקווה״ והפליאו עולם ומלואו בגבורתם המופתית. והם הלכו לבתי־הסוהר, למחנות ריכוז, הם נלחמו ולא נשברו, הם זעקו בפני השופטים הבריטים את המילים ״אנחנו לא מכירים בלל בשלטונכם - עליכם להסתלק מכאן, מארץ־ישראל״. פיינשטיין היה ממוצא אירופאי, איך קוראים לזה, אשכנזי; משה ברזני היה ספרדי מעירק. בלילה לאחר שנידונו למוות, והיו צריכים בבוקר־בבוקר להוריד אותם מן התלייה, והרב היה איש זקן, הוא אמד שיבוא להוריד אותם, ולא רצו לפגוע ברב, הם לקחו ללבותיהם רימון יד, לחצו. אשכנזים? עירקים? יהודים. אחים. לוחמים.}}</ref>

<ref name="1964 quote" >{{harvnb|Begin|1964}}: {{langx|he|והשניים בהם, מאיר פינשטיין, שאבותיו באו מאירופה, ומשה ברזני, שהוריו באו מבבל, עשו מעשה שלא היה כמוהו במלחמות השחרור. משפחתם הלוחמת עשתה כל מאמץ כדי להצילם מידי התליין, אבל ביום אחד הוברר כי לא תשיג עוד ידם להוציאם מידיו. שני לוחמים אלה, האחד מן האצ״ל והשני מן הלח״י, האחד אשכנזי והשני ספרדי, החליטו שלא יפלו בידי התליין, אלא גם במותם יילחמו, וכך עם רימון מוסתר בבגדיהם ילכו אל מקום ההוצאה להורג ויפעילוהו בנוכחות כל התליינים. בא אליהם הרב וביקש מהם שירשו לו ללוותם לגרדום, אך הם, ביודעם את רצונם, את תכניתם ואת שאיפתם, התחננו לפניו שלא יבוא בבוקר השכם ללכת עמם בדרך האחרונה. הוא עמד על שלו והם על שלהם. ומשנפרד מהם, לאחר ששלושתם שרו את האדיר בשירי התהילה — ״אדון עולם אשר מלך בטרם כל יציר נברא״ — והתייחדו עם בוראם, כדי לא לפגוע בו, ברב, בעת ההוצאה להורג, לחצו בין לבותיהם את רימון היד, וכך גמרו חייהם בתא המוות. חיבוק אחים כזה של שני יהודים צעירים, של שני לוחמים, אשר בגלל מורשת הגולה נדבק בהם עדיין התו המפריד של אשכנז וספרד — זהו הסמל המובהק ביותר והמקודש ביותר של אהבת ישראל, ללא הבדל מוצא וללא הבדל עדה.}}</ref>

<ref name="alarabiya sam" >{{cite news| author = Kamal Qubaisi | date = 29 July 2010 | script-title = ar: اكتشاف أثري ينسف حكاية تدمير "شمشون" لمعبد فلسطيني بساعديه – زلزال بقوة 8 درجات دك الهيكل قبل 2900 عام | trans-title = An archaeological discovery debunks the story of Samson destroying a Palestinian temple with his own hands. An 8.0 magnitude earthquake destroyed the temple 2,900 years ago. | url = https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2010%2F07%2F29%2F115166 | work = alarabiya.net | trans-quote = Samson the Mighty … destroyed a [[Philistine]] temple with his own hands 2,900 years ago in ancient Gaza, where he stood and cried "[[Die with the Philistines|Against me and my enemies, O Lord!]]" before pushing two pillars in the temple, which collapsed and its stones fell on him and his Philistine enemies inside, thus marking the first suicide operation (عملية انتحارية) in history. |language=ar}}</ref>

<ref name="Pomerantz" >{{cite news| last1 = Pomerantz | first1 = Batsheva | date = 19 April 2007 | title = The writing on the wall | url = https://www.jpost.com/local-israel/in-jerusalem/the-writing-on-the-wall-58620 | work = [[The Jerusalem Post]]
| quote = It was termed "Operation Shimshon" after the biblical Samson who brought down with him the crowded Philistine temple, claiming "let me die with the Philistines". Barazani and Feinstein were eager to carry out the plan. {{ill|Eliezer Ben-Ami|he|אליעזר בן-עמי}}, an imprisoned Lehi member, assembled hand grenades from pieces that were smuggled into the prison separately…}}</ref>

<ref name="paldf" >{{cite news| trans-title = ISIS suicide bomber blows himself up near Rafah, killing a security officer | script-title = ar: انتحاري من داعش يفجر نفسه قرب رفح واستشهاد عنصر أمني | url = https://palestine.paldf.net/news/2017/8/17/-انتحاري-من-داعش-يفجر-نفسه-قرب-رفح-واستشهاد-عنصر-امني | date = 2017-08-17 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20250615181042/https://palestine.paldf.net/news/2017/8/17/-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4-%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%B1-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%87-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A | archive-date = 2025-06-15 }}</ref>

<ref name="shms Rafah bomber family" >{{cite web| trans-title = News of the Kalab family disowning their son who blew himself up with a security force in Gaza | script-title = ar: خبر عائلة كلاب تتبرأ من نجلها الذي فجر نفسه بقوة أمنية بغزة | date = 17 August 2017 | url = https://shms.ps/p/61559 |language=ar}}</ref>

<ref name="alquds Rafah martyr" >{{cite news| trans-title = A suicide bomber detonates himself near a Qassam Brigades patrol on the Egyptian border. | script-title = ar: انتحاري يفجر نفسه بدورية من «كتائب القسام» على الحدود المصرية | url = https://www.alquds.co.uk/انتحاري-يفجر-نفسه-بدورية-من-كتائب-ا/ | date = 17 August 2017 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20250615183542/https://www.alquds.co.uk/%EF%BB%BF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%B1-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D8%A7/ | archive-date = 2025-06-15 }}</ref>

<ref name="unimaginable" >{{cite news | title = Australian man feared he'd have to do the unimaginable if Hamas found his children | url = https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/australian-man-feared-hed-have-to-do-the-unimaginable-if-hamas-found-his-children/gix186lxt | work = [[SBS News]] | date = 13 October 2023 | quote = (Anthony lived) … with his Israeli-Australian wife and their three children aged under four lived in Kibbutz Be-eri … he thought he would have to make an impossible decision if Hamas fighters found them. "The only thing going through my mind was, 'If they come in here, I'm going to have to kill my kids myself'," Anthony said … "I didn't want my kids to become prisoners, so I thought I was going to have to kill my kids." Scores of Israelis and others were taken to Gaza as hostages… }}</ref>

<ref name="ih 2021-05-21" >{{Cite news| last = Weisstuch | first = Moshe | date = 2021-05-21 | url = https://www.israelhayom.co.il/military-life/article/1241619 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20250507001522/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/military-life/article/1241619 | archive-date = 2025-05-07 | work = [[Israel Hayom]] | script-title = he: בגיל 98: לוחם המחתרת שסייע להתאבדות עולי הגרדום לא מתחרט | trans-title = At 98: The underground fighter who helped the suicide of the Gallows immigrants has no regrets |language=he}}</ref>

<ref name="Mercury 1947" >{{cite news | date = 23 April 1947 | title = Suicide of two condemned Jew terrorists | url = https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/170969142 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241229075328/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/170969142 | archive-date = 2024-12-29 | newspaper = [[Daily Mercury]] | publisher = trove.nla.gov.au | quote = the two Jewish condemned terrorists, {{ill|Meyer Feinstein|he|מאיר פיינשטיין}} and [[Moshe Barazani]], who were to have been executed before dawn to-day, committed suicide in Jerusalem central prison to-night by blowing themselves to pieces … The [[British United Press]] representative states that Feinstein and Barazani are reported to have in scribed the Biblical words, "[[Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin|Mene, Mene, Tekel Uphaisin]]" on the walls of their cells before killing themselves. The words quoted are mentioned In the Book of [[Daniel 5|Daniel, chapter 5]], verse 25.}}</ref>

<ref name="Srugim Philistines" >{{Cite news| last = Klein | first = Yair | date = 2022-05-03 | url = https://www.srugim.co.il/669799-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%99-%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250630083151/https://www.srugim.co.il/669799-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%99-%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99 | archive-date = 2025-06-30 | work = srugim.co.il | script-title = he: היום בהיסטוריה: פיינשטיין וברזני מקדימים את התליין | trans-title = Today in History: Feinstein and Barzani outrun the executioner | location = Israel |language=he}} (Note: "today in history" refers to the anniversary in the Hebrew calendar) Quote:
{{langx|he|תמות נפשי עם פלשתים — ברזני ופינשטיין עירקי ואשכנזי ישבו ביחד בתא הנידונים למוות וחיכו בשלווה ליום מותם. איש לח"י אליעזר בן עמי העלה את רעיון שמשון תמות נפשי עם בריטים. והכין לשניים תפוז נפץ כדי שביום התלייה גם התליינים יתפוצצו.||My soul will die with the Philistines — Barzani and Feinstein, Iraqi and Ashkenazi, sat together in the death row cell and calmly awaited the day of their death. A Lehi member, {{ill|Eliezer Ben Ami|he|אליעזר בן עמי}}, came up with the idea of Samson dying with the British. And he prepared an explosive orange for the two of them so that on the day of the hanging, the executioners would also explode.}}</ref>

<ref name="hangman defeated" >{{cite news| title = HANGMAN DEFEATED BY CONDEMNED MEN IN PALESTINE | newspaper = [[Grey River Argus]] | date = 23 April 1947 | page = 5 | publisher = paperspast.natlib.govt.nz | url = https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GRA19470423.2.35 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20250509085453/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GRA19470423.2.35 | archive-date = 2025-05-09 | quote = The Jewish terrorists Feinstein and Barazini were to have been executed at dawn to-day. However, they blew themselves to pieces shortly before midnight. The two men occupied the same cell. They were visited by {{ill|Rabbi Jacob Goldman|he|יעקב גולדמן (רב בתי הסוהר)}}, Jewish chaplain to prisons, and he administered to them the last rites. Tile men committed suicide shortly after he left. Rabbi Goldman was immediately taken to [[Palestine Police Force|the police headquarters]]. Feinstein and Barazini are reported to have inscribed the Biblical words, "Mene! Mene! Tekel Upharsin!" on the walls of their ceil before killing themselves with hand grenades. The words quoted are those mentioned in the [[Book of Daniel]], [[Daniel 5|chapter five]], verse twenty-five.}}</ref>

<ref name="Brody 2015" >{{cite news | last1 = Brody | first1 = Rabbi Shlomo | date = 6 August 2015 | title = Does Jewish law allow killing a captured IDF soldier? | newspaper = [[The Jerusalem Post]] | url = https://www.jpost.com/not-just-news/does-jewish-law-allow-killing-a-captured-idf-soldier-411349#google_vignette | archive-date = 2025-08-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250822202205/https://www.jpost.com/not-just-news/does-jewish-law-allow-killing-a-captured-idf-soldier-411349 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brody 2024" >{{cite news| last1 = Brody | first1 = Shlomo M. | date = 2 February 2024 | title = Hannibal Directive: IDF's alleged policy to target hostages and halacha | newspaper = [[The Jerusalem Post]] | url = https://www.jpost.com/judaism/article-784759 | archive-date = 2025-08-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250822213437/https://www.jpost.com/judaism/article-784759 }}</ref>

<ref name="Freya CBC" >{{cite news| title = Assessing The Nazi's 'Freya': The Secret Dieppe Mission | url = https://www.cbc.ca/xcompany/m_dispatches/assessing-freya-the-dieppe-secret-dieppe-mission | work = www.cbc.ca | date = 5 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250726143551/https://www.cbc.ca/xcompany/m_dispatches/assessing-freya-the-dieppe-secret-dieppe-mission | archive-date = 2025-07-26 | location = [[Canada]] | quote = … a true story about a Brit named [[Jack Nissenthall]]. A radar expert for the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]], Nissenthall and a contingent of 11 soldiers from the [[South Saskatchewan Regiment]] were tasked with assaulting the Freya radar station and then, hopefully, learning its capabilities … Fearing what would happen if Nissenthall fell into enemy hands, he was given a [[cyanide capsule]] and, as added insurance, the men accompanying him had orders to kill him if capture was imminent … Nissenthall thought up a plan to cut all the German telephone lines around the radar station. This, he hoped, would force the Germans to broadcast their radar findings over the radio instead, giving Allied eavesdroppers a chance to listen in and gain valuable insights into Freya's capabilities … Miraculously, he then made it back to the beach where the Allied withdrawal was already underway. The casualties at Dieppe were severe. In just over six hours, over 1,500 Canadians were either killed or wounded, and another 2,000 were captured … Nissenthall would escape unscathed, but his Canadian escort was decimated, with only one man from the Saskatchewans returning alongside him … Nissenthall's efforts proved invaluable. His plan had worked, and the Allies intercepted a number of radio communications that helped assess Freya's strengths.}}</ref>

<ref name="JN JC" >{{cite news| last1 = Gilholy | first1 = Georgia L. | title = How a young Jewish electronics expert helped win the War | url = https://www.thejc.com/life/how-a-young-jewish-electronics-expert-helped-win-the-war-e257yvrr | work = [[The Jewish Chronicle]] | date = 19 August 2022 | quote = His expertise was considered so crucial to the success of "[[Operation Jubilee]]" that he was accompanied by 11 bodyguards, Canadian soldiers, tasked not only with safeguarding him throughout the perilous assignment but with shooting him should they fall into enemy hands. He also carried a [[cyanide pill]], just in case he needed to end his own life … More than half of the 6,086 men who landed as part of the operation were killed, injured, or captured within 10 hours, including ten of his 11 bodyguards. [[Winston Churchill]] maintained that the knowledge gained by the operation shaped the success of the subsequent [[D-Day]] landings. Supreme Allied Commander [[Lord Mountbatten]] later remarked of the raid, "For every man that died at Dieppe, ten were saved on [[D-Day]]".}}</ref>

<ref name="Begin May 1947" >{{cite web| ref = May 1947 | trans-title = Thanks to those who conquered death - Menachem Begin Writings Database - Begin Heritage Center | script-title = he: בזכות אלה שניצחו את המוות - מאגר כתבי מנחם בגין - מרכז מורשת בגין | work = [[Herut (newspaper)]] | publisher = מאגר כתבי מנחם בגין - מרכז מורשת בגין | url = https://db.begincenter.org.il/article/%D7%91%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%95-%D7%90%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA/ | trans-quote = Meir and Moshe crushed their bodies, but who would crush the legend of Meir the Stump, the legend of Moshe son of the Kabbalists, the legend of that death, which was unparalleled in the annals of the wars of liberation?}}</ref>

<ref name="book comes home" >{{cite web| date = 20 April 2007 | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3390269,00.html | trans-title = 60 Years Later: Feinstein's Bible Comes Home | script-title = he: 60 שנה אחרי: התנ"ך של פיינשטיין שב הביתה | work = [[Ynet]] }}</ref>

<ref name="Harkov 2019" >{{Cite web | last = Harkov | first = Lahav | date = 2019-04-03 | title = From Begin's tchach-tchachim to Bibi's bots- analysis | url = https://www.jpost.com/israel-elections/from-begins-tchach-tchachim-to-bibis-bots-analysis-585657 | access-date = 2025-06-08 | website = [[The Jerusalem Post]] }}</ref>

<ref name="Jeffrey 15 January 2009" >{{cite web | last1 = Jeffrey | first1 = Daniel | date = 15 January 2009 | title = Gaza, Hamas and the Suicide Bomber: Why Then and Not Now? | url = https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/gaza-hamas-and-suicide-bomber-why-then-and-not-now | website = rusi.org | publisher = [[Royal United Services Institute]] | quote = Daniel Jeffrey, Assistant Researcher, Middle East & North Africa Programme }}</ref>

<ref name="5 October 2023" >{{cite web | url = https://mondoweiss.net/2023/10/suicide-in-gaza/ | title = Suicide in Gaza | date = 5 October 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="9 September 2021" >{{cite web | url = https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/sep/09/suicide-still-treated-as-a-in-at-least-20-countries-report-finds | title = Suicide still treated as a crime in at least 20 countries, report finds | work = The Guardian | date = 9 September 2021 | last1 = Johnson | first1 = Sarah }}</ref>

<ref name="unitedgmh" >{{cite web | url = https://unitedgmh.org/suicide-decriminalisation/ | title = Suicide Decriminalisation}}</ref>

<ref name="decrim countries" >{{cite web | url = https://www.suicide-decrim.network/countries | title = Countries - Decriminalise Suicide Worldwide}}</ref>

<ref name="countries afghanistan" >{{cite web | url = https://www.suicide-decrim.network/countries/afghanistan | title = Afghanistan - Decriminalise Suicide Worldwide}}</ref>

<ref name="Nigeria 9 October 2021" >{{cite web | last1 = Ogunwale | first1 = Adegboyega | editor-first1 = Ogechi | editor-last1 = Ekeanyanwu | url = https://theconversation.com/nigerias-law-makes-it-a-crime-to-attempt-suicide-there-are-better-ways-to-prevent-tragedy-169398 | title = Nigeria's law makes it a crime to attempt suicide – there are better ways to prevent tragedy | date = 9 October 2021 | doi = 10.64628/AAJ.rq4e3gnyr }}</ref>

<ref name="ABC USA 4 January 2009" >{{cite news| date = 4 January 2009 | title = Would You Rat Out a Loved One? | url = https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=4703654&page=1 | work = ABC News USA | quote = It was later discovered that the straight-A student had plans for an attack he referred to as "Columbine III", according to police … Police searching the family home found bomb-making materials, a pipe bomb and a detailed summary for a suicide attack.}}</ref>

<ref name="NYT 25 April 1999" >{{cite web| date = 25 April 1999 | title = Terror in Littleton: the details; attack at school planned a year, authorities say | first = James | last = Brooke | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/25/us/terror-in-littleton-the-details-attack-at-school-planned-a-year-authorities-say.html | quote = The two young men who shot and bombed their way through their high school here planned the assault a year in advance, monitored cafeteria crowds to determine the busiest times and scheduled '''their suicide attack''' for Hitler's birthday, the authorities said today, citing a handwritten diary.}}</ref>

<ref name="1999 updated 2011" >{{cite news | title = Gunmen kill as many as 25 at school | url = https://www.poconorecord.com/story/news/1999/04/21/gunmen-kill-as-many-as/51103510007/ | work = [[Pocono Record]] | date = 21 April 1999 | quote = (published 21 April 1999, updated 6 January 2011) Two students in black trench coats swept through their suburban high school with guns and explosives in a '''horrifying suicide attack''' Tuesday that may have left 25 people dead.}}</ref>

<ref name="Lord of the world" >{{harvnb|Begin|1951| p = 338}}</ref>

<ref name="NPR 3 September 2021" >{{cite news| title = Part of Flight 93 crashed on my land. I went back to the sacred ground 20 years later: The NPR Politics Podcast | url = https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1033059826 | work = [[NPR]] | date = 3 September 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="toi 2013" >{{cite news | date = 16 April 2013 | last1 = Bar-Am | first1 = Aviva | last2 = Bar-Am | first2 = Shmuel | title = The pre-state struggle remembered at the Underground Prisoners' Museum | url = https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-pre-state-struggle-remembered-at-the-underground-prisoners-museum/ | work = The Times of Israel | archive-date = 2025-09-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250919053145/https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-pre-state-struggle-remembered-at-the-underground-prisoners-museum/ }}</ref>

<ref name="Atran 2006 page 127" >{{harvnb|Atran|2006|p=127}}: "During 2000–2004, there were 472 suicide attacks in 22 countries, killing more than 7,000 and wounding tens of thousands. Most have been carried out by Islamist groups claiming religious motivation, also known as jihadis. Rand Corp. vice president and terrorism analyst [[Bruce Hoffman]] has found that 80 percent of suicide attacks since 1968 occurred after the September 11 attacks, with jihadis representing 31 of the 35 responsible groups".</ref>

<ref name="Once an Arafat Man" >{{harvnb|Saada|Merrill|2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Saada Karameh" >{{ harvnb |Saada|Merrill|2008| pp = 18–20}}
"This was the same IDF that had so humiliated the Arab armies nine months before in the infamous Six-Day War. We Palestinians had been peppering them ever since with hitand-run attacks—a grenade here, a three-minute skirmish there. Now they had decided to storm our training camp at al-Karameh in force. They wanted to take out our operation wholesale, and maybe even get our heroic leader "Abu Ammar"—Yasser Arafat—in the process. … They had no idea that the wily Arafat had switched strategies this time, saying to us, "We will make a stand in this place. We will fight with honor. The whole of the Arab people are watching us. We will crush the myth that the IDF is invincible!" And they certainly did not expect the newest tactic we would use today for the very first time: suicide bombers. We had gotten volunteers who were willing to make this their final battle for Palestinian justice. They now waited on rooftops in their bulky vests loaded with explosives until the moment came to jump into the streets below."
… "We Fatah fighters were in fact more agile than the IDF since we carried less gear than they did and could therefore run faster. We also had our bayonets already fixed on our weapons and ready to use while the Israelis were still fumbling to get theirs off their belts and attached. At times they literally ran into our knives. Whenever they tried to regroup behind one of their tanks, a suicide bomber would leap down from a rooftop with a thunderous explosion of nails and other metal bits. Blood spattered, and body parts flew through the air."{{long quote|date=January 2026}}
— [https://dokumen.pub/ich-kmpfte-fr-arafat-ein-fatah-heckenschtze-beginnt-ein-ganz-neues-leben-9783765514081-9781414323619-9781414327495-9781414327501-9781414327518-376551408x.html full text on dokumen.pub]</ref>

<<ref name="haaretz OS" >https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2007-04-04/ty-article/0000017f-db2a-df62-a9ff-dfffd94e0000 quote "{{ langx |he| תמיר אומר שאנשי לח"י שאפו עוד קודם לכן לבצע פעולת התאבדות בזמן התלייה של אחד מאנשיהם: "קראו לזה 'מבצע שמשון', בדומה להתאבדות של שמשון המקראי". אליעזר בן-עמי, שהכין את התפוזים הממולכדים בעודו כלוא לצדם של השניים, מאשר שהתוכנית היתה להפוך גם את ההעלאה לגרדום לפעולה שתפגע בשלטון הבריטי.}}"</ref>

<ref name="OS 161618" >https://www.inn.co.il/news/161618 {{ langx |he| תמיר אומר שאנשי לח"י שאפו עוד קודם לכן לבצע פעולת התאבדות בזמן התלייה של אחד מאנשיהם: "קראו לזה 'מבצע שמשון', בדומה להתאבדות של שמשון המקראי". אליעזר בן-עמי, שהכין את התפוזים הממולכדים בעודו כלוא לצדם של השניים, מאשר שהתוכנית היתה להפוך גם את ההעלאה לגרדום לפעולה שתפגע בשלטון הבריטי.}}</ref>

<ref name="Maariv 3 September 2023" >{{cite news | title = בעקבות המבצעים והפעולות הבלתי נשכחות של חברי הלח"י שהלכו לעולמם | url = https://www.maariv.co.il/news/military/article-1034994 | work = [[Maariv (newspaper)]] |language=he}}</ref>

<ref name="Haaretz 20 June 1939" >{{cite news| url = https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2016-05-02/ty-article/.premium/hamas-and-the-irgun-how-dare-i-compare-the-two/0000017f-f73b-d318-afff-f77bf9ca0000 | title = Hamas and the Irgun? How Dare I Compare the Two... For all those suffering from voluntary amnesia here are just a few of the Irgun's highlights of Hamas-worthy violence. | last1 = Michael | first1 = B. | newspaper = [[Haaretz]] | quote = 20 June 1939 — A particularly successful shuk operation: 78 Arabs (and a donkey) are murdered in an explosion in a Haifa open-air market. The donkey was booby-trapped.}}</ref>

<ref name="Persico" >{{cite news| last1 = Persico | first1 = Tomer | title = Would pre-state Zionist militias be terrorists by today's standards? | url = https://www.972mag.com/would-pre-state-zionist-militias-be-terrorists-by-todays-standards/ | work = [[+972 Magazine]] | date = 10 April 2016 | quote= In July 1939, Jewish militants placed bombs at Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem's Old City, killing five Arabs and wounding 14. That same month, a donkey mounted with explosives killed 21 Arabs and wounded 24 in the Haifa vegetable market.}}</ref>

<ref name="ICB k35" >{{cite web | title = Notorious massacres of Palestinians between 1937 & 1948 | url = https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/factsheets/ZionistMassacres_1937-48.pdf | website = [[Middle East Monitor]] | quote = The Haifa Massacre - 25/7/1938 A car bomb was planted by the Irgun Zionist gang in an Arab market in Haifa which killed 35 Arab civilians and wounded 70.}}</ref>

<ref name="Rinon 2024" >{{cite news | last = Rinon | first = Yoav | date = 2024-03-16 | title = The destructive wish for revenge followed by suicide is rooted in the Israeli ethos | newspaper = [[Haaretz]] | url = https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2024-03-16/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/the-destructive-wish-for-revenge-followed-by-suicide-is-rooted-in-the-israeli-ethos/0000018e-42e8-de41-adef-d7ed95dc0000 | access-date = 2025-06-08}}</ref>

<ref name="Begin 1964" >{{cite web| last = Begin | date = 1964-12-08 | author-link = מנחם בגין | script-title = he: הישיבה הארבע-מאות-ושמונה-עשרה של הכנסת החמישית יום שלישי, ג׳ טבת תשכ״ה (8 דצמבר 1964) הודעת הממשלה על מיזוג עדות - דיון | url = https://db.begincenter.org.il/article/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2-%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA/ | website = מאגר כתבי מנחם בגין - מרכז מורשת בגין | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220811115958/https://db.begincenter.org.il/article/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2-%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA/ | archive-date = 2022-08-11 |language=he-IL}}</ref>

<ref name="Eretz Modern Era" >{{Cite book | last = Ben-Arieh | first = Yehoshua | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GHHsDwAAQBAJ&dq=Barazani+and+Feinstein+blew+themselves+up+in+their+jail+cell+shortly+before+the+execution.&pg=PA594 | title = The Making of Eretz Israel in the Modern Era: A Historical-Geographical Study (1799–1949) | date = 2020-03-09 | publisher = [[Walter de Gruyter]] GmbH & Co KG | isbn = 978-3-11-062640-7 }}</ref>

<ref name="Dodd" >{{cite book | last1=Dodd | first1=Henry | title=A short history of suicide bombing|date = 23 Aug 2013|publisher=Action on Armed Violence | url = https://aoav.org.uk/2013/a-short-history-of-suicide-bombings/ | access-date = 6 October 2015|quote=First of all let's be clear what kind of attacks we are talking about. Suicide bombings are those that involve the deliberate death of the perpetrator. We're not just talking about a reckless charge in battle. The focus is on those attacks where the perpetrator functions as a sophisticated guidance system for the weapon. They function as part human and part weapon. In this way they are suicide attacks rather than suicidal attacks.| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140125110530/https://aoav.org.uk/2013/a-short-history-of-suicide-bombings/ | archive-date = 25 January 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="lewis-2013" >{{cite journal| last1 = Lewis | first1 = Jeffrey William | title = The Human Use of Human Beings: A Brief History of Suicide Bombing | journal=Origins | date = April 2013 | volume = 6 | issue = 7 | url = http://origins.osu.edu/article/human-use-human-beings-brief-history-suicide-bombing | access-date = 21 October 2015 | publisher = [[Ohio State University]] and [[Miami University]] in [[Oxford, Ohio]] | location = [[Ohio]], USA}}</ref>

<ref name="Tibi ejected" >{{cite news | title = MK Tibi ejected from Olei Hagardom plenum | url = https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3860306,00.html | work = [[Ynet News]] | date = 9 March 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="yahu’s speech" >{{cite web | last1 = Netanyahu | first1 = Benjamin | title = PM Netanyahu's Speech at the Knesset Special Session in Memory of the Jewish Prisoners Hung from the Gallows | series = Type: Events and Speeches | author-link = Benjamin Netanyahu | url = https://www.gov.il/en/pages/speechgardom090310 | website = www.gov.il/en | publisher = The [[32nd Government of Israel]] | date = 9 March 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="AJ" >{{cite news | title = Tightened security measures in Gaza after policeman killed in attack | script-title = ar: إجراءات مشددة بغزة بعد مقتل شرطي بهجوم | url = https://aja.me/82vcg1 | date = 17 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20260107145207/https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2017/8/17/%d8%a5%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%b4%d8%af%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%ba%d8%b2%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%aa%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%b7%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d9%87%d8%ac%d9%88%d9%85 | archive-date = 2026-01-07 | script-quote = ar: وقالت مصادر محلية إن "الانتحاري" كان مع شخص آخر يعتزمان التسلل عبر منطقة الشريط الحدودي إلى سيناء المصرية، ولدى توقيفه من الأمن فجر نفسه، مما أدى إلى مقتله وإصابة مرافقه. | trans-quote = Local sources said that the "suicide bomber" was with another person who intended to infiltrate across the border strip area into the Egyptian Sinai, and when he was stopped by security, he blew himself up, which led to his death and the injury of his companion.}}</ref>

<ref name="anger over deviant ideology" >{{cite news | title = Targeting border guards: Public anger over deviant ideology | script-title = ar: استهداف حماة الثغور.. غضب شعبي من الفكر المنحرف | url = https://palinfo.com/news/2017/08/17/56428/ | work=palinfo.com |date=17 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20260107180940/https://palinfo.com/news/2017/08/17/56428/ | archive-date = 2026-01-07 |language=ar| script-quote = ar: حيث حذّر الخبير الأمني إبراهيم حبيب، من رد الفعل المتطرف على الحادثة، وقال: “برغم خطورة الحدث في رفح، وبرغم استشهاد أحد عناصر الضبط الميداني الأبطال وجرح العديد منهم، وما لهذا الحادث من دلالات أمنية خطيرة، إلا أنني أدعو صنّاع القرار في غزة بالتروي وعدم الاستعجال في اتخاذ قرارات قد تؤدي إلى فتح مواجهة جديدة داخل القطاع مع هذه العناصر المنحرفة”. | trans-quote = Security expert Ibrahim Habib warned against an extreme reaction to the incident, saying: “Despite the seriousness of the event in Rafah, and despite the martyrdom of one of the heroic field control officers and the wounding of many others, and the serious security implications of this incident, I call on decision-makers in Gaza to be deliberate and not rush into taking decisions that may lead to opening a new confrontation within the sector with these deviant elements".}}</ref>

<ref name="WOTR 22 July 2021" >{{cite web| last1 = Hoffman | first1 = Bruce | author1-link = Bruce Hoffman | last2 = Ware | first2 = Jacob | author2-link = Jacob Ware | url = https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/july-22-a-pivotal-day-in-terrorism-history/ | title = July 22: A Pivotal Day in Terrorism History | date = 22 July 2021 | work = [[War on the Rocks]] | archive-date = 12 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240312081549/https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/july-22-a-pivotal-day-in-terrorism-history/ | url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin|36em}}
* {{Cite journal| date = 1973 | last = Atiya | first = A. S. | title = Review of Christian Egypt: Faith and Life | journal = Middle East Journal|volume=27|issue=2|pages=231–232|jstor=4325068|issn=0026-3141}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Atran | first1 = Scott | author1-link = Scott Atran | year = 2003 | title = Genesis of suicide terrorism | url = https://jeannicod.ccsd.cnrs.fr/ijn_00509568/file/genesis_of_Suicide_terrorism.pdf | journal = Science | volume = 299 | issue = 5612 | pages = 1534–39 | doi = 10.1126/science.1078854 | pmid = 12624256 | bibcode = 2003Sci...299.1534A | s2cid = 12114032 | archive-date = 24 November 2022 | access-date = 14 July 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221124212255/https://jeannicod.ccsd.cnrs.fr/ijn_00509568/file/genesis_of_Suicide_terrorism.pdf }}
* {{cite journal| last1 = Atran | first1 = Scott | year = 2006 | author1-link = Scott Atran | url = http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf | title = The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism | journal = [[The Washington Quarterly]] | volume=29 | issue=2 | pages=127–147 | doi=10.1162/016366006776026239 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150623022648/http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf | archive-date = 23 June 2015}}
* {{Cite journal| date = 2003 | last = Drury | first = Shadia | title=Terrorism: From Samson to Atta | journal = Arab Studies Quarterly |volume=25|issue=1/2| pages = 1–12 |jstor=41858434 |issn=0271-3519}}
* {{cite book| first = Israel | last = Epstein | author-link = Israel Epstein | year = 1939 | title = The people's war | publisher = V. Gollancz | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TevqAAAAIAAJ&q=The+men+in+the+trenches+waited+till+the+tanks+came+close,+then+jumped+out+and+threw+bundles+of+hand-+grenades+under+their+wheels+and+into+their+ports.+Four+tanks+were+destroyed,+neatly+pierced+by+anti-tank+shells,+and+nine+others+were |page=172| access-date = 24 April 2014}}
* {{cite web| last1 = Fisk | first1 = Robert | date = 14 March 2008 | author1-link = Robert Fisk | url = http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2008/03/14/7682 | title = The Cult of the Suicide Bomber | website = commondreams.org}}
* {{Cite book| last1 = Hersh | first1 = Seymour | year = 1991 | author1-link = Seymour Hersh | title = The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy | publisher = [[Random House]]}}
* {{cite journal| last = Hutchinson | first = W. | title = The systemic roots of suicide bombing | journal = Systems Research and Behavioral Science |volume= 24|issue= 2|date = March 2007 | pages = 191–200 |doi=10.1002/sres.824}}
* {{cite news| last1 = Kowner | first1 = Rotem | author-link = Rotem Kowner | date = 27 May 2022 | title = The Strange Story of the Japanese Terrorists Behind the '72 Israel Airport Massacre | url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-05-27/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/the-strange-story-of-the-terrorists-behind-the-israel-airport-massacre/00000181-0661-dcf3-a395-3fe1d10f0000 }}
* {{Cite book| last1 = Lankford | first1 = Adam | year = 2013 | title = The Myth of Martyrdom: What Really Drives Suicide Bombers, Rampage Shooters, and Other Self-Destructive Killers | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_QXNiFSGpjEC&q=myth+of+martyrdom|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | location = New York |isbn=978-0-230-34213-2}}
* {{cite magazine| date = 29 June 2018 | last1 = Leibovitz | first1 = Liel | url = https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/menachem-begin-lessons-for-resistance-to-trump | title = In Menachem Begin's Rise, Lessons for the #Resistance to Trump | magazine = [[Tablet (magazine)|Tablet]] }}
* {{cite book| year = 2005 | last1 = Pape | first1 = Robert | author1-link = Robert Pape | title = Dying to Win | publisher = [[Random House]] | location = [[New York City|New York]] | isbn=978-1-58836-460-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/dyingtowinstrate00pape }}
* {{cite book| year = 2010 | last1 = Pape | first1 = Robert | author1-link = Robert Pape | last2 = Feldman | first2 = James K. | title = Cutting the Fuse: The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop It | publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-64560-5| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qZuXdUgb1gsC }}
* {{cite book| year = 2004 | last = Pedahzur | first = Ami | author-link = Ami Pedahzur | title = Suicide Terrorism | publisher = [[Polity]] |isbn=978-0-7456-3383-1| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_5XBVsosvzYC&pg=PA66 | access-date = 22 March 2015}}
* {{cite book| last1 = Saada | first1 = Tass | author1-link = Taysir Abu Saada | last2 = Merrill | first2 = Dean | title = Once an Arafat Man: The True Story of How a PLO Sniper Found a New Life | location = [[Illinois]] | publisher = [[Tyndale House Publishers]] | year = 2008 | pages = 4–6 | isbn = 978-1-4143-2361-9}} – {{cite book | last1=Saada | first1=Tass | author1-link = Taysir Abu Saada | title = Once an Arafat Man: The True Story of how a PLO Sniper Found a New Life | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=It6oDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Taysir+Abu+Saada%22&pg=PR1 | publisher = Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. | date = 2008 | isbn=978-1-4143-2361-9 | quote = Taysir Abu Saada. All rights reserved. Adapted from the book Ich kämpfte für Arafat, published by Brunnen Verlag Basel under t ISBN 978-3-7655-1408-1.}}
* {{cite journal| date = 2003 | last = Wicker | first = Brian | title = Samson Terroristes: A Theological Reflection on Suicidal Terrorism | journal = [[New Blackfriars]] |volume=84|issue=983| pages = 42–60 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-2005.2003.tb06486.x|jstor=43250680|issn=0028-4289}}
* {{cite news| last1 = Zbeedat | first1 = Nagham | title = Explained: What 'shahid' or 'martyr' means for Palestinians and Israelis | url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-06-06/ty-article/.premium/explained-what-shahid-or-martyr-means-for-palestinians-and-israelis/0000018f-e351-d1da-adaf-f7df71ae0000 | newspaper = [[Haaretz]] | date = 23 June 2024 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20250315131622/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-06-06/ty-article/.premium/explained-what-shahid-or-martyr-means-for-palestinians-and-israelis/0000018f-e351-d1da-adaf-f7df71ae0000 | archive-date = 2025-03-15}}

==== Agency authorship ====
* {{cite web| ref = {{harvid|France24|2022}} | title = Kozo Okamoto's long life after Israel suicide mission | url = https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220531-kozo-okamoto-s-long-life-after-israel-suicide-mission | website = [[France 24]] | location = [[Beirut]] | agency = [[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP) | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220531042329/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220531-kozo-okamoto-s-long-life-after-israel-suicide-mission | archive-date = 2022-05-31 | date = 31 May 2022 }}
* {{cite web| ref = {{harvid|Ynet|2022}} | url = https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/rkxxsvmu9 | title = Kozo Okamoto's long life after Israel suicide mission 50 years ago | work = [[Ynetnews]] | agency = [[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP) | date = 31 May 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220601014501/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/rkxxsvmu9 | archive-date = 2022-06-01 }}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|48em}}
* {{annotated link |Paradigm Publishers}} {{Cite book |last=Barlow |first=Hugh |title=Dead for Good |publisher=[[Paradigm Publishers]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59451-324-4 |location=[[United States]]}}
* {{annotated link |Mia Bloom}} {{Cite book |author-link=Mia Bloom |last=Bloom |first=Mia |title=Dying to Kill |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-231-13320-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/dyingtokillallur00bloo |location=New York, United States}}
* {{annotated link |Diego Gambetta}} {{Cite book |last=Gambetta |first=Diego |title=Making Sense of Suicide Missions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford Oxfordshire |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-927699-8}}
* {{annotated link |Mohammed Hafez (academic)}} — {{annotated link |United States Institute of Peace}} {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Mohammed |author-link=Mohammed Hafez (academic) |title=Suicide Bombers in Iraq |publisher=[[U.S. Institute of Peace]] [[US Institute of Peace Press|Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-60127-004-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/suicidebombersin00hafe |location=Washington. United States}}
* {{annotated link |Riaz Hassan}} {{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Riaz |year=2010 |title=Life as a Weapon: The Global Rise of Suicide Bombings |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-415-58885-0}} {{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Riaz |year=2011 |title=Suicide Bombings |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-58886-7}}
* {{annotated link |Pluto Press}} {{Cite book |author-link=Farhad Khosrokhavar |last=Khosrokhavar |first=Farhad |title=Suicide Bombers |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |location=[[Sydney]], Australia |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7453-2283-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/suicidebombersal00khos_0}}
* {{annotated link |Naval Institute Press}} {{cite book |author=Lewis, Jeffrey W. |title=The Business of Martyrdom: A History of Suicide Bombing |url=https://archive.org/details/businessofmartyr0000lewi |url-access=registration |year=2012 |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]], United States |isbn=978-1-61251-097-2}}
* {{annotated link |Christoph Reuter}} {{Cite book |last=Reuter |first=Christoph |title=My Life Is a Weapon |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=Princeton |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-691-12615-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mylifeisweaponmo00reut}}
* {{annotated link |Routledge}} {{Cite book |last=Rajan |first=V.G. Julie |title=Women Suicide Bombers: narratives of violence |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8CsAgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-415-55225-7 |location=New York, United States}}
{{Refend}}

"The moon is green." -Fritz Leiber
== External links ==
{{commons category|Suicide terrorism}}
* Dataset: [[doi:10.1177/0022343320978260|The CPOST Database on Suicide Attacks (DSAT)]]

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[[Category:Suicide attacks| ]]
[[Category:Murder–suicides| ]]
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[[Category:Terrorism tactics]]

Indian cuisine

2026-03-24T13:24:43Z

OrenCombs50836: add citations as per guidelines and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Culinary tradition}}
{{Not to be confused|Indigenous cuisine of the Americas}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}

{{Indian cuisine}}
{{Culture of India}}

'''Indian cuisine''' consists of a variety of regional and traditional cuisines native to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Given the diversity in soil, climate, culture, ethnic groups, and occupations, these cuisines vary substantially and use locally available ingredients.

Indian food is also heavily influenced by religion, cultural choices and traditions.<ref name="Dias1996">{{cite book |author=Dias |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRx9I2BqSpMC&pg=PA215 |title=The Steward |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-250-0325-0 |page=215}}</ref><ref name="GestelandGesteland2010">{{cite book|last1=Gesteland|first1=Richard R.|last2=Gesteland|first2=Mary C.|title=India: Cross-cultural Business Behavior : for Business People, Expatriates and Scholars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tXqDRS4IN1IC|year=2010|publisher=Copenhagen Business School Press DK|isbn=978-87-630-0222-6|page=176}}</ref> Historical events such as invasions, trade relations, and [[colonialism]] have played a role in introducing certain foods to India. The [[Columbian exchange]] with the [[New World]] brought a number of new vegetables and fruits. A number of these such as [[potato]]es, [[tomato]]es, [[Chili pepper|chillies]], [[peanut]]s, and [[guava]] have become staples in many regions of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/seta/2008/10/16/stories/2008101650731500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020053402/http://www.hindu.com/seta/2008/10/16/stories/2008101650731500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 October 2008 |access-date=26 June 2012 |title=Potato: historically important vegetable |date=16 October 2008 |first=D |last=Balasubramanian |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Indian cuisine has shaped the history of [[international relations]]; the [[spice trade]] between India and [[Europe]] was the primary catalyst for Europe's [[Age of Discovery]].<ref name="cornillez1999">{{cite web |url=http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Spice_Trade.html |title=The History of the Spice Trade in India |first=Louise Marie M. |last=Cornillez |date=Spring 1999 |access-date=12 September 2008 |archive-date=5 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005054725/http://english.emory.edu/Bahri/Spice_Trade.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Spices were bought from India and traded around Europe and Asia. Indian cuisine has influenced other cuisines across the world, especially those from [[European cuisine|Europe]] ([[British cuisine|Britain]] in particular), the [[Middle Eastern cuisine|Middle East]], [[African cuisine#Southern African|Southern Africa]], [[East African cuisine|East Africa]], [[Southeast Asian cuisine|Southeast Asia]], [[North American cuisine|North America]], [[Mauritian cuisine|Mauritius]], [[Fijian cuisine|Fiji]], [[Oceanic cuisine|Oceania]], and the [[Caribbean cuisine|Caribbean]].<ref name="vegvoyages.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.vegvoyages.com/food.htm |title=Nasi, Kari, Biryani & Mee |publisher=Veg Voyages |access-date=23 June 2009 |archive-date=28 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628154725/http://www.vegvoyages.com/food.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiafood.org/features_dietary_culture4.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010525095845/http://www.asiafood.org/features_dietary_culture4.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 May 2001 |title=Asia Food Features |publisher=Asiafood.org |access-date=23 June 2009 }}</ref>

The [[World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wildlife Fund]] (WWF)’s [[Living Planet Report]] released on 10 October 2024 emphasised India’s food consumption pattern as the most sustainable among the big economies ([[G20|G20 countries]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-10 |title=Indian eating pattern is best for Earth, replicating it can save our planet: WWF Living Planet Report |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/indian-eating-pattern-is-best-for-earth-replicating-it-can-save-our-planet-wwf-living-planet-report-766251 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Indian cuisine}}
Indian cuisine reflects an [[History of India|8,000-year history]] of various groups and cultures interacting with the [[Indian subcontinent]], leading to diversity of flavours and regional cuisines found in modern-day India. Later, trade with [[British people|British]] and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] influence added to the already diverse Indian cuisine.<ref name="Dubey2011">{{cite book|author=Krishna Gopal Dubey|title=The Indian Cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xiwkbgJbSQC|year=2011|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4170-8}}</ref><ref name="Achaya">{{cite book|author=K T Achaya|title=The Story of Our Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk9RHRCqZOkC|year=2003|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=9788173712937}}</ref>

=== Prehistory and Indus Valley Civilisation ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2022}}
See also: [[Meluhha]], [[Indus–Mesopotamia relations]], and [[Indian maritime history]]

After 9000 BCE, a first period of indirect contacts between [[Fertile Crescent]] and [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley]] civilisations seems to have occurred as a consequence of the [[Neolithic Revolution]] and the diffusion of agriculture. Wheat and barley were first grown around 7000 BCE, when agriculture spread from the Fertile Crescent to the Indus Valley. [[Sesame]] and [[Zebu|humped cattle]] were domesticated in the local farming communities. Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in [[South Asia]].
By 3000 BCE, [[turmeric]], [[cardamom]], [[black pepper]] and [[Mustard plant|mustard]] were harvested in India.

From around 2350 BCE evidence for imports from the Indus to [[Ur]] in [[Mesopotamia]] has been found, as well as [[Clove]] heads thought to originate from the [[Moluccas]] in [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], which were found in a 2nd millennium BC site in [[Terqa]]. [[Akkadian Empire]] records mention timber, carnelian and ivory as being imported from [[Meluhha]] by Meluhhan ships, Meluhha being generally considered as the Mesopotamian name for the Indus Valley Civilisation.

=== Vedic age ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2022}}
The ancient [[Hindu]] text ''[[Mahabharata]]'' mentions rice and vegetable cooked together, and the word "pulao" or "pallao" is used to refer to the dish in ancient [[Sanskrit]] works, such as [[Yājñavalkya Smṛti]]. [[Ayurveda]], ancient Indian system of wellness, deals with holistic approach to the wellness, and it includes food, [[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]] (meditation) and [[yoga]].

=== Antiquity ===
Early diet in India mainly consisted of [[legume]]s, [[vegetable]]s, [[fruit]]s, [[grain]]s, [[dairy product]]s, and [[honey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food Culture in Sangam Age: Through Pathupattu |url=https://keralamuseum.org/article/food-culture-in-sangam-age-through-pathupattu/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=The Kerala Museum |language=en-US |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318164808/https://keralamuseum.org/article/food-culture-in-sangam-age-through-pathupattu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Staple foods eaten today include a variety of lentils (''[[dal]]''), [[whole-wheat flour]] (''aṭṭa''), rice, and [[pearl millet]] (''bājra''), which has been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent since 6200 BCE.<ref name="Achaya" /> The Sangam literature, which is specific to South India, mentions that fish, crab, forest cattle, pork, monitor lizard, and poultry were consumed in the region together with a variety of millets, sago, sugarcane, dairy products, honey, and rice.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chelliah |first=J.V. |title=Pattu Pattu |publisher=General Publishers |year=1946}}</ref>

Over time, segments of the population embraced [[vegetarianism]] during the [[Śramaṇa]] movement<ref>Padmanabh S Jaini (2001), Collected papers on Buddhist Studies, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1776-0}}, pages 57–77</ref><ref>Padmanabh S Jaini (2000), Collected papers on Jaina Studies, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1691-6}}, pages 3–14</ref> while an equitable climate permitted a variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains to be grown throughout the year.

A food classification system that categorised any item as ''[[Satvic|saatvic]]'', ''[[Rajasic|raajsic]]'', or ''[[Tamasic|taamsic]]'' developed in [[Yoga]] tradition.<ref>''Autobiography of a Yogi'', Paramahansa Yogananda, Self Realization Fellowship, 1973, p. 22</ref><ref>Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad Gita Translation and Commentary, Arkana, 1990 p. 236</ref> The ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' proscribes certain dietary practices (chapter 17, verses 8–10).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/verse-17-07.html |title=Chapter 17, Verse 8,9,10 |publisher=Bhagavad-Gita |access-date=31 August 2011 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506124659/https://bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/verse-17-07.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Consumption of [[beef]] is [[Taboo food and drink#Cattle|taboo]], due to cows being considered sacred in Hinduism.<ref name="Sharpes2006">{{cite book|first=Donald K.|last=Sharpes|title=Sacred Bull, Holy Cow: A Cultural Study of Civilization's Most Important Animal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_KxhuShJSEC&pg=PA208|year=2006|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-0-8204-7902-6|page=208}}</ref> Beef is generally not eaten by Hindus in India except for [[Kerala]], parts of southern [[Tamil Nadu]] and the north-east.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/08/14/stories/13140833.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328163744/http://www.hindu.com/2001/08/14/stories/13140833.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2008 |title=Beef eating: strangulating history |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 August 2001}}</ref>

===Ingredients mentioned in ancient Indian scripture===
[[File:Pomegranate fruit - whole and piece with arils.jpg|thumb|Pomegranate|261x261px]]
While many ancient Indian recipes have been lost in history, one can look at ancient texts to see what was eaten in ancient and pre-historic India.
*[[Barley#Dispersal|Barley]]<ref name="sacred-texts1">{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe01/sbe01072.htm |title=The Upanishads, Part 1 (SBE01): Khândogya Upanishad: III, 14 |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=26 May 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224152934/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe01/sbe01072.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>—(known as ''Yava'' in both [[Vedic Sanskrit|Vedic]] and [[Classical Sanskrit]]) is mentioned many times in [[Rigveda]] and other Indian scriptures as one of the principal grains in ancient India
*[[Betel#Usage and cultural significance|Betel leaf]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/db/bk06ch27.htm |title=The Devi Bhagavatam: The Sixth Book: Chapter 27 |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=26 May 2019 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225084015/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/db/bk06ch27.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>—primary use is as a wrapper for the chewing of [[areca nut]] or [[tobacco]], where it is mainly used to add flavour; may also be used in cooking, usually raw, for its peppery taste
*[[Breadfruit#South Asia|Breadfruit]]—[[fritters]] called ''jeev kadge phodi'' in [[Konkani language|Konkani]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.konkanifoodrecipes.com/recipes/breadfruit-fritters-jeev-kadge-phodi |title=Breadfruit Fritters (Jeev Kadge Phodi) |publisher=KonkaniFoodRecipes.com |accessdate=17 February 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816184954/http://www.konkanifoodrecipes.com/recipes/breadfruit-fritters-jeev-kadge-phodi |url-status=live }}</ref> or ''kadachakka varuthath''<ref>{{cite web|title=Kadachakka varuthath – fried breadfruit chips|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/food/recipe/2018/06/30/kadachakka-sheemachakka-breadfruit-slices-fry-recipe.html|access-date=25 April 2021|website=OnManorama|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428093016/https://www.onmanorama.com/food/recipe/2018/06/30/kadachakka-sheemachakka-breadfruit-slices-fry-recipe.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Malayalam]] are a local delicacy in coastal [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]
*[[Chickpea#Culinary|Chickpeas]]<ref name="Carr"/>—popular dishes are made with chickpea flour, such as ''[[mirchi bajji]]'' and ''mirapakaya bajji''
*[[Curd (India)|Curd]]—a traditional yogurt or fermented milk product, originating from the Indian subcontinent, usually prepared from cow's milk, and sometimes buffalo milk, or goat milk{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}*[[Common fig#From ancient times|Figs]]<ref name="sacred-texts1"/>—cultivated from [[Afghanistan]] to [[Portugal]], also grown in [[Pithoragarh]] in the [[Kumaon Mastiff|Kumaon]] hills of [[India]]; from the 15th century onwards, also grown in areas including Northern [[Europe]] and the [[New World]]
*[[Ghee]]—a class of clarified butter that originated in ancient India, commonly used in the Indian subcontinent, Middle-Eastern cuisine, traditional medicine, and religious rituals{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}*[[Wine|Grape wine]]<ref name="archive1">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati00susruoft/englishtranslati00susruoft_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "An English translation of the Sushruta samhita, based on original Sanskrit text. Edited and published by Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna. With a full and comprehensive introd., translation of different readings, notes, comparative views, index, glossary and plates" |date=23 October 2016 |publisher=Calcutta |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref>—first-known mention of [[grape]]-based wines in India is from the late 4th-century BC writings of [[Chanakya]]
*[[Honey#History|Honey]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rama/ry396.htm |title=BOOK V: Canto LXI.: The Feast of Honey |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=26 May 2019 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225171915/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rama/ry396.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>—the spiritual and supposed therapeutic use of honey in [[History of India#Bronze Age (c. 3300 – c. 1800 BCE)|ancient India]] was documented in both the [[Vedas]] and the [[Ayurveda]] texts{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}*[[Mango#Cultural significance|Mango]]—the [[Jain]] goddess [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] is traditionally represented as sitting under a mango tree{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}
*[[Mustard (condiment)#Indian subcontinent|Mustard]]<ref name="sacred-texts1"/>—[[Brassica juncea|brown mustard]] is a spice that was cultivated in the [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley civilisation]] and is one of the important spices used in the Indian subcontinent today
*[[Pomegranate#Culinary use|Pomegranate]]—in some Hindu traditions, the pomegranate ([[Hindi]]: ''anār'') symbolises prosperity and fertility, and is associated with both [[Bhumidevi|Bhoomidevi]] (the earth goddess) and Lord [[Ganesha]] (the one fond of the many-seeded fruit)
*[[History of rice cultivation#Indian subcontinent|Rice]]—cultivated in the Indian subcontinent from as early as 5,000 BC
*[[Rice cake#Indian|Rice cake]]—quite a variety are available<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe12/sbe1208.htm#fr_168 |title=Satapatha Brahmana Part 1 (SBE12): First Kânda: I, 2, 2. Second Brâhmana |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=26 May 2019 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815005907/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe12/sbe1208.htm#fr_168 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}*[[Syzygium samarangense|Rose apple]]—mainly eaten as a fruit and also used to make pickles (''chambakka achar'')
*[[Saffron#Consumption|Saffron]]<ref name="sacred-texts2"/>—almost all saffron grows in a belt from Spain in the west to [[Kashmir]] in the east
*[[Salt#In religion|Salt]]<ref name="sacred-texts2">{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe07/sbe07081.htm |title=LXXIX |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=26 May 2019 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825140229/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe07/sbe07081.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>—considered to be a very auspicious substance in [[Hinduism]] and is used in particular religious ceremonies like house-warmings and weddings; in [[Jainism]], devotees lay an offering of raw rice with a pinch of salt before a deity to signify their devotion, and salt is sprinkled on a person's cremated remains before the ashes are buried
*[[Sesame oil]]<ref name="sacred-texts2"/>—popular in Asia, especially in [[Korea]], [[China]], and the South Indian states of [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Tamil Nadu]], where its widespread use is similar to that of [[olive oil]] in the Mediterranean{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}*[[Sorghum bicolor#Culinary use|Sorghum]]<ref name="Carr"/>—commonly called ''jwaarie'', ''jowar'', ''jola'', or ''jondhalaa'', sorghum is one of the staple sources of nutrition
*[[Sugar#Asia|Sugar]]—produced in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times, its cultivation spread from there into modern-day Afghanistan through the Khyber Pass
*[[Sugarcane#History|Sugarcane]]<ref name="Carr">{{cite web|url=https://quatr.us/india/indian-food-history-ancient.htm|title=Indian food history – spices and sugar in ancient India|last=Carr|first=Karen|date=20 July 2017|website=Quatr.us Study Guides|access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816103117/https://quatr.us/india/indian-food-history-ancient.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>—the earliest known production of crystalline sugar began in northern India; the earliest evidence of sugar production comes from ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts
*[[Golden milk|Turmeric]]<ref name="archive1"/>—used widely as a spice in South Asian and Middle Eastern cooking

===Middle Ages to the 16th century===
During the [[Medieval India|Middle Ages]], several Indian dynasties were predominant, including the [[Gupta dynasty]]. Travel to India during this time introduced new cooking methods and products to the region, including [[tea]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

India was later invaded by tribes from [[Central Asia]]n cultures, which led to the emergence of [[Mughlai cuisine]], a mix of Indian and [[Central Asian cuisine]]. Hallmarks include seasonings such as [[saffron]].<ref name="LocricchioMcConnell2004">{{cite book|first1=Matthew|last1=Locricchio|first2=Jack|last2=McConnell|title=The Cooking of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijiRROaS3UUC&pg=PA77|year=2004|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-1730-9|page=77}}</ref>

=== Colonial Period ===
The [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] and [[British India|British]] during their rule introduced cooking techniques such as baking, and foods from the [[New World]] and Europe. The [[New World crops|new-world vegetables]] popular in cuisine from the Indian subcontinent include [[maize]], [[tomato]], [[potato]], [[sweet potatoes]], [[peanut]]s, [[Squash (plant)|squash]], and [[Capsicum|chilli]]. Most New World vegetables such as sweet potatoes, potatoes, [[Amaranth]], peanuts and [[cassava]] based [[Sago]] are allowed on Hindu fasting days. [[Cauliflower]] was introduced by the British in 1822.<ref>Swarup, Vishnu, and S. S. Chatterjee. "Origin and Genetic Improvement of Indian Cauliflower". Economic Botany, vol. 26, no. 4, 1972, pp. 381–93. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4253382. Accessed 14 February 2024.</ref> In the late 18th/early 19th century, an autobiography of a Scottish [[Robert Lindsay (Sylhet)|Robert Lindsay]] mentions a [[Sylhetis|Sylheti]] man called Saeed Ullah cooking a curry for Lindsay's family. This is possibly the oldest record of Indian cuisine in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="star">{{cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2008/12/02/history.htm|title=Down the Surma – Origins of the Diaspora|author=Syed Zain Al-Mahmood|newspaper=[[Daily Star (Bangladesh)|Daily Star]]|date=19 December 2008|volume=7|issue=49|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=24 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824132358/http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2008/12/02/history.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="autobio">{{cite book|volume=4|title=Lives of the Lindsays, or, A memoir of the House of Crawford and Balcarres|chapter=Anecdotes of an Indian life: Chapter VII|author=[[Robert Lindsay (Sylhet)|Robert Lindsay]]|url=https://digital.nls.uk/histories-of-scottish-families/archive/95568541#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=108&xywh=-236%2C-1%2C5520%2C4092|website=National Library of Scotland|page=99|access-date=1 October 2019|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820120605/https://digital.nls.uk/histories-of-scottish-families/archive/95568541#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=108&xywh=-236%2C-1%2C5520%2C4092|url-status=live}}</ref>
<gallery widths="230" heights="250">
File:Bhang eaters before two huts (6124556163).jpg|''[[Bhang]]'' eaters in India c. 1790. ''Bhang'' is an [[cannabis edible|edible preparation]] of [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] native to the Indian subcontinent. It was used by Hindus in food and drink as early as 1000 BCE.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/httpmunchies-vice-comarticlesthe-bhang-lassi-is-how-hindus-drink-themselves-high-for-shiva/ |title=The Bhang Lassi Is How Hindus Drink Themselves High for Shiva |author=Staelens, Stefanie |website=Vice.com |date=10 March 2015 |access-date=10 August 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011827/https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/kbx94a/httpmunchies-vice-comarticlesthe-bhang-lassi-is-how-hindus-drink-themselves-high-for-shiva |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Nimmatnama-i Nasiruddin-Shahi 283.jpg|A page from the ''[[Nimatnama-i-Nasiruddin-Shahi]]'', book of delicacies and recipes. It documents the fine art of making ''[[kheer]]''.
File:Sweets 1.jpg|[[Medieval India]]n Manuscript Nimatnama-i-Nasiruddin-Shahi (circa 16th century) showing ''[[samosa]]s'' being served.
File:Prawn with a rui fish (6125147738).jpg|[[Prawn]] with a [[Rohu]] fish, Kalighat Painting. Freshwater fishes and crustaceans are staple diet in eastern regions, prominently in Bengal.
</gallery>

==Ingredients==

[[File:Spices in an Indian market.jpg|thumb|[[Spice]]s at a grocery store in India]]
[[Staple food]]s of Indian cuisine include [[pearl millet]] (''bājra''), [[rice]], [[whole-wheat flour]] (''aṭṭa''), and a variety of [[lentil]]s, such as ''masoor'' (most often red [[lentil]]s), ''tuer'' ([[pigeon pea]]s), ''[[Urad (bean)|urad]]'' (black gram), and ''moong'' ([[mung bean]]s). Lentils may be used whole, dehusked—for example, ''dhuli moong'' or ''dhuli urad''—or split. Split lentils, or ''dal'', are used extensively.<ref name="Johnston1958">{{cite book|first=Bruce F.|last=Johnston|title=The Staple Food Economies of Western Tropical Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyCrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA14|year=1958|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-0537-0|page=14}}</ref> Some [[Pulse (legume)|pulses]], such as ''channa'' or ''cholae'' ([[chickpea]]s), ''[[rajma]]'' ([[kidney bean]]s), and ''lobiya'' ([[black-eyed pea]]s) are very common, especially in the northern regions. ''Channa'' and ''moong'' are also processed into flour (''[[Gram flour|besan]]'').

Many Indian dishes are cooked in [[vegetable oil]], but [[peanut oil]] is popular in northern and western India, [[mustard oil]] in eastern India,<ref name="LocricchioMcConnell2004"/> and [[coconut oil]] along the western coast, especially in Kerala and parts of southern Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Seshadri2007">{{cite book|first=Diana|last=Seshadri|title=Food for The Gods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GWPUkI_xQsC&pg=PA35|year=2007|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-4303-1269-7|page=35}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}} [[Sesame oil|''Gingelly'' (sesame) oil]] is common in the south since it imparts a fragrant, nutty aroma.<ref name="ShiHo2010">{{cite book|first1=John|last1=Shi|author2=Chi-Tang Ho|first3=Fereidoon|last3=Shahidi|title=Functional Foods of the East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VENd7fgLIkC&pg=PA64|year=2010|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-7192-4|page=64}}</ref>

In recent decades, [[Sunflower oil|sunflower]], [[safflower]], [[cottonseed oil|cottonseed]], and [[Soybean oil|soybean]] oils have become popular across India.<ref name="KumarDubey2006">{{cite book|first1=Arvind|last1=Kumar|first2=Pushpalata|last2=Dubey|title=Green Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrZIde3mIlQC&pg=PA28|year=2006|publisher=Daya Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7035-419-2|page=28}}</ref> [[Hydrogenation|Hydrogenated]] vegetable oil, known as ''[[Vanaspati]] ghee'', is another popular cooking medium.<ref name="Sharma">{{cite book|author=Dr. J. P. Sharma|title=Academic Biology IX|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZBLu-IGByQC&pg=PA97|publisher=Laxmi Publications|isbn=978-81-7008-579-9|page=97}}</ref> Butter-based [[ghee]], or ''deshi ghee'', is used commonly.

Many types of meat are used for Indian cooking, but chicken and [[Lamb and mutton|mutton]] tend to be the most commonly consumed meats. Fish and beef consumption are prevalent in some parts of India, but they are not widely consumed except for coastal areas, as well as the north east.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=June 2018}}

[[File:3 types of lentil.jpg|thumb|[[Lentil]]s are a staple ingredient in Indian cuisine.]]

The most important and frequently used spices and flavourings in Indian cuisine are whole or powdered [[Chili pepper|chilli pepper]] (''mirch'', [[Columbian Exchange|introduced by the Portuguese]] from [[Mexico]] in the 16th century), [[Brassica nigra|black mustard]] seed (''sarso''), [[cardamom]] (''elaichi''), [[cumin]] (''jeera''), [[turmeric]] (''haldi''), [[asafoetida]] (''hing''), [[ginger]] (''adrak''), [[coriander]] (''dhania''), and [[garlic]] (''lasoon'').<ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book|first=Subodh|last=Kapoor|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5ZM0nZXZEkC&pg=PA1745|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7|page=1745}}</ref>

One popular [[spice mix]] is ''[[garam masala]]'', a powder that typically includes seven dried spices in a particular ratio, including [[cardamom|black cardamom]], [[cinnamon]] (''dalchini''), [[clove]] (''laung),'' cumin (jeera), black peppercorns, coriander seeds and [[Illicium verum|anise star]].<ref name="Kelley2009">{{cite book|first=Laura|last=Kelley|title=The Silk Road Gourmet: Western and Southern Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6o9n8Kc354C&pg=PA298|year=2009|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4401-4305-2|page=298}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}. Each culinary region has a distinctive ''garam masala'' blend—individual [[chef]]s may also have their own.

The spices chosen for a dish are freshly ground and then fried in hot oil or ghee to create a paste. The process is called ''bhuna'', the name also being used for a type of [[curry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What is a Bhuna? |url=https://www.seasonedpioneers.com/what-is-a-bhuna |website=Seasoned Pioneers |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref>

There are other spice blends which are popular in various regions. ''[[Panch phoron]]'' is a spice blend which is popular in eastern India. ''Goda masala'' is a sweet spice mix which is popular in [[Maharashtra]]. Some leaves commonly used for flavouring include [[Bay leaf|bay leaves]] (''[[Cinnamomum tamala|tejpat]]''), [[coriander]] leaves, [[fenugreek]] (''[[methi]]'') leaves, and [[Mentha|mint]] leaves. The use of [[Curry tree|curry]] leaves and roots for flavouring is typical of [[Gujarati cuisine|Gujarati]]<ref name="Gress2008">{{cite book|author=Priti Chitnis Gress|title=Flavorful India: Treasured Recipes from a Gujarati Family|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6snLg--pjUC&pg=PA15|year=2008|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=978-0-7818-1207-8|page=15}}</ref> and [[South Indian cuisine]].<ref name="Sanmugam2007">{{cite book|first=Devagi|last=Sanmugam|title=Naturally Speaking: Indian: Recipes and Home Remedies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9HNd3jG1ZsC&pg=PA69|year=2007|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-981-232-715-4|page=69}}</ref> Sweet dishes are often seasoned with cardamom, [[saffron]], [[nutmeg]], and [[rose]] petal essences.
{{clear}}

==Regional cuisines==
{{See also|List of Indian dishes}}

[[File:Indian food at restaurant in Paris - 2020-08-20.jpg|thumb|Indian food at restaurant in Paris.]]
Cuisine differs across [[Administrative divisions of India|India's diverse regions]] as a result of variation in local culture, geographical location (proximity to sea, desert, or mountains), and economics. It also varies seasonally, depending on which fruits and vegetables are ripe.

===Andaman and Nicobar Islands===
[[Seafood]] plays a major role in the cuisine of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="Andaman and Nicobar Isles cuisine">{{cite web|title=Cuisines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands|url=http://www.indfy.com/andaman-and-nicobar-islands/food.html|work=Andaman and Nicobar Islands|publisher=indfy.com|access-date=4 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422162447/http://www.indfy.com/andaman-and-nicobar-islands/food.html|archive-date=22 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Staples of the diet of the Indigenous [[Andamanese peoples|Andamanese]] traditionally include roots, honey, fruits, meat, and fish, obtained by hunting and gathering. Some insects were also eaten as delicacies.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NnBAiQnFLpgC |publisher=Mittal Publications |date=1 January 1932 |first1=Edward Horace |last1=Man |first2=Alexander John |last2=Ellis}}</ref> Immigration from mainland of India, however, has resulted in variations in the cuisine.

===Andhra Pradesh===
{{main|Andhra cuisine}}
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2020}}
[[File:Vegetarian Andhra Meal.jpg|thumb|right|A vegetarian [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] meal served on important occasions]]
The cuisine of [[Andhra Pradesh]] belongs to the two Telugu-speaking regions of [[Rayalaseema]] and Coastal Andhra and is part of [[Telugu cuisine]]. The food of Andhra Pradesh is known for its heavy use of spices, and the use of [[tamarind]].

Seafood is common in the coastal region of the state. Rice is the staple food (as is with all South Indian states) eaten with lentil preparations such as ''pappu'' (lentils) and ''pulusu ''(stew) and spicy vegetables or curries.

In Andhra, leafy greens or vegetables such as bottle-gourd and eggplant are usually added to ''dal''. Pickles are an essential part of the local cuisine; popular among those are mango-based pickles such as ''[[avakaya]]'' and ''maagaya'', ''[[gongura]]'' (a pickle made from [[sorrel]] leaves),<ref name="Andhra food delicacies">{{cite web|title=AP cuisine|url=http://www.indiasite.com/andhrapradesh/cuisine.html|work=Andhra Pradesh|publisher=indiasite.com|access-date=4 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625114319/http://www.indiasite.com/andhrapradesh/cuisine.html|archive-date=25 June 2012}}</ref> ''usirikaya'' (gooseberry or ''amla''),'' nimmakaya ''(lime), and tomato pickle.

[[Dahi (curd)|''Perugu'']] (yogurt) is a common addition to meals, as a way of tempering spiciness. Breakfast items include ''[[Dosa (food)|dosa]], pesarattu'' (mung bean ''dosa''), [[Vada (food)|''vada'']], and ''[[idli]]''.

===Arunachal Pradesh===
{{Main|Cuisine of Arunachal Pradesh}}
[[File:Pitang Oying - Mising Kitchen Resturant, Guwahati, Assam, 1618420295814. jpg.jpg|thumb|Pitang Oying]]
[[Arunachal Pradesh]] is located in the northeast of India, bordered by Bhutan, Myanmar, and a disputed border with [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]].

The staple food is rice, along with fish, meat, and [[leaf vegetable]]s.<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Food">{{cite web|title=Arunachal Pradesh staple food|url=http://amazingarunachal.com/cuisine.html|work=Cuisine|publisher=amazingarunachal.com|access-date=4 June 2012|archive-date=28 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428112010/http://amazingarunachal.com/cuisine.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Native tribes of Arunachal are meat eaters and use fish, eggs, beef, chicken, pork, and mutton to make their dishes.

Many varieties of rice are used. Boiled rice cakes wrapped in leaves are a popular snack. ''[[Thukpa]]'' is a kind of noodle soup common among the [[Monpa people|Monpa]] tribe of the region.<ref name="North east cuisine">{{cite web|title=Cuisine|url=http://www.incredibleindia.org/index.php/experience-india/cuisine|work=India cuisine|publisher=[[Incredible India]]|access-date=4 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602125148/http://www.incredibleindia.org/index.php/experience-india/cuisine|archive-date=2 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Lettuce]] is the most common vegetable, usually prepared by [[boiling]] with ginger, coriander, and green chillies.<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh food">{{cite web|title=Arunachal Pradesh food|url=http://www.ifood.tv/network/arunachal_pradesh|work=Arunachal Pradesh|publisher=ifood.tv|access-date=4 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424054417/http://www.ifood.tv/network/arunachal_pradesh|archive-date=24 April 2013}}</ref>

''Apong'' or [[rice beer]] made from fermented rice or millet is a popular beverage in Arunachal Pradesh and is consumed as a refreshing drink.<ref name="Thorpe">{{cite book| editor = Edgar Thorpe and Showick Thorpe |title=The Pearson Concise General Knowledge Manual | edition = New | year = 2010 | publisher=Pearson Education India | isbn=978-81-317-2766-9 | page=34 }}</ref>

===Assam===
{{Main|Assamese cuisine}}

[[File:A lunch platter of Assamese cuisine.jpg|thumb|A lunch platter of Assamese cuisine]]
[[Assam]] is located in the northeast of India, bordered by Bhutan. Its cuisine is a mixture of different indigenous styles, with considerable regional variation and some external influences. Although it is known for its limited use of spices,<ref name="Assam General Knowledge">{{cite book|title=Assam General Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C&pg=PA79|access-date=5 June 2012|publisher=Bright Publications|isbn=978-81-7199-451-9|page=79}}</ref> Assamese cuisine has strong flavours from its use of endemic herbs, fruits, and vegetables served fresh, dried, or [[Fermentation (food)|fermented]].

Rice is the staple food item and a huge variety of endemic rice varieties, including several varieties of sticky rice are a part of the cuisine in Assam. Fish, generally freshwater varieties, are widely eaten. Other non-vegetarian items include chicken, duck, squab, snails, silkworms, insects, goat, pork, venison, turtle, monitor lizard, etc.

The region's cuisine involves simple cooking processes, mostly barbecuing, steaming, or boiling. Spices are not fried before use in the cuisine of Assam.

A traditional meal in Assam begins with a ''khar'', a class of dishes named after the main ingredient and ends with a ''tenga'', a sour dish. Homebrewed rice beer or [[rice wine]] is served before a meal. The food is usually served in [[bell metal]] utensils.<ref name="Gupta1982">{{cite book|author=Rajatananda Das Gupta|title=Art of mediaeval Assam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8qfAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Cosmo|page=171}}</ref> ''[[Paan]]'', the practice of chewing [[betel nut]], generally concludes a meal.<ref name="Penzer1980">{{cite book|author=Norman Mosley Penzer|title=Poison-Damsels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWEhbry3WBUC&pg=PA253|year=1980|publisher=Ayer Publishing|isbn=978-0-405-13336-7|page=253}}</ref>

===West Bengal ===
{{Main|Bengali cuisine}}

[[File:Pithe Puli - Home - Kolkata - West Bengal.jpg|thumb|[[Pitha|Pithe Puli]]]]
[[West Bengal]] is located in the eastern portion of India, along the [[Bay of Bengal]].

Mughal cuisine is a universal influencer in the Bengali palate, and has introduced Persian and Islamic foods to the region, as well as a number of more elaborate methods of preparing food, like marination using ghee. Fish, meat (chicken, goat meat), egg, rice, milk, and sugar all play crucial parts in Bengali cuisine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalcuisine.in/history|title=Historical Sketch {{!}} Bengal Cuisine|website=bengalcuisine.in|access-date=4 May 2019|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308102137/https://www.bengalcuisine.in/history|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bengali cuisine can be subdivided into four different types of dishes, ''charbya'' (চারব্য), or food that is chewed, such as rice or fish; ''choṣya'', or food that is sucked, such as ''ambal'' and ''tak''; ''lehya'' (লেহ্য), or foods that are meant to be licked, like ''chuttney''; and ''peya'' (পেয়ে), which includes drinks, mainly milk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/our-food-their-food-historical-overview-of-the-bengali-platter|title=Our Food Their Food: A Historical Overview of the Bengali Platter {{!}} Sahapedia|website=sahapedia.org|access-date=4 May 2019|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815030328/https://www.sahapedia.org/our-food-their-food-historical-overview-of-the-bengali-platter|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Shorshe Pabda (Pabo catfish in Mustard paste)-Home,kolkata-West Bengal-IMG 0001.jpg|thumb|Shorshe Pabda ([[Ompok|Pabo catfish]] in mustard paste)]]
During the 19th century, many [[Odia people|Odia-speaking]] cooks were employed in [[Bengal]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/odia-cooks-to-bring-back-forgotten-bengali-recipes/articleshow/63761843.cms|title=Odia cooks to bring back forgotten Bengali recipes|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 April 2018|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512123014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/odia-cooks-to-bring-back-forgotten-bengali-recipes/articleshow/63761843.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> which led to the transfer of several food items between the two regions. Bengali cuisine is the only traditionally developed multi-course tradition from the Indian subcontinent that is analogous in structure to the modern [[service à la russe]] style of French cuisine, with food served course-wise rather than all at once.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-food/bengali-cuisine.html|title=Know All About the Famous Bengali Culinary Style Popular in the Eastern Part of the Indian Subcontinent|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824212112/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-food/bengali-cuisine.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bengali cuisine differs according to regional tastes, such as the emphasis on the use of [[Chili pepper|chilli pepper]] in the [[Chittagong]] district of Bangladesh<ref>{{cite book|last1=Majumdar|first1=Boria|title=Cooking on the run|date=2013|publisher=Harper Collins India|location=Delhi|page=192|edition=1st}}</ref> However, across all its varieties, there is predominant use of mustard oil along with large amounts of spices.

The cuisine is known for subtle flavours with an emphasis on [[Fish as food|fish]], meat, vegetables, lentils, and rice.<ref name="Laveesh2009(5)">{{cite book|first=Bhandari|last=Laveesh|title=Indian States at a Glance 2008–09: Performance, Facts and Figures – West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBtNr-huvZ8C&pg=PT30|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2352-4|page=30}}</ref> Bread is also a common dish in Bengali cuisine, particularly a deep-fried version called ''[[luchi]]'' is popular. Fresh aquatic fish is one of its most distinctive features; Bengalis prepare fish in many ways, such as [[steaming]], [[braising]], or [[stew]]ing in vegetables and sauces based on [[coconut milk]] or [[mustard (condiment)|mustard]].

East Bengali food, which has a high presence in [[West Bengal]] and Bangladesh, is much spicier than the West Bengali cuisine, and tends to use high amounts of chilli, and is one of the spiciest cuisines in India and the World.

[[Sandesh (confectionery)|''Shondesh'']] and ''[[rasgulla|Rashogolla]]'' are popular dishes made of sweetened, finely ground fresh cheese. For the latter, West Bengal and neighbouring [[Odisha]] both claim to be the origin of dessert. Each state also has a [[geographical indication]] for their regional variety of ''rasgulla''.<ref name="rasgulla_1">{{cite news |title=Sweet War: This GI tag is for Banglar Rashogolla, it is not about the origin |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/nov/14/sweet-war-this-gi-tag-is-for-banglar-rosogolla-it-is-not-about-the-origin-1700787.html |access-date=20 February 2021 |agency=The New Indian Express |date=14 November 2017 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815090641/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/nov/14/sweet-war-this-gi-tag-is-for-banglar-rosogolla-it-is-not-about-the-origin-1700787.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rasgulla_2">{{cite news |last1=Patnaik |first1=Sampad |title=Sweet success: Odisha receives GI tag for 'Rasagola' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/odisha-receives-gi-tag-for-rasagola-5860795/ |access-date=20 February 2021 |agency=The Indian Express |date=30 July 2019 |location=Bhubaneswar |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123154153/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/odisha-receives-gi-tag-for-rasagola-5860795/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The cuisine is also found in the state of [[Tripura]] and the [[Barak Valley]] of Assam.

===Bihar===
{{Main|Bihari cuisine}}

{{See also|Angika cuisine|Bhojpuri cuisine|Maithil cuisine|Magahi cuisine}}
[[File:Litti Chokha.jpg|thumb|Litti Chokha]]
Bihari cuisine may include ''litti chokha'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vegrecipesofindia.com/litti-chokha-recipe/|title=Litti chokha recipe | litti recipe|date=26 September 2016|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221140800/https://www.vegrecipesofindia.com/litti-chokha-recipe/|url-status=live}}</ref> a baked salted wheat-flour cake filled with ''[[sattu]]'' (baked chickpea flour) and some special spices, which is served with ''baigan ke chokha'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Behrani |first=Jyoti |date=2024-08-24 |title=Baingan Chokha Recipe {{!}} Litti Chokha |url=https://www.livingsmartandhealthy.com/baingan-chokha-instant-pot-mealthy-crisplid-air-fryer-oven-stove-top/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Living Smart And Healthy |language=en-US}}</ref> made of roasted eggplant (''brinjal'') and tomatoes.<ref name="HughesMookherjee2001"/><ref name="Laveesh2009">{{cite book|first=Bhandari|last=Laveesh|title=Indian States at a Glance 2008–09: Performance, Facts And Figures – Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YHPlq9YG9QC&pg=PT30|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2333-3|page=30}}</ref>

Among meat dishes, meat ''saalan''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/mirch-ka-saalan-by-pankaj-bhadouria/rs52397796.cms|title=Mirch Ka Saalan recipe by Pankaj Bhadouria on Times Food|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429063314/https://recipes.timesofindia.com/us/recipes/mirch-ka-saalan-by-pankaj-bhadouria/rs52397796.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> is a popular dish made of mutton or goat curry with cubed potatoes in ''[[garam masala]]''.

''Dalpuri'' is another popular dish in Bihar. It is salted wheat-flour bread, filled with boiled, crushed, and fried gram pulses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/dal-puri/rs55051886.cms|title=Dal Puri Recipe: How to make Dal Puri Recipe at Home | Homemade Dal Puri Recipe – Times Food|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429184315/https://recipes.timesofindia.com/us/recipes/dal-puri/rs55051886.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Malpua]]'' is a popular sweet dish of Bihar, prepared by a mixture of ''[[maida (flour)|maida]]'', milk, bananas, cashew nuts, peanuts, raisins, sugar, water, and green cardamom. Another notable sweet dish of Bihar is ''[[balushahi]]'', which is prepared by a specially treated combination of ''maida'' and sugar along with ''ghee'', and the other worldwide famous sweet, ''[[khaja]]'' is made from flour, vegetable fat, and sugar, which is mainly used in weddings and other occasions. [[Silao, Nalanda|Silao]] near [[Nalanda]] is famous for its production.

During the festival of [[Chhath]], ''[[thekua]]'', a sweet dish made of ''ghee'', [[jaggery]], and whole-meal flour, flavoured with [[aniseed]], is made.<ref name="HughesMookherjee2001">{{cite book|first1=Martin |last1=Hughes|first2=Sheema |last2=Mookherjee|first3=Richard|last3=Delacy|title=World Food India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWXGIQG5fMMC&pg=PA176 |year=2001|publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-86450-328-9 |page=176}}</ref>

Other food items that are quite prominent in Bihar are, Pittha, Aaloo Bhujiya, Reshmi [[Kebab]], Palwal ki mithai, and Puri Sabzi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=26 June 2019 |title=The must eat 10 Bihari dishes |url=https://www.patnadiaries.com/must-eat-10-bihari-dishes/ |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=Patna Diaries|archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715074021/https://www.patnadiaries.com/must-eat-10-bihari-dishes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Chandigarh===
[[File:Aloo Paratha with Butter from India.jpg|thumb|[[Punjabi cuisine|Punjabi]] ''aloo paratha'' served with butter]]

[[Chandigarh]], the capital of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] is a city of 20th-century origin with a cosmopolitan food culture mainly involving North Indian cuisine. People enjoy home-made recipes such as ''[[paratha]]'', especially at breakfast, and other [[Punjabi cuisine|Punjabi]] foods like ''[[roti]]'' which is made from [[wheat]], [[maize|sweetcorn]], or other [[glutenous]] [[flour]] with cooked vegetables or beans. ''[[Sarson da saag]]'' and ''[[dal makhani]]'' are well-known dishes among others.<ref>[http://www.chandigarh.co.uk/culture/cuisines.html Chandigarh Cuisine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815073708/http://www.chandigarh.co.uk/culture/cuisines.html |date=15 August 2021 }}.</ref> Popular snacks include ''[[Panipuri|gol gappa]]'' (known as ''panipuri'' in other places). It consists of a round, hollow ''[[Puri (food)|puri]]'', fried crisp and filled with a mixture of flavoured water, boiled and cubed potatoes, [[bengal gram]] beans, etc.

===Chhattisgarh===
{{Main|Chhattisgarhi cuisine}}

[[File:Khurmi, Chhattisgarhi Cuisine.jpg|thumb|190px|Chhattisgarhi Sweets Khurmi]]
[[Chhattisgarh]] cuisine is unique in nature and not found in the rest of India, although the staple food is rice, like in much of the country. Many Chhattisgarhi people drink [[liquor]] brewed from the [[Madhuca longifolia|mahuwa flower]] palm wine (''tadi'' in rural areas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Chhattisgarh-Cuisine-58039.htm |title=Chhattisgarh Cuisine in India |publisher=India9.com |date=7 June 2005 |access-date=7 February 2011 |archive-date=19 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019001005/http://www.india9.com/i9show/Chhattisgarh-Cuisine-58039.htm |url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=http://www.philosophy.dept.shef.ac.uk/culture%26mind/people/froererp/ | title=Mahua flower liquor | work=Fieldsite in Central India | access-date=5 June 2012 | archive-date=26 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226205431/https://www.india9.com/i9show/Chhattisgarh-Cuisine-58039.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> Chhattisgarhi cuisines varies as per special occasions and festivals like Thethari and Khurmi, fara, gulgule bhajiya, chausela, chila, aaersa are prepared in regional festivals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh Culture Department {{!}} Welcomes to you|url=https://www.cgculture.in/CultureChhattisgariVyanjan.aspx|access-date=28 June 2021|website=cgculture.in|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813230020/https://www.cgculture.in/CultureChhattisgariVyanjan.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The tribal people of the [[Bastar district|Bastar]] region of Chhattisgarh eat ancestral dishes such as [[Edible mushroom|mushrooms]], bamboo pickle, bamboo vegetables, etc.<ref name="Kapoor2002B">{{cite book|first=Subodh|last=Kapoor|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTdnvQBPWIUC&pg=PA565|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7|page=565}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.journeymart.com/de/india/chhattisgarh-people-society.aspx | title=Chhattisgarh delicacies | work=Chhattisgarh culture | publisher=journeymart.com | access-date=5 June 2012 | archive-date=16 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816104537/http://www.journeymart.com/de/india/chhattisgarh-people-society.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Dadra and Nagar Haveli===
The local cuisine resembles the cuisine of Gujarat. ''[[Umbadiyu|Ubadiyu]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/but-first-food/unearthing-ubadiyu-a-rustic-winter-favourite-in-gujarat-a2033b2b0fdf|title=Unearthing ubadiyu, a rustic winter favourite in Gujarat|date=21 February 2021|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816090137/https://medium.com/but-first-food/unearthing-ubadiyu-a-rustic-winter-favourite-in-gujarat-a2033b2b0fdf|url-status=live}}</ref> is a local delicacy made of vegetables and beans with herbs. The common foods include rice, ''roti'', vegetables, river fish, and crab. People also enjoy buttermilk and [[chutney]] made of different fruits and herbs.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081205030236/http://www.silvassa-tourism.com/cuisine.html]}}</ref>

===Daman and Diu===
[[Daman and Diu]] is a union territory of India which, like [[Goa]], was a former colonial possession of Portugal. Consequently, both native [[Gujarati cuisine|Gujarati food]] and traditional [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese food]] are common. Being a coastal region, the communities are mainly dependent on seafood. Normally, ''rotli'' and tea are taken for breakfast, ''rotla'' and ''saak'' for lunch, and ''chokha'' along with ''saak'' and curry are taken for dinner. Some of the dishes prepared on festive occasions include ''puri'', ''lapsee'', ''potaya'', ''dudh-plag'', and ''dhakanu''.<ref name="Singh1994">{{cite book|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|title=People of India: Daman and Diu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRhkT8SjhD8C&pg=PA8|year=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-761-6|pages=8–9}}</ref> While [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] is prohibited in the neighbouring state of [[Gujarat]], drinking is common in Daman and Diu. Better known as the "pub" of Gujarat. All popular brands of alcohol are readily available.

===Delhi===
{{Main|Mughlai cuisine}}

[[File:Rajma Chawal, from India.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Rajma]]-[[chawal]]'', curried red kidney beans with steamed rice{{why|reason=Connection with Delhi not clear|date=May 2021}}]]
[[Delhi]] was once the capital of the Mughal empire, and it became the birthplace of [[Mughlai cuisine]]. Delhi is noted for its street food. The [[Gali Paranthe Wali|Paranthewali Gali]] in [[Chandni Chowk|Chandani Chowk]] is just one of the culinary landmarks for stuffed [[flatbread]] ([[Paratha#Plain and stuffed varieties|''parathas'']]).

Delhi has people from different parts of India, thus the city has different types of food traditions; its cuisine is influenced by the various cultures. Punjabi cuisine is common, due to the dominance of Punjabi communities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiasite.com/delhi/cuisine.html |title=Cuisines of Delhi, Famous Delhi Cuisine, Famous Delhi Food, Famous Food in Delhi |publisher=Indiasite |access-date=9 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922231629/http://www.indiasite.com/delhi/cuisine.html |archive-date=22 September 2013}}</ref>

Delhi cuisine is actually an amalgam of different Indian cuisines modified in unique ways. This is apparent in the different types of street food available. ''Kababs'', ''kachauri'', ''chaat'', Indian sweets, Indian ice cream (commonly called ''[[kulfi]]''), and even Western food items like sandwiches and patties, are prepared in a style unique to Delhi and are quite popular.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://foodtourindelhi.com/street-food/ |title=Indian Street Food in Delhi | A tour of authentic Indian street food in Delhi |date=28 December 2012 |publisher=Foodtourindelhi.com |access-date=9 December 2013 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815203612/http://foodtourindelhi.com/street-food/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Goa===
{{Main|Goan cuisine|Goan Catholic cuisine}}

{{See also|Saraswat cuisine|Malvani cuisine}}
[[File:Vindalho.jpg|thumb|right|Pork ''[[vindaloo]]'' (pictured) is a popular curry dish in Goa and around the world.]]
The area has a tropical climate, which means the spices and flavours are intense. Use of ''[[Garcinia indica|kokum]]'' is a distinct feature of the region's cuisine.

Goan cuisine is mostly seafood and meat-based; the staple foods are rice and fish. [[Indo-Pacific king mackerel|Kingfish (''vison'' or ''visvan'')]] is the most common delicacy, and others include [[pomfret]], [[Shark meat|shark]], [[tuna]], and [[Mackerel (food)|mackerel]]; these are often served with [[coconut milk]].<ref name="Chapman2009">{{cite book|first=Pat|last=Chapman|title=India: Food & Cooking: The Ultimate Book on Indian Cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orHWFRMKf4EC&pg=PA38|year=2009|publisher=New Holland Publishers|isbn=978-1-84537-619-2|page=38}}</ref> [[Shellfish]], including [[Crab meat|crabs]], [[Shrimp and prawn as food|prawns]], [[tiger prawn]]s, [[Lobster meat|lobster]], [[Squid (food)|squid]], and [[Mussel#As food|mussel]]s, are commonly eaten.

The cuisine of Goa is influenced by its Hindu origins, 400 years of [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonialism]], and modern techniques.<ref name="Chapman2009"/><ref name="ThomasKarafin2009">{{cite book|first1=Amelia|last1=Thomas|first2=Amy|last2=Karafin|title=Goa and Mumbai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxY69WvM5o0C&pg=PA52|year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-894-0|page=52}}</ref>

[[Bread]], introduced by the Portuguese, is very popular, and is an important part of the Goan breakfast, most frequently in the form of toast.

===Gujarat===
{{Main|Gujarati cuisine}}

[[File:Khaman.jpg|thumb|''[[Khaman]]'' is a popular Gujarati snack]]
Gujarati cuisine is primarily vegetarian. The typical Gujarati ''[[thali]]'' consists of ''roti'' (''rotlii'' in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]), ''daal'' or ''[[kadhi]]'', rice, ''sabzi''/''shaak'', ''[[Papadum|papad]]'' and ''[[chaas]]'' (buttermilk).

''Sabzi'' is a dish of different combinations of vegetables and spices which may be [[Stir frying|stir fried]], spicy or sweet.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianfoodforever.com/food-guide/gujarati-thali.html | title=Gujurati Thali | work=Gujurati cuisine | publisher=indianfoodforever.com | access-date=5 June 2012 | archive-date=27 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627214657/https://www.indianfoodforever.com/food-guide/gujarati-thali.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Gujarati cuisine can vary widely in flavour and heat based on personal and regional tastes. [[North Gujarat]], [[Kathiawad]], [[Kachchh]], and [[South Gujarat]] are the four major regions of Gujarati cuisine.<ref name="Gujurati cuisine regions">{{cite web|title=Gujurati cuisine|url=http://www.khanapakana.com/315/regional/gujarati-recipes|work=Gujurati recipes|publisher=khanapakana.com|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225101839/http://www.khanapakana.com/315/regional/gujarati-recipes|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Many Gujarati dishes are simultaneously sweet, salty (like ''[[handvo]]''), and spicy. In [[mango]] season, ''keri no ras'' (fresh mango pulp) is often an integral part of the meal. Spices also vary seasonally. For example, ''[[garam masala]]'' is used much less in summer.

Gujarati snacks include ''sev khamani'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pepkitchen.com/recipe/sev-khamani/|title=Sev Khamani – Pepkitchen|date=25 March 2020|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815221530/https://pepkitchen.com/recipe/sev-khamani/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[khakhra]]'', ''dal vada'',<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.indianhealthyrecipes.com/mixed-dal-vada-recipe/|title = Dal vada recipe|date = 29 August 2014|access-date = 27 April 2021|archive-date = 15 August 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210815032856/https://www.indianhealthyrecipes.com/mixed-dal-vada-recipe/|url-status = live}}</ref> ''methi na bhajiya'',<ref>{{cite web|url = https://myvegetarianroots.com/keda-methi-na-bhajiya/|title = Keda Methi Na Bhajiya|date = 13 April 2020|access-date = 27 April 2021|archive-date = 14 August 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210814122314/https://myvegetarianroots.com/keda-methi-na-bhajiya/|url-status = live}}</ref> ''[[khaman]]'', ''[[Bakarwadi|bhakharwadi]]'' and more.

Regular [[fasting]], with diets limited to milk, [[dried fruit]], and [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]], is a common practice,<ref name="ThakerBarton2012">{{cite book|first1=Aruna|last1=Thaker|first2=Arlene|last2=Barton|title=Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3X3dNbYSOEC&pg=PA5|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-35046-1|page=5}}</ref>

===Haryana===
{{Main|Cuisine of Haryana}}

[[File:Kadhi Chawal from India.jpg|thumb|''Kadhi'' is a [[Haryana]] dish.]]
Cattle being common in [[Haryana]], dairy products are a common component of its cuisine.<ref name="LimitedKitchen2010">{{cite book|author1=Murdoch Books Pty Limited|author2=Murdoch Books Test Kitchen|title=India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_cHBuYD3CQC&pg=PA9|year=2010|publisher=Murdoch Books|isbn=978-1-74196-438-7|page=9}}</ref><ref name="WickramasingheRajah2005">{{cite book|first1=Priya|last1=Wickramasinghe|author2=Carol Selva Rajah|title=Food of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5n5Tc3lb4oC&pg=PA13|year=2005|publisher=Murdoch Books|isbn=978-1-74045-472-8|page=13}}</ref>

Specific regional dishes include ''[[Kadhi#India|kadhi]]'', ''[[pakora]]'', ''[[Gram flour|besan]] [[Spice mix|masala]] roti'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcookingodyssey.com/2018/04/besan-masala-roti.html?m=1|title=Besan Masala Roti|date=27 April 2018|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430000458/https://www.jcookingodyssey.com/2018/04/besan-masala-roti.html?m=1|url-status=live}}</ref> ''bajra aloo roti'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/bajra-aloo-paratha-recipe|title=Bajra Aloo Paratha Recipe|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815221528/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/bajra-aloo-paratha-recipe|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[churma]]'', ''[[kheer]]'', ''bathua raita'',<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.temptingtreat.com/2020/04/bathua-raita/|title = Bathua Raita | Delicious Raita Recipe|date = 18 April 2020|access-date = 27 April 2021|archive-date = 15 August 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210815132809/http://www.temptingtreat.com/2020/04/bathua-raita/|url-status = live}}</ref> ''methi [[Carrot|gajar]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/gajar-methi-sabzi-recipe-carrot-fenugreek-leaves-stir-fry|title=Gajar Methi Sabzi Recipe (Carrot Fenugreek Leaves Stir Fry)|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816184958/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/gajar-methi-sabzi-recipe-carrot-fenugreek-leaves-stir-fry|url-status=live}}</ref> ''singri ki [[Curry|sabzi]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.blissofcooking.com/2020/06/rajasthani-sangri-ki-sabji/|title = Rajasthani Sangri Ki Sabji|date = 21 June 2020|access-date = 27 April 2021|archive-date = 15 August 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210815083449/http://www.blissofcooking.com/2020/06/rajasthani-sangri-ki-sabji/|url-status = live}}</ref> and [[tomato chutney]].

In the past, its staple diet included ''bajra khichdi'',<ref>{{cite web|date=9 December 2018|title=Vegetable Pearl Millet Recipe – Bajra Khichdi|url=https://www.enhanceyourpalate.com/vegetable-pearl-millet-recipe-bajra-khichdi/|access-date=27 April 2021|website=Enhance Your Palate|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815051137/https://www.enhanceyourpalate.com/vegetable-pearl-millet-recipe-bajra-khichdi/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Rabri|rabdi]]'', onion chutney,<ref>{{cite web|title=Traditional Onion Chutney Recipe {{!}} Sukhi's|date=11 February 2020|url=https://sukhis.com/traditional-onion-chutney-recipe/|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814074214/https://sukhis.com/traditional-onion-chutney-recipe/|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''bajra ki roti''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bajra ki roti (Millet flour roti)|url=http://www.northindiancooking.com/bajra-ki-roti-millet-flour.html|access-date=27 April 2021|website=North Indian Cooking by..Geeta Seth|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128131604/http://www.northindiancooking.com/bajra-ki-roti-millet-flour.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In non-vegetarian cuisine it includes ''kukad kadhai''<ref>{{cite web|title=Tandoori Kukkad Recipe: How to Make Tandoori Kukkad Recipe {{!}} Homemade Tandoori Kukkad Recipe|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/tandoori-kukkad/rs54014168.cms|access-date=27 April 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816195803/https://recipes.timesofindia.com/us/recipes/tandoori-kukkad/rs54014168.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[chicken tikka masala|chicken ''tikka masala'']].

''[[Lassi]]'', ''[[Sharbat (beverage)|sharbat]]'', ''[[Lemonade|nimbu pani]]'' and ''[[Laapsi|labsi]]'' (a mixture of ''bajra'' flour and ''lassi'') are three popular non-alcoholic beverages in Haryana. However, liquor stores are common there, which cater to a large number of truck drivers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.richindianculture.com/haryana/food-of-haryana.html |title=Food of Haryana, Cuisine of Haryana, Famous Haryana Food, Recipes of Haryana, Haryana Food |publisher=Richindianculture.com |access-date=7 February 2011 |archive-date=2 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902151849/http://www.richindianculture.com/haryana/food-of-haryana.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Himachal Pradesh===
{{Main|Culture of Himachal Pradesh#Cuisine}}

The daily diet of [[Himachal]] people is similar to that of the rest of North India, including lentils, broth, rice, vegetables, and bread, although non-vegetarian cuisine is preferred. Some of the specialities of Himachal include ''sidu'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Himachal Style Pahari Sidu Recipe -Stuffed Bread Recipe|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/himachal-style-pahari-sidu-recipe-stuffed-bread-recipe|access-date=27 April 2021|website=Archana's Kitchen|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429084708/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/himachal-style-pahari-sidu-recipe-stuffed-bread-recipe|url-status=live}}</ref> ''patande'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Patande Recipe: How to Make Patande Recipe {{!}} Homemade Patande Recipe|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/patande/rs71626203.cms|access-date=27 April 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814010721/https://recipes.timesofindia.com/us/recipes/patande/rs71626203.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Chamba Chukh|chukh]]'', ''[[rajma]]h'', and ''[[Sesame|til]]'' chutney.<ref name="Himachal cuisine">{{cite web|title=Himachal Pradesh specialities|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/himachal-pradesh/food/|work=Himachal cuisine|publisher=mapsofindia.com|access-date=5 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611031903/http://www.mapsofindia.com/himachal-pradesh/food/|archive-date=11 June 2012}}</ref>

===Jammu and Kashmir===
{{Main|Kashmiri cuisine}}

[[File:Kashmiri cuisine waazwan.jpg|thumb|[[Wazwan]]]]
The cuisine of Jammu and Kashmir is from two regions of the state: Jammu division and Kashmir Valley. [[Kashmir]]i cuisine has evolved over hundreds of years. Its first major influence was the food of the [[Kashmiri Pandits|Kashmiri Hindus]] and Buddhists.

The cuisine was later influenced by the cultures which arrived with the invasion of Kashmir by [[Timur]] from the area of modern [[Uzbekistan]]. Subsequent influences have included the cuisines of [[Central Asia]] and the North Indian plains.

The most notable ingredient in Kashmiri cuisine is [[Lamb and mutton#Indian subcontinent|mutton]], of which over 30 varieties are known.<ref name="Kashmiri cuisine">{{cite web|title=Kashmiri food|url=http://www.food-india.com/region/kashmiri.htm|work=Kashmiri cuisine|publisher=food-india.com|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815083449/http://www.food-india.com/region/kashmiri.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Wazwan]]'' is a multicourse meal in the Kashmiri tradition, the preparation of which is considered an art.<ref name="Wazwan">{{cite news|title=Kashmiri Wazwan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3304066.ece|series=Metroplus|work=The Hindu|access-date=5 June 2012|date=11 April 2012|location=Chennai, India|archive-date=18 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718020301/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3304066.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Shufta Kashmiri cuisine.jpg|thumb|Shufta]] Kashmiri pandit food is elaborate, and an important part of the Pandits' ethnic identity. Kashmiri pandit cuisine usually uses ''[[dahi (curd)|dahi]]'' (yogurt), oil, and spices such as turmeric, red chilli, cumin, ginger, and [[fennel]], though they do not use onion and garlic.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anand |first=Karen |title=Treats from the Valley |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Treats-from-the-valley/articleshow/10944328.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030205356/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-20/food-reviews/30463600_1_kashmiri-pandits-kashmiri-food-rogan-josh |url-status=live |archive-date=30 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 April 2012}}</ref> ''[[Biryani|Birayanis]]'' are quite popular, and are the speciality of Kashmir.

The Jammu region is famous for its ''[[Panjiri|sund panjeeri]]'', [[Soan papdi|''patisa'']], ''[[rajma]]'' with rice and [[Kalari cheese]].

[[Dogri language|Dogri]] food includes ''ambal'' (sour pumpkin dish),<ref>{{cite web|date=15 November 2017|title=Kaddu ka Ambal, Kashmiri Sweet and Sour Pumpkin » Maayeka|url=https://maayeka.com/2017/11/kaddu-ka-ambal-kashmiri-ambal.html|access-date=27 April 2021|website=Maayeka|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815053032/https://maayeka.com/2017/11/kaddu-ka-ambal-kashmiri-ambal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''khatta'' meat,<ref>{{cite web|title=Khatta Meat Recipe by Gopal|url=https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-khatta-meat-351842|access-date=27 April 2021|website=NDTV Food|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119221014/https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-khatta-meat-351842|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Macrotyloma uniflorum|kulthein di dal]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Kashmiri Kulith Ki Dal Recipe – Horse Gram Dal Recipe|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/kashmiri-kulith-ki-dal-recipe-horse-gram-dal-recipe|access-date=27 April 2021|website=Archana's Kitchen|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815171245/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/kashmiri-kulith-ki-dal-recipe-horse-gram-dal-recipe|url-status=live}}</ref> ''dal chawal'',<ref>{{cite web|date=27 August 2020|title=Dal Chawal: Simple Lentil Curry & Basmati Rice|url=https://thespicemess.com/dal-chawal/|access-date=27 April 2021|website=The Spice Mess|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813230543/https://thespicemess.com/dal-chawal/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''maa da madra'' (black gram lentils in yogurt)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.betterbutter.in/recipe/9346/ma-ki-dal-ka-madra-black-gram-lentils-in-yoghurt/|title=Ma ki dal ka madra (Black gram lentils in yoghurt) recipe by Kalpana Vinay at BetterButter|access-date=29 April 2021|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815042312/https://www.betterbutter.in/recipe/9346/ma-ki-dal-ka-madra-black-gram-lentils-in-yoghurt/|url-status=live}}</ref> and Uriya.

Many types of pickles are made including [[mango pickle|mango]], ''[[Fiddlehead#Indian cuisine|kasrod]]'', and ''girgle''. Street food is also famous which include various types of ''[[chaat]]s'', specially [[Panipuri|''gol gappas'']], ''[[Gulgula (doughnut)|gulgule]]'', ''[[chole bhature]]'', ''rajma kulcha''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/grilled-rajma-masala-sandwich-recipe|title=Grilled Rajma Masala Sandwich Recipe|access-date=29 April 2021|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429130006/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/grilled-rajma-masala-sandwich-recipe|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Dahi vada|''dahi bhalla'']].

===Jharkhand===
{{Main|Cuisine of Jharkhand}}

Staple foods in [[Jharkhand]] are rice, ''dal'' and vegetables. Famous dishes include ''chirka roti'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Anantham|first=Nithya|title=Chilka Roti Recipe (Jharkhand Style Rice and Lentil Roti)|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/chilka-roti-recipe-jharkhand-style-rice-and-lentil-roti|access-date=29 April 2021|website=Archana's Kitchen|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815115952/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/chilka-roti-recipe-jharkhand-style-rice-and-lentil-roti|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Pitha|pittha]]'', ''[[malpua]]'', ''[[Dhooska|dhuska]]'', ''arsa roti''<ref>{{cite web|title=Arsa Recipe: How to Make Arsa Recipe {{!}} Homemade Arsa Recipe|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/arsa/rs58975118.cms|access-date=29 April 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816144951/https://recipes.timesofindia.com/us/recipes/arsa/rs58975118.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Litti (cuisine)|litti chokha]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://greatindianfood.in/10-dishes-cuisine-jharkhand-must-try-least-life/|title=10 Dishes of Cuisine of Jharkhand you must try at least once in Life|date=30 September 2016|newspaper=Great Indian Food|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203080725/https://greatindianfood.in/10-dishes-cuisine-jharkhand-must-try-least-life/|archive-date=3 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Local alcoholic drinks include ''[[Handia (drink)|handia]]'', a rice beer, and ''mahua [[Desi daru|daru]]'', made from flowers of the ''mahua'' tree (''[[Madhuca longifolia]])''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jharkhandtourism.in/artculture/cuisines.htm|title=::Jharkhand Tourism::Cuisines|website=jharkhandtourism.in|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226222111/http://jharkhandtourism.in/artculture/cuisines.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/High-time-to-make-most-of-mahua/articleshow/19687715.cms|title=High time to make most of mahua|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=9 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209082700/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/High-time-to-make-most-of-mahua/articleshow/19687715.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Karnataka===
{{Main|Cuisine of Karnataka}}

{{See also|Mangalorean Catholic cuisine|Udupi cuisine}}
[[File:Another Vegetarian Meal.jpg|thumb|Staple vegetarian meal of Karnataka is ''[[jolada rotti]], palya'', and ''anna-saaru''.]]

A number of dishes, such as ''[[idli]], [[rava idli]]'', Mysore ''[[masala dosa]]'', etc., were invented here and have become popular beyond the state of [[Karnataka]]{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=February 2017}}. Equally, varieties in the cuisine of Karnataka have similarities with its three neighbouring South Indian states, as well as the states of [[Maharashtra]] and Goa to its north. It is very common for the food to be served on a banana leaf, especially during festivals and functions.

Karnataka cuisine can be very broadly divided into [[Mysore]]/[[Culture of Bangalore#Cuisine|Bangalore]] cuisine, North Karnataka cuisine, [[Udupi cuisine]], [[Kodagu]]/Coorg cuisine, [[Karavali]]/coastal cuisine, and [[Saraswat cuisine]]. [[Catholic Christian|Catholic Christians]] from [[Mangalore]] have their distinct cuisine featuring coconut, spices, and a distinct Portuguese influence.

This cuisine covers a wide spectrum of food from pure vegetarian and vegan to meats like pork, and from savouries to sweets.

Typical dishes include ''[[bisi bele bath]]'', ''[[jolada rotti]]'', ''badanekai yennegai'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/karnataka-style-badnekeyae-yennagai-gojju-recipe-stuffed-brinjal-recipe|title=Karnataka Style Badanekai Yennegai Gojju Recipe (Stuffed Brinjal Recipe)|access-date=29 April 2021|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429140551/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/karnataka-style-badnekeyae-yennagai-gojju-recipe-stuffed-brinjal-recipe|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[holige]]'', ''kadubu'', ''[[chapati]]'', ''[[idli|idli vada]]'', ''[[ragi rotti]]'', ''[[akki rotti]]'', ''[[rasam (dish)|saaru]]'', ''[[Sambar (dish)|huli]]'', ''[[kootu]]'', ''[[vangibath]]'', ''[[Kiribath|khara bath]]'', ''[[kesari bhath]]'', ''[[sajjige]]'', ''[[neer dosa]],'' ''mysoore''{{clarify|date=April 2021}}, ''haal bai'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/karnataka-style-haalbai-recipe|title=Karnataka Style Haalbai Recipe|access-date=29 April 2021|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429143538/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/karnataka-style-haalbai-recipe|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[chiroti]]'', ''[[benne dose]]'', [[majjige huli]], ''[[ragi mudde]],'' and ''[[uppittu]].''

The [[Kodagu district]] is known for spicy pork curries,<ref>{{cite news |title=Kodagu still swears by pork|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Kodagu-still-swears-by-pork/articleshow/4484120.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030205529/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-05/bangalore/28188903_1_pork-swine-flu-kodagu|url-status=live|archive-date=30 October 2012|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 May 2009}}</ref> while coastal Karnataka specialises in seafood. Although the ingredients differ regionally, a typical ''Kannadiga oota'' (Kannadiga meal) is served on a [[banana leaf]]. The coastal districts of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi district|Udupi]] have slightly varying cuisines, which make extensive use of coconut in curries and frequently include seafood.<ref>{{cite news|title=Taste of Mangalore |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/17/stories/2002061700920300.htm |access-date=27 June 2012 |date=17 June 2002 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105012222/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/17/stories/2002061700920300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=5 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Ranade2009">{{cite book|author=Prabha Shastri Ranade|title=Infrastructure Development and Its Environmental Impact: Study of Konkan Railway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGSKjaym3TcC&pg=PA162|year=2009|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-450-9|page=162}}</ref>

===Kerala===
{{Main|Cuisine of Kerala}}

[[File:South Indian food cuisine.jpg|thumb|A traditional Kerala Sadhya]]
<gallery mode=packed widths=200 heights=165>
Sadhya DSW.jpg|A typical ''[[sadhya]]'', where [[banana leaves]] are used as plates
Sadhya Items.jpg|''[[Sadhya]]'' items ready to be served. Clockwise from top: ''[[paayasam]]'' or ''[[Ada pradhaman|pradhaman]]'', bitter gourd ''[[thoran]]'', ''[[aviyal]]'', ''[[kaalan]]'', lime pickle, ''[[Sambar (dish)|sambar]]'', and buttermilk with boiled rice in center
</gallery>
Contemporary Kerala food includes vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. Fish and seafood play a major role in Kerala cuisine, as Kerala is a coastal state. An everyday Kerala meal in most households consists of rice with fish curry made of sardines, mackerel, ''seer'' fish, king fish, pomfret, prawns, shrimp, sole, anchovy, or parrotfish, (mussels, oysters, crabs, squid, scallops are not rare), and vegetable curry and stir-fried vegetables with or without coconut traditionally known as ''[[thoran]]'' or ''mizhukkupiratti''. As Kerala has large number of inland water bodies, freshwater fish are also abundant, and part of regular meals. It is common in Kerala to have a breakfast with non-vegetarian dishes in restaurants, in contrast to other states in India. Chicken or mutton stews, lamb, chicken, beef, pork, egg curry, and fish curry with tapioca for breakfast are also widely enjoyed.

Kerala cuisine reflects its rich trading heritage. Over time, various cuisines have blended with indigenous dishes, while foreign ones have been adapted to local tastes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavacanza.in/tourist-attractions/kerala/cuisine-of-kerala/a47|title=Cuisine of Kerala|access-date=27 September 2016|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226002506/https://www.lavacanza.in/tourist-attractions/kerala/cuisine-of-kerala/a47|url-status=live}}</ref> Significant Arab, Syrian, Portuguese, Dutch, Jewish, and Middle Eastern influences exist in this region's cuisine.
[[File:Kerala Style Prawns Roast.jpg|thumb|Kerala style prawns roast–Kerala being a coastal state has different varieties of sea food preparations]]

[[Coconut]]s grow in abundance in Kerala, so grated coconut and coconut milk are commonly used for thickening and flavouring.<ref>{{cite book|title=Zero Oil South Indian Cook Book|date=21 February 2008|publisher=Dr. Bimal Chhajer|isbn=978-81-288-0512-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcaFp3g36l8C}}</ref> Kerala's long coastline and numerous rivers have led to a strong fishing industry in the state, making seafood a common part of the meal. Starchy food like Rice and [[tapioca]] forms the major part of Kerala's staple food.<ref>{{cite book |author=Planning Commission, Government of India|title=Kerala development report|year=2008|publisher=Academic Foundation|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7188-594-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC}}</ref> Having been a major region of [[spice]] cultivation and trade for thousands of years, the spices like black pepper, cardamom, clove, ginger, cumin and cinnamon finds extensive use in Kerala cuisine. Kerala ''[[sadhya]]'', an elaborate vegetarian banquet prepared for festivals and ceremonies. A full-course ''sadhya'', which consists of rice with about 20 different accompaniments and desserts is the ceremonial meal, eaten usually on celebrations such as marriages, [[Onam]], [[Vishu]], etc. and is served on a [[Cooking banana|plantain]] leaf.

Most of Kerala's Hindus, except its [[Brahmin]] community, eats fish, chicken, beef, pork, eggs, and mutton.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Meera |editor1=Ashok K. Dutt |editor2=H.N. Misra |title=Explorations in applied geography|year=2008|publisher=Asoke K. Ghosh, Prentice-Hall of India, Private Limited|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-203-3384-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcaFp3g36l8C|edition=Eastern economy}}</ref> The Brahmin are famed for their vegan cuisine, especially varieties of [[Sambar (dish)|''sambar'']] and ''[[Rasam (dish)|rasam]]''. A thick vegetable stew popular in South and Central India called ''[[avial]]'' is believed to have originated in southern Kerala. The avial, eaten widely in the state, is an important vegetarian dish in ''Kerala sadya''. In most Kerala households, a typical meal consists of rice served along with vegetables and fish or meat dishes. Kerala also has a variety of breakfast dishes like ''[[idli]]'', ''[[Dosa (food)|dosa]]'', ''[[appam]]'', ''[[idiyappam]]'', ''[[puttu]]'', [[parotta]] and ''[[pathiri]]'' served with sambar, coconut chutney, mutta curry (egg curry), kadala (chickpea) curry, green peas, chicken curry, beef curry and mutton curry.<ref name="Laveesh2009(2)">{{cite book|first=Bhandari|last=Laveesh|title=Indian States at a Glance 2008–09: Performance, Facts and Figures – Kerala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG1SoemjeXAC&pg=PT36|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2340-1|page=36}}</ref>

The [[Muslim]] community of Kerala blend Arabian, North Indian, and indigenous [[Malabar region|Malabari]] cuisines, using chicken, eggs, beef, and mutton.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malabar: Mecca of Muslim food|work=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140717/lifestyle-food/article/malabar-mecca-muslim-food|access-date=8 March 2015|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224173734/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140717/lifestyle-food/article/malabar-mecca-muslim-food|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Thalassery biryani'' is the only ''biryani'' variant, which is of Kerala origin having originated in [[Talassery]], in [[Malabar region]]. The dish is significantly different from other ''biryani'' variants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mysingaporekitchen.com/2012/11/thalassery-biriyani.html |title=Thalassery Biriyani |publisher=mysingaporekitchen.com |date=16 November 2012 |access-date=4 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055629/http://www.mysingaporekitchen.com/2012/11/thalassery-biriyani.html |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Snacks like ''Pazham nirachathu'', ''Unnakkai'', ''Bread pola''— made of bread, eggs, milk and a simple masala, Iftar preparations like ''Thari kanji'', ''Kozhi pichuporichathu'' (shredded chicken), ''Pidi''— a preparation of rice dumplings dunked in gravy,''Irachi pathiri, Chatti pathiri, Meen pathiri, Neriya pathiri and Kannu vecha pathiri'' – roti varieties usually made of powdered rice, dishes like Kaai curry etc., are also contributions of Muslim community to the broad Kerala cuisine.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Anand|first1=Shilpa Nair|last2=Menon|first2=Anasuya|date=2 July 2015|title=Iftar from God's own country|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/some-delectable-treats-that-grace-tables-during-iftar-in-kerala/article7379426.ece|access-date=13 August 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813063146/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/some-delectable-treats-that-grace-tables-during-iftar-in-kerala/article7379426.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Pathanamthitta]] region is known for ''raalan'' and fish curries. ''[[Appam]]'' along with [[wine]] and curries of duck, pork and cured beef are popular among [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]] in Central Kerala.

Popular desserts are ''[[payasam]]'' (pudding) and ''[[halwa]]''. Payasam, especially ''Ambalappuzha Paalpayasam'' also known as Gopala Kashayam (Krishnan's potion) prepared at the 17th century [[Ambalappuzha|Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna swami temple]], is a delicacy known for its unique and flavourful taste. Interestingly, on each day the paalpayasam is prepared only after (ritualistically) seeking due permission from the presiding deity – [[Krishna|Shri Krishna]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jayaprakash|first1=K.|date=21 November 2019|title=Ambalapuzha Palpayasam: The Food of the God|url=https://kochipost.com/2019/11/21/ambalapuzha-palpayasam-the-food-for-the-god/|access-date=12 August 2021|website=KochiPost|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812183350/https://kochipost.com/2019/11/21/ambalapuzha-palpayasam-the-food-for-the-god/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kerala has a number of paayasam varieties including but not limited to ''Paalpayasam, Vermicelli Payasam, Pradhaman, Ada Pradhaman, Chakka (Jackfruit) Pradhaman, Parippu Paayasam'' and more. Paayasam like Vermicelli Payasam (Semiya payasam) also finds a place in [[Iftar]] feast of Muslim communities in Kerala.

''Halva'' is one of the most commonly found or easily recognised sweets in bakeries throughout Kerala, and originated from the Gujarathi community in Calicut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2020/02/15/kozhikode-calicut-halwa-food-history.html|title=How the Kozhikode halwa became a celebrity in Kerala and abroad|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224161713/https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2020/02/15/kozhikode-calicut-halwa-food-history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Europeans used to call the dish "sweetmeat" due to its texture, and a street in Kozhikode where became named [[S.M. Street|Sweet Meat Street]] during [[Kerala#Colonial era|colonial rule]]. This is mostly made from [[maida flour|''maida'']] (highly refined wheat), and comes in various flavours, such as banana, ''ghee'' or coconut. However, ''karutha haluva'' (black ''haluva'') made from rice is also very popular.

===Ladakh===
[[File:A bowl of Thukpa.jpg|thumb|''Thukpa'' is popular in [[Ladakh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[North-East India]].]]
Ladakhi cuisine is from the two districts of [[Leh]] and [[Kargil]] in the union territory of [[Ladakh]]. Ladakhi food has much in common with [[Tibetan food]], the most prominent foods being ''[[thukpa]]'' (noodle soup) and ''[[tsampa]]'', known in Ladakhi as ''ngampe'' (roasted barley flour). Edible without cooking, ''tsampa'' makes useful trekking food.

Strictly Ladakhi dishes include ''skyu'' and ''chutagi'', both heavy and rich soup pasta dishes, ''skyu'' being made with root vegetables and meat, and ''chutagi'' with leafy greens and vegetables.<ref>{{cite web|last=Motup|first=Sonam|title=Food & Cuisine: 10 Best Dishes to Eat in Leh-Ladakh 🥄🥣|url=https://www.leh-ladakh-taxi-booking.com/practical-info/food-and-cuisine-10-best-dishes-to-eat-in-ladakh|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108115012/https://www.leh-ladakh-taxi-booking.com/practical-info/food-and-cuisine-10-best-dishes-to-eat-in-ladakh|url-status=live}}</ref> As Ladakh moves toward a cash-based economy, foods from the plains of India are becoming more common.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Namgail |first1=T. |last2=Jensen |first2=A. |last3=Padmanabhan |first3=S. |last4=Desor |first4=S. |last5=Dolma |first5=R. |title=Dhontang: Food in Ladakh |date=2019 |publisher=Central Institute of Buddhist Studies, Local Futures |isbn=978-93-83802-15-9 |pages=1–44}}</ref>

As in other parts of Central Asia, tea in Ladakh is traditionally made with strong green tea, butter, and salt. It is mixed in a large churn and known as ''[[Butter tea|gurgur cha]]'', after the sound it makes when mixed. Sweet tea (''cha ngarmo'') is common now, made in the Indian style with milk and sugar. Most of the surplus barley that is produced is fermented into ''chang'', an alcoholic beverage drunk especially on festive occasions.<ref name="WomensAlliance">{{cite book |last=Norberg-Hodge |first=Helena |year=2000 |title=Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh |publisher=Oxford India Paperbacks }}</ref>

===Lakshadweep===

The cuisine of [[Lakshadweep]] prominently features seafood and coconut. Local food consists of spicy non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes.

The culinary influence of Kerala is quite evident in the cuisines of Lakshadweep, since the island lies in close proximity to Kerala. Coconut and sea fish serve as the foundation of most meals.

The people of Lakshadweep drink large amounts of [[coconut water]], which is the most abundant aerated drink on the island. Coconut milk is the base for most of the curries. All the sweet or savoury dishes have a touch of famous [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] spices. Local people also prefer to have ''dosa'', ''idlis,'' and various rice dishes.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnakumar|first=PK|title=Cut in duty to boost packaged coconut water|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-03-04/news/27704654_1_coconut-water-coconut-production-chief-coconut-development-officer|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=4 March 2008|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815173127/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Madhya Pradesh===
[[File:Baati.jpg|right|thumb|''Daal bafla'', a popular dish in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Gujarat]]]]

The cuisine in [[Madhya Pradesh]] varies regionally. Wheat and meat are common in the north and west of the state, while the wetter south and east are dominated by rice and fish. Milk is a common ingredient in [[Gwalior]] and [[Indore]].

The [[street food]] of Indore is well known, with shops that have been active for generations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gaur|first=Abhilash|title=Outdoor Indore Abhilash Gaur on the legendary street-food delicacies of this businesslike city.|url=http://traveller.outlookindia.com/issuecontent1.aspx?id=310&flag=issuehome|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131045345/http://traveller.outlookindia.com/issuecontent1.aspx?id=310&flag=issuehome|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 January 2013|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=Outlook traveller}}</ref> [[Bhopal]] is known for meat and fish dishes such as ''[[rogan josh]]'', ''[[korma]]'', ''[[qeema]]'', ''[[biryani]]'', ''[[pilaf]]'', and ''[[kebab]]s''. On a street named Chatori Gali in old Bhopal, one can find traditional Muslim nonvegetarian fare such as ''paya ''soup, ''bun kabab'', and ''nalli-nihari'' as some of the specialties.<ref>{{cite news|last=Esteves|first=Lesley A.|title=FOOD COURT Nawabi Bhopal is a long and large meal, discovers Lesley A. Esteves.|url=http://traveller.outlookindia.com/issuecontent1.aspx?id=1200&flag=issuehome|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131000937/http://traveller.outlookindia.com/issuecontent1.aspx?id=1200&flag=issuehome|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 January 2013|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=Outlook traveller|date=April 2008}}</ref>

''[[Dal Baati|Dal bafla]]'' is a common meal in the region and can be easily found in Indore and other nearby regions, consisting of a steamed and grilled wheat cake dunked in rich'' ghee'', which is eaten with ''daal'' and ''[[Laddu|ladoos]]''.

The culinary specialty of the [[Malwa]] and Indore regions of central Madhya Pradesh is ''[[Poha (rice)|poha]]'' (flattened rice); usually eaten at breakfast with ''[[jalebi]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's bountiful breakfast options|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Indias-bountiful-breakfast-options/articleshow/5908167.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030205524/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-09/special-report/28303340_1_breakfast-puri-buffet|url-status=live|archive-date=30 October 2012|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 May 2010}}</ref>

Beverages in the region include ''[[lassi]]'', [[beer]], [[rum]] and [[sugarcane juice]]. A local liquor is distilled from the flowers of the [[Madhuca longifolia|mahua tree]]. [[Phoenix dactylifera|Date palm]] ''[[Palm wine|toddy]]'' is also popular. In tribal regions, a popular drink is the sap of the ''sulfi'' tree, which may be alcoholic if it has [[Ethanol fermentation|fermented]].

===Maharashtra===
{{Main|Maharashtrian cuisine}}


[[File:Vada Paav-The Mumbai Burger.jpg|thumb|Vada pav]]
[[Maharashtra|Maharashtrian]] cuisine is an extensive balance of many different tastes. It includes a range of dishes from mild to very spicy tastes. ''[[Bajri]]'', wheat, rice, ''[[jowar]]'', vegetables, lentils, and fruit form important components of the Maharashtrian diet.

Popular dishes include ''[[puran poli]]'', ''ukdiche [[modak]]'', ''[[batata wada]]'', ''[[Sabudana Khichadi|sabudana khichdi]]'', ''masala bhat'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hebbarskitchen.com/maharashtrian-masale-bhat-recipe/|title=Masale bhat recipe | masala bhaat | maharashtrian masala bhaath|date=January 2019|access-date=30 April 2021|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815032902/https://hebbarskitchen.com/maharashtrian-masale-bhat-recipe/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[pav bhaji]]'', and ''[[Vada pav|wada pav]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Food and the West {{!}} New Emissary|url=https://thediplomat.com/new-emissary/2010/11/29/indian-food-and-the-west/|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=The Diplomat|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816104536/https://thediplomat.com/new-emissary/2010/11/29/indian-food-and-the-west/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Poha'' or [[flattened rice]] is also usually eaten at breakfast. ''Kanda poha''<ref>{{cite web|url = https://hebbarskitchen.com/kanda-poha-recipe-maharashtrian-poha/|title = Poha recipe 2 ways | kanda poha | aloo poha | maharastrian kanda pohe|date = 5 November 2021|access-date = 30 April 2021|archive-date = 16 August 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816184951/https://hebbarskitchen.com/kanda-poha-recipe-maharashtrian-poha/|url-status = live}}</ref> and ''aloo poha''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/aloo-poha-batata-poha-a-quick-and-delicious-breakfast-recipe|title=Aloo Poha Recipe – Batata Poha|access-date=30 April 2021|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815083449/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/aloo-poha-batata-poha-a-quick-and-delicious-breakfast-recipe|url-status=live}}</ref> are some of the dishes cooked for breakfast and snacking in evenings.

Popular spicy meat dishes include those that originated in the Kolhapur region. These are the Kolhapuri ''Sukka'' mutton,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/mutton-sukha/rs53823731.cms|title=Mutton Sukha Recipe: How to make Mutton Sukha Recipe at Home | Homemade Mutton Sukha Recipe – Times Food|access-date=30 April 2021|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501121955/https://recipes.timesofindia.com/us/recipes/mutton-sukha/rs53823731.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''pandhra rassa'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://joosfood.com/ct-popular-recipes/pandhra-rassa/|title=Chicken Pandhra Rassa | Kolhapuri Pandhra Rassa|date=10 January 2019|access-date=30 April 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813215124/https://joosfood.com/ct-popular-recipes/pandhra-rassa/|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''tabmda rassa''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kalimirchbysmita.com/tambda-rassa-signature-delicacy-from-kolhapur/|title=Tambda Rassa- Signature delicacy from Kolhapur|date=7 May 2017|access-date=30 April 2021|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815231647/https://kalimirchbysmita.com/tambda-rassa-signature-delicacy-from-kolhapur/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Shrikhand]]'', a sweet dish made from [[strained yogurt]], is a main dessert of Maharashtrian cuisine.<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=51008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509132117/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=51008|date=9 May 2013}}</ref> [[File:Vedhmi.jpg|thumb|[[Puran poli]]]]The cuisine of Maharashtra can be divided into two major sections, the coastal and the interior. The [[Konkan]], on the coast of the [[Arabian Sea]], has its own type of cuisine, a homogeneous combination of [[Malvan]]i, [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]], and [[Goan cuisine]]. In the interior of Maharashtra, the [[Paschim Maharashtra]], [[Khandesh]], [[Vidarbha]] and [[Marathwada]] areas have their own distinct cuisines.

The cuisine of Vidarbha uses [[Peanut|groundnuts]], poppy seeds, [[jaggery]], wheat, ''[[Sorghum bicolor|jowar]]'', and ''[[Pearl millet#Culinary use|bajra]]'' extensively. A typical meal consists of rice, ''[[roti]]'', ''[[Puran poli|poli]]'', or ''[[jhunka|bhakar]]'', along with ''[[Varan bhaat|varan]]'' and ''aamtee''<ref>{{cite web|url = https://hebbarskitchen.com/amti-recipe-maharashtrian-amti-dal/|title = Amti recipe | maharashtrian amti dal recipe | toor dal amti|date = 21 February 2019|access-date = 30 April 2021|archive-date = 22 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102838/https://hebbarskitchen.com/amti-recipe-maharashtrian-amti-dal/|url-status = live}}</ref>—lentils and spiced vegetables. Cooking is common with different types of oil.

[[Savji]] food from Vidarbha is well known all over Maharashtra. Savji dishes are very spicy and oily. Savji mutton curries are very famous.

Like other coastal states, an enormous variety of vegetables, fish, and coconuts exists, where they are common ingredients. Peanuts and [[cashew]]s are often served with vegetables. Grated coconuts are used to flavour many types of dishes, but coconut oil is not widely used; peanut oil is preferred.<ref name="Corporation2007">{{cite book |title=World and Its People: Eastern and Southern Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1pQkwIXTG0C&pg=PA415|date=September 2007|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7631-3|page=415}}</ref>

''[[Kokum]]'', most commonly served chilled, in an appetiser-digestive called ''[[Solkadhi|sol kadhi]]'', is prevalent. During summer, Maharashtrians consume ''[[Aam panna|panha]]'', a drink made from raw mango.<ref>{{cite news|title=Flavours of Maharashtra at Renaissance|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-festivals/Flavours-of-Maharashtra-at-Renaissance/articleshow/6049294.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030205423/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-12/food-festivals/28316194_1_maharashtrian-flavours-mumbai-convention-centre-hotel|url-status=live|archive-date=30 October 2012|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Feed your 'Desi Mania' at Nirula's|url=http://www.fnbnews.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=27515&sectionid=1|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=Fnbnews|date=10 May 2010|archive-date=10 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510135150/http://www.fnbnews.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=27515&sectionid=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Malwani====
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2021}}
[[File:Pathrado (Steamed Taro leaves).jpg|thumb|Pathrado (Steamed Taro leaves)]]
Malwani cuisine is a specialty of the tropical area which spans from the shore of [[Devgad taluka|Deogad Malwan]] to the southern Maharashtrian border with [[Goa]]. The unique taste and flavour of Malwani cuisine comes from Malwani ''masala'' and use of coconut and [[Garcinia indica|''kokam'']].

The staple foods are rice and fish. Various kinds of red and green fish, prawns, crab, and shellfish curries (also called ''mashacha sar'' in the Malwani language) are well known, along with ''kombadi'' (chicken) ''wade'' and mutton prepared Malwani style. ''Mohari'' mutton is also one of the distinct delicacies of Malwani cuisine.

A large variety of fish is available in the region, which include ''[[Indo-Pacific king mackerel|surmai]]'', ''[[Dorab wolf-herring|karali]]'', ''[[Indian mackerel|bangada]]'', ''bombil'' ([[Bombay duck]]), ''paplet'' ([[pomfret]]), ''halwa'', ''tarali'', ''suandale'', ''kolambi'' (prawns), ''tisari'' ([[shellfish]]), ''kalwa'' ([[stone fish]]) and ''kurli'' (crab).

All these fish are available in dried form, including prawns, which are known as ''sode''. Local curries and ''chatanis'' are also prepared with dried fish.

Different types of rice breads and pancakes add to the variety of Malwani cuisine and include ''tandlachi bhakari'',<ref>{{cite web |last=Ajay |first=Madhuli |date=15 September 2017 |title=Rice Flour Bhakri Recipe (Maharashtrian Tandalachi Bhakri) |url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/rice-flour-bhakri-recipe-maharashtrian-tandalachi-bhakri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814034517/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/rice-flour-bhakri-recipe-maharashtrian-tandalachi-bhakri |archive-date=14 August 2021 |access-date=1 May 2021 |website=Archana's Kitchen}}</ref> ''ghawane'', ''amboli'',<ref>{{cite web |last=Ajay |first=Madhuli |date=1 January 2017 |title=Maharashtrian Vegetable Amboli Recipe (Savory Lentil Pancake Topped with Vegetables) |url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/maharashtrian-vegetable-amboli-recipe-savory-lentil-pancake-topped-with-vegetables |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815173427/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/maharashtrian-vegetable-amboli-recipe-savory-lentil-pancake-topped-with-vegetables |archive-date=15 August 2021 |access-date=1 May 2021 |website=Archana's Kitchen}}</ref> ''[[Patoleo|patole]]'', ''[[Appam|appe]]'', ''tandalachi'' and ''shavai'' (rice noodles). These rice breads can be eaten specially flavoured with coconut milk, fish curries, and chicken or mutton curries.

''Sole kadi'' made from ''kokam'' and coconut milk is a signature appetiser drink. For vegetarians, Malwani delicacies include ''alloochi bhaji'', ''alloochi gathaya'', ''kalaya watanyacha'', and ''[[Sambar (dish)|sambara]]'' (black gram stew).

The sweets and desserts include ''ukadiche modak'',<ref>{{cite web |last=Mundhe |first=Archana |date=26 August 2022 |title=Authentic Ukadiche Modak |url=https://ministryofcurry.com/ukadiche-modak-sweet-rice-dumplings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817131331/https://ministryofcurry.com/ukadiche-modak-sweet-rice-dumplings/ |archive-date=17 August 2021 |access-date=1 May 2021 |website=Ministry of Curry}}</ref> ''Malawani khaje'', ''khadakahde kundiche ladu'', ''shegdanyache ladu'', ''tandalchi kheer'', and ''tandalachi shavai ani ras'' (specially flavoured with coconut milk).

===Manipur===
{{Main|Manipuri cuisine}}

[[File:Soibum yendem eromba.jpg|thumb|''Eromba'', here vegetarian, is a popular Manipuri dish.]]
[[Manipur]]i cuisine is represented by the cuisine of the [[Meitei people]] who form the majority population in the central plain. Meitei food are simple, tasty, organic and healthy. Rice with local seasonal vegetables and fish form the main diet.

Most of the dishes are cooked like vegetable stew, flavoured with either [[fermented fish]] called ''ngari'', or dried and smoked fish.

The most popular Manipuri dish is ''[[eromba]]'', a preparation of boiled and mashed vegetables, often including carrots, [[potato]]es or [[bean]]s, mixed with [[Chili pepper|chilli]] and roasted fermented [[Fish as food|fish]].

Another popular dish is the savoury cake called ''paknam'', made of a lentil flour stuffed with various ingredients such as banana inflorescence, [[Edible mushroom|mushrooms]], fish, vegetables etc., and baked covered in [[turmeric]] leaves.

Along with spicy dishes, a mild side dish of steamed or boiled sweet vegetables are often served in the daily meals. The Manipuri salad dish called ''[[singju]]'', made of finely julienned [[cabbage]], green [[papaya]], and other vegetables, and garnished with local herbs, toasted [[sesame]] powder and lentil flour is extremely popular locally, and often found sold in small street side vendors.

''Singju'' is often served with ''bora'', which are fritters of various kinds, and also ''kanghou'', or oil-fried spicy veggies.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.mygingergarlickitchen.com/chana-manipuri-chana-kanghou-recipe/|title = Chana Manipuri – Chana Kanghou|date = 2 October 2021|access-date = 1 May 2021|archive-date = 16 August 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816185150/https://www.mygingergarlickitchen.com/chana-manipuri-chana-kanghou-recipe/|url-status = live}}</ref> Cooked and fermented [[soybean]] is a popular condiment in all Manipuri kitchens.

The staple diet of Manipur consists of rice, fish, large varieties of leafy vegetables (of both aquatic and terrestrial). [[Manipur]]is typically raise vegetables in a [[kitchen]] garden and rear fishes in small ponds around their house. Since the vegetables are either grown at home or obtained from local market, the cuisines are very seasonal, each season having its own special vegetables and preparations.

The taste is very different from mainland Indian cuisines because of the use of various aromatic [[herbs]] and [[root]]s that are peculiar to the region. They are however very similar to the cuisines of [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]], [[East Asia|East]], and [[Central Asia]], [[Siberia]], [[Micronesia]] and [[Polynesia]].

===Meghalaya===
{{Main|Meghalayan cuisine}}

[[File:Jadoh (Meghalaya.JPG|thumb|''Jadoh'' with mutton is characteristic of [[Meghalaya]]n cuisine.]]

[[Meghalaya]]n cuisine is unique and different from other Northeastern Indian states.<ref name="Lonely Planet blue list: the best in travel 2007">{{cite book|title=Lonely Planet blue list: the best in travel 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQASAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn = 9781741047356}}</ref> Spiced meat is common, from goats, pigs, fowl, ducks, chickens, and cows. In the [[Khasi Hills|Khasi]] and [[Jaintia Hills district]]s, common foods include ''jadoh'', ''ki kpu'', ''[[tung-rymbai]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |title=Bio-nutritional aspects of Tungrymbai, an ethnic functional fermented soy food of Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India |journal=Clinical Nutrition Experimental |date=1 August 2019 |volume=26 |pages=8–22 |doi=10.1016/j.yclnex.2019.05.004|issn=2352-9393|doi-access=free |last1=Mishra |first1=Birendra Kumar |last2=Hati |first2=Subrota |last3=Das |first3=Sujit }}</ref> and pickled [[bamboo shoot]]s.

Other common foods in Meghalaya include ''minil songa'' (steamed [[Glutinous rice|sticky rice]]) and ''sakkin gata''.

Like other tribes in the northeast, the Garos ferment [[Rice wine|rice beer]], which they consume in religious rites and secular celebrations.<ref name="Bareh2001">{{cite book|first=Hamlet|last=Bareh|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Meghalaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BTlEgnhHtcC&pg=PA47|year=2001|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-791-7|page=47}}</ref>

===Mizoram===
{{Main|Mizo cuisine}}

The cuisine of [[Mizoram]] differs from that of most of India, though it shares characteristics to other regions of [[Northeast India]] and North India.

Rice is the staple food of Mizoram, while Mizos love to add non-vegetarian ingredients in every dish. Fish, chicken, pork and beef are popular meats among Mizos. Dishes are served on fresh [[Banana leaf#In Indian cuisine|banana leaves]]. Most of the dishes are cooked in [[Mustard oil#Pressed oil|mustard oil]].

Meals tend to be less spicy than in most of India. Mizos love eating boiled vegetables along with rice. A popular dish is ''bai'', made from boiling vegetables (spinach, eggplant, beans, and other leafy vegetables) with ''bekang'' (fermented soya beans) or ''sa-um'', fermented pork fat served with rice. ''Sawhchiar'' is another common dish, made of rice and cooked with pork or chicken.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Mizo-Cuisine-51701.htm |title=Mizo Cuisine in India |publisher=India9.com |date=7 June 2005 |access-date=7 February 2011 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225005540/https://www.india9.com/i9show/Mizo-Cuisine-51701.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/mizoram/culture/food.html |title=Food in Mizoram |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |date=28 June 2013 |access-date=9 December 2013 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224190758/http://www.mapsofindia.com/mizoram/culture/food.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Nagaland===
{{Main|Naga cuisine}}

[[File:Naga style smoked Pork ribs with bamboo shoots and rice.jpg|thumb|Naga style smoked Pork ribs with bamboo shoots and rice]]
The cuisine of [[Nagaland]] reflects that of the [[Naga people]]. It is known for exotic pork meats cooked with simple and flavourful ingredients,<ref name="Laveesh2009(3)">{{cite book|first=Bhandari|last=Laveesh|title=Indian States at a Glance 2008–09: Performance, Facts And Figures – North-East And Sikkim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rATUgMKE9L0C&pg=PT48|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2348-7|page=48}}</ref> like the extremely hot ''[[bhut jolokia]]'' (ghost chilli) pepper, fermented bamboo shoots, and ''[[akhuni]]'' (fermented [[Soybean|soya beans]]). Another unique and strong ingredient used by the Naga people, is the fermented fish known as ''ngari''.

Fresh herbs and other local greens also feature prominently in the Naga cuisine. The Naga use oil sparingly, preferring to ferment, dry, and smoke their meats and fish.

Traditional homes in Nagaland have external kitchens that serve as [[smokehouse]]s.<ref name="Chopra1992">{{cite book|author=Pran Nath Chopra|title=Encyclopaedia of India: Nagaland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QO9tAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Rima Publishing House|page=63}}</ref>

A typical meal consists of rice, meat, a chutney, a couple of stewed or steamed vegetable dishes, flavoured with ''ngari'' or ''akhuni''. Desserts usually consist of fresh fruits.

===Odisha===
{{Main|Cuisine of Odisha}}

The cuisine of [[Odisha]] relies heavily on local ingredients. Flavours are usually subtle and delicately spiced. Fish and other seafood, such as crab and shrimp, are very popular, and chicken and mutton are also consumed.
[[File:RJ... 1.jpg|thumb|Pakhala Platter]]
''[[Pakhala]]'', a dish made of rice, water, and [[dahi (curd)|''dahi'']] (yogurt), that is fermented overnight, is very popular in summer in rural areas.<ref name="TharuLalita1993">{{cite book|first1=Susie J.|last1=Tharu|first2=Ke|last2=Lalita|title=Women Writing in India: The Twentieth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZYf9Xf9bcC&pg=PA422|year=1993|publisher=Feminist Press|isbn=978-1-55861-029-3|page=422}}</ref> [[Odia people|Odias]] are very fond of sweets, so [[dessert]] follows most meals.

''[[Panch phutana]]'', a mix of cumin, mustard, fennel, fenugreek and ''kalonji'' (''[[Nigella sativa#Culinary uses|nigella]]''), is widely used for flavouring vegetables and ''dals'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Gourmet Tours To India|url=http://storyofindia.com/Cuisine-Tours-Of-India1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127055058/http://storyofindia.com/Cuisine-Tours-Of-India1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> while ''[[garam masala]]'' and turmeric are commonly used for meat-based curries.

Popular Odia dishes include ''[[Cooked rice|arna]]'', ''[[Kanika (food)|kanika]]'', ''[[Cuisine of Odisha#Dal|dalma]]'', ''[[Ouu khatta|khata]]'' (''tamato'' and ''oou''), ''dali'' (different types of lentils, i.e. ''harada'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Pigeon pea|red gram]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>, ''muga'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Mung bean|green gram]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>, ''kolatha'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[horsegram]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>, etc.), spinach and other green leaves, and ''alu-bharta'' (mashed potato)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/odisha-style-aloo-bharta-recipe-aloo-mash-sabzi|title=Odisha Style Aloo Bharta Recipe -Aloo Mash Sabzi|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503141631/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/odisha-style-aloo-bharta-recipe-aloo-mash-sabzi|url-status=live}}</ref> along with ''pakhala''.

Odisha and neighbouring [[West Bengal]] both claim to be the origin of ''[[rasgulla]]'', each state having a [[geographical indication]] for their regional variety of the dessert.<ref name="rasgulla_1"/><ref name="rasgulla_2"/> Odisha is also known for its ''[[chhena]]''- based sweets, including ''[[chhena poda]]'', ''[[chhena gaja]]'', ''[[chhena jhili]]'', and ''[[rasabali]]''.

===Puducherry===
The union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] was a [[French India|French colony]] for around 200 years, making [[French cuisine]] a strong influence on the area. [[Tamil cuisine]] is eaten by the territory's [[Tamil people|Tamil]] majority. The influence of the neighbouring areas, such as [[Andhra Pradesh]] and Kerala, is also visible on the territory's cuisine.

Some favourite dishes include coconut curry, ''[[tandoor]]i'' potato, ''[[Dosa (food)|soya dosa]]'', ''podanlangkai'' ([[snake gourd]] [[chutney]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://varadaskitchen.blogspot.com/2014/04/podanlangkai-chutney-snake-gourd-chutney.html?m=1|title=Podanlangkai Chutney (Snake gourd Chutney)|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817131331/https://varadaskitchen.blogspot.com/2014/04/podanlangkai-chutney-snake-gourd-chutney.html?m=1|url-status=live}}</ref> curried vegetables, [[Cabbage roll|stuffed cabbage]], and [[baked beans]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Cuisine:Puducherry|date=12 May 2011|url=http://indiastylecuisine.blogspot.in/2011/05/puducherry.html|access-date=28 June 2012|archive-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117101416/http://indiastylecuisine.blogspot.in/2011/05/puducherry.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Punjab===
{{Main|Punjabi cuisine}}

[[File:Chickentandoori.jpg|thumb|[[Tandoori chicken|''Tandoori'' chicken]] is a popular grilled dish in Punjab.|293x293px]]

The cuisine of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] is known for its diverse range of dishes. It is closely related to the cuisine of the neighbouring Punjab province of Pakistan.

The state, being an agriculture centre, is abundant with whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. Home-cooked and restaurant Punjabi cuisine can vary significantly.

Restaurant-style Punjabi cooking puts emphasis on creamy textured foods by using ''ghee'', butter and cream, while home-cooked meals centre around whole wheat, rice, and other ingredients flavoured with various kinds of ''[[Masala (spice)|masalas]]''.<ref name="Dalal2007">{{cite book|first=Tarla|last=Dalal|title=Punjabi Khana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caBlQu0YwC4C&pg=PA6|year=2007|publisher=Sanjay & Co|isbn=978-81-89491-54-3|page=6}}</ref>

Common dishes cooked at home are ''[[roti]]'' with ''[[Dal|daal]]'' and ''[[dahi (curd)|dahi]]'' (yogurt) with a side [[chutney]] and [[salad]] that includes raw onion, tomato, cucumber, etc.

The meals are also abundant of local and seasonal vegetables usually sautéed with spices such as cumin, dried coriander, red chilli powder, turmeric, black cloves, etc. [[Masala chai]] is a favourite drink and is consumed in everyday life and at special occasions.

Many regional differences exist in the Punjabi cuisine based on traditional variations in cooking similar dishes, food combinations, preference of spice combination, etc. It is clear that "the food is simple, robust, and closely linked to the land."<ref name="Sen2004">{{cite book|author=Colleen Taylor Sen|title=Food Culture in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIyV_5wrplMC&pg=PA94|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32487-1|page=94}}</ref>

Certain dishes exclusive to Punjab, such as ''[[makki di roti]]'' and ''[[sarson da saag]]'',<ref name="Dalal2007(3)">{{cite book|first=Tarla|last=Dalal|title=Punjabi Khana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caBlQu0YwC4C&pg=PA34|year=2007|publisher=Sanjay & Co|isbn=978-81-89491-54-3|page=34}}</ref> ''[[dal makhani]]'', and others are a favourite of many.

The ''masala'' in a Punjabi dish traditionally consists of onion, garlic, ginger, cumin, ''[[garam masala]]'', salt, turmeric, tomatoes sauteed in mustard oil. ''[[Tandoori]]'' food is a Punjabi specialty. Dishes like [[Bhatti da murgh]] also known as ''tandoori chicken'', [[Chicken hariyali kabab]], [[Achari paneer tikka]], [[fish ajwaini tikka]] and [[Amritsari kulcha]] are some popular tandoori foods from Punjab.
[[File:New Punjab Club food spread.jpg|thumb|Punjabi platter.]]
Common meat dishes in this region are Bhakra curry (goat) and fish dishes.<ref name="Ng1995">{{cite book|first=Franklin|last=Ng|title=The Asian American Encyclopedia: Ho-Kor|url=https://archive.org/details/asianamericanenc05ngfr|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2012|year=1995|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-1-85435-680-2}}</ref> Dairy products are regularly enjoyed and usually accompany main meals in the form of [[dahi (curd)|''dahi'']], milk, and milk-derived products such as ''[[lassi]]'', ''[[paneer]]'', and more.

Punjab has a large number of people following the [[Sikh]] religion who traditionally follow a vegetarian diet (which includes plant-derived foods, milk, and milk by-products. See [[diet in Sikhism]]) in accordance to their beliefs.

No description of Punjabi cuisine is complete without the myriad of famous desserts, such as ''[[kheer]]'', ''[[gajar ka halwa]]'', ''sooji'' (cream of wheat) ''[[halwa]]'', ''[[rasmalai]]'', ''[[gulab jamun]]'' and ''[[jalebi]]''. Most desserts are ''ghee'' or dairy-based, use nuts such as almonds, walnuts, pistachios, cashews, and, raisins.

Many of the most popular elements of [[Anglo-Indian cuisine]], such as ''tandoori'' foods, ''[[naan]]'', ''[[pakora]]s'' and vegetable dishes with ''[[paneer]]'', are derived from Punjabi styles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjabi cuisine.Khana-Indian Recipes and Cuisines|url=http://www.khana.biz/indian-ethnic-foods/punjabi-cuisine/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627000740/http://www.khana.biz/indian-ethnic-foods/punjabi-cuisine/|archive-date=27 June 2012}}</ref>

Punjabi food is well liked in the world for its flavours, spices, and, versatile use of produce, and so it is one of the most popular cuisines from the sub-continent. Last but not least are the [[Chole bhature|''chhole bhature'']] and ''chhole kulche''<ref>{{cite web|date=2 January 2019|title=matar kulcha recipe {{!}} chole kulche recipe {{!}} kulche chole recipe|url=https://hebbarskitchen.com/matar-kulcha-recipe-chole-kulche-recipe/|access-date=4 May 2021|website=Hebbar's Kitchen|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814121916/https://hebbarskitchen.com/matar-kulcha-recipe-chole-kulche-recipe/|url-status=live}}</ref> which are famous all over the North India.

===Rajasthan===
{{Main|Rajasthani cuisine}}

[[File:The delicious Rajasthani food.png|thumb|Rajasthani ''thali'']]

Cooking in [[Rajasthan]], an arid region, has been strongly shaped by the availability of ingredients. Food is generally cooked in milk or ''ghee'', making it quite rich. [[Gram flour]] is a mainstay of [[Marwar]]i food mainly due to the scarcity of vegetables in the area.<ref name="Wright2005">{{cite book|first=Clifford A.|last=Wright|title=Some Like It Hot: Spicy Favorites From The World's Hot Zones|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781558322691|url-access=registration|access-date=29 June 2012|date=13 September 2005|publisher=Harvard Common Press|isbn=978-1-55832-269-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781558322691/page/236 236]–}}</ref>

Historically, food that could last for several days and be eaten without heating was preferred. Major dishes of a Rajasthani meal may include ''[[Baati|daal-baati]]'', ''tarfini'', ''raabdi'', ''[[ghevar]]'', ''bail-gatte'', ''panchkoota'', ''chaavadi'', ''[[laapsi]]'', ''[[kadhi]]'' and ''[[boondi]]''. Typical [[Snack food|snacks]] include ''[[bikaneri bhujia]]'', ''[[mirchi bada]]'', ''[[Pyaaj Kachori|pyaaj kachori]]'', and ''[[Kachori|dal kachori]]''.

''[[Baati|Daal-baati]]'' is the most popular dish prepared in the state. It is usually supplemented with ''[[Churma|choorma]]'', a mixture of finely ground baked ''rotis'', sugar and ''ghee''.<ref name="Laveesh2009(4)">{{cite book|first=Bhandari|last=Laveesh|title=Indian States at a Glance 2008–09: Performance, Facts And Figures – Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eekv8zkWCHAC&pg=PT38|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2346-3|page=38}}</ref>

[[Rajasthan]] is also influenced by the [[Rajput]] community who have liking for meat dishes. Their diet consisted of [[game meat]] and gave birth to dishes like ''[[laal maans]]'', ''safed maas'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/rajasthani-style-safed-maas-recipe|title=Rajasthani Style Safed Maas Recipe|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-date=22 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622014852/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/rajasthani-style-safed-maas-recipe|url-status=live}}</ref> ''khad khargosh''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greatbritishchefs.com/recipes/rabbit-khad-khargosh-recipe|title=Khad Khargosh – Rabbit Curry Recipe – Great British Chefs|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505151057/https://www.greatbritishchefs.com/recipes/rabbit-khad-khargosh-recipe|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''jungli maas''.<ref>Game cuisine: A Rajput legacy by madhulika dash</ref>

===Sikkim===
{{Main|Sikkimese cuisine}}

[[File:Dal bhat Birethani.jpg|thumb|Nepalese-style ''dal bhat'' is popular in Sikkim.|293x293px]]

In [[Sikkim]], various ethnic groups such as the [[Nepalese people|Nepalese]], [[Bhutias]], and [[Lepcha people|Lepchas]] have their own distinct cuisines. [[Nepalese cuisine]] is very popular in this area.

Rice is the staple food of the area, and meat and dairy products are also widely consumed. For centuries, traditional fermented foods and beverages have constituted about 20 percent of the local diet.

Depending on altitudinal variation, finger millet, wheat, buckwheat, barley, vegetables, potatoes, and soybeans are grown. ''[[Dhindo]]'', ''[[Dal bhat|daal bhat]]'', ''[[gundruk]]'', ''[[Momo (dumpling)|momo]]'', ''gya thuk'', ''[[Fiddlehead#Indian cuisine|ningro]]'', ''phagshapa'', and ''[[sel roti]]'' are some of the local dishes.

Alcoholic drinks are consumed by both men and women. Beef is eaten by [[Bhutias]].<ref name="GallHobby2009">{{cite book|first1=Timothy L.|last1=Gall|first2=Jeneen|last2=Hobby|title=Worldmark encyclopedia of cultures and daily life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbhZAAAAYAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Gale|isbn=978-1-4144-4891-6}}</ref>

===Sindh===
{{Main|Sindhi cuisine}}

{{See also|Sindhis in India}}
[[File:Sindhi Sai Bhaji.JPG|thumb|''Sai bhaji'' is a Sindhi dish.]]

Sindhi cuisine refers to the native cuisine of the [[Sindhi people]] from the [[Sindh]] region, now in [[Pakistan]]. While Sindh is not geographically a part of modern India, its culinary traditions persist,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_care-for-some-sindhi-savouries_1462485 |title=Care for some Sindhi savouries? |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=5 November 2010 |access-date=7 February 2011 |archive-date=13 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113014531/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_care-for-some-sindhi-savouries_1462485 |url-status=live }}</ref> due to the sizeable number of Hindu Sindhis who migrated to India following the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, especially in Sindhi enclaves such as [[Ulhasnagar]] and [[Gandhidam]].

A typical meal in many Sindhi households includes wheat-based flatbread (''[[phulka]]'') and rice accompanied by two dishes, one with gravy and one dry. [[Lotus stem]] (known as ''kamal kakri'') is also used in Sindhi dishes. Cooking vegetables by deep frying is common.

Some regular Sindhi dishes are ''sindhi kadhi'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/sindhi-kadhi-recipe|title=Sindhi Kadhi Recipe|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505132822/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/sindhi-kadhi-recipe|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[sai bhaji]]'', ''koki''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/sindhi-koki-sindhi-style-flaky-flatbread-with-onions|title=Sindhi Koki Recipe-Masala Roti with Onions and Green Chillies|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505105324/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/sindhi-koki-sindhi-style-flaky-flatbread-with-onions|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''besan bhaji''. Ingredients frequently used are mango powder, tamarind, [[Garcinia indica#Culinary uses|''kokum'' flowers]], and dried pomegranate seeds.<ref name="MoorjaniSnortum2005">{{cite book|first1=Lachu|last1=Moorjani|first2=Marty|last2=Snortum|title=Ajanta: Regional Feasts of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sj6SMyPQ7nMC&pg=PA59|year=2005|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-58685-777-6|page=59}}</ref>

===Tamil Nadu===
{{Main|Cuisine of Tamil Nadu}}

[[File:Veg Full Meals in Tamil Nadu.JPG|thumb|Vegetarian meals in Tamil Nadu are traditionally served on a plantain leaf.]]
[[File:A banana leaf with Tamil bites - Murukku.jpg|thumb|[[Murukku]]]]
[[Tamil Nadu]] is noted for its deep belief that serving food to others is a service to humanity, as is common in many regions of India. The region has a rich cuisine involving both traditional non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes.

[[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] food is characterised by its use of rice, legumes, and lentils, along with distinct aromas and flavours achieved by the blending of spices such as [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]], [[Curry tree|curry leaves]], [[tamarind]], [[coriander]], [[ginger]], [[garlic]], [[chili pepper|chilli pepper]], [[cinnamon]], [[clove]], [[cardamom]], [[cumin]], [[nutmeg]], [[coconut]] and [[rose water]].

The traditional way of eating involves being seated on the floor, having the food served on a plantain leaf, and using the right hand to eat. After the meal the plantain leaf is discarded but becomes food for free-ranging cattle and goats.

A meal (called ''saapadu'') consists of rice with other typical Tamil dishes on a plantain leaf. A typical Tamilian would eat on a plantain leaf as it is believed to give a different flavour and taste to food. Also growing in popularity are stainless-steel trays, plates with a selection of different dishes in small bowls.

Tamil food is characterised by ''[[tiffin]]'', which is a light food taken for breakfast or dinner, and meals which are usually taken during lunch. The word "curry" is derived from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''kari'', meaning something similar to "sauce".<ref name="Heldke2003">{{cite book |author=Heldke |first=Lisa Maree |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TeFAW7N93YoC&pg=PA34 |title=Exotic Appetites: Ruminations of a Food Adventurer |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-94385-7 |location=London |page=34}}</ref><ref name="Cummings2000">{{cite book|first=Joe|last=Cummings|title=Thailand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9LXYwu7G50C&pg=PA46|year=2000|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-86450-026-4|page=46}}</ref>

Southern regions such as [[Tirunelveli]], [[Madurai]], [[Paramakudi]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Chettinad]] and [[Kongu Nadu]] are noted for their spicy non-vegetarian dishes.<ref name="Kapoor">{{cite book|author=Sanjeev Dak Kapoor|title=Shin Delights, 1/e 295.00|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06-82npRVR4C&pg=PP8|access-date=29 June 2012|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-400-7|page=8}}</ref><ref name="FodorCurtis1964">{{cite book|first1=Eugene|last1=Fodor|first2=William|last2=Curtis|title=Fodor's guide to India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_AtAAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=D. McKay.}}</ref> ''[[Dosa (food)|Dosa]]'', ''[[idli]]'', ''[[Pongal (dish)|pongal]]'' and ''[[biryani]]'' are some of the popular dishes that are eaten with ''[[chutney]]'' and ''sambar''. Fish and other seafoods are also very popular, because the state is located on the coast. Chicken and goat meat are the predominantly consumed meats in Tamil Nadu.

A typical Tamil vegetarian meal is heavily dependent on rice, vegetables and lentil preparations such as ''rasam'' and ''sambar'', but there are variations. They have influenced Kerala as well in their ''kootu'', ''arachi vitta sambhar''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/arachuvitta-sambar-recipe-traditional-south-indian-sambar-with-fresh-spices|title=Arachuvitta Sambar Recipe – Sambar with Fresh Ground Spices|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505120842/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/arachuvitta-sambar-recipe-traditional-south-indian-sambar-with-fresh-spices|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''molagootals'' ([[mulligatawny]] soup).

As mentioned above, the Chettinad variety of food uses many strong spices, such as pepper, garlic, fennel seeds and onions. Tamil food tends to be spicy compared to other parts of India so there is a tradition of finishing the meal with [[dahi (curd)|''dahi'']] (yogurt) is considered a soothing end to the meal.

Notably, [[Tamil Brahmin]] cuisine, the food of the [[Iyer]]s and [[Iyengar]] community, is characterised by slightly different meal times and meal structures compared to other communities within the state.

Historically vegetarian, the cuisine is known for its milder flavour and avoidance of onion and garlic (although this practice appears to be disappearing with time).

After a light morning meal of [[filter coffee]] and different varieties of porridges (oatmeal and ''janata kanji'' are immensely popular), the main meal of the day, lunch/brunch is usually at 11 am and typically follows a two-three course meal structure. Steamed rice is the main dish, and is always accompanied by a seasonally steamed/sauteed vegetable (''[[poriyal]]''), and two or three types of tamarind stews, the most popular being [[Sambar (dish)|''sambhar'']] and [[Rasam (dish)|''rasam'']]. The meal typically ends with ''[[Curd rice|thair sadham]]'' (rice with yogurt), usually served with pickled mangoes or lemons.

''Tiffin'' is the second meal of the day and features several breakfast favourites such as ''[[idli]]'', ''[[rava idli]]'', ''[[upma]]'', ''dosa'' varieties, and ''[[Vada (food)|vada]]'', and is usually accompanied by ''chai''.

Dinner is the simplest meal of the day, typically involving leftovers from either lunch or ''tiffin''. Fresh seasonal fruit consumed in the state include bananas, papaya, honeydew and cantaloupe melons, jackfruit, mangos, apples, [[Calamansi|''kasturi'' oranges]], pomegranates, and ''nongu'' ([[hearts of palm]]).

===Telangana===
{{Main|Telangana cuisine}}

{{Further|Telugu cuisine|Hyderabadi cuisine}}
[[File:Chickenbiryani.JPG|thumb|''[[Hyderabadi biryani]]'' from Hyderabad]]

The cuisine of [[Telangana]] consists of the [[Telugu cuisine]], of Telangana's [[Telugu people]] as well as [[Hyderabadi cuisine]] (also known as [[Nizam]]i cuisine), of Telangana's [[Hyderabadi Muslims|Hyderabadi Muslim community]].<ref name="Dubey and Pat">{{cite book|title=The Indian cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xiwkbgJbSQC|publisher=PHI Learning|last=Dubey|first=Krishna gopal|page=233|isbn=978-81-203-4170-8|year=2011}}</ref><ref name="Pat">{{cite book|title=India: food & cooking: The ultimate book on Indian cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orHWFRMKf4EC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320141922/http://books.google.com/books?id=orHWFRMKf4EC|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 March 2015|publisher=[[New Holland Publishers]]|last=Chapman|first=Pat|pages=38–39|isbn=978-1-84537-619-2|year=2009|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>

[[Hyderabadi cuisine|Hyderabadi food]] is based heavily on non-vegetarian ingredients, while [[Telugu cuisine|Telugu food]] is a mix of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian ingredients. Telugu food is rich in spices and chillies are abundantly used. The food also generally tends to be more on the tangy side with tamarind and lime juice both used liberally as souring agents.

Rice is the staple food of Telugu people. Starch is consumed with a variety of curries and lentil [[soup]]s or [[broth]]s.<ref name="Edelstein2011">{{cite book|title=Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQoWQTVcpVIC&pg=PA276|last=Edelstein|first=Sari|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-1811-7|page=276|access-date=4 June 2012|year=2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh cuisine|url=http://www.indianfoodforever.com/andhra/|access-date=4 June 2012|publisher=Indianfoodforever.com|archive-date=1 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501070247/http://www.indianfoodforever.com/andhra/|url-status=live}}</ref> Vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods are both popular.

Hyderabadi cuisine includes popular delicacies such as ''[[Hyderabadi Biryani|biryani]]'', ''[[Hyderabadi Haleem|haleem]]'', ''[[Baghara baingan]]'' and ''kheema,'' while Hyderabadi day-to-day dishes see some similarities to Telanganite Telugu food, with its use of tamarind, rice, and lentils, along with meat.<ref name="Edelstein2011" /> [[Dahi (curd)|''Dahi'']] (yogurt) is a common addition to meals, as a way of tempering [[Piquance|spiciness]].<ref name="Dum Pukht cooking">{{cite web|title=Dum Pukht cooking|url=http://www.theflavoursofhistory.com/appendix9more.htm|work=Compendium of food terms|publisher=theflavoursofhistory.com|access-date=4 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402220521/http://theflavoursofhistory.com/appendix9more.htm|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref>

===Tripura===
{{Main|Tripuri cuisine}}

[[File:Tripuri cusine.jpg|thumb|A Tripuri ''[[thali]]''|259x259px]]

The [[Tripuri people]] are the original inhabitants of the state of [[Tripura]] in northeast India. Today, they comprise the communities of [[Tripuri people|Tipra]], [[Reang]], [[Jamatia]], [[Noatia]], and [[Uchoi]], among others. The Tripuri are non-vegetarian,<ref name="Kumar2000">{{cite book|first=Satinder|last=Kumar|title=Encyclopaedia of South-Asian tribes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9EjAQAAIAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-261-0517-5|page=3375}}</ref> although they have a minority of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] vegetarians.<ref name="BahadurChib1977">{{cite book|author1=Krishna Prakash Bahadur|author2=Sukhdev Singh Chib|title=Caste, Tribes & Culture of India: North-Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aSAAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Ess Ess Publications|page=244}}</ref>

The major ingredients of Tripuri cuisine include vegetables, herbs, pork, chicken, mutton, fishes, turtle, shrimps, crabs, freshwater mussels, periwinkles, edible freshwater snails and frogs.

===Uttar Pradesh===
{{Main|Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Further|Awadhi cuisine|Bhojpuri cuisine}}
[[File:Vegetarian Curry.jpeg|thumb|Uttar Pradeshi ''[[thali]]'' (platter) with ''[[naan]]'', ''[[rice]]'', ''[[Dal|daal]]'', ''[[raita]]'', ''[[shahi paneer]]'', and [[salad]]]]

Traditionally, [[Uttar Pradesh]]i cuisine consists of [[Awadhi cuisine|Awadhi]], [[Bhojpuri cuisine|Bhojpuri]], and [[Mughlai cuisine]],<ref name="Dubey20111">{{cite book|author=Krishna Gopal Dubey|title=The Indian Cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xiwkbgJbSQC&pg=PA86|year=2011|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4170-8|page=86}}</ref> though a vast majority{{Citation needed|reason=No citation for the claim "vast majority"|date=January 2014}} of the state is vegetarian, preferring ''dal'', ''roti'', ''sabzi'', and rice. ''[[Poori]]s'' and ''[[kachori]]s'' are eaten on special occasions.

''[[Chaat]]'', ''[[samosa]]'', and ''[[pakora]]'', among the most popular snacks in India, originate from Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Kapoor2002A">{{cite book|first=Subodh|last=Kapoor|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5ZM0nZXZEkC&pg=PA1748|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7|page=1748}}</ref><ref name="Lamba2002">{{cite book|author=Abha Narain Lamba|title=India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mU6pbkRC_wC|year=2002|publisher=DK Pub.|isbn=978-0-7894-8395-9}}</ref>

Well-known dishes include ''[[kebab]]s'', ''[[Biryani|dum biryani]]'', and various [[mutton]] recipes. ''[[Sheer khurma|Sheer qorma]]'', ''[[ghevar]]'', ''[[gulab jamun]]'', ''[[kheer]]'', and ''[[ras malai]]'' are some of the popular desserts in this region.

[[Awadhi cuisine]] ({{langx|hi|अवधी खाना}}) is from the city of [[Lucknow]], which is the capital of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[Central Asia|Central-South Asia]] and [[North India]], and the cooking patterns of the city are similar to those of Central Asia, the Middle East, and other parts of North India. The cuisine consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes.

[[Awadh]] has been greatly influenced by [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughal cooking techniques]], and the cuisine of Lucknow bears similarities to those of [[Central Asian Cuisine|Central Asia]], [[Kashmir]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. The city is also known for its [[Nawab]]i foods.<ref name="books.google.nl">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&q=central+asian+influence+on+mughal+cuisine&pg=PA10|title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions|isbn=9788121207607|access-date=6 March 2015|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Soma|year=2001|publisher=Gyan Books }}</ref> The ''bawarchis'' and ''rakabdars'' of Awadh gave birth to the [[Dum Pukht|''dum'' style of cooking]] or the art of cooking over a slow fire, which has become synonymous with Lucknow today.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030713/spectrum/main2.htm The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum – Lead Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614192620/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030713/spectrum/main2.htm |date=14 June 2013 }}. ''The Tribune''. (13 July 2003). Retrieved 6 August 2012.</ref> Their spread consisted of elaborate dishes like ''[[kebab]]s'', ''[[korma]]s'', ''[[biryani]]'', ''kaliya'', [[Kulcha|''nahari-kulchas'']], ''[[zarda (food)|zarda]]'', ''[[sheermal]]'', [[Rumali roti|''roomali rotis'']], and [[Paratha|''warqi parathas'']].

The richness of Awadh cuisine lies not only in the variety of cuisine but also in the ingredients used like [[mutton]], ''[[paneer]]'', and rich spices, including [[cardamom]] and [[saffron]].

[[Mughlai cuisine]] is a style of cooking developed in the Indian subcontinent by the [[Wikt:imperial|imperial]] kitchens of the [[Mughal Empire]]. It represents the cooking styles used in [[North India]] (especially [[Uttar Pradesh]]).

The cuisine is strongly influenced by [[Central Asian cuisine]], the region where the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai-Turkic]] Mughal rulers originally hailed from, and has strongly influenced the regional cuisines of [[Kashmiri cuisine|Kashmir]] and the [[Punjabi cuisine|Punjab]] region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://10keythings.com/desi-dhaba-restaurant-melbourne-cbd |title=Indian Desi Dhaba |access-date=2 September 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921135553/https://10keythings.com/desi-dhaba-restaurant-melbourne-cbd |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name="books.google.nl"/>

The tastes of Mughlai cuisine vary from extremely mild to spicy, and is often associated with a distinctive [[aroma]] and the taste of ground and whole spices.{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

A Mughlai course is an elaborate [[buffet]] of main course dishes with a variety of [[Side dish|accompaniments]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080705/jsp/jharkhand/story_9507169.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913055119/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080705/jsp/jharkhand/story_9507169.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2012 |title=Mughlai cuisine tops popularity charts in capital |newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota |date=5 July 2008 |access-date=9 December 2013}}</ref>

===Uttarakhand===
{{Main|Kumauni cuisine}}

[[File:Saag Paneer.jpg|thumb|''[[Saag]]'', a popular Kumauni dish from Uttarakhand, made from green vegetables such as [[spinach]] and [[fenugreek]]]]

Food from [[Uttrakhand]] is known to be healthy and wholesome to suit the high-energy necessities of the cold, mountainous region. It is a high-protein diet that makes heavy use of [[pulses]] and vegetables. Traditionally, it is cooked over wood or charcoal fire mostly using iron utensils.

While making use of condiments such as ''jeera'', ''haldi'' and ''rai'' common in other Indian cuisines, Uttarakhand cuisine also use exotic ingredients such as ''jambu'', ''timmer'', ''ghandhraini'' and ''[[Perilla frutescens#India|bhangira]]''.

Although the people in Uttarakhand also make dishes common in other parts of northern India, several preparations are unique to Uttarakhand such as ''rus'', ''chudkani'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhatt Ki Dal Recipe – Traditional Kumaoni Black Bean Dal|url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/bhatt-ki-dal-traditional-kumaoni-black-bean-dal-recipe|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Archana's Kitchen|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144429/https://www.archanaskitchen.com/bhatt-ki-dal-traditional-kumaoni-black-bean-dal-recipe|url-status=live}}</ref> ''dubuk'', ''chadanji'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Chadanji – Kumaoni Black Chick Pea curry|url=http://hoggngulp.blogspot.com/2012/12/chadanji-kumaoni-black-chick-pea-curry.html|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506143618/http://hoggngulp.blogspot.com/2012/12/chadanji-kumaoni-black-chick-pea-curry.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''jholi'', ''kapa'', and more.

Among dressed salads and sauces, ''kheere ka raita'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Paliwal|first=Anupama|date=9 June 2020|title=Cucumber Raita – Kheere Ka Raita|url=https://www.mygingergarlickitchen.com/cucumber-raita/|access-date=6 May 2021|website=My Ginger Garlic Kitchen|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122029/https://www.mygingergarlickitchen.com/cucumber-raita/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''nimbu mooli ka raita'',<ref>{{cite web|date=9 February 2018|title=Mooli Raita Recipe or Radish Raita|url=https://www.whiskaffair.com/mooli-raita-radish-raita/|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Whisk Affair|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506144648/https://www.whiskaffair.com/mooli-raita-radish-raita/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''daarim ki khatai'' and ''aam ka fajitha''<ref>{{cite web|date=12 April 2021|title=Mango Kadhi or Fajeto|url=https://www.whiskaffair.com/mango-kadhi-indian-yogurt-soup/|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Whisk Affair|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506145108/https://www.whiskaffair.com/mango-kadhi-indian-yogurt-soup/|url-status=live}}</ref> are also popular.

The cuisine mainly consists of food from two different sub-regions, [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], though their basic ingredients are the same.<ref name="DewanSingh2001">{{cite book|first1=M. L.|last1=Dewan|first2=Karan|last2=Singh|first3=Piyoosh|last3=Rautela|title=People's Movement for Himalayan Rejuvenation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_MjDbcaWV0C&pg=PA93|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-815-8|page=93}}</ref> Both Kumaoni and Garhwali styles make liberal use of ''ghee'', lentils or pulses, vegetables and ''bhaat'' (rice). They also use ''badi'' (sun-dried ''[[Vigna mungo#Cooking|urad dal]]'' balls) and ''mungodi'' (sun-dried ''[[Mung bean#South Asia|moong dal]]'' balls) as substitutes for vegetables at times.

During festivals and other celebrations, the people of Uttarakhand prepare special refreshments which include both salty preparations such as ''bada'' and sweet preparations such as ''pua'' and ''singal''. Uttarakhand also has several sweets (''[[mithai (confectionery)|mithai]]'') such as ''[[Singori|singodi]]'', ''[[Bal Mithai|bal-mithai]]'', and ''malai laddu'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Malai Ladoo Recipe-how to make malai ladoo with Paneer|url=https://www.foodvedam.com/malai-laddu-recipe/|access-date=6 May 2021|website=foodvedam.com|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506151309/https://www.foodvedam.com/malai-laddu-recipe/|url-status=live}}</ref> native to its traditions.

==Gallery==
;North India:
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" style="padding:1px;margin:1px">
File:Aloo Tikki Fried (2).JPG|[[Aloo tikki|Aloo Tikki]]
File:Daulat Chaat in Old Delhi.JPG|Daulat Chaat in [[Old Delhi]]
File:Butter Chicken & Butter Naan - Home - Chandigarh - India - 0006.jpg|[[Butter chicken]] and butter naan
File:Kashmiri Pulav.JPG|Kashmiri Pulav
File:Laal-Maans.jpg|[[Laal maans]]
File:Mughlai Dum Birynai.JPG|[[Biryani|Mughlai Dum Biryani]]
</gallery>
;West India:
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" style="padding:1px;margin:1px" widths="110">
File:Locho and idada.jpg|[[Locho]] and Idada
File:Zunka from Maharashtra.JPG|[[Jhunka|Zunka]]
File:Puran Modak by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN8818 (7) 04.jpg|[[Modak|Puran Modak]]
File:Chhole Upma - Homemade, Jabalpur - Madhya Pradesh - IMG001.jpg|Chhole Upma
File:Tandoori fish.jpg|Tandoori lemonfish fry
</gallery>
;East India:
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" style="padding:1px;margin:1px">
File:RawBananaDumplings.jpg|Plantain dumplings
File:Luchi Alur Torkari - Home - Kolkata - West Bengal.jpg|[[Luchi]] Alur Torkari
File:Ever tried a rice cooked in a bamboo?.jpg|Bamboo steam rice
File:Tamul Paan2.jpg|Tamul Paan
File:Prosad thali.jpg|Prosad Thali
File:Tan Ngang.JPG|Tan Ngang
</gallery>
;South India:
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" style="padding:1px;margin:1px">
File:Khotto.jpg|Khotto
File:Ondu Plate Idli Vada.jpg|[[Idli]] [[Vada (food)|Vada]]
File:Dosa Classic.jpg|[[Dosa (food)|Dosa]]
File:Tirunelveli halwa.jpg|[[Tirunelveli halwa|Tirunelveli Halwa]]
File:Prawn Biryani, Hyderabad.jpg|Prawn Biryani
</gallery>

== Hindu fasting cuisine ==
[[File:Sabudana Khichdi.jpg|thumb|''Sabudana khichadi'', a snack, popular on Hindu fasting days|191x191px]]

Hindu people fast on days such as [[Ekadashi]], in honour of Lord [[Vishnu]] or his [[Avatar]]s, [[Chaturthi]] in honour of [[Ganesh]], Mondays in honour of [[Shiva]], or Saturdays in honour of [[Hanuman]] or [[Saturn]].{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=6}}

Only certain kinds of foods are allowed to be eaten. These include milk and other dairy products (such as [[dahi (curd)|''dahi'']]), fruit, and Western food items such as ''[[sago]]'',<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Arnott |editor-first1=Margaret L.|title=Gastronomy : the anthropology of food and food habitys|date=1975|publisher=Mouton|location=The Hague|isbn=978-9027977397|page=319|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8mT_aCfrE0UC|page=315}}|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> [[potato]]es,<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Walker |editor-first=Harlan |title=Food on the move : proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1996, [held in September 1996 at Saint Antony's College, Oxford]|date=1997|publisher=Prospect Books|location=Devon, England|isbn=978-0-907325-79-6|page=291|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=uYqTiD7SbcQC}}|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> purple-red [[sweet potato]]es, [[amaranth]] seeds,<ref>{{cite book|title=Amaranth: Modern Prospects for an Ancient Crop|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0D4rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1|year=1984|publisher=National Academies|page=6|isbn = 9780309324458|id=NAP:14295}}</ref> [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] and ([[shama millet]]).{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=7}}

Popular fasting dishes include ''farari chevdo'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Bhavna|date=28 September 2017|title=Farali Chevdo|url=https://bhavnaskitchen.com/farali-chevdo/|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Bhavna's Kitchen & Living|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506154627/https://bhavnaskitchen.com/farali-chevdo/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Sabudana Khichadi|sabudana khichadi]]'', and [[peanut soup]].{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=63}}

==Diaspora and fusion cuisines==
The interaction of various [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]] communities with the native cultures in their new homes has resulted in the creation of many [[fusion cuisine]]s, which blend aspects of Indian and other international cuisines. These cuisines tend to interpolate Indian seasoning and cooking techniques into their own national dishes.

===Indian Chinese cuisine===
{{Main|Indian Chinese cuisine}}

[[File:Chicken Manchurian (Hyderabad Style) (11960049916).jpg|thumb|Chicken Manchurian served in [[Hyderabad]]]]

Indian Chinese cuisine, also known as Indo-Chinese cuisine originated in the 19th century among the [[Chinese in India|Chinese community of Calcutta]], during the immigration of [[Hakka Chinese]] from [[Guangzhou|Canton]] (present-day Guangzhou) seeking to escape the [[First Opium War|First]] and [[Second Opium War]]s and political instability in the region.<ref name="Mannur">{{cite book|first=Anita|last=Mannur|title=Culinary Fictions: Food in South Asian Diasporic Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLbG-5tWKlEC&pg=PA233|access-date=21 July 2012|year=2004|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-4399-0078-9|page=233}}</ref> Upon exposure to local Indian cuisine, they incorporated many spices and cooking techniques into their [[Hakka cuisine|own cuisine]], thus creating a unique fusion of Indian and Chinese cuisine.<ref name="Mannur"/>

After 1947, many [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] immigrants opened restaurants in [[Calcutta]], serving dishes that combined aspects of Indian cuisine with [[Cantonese cuisine]].<ref name="Banerjee">{{cite book|first=Himadri|last=Banerjee|title=Calcutta Mosaic: Essays and Interviews on the Minority Communities of Calcutta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC&pg=PA132|access-date=21 July 2012|year=2009|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-81-905835-5-8|page=132}}</ref> In other parts of India, Indian Chinese cuisine is derived from [[Calcutta]]-[[Chinese cuisine]], but bears little resemblance to their Chinese counterparts<ref name="Banerjee"/> as the dishes tend to be flavoured with [[cumin]], [[coriander]] seeds, and [[turmeric]], which with a few regional exceptions, are not traditionally associated with Chinese cuisine.<ref name="Deshpande"/> [[Chili pepper|Chilli]], [[ginger]], [[garlic]] and [[dahi (curd)|''dahi'']] (yogurt) are also frequently used in dishes.<ref name="Deshpande">{{cite news | last=Deshpande | first=Shubada | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/oct/25us3.htm | title=Fare for the Desi Dragon | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=25 October 1999 | access-date=21 July 2012 | archive-date=20 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720171226/http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/oct/25us3.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

Popular dishes include [[Chicken Manchurian]], [[chicken lollipop]], [[chilli chicken]], Hakka noodles, Hunan chicken, [[chow mein]], and Szechwan [[fried rice]].

Soups such as [[Manchow soup]] and [[Corn soup|sweet corn soup]] are popular, whereas desserts include ice cream on honey-fried noodles and date pancakes.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

=== Indian Thai cuisine ===
Thai cuisine was [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia#Thailand|influenced]] by Indian cuisine, like as recorded by the Thai monk [[Buddhadasa]] Bhikku in his writing 'India's Benevolence to Thailand'. He wrote that Thai people learned how to use [[Ayurveda|spices]] in their food in various ways from Indians. Thais also obtained the methods of making [[Ayurveda|herbal medicines]] (Ayurveda) from the Indians. Some plants like sarabhi of family [[Clusiaceae|Guttiferae]], kanika or [[Parijata|harsinghar]], phikun or ''[[Mimusops elengi]]'' and bunnak or the [[Mesua ferrea|rose chestnut]] etc. were brought from India.

===Malaysian Indian cuisine===
{{Main|Malaysian Indian cuisine}}

[[File:Indian rojak.JPG|thumb|Indian ''rojak'' in Malaysia]]

Malaysian Indian cuisine, or the cooking of the ethnic Indian communities in Malaysia consists of adaptations of authentic dishes from India, as well as original creations inspired by the diverse food culture of Malaysia.

A typical Malaysian Indian dish is likely to be redolent with curry leaves, whole and powdered spice, and contains fresh coconut in various forms.

''Ghee'' is still widely used for cooking, although vegetable oils and refined palm oils are now commonplace in home kitchens.

===Indian Singaporean cuisine===
{{Main|Indian Singaporean cuisine}}


Indian Singaporean cuisine refers to foods and beverages produced and [[Singaporean cuisine|consumed]] in [[Singapore]] that are derived, wholly or in part, from South Asian culinary traditions.

The great variety of Singaporean food includes Indian food, which tends to be Tamil cuisine, especially local Tamil Muslim cuisine, although North Indian food<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestindianfoodcatering.com/ |title=North Indian Food popularity in Singapore |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221175245/http://www.bestindianfoodcatering.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> has become more visible recently.

Indian dishes have become modified to different degrees, after years of contact with other Singaporean cultures, and in response to locally available ingredients, as well as changing local tastes.

===Indian Indonesian cuisine===
{{Main|Indian Indonesian cuisine}}

[[File:Roti Cane Kari Kambing Aceh.jpg|thumb|''[[Roti canai]]'' and [[mutton curry]], Indian influence on [[Indonesian cuisine]]]]
Indian-Indonesian cuisine refers to food and beverages in Indonesian cuisine that have influenced Indian cuisine—especially from [[Tamil cuisine|Tamil]], [[Punjabi cuisine|Punjabi]], and [[Gujarati cuisine]]. These dishes are well integrated, such as ''[[appam]]'', ''[[biryani]]'', ''[[murtabak]]'' and [[curry]].

=== Indian Filipino cuisine ===
[[Filipino cuisine]], found throughout the [[Philippines]] archipelago, has been [[History of the Philippines#Indianised|historically influenced by the Indian cuisine]]. Indian influences can also be noted in rice-based delicacies such as ''[[bibingka]]'' (analogous to the Indonesian ''[[Bibingka#Bibingka in Indonesia|bingka]]''), ''[[Puto (food)|puto]]'', and ''[[puto bumbong]]'', where the latter two are plausibly derived from the [[South Indian cuisine|south Indian]] ''[[puttu]]'', which also has variants throughout [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] (e.g. ''[[kue putu]]'', ''[[putu mangkok]]'').

The ''[[kare-kare]]'', more popular in Luzon, on the other hand could trace its origins from the [[Seven Years' War]] when the [[British occupation of Manila|British occupied Manila]] from 1762 to 1764 with a force that included Indian [[sepoy]]s, who had to improvise Indian dishes given the lack of spices in the Philippines to make [[curry]]. This is said to explain the name and its supposed thick, yellow-to-orange [[annatto]] and peanut-based sauce, which alludes to a type of curry.

[[Atchara]] of Philippines originated from the Indian ''[[South Asian pickle|achar]]'', which was transmitted to the Philippines via the [[acar]] of the [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Brunei]].

===Anglo-Indian cuisine===
{{Main|Anglo-Indian cuisine}}


[[Anglo-Indian cuisine]] developed during the period of [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] in India, as British officials interacted with their Indian cooks.<ref name=Davidson>{{cite book| author=Davidson, Alan | editor-first=Tom | editor-last=Jaine | title=[[The Oxford Companion to Food]] | edition=3rd | location=Oxford | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 | pages=21–22 }}</ref>

Well-known Anglo-Indian dishes include [[chutney]]s, salted [[beef tongue]], [[kedgeree]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nls.uk/year-of-food-and-drink/october |title=Sustainable shore – October recipe – Year of Food and Drink 2015 – National Library of Scotland |work=nls.uk |access-date=30 September 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093413/http://www.nls.uk/year-of-food-and-drink/october |url-status=live }}</ref> ball curry, fish [[rissole]]s, and [[mulligatawny soup]].<ref name=Davidson/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Modhumita |title=Some Like It Hot: Class, Gender and Empire in the Making of Mulligatawny Soup |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=7 August 2010 |volume=45 |issue=32 |pages=66–75 |jstor=20764390}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2006/566/566_david_housego.htm |title=Cooking under the Raj |access-date=30 January 2008 |archive-date=9 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209003435/http://www.india-seminar.com/2006/566/566_david_housego.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Desserts==
{{Main|List of Indian sweets and desserts}}

{{multiple image
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| width2 = 175
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Many Indian desserts, or ''[[mithai (confectionery)|mithai]]'', are fried foods made with sugar, milk or [[condensed milk]]. Ingredients and preferred types of dessert vary by region. In the eastern part of India, for example, most are based on milk products.

Many are flavoured with almonds and pistachios, spiced with cardamon, nutmeg, cloves and black pepper, and decorated with nuts, or with gold or silver leaf. Popular Indian desserts include ''[[rasogolla]]'', ''[[gulab jamun]]'', ''[[jalebi]]'', ''[[laddu]]'', and ''[[peda]]''.<ref>{{cite book| first=Alan | last=Davidson | editor-first=Tom | editor-last=Jaine | title=The Oxford Companion to Food | edition=3rd | location=Oxford | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |pages=410–411}}</ref>


==Beverages==
{{See also|List of Indian drinks}}

===Non-alcoholic beverages===
[[Tea]] is a staple beverage throughout India, since the country is one of the largest producers of tea in the world. The most popular varieties of tea grown in India include [[Assam tea]], [[Darjeeling tea]] and [[Nilgiri tea]]. It is prepared by boiling the tea leaves in a mix of water, milk, and spices such as cardamom, cloves, cinnamon, and ginger. In India, tea is often enjoyed with snacks like [[biscuit]]s and ''[[Pakora|pakoda]]''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020|reason=Your explanation here}}

[[Coffee]] is another popular beverage, but more popular in South India.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020|reason=Your explanation here}} Coffee is also cultivated in some parts of India. There are two varieties of coffee popular in India, which include [[Indian filter coffee]] and [[instant coffee]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2020|reason=Your explanation here}}

''[[Lassi]]'' is a traditional [[dahi (curd)|''dahi'']] (yogurt)-based drink in India.<ref name="BalasubramanianJannu2011">{{cite book|first1=Anuja|last1=Balasubramanian |first2=Hetal|last2=Jannu |author3=Raj R. Patel, M.d.|author4=Raj R Patel M D|title=The Healthy Indian Diet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqal3wlxkBsC&pg=PA170|year=2011|publisher=Raj Patel|isbn=978-1-4611-2213-5|page=170}}</ref> It is made by blending yogurt with water or milk and spices. Salted ''lassi'' is more common in villages of Punjab and in [[Porbandar]], Gujarat.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020|reason=Your explanation here}} Traditional ''lassi'' is sometimes flavoured with ground roasted cumin. ''Lassi'' can also be flavoured with ingredients such as sugar, rose water, [[mango]], [[lemon]], [[strawberry]], and saffron.<ref name="BrownThomas2008">{{cite book |first1=Lindsay|last1=Brown|first2=Amelia|last2=Thomas|title=Rajasthan, Delhi and Agra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0_zXPb68kC&pg=PA69|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74104-690-8|page=69}}</ref>

''[[Sharbat (beverage)|Sharbat]]'' is a sweet cold beverage prepared from fruits or flower petals.<ref name="HerbstHerbst2007">{{cite book|author1=Sharon Tyler Herbst|first2=Ron|last2=Herbst|title=The New Food Lover's Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ksis9IrRp4C|year=2007|publisher=Barron's snippet|isbn=978-0-7641-3577-4}}</ref> It can be served in concentrate form and eaten with a spoon, or diluted with water to create a drink. Popular ''sharbats'' are made from plants such as [[rose]], [[sandalwood]], ''bel'', ''gurhal'' ([[hibiscus]]), lemon, [[Orange (fruit)|orange]], [[pineapple]], [[Hemidesmus indicus|''sarasaparilla'']] and ''kokum'', ''falsa'' (''[[Grewia asiatica]]''). In [[Ayurveda]], ''sharbats'' are believed to hold medicinal value.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/255019/this-sharbat-cool.html|access-date=28 June 2012|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=7 June 2012|first=Baishali|last=Adak|title=This sharbat is cool|archive-date=27 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527133958/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/255019/this-sharbat-cool.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Thandai]]'' is a cold drink prepared with a mixture of [[almond]]s, [[fennel]] seeds, [[watermelon]] kernels, [[rose]] petals, [[Black pepper|pepper]], [[Papaver somniferum|poppy seeds]], [[cardamom]], [[saffron]], [[milk]] and [[sugar]]. It is native to [[India]] and is often associated with the [[Maha Shivaratri]] and [[Holi]] or [[Hola Mohalla|Holla mahalla]] festival. Sometimes ''[[Bhang|bhaang]]'' (cannabis) is added to prepare special thandai.

Other beverages include ''[[Lemonade|nimbu pani]]'' (lemonade), ''[[chaas]]'', ''badam doodh'' (milk with nuts – mostly almonds – and cardamom), ''[[Aam panna]]'', ''[[kokum]] sharbat'', and coconut water.

Modern carbonated cold drinks unique to southern India include beverages, such as ''panner soda'' or ''goli soda'', a mixture of [[carbonated water]], rose water, rose milk, and sugar, ''naranga soda'', a mixture of [[carbonated water]], salt and lemon juice, and ''nannari sarbath'', a mixture with [[Hemidesmus indicus|''sarasaparilla'']].

''Sharbats'' with carbonated water are the most popular non-alcoholic beverages in Kerala and [[Tamil Nadu]]. Street shops in Central Kerala and Madurai region of Tamil Nadu are well known for these drinks which are also called ''kulukki sarbaths'' in Kerala.<gallery widths="180">
File:Darjeeling, India, Darjeeling tea in variety, Black tea.jpg|[[Darjeeling tea]] in varieties.
File:Filter Kaapi at Sarvana Bhavan Restaurant, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.jpg|[[Indian filter coffee]] is popular in Southern India.
File:BadamMilk.JPG|[[Almond|''Badam'']] milk
File:Holi Special Chilled Thandai-Kolkata-West Bengal.jpg|Holi Special Chilled [[Thandai]]
</gallery>

===Alcoholic beverages===

====Beer====
{{Main|Beer in India}}

[[File:Bastar Beer.jpg|thumb|Bastar Beer prepared from Sulfi]]
Most [[beer]]s in India are either lagers (4.8 [[Alcohol by volume|percent alcohol]]) or strong lagers (8.9 percent). The Indian beer industry has witnessed steady growth of 10–17 percent per year over the last ten years.{{When|date=April 2024|reason=needs updating}} Production exceeded 170 million cases during the 2008–2009 financial year.<ref>{{cite news|title=German froth Bitburger to debut in India|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/german-froth-bitburger-to-debut-in-india/399365/|access-date=28 June 2012|date=21 June 2010|first=Ravi|last=Menon}}</ref> With the average age of the population decreasing and income levels on the rise, the popularity of beer in the country continues to increase.

====Others====
[[File:Chhyang or Chhaang - Fermented rice drink! (8902831091).jpg|thumb|Nepalese ''chhaang'' brewed from rice|255x255px]]


Other popular alcoholic drinks in India include ''[[Feni (liquor)|fenny]]'', a Goan liquor made from either coconut or the juice of the [[cashew apple]]. The state of Goa has registered for a [[Geographical indication|geographical indicator]] to allow its ''fenny'' distilleries to claim exclusive rights to production of liquor under the name "''fenny''."<ref>{{cite news|title=Goan fenny, Assam tea, Lucknow chikan to get GI registry soon|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-21/news/28479975_1_assam-tea-gi-registry-darjeeling-tea|access-date=28 June 2012|date=21 September 2008|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=New Delhi, India|archive-date=30 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030205547/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-21/news/28479975_1_assam-tea-gi-registry-darjeeling-tea|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''[[Handia (drink)|Hadia]]'' is a rice beer, created by mixing herbs with boiled rice and leaving the mixture to ferment for around a week. It is served cold and is less alcoholic than other Indian liquors. ''[[Chuak]]'' is a similar drink from [[Tripura]].

[[Palm wine#South Asia|Palm wine]], locally known as ''[[neera]]'', is a sap extracted from [[inflorescence]]s of various species of [[Cocos nucifera|toddy palms]].<ref name="All-Asia guide">{{cite book|title=All-Asia guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVAmAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Far Eastern Economic Review|isbn=978-0-8048-1266-5|page=162}}</ref>

''[[Chhaang]]'' is consumed by the people of [[Sikkim]] and the [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]] of West Bengal. It is drunk cold or at room temperature in summer, and often hot during cold weather. ''Chhaang'' is similar to traditional beer, brewed from barley, millet, or rice.<ref name="Bamforth2010">{{cite book|first=Charles W.|last=Bamforth|title=Beer Is Proof God Loves Us: Reaching for the Soul of Beer and Brewing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJjJ1_9mPKoC&pg=PA84|year=2010|publisher=FT Press|isbn=978-0-13-706507-3|page=84}}</ref>

''Kallu'' (''Chetthu Kallu'') is a popular natural alcohol extracted from coconut and pine trees in Kerala. It is sold in local ''Kallu'' shops and is consumed with fried fish and chicken. Its alcoholic content is increased by addition of distilled alcohol.

==Eating habits==
[[File:South Indian style Paan, Dakshin Sheraton, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|''[[Paan]]'' is often eaten after a meal.|220x220px]]
Indians consider a healthy breakfast important. They generally prefer to drink tea or coffee with breakfast, though food preferences vary regionally. North Indian people prefer ''[[roti]]'', ''[[paratha]]s'', and a vegetable dish accompanied by ''[[Indian pickle|achar]]'' (a pickle) and some curd.<ref name="Dalal2001(2)">{{cite book|first=Tarla|last=Dalal|title=Achaar Aur Parathe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7I0jOHXt1IC&pg=PA85|year=2001|publisher=Sanjay & Co|isbn=978-81-86469-54-5|page=85}}</ref> Various types of packaged pickles are available in the market. One of the oldest pickle-making companies in India is Harnarains,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://business.google.com/website/harnarains|title=Harnarains International|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511125223/https://business.google.com/website/harnarains|url-status=live}}</ref> which started in the 1860s in [[Old Delhi]].

People of Gujarat prefer ''[[dhokla]]'' and milk, while south Indians prefer ''idli'' and ''dosa'', generally accompanied by ''sambhar'' or ''sagu'' and various ''[[chutney]]s''.<ref name="BruynBain2010">{{cite book|author1=Pippa De Bruyn|first2=Keith|last2=Bain|first3=David|last3=Allardice|first4=Shonar|last4=Joshi|title=Frommer's India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlqM2CR4vfUC&pg=PA38|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-60264-5|page=38}}</ref>

Traditional lunch in India usually consists of a main dish of rice in the south and the east, and whole-wheat ''rotis'' in the north. It typically includes two or three kinds of vegetables, and sometimes items such as ''[[kulcha]]'', ''[[naan]]'', or ''[[paratha]]s''. ''[[Paan]]'' (stuffed, spiced and folded [[betel leaves]]) which aids digestion is often eaten after lunch and dinner in many parts of India.<ref name="Kapoor2002"/>

Indian families often gather for "evening snack time", similar to [[Tea (meal)|tea time]] to talk and have tea and snacks.

Dinner is considered the main meal of the day.<ref name="KittlerSucher2011">{{cite book |author1=Goyan Kittler |first=Pamela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R06H7WabJuMC&pg=PA449 |title=Food and Culture |last2=Sucher |first2=Kathryn P. |last3=Nelms |first3=Marcia |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-538-73497-4 |page=449}}</ref> Also, many households, especially in north and central India, prefer having sweets after the dinner (similar to the Western concept of dessert after meals).

==Dietary practices==
In India people often follow dietary practices based on their religious beliefs,
* Many [[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] communities consider beef taboo since they believed that Hindu scriptures condemn cow slaughter. Cow slaughter has been banned in many states of India,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/editorial-views-on/Edits/Cowed-down-by-the-ban/Article1-791776.aspx |title=Cowed down by the ban |work=Hindustan Times|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220175911/http://www.hindustantimes.com/editorial-views-on/Edits/Cowed-down-by-the-ban/Article1-791776.aspx |archive-date=20 February 2012}}</ref> with the exceptions of the North-Eastern states, West Bengal and Kerala. However, buffalo meat is available in some of these states to be consumed by other religious communities.
* The taboo on beef is defied by the marginalised Hindu castes in the [[Dalit]] fold,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lodrick |first=Deryck O. |date=2005 |title=Symbol and Sustenance: Cattle in South Asian Culture |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10624-005-5809-8 |journal=Dialectical Anthropology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=61–84 |doi=10.1007/s10624-005-5809-8 |issn=0304-4092|url-access=subscription }}</ref> substantially covered in their [[Dalit literature|literature]] and often displayed at their food festivals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Natrajan |first=Balmurli |date=2018-07-03 |title=Cultural identity and beef festivals: toward a ‘multiculturalism against caste’ |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09584935.2018.1504000 |journal=Contemporary South Asia |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=287–304 |doi=10.1080/09584935.2018.1504000 |issn=0958-4935|url-access=subscription }}</ref> As Dalit communities were restricted to living outside the village in mostly barren lands, with reduced resources to cultivate their food, discarded cows were essential traditional food that nourished them. Dalit cuisine included dishes made with coagulated beef blood, preserved meat, and intestines.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kuntam |first=Samuel Moses Srinivas |title=Dalit Food, Ecology, and Resistance |date=2022 |work=Anthropocene Ecologies of Food |pages=158–179 |editor-last=Estok |editor-first=Simon C. |editor-last2=Deborah |editor-first2=S. Susan |editor-last3=Alex |editor-first3=Rayson K. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003282976/chapters/10.4324/9781003282976-13 |access-date=2025-06-06 |edition=1 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003282976-13 |isbn=978-1-003-28297-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> During the independence era, and after, the imposition of beef restrictions on Dalit communities was part of efforts to bring them under a unified nationalist identity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sathyamala |first=C |date=2019 |title=Meat-eating in India: Whose food, whose politics, and whose rights? |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1478210318780553 |journal=Policy Futures in Education |language=en |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=878–891 |doi=10.1177/1478210318780553 |issn=1478-2103|hdl=1765/110046 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Vaishnavism]] followers generally are strict lacto-vegetarians due to an emphasis on [[Ahimsa]]. They also do not consume garlic and onions.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}
* [[Jainism in India|Jains]] follow a strict form of lacto-vegetarianism, known as [[Jain vegetarianism]], which in addition to being completely lacto-vegetarian, also excludes all root vegetables such as carrots and potatoes because when the root is pulled up, organisms that live around the root also die.<ref name="Shah1998">{{cite book|last=Shah|first=Natubhai|title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmVzvUzbwegC&pg=PA249|year=1998|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-30-1|page=249}}</ref>
* [[Islam in India|Muslims]] do not eat pork or pork products. They consume buffalo and beef products.
* In certain [[Northeast India|North-Eastern regions]], canines are part of culinary heritage. While only some communities eat dog meat, it is presently neither universal nor widely consumed. Nevertheless, it has been a constant source of stereotype and racial discrimination against people from the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jamir |first=Rongsenzulu |date=30 June 2025 |title=‘Do You Eat Dog Meat?’: Why Asking a Naga This Question Misses the Point |url=https://morungexpress.com/do-you-eat-dog-meat-why-asking-a-naga-this-question-misses-the-point |access-date=14 July 2025 |work=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kikon |first=Dolly |author-link=Dolly Kikon |date=2017 |title=From the heart to the plate. Debates about dog meat in Dimapur |url=https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/heart-plate-debates-about-dog-meat-dimapur |journal=The Newsletter |volume=77 |issue=Summer |pages=38-39}}</ref>
In India dietary practices are also closely related to caste discrimination practices as they are rooted in notions of pollution and filth. Dalit and tribal accounts on cooking and eating narrate casteist-racist treatment accorded to Dalit and tribal culinary practices. This sometimes attract policing on the grounds of creating public nuisance by raising civic concerns. Brahmanical food practices dictate which food is clean and unclean based on their sensorial experiences.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kikon |first=Dolly |date=2022-01-25 |title=Dirty food: racism and casteism in India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870.2021.1964558 |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |language=en |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=278–297 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2021.1964558 |issn=0141-9870|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Etiquette==
{{Main|Etiquette of Indian dining}}

[[File:Eating by hands.jpg|thumb|Eating by hands]]

Traditionally, meals in India are eaten while seated either on the floor, or on very low stools or mattress. Food is most often eaten with the hands rather than cutlery.

Often ''[[roti]]'' is used to scoop [[curry]] without allowing it to touch the hand. In the wheat-producing north, a piece of ''roti'' is gripped with the thumb and middle finger and ripped off while holding the ''roti'' down with the index finger.

A somewhat different method is used in the south for ''[[Dosa (food)|dosa]]i'', ''adai'', and ''[[Uttapam|uththappam]]'', where the middle finger is pressed down to hold the bread and the forefinger and thumb used to grip and separate a small part. Traditional serving styles vary regionally throughout India.

Contact with other cultures has affected Indian dining etiquette. For example, the Anglo-Indian middle class commonly uses spoons and forks, as is traditional in Western culture.<ref name="GistWright1973">{{cite book |author1=Pitts Gist |first=Noel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-gUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA139 |title=Marginality and Identity: Anglo-Indians as a Racially-mixed Minority in India |author2=Wright |first2=Roy Dean |publisher=Brill Archive |year=1973 |isbn=978-90-04-03638-3 |location=Leiden |page=139 |language=en}}</ref>

In South India, cleaned [[banana leaves]], which can be disposed of after meals, are used for serving food. When hot food is served on banana leaves, the leaves add distinctive aromas and taste to the food.<ref name="Dubey2011(2)">{{cite book|author=Krishna Gopal Dubey|title=The Indian Cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xiwkbgJbSQC&pg=PA232|year=2011|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4170-8|page=232}}</ref> Leaf plates are less common today, except on special occasions.

==Outside India==
[[File:Chicken Tikka.jpg|thumb|''Chicken tikka'']]

Indian migration has spread the culinary traditions of the subcontinent throughout the world. These cuisines have been adapted to local tastes, and have also affected local cuisines. The international appeal of [[curry]] has been compared to that of [[pizza]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/01/books/01grim.html |title=Curry |first=Lizzie |last=Collingham |author-link=Lizzie Collingham |work=[[The New York Times Book Review]] |date=1 February 2006 |access-date=5 May 2010 |archive-date=24 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424133608/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/01/books/01grim.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Indian ''[[tandoor]]'' dishes such as ''[[chicken tikka]]'' also enjoy widespread popularity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/australia/brisbane/what-where-to-eat/indian-restaurants-in-brisbane/tandoori-village-restaurant-brisbane.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527152720/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/australia/brisbane/what-where-to-eat/indian-restaurants-in-brisbane/tandoori-village-restaurant-brisbane.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=27 May 2008 |title=Tandoori Village Restaurant Brisbane |publisher=AsiaRooms.com}}</ref>

===Australia===

A [[Roy Morgan Research]] survey taken between 2013 and 2018 found that Indian cuisine was the top-rated international food among 51% of Australians, behind Chinese, Italian, and Thai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roymorgan.com/findings/7883-australian-cuisines-preferred-foods-february-2019-201902150502|title=Chinese cuisine most popular, but Aussies still love McDonald's|date=15 February 2019|publisher=Roy Morgan|access-date=2 December 2019|archive-date=24 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124000118/http://www.roymorgan.com/findings/7883-australian-cuisines-preferred-foods-february-2019-201902150502|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Canada===

As in the United Kingdom and the United States, Indian cuisine is widely available in [[Canada]], especially in the cities of [[Toronto]],<ref name="Davidson2009">{{cite book|first=Hilary|last=Davidson|title=Frommer's Toronto 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470541265|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2012|date=21 December 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-54126-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470541265/page/113 113]–}}</ref> [[Vancouver]],<ref name="Olson2009">{{cite book|first=Donald|last=Olson|title=Frommer's Vancouver and Victoria 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtQOc2WKg6gC&pg=PT91|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-50735-3|page=91}}</ref> and [[Ottawa]] where the majority of Canadians of [[Asian Canadian|South Asian heritage]] live.

===China===
Indian food is gaining popularity in [[China]], where there are many Indian restaurants in [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Shenzhen]]. [[Hong Kong]] alone has more than 50 Indian restaurants, some of which date back to the 1980s. Most of the Indian restaurants in Hong Kong are in [[Tsim Sha Tsui]].<ref name="Mathews2011">{{cite book|first=Gordon|last=Mathews|title=Ghetto at the Center of the World: Chungking Mansions, Hong Kong|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ks-sZHUFTd4C&pg=PA34|year=2011|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-51020-0|page=34}}</ref>

===Fiji===
[[Indo-Fijians]] have a similar cuisine, often with [[Fijian cuisine|Fijian influence]].

===Middle East===
The Indian culinary scene in the [[Middle East]] has been influenced greatly by the large [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]] in these countries. Centuries of trade relations and cultural exchange resulted in a significant influence on each region's cuisines. The use of the ''[[tandoor]]'', which originated in northwestern India,<ref name="Civitello2011">{{cite book|last=Civitello|first=Linda|title=Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CwRE0HIIyWkC&pg=PA267|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-40371-6|page=267}}</ref> is an example.

The large influx of Indian expatriates into Middle Eastern countries during the 1970s and 1980s led to a boom in Indian restaurants to cater to this population and was also widely influenced by the local and international cuisines.

===Nepal===
Indian cuisine is available in the streets of Nepalese cities, including [[Kathmandu]] and [[Janakpur]].

===Southeast Asia===
[[File:Komala's Restaurant, Serangoon Road, Singapore - 20060827.jpg|thumb|An Indian restaurant in [[Singapore]]]]

Other cuisines which borrow inspiration from Indian cooking styles include [[Cambodian cuisine|Cambodian]], [[Lao cuisine|Lao]], [[Filipino cuisine|Filipino]], [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]], [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesian]], [[Thai cuisine|Thai]], and [[Burmese cuisine|Burmese]] cuisines. The spread of vegetarianism in other parts of Asia is often credited to Hindu and Buddhist practices.<ref name="Corum2000">{{cite book|author=Ann Kondo Corum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RI9BPVDH8HsC&pg=PA174|title=Ethnic Foods of Hawai'i|publisher=Bess Press|year=2000|isbn=978-1-57306-117-9|page=174}}</ref>

Indian cuisine is very popular in [[Southeast Asia]], due to the strong Hindu and Buddhist cultural influence in the region. Indian cuisine has had considerable influence on Malaysian cooking styles<ref name="vegvoyages.com" /> and also enjoys popularity in [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustandainik.com/news/181_1933405,001100020009.htm |title=Indian food gains popularity during Chinese New Year |date=20 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121145158/http://hindustandainik.com/news/181_1933405,001100020009.htm |archive-date=21 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.streetdirectory.com/restaurants/singapore/reviews/restaurant-Go_India-1000000999.php |title=Go India: Curry, my love? |first=Viviane |last=Then |access-date=12 September 2008 |archive-date=5 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805024246/http://www.streetdirectory.com/restaurants/singapore/reviews/restaurant-Go_India-1000000999.php |url-status=live }}</ref> There are numerous North and South Indian restaurants in Singapore, mostly in [[Little India, Singapore|Little India]].

Singapore is also known for [[fusion cuisine]] combining traditional [[Singaporean cuisine]] with Indian influences. Fish head curry, for example, is a local creation. Indian influence on [[Malay cuisine]] dates to the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travellersworldwide.com/11-malaysia/11-malaysia-food.htm|title=About Food in Malaysia|publisher=Travellers Worldwide|access-date=1 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621152707/http://www.travellersworldwide.com/11-malaysia/11-malaysia-food.htm|archive-date=21 June 2012}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
[[File:Chicken Tikka Masala.jpg|thumb|''Chicken tikka masala'', a modified version of Indian ''chicken tikka'', has been called "a true British [[national dish]]."<ref name=Guardian1>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity |title=Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=19 April 2001 |access-date=25 February 2002 |location=London |archive-date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102234136/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity |url-status=live }}</ref>|221x221px]]

The UK's first Indian restaurant, the [[Hindoostanee Coffee House]], opened in 1810.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |date=29 September 2005 |title=Curry house founder is honoured |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/4290124.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801010324/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4290124.stm |archive-date=1 August 2017 |access-date=21 March 2012 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2003/nov/curryfacts|title=[ARCHIVED CONTENT] Food Standards Agency – Curry factfile|publisher=Food Standards Agency|access-date=12 September 2008|archive-date=14 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014074850/http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2003/nov/curryfacts|url-status=dead}}</ref> By 2003, there were as many as 10,000 restaurants serving Indian cuisine in [[England]] and [[Wales]] alone. According to [[United Kingdom|Britain]]'s [[Food Standards Agency]], the Indian food industry in the United Kingdom is worth 3.2 billion [[Pound sterling|pounds]], accounts for two-thirds of all eating out in the country, and serves about 2.5 million customers every week.<ref name=":0" />

One of the best known examples of British Indian restaurant cuisine is ''[[chicken tikka masala]]'', which has also been called "a true British national dish."<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last=Cook |first=Robin |date=19 April 2001 |title=Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102234136/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity |archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=25 February 2002 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref>

=== Ireland ===
Ireland's first Indian restaurant, the Indian Restaurant and Tea Rooms, opened in 1908 on Sackville Street, now [[O'Connell Street]], in Dublin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |date=5 March 2013 |title=Food:'Where's the Taj Mahal?': Indian restaurants in Dublin since 1908 |url=http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/foodwheres-the-taj-mahal-indian-restaurants-in-dublin-since-1908/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302194244/http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/foodwheres-the-taj-mahal-indian-restaurants-in-dublin-since-1908/ |archive-date=2 March 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |work=History Ireland}}</ref> Today, Indian restaurants are commonplace in most Irish cities and towns. Non-Chinese Asians are the fastest growing ethnic group in Ireland.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hyland |first=Paul |date=19 October 2012 |title=Non-Chinese Asians are the fastest growing ethnic group in Ireland – CSO |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/ethnicity-ireland-census-2011-640737-Oct2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303043933/http://www.thejournal.ie/ethnicity-ireland-census-2011-640737-Oct2012/ |archive-date=3 March 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |work=The Journal}}</ref>

===United States===
A survey by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in 2007 stated that more than 1,200 Indian food products had been introduced into the [[United States]] since 2000.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/23/AR2007012300296_pf.html |title=Tikka in No Time |date=24 January 2007 |first=Monica |last=Bhide |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=4 June 2012 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111091334/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/23/AR2007012300296_pf.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There are numerous Indian restaurants across the US, which vary based on regional culture and climate. [[North India]]n and [[South India]]n cuisines are especially well represented. Most Indian restaurants in the United States serve [[Americanization|Americanised]] versions of North Indian food, which is generally less spicy than its Indian equivalents.

At sit-down restaurants with [[North Indian cuisine]] (the most common), complimentary ''[[papadum]]'' is served with three dipping sauces—typically ''hari chutney'' (mint and cilantro), ''imli chutney'' (taramind), and a spicy red chilli or onion ''[[chutney]]''—in place of European-style bread before the meal.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Food}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Buddhist vegetarianism]]
* [[Diet in Hinduism]]
* [[Diet in Sikhism]]
* [[Jain vegetarianism]]
* [[Religious significance of rice in India]]
* [[Indian bread]]
* [[Indian Chinese cuisine]]
* [[Indian tea culture]]
* [[List of Indian dishes]]
* [[List of Indian pickles]]
* [[List of snack foods from the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[List of Indian soups and stews]]
* [[List of plants used in Indian cuisine]]
* [[North East Indian cuisine]]
* [[South Asian cuisine]]
* [[South Asian pickle]]
* [[South Indian cuisine]]
* [[Street food of Chennai]]
* [[Street food of Mumbai]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* [[Pat Chapman (food writer)|Pat Chapman]]. ''India: Food & Cooking'', New Holland, London – {{ISBN|978-1-84537-619-2}} (2007)
* {{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Tarla |title=Faraal Foods for fasting days |year=2010 |publisher=Sanjay and Co |location=Mumbai |isbn=9789380392028 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=-C1ZO3BopZUC |page=8}}}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|Cuisine of India|Cuisine of India}}
{{Cookbook|Cuisine of India}}


{{Cuisine of India}}
{{Indian bread}}
{{Asian topic|| cuisine}}

{{cuisine}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Cuisine of India}}
[[Category:Indian cuisine| ]]
[[Category:South Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]

Gateway of India

2026-03-21T22:59:38Z

OrenCombs50836: cleanup

{{Short description|Landmark monument in Mumbai, India}}
{{Distinguish|text = the [[India Gate]], the World War I war memorial in New Delhi}}
{{about||the 1957 film|Gateway of India (film)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Gateway of India
| native_name =
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| image = Mumbai 03-2016 30 Gateway of India.jpg
| caption = The Gateway of India
| pushpin_map = India Mumbai#India Maharashtra#India
| building_type = [[Triumphal arch]]
| architectural_style = [[Indo-Saracenic]]
[[Architecture of Marathas]]{{efn-ua|group=note| Bandyopadhyay et al. (2008) write, "The Indian government's efforts in this portrayal of the Hindu heritage is nowhere more prominent than the mention of the Gateway of India architecture in Mumbai...it was stressed that though the British rulers designed the Gateway, it was according to the Gujarat style."{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay, Ranjan|2008|p=801}}}}
| structural_system =
| client =
| cost = {{INR}}21.13 lakhs
| ren_cost =
| location = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| address =
| owner = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9219826300|72.8346581125|display=inline,title}}
| map_caption = Location of Gateway of India in Mumbai##Location of Gateway of India in Maharashtra##Location of Gateway of India in India
| construction_start_date = {{start date and age|31 March 1913}}
| completion_date = {{start date and age|1924}}
| inauguration_date = 4 December 1924
| renovation_date =
| height = {{convert|26|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}
| diameter = {{convert|15|m|ft|0|abbr=off}}
| other_dimensions =
| floor_area =
| main_contractor =
| architect = [[George Wittet]]
| architecture_firm = [[Gammon India]]
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| awards =
| ren_architect = George Wittet
| website = [https://gatewayofindia.org gatewayofindia.org]
| ren_firm =
| ren_str_engineer =
| ren_serv_engineer =
| ren_civ_engineer =
| ren_oth_designers =
| ren_qty_surveyor =
| ren_awards =
| references =
}}

The '''Gateway of India''' is an arch-monument, completed in 1924, on the waterfront of [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India. It was erected to commemorate the landing of King [[George V]] of the [[United Kingdom]] for his coronation as the [[Emperor of India]] in December 1911 at Strand Road near [[Wellington Fountain]]. He was the first British monarch to visit India.

The foundation stone was laid in March 1913 for a monument built in the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] style, inspired by elements of 16th-century Gujarati architecture. The final design of the [[monument]] by architect [[George Wittet]] was sanctioned only in 1914, and construction was completed in 1924. The structure is a [[Memorial gates and arches|memorial arch]] made of [[basalt]], which is {{convert|26|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} high, with an architectural resemblance to a [[Triumphal arch|triumphial arch]] as well as [[Indo-Islamic architecture#Indo-Islamic architecture of Gujarat|Gujarati architecture of the time]].

After its construction, the Gateway was used as a symbolic ceremonial entrance to India for important government personnel. The Gateway is also the monument from where the last British troops left in 1948, following Indian independence a year earlier. It is located on the waterfront at an angle, opposite the [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Mahal Palace and Tower Hotel]] and overlooks the [[Arabian Sea]]. Today, the monument is synonymous with the city of Mumbai, and is among its prime tourist attractions. The Gateway is also a gathering spot for locals, street vendors, and photographers soliciting services. It holds significance for the local Jewish community as it has been the spot for [[Hanukkah]] celebrations, with the lighting of the [[Menorah (Hanukkah)|menorah]], since 2003. There are five jetties located at the Gateway, of which two are used for commercial ferry operations.

The Gateway was the site of a [[25 August 2003 Mumbai bombings|terror attack in August 2003]], when there was a bomb blast in a taxi parked in front of it. Access to the gateway was restricted after people congregated at its premises following the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks]], in which the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Mahal palace Hotel]] that's opposite the gateway and other locations in its vicinity were targeted.

In March 2019, the Maharashtra State Government proposed a four-step plan to develop the location for the convenience of tourists, following a direction issued by the State Governor in February 2019.

==History and significance==

{{multiple image
| perrow = 1/1
| total_width = 200|
| align = left
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Gateway of India, Bombay. 1911.JPG
| caption1 = The Gateway, in 1924
| image2 = Departure of British Troops from India - 28 February 1948 - Gateway of India.jpg
| caption2 = Departure of the last British troops from the Gateway, in 1948
}}

The Gateway of India was built to commemorate the arrival of King [[George V]] of the [[United Kingdom]], [[Emperor of India]], and [[Mary of Teck]], Empress Consort, in India at Apollo Bunder, Mumbai, on 2 December 1911 prior to the [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1921. It was the first visit of a British monarch to India.{{sfn|Dupée, Jeffrey N.|2008|p=114}}{{sfn|Anthony Hewitt|1993|p=173}}{{sfn|Timothy H. Parsons|2014|p=3}} However, they only got to see a cardboard model of the monument,{{efn-ua|group=note|While Dupée (2008) notes that the king and queen passed through a "temporarily constructed mock cardboard and [[pastiche]] structure",{{sfn|Dupée, Jeffrey N.|2008|p=114}} de Bruyn et al. (2008) note the same simply as a "fake cardboard structure".{{sfn|de Bruyn, Pipa|2008|p=92}}}} as construction did not begin until 1915.{{sfn|Dupée, Jeffrey N.|2008|p=114}}{{sfn|de Bruyn, Pipa|2010|p=92}}

The foundation stone for the Gateway was laid on 31 March 1913 by then Governor of Bombay, [[Sir George Sydenham Clarke]], with the final design of [[George Wittet]] for the Gateway sanctioned in August 1914.{{sfn|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra1999|p=42}}{{sfn|de Bruyn, Pipa|2010|p=92}} Before the Gateway's construction, Apollo Bunder used to serve as a native fishing ground.{{sfn|Gillian Tindall|1992|p=6-7}} Between 1915 and 1919, work continued at the Apollo Bunder to reclaim the land on which the Gateway was to be built, along with the construction of a sea wall.{{sfn|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra1999|p=42}} [[Gammon India]] had undertaken construction work for the gateway.{{sfn|Renu Saran|2014|loc = ch. on 'Gateway of India}}{{efn-ua|group=note|Gammon India claims to have done India's first pre-cast reinforced concrete piling for the foundations of the Gateway.{{sfn|B. Karunakar|2011|loc= ch. on 'Gammon India Ltd.'}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gammonindia.com/projects/landmark-project-for-gammon-india.htm |title=Landmark Projects |website=www.gammonindia.com |access-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219044719/http://www.gammonindia.com/projects/landmark-project-for-gammon-india.htm |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Its foundations were completed in 1920 while construction was finished in 1924.{{sfn|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra|1995|p=118}}{{sfn|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra1999|p=42}} The Gateway was opened to the public on December 4, 1924, by the then Viceroy, [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading]].{{sfn|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra|1995}} Following Indian independence, the last British troops to leave India, the First Battalion of the [[Somerset Light Infantry]], passed through the Gateway with a 21-gun salute, as part of a ceremony on 28 February 1948, signalling the end of the [[British Raj]].{{sfn|Robert W. Bradnock|1994}}{{sfn|Jan Morris|2005|p=195}}{{efn-ua|group=note|Morris (2005) writes about the gateway, "This was where the British landed: and this where, in the end, they left. The Gateway of India did not see many ceremonial arrivals after all, during its three decades under British rule, but it formed the background to one historical departure — the last parade with which, in 1947, the British said goodbye to their Indian Empire."{{sfn|Jan Morris|2005|p=195}}}}

N. Kamala, professor at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/content/nkamala |title=N. Kamala |website=jnu.ac.in |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> refers to the Gateway as a "jewel in the crown" and a "symbol of conquest and colonisation" which signifies the Indian nation's emergence through British colonisation, looking both outward to the imperial traveller and inward to the Indian populace.{{sfn|SimonSt-Pierre|2000|p=245|loc=chpt. 13}}{{efn-ua|group=note|Kamala (2000) writes, "Through the Gateway, the imperial traveller could perceive in his mind's eye the vision of a subject-nation, a nation constructed and processed in and for his gaze. As Tejaswini Niranjana points out, one of the professed aims of English education was to give the colonized, "along with the English language, models of national culture" (1992, 107),{{sfn|Tejaswini Niranjana|1992|p=107}} the stated objectives being to "give a liberal English education to the middle and upper classes, in order that we may furnish them with both the materials and models for the formation of a national literature" (Trevelyan 1838, 175).{{sfn|Charles Edward Trevelyan|1838|p=175}} While various notions of India—indeed, various Indias—may have pre-existed British colonization, this one monolithic nation, India, was constructed only in English translation. The Gateway of India looked outward, welcoming the colonizer, a symbol and facilitator of appropriation, but it also looked inward, bringing a people together (and driving them apart) as they dutifully defined their nation in the curiously perceived neutrality of the English language."{{sfn|SimonSt-Pierre|2000|p=245|loc=chpt. 13}}}} The monument commemorates the legacy of British colonial rule, namely the first visit of a British monarch to India and its use as an entry point for prominent colonial personnel into British India.{{sfn|SimonSt-Pierre|2000|p=245}} Today the Gateway is synonymous with the city of Mumbai.<ref name = "deccan" /><ref name="Kulkarni"/>{{efn-ua|group=note|The gateway has also been featured in films shot in or with stories based in Mumbai. Ranjani Mazumdar (2010), referring to the 1989 Indian film ''[[Parinda]]'', writes, "In a city where the rich and poor live cheek by jowl, where disenchantment is the experience of the majority, Mumbai Noir has become synonymous with urban decay, crime, claustrophobia, and an assortment of characters marked by some sort of death wish...Karan is soon sucked into a vortex of violence in a narrative that consciously uses Mumbai's familiar locations like the Gateway of India, the Babulnath Temple, the fountains and various abandoned factories...Urban space is not just the backdrop but a central character in the film and the use of the Gateway of India to stage a bloody climax paved the way for a new imagination of violence."{{sfn|Helio San Miguel|2012|loc= chpt. on 'Mumbai Noir'}} There is also a 1957 Indian film titled ''Gateway of India'' featuring the monument, starring [[Madhubala]] and [[Om Prakash]].{{sfn|Deepa Gahlot2015|loc=chpt. on 'Gateway of India (1957)'}}}} Since its construction, the gateway has remained amongst the first structures visible to visitors arriving in Bombay by the sea.{{sfn|Chatterji, Monojit|1997|pp=233-234}}{{efn-ua|group=note|Tindall (1992) writes, "If Bombay is, as some think, an Indian city with a Western façade, then the Gateway and the Taj{{efn-ua|group=note|Referring to the [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] located opposite the gateway, both visible together from the sea.}} are this façade in spite of their determinedly oriental opulence."{{sfn|Gillian Tindall|1992|p=12}} While Dupée (2008) writes, "The city's dramatical imperial arch graced the harbor's approach, lending substance to the characterization that Bombay was the "gateway" or "front door" to the subcontinent, not unlike, according to one author, the [[Arc de Triomphe]]'s as entryway into the city of [[Paris]]...The arch of honey-colored basalt was not completed until 1924, but once erected it became for travellers the city's dominant architectural icon. The Taj Mahal Hotel, situated nearby, also faced the harbour, commanding a stunning view of the sea and, dependent upon the traveller's aesthetic tastes, lending an imposing grandeur to the city's image."{{sfn|Dupée, Jeffrey N.|2008|p=114}} Yet Monojit (1997) notes, "Visible from way out at sea, it was the first sight of normality in what was to be an alien land...Today, the Gateway is a favourite promenade spot for thousands of Bomabyites...the Gateway that once symbolised Imperial rule still symbolises the city's closeness to the West, its contact with the outside world."{{sfn|Chatterji, Monojit|1997|p=233}}}}

Since 2003, the Gateway has been the location for the local Jewish community to light the menorah for Hanukkah celebrations every year.<ref name="hanukkah"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://religionnews.com/2018/12/14/photos-of-the-week-52/ | title=Photos of the Week | date=14 December 2018 | newspaper=Religion News Service | access-date=16 August 2019 | author=Doyle, Kit | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816171233/https://religionnews.com/2018/12/14/photos-of-the-week-52/ | archive-date=16 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> This ritual was started by [[Gavriel Holtzberg|Rabbi Gavriel Noach Holtzberg]] of the chabad in Mumbai (located in [[Nariman House]]).<ref name="hanukkah">{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/hanukkah-lights-up-at-gateway-of-india-with-a-wish-to-spread-light-and-love/ | title=Hanukkah lights up at Gateway of India, with a wish to spread light and love | newspaper=Indian Express | date=21 December 2014 | access-date=16 August 2019 | author=Iyer, Kavitha | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816171256/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/hanukkah-lights-up-at-gateway-of-india-with-a-wish-to-spread-light-and-love/ | archive-date=16 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> It also became a site for prayers following the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks]] which was targeted, amongst others, Nariman House.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/baby-moshe-s-grandparents-in-mumbai-to-conduct-prayers/story-6EZOIHtEqO8s5KpQ3Zpb1K.html | title=Baby Moshe's grandparents in Mumbai, to conduct prayers | date=25 December 2008 | newspaper=Hindustan Times | access-date=16 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816171231/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/baby-moshe-s-grandparents-in-mumbai-to-conduct-prayers/story-6EZOIHtEqO8s5KpQ3Zpb1K.html | archive-date=16 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Rabbi Holtzberg lost his life in the 2008 terrorist attacks.<ref name = "hanukkah"/>

==Design and architecture==

[[File:Commemorative Inscription for the Landing of King George V and Queen Mary at Gateway of India, 1911.jpg|thumb|left|Inscription on the Gateway reading: "Erected to commemorate the landing in India of their Imperial Majesties King George V and Queen Mary on the Second of December MCMXI"]]

The structure, in yellow [[basalt]] and concrete, is rectangular, with two long sides and two much shorter ones. Three arched passageways run between the long sides, as well as a single arched passageway between the two shorter sides. The central arch is higher and wider, with an extra storey above, from which four turrets rise. The arches on the short sides are the same size and design as the smaller arches on the long sides. The style of the Gateway of India is [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]], with many details taken from [[Indo-Islamic architecture#Indo-Islamic architecture of Gujarat|the Gujarati regional style]]. The façade is reminiscent of Gujarati [[mosque]] façades, for example the [[Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad]] of 1424, while the basic shape is, in the terminology of [[classical architecture]], an [[octopylon]] with a floor plan of eight [[Pier (architecture)|piers]], as used in some [[triumphal arches]] and memorials, including the [[Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel]] in Paris. The exterior features restrained but intricate bands of ornament, and [[jali]] screens around the smaller arches.
[[File:Panoramic view of Taj Palace Hotel and Taj Tower with the iconic Gateway of India in the background (cropped).jpg|thumb|The sea-facing side]]
The Gateway's arch has a height of {{convert|26|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} with its central dome being {{convert|15|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} in diameter.{{sfn|P. K. Agrawal2018|loc=chpt. on ' Gateway of India}}{{sfn|Renu Saran|2014|loc=ch. on 'Gateway of India}} The monument is built of yellow basalt and reinforced concrete.{{sfn|Melody S. Mis|2004|p=42}} The stones were sourced locally while the perforated screens were brought in from [[Gwalior]].{{sfn|Jagir Singh BajwaRavinder Kaur|2007|p=240}} The monument faces towards the Mumbai Harbour.{{sfn|Sarina Singh|2010|pp=783-784}} There are four turrets on the structure of the gateway, and there are steps constructed behind the arch of the Gateway which lead to the Arabian Sea.<ref name="britannica">{{Britannica|72526|Mumbai - Cultural Life|Chakravarthi Raghavan}}</ref> The monument features intricate stone [[latticework]] (also known as the ''[[jali]]'' work).{{sfn|P. K. Agrawal2018|loc=chpt. on ' Gateway of India}} The Scottish architect, [[George Wittet]] combined indigenous architectural elements with elements of 16th-century [[Indo-Islamic architecture#Gujarat Sultanate|architecture of Gujarat]].{{sfn|Shobhna Gupta2003|p=111}}{{efn-ua|group=note| Bandyopadhyay et al. (2008) write, "The Indian government's efforts in this portrayal of the Hindu heritage is nowhere more prominent than the mention of the Gateway of India architecture in Mumbai...it was stressed that though the British rulers designed the Gateway, it was according to the Gujarat (one of the Indian states) style."{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay, Ranjan|2008|p=801}}}} The harbour front was realigned in order to make an esplanade, which would sweep down to the centre of the town. On each side of the arch, there are large halls with the capacity to hold 600 people.{{sfn|Melody S. Mis|2004|p=42}} The cost of the construction was {{INRConvert|21|l|lk=on}}, borne by the then government.{{sfn|Renu Saran|2014|loc=ch. on 'Gateway of India}} Due to a paucity of funds, the approach road was never built. Hence, the Gateway stands at an angle to the road leading up to it.{{sfn|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra|1995}}
[[File:Gateway of India Beautiful.jpg|thumb|Side view]]
In February 2019, [[Seagate Technology]] and [[CyArk]] embarked on a mission to digitally record and preserve the Gateway, by digital scanning and archiving of the monument.<ref name = "deccan"/> The images and data collected will be used to make photo-real three dimensional models.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/putting-the-gateway-on-the-cloud/article26334296.ece | title=Digitally recreating the Gateway of India | date=22 February 2019 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=14 August 2019 | author=Karangutkar, Suyash}}</ref> This is a part of CyArk's international programme for digitally preserving heritage monuments.<ref name="deccan">{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/gateway-india-be-digitally-719577.html | title=Gateway of India to be digitally preserved | date=21 February 2019 | newspaper=Deccan Herald | access-date=13 August 2019 | author=Bose, Mrityunjay | location=Mumbai | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813105317/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/gateway-india-be-digitally-719577.html | archive-date=13 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> It involves aerial surveys conducted with terrestrial laser scanning ([[LiDAR]]), drones, and [[photogrammetry]] exercises.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/seagate-partners-with-cyark-to-digitally-preserve-the-gateway-of-india/68095055 | title=Seagate partners with CyArk to digitally preserve the Gateway of India | date=21 February 2019 | newspaper=Economic Times | access-date=14 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814071353/https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/seagate-partners-with-cyark-to-digitally-preserve-the-gateway-of-india/68095055 | archive-date=14 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> The drawings and three-dimensional models will inform any future reconstruction works.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/pvt-firms-scan-every-square-cm-of-gateway-of-india-to-digitally-preserve-the-monument/articleshow/68100647.cms | title=Pvt firms scan every square cm of Gateway of India to 'digitally preserve' the monument | date=21 February 2019 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=14 August 2019 | author=Jaisinghani, Bella | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731043311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/pvt-firms-scan-every-square-cm-of-gateway-of-india-to-digitally-preserve-the-monument/articleshow/68100647.cms | archive-date=31 July 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Location and jetties==
[[File:Gateway of India aerial view.jpg|thumb|Aerial view in 2014, with the gardens before reduction]]
[[File:Emperor of Maratha India.jpg|thumb|Statue of Shivaji, in the vicinity of the Gateway]]

The Gateway stands at an angle, opposite to the [[Taj Mahal Palace and Tower Hotel]], which was built in 1903.{{sfn|de Bruyn, Pipa|2010|p=125}} In the grounds of the gateway, opposite the monument, stands the statue of [[Shivaji]], the [[Maratha]] warrior-hero who fought against the [[Mughal Empire]] to establish the [[Maratha Empire]] in the 17th century.{{sfn|Berlitz|2017}}{{sfn|B.K. Chaturvedi|2002|p=146}} The statue was unveiled on 26 January 1961 on the occasion of India's [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]].{{sfn|Bombay Civic Journal|1975|p=59}}{{sfn|Civic Affairs|1961|p=91}} It replaced a bronze statue of King-Emperor George V which stood at its place.{{sfn|Bombay Civic Journal|1975|p=39}}{{sfn|Civic Affairs|1961|p=86}}{{efn-ua|group=note|McGarr (2015) writes, "In July 1959, in Bombay, moves were set in train to replace a statue of George V, which stood next to the Gateway of India on the city's waterfront, with a figure of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, a renowned Maratha warrior. As one of the best-known royal statues in India, the decision elicited strong feelings among those on both sides of the statues debate. One British expatriate living in Bombay, wrote to the editor of ''[[The Times of India]]'' to decry 'the limits [to] which petty-mindedness and nationalistic feeling can be carried'. Back in London, [[William Haley]], editor of ''[[The Times]]'', echoed such sentiment...Haley wrote to a friend, 'this business of removing statues is really rather nonsense. Rather like un-writing history in [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four|1984]]''. What is done is done and there is no reason for the Indians to be ashamed of it...When will man-kind grow up?' Official Indian sentiment, however, had begun to turn decisively against the retention of British statues in public locations. In September 1961, in [[Maharashtra]] (a new state carved from the former [[Bombay Presidency]] along linguistic lines) a committee established to look into the retention of British monuments reported that none of the state's British statues could be regarded as offensive to Indian nationalism, and extremely few had been defaced. Nonetheless, the committee recommended the progressive replacement of British iconography with that 'more in consonance with the sense of patriotism and nationalism which has developed since the attainment of Independence in 1947'...In [[Calcutta]], municipal authorities announced that statues of [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|Lord Lawrence]] and [[Queen Victoria]], which stood in prominent positions in the heart of the city, would be replaced by figures of the Indian nationalist icons...Only in [[New Delhi]], it seemed, was a nationwide trend towards the removal of British statuary. The continued presence of British iconography in India's capital was shortly, however, to become a matter of contentious political debate."{{sfn|McGarr, Paul M.|2015|p=814}}}} In 2016, ''[[Mid-Day]]'' reported that the George V statue is kept locked in a tin shed belonging to the [[Central Public Works Department#State Public Works Departments in India|Public Works Department]], behind [[Elphinstone College]], in [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]], Mumbai.<ref name="georgepancham">{{Cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-sculptors-kin-seek-to-save-king-george-v-from-shabby-pwd-shed/17111153 |title=Mumbai: Sculptor's kin seek to save King George V from shabby PWD shed |last=Puranik |first=Apoorva |date=7 April 2016 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726130633/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-sculptors-kin-seek-to-save-king-george-v-from-shabby-pwd-shed/17111153 |archive-date=26 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The George V statue was sculpted by G. K. Mhatre,{{sfn|A. K. Bag|2001|p=83}}{{sfn|Bombay State Road Transport Corporation|1958|p=36}} who has over 300 sculptures to his credit in India.<ref name="georgepancham"/> Sandeep Dahisarkar, a historian, researcher, and academician, have made efforts to relocate the George V statue to a museum, the latter of whom has reasserted the statue as ''[[Swadeshi movement#Etymology|swadeshi]]'' art.<ref name="georgepancham"/>
{{PanoViewer|Pano-20230403-Gateway-of-India.jpg|View of Gateway of India from the plaza.}}

The other statue in the locality of the gateway is that of [[Swami Vivekananda]],{{sfn|Ajoy Kumar Sen1991|p=320}}{{sfn|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra|1999|p=47}} an Indian monk who is credited as a key figure in the introduction of Indian philosophies such as [[Vedanta]] and [[Yoga]] to the west, and with bringing [[Hinduism]] to the status of a major world religion during the late 19th century.{{sfn|Narasingha Prosad Sil|1997}}{{efn-ua|group=note| Bandyopadhyay et al. (2008), referring to the renaming of colonial names of cities and locations, write, "...although the Gateway is associated with colonial heritage, which the Indian government also embraces, it wants to make a point that the Hindus were not short of renowned leaders/personalities (here in the case of two statues, Swami Vivekananda who is arguably India's greatest spiritual celebrity, and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj who was arguably one of the country's most respected Hindu rulers). This resistance, it can be argued is targeted in opposition to the Western colonial influence which...is a "psychological state resulting from suppressed feelings of envy and hatred."{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay, Ranjan|2008|p=801}} In 2017, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] member [[Raj K. Purohit]], who has held six terms in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]], demanded the gateway to be renamed "Bharat Dwaar" (the [[Hindi language|Hindi]] translation of "the gateway of India") to ensure an "Indian name" for the monument and to let go of India's "colonial hangover".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/bjp-mla-in-mumbai-wants-gateway-of-india-renamed-to-bharatdwar/story-33HkO0fsmxDjx4i996WOuL.html |title=BJP MLA in Mumbai wants Gateway of India renamed to 'Bharatdwar' |last=Rawal |first=Swapnil |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=11 June 2017 |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113012322/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/bjp-mla-in-mumbai-wants-gateway-of-india-renamed-to-bharatdwar/story-33HkO0fsmxDjx4i996WOuL.html |archive-date=13 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> He further claimed the monument to be a "symbol of slavery".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/617331/rename-gateway-india-bharat-dwaar.html | title=Rename Gateway of India as Bharat Dwaar: BJP MLA | date=14 June 2017 | access-date=23 September 2019 | newspaper=Deccan Herald | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620035939/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/617331/rename-gateway-india-bharat-dwaar.html | archive-date=20 June 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>}}

There are five jetties located around the monument.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20090081499&type=News |title=Gateway of India jetties to move location |last=Thakkar |first=Dharmesh |date=27 January 2009 |newspaper=NDTV |access-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212011149/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20090081499&type=News |archive-date=12 February 2011}}</ref> The first jetty is exclusive to the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]], while the second and third are used for commercial ferry operations, the fourth one is closed, and the fifth is exclusive to the [[Royal Bombay Yacht Club]].{{sfn|DK Travel|2014|p=450}} The second and third jetties are the starting point for tourists to reach the [[Elephanta Caves]], which are fifty minutes away by boat from the monument.{{sfn|de Bruyn, Pipa|2010|p=125}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbai-heritage-week-revisiting-a-lost-culture-in-the-city-of-caves_1677368 |title=Mumbai heritage week: Revisiting a lost culture in the city of caves |date=18 April 2012 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627181825/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbai-heritage-week-revisiting-a-lost-culture-in-the-city-of-caves_1677368 |archive-date=27 June 2012}}</ref> Other routes from the gateway include ferry rides to [[Rewas]], [[Mandwa, Maharashtra|Mandwa]], and [[Alibaug]], while cruises also operate from the gateway.<ref name=dna09/> These ferries reportedly carry an overload of daily passengers.<ref name="md11">{{Cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/oct/021011-Disaster-floats-at-gateway.htm |title=Disaster floats at gateway |date=2 October 2011 |newspaper=Mid Day |access-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308164442/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/oct/021011-Disaster-floats-at-gateway.htm |archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Port Trust]] licenses vessels to use the gateway while the [[Maharashtra Maritime Board]] issues fitness certificates to them.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/jetty-off-nariman-point-to-give-easier-access-to-proposed-mid-sea-shivaji-memorial/story-aA7xOtuHZFmzrWwg9XY9jO.html |title=Jetty off Nariman Point to give easier access to proposed mid-sea Shivaji Memorial |last=Rawal |first=Swapnil |date=1 November 2018 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=20 September 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917194350/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/jetty-off-nariman-point-to-give-easier-access-to-proposed-mid-sea-shivaji-memorial/story-aA7xOtuHZFmzrWwg9XY9jO.html |archive-date=17 September 2019}}</ref>

==Tourism and development==

[[File:Mumbai_Skyline_from_Elephanta_boat.jpg|thumb|Gateway of India. [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Mahal Hotel]] and [[Mumbai]] skyline from [[Elephanta Island]] ferry]]

The Gateway is amongst the prime tourist attractions in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/gateway-of-india-9-facts-you-should-know-1402083-2018-12-04 | title=Gateway of India: 9 facts you should know | publisher=India Today | date=4 December 2018 | access-date=15 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815055231/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/gateway-of-india-9-facts-you-should-know-1402083-2018-12-04 | archive-date=15 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> The Gateway is a protected monument in Maharashtra under the aegis of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://asi.nic.in/protected-monuments-in-maharashtra/ | title=Protected Monuments in Maharashtra | publisher=asi.nic.in | access-date=23 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212105320/http://asi.nic.in/protected-monuments-in-maharashtra/ | archive-date=12 February 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> It is a regular gathering place for locals, street vendors, and photographers.{{sfn|Sarina Singh|2010|pp=783-784}}{{sfn|Jan Morris|2005|p=195}}{{efn-ua|group=note|Morris (2005) writes, "Today the Gateway of India has forgotten all its pompous or elegiac meanings and is a place of pleasure, habitually thronged, inside and out, by companionable crowds out for the sea air. The liners no longer come from Londond, and the only boats around the pier are pleasure crafts touting trips around the harbour, or excursions to the Elephanta Caves. It is a merry place, an ice-cream place...".{{sfn|Jan Morris|2005|p=195}}}} In 2012, the [[Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation]] moved the Elephanta Festival of Music and Dance from its original location at Elephanta Caves — where it had been celebrated for 23 years — to the Gateway, due to the increased capacity offered by the venue.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tembhekar|first1=Chittaranjan|title=Elephanta festival 'moves' to Gateway of India|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-05/mumbai/31123371_1_elephanta-island-gateway-elephanta-festival|access-date=30 April 2012|date=5 March 2012|last2=Jaisinghani|first2=Bella|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110175139/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-05/mumbai/31123371_1_elephanta-island-gateway-elephanta-festival|archive-date=10 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Gateway can host 2,000 to 2,500 people, whereas Elephanta Caves could host only 700 to 800.<ref>{{cite news|title=Festival weaves magic|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/festival-weaves-magic/928956/|access-date=30 November 2012|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=27 March 2012|agency=Express News Service|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

By 2012, the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] increased the plaza area around the Gateway for pedestrians by restoring the area at a cost of {{INR}}5 crores.<ref name = "intach">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Gateway-not-quite-a-getaway/articleshow/12312527.cms?referral=PM | title=Gateway not quite a getaway | date=18 March 2012 | newspaper=Times of India | access-date=16 August 2019 | author=Lewis, Clara | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110044234/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Gateway-not-quite-a-getaway/articleshow/12312527.cms?referral=PM | archive-date=10 January 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> It involved the cutting down of trees, reducing the garden area, replacing toilets, and closing the car park. The redevelopment led to a dispute between the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] (INTACH) and the Urban Design Research Institute, and the government was criticised for poor project implementation which critics alleged had failed to conform to the original plans.<ref name = "intach"/>

In January 2014, [[Philips|Philips Lighting India]], in association with the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation, undertook the expenditure of {{INR}}2 crores to illuminate the gateway, by installing an LED lighting system with sixteen million shades.<ref name="afaqs">{{cite news | url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/ooh/39792_philips-shows-the-light-at-the-gateway-of-india | title=Philips shows the light at the Gateway of India | date=24 January 2019 | newspaper=Afaqs | access-date=16 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816171234/https://www.afaqs.com/news/ooh/39792_philips-shows-the-light-at-the-gateway-of-india | archive-date=16 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Philips used products from its Philips Color Kinetics and LED street lighting, and did not receive any branding for the illumination project in which 132 light points were created, which were reportedly sixty-percent more energy efficient than the old lighting system.<ref name = "afaqs"/> In August 2014, the state Directorate of Archaeology and Museums had proposed conservation of the Gateway by the ASI, after noting deterioration caused by [[Salinity|saline deposits]] from the sea.<ref name="august2014"/> An estimate of costs was to be prepared and approved by the ASI. The last such conservation had been undertaken twenty years earlier.<ref name="august2014">{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/consider-chemical-conservation-of-gateway-state-tells-asi/ |title=Consider chemical conservation of Gateway, state tells ASI |last=Rao |first=Srinath Raghvendra |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=11 August 2014 |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714233824/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/consider-chemical-conservation-of-gateway-state-tells-asi/ |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> An independent study had earlier been conducted at the Gateway, between June 2001 and May 2002, aimed at informing future conservation of the monument understanding the degree of colour changes of stones owing to seasonal weather conditions and saturated colour of minerals.{{sfn|Tiwari, L. B.|2005|pp=788-789}} The study found the stones of the monument to appear darker during monsoon than during other seasons while the colour change in the inner portions of the monument rises with variations of seasonal humidity and temperature, given they do not face the sea, rainwater, or sunlight.{{sfn|Tiwari, L. B.|2005|pp=793-794}} It concluded with the finding that the alteration degree and overall colour change in the inner portions are higher than those in the outer portions of the monument.{{sfn|Tiwari, L. B.|2005|p=794}}

In 2015, the Maharashtra Maritime Board and the Maharashtra Coastal Zone Management Authority approved a proposal to construct a passenger jetty near Apollo Bunder and a promenade between the Gateway and the [[Bombay Presidency Radio Club]].<ref name="Kulkarni">{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-passenger-jetty-promenade-planned-at-apollo-bunder-2128420 |title=Passenger jetty, promenade planned at Apollo Bunder |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Dhaval |date=25 September 2015 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=20 September 2019 |last2=Shaikh |first2=Ateeq |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209032404/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-passenger-jetty-promenade-planned-at-apollo-bunder-2128420 |archive-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The project was aimed at reducing crowding at the Gateway by closing all its jetties and refocusing the location solely as a tourist attraction.<ref name="mumbaimirror">{{Cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/with-jetty-at-apollo-bunder-gateway-to-be-clutter-free/articleshow/45860997.cms |title=With jetty at Apollo Bunder, Gateway to be clutter-free |last=Naik |first=Yogesh |date=13 January 2015 |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref>

The Gateway has interested companies and corporate houses such as the [[Tata Group]], the [[RPG Group]], and the [[JSW Group]], who have expressed their wish to maintain the Gateway and enhance its facilities.<ref name="thetribune2019"/> This happened after the state government identified 371 heritage sites under its Maharashtra Vaibhav State Protected Monuments Adoption Scheme (MVSPMAS).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-only-2-of-371-maharashtra-s-adopt-a-monument-scheme-a-maha-flop-2612034 | title=Only 2 of 371: Maharashtra's adopt-a-monument scheme a Maha flop | date=6 May 2018 | newspaper=Daily News and Analysis | access-date=14 August 2019 | author=Kulkarni, Dhaval | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814065754/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-only-2-of-371-maharashtra-s-adopt-a-monument-scheme-a-maha-flop-2612034 | archive-date=14 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Under this scheme, companies and corporates can adopt heritage monuments and give out funds for their maintenance, to satisfy their [[corporate social responsibility]].<ref name="thetribune2019"/> The scheme also provides sponsors with the opportunity to generate revenue by selling their rights to feature the heritage monuments in commercials and advertisements. Other revenue-generating opportunities include the sale of entry tickets to the site and charging for the use of facilities.<ref name="thetribune2019">{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/gateway-of-india-other-maha-monuments-up-for-adoption-by-corporates/808216.html | title=Gateway of India, other Maha monuments up for adoption by corporates | work=The Tribune | date=26 July 2019 | access-date=13 August 2019 | author=Kumar, Shiv | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813111617/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/gateway-of-india-other-maha-monuments-up-for-adoption-by-corporates/808216.html | archive-date=13 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2019, the Maharashtra state government initiated a plan to restore, clean, and beautify the monument. A project plan was to be prepared in a month.<ref name="financial">{{cite news | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/mumbais-iconic-gateway-of-india-to-be-restored-and-beautified/1480340/ | title=Mumbai's iconic Gateway of India to be restored and beautified | date=7 February 2019 | newspaper=The Financial Express | access-date=13 August 2019 | location=Mumbai | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813103933/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/mumbais-iconic-gateway-of-india-to-be-restored-and-beautified/1480340/ | archive-date=13 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> The state governor, [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]], directed the Bombay Municipal Corporation commissioner and architects to submit a project plan in a month on measures to be taken for the purpose.<ref name="asianage">{{Cite news |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/080219/submit-report-on-preserving-gateway-governor.html |title=Submit report on preserving Gateway: Governor |date=8 February 2019 |newspaper=The Asian Age |access-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813110443/https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/080219/submit-report-on-preserving-gateway-governor.html |archive-date=13 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="foundation1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-govt-plans-to-beautify-gateway-of-india/article26202879.ece |title=Maharashtra govt plans to beautify Gateway of India |date=7 February 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> In the same month, chemical conservation was proposed by the state archaeology department noting blackening of and algae on stones and surface cracks. Structural stability audit had last been conducted eight years earlier with plant growth on the monument removed annually.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/plan-to-use-chemicals-to-restore-gateways-sheen/articleshow/67907833.cms | title=Plan to use chemicals to restore Gateway's sheen | date=9 February 2019 | access-date=24 September 2019 | newspaper=The Times of India | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210150838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/plan-to-use-chemicals-to-restore-gateways-sheen/articleshow/67907833.cms | archive-date=10 February 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019 the state government agreed on a four-stage plan to manage tourists visiting the site. This involved the physical conservation of the monument, the installation of a [[Son et lumière (show)|sound-and-light]] show, the relocation of the anchorage around the monument and a streamlined, ticketed entry system.<ref name="TOIlightsound">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/mumbais-iconic-gateway-of-india-is-all-set-to-get-some-ground-rules/as68373878.cms | title=Mumbai's iconic Gateway of India is all set to get some ground rules | publisher=Times Travel | date=12 March 2019 | access-date=13 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828003335/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/mumbais-iconic-gateway-of-india-is-all-set-to-get-some-ground-rules/as68373878.cms | archive-date=28 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> The plan followed [[UNESCO]] guidance for protected heritage sites and took into account the views of interested parties, including the Directorate of Museums and Archaeology, which has the monument within its purview; the Mumbai Port Trust, which is entrusted with the land; and the Bombay Municipal Corporation, which controls the location. The task of coming up with a suitable management plan was delegated to architects.<ref name="DNAReport">{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-light-sound-show-low-entry-fee-to-push-gateway-tourism-2728505 | title=Mumbai: Light-&-sound show, low entry fee to push Gateway tourism | newspaper=Daily News and Analysis | date=11 March 2019 | access-date=13 August 2019 | author=Kulkarni, Dhaval | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813113038/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-light-sound-show-low-entry-fee-to-push-gateway-tourism-2728505 | archive-date=13 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Events and incidents==

[[File:3 December 2008 Gateway protest march 5.jpg|thumb|Solidarity march at the Gateway, in the aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks]]

The Gateway was the location of a [[25 August 2003 Mumbai bombings|terror attack on 25 August 2003]].<ref name="vanityfair"/> The force of the explosion, from a bomb in a taxi parked near the Taj Mahal Hotel, reportedly threw bystanders into the sea.<ref name=bbc>{{cite web|title=2003: Bombay rocked by twin car bombs|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/25/newsid_3921000/3921475.stm|date=25 August 2003|access-date=16 April 2012|publisher=BBC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410202413/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/25/newsid_3921000/3921475.stm|archive-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> On 13 August 2005, a mentally unstable man stabbed two young girls from [[Manipur]] at the gateway premises.<ref>{{cite news|title=Maniac stabs girl to death at Gateway|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maniac-stabs-girl-to-death-at-Gateway/articleshow/1200458.cms|access-date=14 August 2005|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 August 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118121653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maniac-stabs-girl-to-death-at-Gateway/articleshow/1200458.cms|archive-date=18 January 2018}}</ref> On New Year's Eve, 2007 a woman was groped by a mob at the Gateway.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gateway groping shocks Mumbai|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Gateway-groping-shocks-Mumbai/articleshow/1028075.cms|access-date=3 January 2007|newspaper=The Times of India|date=3 January 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129014412/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Gateway-groping-shocks-Mumbai/articleshow/1028075.cms|archive-date=29 November 2010}}</ref>

Following the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|November 2008 Mumbai terror attacks]], which targeted the Taj Mahal Palace and Tower Hotel opposite to the Gateway, among other locations, crowds of people including news television reporters and cameramen congregated at the Gateway premises.<ref name="vanityfair">{{cite news | url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2009/11/taj-hotel-siege-200911 | title=Anatomy of a Siege | date=30 September 2009 | newspaper=Vanity Fair | access-date=14 August 2019 | author=Brenner, Marie | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713232325/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2009/11/taj-hotel-siege-200911 | archive-date=13 July 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/after-the-terrorist-attacks-the-gateway-to-india-is-open-to-the-world-8975051.html | title=After the terrorist attacks: The Gateway to India is open to the world | date=30 November 2013 | newspaper=Independent | access-date=14 August 2019 | author=Leadbeater, Chris | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814074444/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/after-the-terrorist-attacks-the-gateway-to-india-is-open-to-the-world-8975051.html | archive-date=14 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, public access to the area around was restricted.<ref name = "intach"/> Fearing further attacks on the Gateway and on the Elephanta caves, the state government proposed the closure of all of the jetties at the Gateway and their replacement with two new piers, to be built near the [[Bombay Presidency Radio Club]].<ref name=dna09>{{cite news|title=5 jetties may be shut|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_5-jetties-may-be-shut_1225849|access-date=30 April 2012|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|date=29 January 2009}}</ref> In response to the terror attacks, a solidarity march was held at the Gateway premises on 3 December 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1864035,00.html |title=A Rally in Mumbai: "Remember 26-11!" |last=Tharoor |first=Ishaan |date=3 December 2008 |newspaper= Time |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202212930/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1864035,00.html |archive-date=2 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Show-of-solidarity-at-Gateway-of-India/articleshow/3788910.cms |title=Show of solidarity at Gateway of India |date=3 December 2008 |newspaper=Times of India |access-date=20 September 2019 |agency=PTI}}</ref>

In February 2019, protests were organized at the premises in the wake of the [[Pulwama attack]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pulwama-attack-mumbaikars-show-solidarity-with-crpf-martyrs-119021601097_1.html |title=Pulwama attack: Mumbaikars show solidarity with CRPF martyrs |date=16 February 2019 |newspaper=Business Standard |access-date=20 September 2019 |agency=PTI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216212215/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pulwama-attack-mumbaikars-show-solidarity-with-crpf-martyrs-119021601097_1.html |archive-date=16 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2020, the Gateway became a site of spontaneous protests that commenced overnight, under the name of "Occupy Gateway", in the aftermath of the [[2020 Jawaharlal Nehru University attack|attack on Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://scroll.in/article/948950/at-occupygateway-mumbai-citizens-have-been-protesting-in-solidarity-with-jnu-for-over-16-hours | title=At #OccupyGateway, Mumbai citizens have been protesting in solidarity with JNU for over 16 hours | work=Scroll | date=6 January 2020 | access-date=18 April 2020 | author=Johari, Aarefa | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218121250/https://scroll.in/article/948950/at-occupygateway-mumbai-citizens-have-been-protesting-in-solidarity-with-jnu-for-over-16-hours | archive-date=18 February 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Protestors were later relocated from the Gateway premises to [[Azad Maidan]] in Mumbai to ease the movement of traffic and people.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mumbai-protest-protesters-evicted-from-gateway-of-india-and-relocated-to-azad-maidan/article30501355.ece | title=Mumbai protest: Protesters evicted from Gateway of India and relocated to Azad Maidan | work=Hindustan Times | date=7 January 2020 | access-date=18 April 2020 | author=Sheth, Himani | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108165821/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mumbai-protest-protesters-evicted-from-gateway-of-india-and-relocated-to-azad-maidan/article30501355.ece | archive-date=8 January 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/jnu-violence-protestors-relocated-from-gateway-of-india-to-azad-maidan-to-avoid-inconvenience-to-citizens-claims-mumbai-police-7870561.html | title=JNU violence: Protestors 'relocated' from Gateway of India to Azad Maidan to avoid inconvenience to citizens, claims Mumbai Police | work=Firstpost | date=7 January 2020 | agency=Press Trust of India | access-date=18 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108214751/https://www.firstpost.com/india/jnu-violence-protestors-relocated-from-gateway-of-india-to-azad-maidan-to-avoid-inconvenience-to-citizens-claims-mumbai-police-7870561.html | archive-date=8 January 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==In the media==

The Mumbai-based video game ''Mumbai Gullies'' is expected to feature the Gateway of India in its fictional map.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-27|title=WHAT IS MUMBAI GULLIES?|url=https://gameeon.in/what-is-mumbai-gullies/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=GameEon|language=en-US|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405214702/https://gameeon.in/what-is-mumbai-gullies/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=January 2021|first=Bodhisatwa Ray 19|date=2021-01-19|title=Mumbai Gullies, a GTA styled game from an Indian developer, set to launch soon|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/mumbai-gullies-a-gta-styled-game-from-an-indian-developer-set-to-launch-soon|access-date=2021-09-18|website=TechRadar|language=en}}</ref>

Several films, such as ''[[Bhai-Bhai (1956 Hindi film)|Bhai-Bhai]]'' (1956), ''[[Gateway of India (film)|Gateway of India]]'' (1957), ''[[Shararat (1959 film)|Shararat]]'' (1959), ''[[Hum Hindustani]]'' (1960), ''[[Mr. X in Bombay]]'' (1964), ''[[Sadhu Aur Shaitaan]]'' (1968), ''[[Aansoo Aur Muskan]]'' (1970), ''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]'' (1971), ''[[Chhoti Si Baat]]'' (1976) and ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' (1978) have been shot at the Gateway of India.

==Gallery==

<gallery mode="packed">
File:The Apollo Bunder- the Gate of India.jpg|Apollo Bunder in 1905, with the location where the Gateway stands today
File:Gateway of india a.jpg|Pigeons on the Gateway grounds
File:India Mumbai Victor Grigas 2011-7.jpg|''[[Jali]]'' work on the arches
File:Gateway of India - 11 (Friar's Balsam Flickr).jpg|Floral motifs as seen on the Gateway
File:Gateway of India - turret.jpg|Close-up of a turret
File:Gateway of india's look in evening.jpg|The Gateway lit up in the evening
File:Arch of Gateway of India.jpg|Internal view of the dome with ''[[muqarnas]]'' designs
File:Beating Retreat and Tattoo ceremony at Gateway of India, 2018 (9).jpg|Beating the Retreat and Tattoo Ceremony at the Gateway on [[Navy Day (India)|Navy Day]], 2018
File:Panoramic view of Taj Palace Hotel and Taj Tower with the iconic Gateway of India in the background (cropped).jpg|The Gateway as seen with the Taj Mahal Palace and Tower Hotel
File:Gateway of India 2025.jpg|Gateway of India in 2025
</gallery>
{{clear}}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist-ua|30em}}

==References==

===Notes and news reports===

{{reflist|30em}}

===Books and journals===

{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book|ref = {{harvid|Civic Affairs|1961}}|title=Civic Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aOkmAQAAIAAJ|year=1961|publisher=P. C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press}}
* {{cite book|ref = {{harvid|Bombay Civic Journal|1975}}|title=The Bombay Civic Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4zRyapZSRMC|year=1975|publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay}}
* {{cite book|author=A. K. Bag|title=History of Technology in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDshAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}
* {{cite book|author=Ajoy Kumar Sen|title=Tourism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ugbAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Modern Book Agency}}
* {{cite book|author=Anthony Hewitt|title=Corridors of Time: Distant Footsteps Through the Empire 1914-1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHduAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Pentland|isbn=978-1-85821-092-6}}
* {{cite book|author=B.K. Chaturvedi|title=Tourist Centers Of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrLcFkhRZPYC|year=2002|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7182-137-2}}
* {{cite book|author=B. Karunakar|title=Corporate Champions: Excellent Companies of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqKoDwAAQBAJ|date=7 December 2011|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-81-321-1919-7}}
* {{cite journal |title=Religion and identity in India's heritage tourism | author=Bandyopadhyay, Ranjan | journal=Annals of Tourism Research | year=2008 | volume=35 | issue=3 | pages=790–808 | doi=10.1016/j.annals.2008.06.004 |display-authors=et al.}}
* {{cite book|author=Berlitz|title=Berlitz Pocket Guide India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0StHDwAAQBAJ|date=1 August 2017|publisher=Apa Publications|isbn=978-1-78573-058-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Bombay State Road Transport Corporation|title=State Transport Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRbWAAAAMAAJ|volume=9|year=1958}} {{Britannica|72526|Mumbai - Cultural Life|Chakravarthi Raghavan}}
* {{cite book|author=Charles Edward Trevelyan|title=On the Education of the People of India|url=https://archive.org/details/oneducationpeop00trevgoog|year=1838|publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans|author-link=Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet}}
* {{cite journal | title=Gateway to the globe | author=Chatterji, Monojit | journal=The World Today | year=1997 | volume=53 | issue=8/9 | pages=233–234 |jstor=40475975}}
* {{cite book|author=DK Travel|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K51tBAAAQBAJ|date=1 October 2014|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited|isbn=978-0-241-01348-9}}
* {{cite book|author=de Bruyn, Pipa|display-authors=et al.|title=Frommer's India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1ksAQAAMAAJ|date=4 March 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470556108}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=poQPvwEACAAJ&q=frommers+india+2008 | title=Frommer's India | publisher=Wiley | author=de Bruyn, Pipa|display-authors=et al. | year=2010 | isbn=9780470556108}}
* {{cite book|author=Deepa Gahlot|title=Take-2: 50 Films That Deserve a New Audience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEqwDAAAQBAJ|date=1 October 2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-84544-85-0|author-link=Deepa Gahlot}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UpT2CwAAQBAJ&q=queen+mary+king+george+cardboard+structure | title=Traveling India in the Age of Gandhi | publisher=University Press of America | author=Dupée, Jeffrey N. | year=2008 | isbn = 9781461693116}}
* {{cite book|author=Gillian Tindall|title=City of Gold: The Biography of Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKwmBWs-jGMC|year=1992|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-009500-5|author-link=Gillian Tindall}}
* {{cite book|author=Helio San Miguel|title=World Film Locations: Mumbai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsCrDwAAQBAJ|date=21 September 2012|publisher=Intellect Books|isbn=978-1-84150-679-1}}
* {{cite book|author1=Jagir Singh Bajwa|author2=Ravinder Kaur|title=Tourism Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVXCiwdwPxsC|year=2007|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0047-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Jan Morris|title=Stones of Empire: The Buildings of the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zD1Ugfq9KwC|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280596-6|author-link=Jan Morris}}
*{{cite book|author=Kirpal Sigh Annie Mathew|title=Middle School Social Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyohfLCDOUkC|publisher=Frank Brothers|isbn=978-81-8409-103-8}}
* {{cite journal |title='The Viceroys are Disappearing from the Roundabouts in Delhi': British symbols of power in post-colonial India | author=McGarr, Paul M. | journal=Modern Asian Studies | year=2015 | volume=49 | issue=3 | pages=787–831 | doi=10.1017/s0026749x14000080| doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book|author=Melody S. Mis|title=How to Draw India's Sights and Symbols|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsWERNisCTgC|date=15 December 2004|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|isbn=978-1-4042-2732-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Narasingha Prosad Sil|title=Swami Vivekananda: A Reassessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTDPlJPyV_MC|year=1997|publisher=Susquehanna University Press|isbn=978-0-945636-97-7|author-link=Narasingha Sil}}
* {{cite book|author= P. K. Agrawal|title=Indian Culture, Art and Heritage|year= 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cJmDwAAQBAJ|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5266-926-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Renu Saran|title=Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHNOBAAAQBAJ|date=19 August 2014|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-5165-298-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Sarina Singh|title=Lonely Planet India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA783|date=15 September 2010|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-1-74220-347-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=Sharada Dwivedi|author2=Rahul Mehrotra|title=Bombay: The Cities Within|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RuhOAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=India Book House|isbn=978-81-85028-80-4|author1-link=Sharada Dwivedi}}
* {{cite book|author1=Sharada Dwivedi|author2=Rahul Mehrotra|title=Fort walks: around Bombay's Fort area|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTRuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Eminence Designs|isbn=978-81-900602-3-3}}
* {{cite book|first1=Sherry|last1= Simon|first2=Paul |last2=St-Pierre|title=Changing the Terms: Translating in the Postcolonial Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmJ5O0ZOwqsC|year=2000|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|isbn=978-0-7766-0524-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Shobhna Gupta|title=Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4r5iLMVGkAC|year=2003|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0926-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Robert W. Bradnock|title=South Asian Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=le8uAQAAIAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Trade & Travel Publications|isbn=9780900751479 }}
*{{cite book|author=Tejaswini Niranjana|title=Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context|url=https://archive.org/details/sitingtranslatio0000nira|url-access=registration|date=8 January 1992|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91136-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Timothy H. Parsons|title=The Second British Empire: In the Crucible of the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urpKBAAAQBAJ|date=7 August 2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-3529-8}}
* {{cite journal |title=Weathering impact on the colour of building stones of the 'Gateway of India' monument | author=Tiwari, L. B. |display-authors=et al.| journal=Environmental Geology | year=2005 | volume=48 | issue=6 | pages=788–794 | doi=10.1007/s00254-005-0020-4|bibcode=2005EnGeo..48..788T |s2cid=128691054 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==

{{commons category}}
* [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Gateway+Of+India+Mumbai/@18.9222281,72.8346631,2a,75y,222.56h,90.21t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1snjNnaONbfz98G8zuMYztCg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x3be7d1c73a0d5cad:0xc70a25a7209c733c!2sGateway+Of+India+Mumbai!8m2!3d18.9219841!4d72.8346543!3m4!1s0x3be7d1c73a0d5cad:0xc70a25a7209c733c!8m2!3d18.9219841!4d72.8346543 Interactive 360° imagery of the gateway]
* {{OSM relation|6356858}}
* [https://sworld.co.uk/01/98/place/gateway-of-india Gateway of India - Secret World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416184221/https://sworld.co.uk/01/98/place/gateway-of-india |date=16 April 2022 }}

{{Mumbai topics|state=collapsed}}

{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai|state=collapsed}}

{{Portal bar|India|Architecture}}

[[Category:Stone buildings]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1924]]
[[Category:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]]
[[Category:Gates in India]]
[[Category:Triumphal arches in India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mary of Teck]]
[[Category:George V]]
[[Category:Waterfronts in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]

2001 in Kerala

2026-03-16T05:38:06Z

OrenCombs50836: Made First Stub Initial Version...

{{Year in Kerala}}

Events in the year '''2001''' in '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==

[[List of governors of Kerala|'''Governors of Kerala''']] - [[Sukhdev Singh Kang]]

[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|'''Chief minister of Kerala''']] –
* [[E.K. Nayanar]] (till May)
* [[A. K. Antony]] (since May)

== Events ==

* January 6 - [[2001 Aluva massacre]]
* February - A thirteen year old girl named Krishnapriya was raped and killed by a youth named Ahmed Koya near Manjeri.
* March 11 - Forty one passengers suffered death by burns following a bus accident at Pookkiparamba near [[Kottakkal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Haritha |date=2022-05-08 |title=Azeez, who exhumed Rifa Mehnu’s body, has been doing it for 4 decades for free |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/azeez-who-exhumed-rifa-mehnu-body-has-been-doing-it-4-decades-free-163713 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* April 10 - A scientist killed due to explosion of a missile at Naval Armament Depot, [[Aluva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Missile blows up in Cochin arms depot |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/apr/11cochin.htm |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
* May 10 - [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] held.
* May 17 - [[Indian National Congress]] led [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] came into power in [[Kerala]] under the leadership of [[A. K. Antony]].
* June 22 - [[Kadalundi train derailment]] in [[Malappuram district]] claims 59 lives.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-06-23 |title=Train plunges into river in Kerala, more than 50 killed |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/train-plunges-into-river-in-kerala-more-than-50-killed/articleshow/1942943020.cms |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* June 30 - [[Mavoor]] [[Gwalior Rayons]] factory shutdown following decades of environmental activism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Biju |date=2019-09-30 |title=Exploring Malabar's forgotten industrial town, Mavoor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malabars-macondo/article29560559.ece |access-date=2025-01-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* August 29 - October 16 - [[C. K. Janu]] led ''Kudil Ketti Samaram'' before [[Kerala Government Secretariat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why are they still standing? – Historic Struggle of Adivasis in Kerala – Sanhati |url=https://sanhati.com/excerpted/12391/ |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>
* September 12 - [[Government of India]] notifies [[Minimum support price (India)|Minimum support price]] for [[Natural rubber]] belonging to higher grades.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Govt intervention can hurt market: Experts|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/mar/23/govt-intervention-can-hurt-market-experts-2558627.html|newspaper=New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parikh |first=Kirit S. |last2=Ganesh-Kumar |first2=A. |last3=Darbha |first3=Gangadhar |date=2003 |title=Growth and Welfare Consequences of Rise in MSP |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4413277 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=38 |issue=9 |pages=891–895 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>
* September 25 - [[Red rain in Kerala]] in [[Kottayam district]].
* November 9 - A [[landslide]] at [[Amboori]], [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] claims 39 lives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amboori residents recall tragic landslide of 2001 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2019/aug/19/amboori-residents-recall-tragic-landslide-of-2001-2020788.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* November 21 - Clinical services commenced in [[Malabar Cancer Centre, Thalassery]].
* December 8 - [[Indian Federal Democratic Party]] headed by [[P. C. Thomas]] extends support to ruling [[National Democratic Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: 6-member party extends support to NDA government |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/08nda.htm |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Dates unknowwn ===

* [[Third Antony ministry]] allows self financing colleges in [[Kerala]] for professional courses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-01-25 |title=Court fiat on Kerala law |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30190043.ece |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

==Birth==

* [[Mamitha Baiju]]
* 27 August - [[Esther Anil]]

== Deaths ==

* January 17 - [[P. R. Kurup]], 85, politician.
* April 7 - [[G. N. Ramachandran]], 78, [[Physicist]]
* July 9 - [[Victor George]], 46, [[Photography|Photographer]].

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[2001 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:2000s in Kerala]]
[[Category:2001 in India|Kerala]]

Ministry of Mines (India)

2026-03-15T16:39:57Z

OrenCombs50836:

{{Short description|Government ministry of India}}
{{advert|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Mines
| seal = Government of India logo.svg
| seal_width = 100px
| seal_caption = Branch of Government of India
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = [[Shastri Bhawan]], [[New Delhi]]
| logo_caption = Ministry of Mines
| image =
| image_caption =
| chief1_name = [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| chief1_position = [[Minister of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]]
| website = [https://mines.gov.in mines.gov.in]
| logo = Ministry of Mines India.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| formed =
| employees =
| budget = {{INRConvert|1669.52|c}} (2018-19 est.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/eb/sbe95.pdf |title=Budget data |date=2019 |website=www.indiabudget.gov.in |access-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304170727/http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/eb/sbe95.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| chief2_name = [[Satish Chandra Dubey]]
| chief2_position = [[Minister of State]]
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
}}

The '''Ministry of Mines''' is the [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]] in the [[Government of India]]. The ministry functions as the primary body for the formulation and administration of laws relating to mines in [[India]]. The head of the ministry is [[G. Kishan Reddy]], who has been serving since June 2024.

==Organisation==
The Ministry of Mines is responsible for surveying and exploring for minerals (other than natural gas and petroleum) that are used in mining and metallurgy. It searches for non-ferrous metals including: [[aluminium]], [[copper]], [[zinc]], [[lead]], [[gold]], [[nickel]], etc. for administration of Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act) in respect of all mines and minerals other than [[coal]] and [[lignite]]. There is one attached office, one subordinate office, three public sector undertakings (PSUs), three autonomous bodies, and additional agencies working under the support of the Ministry of Mines.

''' Sections '''
* Pay and Accounts Section
* Protocol Section
* Media and Communication Section
* Mines Division
* International Cooperation Section
* Vigilance Section
* Public Information and Public Grievance Section
* Integrated Finance Section
* Metal Division
* Administrative Section
* Establishment Section
* Coordination Section
* Parliament Section
* Revision Section
* Cash Section
* Receipt and Issue Section
* Hindi Section
* Economic Section
* Information Technology Section
* National Critical Mineral Mission Section
* National Mineral Exploration Trust Secretariat Section
* Indian Bureau of Mines Camp Office Section

'''Attached office'''
* [[Geological Survey of India]]; headquarters at Kolkata

'''Subordinate office'''
* Indian Bureau of Mines, headquarters at Nagpur

'''Public sector undertakings'''
* [[National Aluminium Company Limited]] (NALCO), Bhubaneswar
* Bharat Gold Mines Limited (BGML)
* Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL), Kolkata
* [https://mecl.co.in/index.aspx Mineral Exploration and consultancy Limited] (MECL), Nagpur

'''Autonomous bodies'''
* Jawaharlal Nehru Aluminium Research Development and Design Centre (JNARDDC), Nagpur<ref>[http://www.jnarddc.gov.in/ Jawaharlal Nehru Aluminium Research Development and Design Centre (JNARDDC), Nagpur]</ref>
* National Institute of Rock Mechanics (NIRM), Kolar<ref>[http://www.nirm.in/ National Institute of Rock Mechanics (NIRM), Kolar]</ref>
* National Institute of Miners’ Health (NIMH), Nagpur<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071028174611/http://www.nimh.gov.in/ National Institute of Miners’ Health (NIMH), Nagpur]</ref>

'''Registered society (Autonomous & Self funding)'''
* Non-Ferrous Technology Development Centre<ref>[http://www.nftdc.res.in/ Non-Ferrous Technology Development Centre]</ref>
* National Mineral Exploration Trust
* [[Centre for Techno Economic Policy Options|Centre for Techno Economic Mineral Policy Options (C-TEMPO)]]

The subject of ‘mineral regulation and development’ occurs at Serial Number 23 of the [[State List|State list]] in the VIIth schedule to the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]]. However the Constitution circumscribes this power, by giving Parliament the power under S.No. 54 of the [[Union List|Union list]] in the VIIth schedule, to enact legislation, and to this extent the States will be bound by the Central legislation. The MMDR Act is the main Central legislation in force for the sector. The Act was enacted when the Industrial Policy Resolution, 1957 was the guiding policy for the sector, and thus was aimed primarily at providing a mineral concession regime in the context of the metal making public sector undertakings. After the liberalization in 1991, a separate National Mineral Policy (NMP) was promulgated in 1993 which set out the role of the private sector in exploration and mining and the MMDR Act was amended several times to provide for a reasonable concession regime to attract the private sector investment including FDI, into exploration and mining in accordance with NMP 1993.

==National Mineral Policy==
The first National Mineral Policy was enunciated by the Government in 1993 for liberalization of the mining sector. The National Mineral Policy, 1993 aimed at encouraging the flow of private investment and introduction of state-of-the-art technology in exploration and mining.

In the Mid-Term Appraisal of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, it was observed that the main factors responsible for this were procedural delays in the processing of applications for mineral concessions and the absence of adequate infrastructure in the mining areas. To go into the whole gamut of issues relating to the development of the mineral sector and suggest measures for improving the investment climate the Mid-Term Appraisal had proposed the establishment of a High Level Committee. Accordingly, the Government of India, [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]], constituted a Committee on 14 September 2005. under the Chairmanship of Shri Anwarul Hoda, member, Planning Commission. The Committee made detailed recommendations on all of its terms of Reference in December 2006. Based on the recommendations of the High Level Committee, in consultation with State Governments, the Government replaced the National Mineral Policy, 1993 with a new National Mineral Policy on 13 March 2008.

The National Mineral Policy 2008 provides for a change in the role of the Central Government and the State Governments to incentivize private sector investment in exploration and mining and for ensuring level playing field and transparency in the grant of concessions and promotion of scientific mining within a sustainable development framework so as to protect the interest of local population in mining areas. This has necessitated harmonization of legislation with the new National Mineral Policy.

== Policy reforms ==

The Hoda Committee studied the various reports prepared and submitted by study groups and in- house committees set up by various Ministries from time to time on the issues before the Committee. The Committee gave consideration to the mineral policies of the States as presented by the State Governments, especially to the differing perceptions of mineral-rich and non mineral-rich states. The Committee also gave consideration to the papers prepared by FIMI, which provided comparative analyses of the mineral policies and statutes of other major mineral producing countries in the world such as [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], and [[South Africa]].

==Legislation==

The Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957 was enacted so as to provide for the regulation of mines and development of minerals under the control of the Union. The Act has been amended in 1972, 1986, 1994, 1999 and 2004 in keeping with changes in the policy on mineral development. It has been recently amended in 2016 to make fundamental changes.

==Legislative reform==

Since that the existing law had already been amended several times and as further amendments may not clearly reflect the objects and reasons emanating from the new Mineral Policy, Government decided to reformulate the legislative framework in the light of the National Mineral Policy, 2008 and consequently, the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Bill was drafted in 2009-10 by the then Secretary Mines, S. Vijay Kumar,<ref name="teriin.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.teriin.org/profile/s-vijay-kumar|title = Mr S Vijay Kumar}}</ref><ref name="resourcepanel1">{{cite journal|url=https://www.resourcepanel.org/the-panel/s-vijay-kumar|title=S. Vijay Kumar|journal=Resource Panel|date=14 March 2017}}</ref> in consultation with the stakeholders. Government then constituted a Group of Ministers, chaired by the [[Finance minister|Minister of Finance]] (comprising Ministers of Home, Environment & Forest, Mines, Steel, Coal, Tribal Affairs, Law etc.) which harmonized the views of the Ministries and the final draft as approved by the Cabinet in September 2011, was introduced in Parliament in November 2011.

The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Bill, 2011, ''inter alia'', provides for the following, namely
* A simple and transparent mechanism with clear and enforceable timelines for grant of mining lease or prospecting licence through competitive bidding in areas of known mineralization, and on the basis of first-in-time in areas where mineralization is not known.
* "Extension" rather than "renewal" of concession to ensure complete exploitation of mineral deposit.
* Facilitating easy transfer of reconnaissance and prospecting licences; mining leases are also transferable but subject to prior approval of State Government.

A notable feature of the Bill is to provide a simple mechanism which ensures that revenues from mining are shared with local communities at individual as well as community level so as to empower them, provide them with choices, enable them to create and maintain local infrastructure and better utilize infrastructure and other services provided for their benefit. The Bill after introduction in Parliament in November 2011, was referred to the Department–related Parliamentary Standing Committee ("Standing Committee" ) which after eliciting the views of all stakeholders, submitted its Report.

Elections in 2014, however led to the Bill lapsing, and the new NDA Government used its majority to effect amendments in the MMDR Act. The most important amendment has been to make auctions the only way to get mineral concessions at prospecting and mining stages. Some auctions have been held, but the industry view seems to be that auctions are likely to lead to delays and supply interruptions, and that the auction is adding to the burden of taxes on mining. Auctions at mining lease stage are also disincentivising exploration by private sector.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Discussion Paper : Exploration and mining in India: time for a deeper look | url=https://www.teriin.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/exploration-mining-india.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213033315/https://www.teriin.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/exploration-mining-india.pdf | archive-date=2020-02-13}}</ref>

==Mining within a sustainable development framework==
The Hoda Committee made important recommendations on the need for a Sustainable Development Framework (SDF), as follows:

"The Ministry of Mines and MOEF should jointly set up a working group to prepare a SDF specially tailored to the context of India’s mining environment, taking fully into account the work done and being done in ICMM and the IUCN. The Indian SDF {{sic|comprising |hide=y|of}} principles, reporting initiatives, and good practice guidelines unique to the three sectors in Indian mining, i.e. SME, captive, and large stand alone, can then be made applicable to mining operations in India and a separate structure set up to ensure adherence to such framework, drawing from both IBM and the field formations of MOEF.
• The aspect of social infrastructure in the form of schools, hospitals, drinking water arrangements, etc. needs to be addressed within a formalised framework on the lines of the ICMM model. The Samatha ruling requiring mining companies to spend a set percentage of their profits on model programmes for meeting local needs through a pre-determined commitment, is one option for the country as a whole. Another option could be to require the mining companies to spend a percentage, say three per cent, of their turnover on the social infrastructure in the villages around the mining area. The working group mentioned in paragraph 3.11 may take this into consideration when preparing the Indian SDF and determine the percentage that mining companies could be advised to set aside."

Based on these recommendations, the National Mineral Policy 2008 explicitly underlined the need for mining within a sustainable development framework. The National Mineral Policy 2008 states, (para numbers in brackets are the para numbers in the Policy):
"(2.3) A framework of sustainable development will be designed which takes care of biodiversity issues and to ensure that mining activity takes place along with suitable measures for restoration of the ecological balance..."

In para 7.10 it states "Extraction of minerals closely impacts other natural resources like land, water, air and forest. The areas in which minerals occur often have other resources presenting a choice of utilisation of the resources. Some such areas are ecologically fragile and some are biologically rich. It is necessary to take a comprehensive view to facilitate the choice or order of land use keeping in view the needs of development as well as the needs of protecting the forests, environment and ecology... All mining shall be undertaken within the parameters of a comprehensive Sustainable Development Framework... Mining operations shall not ordinarily be taken up in identified ecologically fragile areas and biologically rich areas.

Para 7.11 states that "Appropriate compensation will form an important aspect of the Sustainable Development Framework mentioned in para 2.3 and 7.10…"

Para 7.12 states that: "Once the process of economical extraction of a mine is complete there is need for scientific mine closure which will not only restore ecology and regenerate biomass but also take into account the socio-economic aspects of such closure..."

And not least, para 3.2 of the Policy states that "The Central Govt in consultation with the State Govts shall formulate the legal measures for giving effect to the NMP 2008..The MMDR Act, MCR and MCDR will be amended in line with the policy…"

In line with the Hoda Committee recommendations, the Ministry of Mines commissioned ERM which prepared a Sustainable Development Framework Report in November 2011.

== Cabinet Ministers ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Works, Mines and Power
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Official portrait 1958.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Narhar Vishnu Gadgil]]''' {{small|(1896{{ndash}}1966) Constituent Assembly Member for [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]}}
| 15 August 1947
| 26 December 1950
| {{ayd|1947|8|15|1950|12|26}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="width:7em"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel, Mines and Fuel
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Swaran Singh Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Swaran Singh]]''' {{small|(1907{{ndash}}1994) MP for [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jullundur]]}}
| 17 April 1957
| 10 April 1962
| {{ayd|1957|4|17|1962|4|10}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Mines and Fuel
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Keshav Dev Malviya portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Keshav Dev Malviya]]''' {{small|(1904{{ndash}}1981) MP for [[Domariyaganj Lok Sabha constituency|Domariyaganj]]}} (Minister without cabinet rank)
| 10 April 1962
| 26 June 1963
| {{ayd|10 Apr 1962|26 Jun 1963}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Swaran Singh Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Swaran Singh]]''' {{small|(1907{{ndash}}1994) MP for [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jullundur]]}}
| 26 June 1963
| 19 July 1963
| {{ayd|26 Jun 1963|19 Jul 1963}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:O. V. Alagesan Lok Sabha image.gif|70px]]
| '''[[O. V. Alagesan]]''' {{small|(1911{{ndash}}1992) MP for [[Chengalpattu Lok Sabha constituency|Chengalpattu]]}} (Minister of State)
| 19 July 1963
| 21 November 1963
| {{ayd|19 Jul 1963|21 Nov 1963}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel, Mines and Heavy Engineering
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Chidambaram Subramaniam Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Chidambaram Subramaniam]]''' {{small|(1910{{ndash}}2000) MP for [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 21 November 1963
| rowspan="2"| 9 June 1964
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1963|11|21|1964|6|9}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
| [[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel and Mines
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]''' {{small|(1913{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| rowspan="2"| 9 June 1964
| rowspan="2"| 24 January 1966
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1964|6|9|1966|1|24}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
| [[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Mines and Metals
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Surendra Kumar Dey Lok Sabha image.gif|70px]]
| '''[[S. K. Dey|Surendra Kumar Dey]]''' {{small|(1906{{ndash}}1989) MP for [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]]}} (Minister of State)
| 24 January 1966
| 17 January 1967
| {{ayd|24 Jan 1966|17 Jan 1967}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Tribhuvan Narayan Singh Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Tribhuvan Narain Singh]]''' {{small|(1904{{ndash}}1982) MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State)
| 17 January 1967
| 13 March 1967
| {{ayd|17 Jan 1967|13 Mar 1967}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel, Mines and Metals
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:DrMChannaReddy (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Marri Chenna Reddy]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 16 March 1967
| 24 April 1968
| {{ayd|1967|3|16|1968|4|24}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Prakash Chandra Sethi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]}} (Minister of State)
| 24 April 1968
| 14 February 1969
| {{ayd|1968|4|24|1969|2|14}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Petroleum and Chemicals, and Mines and Metals
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Triguna Sen 2010 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Triguna Sen]]''' {{small|(1905{{ndash}}1998) MP for [[Tripura]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 14 February 1969
| 18 March 1971
| {{ayd|14 Feb 1969|18 Mar 1971}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:S. Mohan Kumaramangalam Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mohan Kumaramangalam]]''' {{small|(1916{{ndash}}1973) MP for [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency|Pondicherry]]}}
| 2 May 1971
| 31 May 1973{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| {{ayd|1971|5|2|1973|5|31}}
| rowspan="5"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| rowspan="5"| [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| rowspan="5"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|70px]]
| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}1984) MP for [[Raebareli Lok Sabha constituency|Raebareli]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 31 May 1973
| 23 July 1973
| {{ayd|1973|5|31|1973|7|23}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:T. A. Pai photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[T. A. Pai]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}1981) MP for [[Karnataka]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 23 July 1973
| 11 January 1974
| {{ayd|1973|7|23|1974|1|11}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Keshav Dev Malviya portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Keshav Dev Malviya]]''' {{small|(1904{{ndash}}1981) MP for [[Domariyaganj Lok Sabha constituency|Domariyaganj]]}}
| 11 January 1974
| 10 October 1974
| {{ayd|1974|1|11|1974|10|10}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Chandrajit_Yadav.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Chandrajit Yadav]]''' {{small|(1930{{ndash}}2007) MP for [[Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Azamgarh]]}} (Minister of State)
| 10 October 1974
| 24 March 1977
| {{ayd|1974|10|10|1977|3|24}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Biju-Patnaik.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Biju Patnaik]]''' {{small|(1916{{ndash}}1997) MP for [[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]}}
| 26 March 1977
| 15 July 1979
| {{ayd|1977|3|26|1979|7|15}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Morarji Desai ministry|Desai]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Morarji Desai]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}; color:white"|
| [[File:Morarji Desai visits the USA (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Morarji Desai]]''' {{small|(1896–1995) MP for [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 16 July 1979
| 28 July 1979
| {{ayd|1979|7|16|1979|7|28}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel, Mines and Coal
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
| [[File:Biju-Patnaik.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Biju Patnaik]]''' {{small|(1916{{ndash}}1997) MP for [[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]}}
| 30 July 1979
| 14 January 1980
| {{ayd|1979|7|30|1980|1|14}}
| [[Janata Party (Secular)]]
| [[Charan Singh ministry|Charan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
| [[Charan Singh]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Pranab Mukherjee Portrait (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pranab Mukherjee]]''' {{small|(1935{{ndash}}2020) MP for [[West Bengal]] (Rajya Sabha), till 1981 MP for [[Gujarat]] (Rajya Sabha), from 1981}}
| 16 January 1980
| 15 January 1982
| {{ayd|1980|1|16|1982|1|15}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Shri Narayan Dutt Tiwari.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[N. D. Tiwari]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Nainital Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital]]}}
| 15 January 1982
| 14 February 1983
| {{ayd|1982|1|15|1983|2|14}}
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[N. K. P. Salve]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2012) MP for [[Maharashtra]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 14 February 1983
| 31 October 1984
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1983|2|14|1984|10|31}}
|-
| 31 October 1984
| 31 December 1984
| [[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel, Mines and Coal
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vasant Sathe (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vasant Sathe]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}2011) MP for [[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]]}}
| 31 December 1984
| 25 September 1985
| {{ayd|1984|12|31|1985|9|25}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Shri K.C Pant (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[K. C. Pant]]''' {{small|(1931{{ndash}}2012) MP for [[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]}}
| 25 September 1985
| 12 April 1987
| {{ayd|1985|9|25|1987|4|12}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vasant Sathe (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vasant Sathe]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}2011) MP for [[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]]}}
| 12 April 1987
| 25 July 1987
| {{ayd|1987|4|12|1987|7|25}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Makhan Lal Fotedar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Makhan Lal Fotedar]]''' {{small|(1932{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 25 July 1987
| 2 December 1989
| {{ayd|1987|7|25|1989|12|2}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}"|
| [[File:Dinesh_Goswami_photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Dinesh Goswami]]''' {{small|(1935{{ndash}}1991) MP for [[Assam]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 6 December 1989
| 10 November 1990
| {{ayd|1989|12|6|1990|11|10}}
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| [[V. P. Singh ministry|Vishwanath]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[V. P. Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[File:Ashoke Sen official portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Ashoke Kumar Sen]]''' {{small|(1913{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[West Bengal]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 21 November 1990
| 21 June 1991
| {{ayd|1990|11|21|1991|6|21}}
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Balram_Singh_Yadav_portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Balram Singh Yadav]]''' {{small|(1939{{ndash}}2005) MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 21 June 1991
| 15 September 1996
| {{ayd|21 Jun 1991|15 Sep 1996}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Rao ministry|Rao]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Giridhar-Gamang.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Giridhar Gamang]]''' {{small|(born 1943) MP for [[Koraput Lok Sabha constituency|Koraput]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 15 September 1996
| 16 May 1996
| {{ayd|15 Sep 1995|16 May 1996}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 16 May 1996
| 1 June 1996
| {{ayd|1996|5|16|1996|6|1}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[First Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| Self
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:H. D. Deve Gowda.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]''' {{small|(born 1933) ''Unelected''}} (Prime Minister)
| 1 June 1996
| 29 June 1996
| {{ayd|1996|6|1|1996|6|29}}
| [[Janata Dal]]
| [[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Steel and Mines
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Birendra Prasad Baishya.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Birendra Prasad Baishya]]''' {{small|(born 1956) MP for [[Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency|Mangaldoi]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 29 June 1996
| rowspan="2"| 19 March 1998
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1996|6|29|1998|3|19}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| [[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|-
| [[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik in October 2014.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Naveen Patnaik]]''' {{small|(born 1946) MP for [[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]}}
| 19 March 1998
| 13 October 1999
| {{ayd|1998|3|19|1999|10|13}}
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Mines and Minerals
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik in October 2014.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Naveen Patnaik]]''' {{small|(born 1946) MP for [[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]}}
| 13 October 1999
| 4 March 2000
| {{ayd|13 Oct 1999|4 Mar 2000}}
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 4 March 2000
| 6 March 2000
| {{ayd|4 Mar 2000|6 Mar 2000}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:P. R. Kumaramangalam Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]]''' {{small|(1952{{ndash}}2000) MP for [[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]}}
| 6 March 2000
| 27 May 2000
| {{ayd|6 Mar 2000|27 May 2000}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
| [[File:Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]''' {{small|(1936{{ndash}}2025) MP for [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 27 May 2000
| 7 November 2000
| {{ayd|27 May 2000|7 Nov 2000}}
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Sundar Lal Patwa.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sundar Lal Patwa]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2016) MP for [[Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency|Narmadapuram]]}}
| 7 November 2000
| 1 September 2001
| {{ayd|7 Nov 2000|1 Sep 2001}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Coal and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}"|
| [[File:Ram Vilas Paswan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Vilas Paswan]]''' {{small|(1946{{ndash}}2020) MP for [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]}}
| 1 September 2001
| 29 April 2002
| '''{{ayd|1 Sep 2001|29 Apr 2002}}'''
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee tribute image (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 29 April 2002
| 1 July 2002
| {{ayd|29 Apr 2002|1 Jul 2002}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Lkadvani.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[L. K. Advani]]''' {{small|(born 1927) MP for [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]}} (Deputy Prime Minister)
| 1 July 2002
| 26 August 2002
| {{ayd|1 Jul 2002|26 Aug 2002}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Uma Bharati in 2014.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Uma Bharti]]''' {{small|(born 1959) MP for [[Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency|Bhopal]]}}
| 26 August 2002
| 29 January 2003
| {{ayd|26 Aug 2002|29 Jan 2003}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Ramesh Bais in 2023 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ramesh Bais]]''' {{small|(born 1947) MP for [[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 29 January 2003
| 9 January 2004
| {{ayd|29 Jan 2003|9 Jan 2004}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Coal and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
| [[File:Ms. Mamata Banerjee, in Kolkata on July 17, 2018 (cropped) (cropped).JPG|70px]]
| '''[[Mamata Banerjee]]''' {{small|(born 1955) MP for [[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta South]]}}
| 9 January 2004
| 22 May 2004
| {{ayd|9 Jan 2004|22 May 2004}}
| [[Trinamool Congress]]
| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
| [[File:Shibu Soren.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Shibu Soren]]''' {{small|(1944{{ndash}}2025) MP for [[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka]]}}
| 23 May 2004
| 24 July 2004
| {{ayd|23 May 2004|24 Jul 2004}}
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| rowspan="2"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Manmohan Singh in 2009.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Manmohan Singh]]''' {{small|(1932{{ndash}}2024) MP for [[Assam]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Prime Minister)
| 24 July 2004
| 27 November 2004
| {{ayd|24 Jul 2004|27 Nov 2004}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Sis Ram Ola (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sis Ram Ola]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency|Jhunjhunu]]}}
| 27 November 2004
| 22 May 2009
| {{ayd|27 Nov 2004|22 May 2009}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3" style="width:7em"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:B. K. Handique (cropped).png|70px]]
| '''[[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2015) MP for [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]}}
| 28 May 2009
| 19 January 2011
| {{ayd|28 May 2009|19 Jan 2011}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Dinsha Patel (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Dinsha Patel]]''' {{small|(born 1937) MP for [[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kheda]]}} (Minister of State, I/C until 28 Oct 2012)
| 19 January 2011
| 26 May 2014
| {{ayd|19 Jan 2011|26 May 2014}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Narendra Singh Tomar addressing a press conference after launching the Swachh Sarvekshan (Gramin)- 2017, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]''' {{small|(born 1957) MP for [[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]}}
| 27 May 2014
| 5 July 2016
| {{ayd|27 May 2014|5 Jul 2016}}
| rowspan="5"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3"| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="5"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Piyush Goyal crop.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Piyush Goyal]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MP for [[Maharashtra]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 5 July 2016
| 3 September 2017
| {{ayd|5 Jul 2016|3 Sep 2017}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Narendra Singh Tomar addressing a press conference after launching the Swachh Sarvekshan (Gramin)- 2017, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]''' {{small|(born 1957) MP for [[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]}}
| 3 September 2017
| 30 May 2019
| {{ayd|3 Sep 2017|30 May 2019}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Pralhad Joshi in 2024.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pralhad Joshi]]''' {{small|(born 1962) MP for [[Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad]]}}
| 31 May 2019
| 9 June 2024
| {{ayd|31 May 2019|9 Jun 2024}}
| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:G. Kishan Reddy in 2025.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[G. Kishan Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MP for [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]}}
| 10 June 2024
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|10 Jun 2024}}
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
|}

== Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel, Mines and Fuel
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Keshav Dev Malviya portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Keshav Dev Malviya]]''' {{small|(1904{{ndash}}1981) MP for [[Domariyaganj Lok Sabha constituency|Domariyaganj]] Minister of Mines and Oil from 25 Apr 1957}}
| 17 April 1957
| 10 April 1962
| {{ayd|1957|4|17|1962|4|10}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="width:7em"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel, Mines and Metals
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Prakash Chandra Sethi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]}}
| 13 March 1967
| 24 April 1968
| {{ayd|13 Mar 1967|24 Apr 1968}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Petroleum, Chemicals, Mines and Metals
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Jagannath Rao Lok Sabha portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Jagannath Rao]]''' {{small|(1909{{ndash}}?) MP for [[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Chatrapur]]}}
| 14 February 1969
| 27 June 1970
| {{ayd|14 Feb 1969|27 Jun 1970}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Dajisaheb Chavan Lok Sabha image.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Dajisaheb Chavan]]''' {{small|(1916{{ndash}}1973) MP for [[Karad Lok Sabha constituency|Karad]]}}
| 14 February 1969
| 18 March 1971
| {{ayd|14 Feb 1969|18 Mar 1971}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Nitiraj Singh Chaudhary Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Nitiraj Singh|Nitiraj Singh Chaudhary]]''' {{small|(1909{{ndash}}1988) MP for [[Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency|Narmadapuram]]}}
| 26 June 1970
| 18 March 1971
| {{ayd|26 Jun 1970|18 Mar 1971}}
|-
! colspan="10" |Minister of State for Petroleum, Chemicals and Non-ferrous Metals
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Nitiraj Singh Chaudhary Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Nitiraj Singh|Nitiraj Singh Chaudhary]]''' {{small|(1909{{ndash}}1988) MP for [[Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency|Narmadapuram]]}}
| 18 March 1971
| 2 May 1971
| {{ayd|18 Mar 1971|2 May 1971}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Shah Nawaz Khan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]]''' {{small|(1914{{ndash}}1993) MP for [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]}}
| 2 May 1971
| 5 February 1973
| {{ayd|1971|5|2|1973|2|5}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Kariya Munda.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kariya Munda]]''' {{small|(born 1936) MP for [[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]]}}
| 14 August 1977
| 28 July 1979
| {{ayd|1977|8|14|1979|7|28}}
| [[Janata Party]]
| [[Morarji Desai ministry|Desai]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[Morarji Desai]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel, Mines and Coal
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}"|
| [[File:P.M. Sayeed.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. M. Sayeed]]''' {{small|(1941{{ndash}}2005) MP for [[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency|Lakshadweep]]}}
| 4 August 1979
| 14 January 1980
| {{ayd|1979|8|4|1980|1|14}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress (Urs)]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Charan Singh ministry|Charan]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Charan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}"|
| [[File:Minister of Tribal Affairs and Panchayati Raj V. Kishore Chandra Deo (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kishore Chandra Deo]]''' {{small|(born 1947) MP for [[Parvathipuram Lok Sabha constituency|Parvathipuram]]}}
| 4 August 1979
| 14 January 1980
| {{ayd|1979|8|4|1980|1|14}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''Charanjit Chanana''' {{small|MP for [[Delhi]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 15 January 1982
| 2 September 1982
| {{ayd|1982|1|15|1982|9|2}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Ram Dulari Sinha official portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Dulari Sinha]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}1994) MP for [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]}}
| 15 January 1982
| 14 February 1983
| {{ayd|1982|1|15|1983|2|14}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''[[Gargi Shankar Mishra]]''' {{small|(born 1919) MP for [[Seoni Lok Sabha constituency|Seoni]]}}
| 2 September 1982
| 6 September 1982
| {{ayd|1982|9|2|1982|9|6}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel, Mines and Coal
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:K. Natwar Singh 2005.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[K. Natwar Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1929) MP for [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]] Minister of State, Steel}}
| 31 December 1984
| 25 September 1985
| {{ayd|1984|12|31|1985|9|25}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Ram Dulari Sinha official portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Dulari Sinha]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}1994) MP for [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]] Minister of State, Mines}}
| 25 September 1985
| 14 February 1988
| {{ayd|1985|9|25|1988|2|14}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''[[Ramanand Yadav]]''' {{small|(born 1927) MP for [[Bihar]] (Rajya Sabha) Minister of State, Mines}}
| 14 February 1988
| 12 April 1988
| {{ayd|1988|2|14|1988|4|12}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''[[Yogendra Makwana]]''' {{small|(born 1933) MP for [[Gujarat]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 14 February 1988
| 2 October 1988
| {{ayd|1988|2|14|1988|10|2}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Mahabir Prasad addressing the third meeting of the National Khadi and Village Industries Board (NKVIB), in New Delhi on July 16, 2008.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mahaveer Prasad]]''' {{small|(1939{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bansgaon]] Minister of State, Mines}}
| 4 July 1989
| 2 November 1989
| {{ayd|1989|7|4|1989|11|2}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
|
| '''[[Basavaraj Patil Anwari]]''' {{small|(born 1943) MP for [[Koppal Lok Sabha constituency|Koppal]]}}
| 21 November 1990
| 20 February 1991
| {{ayd|1990|11|21|1991|2|20}}
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Steel and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Ramesh Bais in 2023 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ramesh Bais]]''' {{small|(born 1947) MP for [[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]}}
| 19 March 1998
| 13 October 1999
| {{ayd|1998|3|19|1999|10|13}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Mines and Minerals
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Rita Verma Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rita Verma]]''' {{small|(born 1953) MP for [[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]]}}
| 13 October 1999
| 27 May 2000
| {{ayd|13 Oct 1999|27 May 2000}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Jaisingrao Gaikwad Patil]]''' {{small|(born 1949) MP for [[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Beed]]}}
| 27 May 2000
| 1 September 2001
| {{ayd|27 May 2000|1 Sep 2001}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Coal and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Ravi Shankar Prasad At Office.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]''' {{small|(born 1954) MP for [[Bihar]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 1 September 2001
| 29 January 2003
| {{ayd|1 Sep 2001|29 Jan 2003}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Coal and Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Prahlad Singh Patel (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Prahlad Singh Patel]]''' {{small|(born 1960) MP for [[Balaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balaghat]]}}
| 9 January 2004
| 22 May 2004
| {{ayd|9 Jan 2004|22 May 2004}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| style="width:7em"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Dasari Narayan Rao 2005 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]''' {{small|(1942{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 23 May 2004
| 27 November 2004
| {{ayd|23 May 2004|27 Nov 2004}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Mines
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Dasari Narayan Rao 2005 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]''' {{small|(1942{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 27 November 2004
| 7 February 2006
| {{ayd|27 Nov 2004|7 Feb 2006}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:T.Subbarami Reddy.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[T. Subbarami Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1943) MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 7 February 2006
| 6 April 2008
| {{ayd|7 Feb 2006|6 Apr 2008}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:B. K. Handique (cropped).png|70px]]
| '''[[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2015) MP for [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]}}
| 6 April 2008
| 22 May 2009
| {{ayd|6 Apr 2008|22 May 2009}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Vishnu Deo Sai, Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MP for [[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh]]}}
| 27 May 2014
| 5 July 2016
| {{ayd|27 May 2014|5 Jul 2016}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary]]''' {{small|(born 1954) MP for [[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]}}
| 3 September 2017
| 30 May 2019
| {{ayd|3 Sep 2017|30 May 2019}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Minister of State for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Shri Raosaheb Dadarao Danve calls on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on March 05, 2015 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Raosaheb Danve]]''' {{small|(born 1955) MP for [[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency|Jalna]]}}
| 31 May 2019
| 9 June 2024
| {{ayd|31 May 2019|9 Jun 2024}}
| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Shri Satish Chandra Dubey.jpeg|70px]]
| '''[[Satish Chandra Dubey]]''' {{small|(born 1975) MP for [[Bihar]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 10 June 2024
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|10 Jun 2024}}
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111210191245/http://mines.nic.in/ Ministry website]

{{Union ministries of India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Mines (India)| ]]
[[Category:Government ministries of India|Mines]]
[[Category:Mining in India]]

List of Scheduled Castes in Gujarat

2026-03-14T16:26:06Z

OrenCombs50836: quick update

{{Short description|none}}
{{use indian english|date=March 2026}}
This articles contains a list [[Scheduled Caste]] communities and their population according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011]] [[Census of India]] in the state of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/SCCRC_24.pdf |title=Census table |website=censusindia.gov.in |format=PDF}}</ref>

They constitutes the population of 40,74,447 or 6.74% of total population of the state. The [[Government of Gujarat]] recognises 35 castes under the category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scheduled Caste population by religious communities (Gujarat) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2127 |website=censusofindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]] |format=XLS}}</ref>

== List ==
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No
!Community (Caste)
!Population (2011)
|-
|1.
|[[Ager (caste)|Ager]]
|261
|-
|2.
|Bakad, [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]]
|88
|-
|3.
|[[Bawa-Dedh]], [[Dhedh|Dhedh-Sadhu]]
|9,831
|-
|4.
|[[Bhambi]], [[Chamar]], [[Bhambi Khalpa]], [[Bhambi Rohit]], [[Bhambi Sindhi Mochi]], [[Rohit (caste)|Rohit]], [[Jatav]], Samdar, [[Haralayya]], [[Chambhar]], [[Ravidassia]], [[Madiga]] and Asadaru, [[Mochi (Hindu)|Mochi]] (only in [[Dang district, India|Dang]] and [[Valsad district]])
|10,32,128
|-
|5.
|[[Chuhra]], [[Valmiki caste|Valmiki]], [[Chuhra]], Olgana, [[Lalbegi]], [[Halalkhor]], Zadmalli, [[Hela caste|Hela]], [[Balmikism|Balmiki]], Rushi, Zampada
|4,39,444
|-
|6.
|[[Chalavadi]], Channayya
|109
|-
|7.
|[[Holeya]] (Chenna Dasar, [[Holaya|Holaya Dasar]])
|69
|-
|8.
|[[Dangashia]]
|3,446
|-
|9.
|[[Dhor]], Kankayya
|182
|-
|10.
|Garmatang
|225
|-
|11.
|[[Garoda (caste)|Garoda]], Garo
|72,948
|-
|12.
|Halleer
|95
|-
|13.
|Halsar, Haslar
|66
|-
|14.
|[[Hari caste|Holar]], Valhar
|637
|-
|15.
|[[Holeya]], Holer
|66
|-
|16.
|[[Lingader]]
|36
|-
|17.
|[[Mahyavanshi]], [[Dhedh]], [[Maru Vankar]]
|16,08,359
|-
|18.
|[[Mang (caste)|Mang]], [[Matang Community|Matang]]
|13,203
|-
|19.
|Mang-Garudi
|587
|-
|20.
|[[Meghwal]], Meghvanshi
|2,21,424
|-
|21.
|Mukri
|77
|-
|22.
|Nadia, Hadi
|50,331
|-
|23.
|[[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]]
|4,007
|-
|24.
|[[Shenva]], Chenva
|1,16,307
|-
|25.
|[[Ghasiara|Shemalia]]
|3,205
|-
|26.
|[[Thori (tribe)|Thori]]
|3,385
|-
|27.
|[[Tirgar]]
|7,648
|-
|28.
|[[Turi (Caste)|Turi]]
|15,443
|-
|29.
|Turi Barot, Dedh Barot
|16,659
|-
|30.
|[[Balai]], Balayi
|1,172
|-
|31.
|[[Bhangi]], [[Hela Mehtar|Mehtar]]
|23,273
|-
|32.
|[[Chak caste|Chak]], Chikwa
|135
|-
|33.
|[[Koli people|Koli]], [[Kori (people)|Kori]]
|30,048
|-
|34.
|Kotwal
|960
|-
|35.
|Nadia, Hadi
|50,320
|-
| colspan="2" |GENERIC CASTES (with no specific caste)
|3,70,032
|-
! colspan="2" |Total population
!40,74,447
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat|Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Lists of Scheduled Castes by state|Gujarat]]

Karan Paul

2026-03-10T01:46:11Z

OrenCombs50836: slightly enhance structure and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Indian businessman (born 1969)}}
{{Promotional|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karan Paul
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|11|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| spouse = [[Indrani Dasgupta]]
| parents = Surrendra Paul and Shirin Paul
| family = Priti Paul, [[Priya Paul]] (sisters), Anand Paul (brother)
| alma_mater = [[Brown University]]
| occupation = Chairman, [[Apeejay Surrendra Group]]
}}

'''Karan Paul''' (born 3 November 1969) is an Indian businessman and the chairman of the [[Apeejay Surrendra Group]], an Indian family business.

==Career==
Paul joined the Apeejay Surrendra Group in 1992.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/newsmaker-karan-paul-105101501057_1.html |title=Newsmaker: Karan Paul |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=business-standard |date= October 15, 2005}}</ref> His first businesses were Apeejay Finance, a finance company, and Apeejay Securities, a stockbroking company, which he ran for about ten years and sold them off in 2006-07.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/societe-general-burmans-buy-stake-in-apeejay-finance/articleshow/1708444.cms?intenttarget=no|title=Societe General, Burmans buy stake in Apeejay Finance|date=5 July 2006|publisher=|accessdate=8 January 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2006 |title=Societe Generale and the Burman family acquire 75% stake in Apeejay Finance in India |url=https://www.societegenerale.com/sites/default/files/pressrelase/06093gb.pdf |access-date=5 July 2006 |website=Societe Generale}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/socgen-takes-full-control-of-apeejay-finance-107121901039_1.html |title= SocGen takes full control of Apeejay Finance |newspaper= Business Standard India |publisher= business-standard |date= December 19, 2007 |last1= Zachariah |first1= Reena }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/ilfs-investsmartnon-consolidated-pat-rises-81_230058.html |title= IL&FS Investsmart non consolidated PAT rises 81% |publisher= moneycontrol |date= July 25, 2006 }}</ref> After working at various levels in the Apeejay Surrendra Group for 12 years, Karan became the Chairman of the Group in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/karan-paul-becomes-chairman-of-apeejay-surrendra-group/articleshow/779921.cms|title=Karan Paul becomes chairman of Apeejay Surrendra Group|date=16 July 2004|publisher=|accessdate=8 January 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/07/16/stories/2004071604021611.htm|title=Business / Briefly : Apeejay Surrendra group's new Chairman|last=thpns|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-07-16|accessdate=8 January 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=10904347&privcapId=97986202|title=Karan Paul: Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg|website=www.bloomberg.com|accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref>

Paul managed Apeejay Tea, Apeejay Shipping, and Apeejay Schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aihitdata.com/company/01BA8B0F/APEEJAY-SHIPPING-LIMITED/people|title=Apeejay Shipping Limited - Key People.|website=www.aihitdata.com|accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref> The group acquired the FMCG brand [[Typhoo]], which had operations in nearly 50 countries.<ref>[http://www.apeejaygroup.com/in_the_news/UKIBC_3.pdf Business Exchange]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} apeejaygroup.com</ref> The group also diversified into new business ventures of marine cluster and logistics parks which has backward and forward integrated the group's shipping business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-13/news/46149836_1_rubber-park-amit-mitra-shipyard-project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911203927/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-13/news/46149836_1_rubber-park-amit-mitra-shipyard-project |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2015 |title= West Bengal government clears industrial projects |publisher=The Economic Times|date= Jan 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-09/news/34343162_1_repair-facility-eastern-region-first-phase |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003123118/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-09/news/34343162_1_repair-facility-eastern-region-first-phase |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 October 2015 |title= Apeejay Infralogistics kick starts operations at Haldia Logistics Park |publisher=The Economic Times|date= Oct 9, 2012}}</ref> The real estate division has increased land banks, consolidated, and grown real estate commercial developments across India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Luxury-living-gets-new-address-on-Park-Street/articleshow/45946312.cms |title= Luxury living gets new address on Park Street |work=The Times of India|date= Jan 20, 2015}}</ref> He is director and member of [[The Park Hotels|Apeejay Surrendra Park Hotels Limited]], K.P.H. Dream Cricket Private Limited, Apeejay Tea Limited, Apeejay Shipping Limited, Apeejay Infralogistics Private Limited, and Bengal Shipyard Limited.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/>

==Board memberships==
Paul has been on the executive committees of various chambers of commerce like CII, FICCI, ICC, Bharat Chamber of Commerce, and Bengal Chamber of Commerce.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wbidc.com/wb_singapore/list_delegates.html |title=WBIDC |access-date=2015-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122050230/http://wbidc.com/wb_singapore/list_delegates.html |archive-date=2015-11-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Awards==
In 2006, Karan Paul was awarded one of Italy's highest honors '[[Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity]]' by [[Gianni Vernetti]], Minister of State of the Ministry of External Affairs, in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060717/edit.htm#8|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Opinions|website=www.tribuneindia.com|accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref> In 2012, the International Confederation of NGOs awarded him the 'Karmaveer Puraskaar, 2012 Corporate Citizen for Holistic CSR Initiatives' award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://karmaveerglobalawards.com/Corporate_Citizens_for_Holistic_CSR_Initiatives_Karmaveer_Puraskaar.html |title=Corporate Citizens for Holistic CSR Initiatives Karmaveer Puraskaar |publisher=karmaveerglobalawards |access-date=2 October 2015 |archive-date=3 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003153926/http://karmaveerglobalawards.com/Corporate_Citizens_for_Holistic_CSR_Initiatives_Karmaveer_Puraskaar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
Philanthropic initiatives created by him include:
* '''The Paul Foundation''' – In 2001, he put in place a system of providing grants to students aiming for higher studies in India and abroad through The Paul Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studyguideindia.com/Scholarship/India/paul-foundation-scholarships.html |title=Paul Foundation Scholarships |publisher= studyguideindia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apeejaygroup.com/paulfoundation.html|title=Apeejay Surrendra Group - Education|website=www.apeejaygroup.com|accessdate=8 January 2018|archive-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022112039/http://www.apeejaygroup.com/paulfoundation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Inclusive Sports''' – In 2015, a reward and recognition platform with the UK's national charity, the [[English Federation of Disability Sport]] (EFDS) was created to ensure that more disabled [[athlete]]s have access to local competitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efds.co.uk/news/3643_typhoo_and_efds_tea-m_up_to_support_disabled_athletes_across_england|title=Typhoo and EFDS team-up to support disabled athletes across England|work=efds.co.uk|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://typhoosportsforall.com/about/|title=#SportsForAll|work=Join the Sports For All Campaign|accessdate=2 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004151705/http://typhoosportsforall.com/about/|archive-date=4 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Anand Paul Education Support Programme''' – In 2009, the program was started by Karan Paul to identify children from the poorest areas around Park Street, who had either dropped out of school or were not enrolled in school, and help them return to school.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/education-support-programme/article984793.ece|title=Education support programme|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=23 February 2010 |accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=http://www.apeejaygroup.com/Images/clip_on_Sourav_Saha.swf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203232711/http://www.apeejaygroup.com/Images/clip_on_Sourav_Saha.swf | archive-date=2011-12-03}}</ref><ref name="focuskolkata.org">{{Cite web| url=http://www.focuskolkata.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Annual_Report_2013-2014.216180616.pdf | title=Annual report of focus for the year 2013-2014 | access-date=2015-10-02 | archive-date=2016-03-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091629/http://www.focuskolkata.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Annual_Report_2013-2014.216180616.pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.mydigitalfc.com/education/helping-hand-drop-outs-apeejay-group-119|title=Helping hand to drop outs from Apeejay group - mydigitalfc.com|work=mydigitalfc.com|accessdate=2 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003082240/http://m.mydigitalfc.com/education/helping-hand-drop-outs-apeejay-group-119|archive-date=3 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''100 for 100''' – The Group's centenary in 2010 was celebrated with 100 community initiatives. Projects spread across [[education]], environment, [[art]] & [[culture]], capacity building of institutions especially those that help the disabled, and focused on the physical and mental health of children and women were designed and implemented.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aklf.in/|title=Apeejay Kolkata Literary Festival 2015 - Literature Festival - Literary Festival India - AKLF|work=aklf.in|accessdate=2 October 2015|archive-date=30 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030003407/http://www.aklf.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apeejaygroup.com/100for100/|title=Apeejay Surrendra Group 100 Initiatives - Home|work=apeejaygroup.com|accessdate=2 October 2015}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://designstack.com/client_details.php?BrandID=160|title=Design Stack is Branding and Graphic Design Studio based in Mumbai. Brand Strategy and Positioning, Graphic design, Brand identity design, Corporate identity design, Retail branding, Logo Design, Brochure Design, Website Design, Packaging, Print Design, Advertising Apeejay Group|work=designstack.com|accessdate=2 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826022506/http://designstack.com/client_details.php?BrandID=160|archive-date=26 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Art, Heritage & Culture''' – Park Mansions, a residential and commercial building developed by Armenian jute merchant, T.M. Thaddeus in 1910, owned by Apeejay was restored under his supervision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131214/jsp/calcutta/story_17679720.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217212939/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131214/jsp/calcutta/story_17679720.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 17, 2013|title=A painstaking labour of love|accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131214/jsp/calcutta/story_17679720.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217212939/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131214/jsp/calcutta/story_17679720.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 17, 2013|title=A painstaking labour of love|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref>
* '''Human-Wildlife Conflict Mitigation''' – In 2015, he created a three-year management strategy that will see the Group's tea plantations company invest in reducing the impact of Human Elephant Conflict in [[Assam]]. The project was implemented in partnership with the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] (WWF).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwfindia.org/news_facts/?13661/Apeejay-Tea--WWF-India-partnership-to-reduce-the-impact-of-Human-Elephant-Conflict-in-Assam|title=WWF India - Apeejay Tea & WWF-India partnership to reduce the impact of Human-Elephant Conflict in Assam|work=wwfindia.org|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/no-place-go-plight-assams-cornered-elephants-getting-worse-2196836.html|title=No place to go: The plight of Assam's cornered elephants is getting worse|work=Firstpost|date=16 April 2015|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Karan Paul is a sports enthusiast<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/business-on-course/a-game-of-golf-with-karan-paul/20347|title=A game of golf with Karan Paul|date=3 December 2007|work=ndtv.com|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref> and loves the sport of [[cricket]]. He is the co-owner of the [[Punjab Kings]] (PBKS) franchise team of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kxip.in/promoters/|title=Promoters - Kings XI Punjab|work=Kings XI Punjab|accessdate=2 October 2015|archive-date=11 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711070202/http://kxip.in/promoters/|url-status=dead}}</ref> along with [[Preity Zinta]], [[Ness Wadia]], and [[Mohit Burman]]. The team is based in [[Mohali]], [[Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140105/jsp/t2/story_17753565.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003212044/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140105/jsp/t2/story_17753565.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 3, 2015|title=Yes, i am in love|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref> He occasionally writes columns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120425/jsp/entertainment/story_15413273.jsp#.ViC-7dIrLIV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428025311/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120425/jsp/entertainment/story_15413273.jsp#.ViC-7dIrLIV|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 28, 2012|title=Let's Change the game, says Karan Paul|publisher=|accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120330/jsp/entertainment/story_15311928.jsp#.ViC-8dIrLIV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402213203/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120330/jsp/entertainment/story_15311928.jsp#.ViC-8dIrLIV|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 2, 2012|title=People|publisher=|accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120531/jsp/entertainment/story_15550497.jsp#.Vh9x19IrLIV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215727/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120531/jsp/entertainment/story_15550497.jsp#.Vh9x19IrLIV|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 4, 2016|title=Karan konfidential|publisher=|accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120314/jsp/entertainment/story_15245796.jsp#.Vh9x39IrLIV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316234645/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120314/jsp/entertainment/story_15245796.jsp#.Vh9x39IrLIV|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 16, 2012|title=Karan Konfidential|publisher=|accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref>

Karan Paul is married to [[Indrani Dasgupta]], together they have two children Uma Kismat Paul and Kabir Anand Paul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150503/jsp/t2/story_17864.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511165404/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150503/jsp/t2/story_17864.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 11, 2015|title=Ask Indrani|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150317/jsp/t2/story_9027.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003164818/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150317/jsp/t2/story_9027.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 3, 2015|title=Say it with a smile|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150913/jsp/t2/story_42253.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003092505/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150913/jsp/t2/story_42253.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 3, 2015|title=Art In Life|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-off-the-cuff-with-umesh-jivnani-1991269|title=OFF THE CUFF with Umesh Jivnani - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=26 May 2014|publisher=|accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punemirror.in/columns/talk-of-the-town/The-sound-of-courage/articleshow/40870020.cms|title=The sound of courage - Pune Mirror -|publisher=|accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Karan}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Brown University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]

Tapaal

2026-03-04T09:47:14Z

OrenCombs50836: stub

{{Short description|2014 Marathi-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tapaal
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Laxman Utekar]]
| writer = Mangesh Hadawale
| screenplay =
| producer = Varsha Madhusudan Satpalkar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Nandu Madhav]]
* Veena Jamkar
* [[Urmilla Kothare]]
* [[Milind Gunaji]]
}}
| cinematography = Laxman Utekar
| editing = K. D. Dilip
| music = Rohit Nagbhide
| studio = Maitreya Mass Media
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|09|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Tapaal''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] film directed by [[Laxman Utekar]] and produced by
Varsha Madhusudan Satpalkar. The film stars [[Nandu Madhav]], Rohit Utekar, Veena Jamkar, [[Urmilla Kothare]] and Milind Gunaji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2014 |title=पोस्टमनचे भावविश्व ‘टपाल’ बंद|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-movie-tapaal-talks-of-postmans-emotions-939956/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123064341/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-movie-tapaal-talks-of-postmans-emotions-939956/ |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> The film was released on 26 September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2014 |title=Maitreya Mass Media's debut Marathi film TAPAAL all set to release in September|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/maitreya-mass-medias-debut-marathi-film-tapaal-set-133254033.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123063339/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/maitreya-mass-medias-debut-marathi-film-tapaal-set-133254033.html |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[Yahoo!]] |language=English
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2014 |title='टपाल' २६ सप्टेंबरला चित्रपटगृहात|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/tapaal-will-release-in-theatres-on-september-26th-931726/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123072359/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/tapaal-will-release-in-theatres-on-september-26th-931726/lite/ |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Ranga, a young boy, writes a letter to his childhood girlfriend. Later, he realizes that the letter might go into the wrong hands and tries to get it back with the help of Devram, a postman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2014 |title=पाहाः ‘टपाल’ चित्रपटाचा ट्रेलर|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/tapaal-marathi-movie-trailer-687963/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123074901/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/tapaal-marathi-movie-trailer-687963/lite/ |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== Cast==
* [[Nandu Madhav]] as Devram
* Rohit Utekar as Ranga
* Veena Jamkar
* [[Urmilla Kothare]]
* Jaywant Wadkar
* Ganga Gogavle
* [[Milind Gunaji]]

== Production ==
Shooting  began on 15 April 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2014 |title=Shooting of Milind Gunaji starrer Tapaal begins|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/shooting-of-milind-gunaji-starrer-tapaal-begins/articleshow/19555851.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123065417/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/shooting-of-milind-gunaji-starrer-tapaal-begins/articleshow/19555851.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref>

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tapaal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Rohit Nagbhide
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2014
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 4:37
| language = Marathi
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2013
| year = 2015
| next_title =
| next_year = 2014
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|1mrC3PYjyRA| Tapaal – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 4:37
| title1 = Man Mohrun Aal
| extra1 = [[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
| length1 = 4:37
}}

== Critical response ==
Tapaal received positive reviews from critics. Mihir Bhanage of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Many of us still get nostalgic about handwritten letters but some of us might not have had the opportunity to write or read a postcard or inland letter. For the previous category, this is a chance to re-live the memories and for the latter, this is one tapaal that you surely don’t want to miss".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title=TAPAAL MOVIE REVIEW|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/tapaal/movie-review/43599562.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123075856/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/tapaal/movie-review/43599562.cms |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> Ganesh Matkari of ''[[Pune Mirror]]'' wrote "I wouldn’t go into other minor points. In fact, even in the present version, I’d still recommend the film. Other than songs, almost everything adds to the impact. Utekar’s framing is wondrous and the direction is seasoned".<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2016 |title=A film with a heart|url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/a-film-with-a-heart/cid5011298.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123080744/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/a-film-with-a-heart/cid5011298.htm |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[Pune Mirror]] |language=English
}}</ref> Sachin Fulpagare of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Overall, 'Tapaal' is a treat to watch. Teamwork is strong. With sincere efforts, Utekar has made his first work of art. It is not a problem to go to the theater and see it once".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2014 |title=निरागस भावभावनांनी भारलेलं ‘टपाल’!|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tapal-marathi-film-nandu-madhav-veena-jamkar/moviereview/43557688.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123083549/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tapal-marathi-film-nandu-madhav-veena-jamkar/moviereview/43557688.cms |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> ''[[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]]'' wrote "This Tapaal is a must-see for a beautiful blend of human emotions. The content of this is not only to tear the veil of the present hypocritical, mean and hypocritical world, but it is also a reminder to preserve humanity as well as to be joyful".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2014 |title=Movie Review : टपाल|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BOL-REV-movie-review-marathi-film-tapal-4758518-NOR.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123084146/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BOL-REV-movie-review-marathi-film-tapal-4758518-NOR.html |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Awards and nominations for ''Tapaal''
|-
! scope="col" | Awards
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|Indian International Film Festival of South Africa
|Best Actress
| Veena Jamkar
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2014 |title=वीणा जामकरला ‘टपाल’साठी ‘इफ्सा’चा सर्वोत्कृष्ट अभिनेत्री पुरस्कार|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-actress-veena-jamkar-gets-best-actress-award-for-tapal-359788/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123074105/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-actress-veena-jamkar-gets-best-actress-award-for-tapal-359788/lite/ |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt4073858}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/tapaal}}
{{Laxman Utekar}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Anaganaga O Kurraadu

2026-03-03T18:01:35Z

OrenCombs50836: Made The Data And Citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Short description|2003 Telugu film}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Anaganaga O Kurraadu.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = L P Ramarao
| writer = [[Kona Venkat]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Kona Venkat
| story = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| based_on = 
| producer = Katta Rambabu
| starring = [[Rohit (Telugu actor)|Rohit]] [[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = VSR Swamy
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| music = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| studio = Sai Ooha Creations
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|8|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Anaganaga O Kurraadu''''' ({{translation|Once upon a boy}}) is a 2003 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by L P Ramarao and starring [[Rohit (Telugu actor)|Rohit]] and [[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]]. The film reuses scenes from ''[[Bend It Like Beckham]]'' (2002).

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Rohit (Telugu actor)|Rohit]] as Sachin
*[[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]] as Rekha
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Vithal Rao
*[[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Rajeev
*[[Vizag Prasad]] as G. K. Naidu
*[[Devadas Kanakala]] as Rajeev's father
*[[Chalapati Rao]] as Driver
*[[Dharmavarapu Subrahmanyam]]
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
*[[Sangeetha (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]]
*[[M. Balayya]]
*Kadambari Kiran
*[[Venkatapathy Raju]] as a selection committee member (special appearance)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijay Jeedigunta |title=Cricket and Cinema, My passion and obsession |url=http://idlebrain.com/cricketandcinema/cricketcinemaconnection.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620021124/http://idlebrain.com/cricketandcinema/cricketcinemaconnection.html |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
*[[Mohammed Azharuddin]] as himself (special appearance)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=12954400|title=Azhar's debut|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030502061133/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=12954400|archive-date=2 May 2003|access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
Director LP Rama Rao previously worked under [[Puri Jagannadh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=26 November 2002 |title=Finding a foothold |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/finding-a-foothold/article28387124.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802225232/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/finding-a-foothold/article28387124.ece |archive-date=2 August 2022}}</ref> Most of the film completed shooting by the end of 2002 sans three songs, which were to be shot in Malaysia and Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2002 |title=Rohit's film titled as 'Anaganaga O Kurradu' |url=http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news231.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530064423/http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news231.html |archive-date=30 May 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/anaganaga-o-kurradu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/928325866|title=Anaganaga O Kurradu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|date=2003|work=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vijayam Mana Sontham
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length1 = 4:17
| title2 = Cell Phone Dwani
| extra2 = Chakri, [[Gopika Poornima]]
| length2 = 5:28
| title3 = Kala Teravarindi
| extra3 = [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| length3 = 4:34
| title4 = Nene Nuvvani
| extra4 = Kousalya, Venu
| length4 = 4:25
| title5 = Sakku Sakku
| extra5 = [[Raghu Kunche]], [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]]
| length5 = 4:39
| title6 = Chinna Dressulo
| extra6 = Ravi Varma, Sudha
| length6 = 5:14
| total_length = 28:37
}}

== Reception ==
Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "The narration becomes interesting only when it is deals with cricket".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gudipoodi Srihari |date=19 August 2003 |title=Cricket scores over all |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/cricket-scores-over-all/article28445978.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127012841/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/cricket-scores-over-all/article28445978.ece |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "The film is made against the cricket background but comes a cropper as director Rama Rao fails to keep the tempo going".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2003 |title=Anaganaga O Kurraadu |url=https://m.sify.com/movies/anaganaga-o-kurraadu-review-telugu-pclvpHfgefcai.html |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050412125827/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13232629&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=12 April 2005}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' stated that "But the director failed to cash on the cricketing scenes in this film though the entire film revolves around cricket".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=15 August 2003 |title=Movie review - Anaganaga O Kurrodu |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-aok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127034231/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-aok.html |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|3426122}}

[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]

India at the 2026 Winter Olympics

2026-02-23T00:41:53Z

OrenCombs50836:

{{Infobox country at games
|NOC = IND
|NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
|games = Winter Olympics
|year = 2026
|flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
|oldcode =
|website = {{url|olympic.ind.in}}
|start_date = {{Start date|2026|02|06|df=y}}
|end_date = {{End date|2026|02|22|df=y}}
|location = [[Milan]] and [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]], Italy
|competitors = 2
|competitors_men = 2
|competitors_women =
|sports = 2
|flagbearer_open = [[Arif Khan (skier)|Arif Khan]]
|flagbearer_close = [[Stanzin Lundup]]
|rank =
|gold = 0
|silver = 0
|bronze = 0
|officials =
|appearances = auto
}}
[[India]] competed at the [[2026 Winter Olympics]] in [[Milan]] and [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]], Italy, from 6 to 22 February 2026.

Alpine skier [[Arif Khan (skier)|Arif Khan]] was the country's flagbearer during the [[2026 Winter Olympics opening ceremony|opening ceremony]].<ref>{{cite news|date=6 February 2026|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/milano-cortina-2026/news/all-flagbearers-named-for-milano-cortina-2026-opening-ceremony|title=Milano Cortina 2026 Opening Ceremony: All Flagbearers, all nations - complete list|access-date=16 February 2026|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|work=Olympics.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Roche|first=Calum|date=6 February 2026|title=2026 Winter Olympics opening ceremony: order and flag bearers by country|url=https://en.as.com/olympic_games/2026-winter-olympics-opening-ceremony-order-and-flag-bearers-by-country-f202602-n/|work=[[Diario AS]]|location=Madrid, Spain|access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Stanzin Lundup]] was the country's flagbearer during the [[2026 Winter Olympics closing ceremony|closing ceremony]].<ref>{{cite news|date=22 February 2026|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/milano-cortina-2026/news/all-flagbearers-named-for-milano-cortina-2026-closing-ceremony|title=Milano Cortina 2026 Closing Ceremony: full list of flagbearers for every nation|access-date=22 February 2026|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|work=Olympics.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last2=Bowers|first2=Rachel G|last1=Moore|first1=Casey L.|date=22 February 2026|title=Olympics closing ceremony highlights: Milano Cortina Games wrap up in style|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2026/02/22/olympics-closing-ceremony-live-updates/88799693007/|work=[[USA Today]]|location=New York City, New York, USA|access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref>

==Competitors==
The following is the list of the number of competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline.

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! width=150|Sport
! width=55|Men
! width=55|Women
! width=55|Total
|-
|align=left|[[Alpine skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics|Alpine skiing]]
|1||0||1
|-
|align=left|[[Cross-country skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics|Cross-country skiing]]
|1||0||1
|-
! Total||2||0||2
|}

==Alpine skiing==
{{main article|Alpine skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics|Alpine skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics – Qualification}}
India qualified one male alpine skier through the basic quota.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/v2/quota/list/owg/al/2026|title=Alpine Skiing quotas list for Olympic Winter Games 2026|publisher=[[International Ski and Snowboard Federation]] (FIS)|accessdate=28 December 2025}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Run 1
!colspan=2|Run 2
!colspan=2|Total
|-style="font-size: 95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Arif Khan (skier)|Arif Khan]]
|align=left|[[Alpine skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics – Men's slalom|Men's slalom]]
|1:22.12
|44
|1:19.48
|39
|2:41.60
|39
|}

==Cross-country skiing==
{{main article|Cross-country skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics|Cross-country skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics – Qualification}}
India qualified one male cross-country skier through the basic quota.<ref name=cross-country>{{cite web|url=https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/v2/quota/list/owg/cc/2026|title=Cross-Country quotas list for Olympic Winter Games 2026|publisher=[[International Ski and Snowboard Federation]] (FIS)|accessdate=28 December 2025}}</ref>

;Distance
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=3|Final
|-style="font-size: 95%"
!Time
!Deficit
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Stanzin Lundup]]
|align=left|[[Cross-country skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics – Men's 10 kilometre freestyle|Men's 10 km freestyle]]
|28:26.7
| +7:50.5
|104
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nations at the 2026 Winter Olympics}}
{{Country at games navbox|India|Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India At The 2026 Winter Olympics}}
[[Category:Nations at the 2026 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:India at the Winter Olympics by year|2026]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian sport|Winter Olympics]]

Ekteswar temple

2026-02-18T12:18:36Z

OrenCombs50836: New

{{Short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Ekteswar temple
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|image = File:Ekteshwar Shiva Temple, Bankura.jpg
|map_type = India# India West Bengal
|map_relief = yes
|map_caption = Location in India
|coordinates = {{coord|23.2100301 |N|87.0838666|E|type:landmark_region:IN_source:dewiki|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|country = {{flag|India}}
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|district = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
|location = [[Ekteswar]]
|deity = [[Shiva]] ([[Ekapada]])<ref name="ekapada"/>
|festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]<ref name="shivratri">{{cite book |last1=Sena |first1=Pralaẏa |year=1979 |title=Paścimabāṃlāra tīrtha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGogAAAAMAAJ |language=bn |publisher=Bān̐kuṛā Lokasaṃskr̥ti Ākādemi |lccn=79902281 |pages=210, 213}}</ref> [[Gajan (festival)|Gajan]]<ref name="gajan">{{cite book |last1=Sāmanta |first1=Dhanapati |last2=Dāsa |first2=Śailena |year=1993 |title=Bān̐kuṛāra melā-gājana-paraba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBEFAQAAIAAJ |language=bn |publisher=Bān̐kuṛā Lokasaṃskr̥ti Ākādemi |lccn=93905594 |pages=6, 87}}</ref> [[Charak Puja]]
| architecture_type = Temple
| architecture_style = [[Rekha deul]]
| founded_by = [[Raghunath Singha Dev|Raghunath Malla]]
| creator =
| established = {{Start date and age|1626}}
| height_max = 45ft<ref name="kings">{{cite news
|url = https://bengali.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/famous-ekteswar-shiv-temple-in-bankura-559893/
| author = IE Bangla Web Desk
| title = রহস্যে ভরা এক্তেশ্বর, বাংলার অন্যতম শৈবতীর্থ, মনস্কামনা পূরণের মন্দির
| website = [[Indian Express]]
| date = 18 March 2023
| access-date = 16 September 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240916144534/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/famous-ekteswar-shiv-temple-in-bankura-559893/
| archive-date = 16 September 2024
| quote = ল্যাটেরাইট তৈরি সুগঠিত পশ্চিমমুখী মন্দিরটির উচ্চতা প্রায় ৪৫ ফুট।
| trans-quote = The well-structured west facing temple made of laterite is about 45 feet high.}}</ref>
| website =
}}
'''Ekteswar temple''' is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva, is located at [[Ekteswar]], Bankura district, in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://bankura.gov.in/culture-heritage/
| title = Culture & Heritage
| website = bankura.gov.in
| access-date = 16 September 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240916103445/https://bankura.gov.in/culture-heritage/
| archive-date = 16 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|title = Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India
|last = Sajnani
|first = Manohar
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C
|isbn = 9788178350189
|volume = 2
|year = 2001
|publisher = Kalpaz Publications
|pages = 345
}}</ref>
== About ==
The Ekteswar temple is laying on the bank of [[Dwarakeswar River]], which is 10 kilometers away from [[Bankura]] town.<ref>{{cite web
| last = রায়
| first = প্রণব
| publisher = পূর্বাদ্রি প্রকাশনী
| url = https://ia804703.us.archive.org/23/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.266285/2015.266285.Banglar-Mandir-sthapatya_text.pdf
| title = বাংলার মন্দির স্থাপত্য ও ভাক্ষর্ষ
| access-date = 16 September 2024
| page = 22
| lang = bn
}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Chel
| first = Shubhendu
| website = researchgate.net
| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370155789
| title = Population growth and socio economic condition of people
| access-date = 16 September 2024
| volume = 3
| page = 3
| year = 2023}}</ref> It is dedicated to Lord Shiva, particularly associated with the deity's form known as [[Ekapada|Ekapada Murthy]].<ref name="ekapada">{{cite book
|title = The Modern Review
|last = Chatterjee
|first = Ramananda
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2xwFAAAAMAAJ
|lccn = 25004740
|series = Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India
|volume = 89
|year = 1951
|publisher = Prabasi Press Private Limited
|pages = 138
}}</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Temple at Ekteswar, Bankura district of West Bengal in 1872.jpg|thumb|right|Ekteswar temple in 1872]]
There is also a legend that in the past, when a dispute arose over the boundary between Mallabhum and [[Samantabhum]], Lord Mahadev himself resolved the issue.<ref name="kings"/> However, according to another popular legend, Lord Shiva himself meditated to resolve this boundary dispute between the two kingdoms. At the junction of the two borders, as a symbol of unity, King [[Raghunath Singha Dev|Raghunath Malla]] of [[Mallabhum]] built the Ekteswar Shiva Temple and initiated the celebration of Ekteswar's Gajan festival.<ref>{{cite news
| url = https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/bankura/ekteswar-dham-in-bankura-is-a-symbol-of-unity/wb20210425224551215
| title = দুই রাজার সন্ধির নিদর্শন বাঁকুড়ার এক্তেশ্বর ধাম
| website = etvbharat.com
| date = 25 April 2021
| access-date = 17 September 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240917033415/https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/bankura/ekteswar-dham-in-bankura-is-a-symbol-of-unity/wb20210425224551215
| archive-date = 17 September 2024
| lang = bn}}</ref> According to Acharya Jogeshchandra Roy bidyanidhi, "The Vedas mention 'Eka Padeshwar,' which over time has transformed into the name 'Ekteswar.' In the Ekteswar temple, Lord Shiva is worshiped as 'Ekapada Murti' (one-legged deity). Such a form of Shiva is not found anywhere else, making it extremely rare."<ref>{{cite news
| url = https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/ekteswar-siva-temple-is-example-of-unity-1.961740
| title = একতার প্রতীক শৈবতীর্থ এক্তেশ্বর
| publisher = [[Anandabazar Patrika]]
| date = 5 March 2019
| access-date = 17 September 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240917035101/https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/ekteswar-siva-temple-is-example-of-unity-1.961740
| archive-date = 17 September 2024
| lang = bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Ekteshwar Shiva Temple}}

{{Mallabhum}}
{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}
{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|History}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bankura district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Mallabhum temples]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Dushyant Dubey

2026-02-16T12:10:38Z

OrenCombs50836: Done

{{Short description|Indian social activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}

'''Dushyant Dubey''', also known as '''St Broseph''', is an Indian social activist and [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] activist.<ref name="f865">{{cite web | title=Emergency calls to 112 can be anonymous: RTI response | website=Deccan Herald | date=2025-02-08 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/emergency-calls-to-112-can-be-anonymous-rti-response-3396891 | access-date=2025-11-26}}</ref><ref name="u000">{{cite web | last1=Walker | first1=Anna-Kaisa | last2=Dean | first2=Flannery | last3=Bendall | first3=Lisa | last4=McBride | first4=Jason | last5=Anuja | first5=Naorem | title=Only Good News! | publisher=[[Reader's Digest]]| date=2023-02-15 | url=https://www.readersdigest.in/features/story-only-good-news-127622 | access-date=2025-11-26}}</ref>

[[File:Dushyant Dubey.jpg|thumb|Dushyant Dubey talking to students of Resurrection School, Indiranagar on 9 August 2023, his birthday.]]

==Career==

In 2008, Dubey attracted coverage for his attempts to help a 19-year-old American man named Abraham Briggs who was committing suicide in front of over 1,000 online users. Dubey called the Miami police, however, Briggs was dead before officials arrived at the scene.<ref name="v394">{{cite journal | last=Polder-Verkiel | first=Saskia E. | title=Online Responsibility: Bad Samaritanism and the Influence of Internet Mediation | journal=Science and Engineering Ethics | publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] | volume=18 | issue=1 | date=2010-12-16 | issn=1353-3452 | doi=10.1007/s11948-010-9253-z | pages=117–141| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="s367">{{cite web | author=Bernd Wilken - adminion | title=Reporter-Forum: Autoren | website=Reporter-Forum | url=https://archiv.reporter-forum.de/index.php%3Fid=117&tx_rfartikel_pi1[showUid]=329&cHash=fb87f0d1cc8e97acf79dd0811a945e23.html | language=de | access-date=2025-11-26}}</ref><ref name="k454"/> In 2019, Dubey hosted a show on YouTube.<ref name="s315">{{cite book | last1=Kumar | first1=Akshaya | last2=Thakur | first2=Raj | title=Popular Culture in South Asian Context | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] | date=2025-11-10 | isbn=978-1-04-044358-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aOJEQAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT247 | access-date=2025-11-25 | page=247}}</ref>

In 2020, Dubey helped people seeking help on [[Reddit]] over [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. Later on, he started providing help to the people on the same forum over a range of other issues.<ref name="l360">{{cite web | last=Chandrasekhar | first=Arnav | title=St Broseph, the savior for people in distress coming to Bengaluru | website=The Indian Express | date=2023-04-26 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/st-broseph-the-savior-for-people-in-distress-coming-to-bengaluru-8576475/ | access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref><ref name="b016">{{cite web | last=Alex | first=Christina | title=Meet Broseph, the Good Samaritan of Bengaluru | website=[[Mathrubhumi]] | date=2024-04-06 | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/specials/meet-broseph-the-good-samaritan-of-bengaluru-f97e9a10 | access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref> In 2022, he organised wall painting project ''Freedom Wall'' for depicting historical Indian personalities.<ref name="c512">{{cite web | last=Ahuja | first=Simran | title=Mural in Indiranagar pays ode to Indian legends, freedom fighters | website=The Hindu | date=2022-08-05 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/mural-in-indiranagar-pays-ode-to-indian-legends-freedom-fighters/article65654356.ece | access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref>

As of 2024, Dubey, also known as ''St Broseph'',<ref name="f899">{{cite web | last=NEON | first=Quint | title=Social Worker Lauded Online For Clearing Waterlogged Roads in Bengaluru | website=TheQuint | date=2023-05-23 | url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/social-buzz/st-broseph-bengaluru-man-clears-waterlogged-road-alone | access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref> has expanded his volunteer organisation to include more than 6,000 volunteers with chapters in [[Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad]], and [[Chennai]].<ref name="b016"/><ref name="k454">{{cite web | last=Sali | first=Sonia | title=Batman of Bengaluru: Social Worker Dushyant Dubbey and St Broseph Foundation transforming lives in the City | website=The New Indian Express | date=2024-09-01 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2024/Sep/01/batman-of-bengaluru-social-worker-dushyant-dubbey-and-st-broseph-foundation-transforming-lives-in-the-city | access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Activists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

Digvijai Singh

2026-02-07T18:46:40Z

OrenCombs50836: Stub

{{short description|Indian mechanical engineer (1934–2018)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Digvijai Singh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|12|11}}
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|07|20|1934|12|11}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Fluid film lubrication]] | [[Tribology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[IIT Roorkee]] | [[Central Road Research Institute]] | [[All India Council for Technical Education]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Allahabad University]] | [[IIT Roorkee]] | [[University of Wisconsin]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on dynamics of single track vehicles and tribology
| awards = {{ublist|1978 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | IMDA Silver Jubilee Award | 1997 [[Institution of Engineers (India)|IE]] Mechanical Engineering Design Award | 2003 [[Institution of Engineers (India)|IE]] Eminent Engineering Personality | 2007 [[Indian National Academy of Engineering|INAE]] Jaikrishna Memorial Award | 2007 [[IIT Roorkee]] Distinguished Alumnus Award | 2011 TSI Lifetime Achievement Award | 2015 [[Indian National Academy of Engineering|INAE]] Lifetime Contribution Award }}
}}
'''Digvijai Singh''' (11 December 1934 – 20 July 2018) was an Indian mechanical engineer and a former vice chancellor of the [[University of Roorkee]] before its reconstitution as the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee]].<ref name="The Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=The Year Book 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also a former vice chairman of the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) and a former director of [[Central Road Research Institute]].<ref name="Diamond Jubilee Celebration">{{Cite web |url=http://crridom.gov.in/sites/default/files/annual-report/Appendix-2011-12.pdf |title=Diamond Jubilee Celebration |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research}}</ref> He is known for his studies on dynamics of single track vehicles and [[Fluid film lubrication]]<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=57 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and was an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N83-0768 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Singh,_Prof._Digvijai |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |archive-date=16 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> as well as the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="INAE fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |title=INAE fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineers |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030936/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |archive-date=3 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1978.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:ThomasonCollegeOfEngineeringRoorkeeEst1847.jpg|thumb|left|235px|Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee]]
Born on 11 December 1934 in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], Digvijai Singh graduated in science from [[Allahabad University]] in 1953<ref name="D. V. Singh on INAE">{{Cite web |url=http://inae.in/expert-search/index.php/d-v-singh |title=D. V. Singh on INAE |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering}}</ref> before graduating in mechanical engineering from University of Roorkee (present-day [[Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee]]) in 1956 and did another bachelor's degree in civil engineering in 1957 at the same institution before joining the university as a lecturer in 1958.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Subsequently, he took a sabbatical to move to the US where he completed his master's degree (MS) in 1962 as well as a doctoral degree (PhD) in 1964 at the [[University of Wisconsin]]. On his return to India, he resumed his service at University of Roorkee and served as a professor, head of the department of mechanical and industrial engineering, dean of academics and dean of research and industrial liaison till 1990 when he was appointed as the director of the [[Central Road Research Institute]].<ref name="About IIT Roorkee">{{Cite web |url=http://i1.imagesbhaskar.com/web2images/education/iit_roor_13659.pdf |title=About IIT Roorkee |date=2016 |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> In 1996, he was made the vice chairman of the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] and after a service of 4 years, he became the vice chancellor of Roorkee University in 2000.<ref name=" Luminaries">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitr.ac.in/institute/pages/Heritage+Luminaries.html |title= Luminaries |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Roorkee}}</ref> He oversaw the transition of the university to an Indian Institute of Technology in 2001 and became the director of the IIT. He superannuated from service after handing over the charge to Prem Vrat in December 2001.<ref name="History">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitr.ac.in/institute/uploads/File/history10022009.pdf |title=History |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Roorkee}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Singh's early researches during his doctoral studies were funded by [[Harley-Davidson]] and were focused on single-track vehicles.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Later, on [[Volkswagen]] and [[University of Stuttgart]] sponsorship, he worked on vehicle dynamics and tyre-pavement interaction and these studies assisted in improving the design of scooters as well as in the [[indigenization]] of their manufacturing.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=14 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> His work on welding technology covered ''weld pool solidification, effects of welding parameters on molten metal transfer, spatter, heat affected zones, changes in crystallographic structures, and solute redistribution'' and he proposed protocols for the ''analytical prediction and measurement of residual stresses in and around spot welds''. Later in his career, he shifted his focus to [[tribological]] studies and contributed to widening the understanding of [[fluid film lubrication]] as well as hydrostatic and hydrodynamic lubrication. He also headed a research group engaged in the studies of [[Pavement management]] systems.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> His researches have been documented in 160 peer-reviewed articles;{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} the online article repository of Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 49 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Singh=3ADigvijai=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He has also mentored 19 doctoral and several master's scholars in their studies.<ref name="INAE Lifetime Achievement Award">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/oh0xz3a6r7cifo5/Receipients%20previus%20year.pdf?dl=0 |title=INAE Lifetime Achievement Award |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering}}</ref>

Singh sat in the board of directors of the International Road Federation from 1991 to 1994 and, as a founder member of the World Interchange Network, he served as a director of the organization from 1993 to 1996.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He was the secretary of the Association of Academies and Societies of Sciences in Asia (AASSA) during 1993–94 and was a member of the Science and Engineering Council of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] during 1983–88 and 2000–03. He has been associated with several global and national bodies as a member; governing body of the Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (1997–99), committees of [[World Road Association]], Central Board of Railway Research (1986–89, 1998-2000), National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration laboratories (1998-2000), Committee on Auto-Fuel Policy (2001–02) and Apex Committee on Road Construction and Transportation Equipment (2001–04) are some of them. He was a member of the board of governors of the [[Engineering Council of India]] (2002–07) and presided the Tribology Society of India from 1998 to 2000. He was the Lead Person of the ''Fly Ash Mission'' (FAM) of the Department of Science and Technology and chaired its Technology Advisory Group during 1993–99.<ref name="D. V. Singh on INAE" /> He was also the chairman of programme advisory committee on the National Science and Technology Management System (1997–2003) and served as the national coordinator of the engineering sciences section of the Indo-Russian Integrated long term programme of cooperation in Science and Technology. He was closely associated with the Indian National Academy of Engineering; he has chaired the Engineering Education Forum of the academy<ref name="Natarajan2009">{{cite book|author=R. Natarajan|title=International Engineering Education - Proceedings of the Inae Conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmlkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR8|year=2009|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4261-78-4|pages=8–}}</ref> and is a member of its Forum on Engineering Interventions for Disaster Mitigation.<ref name="Forum on Engineering Interventions for Disaster Mitigation">{{Cite web |url=http://inae.in/inae-forums-2/ |title=Forum on Engineering Interventions for Disaster Mitigation |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering}}</ref>

== Death ==
Professor D. V. Singh died in New Delhi on 20 July 2018.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Singh the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1978.<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=23 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He received two honors from the [[Institution of Engineers (India)]]; the Mechanical Engineering Design Award in 1997 and the Eminent Engineering Personality Award in 2003.<ref name="D. V. Singh on INAE" /> The Indian National Academy of Engineering awarded him the Jaikrishna Memorial Award in 2003;<ref name="Jaikrishna Memorial Award">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/c1nooq0zyx3c92l/Previous%20year%20Receipients.pdf?dl=0 |title=Jaikrishna Memorial Award |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering}}</ref> INAE would honor him again in 2015 with the Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref name="INAE Lifetime Achievement Award" /> In between, he received the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee in 2007<ref name="List of Distinguished Alumni Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://daair.iitr.ac.in/index.php/dean-alumni-affairs/distinguished-alumni-award |title=List of Distinguished Alumni Awardees |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Roorkee |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116170513/http://daair.iitr.ac.in/index.php/dean-alumni-affairs/distinguished-alumni-award |archive-date=16 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Lifetime Achievement Award of Tribology Society of India in 2011.<ref name="TSI Lifetime Achievement Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribologyindia.org/pdf/tsi-newsletter-june-2011.pdf |title=TSI Lifetime Achievement Award |date=2016 |publisher=Tribology Society of India}}</ref> He is also a recipient of the Silver Jubilee Award of IMDA.<ref name="D. V. Singh on INAE" />

The Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as a fellow in 1981<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and he became an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 1983<ref name="The Year Book 2016" /> and the National Academy of Sciences, India in 1990.<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was also an elected fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering.<ref name="INAE fellows" /> He has held the National Professorship of the [[University Grants Commission of India]] and the award orations delivered by him include Dr. Guru Prasad Chatterjee Memorial Lecture of the Indian National Science Academy.<ref name="Dr. Guru Prasad Chatterjee Memorial Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#guru |title=Dr. Guru Prasad Chatterjee Memorial Lecture |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#guru |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |author1=Tayal, S. P. |author2=Sinhasan, R. |author3=Singh, D. V. |title=Analysis of hydrodynamic journal bearings with non-Newtonian power law lubricants by the finite element method |journal=Wear |year=1981 |publication-date=1981 |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=15–27 |doi=10.1016/0043-1648(81)90136-8}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Jain, S. C. |author2=Sinhasan, R. |author3=Singh, D. V. |title=Consideration of viscosity variation in determining the performance characteristics of circular bearings in the laminar and turbulent regimes |journal=Wear |year=1983 |publication-date=1983 |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=233–245 |doi=10.1016/0043-1648(83)90163-1}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Soni, S. C. |author2=Sinhasan, R. |author3=Singh, D. V. |title=Non-linear analysis of two-lobe bearings in turbulent flow regimes |journal=Wear |year=1985 |publication-date=1985 |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=11–27 |doi=10.1016/0043-1648(85)90119-X}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Prabhakaran Nair, K. |author2=Sinhasan, R. |author3=Singh, D. V. |title=A study of elastohydrodynamic effects in a three-lobe journal bearing |journal=Tribology International |year=1987 |publication-date=1987 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=125–132 |doi=10.1016/0301-679X(87)90042-9}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Singh, D. V. |author2=Sinhasan, R. |author3=Pal, Roshan |title=Performance characteristics of an ungrooved big-end bearing with misalignment |journal=Tribology Transactions |year=1989 |publication-date=1989 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=234–238 |doi=10.1080/10402008908981883}}

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Hydrostatics]]
* [[Fluid dynamics]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Digvijai}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Indian mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Roorkee alumni]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Tribologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]

Sandeep Sangha

2026-02-04T21:11:43Z

OrenCombs50836: updated page

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sandeep Sangha
| image = Sandeep - Air India.jpg
| image_size = 200
| fullname = Sandeep Sangha
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|07|18}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| currentclub = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| clubnumber = 4
| height = {{height|m=1.84}}
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| years1 = 2008–2010
| years2 = 2011–2012
| years3 = 2012–13
| years4 = 2013–present
| clubs1 = [[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]]
| clubs2 = [[Air India FC|Air India]]
| clubs3 = [[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]]
| clubs4 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| caps1 =
| caps2 =
| caps3 = 22
| caps4 = 14
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| goals3 = 0
| goals4 = 0
| club-update = 27 April 2014
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Sandeep Sangha''' (born 1987) is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] player, currently playing for [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan S.C.]] in the [[I-League]] as a [[defender (association football)|defender]].

==Career==

===Mohammedan===
After spending one year with [[ONGC F.C.]], on 31 May 2013 it was confirmed that Sangha has signed with Mohammedan on a one-year contract along with [[Collin Abranches]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohammedan Sporting rope in Collin Abranches and Sandeep Sangha|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/05/31/4014362/mohammedan-sporting-rope-in-collin-abranches-and-sandeep|work=Goal.com|accessdate=1 December 2013}}</ref>
He made his professional debut in the [[I-League]] on 21 September 2013 against [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] and played the entire match, as Mohammedan lost the match 1–3.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bera|first=Kaustav|title=Mohammedan Sporting 1-3 Pune FC: Red Lizards kick-start their campaign in style|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122545/mohd-sp-vs-pune-fc/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=30 October 2013}}</ref>

==Career statistics==

===Club===
{{updated|27 April 2014}}<ref>{{Soccerway|sandeep-sangha/226007}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="2"|League
!colspan="2"|Federation Cup
!colspan="2"|Durand Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]]
|[[2012-13 I-League|2012-13]]
|22||0||1||0||-||-||-||-||23||0
|-
|[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013-14]]
|14||0||0||0||0||0||-||-||14||0
|-
! colspan="2" | Career total
!36!!0!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!37!!0
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.goal.com/en-india/people/india/43523/sandeep-sangha
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120425050046/http://www.srb.worldfootball.net/ugc/sandeep-sangha/ worldfootball.net]

{{Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata) squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sangha, Sandeep}}
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:ONGC FC players]]
[[Category:Air India FC players]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]

{{india-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Kolhapur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-02T09:19:52Z

OrenCombs50836: Adding Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kolhapur
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Kolhapur.map}}
| map_caption = Kolhapur Lok Sabha Constituency map
| established = 1952
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| mp = [[Shahu II of Kolhapur]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| assembly_cons = [[Chandgad Assembly constituency|Chandgad]] [[Radhanagari Assembly constituency|Radhanagari]] [[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal]] [[Kolhapur South Assembly constituency|Kolhapur South]] [[Karvir Assembly constituency|Karvir]] [[Kolhapur North Assembly constituency|Kolhapur North]]
}}

'''[[Kolhapur]]''' Lok Sabha seat is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, after the implementation of the [[President of India|Presidential]] notification on [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] on 19 February 2008, Kolhapur Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|271
|[[Chandgad Assembly constituency|Chandgad]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|[[Shivaji Patil|Shivaji Satuppa Patil]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 272
|[[Radhanagari Assembly constituency|Radhanagari]]
|[[Prakashrao Abitkar]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|273
|[[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal]]
|[[Hasan Mushrif]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|274
|[[Kolhapur South Assembly constituency|Kolhapur South]]
| [[Amal Mahadik]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|275
|[[Karvir Assembly constituency|Karvir]]
|[[Chandradip Narke]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|276
|[[Kolhapur North Assembly constituency|Kolhapur North]]
|[[Rajesh Vinayakrao Kshirsagar|Rajesh Kshirsagar]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| [[Ratnappa Kumbhar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| Bhausaheb Mahagaonkar
|{{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| [[V. T. Patil]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| Shankarrao Mane
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| [[Rajaram Nimbalkar]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Dajiba Desai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Udaysingrao Gaikwad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Sadashivrao Dadoba Mandlik]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Dhananjay Mahadik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[Sanjay Mandlik|Sanjay Sadashivrao Mandlik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Shahu II of Kolhapur|Shahu Chhatrapati Maharaj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Kolhapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shahu II of Kolhapur|Shahu Chhatrapati Maharaj]]
|votes = 7,54,522
|percentage = 54.15
|change ={{up}}54.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiv Sena (2022–present)|candidate=[[Sanjay Mandlik|Sanjay Sadashivrao Mandlik]]|votes=5,99,558|percentage=43.03|change={{down}}13.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=5,983|percentage=0.43|change={{up}}0.22}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,54,964|percentage=11.12|change={{down}}9.21}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,94,170|percentage=71.76|change={{up}}0.90}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kolhapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Sanjay Mandlik|Sanjay Sadashiv Mandlik]]
|votes = 7,49,085
|percentage = 56.29
|change = +10.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=[[Dhananjay Mahadik]]|votes=4,78,517|percentage=35.96|change=-12.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|candidate=Dr.Aruna Mohan Mali|votes=63,439|percentage=4.77|change=-28.34}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=8,691|percentage=0.65|change=+0.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dundappa Kundappa|votes=5,034|percentage=0.38|change=-0.36}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,70,568|percentage=20.33|change=+17.69}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,32,504|percentage=70.86|change=-0.86}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Kolhapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Dhananjay Mahadik|Dhananjay Bhimrao Mahadik]]
|votes = 6,07,665
|percentage = 48.19
|change = +10.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena

|candidate = [[Sanjay Mandlik|Sanjay Sadashiv Mandlik]]
|votes = 5,74,406
|percentage = 45.55
|change = +33.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Peasants and Workers Party of India
|candidate = Sampatrao Shamrao Pawar Patil
|votes = 13,162
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Sandeep Gundopant Sankpal
|votes = 10,963
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ajay Prakash Kurane
|votes = 9,291
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 7,015
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 33,259
|percentage = 2.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 12,61,018
|percentage = 71.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Nationalist Congress Party
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kolhapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = [[Sadashivrao Dadoba Mandlik|Sadashivrao Mandlik]]
|votes = 4,28,082
|percentage = 41.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Chhatrapati Sambhajiraje Shahu
|votes = 3,83,282
|percentage = 37.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Vijay Devane
|votes = 1,72,822
|percentage = 12.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kamble Suhas Nivrutti
|votes = 21,805
|percentage = 2.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 44,800
|percentage = 4.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,27,802
|percentage = 64.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)|Independent
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1977===
* Desai Dajiba Balwantrao (PWP) : 186,077 votes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1977-election-results.html | title=1977 India General (6th Lok Sabha) Elections Results }}</ref>
* Mane Shankarrao Dattatray (INC) : 185,912
* Dajiba Desai defeated Shankarrao Mane by just 165 votes, the lowest winning margin in 1977 Lok Sabha elections for any seat. The highest margin for 1977 was recorded by Ram Vilas Paswan in [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]].

==See also==
* [[Kolhapur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100613063216/http://indian-electionaffairs.com/assets/constituency%20maps/Maharashtra.pdf A map of the Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]
*[https://indiaelection.github.io/indiaelections2014info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/kolhapur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Kolhapur lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Kolhapur district topics}}
{{coords|16.7|74.2|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolhapur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Kolhapur district]]

Edmer Barreto

2026-01-29T22:54:44Z

OrenCombs50836:

{{short description|Indian writer and theatre director}}
{{AI-generated|date=January 2026|reason=Since the first article versions from 2023; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotional tone, vocab distribution typical of 2023 LLMs, etc. Also note user has added other AI articles around this time}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Edmer Barreto
| image = Edmer Barreto in 2024.jpg
| caption = Barreto in 2024
| birth_place = [[Pilerne]], Goa, India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |1997|09|01}}
| title = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of Pilerne Arts Socio Sports and Cultural Association
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|[[theatre director]]|actor|[[emcee]]}}
| alma_mater = [[Goa University]]
| years_active = {{circa|2014}}–present
| module = {{Infobox writer
| embed = yes
| language = English
| period = 2018–2019
| genre = [[Romance novel]]}}
| website = {{Url|barretoedmer.wordpress.com}}
}}

'''Edmer Barreto''' (born 1997 or 1998) is an Indian writer, [[theatre director]], and actor who primarily works on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. He serves as the president of the Pilerne Arts Socio Sports and Cultural Association and is the head of the Pilerne Theatre group.

==Early life==
Edmer Barreto was born in either 1997 or 1998.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2015-01-02 |title=Young Stars of Tiatr – The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/01/02/magazines/kuriocity/young-stars-of-tiatr/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> He hails from the village of [[Pilerne]].<ref name=":5" /> As of 2018, he lives with his parents and elder brother. Barreto completed his graduation from [[St. Xavier's College, Mapusa|St. Xavier's College]] and pursued his higher education at [[Goa University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-23 |title=Youthopia- With Edmer Barreto - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&si=BLtMTvC5xMKALR0g&v=0IzHS634Wmk&feature=youtu.be |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=[[List of Konkani-language television channels|CCR TV]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123180015/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&si=BLtMTvC5xMKALR0g&v=0IzHS634Wmk&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=2023-11-23 }}</ref>

==Career==
On 4 August 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-07-17 |title=Third tiatr competition 'B' to showcase tiatrs – The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/07/17/magazines/buzz/third-tiatr-competition-b-to-showcase-tiatrs/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> a [[theatrical production]] titled "''Fultem Ful''" (Blooming Flower) was staged by the Pilernechim Motiam group in [[Pilerne]]. The ''[[tiatr]]'', written and directed by Barreto, examined themes of love, jealousy, and forgiveness. The ensemble cast of "''Fultem Ful''" included performers such as Bliss Fernandes as Shanaya, Saish Daujekar as Saish, Rodney Fernandes as Rodney, Zemario Philip as Mandar, and Meghan Fernandes as Pepsi. Barreto himself played the supporting role of Ryan, Shanaya's brother. Additional supporting cast members included Freeda, Alisha, Ashwin, and Kevin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fultem Ful builds up gradually to a riveting climax |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Fultem-Ful-builds-up-gradually-to-a-riveting-climax/104838 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2023-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122133252/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Fultem-Ful-builds-up-gradually-to-a-riveting-climax/104838 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The musical component of the production showcased various performances, including solos by Alisha, duets by Kevin and Zemario, a duet by Althea and Zamario, and [[choral]] performances featuring Althea, Megan, Freeda, and Anisha. The live music was provided by Vitorino Araujo and his band. The stage design was created by Anil Chari, and Krishna contributed background music.<ref name=":0" />

In September 2017, the theatrical production titled "''Nit Konn Ghetolo?''" was brought to the stage by Shooting Star, [[Tivim]]. Written and directed by Barreto, the ''tiatr'' delved into the intricate relationship between individuals involved in both upholding and breaking the law within society. The cast consisted of Saish Daujekar portraying Roy, Bliss Fernandes as Shenaya, Stanny Almeida as PI Alfino, and Alisha Rodrigues as Rosy. Barreto himself took on the supporting role of Ryan, Roy's brother. The comedic elements of the performance were executed by Zemario Philip in the role of a police constable, and Megan Fernandes as Petroshina.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=When law makers turn law breakers… |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/When-law-makers-turn-law-breakers%E2%80%A6/120051 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2023-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122133231/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/When-law-makers-turn-law-breakers%E2%80%A6/120051 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The musical aspect featured performances, including Victoria's solo rendition dedicated to [[Mother Teresa]], a duo by Anisha and Althea, duets by Ashwin and Bliss, Zemario and Alisha, and a quartet featuring Ashwin, Anisha, Stanny, and Althea. Additionally, a choral performance was delivered by Kevin, Zemario, Stanny, and Ashwin. The music for the production was composed by Vitorino Araujo and his team, with assistance from Mohan Khavnekar in creating the background score. The lighting design was under the responsibility of Eddie Barreto, while the stage sets were handled by Midhi Bugde and Freeda Fernandes.<ref name=":1" />

In February 2018, Barreto was selected to join the cast of the ''tiatr'' production titled "''Comb''," a theatrical play written and directed by Fr Luis Gomes and Sandeep Kalangutkar. The ensemble included performers such as Natasha Pereira, Netwin Antao, Stefania Fernandes, Jenica Pereira, David Pereira, Nigel Fernandes, Andrea Marques, Priti Parab, and Akhil Ajgainkar. Barreto portrayed the character of John Baptist, a married man who also worked as a [[lecturer]].<ref name=":2" />

The play featured a band comprising Roy on the saxophone, Dominic on the trumpet, Elton Simoes on the keyboard, and Elton Fernandes on the drums. "''Comb''" incorporated a diverse range of musical performances, including solos, duos, duets, and chorals. These songs were rendered by a group of vocalists, including Erica, Nigel, Anthony, Malucha, Andrea, Violet, Ashwin, Althea, Annrea, Kingsley, Aestrony, Joynus, David, and Melcia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Valuing the gift of a girl child |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Valuing-the-gift-of-a-girl-child/127397 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2023-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122133233/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Valuing-the-gift-of-a-girl-child/127397 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 25 August 2022, Barreto and his ensemble made their inaugural appearance at the annual ''Pattoleanchem Fest'' (Feast of [[Patoleo]]s) held in [[Madkai]], Ponda. This marked their first performance outside their hometown of [[Pilerne]]. The production, titled "''Xrishti Samballuia''", was a theatrical play written and directed by Barreto, featuring a cast of six actors and additional members from the local [[parish]]. The performance incorporated traditional musical instruments, such as the [[ghumot]]t and kottios. Following their debut, they presented the same play on 20 August at the ''Bonderachim Passoi'' in [[Divar]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=12 August 2022 |title=It's Pattolleos time of the year |work=[[O Heraldo]] |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/It%E2%80%99s-Pattolleos-time-of-the-year/192827 |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812012733/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/It%E2%80%99s-Pattolleos-time-of-the-year/192827 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2022, Barreto performed alongside his Pilerne Theatre group during the debut edition of the ''Matiechem Fest''. The festival, organized by Marius Fernandes and Gwendolyn de Ornelas, took place in collaboration with the residents of [[Pilerne]], within the premises of the St John the Baptist Church precinct in Pilerne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating true heritage at Matiechem Fest |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Celebrating-true-heritage-at-Matiechem-Fest/194728 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>

In November 2022, Barreto was designated as the president of the Pilerne Arts Socio Sports and Cultural Association, assuming leadership of the Zero Waste Pilerne Thursday heritage market. The appointment was made by curators Marius Fernandes and Dr. Gwendolyn De Ornelas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-18 |title=World's first Inclusive ZERO WASTE market evokes tremendous response. - Prime Tv Goa |url=https://www.primetvgoa.com/worlds-first-inclusive-zero-waste-market-evokes-tremendous-response/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Awards==
In December 2014, Barreto garnered acclaim for his contributions to the ''[[tiatr]]'' production titled "''Sogllim Ek''." His scriptwriting skills, as well as his acting and singing abilities, earned him four awards.<ref name=":4" /> The play, directed by Netwin Antao, was showcased at the 5th Children Festival organized by the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]].<ref name=":5" />

==Stage works==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2014
|''Sogllim Ek''
|
|Writer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A truly talented one |url=https://staging.heraldgoa.in/2020/details.php?n_id=166581 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2014-11-24 |title=Bhurgeancho Tiatr Utsov |url=https://issuu.com/ixtt/docs/47 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Vauradeancho Ixtt |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''Vell Diyat''
|
|Assistant director
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children calling the shots ! |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/children-calling-the-shots/7881.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''Fultem Ful''
|Ryan
|Writer & director
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2017
|''Nit Konn Ghetolo?''
|Ryan
|Writer & director
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2018
|''Comb''
|John Baptist
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2022
|''Xrishti Samballuia''
|
|Writer & director
|<ref name=":3" />
|}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Barreto |first=Edmer |date=23 May 2018 |title=CRUSH! You Crushed it |url= |location=[[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India|publisher=[[Notion Press]] |isbn=9781643242972}}
*{{cite book |last=Barreto |first=Edmer |date=23 October 2019|title=CRUSH! You Crushed It Again|location=Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India|publisher=Notion Press|page= |isbn=9781647331504}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barreto, Edmer}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990s births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]

Public participation (decision making)

2026-01-26T18:04:04Z

OrenCombs50836: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Concept in social science}}
{{Distinguish|Participative decision-making in organizations}}
{{broader|Group decision-making}}
[[File:Keskustelutilaisuus Helsingin yleiskaavasta.jpg|300px|thumb|A public consultation event about urban planning in Helsinki]]
{{Local government forms}}
'''Citizen participation''' or '''public participation''' in [[social science]] refers to different mechanisms for the [[Public consultation|public to express opinions]]—and ideally exert influence—regarding political, economic, managerial, or other social decisions. Participatory decision-making can take place along any realm of human social activity, including [[Economy|economic]] (i.e. [[participatory economics]]), [[Politics|political]] (i.e. [[participatory democracy]] or [[parpolity]]), [[management]] (i.e. [[participatory management]]), [[Culture|cultural]] (i.e. [[polyculturalism]]) or [[Family|familial]] (i.e. [[feminism]]).

For well-informed participation to occur, some scholars argue that a degree of [[Transparency (humanities)|transparency]], such as [[radical transparency]], is necessary but not sufficient. It has also been argued that those most affected by a decision should have the most say, while those least affected should have the least say.{{citation needed|date=November 2010}}

== Classifying participation ==
[[File:Ladder of citizen participation, Sherry Arnstein.tiff|thumb|Ladder of citizen participation, Sherry Arnstein]]
[[Sherry Arnstein]] discusses eight types of participation in ''A Ladder of Citizen Participation'' (1969). Often termed as "''Arnstein's ladder of citizen participation ''", these are broadly categorized as:
* Citizen Power: Citizen Control, Delegated Power, Partnership.
*[[Tokenism]]: Placation, Consultation, Informing.
*[[Non-participation]]: Therapy, Manipulation.
She defines citizen participation as the redistribution of power that enables the have-not citizens, presently excluded from the political and economic processes, to be deliberately included in the future.<ref name="Arnstein1969">
{{Citation
| title = A Ladder of Citizen Participation
| url = http://lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherry-arnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation.html#d0e70
| year = 1969
| author = Arnstein, S.R.
| journal = Journal of the American Planning Association
| pages = 216–224
| volume = 35
| issue = 4
| access-date = 2010-06-12
| doi=10.1080/01944366908977225
| hdl = 11250/2444598
| hdl-access = free
}}</ref>

Robert Silverman expanded on [[Sherry Arnstein|Arnstein's]] ladder of citizen participation with the introduction of his "citizen participation continuum." In this extension to Arnstein's work he takes the groups that drive participation into consideration and the forms of participation they pursue. Consequently, Silverman's continuum distinguishes between grassroots participation and instrumental participation.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Silverman R.M. | year = 2005 | title = Caught in the middle: Community development corporations (CDCs) and the conflict between grassroots and instrumental forms of citizen participation | journal = Community Development | volume = 36 | issue = 2| pages = 35–51 | doi=10.1080/15575330509490174| s2cid = 153959474 }}</ref>

[[Archon Fung]] presents another classification of participation based on three key questions: Who is allowed to participate, and are they representative of the population? What is the method of communication or decision-making? And how much influence or authority is granted to the participation?<ref name="Fung2006">
{{Citation
|title = Varieties of Participation in Complex Governance
|url = http://www.archonfung.com/papers/FungVarietiesOfPart.pdf
|year = 2006
|author = Fung, A.
|journal = Public Administration Review
|pages = 66–75
|volume = 66
|access-date = 2010-06-12
|doi = 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00667.x
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110707155734/http://www.archonfung.com/papers/FungVarietiesOfPart.pdf
|archive-date = 2011-07-07
}}</ref>

Other "''ladders''" of participation have been presented by D.M. Connor,<ref name="Connor2007">
{{Citation
| title = A new ladder of citizen participation
| author = Connor, D.M.
| year = 1988 | journal = National Civic Review
| pages = 249–257 | volume = 77 | issue = 3
| url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/114107034/abstract
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20121020225346/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/114107034/abstract
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2012-10-20
| access-date = 2010-06-12
| doi=10.1002/ncr.4100770309
| url-access = subscription
}}</ref>
Wiedemann and Femers,<ref>
{{Citation
| title = Public Participation in waste management decision making: analysis and management of conflicts
| last1 = Wiedemann| first1 = P.M.
| last2 = Femers | first2 = S.
| journal = Journal of Hazardous Materials
| year = 1993 | pages = 355–368 | volume = 33 | issue = 3
| url=http://geography.sdsu.edu/People/Pages/jankowski/public_html/web780/Wiedemann_Femers_1993.pdf
| access-date = 2010-06-12 | doi=10.1016/0304-3894(93)85085-s
| bibcode = 1993JHzM...33..355W| citeseerx = 10.1.1.464.6934}}</ref>
A. Dorcey et al.,<ref>{{Citation
| title = Public Involvement in government decision making: choosing the right model
| year = 1994
| journal = BC Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, Victoria
| last1 = Dorcey | first1 = A.
| last2 = Doney | first2 = L.
| last3 = Rueggeberg | first3 = H.
}}</ref> Jules N. Pretty<ref>{{cite journal|author= Pretty, Jules N. |year=1995| title=Participatory Learning For Sustainable Agriculture | journal=World Development |volume= 23| issue=8| pages=1247–1263 | doi=10.1016/0305-750x(95)00046-f}}</ref>
and E.M. Rocha.<ref name="Rocha1997">
{{Citation
| title = A ladder of empowerment
| author = Rocha, E.M.
| year = 1997 | pages = 31–44 | volume = 17 | issue = 1
| journal = Journal of Planning Education and Research
| doi=10.1177/0739456x9701700104
| s2cid = 145327451
}}</ref>

The International Association for Public Participation (IAP2) has developed a 'spectrum of public participation' based on five levels: information, consultation, involvement, collaboration and empowerment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.iap2.org/resource/resmgr/Communications/A3_P2_Pillars_brochure.pdf |title=Public Participation Pillars
|date= |website=International Association for Public Participation (IAP2)}}</ref>

== Specific participation activities ==
*[[Town hall meeting]]
*[[Committee|Advisory committee]]
*[[Citizens' assembly]]
*[[Opinion poll]]
*[[Participatory design]]
*[[Participatory budgeting]]
*[[Referendum]]
*[[Protest]]
*[[Vote]]

== Corporate participation ==
Participation in the corporate sector has been studied as a way to improve business related processes starting from productivity to employee satisfaction.<ref name="Greenwood2006">{{Citation|author=Greenwood, M.|title=Stakeholder Engagement: Beyond the Myth of Corporate responsibility|journal=Journal of Business Ethics|volume=74|issue=4|pages=315–327|year=2007|doi=10.1007/s10551-007-9509-y|s2cid=12687833}}</ref><ref name="Shetzer1993">{{Citation|author=Shetzer, L.|title=A social information processing model of Employee Participation|journal=Organization Science|volume=4|issue=2|pages=252–268|year=1993|doi=10.1287/orsc.4.2.252}}</ref>[[File:Michel Fanoli - Politics in an Oyster House Dedicated To HB Latrobe Esq - Walters 93145.jpg|thumb|Michel Fanoli - Politics in an Oyster House Dedicated To HB Latrobe Esq - Walters 93145]]

== Cross-cultural participation ==
A cultural variation of participation can be seen through the actions of ''[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous American Cultures]]''. Participation draws from two aspects: respect and commitment to their community and family. The respect is seen through their participation in non-obligated participation in various aspects of their lives, ranging from housework to fieldwork.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Coppens|first1=Andrew|date=2014|title=Children's initiative in contributions in family household work in Mexico|journal=Human Development|volume=57|issue=2–3|pages=116–130|doi=10.1159/000356768|s2cid=144758889}}</ref>

Often the participation in these communities is a social interaction occurring as a progression for the community, rather than that of the individual. Participation in these communities can serve as a "[[Child development of the indigenous peoples of the Americas#Motivation to participate and learn|learning service]]". This learning ranges from everyday activities, in which community members gain a new skill to complete a task or participate through social events to keep their cultural practices alive. These social participation events allow newer generations to see the events and learn from this ongoing participation to continue these practices.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rogoff|first1=Barbara|url=https://archive.org/details/developingdestin00rogo|title=Developing destinies: A Mayan midwife and town|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Cambridge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/developingdestin00rogo/page/n27 17]–31|isbn=978-0-19-531990-3|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hilger|first1=Sister M. Inez|date=1951|title=Chippewa child life and its cultural background|journal=Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology|volume=146|pages=55–60, 114–117}}</ref> Although there are different domains and objectives of participation in these communities, the bottom line to this participation is that it is non obligated and often community oriented.

One social interaction that continues to thrive because of this high level of non-obligation is the everyday act of ''[[Translation|translating]]''.

== Objectives of participation ==
Participation activities may be motivated from an administrative perspective or a citizen perspective on a governmental, corporate or social level. From the administrative viewpoint, participation can build [[Public opinion|public support]] for activities. It can educate the public about an agency's activities. It can also facilitate useful information exchange regarding local conditions. Furthermore, participation is often legally mandated. From the citizen viewpoint, participation enables individuals and groups to influence agency decisions in a [[Representation (politics)|representational]] manner. The different types of political participation depend on motivation. When a group is determined to work to solve a community problem, this may include organizing marches or campaigning for candidates. Most immigrant racial groups have higher motivation since there is an increase in geographical dispersion and are faster growing racial groups.<ref name="Glass1979">
{{Citation|author=Glass, J.J.|title=Citizen participation in planning: the relationship between objectives and techniques|journal=Journal of the American Planning Association|volume=45|issue=2|pages=180–189|year=1979|doi=10.1080/01944367908976956|pmid=10243958}}</ref> How well participation can influence the relation between citizen and their local government, how it increases trust and boosts peoples willingness to participate Giovanni Allegretti explains in an interview using the example of [[participatory budgeting]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Eva-Maria Verfürth|date=February 2013|title=More generous than you might think|url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/participatory-budgeting-about-every-voice-being-heard|publisher=dandc.eu}}</ref>

== Participatory decision-making in science ==
Public participation in decision-making has been studied as a way to align value judgements and risk trade-offs with public values and attitudes about acceptable risk. This research is of interest for emerging areas of science, including controversial technologies and new applications.<ref name=Christopherson2018>{{Citation | title = The Civic Science Imperative
| author = Christopherson, Scheufele, & Smith
| year = 2018
| journal = Stanford Social Innovation Review
| url = https://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_civic_science_imperative
}}</ref>

In the United States, studies have demonstrated public support for increased participation in science. While public trust in scientists remains generally high in the United States,<ref name=Hamilton2019>{{Citation
| title = Americans maintain high levels of trust in science
| author = Hamilton, Eric
| year = 2019
| publisher = University Communications, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| url = https://news.wisc.edu/americans-maintain-high-levels-of-trust-in-science/
}}</ref> the public may rate scientists' ability to make decisions on behalf of society less highly. For example, a 2016–2017 survey of public opinion on [[CRISPR gene editing]] technology showed a "relatively broad consensus among all groups in support of the idea that the scientific community 'should consult with the public before applying gene editing to humans,'" providing a "broad mandate for public engagement."<ref name=Scheufele2017>{{Citation
| title = U.S. attitudes on human genome editing
| author = Scheufele, Xenos, Howell, Rose, Brossard, & Hardy
| year = 2017
| journal = Science
| volume = 357
| issue = 6351
| pages = 553–554
| doi = 10.1126/science.aan3708
| pmid = 28798120
| bibcode = 2017Sci...357..553S
| s2cid = 20063695
}}</ref>

The scientific community has struggled to involve the public in scientific decision-making. Abuses of scientific research participants, including well-known examples like the [[Tuskegee syphilis experiment]], may continue to erode trust in scientists among vulnerable populations.

Additionally, past efforts to come to scientific consensus on controversial issues have excluded the public, and as a result narrowed the scope of technological risks considered. For example, at the 1975 [[Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA]], scientists addressed the risks of biological contamination during laboratory experiments, but failed to consider the more varied public concerns that would surface with commercial adoption of [[genetically modified crops]].<ref name = Jasanoff2015>{{Citation
| title = CRISPR Democracy: Gene Editing and the Need for Inclusive Deliberation
| author = JASANOFF, HURLBUT, & SAHA
| year = 2015
| journal = Issues in Science and Technology
| volume = 32
| issue = 1
| url = https://issues.org/crispr-democracy-gene-editing-and-the-need-for-inclusive-deliberation/
}}</ref>

Researchers acknowledge that further infrastructure and investment is needed to facilitate effective participatory decision-making in science. A five-part approach has been suggested:

* Support effective science communication and engagement
* Capitalize on the strength of diverse coalitions
* Build capacity to deal with moving targets
* Focus on shared values
* Build trusting relationships through applied research and feedback loops<ref name="Scheufele2017"/>

== Participation in heritage ==
Communities can be involved in local, regional and national cultural heritage initiatives, in the processes of creation, organisation, access, use and preservation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Roued-Cunliffe|first=Henriette|title=Participatory Heritage|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=9781783301232|location=London}}</ref> The internet has facilitated this, particularly via [[crowdsourcing]], where the general public is asked to help contribute to shared goals, creating content, but also as a form of mutually beneficial engagement<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ridge|first=Mia|title=Crowdsourcing our Cultural Heritage|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781138706170}}</ref> particularly with the collections and research of Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums ([[GLAM (cultural heritage)|GLAM]]). An example of this is the [[Transcribe Bentham]] project, where volunteers are asked to transcribe the manuscripts of the philosopher [[Jeremy Bentham]]. Challenges include: how to manage [[copyright]], ownership, [[orphan work]]s, access to [[open data]] from heritage organisations, how to build relationships with cultural heritage [[amateur]]s, sustainable preservation, and attitudes towards openness.<ref name=":0" />

== Critiques of participation ==
Efforts to promote public participation have been widely critiqued. There is particular concern regarding the potential capture of the public into the sphere of influence of governance stakeholders, leaving communities frustrated by public participation initiatives, marginalized and ignored.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=O’Hare|first=Paul|date=March 2018|title=Resisting the 'Long-Arm' of the State? Spheres of Capture and Opportunities for Autonomy in Community Governance: RESISTING THE 'LONG-ARM' OF THE STATE?|url=https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/620226/1/Resisting%20the%20long%20arm%20of%20the%20state.pdf|journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research|volume=42|issue=2|pages=210–225|doi=10.1111/1468-2427.12606}}</ref>

== Civic opportunity gap ==
Youth participation in civic activities has been found to be linked to a student's race, academic track, and their school's [[socioeconomic status]].<ref name="Kahne2008">{{Citation|author1=Kahne, Joseph|title=Democracy for some: The civic opportunity gap in high school|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Democracy+for+Some:+The+Civic+Opportunity+Gap+in+High+School#0|journal=Circle Working Paper|year=2008|access-date=2013-09-25|name-list-style=amp|author2=Middaugh, Ellen}}</ref> The American Political Science Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy has found that those with higher socioeconomic status participate at higher rates than those with lower status.<ref name="APSA2004">{{Citation|author=APSA Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy|title=American Democracy in an Age of Rising Inequality|journal=Perspectives on Politics|volume=2|issue=4|pages=651–666|year=2004|doi=10.1017/s153759270404040x|s2cid=233314371}}</ref> A collection of surveys on student participation in 2008 found that "Students who are more academically successful or white and those with parents of higher socioeconomic status receive more classroom-based civic learning opportunities."<ref name="Kahne2008" /> Youth from disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to report participation in school-based service or [[service-learning]] than other students.<ref name="spring2007participation">{{Citation|author=Spring, Dietz, and Grimm|title=Leveling the Path to Participation: Volunteering and Civic Engagement Among Youth from Disadvantaged Circumstances|year=2007|publisher=Corporation for National and Community Service}}</ref><ref name="atkinshart2003">{{Citation|author1=Atkins, R.|title=Neighborhoods, Adults, and the Development of Civic Identity in Urban Youth|journal=Applied Developmental Science|volume=7|issue=3|pages=156–164|year=2003|doi=10.1207/S1532480XADS0703_6|name-list-style=amp|author2=Hart, D.|s2cid=143505828}}</ref> Students with more highly educated parents and higher household incomes are more likely to have the opportunity to participate in student government, give a speech, or develop debating skills in school.<ref name="condon2007">{{Citation|author=Condon, M.|title=Practice Makes Participants: Developmental Roots of Political Engagement|journal=Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association|year=2007}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Accountable autonomy]]
* [[Argument map]]
* [[Collective intelligence]]
* [[Crowdsourcing]]
* [[e-participation]]
* [[Knowledge deficit]]
* [[Integration of immigrants]]
* [[Low-information rationality]]
* [[Online participation]]
* [[Public relations]]
* [[Participatory economics]]
* [[Participatory politics]]
* [[Public participation]]
* [[Right to public participation]]
* [[Spatial citizenship]]
* [[b:Development Cooperation Handbook/The participatory approach|''The participatory approach'']]
* [[Voter turnout]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110925061355/http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20110131/bookexcerpt01.shtml p-Government: Online participatory government]
* {{cite journal |url=http://homepages.see.leeds.ac.uk/~lecmsr/Reed%20(in%20press)%20Stakeholder%20participation%20for%20environmental%20management%20-%20a%20literature%20review.%20Biological%20Conservation%20(proof).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809124432/http://homepages.see.leeds.ac.uk/~lecmsr/Reed%20(in%20press)%20Stakeholder%20participation%20for%20environmental%20management%20-%20a%20literature%20review.%20Biological%20Conservation%20(proof).pdf |archive-date=2011-08-09 |title=Stakeholder participation for environmental management: a literature review |journal=Biological Conservation |issue=10 |pages=2417–2431|bibcode=2008BCons.141.2417R |last1=Reed |first1=Mark S. |date=2008 |volume=141 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2008.07.014 }} (for final published version see: https://web.archive.org/web/20110608090645/http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0888-8892)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070807052836/http://www.zmag.org/books/pareconv/Chapter2.htm#_VPID_22 Participatory Economics Book Page (Participatory Decision Making)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011012123/http://www.cipra.org/en/future-in-the-alps/questions/store-of-knowledge-alpknowhow/?set_language=en "Future in the Alps"] Database with best practice examples of new forms of decision-making in the Alps
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120722175514/http://www.planotes.org/ "Participatory Learning and Action series"] A leading informal journal on participatory learning and action approaches and methods, providing a forum for those engaged in participatory work - community workers, activists and researchers - to share their experiences, conceptual reflections and methodological innovations with others.
* [http://www.fao.org/participation/ "Participation and the FAO"] The Participation Website was established in 1999 by the Informal Working Group on Participatory Approaches and Methods to Support Sustainable Livelihoods and Food Security (IWG-PA) from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The objective of the Participation Website is to bring together under one virtual roof, a broad cross-section of stakeholders interested in participatory approaches and methods in support of sustainable rural livelihoods and food security.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110925061355/http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20110131/bookexcerpt01.shtml "p-Government"] The author proposes a new model of electronic governance based on the shared vision and collaboration of all the stakeholders. This new governance model shall be known as p-government or participatory government.
* [https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/accountability-and-participation Accountability and Participation] Research with the focus on political participation by the GIGA - German Institute of Global and Area Studies]

{{Portal bar|Society|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Participation (Decision Making)}}
[[Category:Participatory democracy|*]]
[[Category:Sociological terminology]]
[[Category:Democracy]]
[[Category:Group decision-making]]

Tujhya Rupacha Chandana

2026-01-25T09:07:39Z

OrenCombs50836:

{{Short description|2021 Indian Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Tujhya Rupacha Chandana.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Soap opera]]
| creator = [[Colors Marathi]]
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 142
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| animator =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company =
| budget =
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|12|27}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|05|28}}
| related = ''[[Laagi Tujhse Lagan]]''
}}

'''''Tujhya Rupacha Chandana''''' ({{translation|The moon of your form}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='तुझ्या रूपाचं चांदनं' मालिकेत फुलेल का नक्षत्रा आणि दत्तामधील अबोल नातं! |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/will-nakshatra-and-datta-have-an-relationship-in-the-series-tujhya-rupacha-chandana-a603/ |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=[[Lokmat]] |date=7 February 2022 |language=mr}}</ref> The show premiered from 27 December 2021 and ended on 28 May 2022 completing 142 episodes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Surekha Kudachi to feature in 'Tujhya Rupacha Chandana' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/surekha-kudachi-to-feature-in-tujhya-rupacha-chandana/articleshow/88728733.cms |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 January 2022 }}</ref> It stars Rohit Nikam and Tanvi Shewale in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=New Marathi TV show 'Tujhya Rupacha Chandana' to premiere soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/new-marathi-tv-show-tujhya-rupacha-chandana-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/88336849.cms |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is an official remake of Hindi TV series ''[[Laagi Tujhse Lagan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sushant Shelar to make his comeback on TV with new show Tujhya Rupacha Chandana - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sushant-shelar-to-make-his-comeback-on-tv-with-new-show-tujhya-rupacha-chandana/articleshow/88390288.cms |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 December 2021 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set in rural Paschim Maharashtra, it is the love story of Nakshatra, a beautiful young woman who is forced to hide her identity and Dattabhau, a local gangster. Nakshatra and her family are on the run from Mumbai and find shelter in Kolhapur's Datta Temple where her life takes a turn after a fateful encounter with Datta.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Tanvi Shewale as Nakshatra<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Tujhya Rupacha Chandana's Tanvi Shewale on playing a dark-skinned girl: I had to undergo a major transformation as I'm fair - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-tujhya-rupacha-chandanas-tanvi-shewale-on-playing-a-dark-skinned-girl-i-had-to-undergo-a-major-transformation-as-im-fair/articleshow/88434291.cms |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 December 2021 }}</ref>
* Rohit Nikam as Datta

=== Recurring ===
* [[Surekha Kudachi]] as Maheshwari (Aaisaheb)
* Sushant Shelar as Mayur More
* Anupama Takmoghe
* Pranita Acharekar
* Shrutakirti Sawant
* Gauri Kiran as Shashikala

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Laagi Tujhse Lagan]]'' लागी तुझसे लगन
| 28 December 2009
| [[Colors TV]]
| 6 January 2012
| Original
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Tujhya Rupacha Chandana'' तुझ्या रूपाचं चांदणं
| 27 December 2021
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| 28 May 2022
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Drishti Bottu'' ದೃಷ್ಟಿ ಬೊಟ್ಟು
| 10 September 2024
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| 21 September 2025
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt17548234}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/tujhya-rupacha-chandana/1971002706 ''Tujhya Rupacha Chandana''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Abhilash Shetty

2026-01-07T17:31:51Z

OrenCombs50836: Made Some Entry And Citations...

{{Short description|Film director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhilash Shetty
| image = Abhilash shetty 2021.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Abhilash in 2021
| birth_place = [[Shimoga, Karnataka]], India
| alma_mater = [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] ATNCC Shimoga
| occupation = {{hlist|Director|Screenwriter|Actor}}
| years_active = 2020–present
}}

'''Abhilash Shetty''' (born 3 September 1996) is an Indian filmmaker, screenwriter, and actor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/koli-taal-movie-a-simple-ode-to-childhood-and-grandparents-soon-on-an-ott-platform/|title=Abhilash Shetty's directorial debut is filled with nostalgia and spices — and will soon be available on an OTT platform|date=16 February 2023|author=Prutha Chakraborty|website=South First|access-date=4 June 2023}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/independent-kannada-films-need-a-push-abhilash-shetty-1111105.html|title=Independent Kannada films need a push: Abhilash Shetty|author=Ram Rakshith|date=20 May 2022|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/koli-taal-movie-review-abhilash-shettys-debut-explores-a-simplistic-tale-about-village-life-10720201.html|title=Koli Taal movie review: Abhilash Shetty's debut explores a simplistic tale about village life|date=26 May 2022 }}</ref> He made a remarkable directorial debut with the critically acclaimed Kannada film ''[[Koli Taal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/koli-taal-kannada-indie-film-set-to-screen-at-the-18th-indian-film-festival-stuttgart-is-a-replication-of-my-childhood-memories-says-director-abhilash-shetty/|title=Koli Taal: Kannada Indie Film Set to Screen at the 18th Indian Film Festival Stuttgart Is a Replication of My Childhood Memories, Says Director Abhilash Shetty|date=24 June 2021|website=Silver Screen India|author=Anusha Sundar|access-date=4 June 2023|archive-date=27 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727122312/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/koli-taal-kannada-indie-film-set-to-screen-at-the-18th-indian-film-festival-stuttgart-is-a-replication-of-my-childhood-memories-says-director-abhilash-shetty/|url-status=dead}}</ref> followed by ''[[Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa]]'', both films received widespread praise and were showcased at prestigious international film festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/abhilash-shettys-koli-taal-part-of-the-spotlight-section-at-the-mami-mumbai-film-festival/090c7a67e8880|title=Abhilash Shetty's Koli Taal part of the Spotlight section at the MAMI Mumbai Film Festival.|date=23 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vijayavani.net/koli-taal-movie-is-selected-for-new-york-indian-film-festival/|title=ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ಸಿನಿಮೋತ್ಸವಕ್ಕೆ ಕೋಳಿ ತಾಳ್; ಕುಂದಾಪ್ರ ಭಾಷಾ ಸೊಗಡಿನ ಚಿತ್ರ –|first=ವಿಜಯವಾಣಿ|last=ಸುದ್ದಿಜಾಲ|date=18 May 2021 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Shetty was born in [[Shimoga]], Karnataka, into a Kannada speaking [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]] family.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=831304 | title=M'luru: Abhilash Shetty directed film 'Koli Taal' selected for 21st New York Indian film festival }}</ref> He completed his schooling at [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], [[Shimoga]], a prestigious boarding school. After earning his degree, he worked as a financial analyst for two years at [[Capgemini]] in [[Bengaluru]]. He eventually left his corporate career to pursue filmmaking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jul/20/30531/every-character-in-koli-taal-is-based-on-people-i-have-encountered-says-director-abhilash-shetty|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721060051/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jul/20/30531/every-character-in-koli-taal-is-based-on-people-i-have-encountered-says-director-abhilash-shetty|url-status=live|archive-date=21 July 2021|title=Every character in Koli Taal is based on people I have encountered, says director Abhilash Shetty|first=Suyog|last=Zore|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

==Career==
Shetty started his filmmaking career by making short films, including ''Crony'', ''Vinashi'', and ''2 Missed Calls''. He wrote, directed, and edited his debut feature film, ''[[Koli Taal]]'', in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-theatres-ott-platforms-show-no-interest-in-festival-films-says-koli-taal-director-abhilash-shetty/a1098ffc98428|title=Exclusive! Theatres, OTT platforms show no interest in festival films, says Koli Taal director Abhilash Shetty|date=2 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/abhilash-shettys-koli-taal-is-now-streaming-on-jio-cinemas/f505ff860e231|title=Abhilash Shetty's Koli Taal is now streaming on Jio Cinema|date=10 June 2023|website=OTTplay}}</ref>

He directed his sophomore feature, ''[[Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa]]'', in 2024. The film garnered attention at various international film festivals before its theatrical release in India on May 9, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/koli-taal-directors-second-feature-to-release-on-may-9-3531769|title=‘Koli Taal’ director’s second feature to release on May 9 |date=8 May 2025|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col"|Film
! scope="col"|Director
! scope="col"|Writer
! scope="col"|Actor
! scope="col"|Notes
|-
| 2018
|''9 to 6''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| Short film
|-
| 2019
|''2 Missed Calls''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| Short film
|-
| 2021
|''[[Koli Taal]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| Debut feature film
|-
| 2024
|''[[Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| Also producer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/our-audience-does-not-like-to-pay-to-watch-independent-films-abhilash-shetty/articleshow/110637894.cms|title=Our audience does not like to pay to watch independent films: Abhilash Shetty|date=3 June 2024|website=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9333238|Abhilash Shetty}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes-person|Abhilash_shetty}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Abhilash}}
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada actors]]
[[Category:People from Shimoga]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]

Christ CMI Central School, Anjugramam

2026-01-01T10:51:08Z

OrenCombs50836: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Anjugramam#Education]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Trikut Hill

2025-12-23T07:41:28Z

OrenCombs50836: done

{{short description|Hilly plateau in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Trikut Hills
| native_name =
| other_name = त्रिकुट पहाड़
| etymology =
| photo = Trikut Hills.jpg
| photo_caption = Trikut Hills seen from the surrounding plains
| photo_size =
| country = [[India]]
| subdivision1_type = State
| subdivision1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision4_type = Rivers
| subdivision4 = [[Mayurakshi river]]
| highest =
| elevation_m = 753
| coordinates =
| range_coordinates = {{coord|24.499|86.837|display=title,inline}}
| length_km =
| length_orientation =
| width_km =
| width_orientation =
| area_km2 =
| geology =
| orogeny =
| biome =
| map = India Jharkhand
| map_caption = Location of the Trikut Hills
| location = [[Deoghar]]
}}

'''Trikut Pahar''', '''Trikut Hills''' or '''Trikutachal''', is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] pilgrimage site located approximately 15 km from [[Deoghar]], in the [[Mohanpur, Deoghar|Mohanpur Block]] of Deoghar District, [[Jharkhand]], [[India]], en route to [[Dumka]]. Named for its three prominent peaks ("tri-" meaning three), the hill rises to an elevation of 2,470 feet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trikut Pahar {{!}} District Deoghar, Government of Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://deoghar.nic.in/tourist-place/trikutpahar/#:~:text=Trikut%20Hills%20contain%20three%20peaks,an%20ideal%20location%20for%20trekking. |access-date=2025-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Revered for its spiritual significance, Trikut Hill attracts devotees and visitors seeking its serene landscapes and panoramic views, making it a cherished natural and cultural landmark in Jharkhand.

A [[Gondola lift|ropeway]] previously facilitated access to the summit to the top of the hill, but operations were halted following a cable car accident in April 2022 that resulted in three fatalities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Raj |date=Sep 23, 2023 |title=Trikut mishap: Jharkhand tourism board lobs ball to law department |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ranchi-news/trikut-mishap-jharkhand-tourism-board-lobs-ball-to-law-department-101696003243962.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pundir |first=Pallavi |date=2022-04-14 |title=3 Dead After a Rescue Operation of Stuck Cable Cars Went Horribly Wrong |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/rescue-deadly-cablecar-accident-india-jhar/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-11 |title=Three dead, 20 stranded in India cable car accident |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/one-dead-dozens-stranded-in-indian-cable-car-accident |access-date=2025-04-25 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> Plans to repair and restart the ropeway are underway, although no reopening date has been confirmed. Visitors can currently reach the peak using [[stairs]].

During the monsoon season (July-September), Trikut Pahar is often shrouded in clouds, with seasonal waterfalls and streams accentuating its natural surroundings. From the summit, visitors can enjoy expansive views, including the solar energy installations at Tapovan, (First solar energy hub in Jharkhand) The hill remains an important destination for Hindu pilgrims and tourists, valued for its spiritual heritage and scenic landscape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trikuta |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/jharkhand/deoghar/trikuta |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Incredible India |language=en}}</ref>

[[Tapovan]], which is known for the temple of Taponath Mahadev and [[Hanuman]], is at a distance of 10km from Trikut Hill. River [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]], which flows through several districts of the state of [[West Bengal]] and finally joins River [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], originates from Trikut Hill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170718/jsp/frontpage/story_162465.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205190003/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170718/jsp/frontpage/story_162465.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2018|title=Aerial trip in temple town - Deoghar resumes glider rides, starting Rs 300|date=18 July 2017|website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==Religious importance==

Trikut Hill (त्रिकुट पर्वत) is one of the many Hindu pilgrimages located 15 km away from [[Deoghar]].

As per the Hindu script Ramayana, [[Ravana]], the king of [[Lanka]] (now [[Sri Lanka]]) was the most revered devotee of [[Shiva]]. In order to impress the Lord of Destruction, the king performed intense penance for several thousand years and sung songs in praise of him. Pleased with his utter devotion and the melody of his hymns, Shiva asked him for a wish. Ravana, however, wished for the Lord to accompany him to Lanka, stunning all the other Hindu gods and goddesses. Shiva though was calm and agreed to go with him but in the form of [[Shiva linga]] and on one condition. If ever Ravana, for any reason during the journey, keeps the Shivlinga at any other place, then the [[lingam]] will be established there itself for eternity can never be uprooted ever again. The Lankeshwar giddily accepted it and began with the journey. However, in the middle of his voyage, Ravana had this sudden urge to relieve himself. His eyes fell on the Trikut Hill where he landed at the top, hence one of the points on the Trikut Hill is named as Ravana's Helipad. The perplexed King, recalling Shiva's condition, tries to search for any signs of life which could for the time being hold the lingam but failed. Lastly, he turned into a giant to have a wider view of the area and saw a young boy in the fields of Deoghar with his cattle and requested for help. The boy, who was in fact a carnation of [[Lord Vishnu]], agreed but only on the condition of Ravana coming back to take the possession of the Linga after 3 calls. The helpless King agreed again and proceeded with his business. But since the [[Ganges]] was flowing inside him, it took longer than expected. Several hours later when Ravana came back to take back the Shivlinga, he became furious as the boy had left already with the Lingam kept on the ground. Ravana tried everything to uplift ut again but true to Shiva's words, the establishment had already been done. Exhausted and frustrated, Ravana punches on the Linga, rooting it further into the ground and leaves. That is the reason why the Deoghar Shivlinga is called as Ravaneshwar Shivlinga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=O. T. |date=2022-10-12 |title=Trikut Pahar All You Need To Know About This Hill In Deoghar |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/explore/hills/trikut-pahar-all-you-need-to-know-about-this-hill-in-deoghar |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref>

There are three peaks of the Trikut Hill named after the three Hindu Gods, [[Bramha]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]]. Out of the three, only one peak is open for tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trikuta |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/jharkhand/deoghar/trikuta |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Incredible India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trikuta Mountain |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/trikuta-mountain |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref>

==Cable car accident==
[[File:Trikut pahar ropeway.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The ropeway in 2015]]
On 10 April 2022, a [[Aerial tramway|cable-car]] collision was reported at Trikut Hill. At least three people were killed and others were injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2022 |title=3 Dead In Jharkhand Cable Car Accident, Air Force Op To Rescue Dozens |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/3-dead-after-cable-cars-collide-in-deoghar-in-jharkhand-48-stuck-on-ropeway-for-over-16-hours-2877199 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/jharkhand/story/jharkhand-ropeway-stranded-cable-cars-collide-deoghar-1935976-2022-04-11|title=Stranded in air for 19 hours and counting, passengers inside cable cars pray for evacuation in Jharkhand|author=Satyajeet Kumar |date=April 11, 2022 |magazine=India Today}}</ref> [[Indian Army|Army]] helicopters were called for rescue.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-11 |title=No one responsible for Deoghar ropeway accident, says probe report |url=https://ythisnews.com/no-one-responsible-for-deoghar-ropeway-accident-says-probe-report/ |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=YThisNews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> 78 people were trapped, with 28 rescued the same day and the remainder after up to 45 hours.<ref name=":0" />

In April 2023 a report into the accident identified the cause as a "bubble of hydrogen" causing an engine shaft to break, which in turn meant the rope came off the reel. One car fell and the other 23 were trapped in mid air. The report also identified 24 defects that had been ignored by the operator.<ref name=":0" /> The operator, which was made to pay {{INRConvert|25|l|lk=l|to=USD GBP}} ex-gratia to the kin of those deceased shortly after the accident, was later fined {{INRConvert|9|c|lk=c|to=USD GBP}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Mukesh |first=ASRP |date=2023-08-25 |title=Govt scouts for agency to restart Trikut ropeway |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/govt-scouts-for-agency-to-restart-trikut-ropeway/articleshow/103039970.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In August 2023 the Jharkhand Tourism Development Corporation opened applications for bids to repair the system and return it to operation, which it estimated would cost around {{INRConvert|5|c|lk=off|to=USD GBP}}, which was included in the fine levied on the operator.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://www.babadham.org/trikut.php

[[Category:Hills of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Deoghar]]
[[Category:Deoghar district]]

Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals

2025-12-17T16:24:29Z

OrenCombs50836: fix citations additionally and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian central public sector undertaking}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
| logo = Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd. logo.jpg
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_padding =
| image = Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Limited - Kolkata 7336.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Entrance to BCPL's factory at [[Maniktala]], [[Kolkata]]
| trading_name =
| former_name = Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. (BCPW)
| type = [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|Central Public Sector Undertaking]]
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Chemical industry|Chemical]], [[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceutical]]
| predecessor = Bengal Chemical Works (1892–1901)
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1901|04|12}} in [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| founder = [[Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray]]
| hq_location = 6 Ganesh Chandra Avenue
| hq_location_city = Kolkata, West Bengal
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = 
| key_people = P M Chandraiah ([[Managing director|MD]])
| products =
| brands =
| production =
| production_year = 
| services =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INR| 100.5 [[crore]]}}<ref name="38th Annual Report 2018-2019">{{cite web|url=http://apps.bengalchemicals.co.in/uploads/anual-report/dummy-20191102-043223.pdf|title=38th Annual Report 2018-2019|access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2018-19
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| profit = {{increase}} {{INR| 25.26 crore}}<ref name="38th Annual Report 2018-2019" />
| profit_year = 2018-19
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]], [[Government of India]]
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees = {{decrease}} 195<ref name="38th Annual Report 2018-2019" />
| num_employees_year = 2018-19
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| module = 
| website = {{URL|http://bengalchemicals.co.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (BCPL)''', formerly '''Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. (BCPW)''', is an Indian [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|central public sector undertaking]] under the [[ownership]] of [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]], [[Government of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=BCPL Today|url=http://bengalchemicals.co.in/bcpl-today/|access-date=23 June 2020|website=Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd.}}</ref> lt manufactures industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals like antibiotic injectables, tablets, and capsules; and household products.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=5 April 2018|title=Bengal Chemicals Net at Rs 8.91cr, eyes Rs 200cr sale in FY'20|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bengal-chemicals-net-at-rs-8-91cr-eyes-rs-200cr-sale-in-fy20/articleshow/63628565.cms|access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>

Established in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] in 1901 by [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]], it is India's first [[Government of India|government owned-pharmaceutical-manufacturer]]. While initially successful, it started making losses in the mid-1950s. The management of the company was taken over by the [[Government of India|Union government]] on 15 December 1977, and the company was [[Nationalization|nationalised]] on 15 December 1980.<ref name=":0" /> Following decades of losses, BCPL returned to profitability in [[Fiscal year|financial year]] 2016–17.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Financial Results 2018-19|url=http://apps.bengalchemicals.co.in/uploads/anual-report/Financial-Results-2018-19-20190617-185851.pdf|access-date=23 June 2020|website=Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Rakshit|first=Avishek|date=13 April 2017|title=Bengal Chemicals posts profit after 63 years|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bengal-chemicals-posts-profit-after-63-years-117041201533_1.html|access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>

==History==

=== Beginnings ===
[[File:Old Products Of Bengal Chemical - Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray Life And Science Of A Legend Exhibition - BITM - Kolkata 2011-01-17 0183.JPG|thumb|left|Old products of Bengal Chemical]]

[[File:Bengal Chemical Pharmaceutical Works Print Ad 1943.png|thumb|right|Eau De Cologne advertisement, manufactured by Bengal Chemical Pharmaceutical Works, 1943]]

In 1892, [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] rented house at 91 [[Upper Circular Road|Upper Circular Road, Kolkata]] and founded Bengal Chemical Works with a capital of {{INRConvert|700|year=1892}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=History of BCPL|url=http://bengalchemicals.co.in/our-founder-history/|access-date=23 June 2020|website=Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd.}}</ref> Ray founded the company as an individual initiative with the intention with fostering a spirit of entrepreneurship among the Bengali youth, and provide an alternative to jobs from the colonial British government. The company presented its herbal products at the 1893 session of the Indian Medical Congress in Kolkata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharya|first=Snigdhendu|date=13 April 2017|title=How India's oldest pharma company smelt success after 6 decades|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/india-s-oldest-pharma-company-makes-profit-after-six-decades/story-xOYRYfMI1DOtVFSuIYKIsK.html|access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>

The reputation of the company grew, and Ray added additional funds of {{INRConvert|2|l|year=1901}} to the company to increase the scale of production. The business was converted into a Limited Company, and on 12 April 1901 the company was renamed Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. (BCPW), retaining the same premises at 91 Upper Circular Road, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Das|first=Soumitra|date=7 December 2020|title=Chemistry of nationalism|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/chemistry-of-nationalism/cid/1255607|access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> In 1908, John Cumming wrote in the "Review of the Industrial Position and Prospects in Bengal" that the "enterprise shows signs of resourcefulness and business capacity, which should be an object lesson to capitalists of this province".<ref name=":5" />

From a beginning with one factory in Kolkata's [[Maniktala]] in 1905, three more factories were established – one in [[Panihati]] in 1920, one in [[Mumbai]] in 1938, and one in [[Kanpur]] in 1949, with its registered office at 6 Ganesh Chandra Avenue, Kolkata.<ref name=":3" />

=== Struggles and nationalisation ===
The company began to struggle after Roy died in 1944, and started making losses in the mid-1950s. The management of the company was taken over by the [[Government of India|Union government]] on 15 December 1977, followed by [[Nationalization|nationalisation]] on 15 December 1980. The new [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertaking]] was named '''Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (BCPL)''', and was launched on 27 March 1981.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> As its losses continued, BCPL was referred to the [[Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction]] in 1992.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Special Correspondent|date=1 May 2019|title=Bengal Chemicals FY19 profit jumps 150% to ₹25 crore|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/bengal-chemicals-fy19-profit-jumps-150-to-25-crore/article27005105.ece|access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>

=== Return to profitability ===
After incurring losses for decades, the company managed to return to profitability in the financial year 2016–17,<ref name=":2" /> and continued to report profits for 2 subsequent fiscals.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Hydroxychloroquine production during COVID-19 pandemic ===
In view of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] recommending [[hydroxychloroquine]] for [[prophylaxis]] against [[COVID-19]], BCPL received clearance to start manufacturing the drug.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 April 2020|title=Coronavirus crisis: India's oldest pharma PSU gets nod to make hydroxychloroquine|work=Business Today|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/coronavirus-crisis-india-oldest-pharma-psu-gets-nod-to-make-hydroxychloroquine/story/400706.html|access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Khanna|first=Rohit|date=11 April 2020|title=Drug green light for West Bengal Chemicals|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/drug-green-light-for-bengal-chemicals/articleshow/75088500.cms|access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=10 April 2020|title=Bengal Chemicals gets COVID-19 drug boost|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bengal-chemicals-gets-covid-19-drug-boost/article31311894.ece|access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>

==Products==
* '''Division I''' '''(Industrial Chemicals)''' - [[alum]], [[bleaching powder]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Industrial Chemicals|url=http://bengalchemicals.co.in/products/industrial-chemicals/|access-date=23 June 2020|website=Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd.}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=38th Annual Report 2018-2019|url=http://apps.bengalchemicals.co.in/uploads/anual-report/dummy-20191102-043223.pdf|access-date=23 June 2020|website=Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd.}}</ref>
* '''Division II (Pharmaceuticals)''' - generic drugs, such as [[analgesic]]s, [[antipyretic]]s, [[antimicrobial]]s (including [[antifungal]]s, [[antibiotic]]s and [[Tuberculosis management|anti-tubercular drugs]]) and [[antiseptic]]s; and branded drugs like Ray Cal ([[Calcium in biology|calcium]] with [[Vitamin D3|vitamin D3]] and [[Vitamin B12|vitamin B12]]) and Hospitol ([[chloroxylenol]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pharmaceuticals|url=http://bengalchemicals.co.in/products/pharmaceuticals/|access-date=23 June 2020|website=Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd.}}</ref><ref name=":6" />
* '''Division III''' '''(Home Products)''' - [[toiletries]] and household [[disinfectant]]s<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home Products|url=http://bengalchemicals.co.in/products/home-products/|access-date=23 June 2020|website=Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd.}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

==Privatization==

On the 9th of February 2021, the [[Government of India]] announced the privatization of [[Bengal Chemicals and Fertilizers]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-has-decided-to-shut-2-pharma-psus-disinvest-other-3-govt-tells-ls-121020901689_1.html|title=Govt has decided to shut 2 pharma PSUs, disinvest other 3: Govt tells LS|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=9 February 2021|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

== References ==
<references></references>

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://bengalchemicals.co.in/}}

{{Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Chemical companies of India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1901]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1901]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1981]]
[[Category:Government-owned chemical companies of India]]

Madan Singh (ruler)

2025-11-13T21:37:51Z

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{{short description|Maharaja of Kishangarh (1900–1926)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Madan Singh
| title = Umdai Rajhai Buland Makan
| image = Madan_Singh.jpg
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]
| reign = 18 August 1900 – {{awrap|25 September 1926}}
| predecessor = [[Sardul Singh|Sadul Singh]]
| successor = [[Yagya Narayan Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1884|11|01|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1926|09|25|1884|11|01|df=yes}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kishangarh.svg}} [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]
| father = [[Sardul Singh|Sadul Singh]]
}}

[[Sir]] '''Madan Singh''' {{small|[[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]}} was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] from 1900 until his death in 1926.

== Early life, family, and education ==
He was born on 1 November 1884 to [[Sardul Singh|Sadul Singh]] and his wife, a daughter of [[Umaid Singh II|Umaid Singh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.127533 |title=Rajputana And Ajmer List Of Ruling Princes, Chiefs And Leading Personages |date=1931 |pages=120|edition=six }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rp92JkMbiaIC |title=Memoranda on Native States in India, Together with a List of Independent Ruling Chiefs, Chiefs of Frontier States, and Other Notables with Their Proper Forms of Address |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Print., India |pages=110 |language=en}}</ref> He was a [[Rajput]] of the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] clan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellinwood |first=DeWitt C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9L-jRCQZnYC |title=Between Two Worlds: A Rajput Officer in the Indian Army, 1905-21 : Based on the Diary of Amar Singh of Jaipur |date=2005 |publisher=University Press of America |isbn=978-0-7618-3113-6 |pages=77 |language=en}}</ref> He was educated privately at home.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35984 |title=Administration Report Of The Kishangarh State(1909) |date=1978 |pages=1}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=346 |language=en}}</ref> He served with the [[Imperial Cadet Corps]] for two years with distinction.<ref name=":2" /> He received his further education under the tutelage of W. H. J. Wilkinson.<ref name=":2" />

He married twice.<ref name=":4" /> His first marriage, on 9 February 1904, was to a daughter of [[Fateh Singh of Mewar|Fateh Singh]], the [[Maharana]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]].<ref name=":3" /> His second marriage was to a sister-in-law of the then [[Maharaja]] of [[Bhavnagar State|Bhavnagar]].<ref name=":4" /> By his second wife, he had three daughters.<ref name=":4" />

== Reign ==
He succeeded his father as the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] on 18 August 1900.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ajmer-Merwara (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfo4AQAAMAAJ |title=Report on the Administration of Ajmer-Merwara |date=1902 |pages=23–24 |language=en}}</ref> However, owing to his minority, the [[British government of India|Government of India]] placed the administration of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] under a State Council, which was to act in accordance with the advice of the resident.<ref name=":1" />

He was invested with full administrative powers on 11 December 1905.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7If217KeokC |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads, Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1909 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Commons |first=Great Britain Parliament House of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOdGAQAAMAAJ |title=Sessional Papers |date=1908 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |pages=185 |language=en}}</ref> Soon afterwards, he was compelled to confront a rebellious noble—the [[jagirdar]] of Fatehgarh—who held his estate on military tenure from the state.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Newnes |first=Sir George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3ZPAQAAMAAJ |title=The Strand Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly |date=1914 |publisher=G. Newnes |pages=619–620 |language=en}}</ref> He appointed a commission composed of the leading nobles of his state to bring the [[jagirdar]] to trial.<ref name=":7" /> The commission found the [[jagirdar]] guilty.<ref name=":7" /> Acting on the commission’s decision, he deposed that noble but granted him a pension for his maintenance.<ref name=":7" />

Upon [[German entry into World War I|Germany’s entry into the Great War]], he placed all resources of his state at the disposal of the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36587 |title=The Ruling Princes Chiefs And Leading Personages In Rajputana And Ajmer |date=1924 |pages=44–45}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> He also offered his personal services, which were accepted.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> In September 1914, he proceeded to [[Europe]] with the [[Indian Expeditionary Force]].<ref name=":5" /> On 7 December 1914, he was appointed to [[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|John French]]'s staff.<ref name=":5" /> He returned to India due to ill health on 20 February 1915.<ref name=":5" />

==Personal interests==

=== Music ===
He loved music.<ref name=":7" /> Famous Indian musicians often visited his state.<ref name=":7" /> In the evenings, he would listen to them for hours.<ref name=":7" /> He gave generous rewards to those who impressed him.<ref name=":7" />

=== Sports ===
He was an avid player of competitive [[polo]].<ref name=":4" /> He had a reputation as one of the leading [[Polo player|polo players]] in [[India]].<ref name=":4" />

== Death ==
He died of [[heart failure]] on 25 September 1926.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=px0-AQAAIAAJ |title=The Pioneer Mail and Indian Weekly News |date=1926 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> [[Yagya Narayan Singh]] succeeded to his title, rank, and dignity on 24 November 1926.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34582 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1930 |date=1933 |pages=148}}</ref>
== Titles, styles, and honours ==

=== Titles and styles ===
His full style was: "[[His Highness]] Umdai Rajahai Buland Makan [[Maharaja]] [[Shri]] Madan Singh, [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_YvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=255 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Honours ===
He was appointed an honorary [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] in the [[British Indian Army|army]] in March 1908.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35692 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1921 |date=1922 |pages=108}}</ref> He was made a [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1908 and a [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Star of India]] in 1911.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=186 |language=en}}</ref> He received the honorary rank of [[Major (rank)|Major]] at the [[Delhi Durbar]] in 1911.<ref name=":5" /> He was [[mentioned in dispatches]] by [[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|John French]] in February 1915.<ref name=":6" /> He received a personal salute of 17 guns for his services during the [[World War I]].<ref name=":5" /> He was promoted to the honorary rank of [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant-Colonel]] in August 1917.<ref name=":5" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category: 1884 births]]
[[Category: 1926 deaths]]
[[Category: People from British India]]
[[Category:Maharajas in Rajputana]]
[[Category: Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category: Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category: Rathore (clan)]]
[[Category:Kishangarh]]

Swaminathan Sivaram

2025-11-07T17:43:24Z

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{{Short description|Indian chemist (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Swaminathan Sivaram
|image = Swaminathan Sivaram - Kolkata 2011-08-02 4634.JPG
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|11|4|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|occupation = Chemist
|known for = Polymer chemistry
|website = {{Url|http://www.swaminathansivaram.in/|Official website}}
|awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Vishwakarma Medal [[Chemical Research Society of India|CRSI]] Silver Medal [[Indian Science Congress Association|ICSA]] Millennium Medal [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IITK]] Distinguished Alumnus Award [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|IACS]] S. R. Palit Memorial Award K. G. Naik Gold Medal [[FICCI]] Award [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] Goyal Prize Distinguished Material Scientist of the Year Award Professor M. Santappa Silver Jubilee Award [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award|VASVIK Award]] [[Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers|IICE R. A. Mashelkar Medal]]
}}
'''Swaminathan Sivaram''' (born 4 November 1946) is an Indian [[polymer chemist]], inventor, institution builder and a former director of the [[National Chemical Laboratory]], [[Pune]].<ref name="Previous Directors">{{cite web | url=http://www.ncl-india.org/files/AboutNCL/Organization/PreviousDirectors.aspx?menuid=ql8&childmenustripid=divSubQL8 | title=Previous Directors | publisher=National Chemical Laboratory | date=2015 | access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> He is known for his pioneering work on ''alkylation of tertiary alkyl halides with trialkylaluminum'' and [[olefin polymerization]]<ref name="Indian Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N98-1242 | title=Indian Fellow | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2015 | access-date=8 December 2015 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812224924/http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N98-1242 | archive-date=12 August 2016 }}</ref> and holds the highest number of US patents by an Indian working outside the US.<ref name="Dr. Swaminathan Sivaram receives honorary doctorate degree">{{cite web | url=https://www.chem.purdue.edu/media/news/2010/sivaram_hon_doc.php | title=Dr. Swaminathan Sivaram receives honorary doctorate degree | publisher=Purdue University | date=28 April 2010 | access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref> He is a fellow of several significant professional organizations. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2006, for his contributions to Indian science.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:ncl-pune.jpg|thumb|240px|[[National Chemical Laboratory]].]]
Sivaram was born in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] on 4 November 1946.<ref name="DPEMOU profile">{{cite web | url=http://dpemou.nic.in/MOUFiles/biodata1213/S.Shivram.pdf | title=DPEMOU profile | publisher=Department of Public Enterprises (MoU Division) | date=2015 | access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> His early college studies were at [[Madras Christian College]] from where he passed the graduate degree (BSc) in chemistry in 1965 after which he secured his master's degree (MSc) from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] in 1967.<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> Moving to the US, he did his doctoral research under Nobel Laureate [[Herbert C. Brown]] at [[Purdue University]] and secured his doctorate (PhD) in 1972.<ref name="Dr. Swaminathan Sivaram receives honorary doctorate degree" /> He continued in the US for two more years and worked as a research associate at the Institute of Polymer Science of the [[University of Akron]], Ohio. He returned to India in 1973 and joined the [[Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited]] (IPCL), [[Baroda]] as a research scientist where he worked in various capacities such as research manager and deputy general manager till 1988, when he moved to the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] (NCL) as the Head of the Department of Polymer Chemistry. In 2002, he was promoted as the director of the institution and worked there till his superannuation in 2010.<ref name="DPEMOU profile" />

Sivaram has served as visiting faculty at many universities in India and abroad.<ref name="DPEMOU profile" /> He was a visiting scientist at the [[Blaise Pascal University]] in 1991 during September–October. In 1993–94, he was involved with the [[Institute of Chemical Technology]] as the ''K. S. S. Raghavan Chemical Weekly Visiting Professor'' of Polymer Science and Technology and has served the [[Universite Bordeaux]] in September – October 1995 as the visiting professor. He was also a guest lecturer at the [[Free University of Berlin]] in May 1999 and the Harold A. Morton Distinguished Visiting Professor at the [[University of Akron]] in 2006.<ref name="DPEMOU profile" />

Sivaram has been involved with the Government of India and its various autonomous bodies and is a former member of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Cabinet (SAC-C).<ref name="DPEMOU profile" /> He is also a former member of the ''Task Force on Public Sector'' of the [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises (India)|Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]], ''Innovation Council on Chemicals and Petrochemicals'' of the [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]] and the Board of Trustees of the [[Oil and Natural Gas Commission]] (ONGC).<ref name="DPEMOU profile" /> He was the vice president of several science forums and societies such as the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] from 2007 to 2012, the [[Indian National Science Academy]] from 2004 to 2006, the [[Chemical Research Society of India]] from 2005 to 2008 and the Materials Research Society of India from 2004 to 2007.<ref name="DPEMOU profile" /> He has sat on the Board of Governors of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai]], the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune]] and the [[Institute of Chemical Technology]], Mumbai. He has served as the faculty selection committee of the Indian Institute of Technology for their Mumbai, Kanpur, Chennai and Hyderabad institutes and is a member of the Scientific Council for Catalysis of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], Moscow.<ref name="DPEMOU profile" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Newcampus1.jpg|thumb|240px|[[IISER Pune]], New campus]]
During his US days, Sivaram was associated with [[Herbert C. Brown]] and J. P. Kennedy and worked on [[alkylation]] of tertiary [[alkyl halides]] with trialkylaluminum. His researches along with Kennedy is reported to have assisted in widening the knowledge base on the mechanism of carbocationic [[polymerization]] and led to the latter-day techniques of ''controlled'' and [[Living cationic polymerization|living carbocationic polymerization]].<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> His researches have also helped in creating new properties in polymers and threw more light on the synthesis, structure and properties of polymeric materials.<ref name="Summary of Achievements">{{cite web | url=http://serb.gov.in/pdfs/research/Dr_Swaminathan_Sivaram.pdf | title=Summary of Achievements | publisher=Science and Engineering Research Board | date=2015 | access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> He has also worked on polymer-layered clay [[nanocomposites]] and has been successful in synthesizing several organic modifiers for clay for the preparation of exfoliated nanocomposite of clay.<ref name="Summary of Achievements" /> The team led by him at the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] conducted research on [[olefin polymerization]] using Ziegler Natta catalysts which opened a new school of research in the topic.<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> His researches are recorded in over 200 articles published in peer reviewed journals; [[ResearchGate]], an online knowledge repository, has listed 225 of them.<ref name="Swaminathan Sivaram National Chemical Laboratory">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Swaminathan_Sivaram | title=Swaminathan Sivaram National Chemical Laboratory | date=2015 | access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> He is the author of ''Living Anionic Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate'', a book detailing his research on [[Living anionic polymerization]].<ref name="Living Anionic Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate">{{cite book | title=Living Anionic Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate | publisher=VDM Verlag |author1=Mahua Ganguly Dhara |author2=Swaminathan Sivaram | year=2010 | pages=188 | isbn=9783639231748}}</ref> He has also edited two books, ''Polymer Science'', (2 Volumes)<ref name="Polymer Science - Volume 1">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVCqGQAACAAJ | title=Polymer Science – Volume 1 | publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill | author=S. Sivaram | year=1991 | pages=1067 | isbn=9780074603925}}</ref><ref name="Polymer Science - Volume 2">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dt8vnQEACAAJ | title=Polymer Science – Volume 2 | publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill | author=S. Sivaram | year=1991 | pages=1083 | isbn=9780074603925}}</ref> and ''Macromolecular Symposia, Volume 240''.<ref name="Macromolecular Symposia, Volume 240">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQbgngEACAAJ | title=Macromolecular Symposia, Volume 240 | publisher=Wiley-VCH |author1=Durairaj Baskaran |author2=S. Sivaram | year=2006| isbn=9783527317479 }}</ref> Some of his articles have also been compiled as a book, ''Chemical vapor deposition: thermal and plasma deposition of electronic materials''.<ref name="Chemical vapor deposition: thermal and plasma deposition of electronic materials">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxRTAAAAMAAJ | title=Chemical vapor deposition: thermal and plasma deposition of electronic materials | publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold | author=S. Sivaram | year=1995 | pages=292 | isbn=9780442010799}}</ref> He is the holder of approximately 100 patents of which 50 are approved in the US.<ref name="Indian Fellow" /><ref name="Patents by Inventor Swaminathan Sivaram">{{cite web | url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/swaminathan-sivaram | title=Patents by Inventor Swaminathan Sivaram | publisher=Justia Patents | date=2015 | access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Bloombrg profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=29433488&privcapId=20333050 | title=Bloomberg profile | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2015 | access-date=3 August 2018}} {{dead link|date=August 2018}}</ref> He is known to be the holder of the highest number of US patents by an Indian-based outside the US<ref name="Dr. Swaminathan Sivaram receives honorary doctorate degree" /> and many of his inventions have been put to commercial use in India and abroad. He has also guided 36 students in their doctoral researches.<ref name="Indian Fellow" />

Sivaram's efforts are known in the establishment of the first R&D centre on petrochemical research in India at NCL and transforming the organization into a centre for interdisciplinary research.<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> He is the founder of the ''NCL Innovation Park'' and the ''Technology-Business Incubator'' under the aegis of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR), a first time in India.<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> He was involved in the establishment of [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]] (IISER) and served as the project director during formation of [[IISER Pune]], in 2006.<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> He is the founder chairman Venture Center (Entrepreneurship Development Center), a not-for-profit initiative by the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] for promoting technology and knowledge-based enterprises for India, and sits on its board of directors.<ref name="Board of Directors">{{cite web | url=http://www.venturecenter.co.in/bod.php | title=Board of Directors | publisher=Venture Center | date=2015 | access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
[[File:The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Shri to Dr. Swaminathan Sivaram, a polymer chemist, at an Investiture Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on March 29, 2006.jpg|thumb|The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Shri to Dr. Swaminathan Sivaram, a polymer chemist, at an Investiture Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on March 29, 2006]]
Sivaram, a Bhatnagar Fellow of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, is also an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], [[The World Academy of Sciences]], [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]], [[Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers]] and the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="Swaminathan Sivaram - Current Science">{{cite web | url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/102/03/385a.pdf | title=Swaminathan Sivaram – Current Science | publisher=Current Science | date=2015 | access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref>{{efn-ua|Sivaram, a Bhatnagar Fellow of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR),<ref name="CSIR Bhatnagar Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://dsir.csir.res.in/webdsir/files/background-note/Swaminathan%20Sivaram.pdf | title=CSIR Bhatnagar Fellow | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2015 | access-date=8 December 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211060257/http://dsir.csir.res.in/webdsir/files/background-note/Swaminathan%20Sivaram.pdf | archive-date=11 December 2015 }}</ref> was elected as the Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="IAS Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Sivaram,_Dr_Swaminathan | title=IAS Fellow | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2015 | access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] in 1992.<ref name="NASI Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S | title=NASI Fellow | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2015 | access-date=8 December 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S | archive-date=16 March 2016 }}</ref> The [[Indian National Science Academy]] elected him as their Fellow in 1998.<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> He was selected for the J. C. Bose Fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] in 2007, the tenancy holding till 2011.<ref name="Dr. S. Sivaram - IPI">{{cite web | url=http://www.ipiindia.org/excellent-contribution-to-the-polymer-industry-academia/item/dr-s-sivaram-2 | title=Dr. S. Sivaram – IPI | publisher=Indian Plastics Institute | date=2015 | access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref> He is also a fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]],<ref name="Search Of Fellows">{{cite web | url=http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109182038/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 November 2015 | title=Search Of Fellows | publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering | date=2015 | access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> [[The World Academy of Sciences]] (TWAS), [[Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers]] and the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC)<ref name="CSIR Bhatnagar Fellow" /><ref name="Venture Center profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.venturecenter.co.in/dr_sivaram.php | title=Venture Center profile | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2015 | access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref> and a recipient of the degree of the Doctor of Science (Honoris causa) from the [[Purdue University]] in 2010.<ref name="Dr. Swaminathan Sivaram receives honorary doctorate degree" />}}

In 1987, Sivaram received the [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]] for applied industrial research.<ref name="VASVIK Industrial Research Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.vasvik.org/chemical_sciences_&_technology.html | title=VASVIK Industrial Research Award | publisher=Vasvik | date=2014 | access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref> The next year, the [[Society of Polymer Science]] selected him for the Professor M. Santappa Silver Jubilee Award<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> and he shared the 1995 [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] with [[G. Madhavan Nair]] and [[Prem Shanker Goel]].<ref name="Om Prakash Bhasin awards">{{cite web | url=http://www.opbfawards.com/engineering.html | title=Om Prakash Bhasin awards | publisher=Shri Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation | date=2015 | access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref> The [[Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] (FICCI) awarded him their annual honour for Physical Sciences in 1996 and the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] presented him with the Professor S.R. Palit Award in 1997.<ref name="CSIR Bhatnagar Fellow" /> The [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]], his alma mater, awarded him the 1998 Distinguished Alumnus Award.<ref name="Distinguished Alumnus Award - 1998 ">{{cite web | url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/dora/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=219&Itemid=361 | title=Distinguished Alumnus Award – 1998 | publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur | date=2015 | access-date=8 December 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211062245/http://www.iitk.ac.in/dora/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=219&Itemid=361 | archive-date=11 December 2015 }}</ref> He received the Silver Medal of the [[Chemical Research Society of India]] in 2002, followed by the Chemcon R. A. Mashelkar Medal of the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers]] in 2003,<ref name=" R A Mashelkar Medal">{{cite web | url=http://www.iiche.org.in/chemcomspeakers.aspx | title=R A Mashelkar Medal | publisher=Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers | date=2015 | access-date=10 December 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211030832/http://www.iiche.org.in/chemcomspeakers.aspx | archive-date=11 December 2015 }}</ref> the same year as he received the Vishwakarma Medal of the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="CSIR Bhatnagar Fellow" />

The Government of India included him in the 2006 [[Indian honours system|Republic Day Honours]] list for the civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]]<ref name="Padma Awards" /> and in 2010, [[Kurukshetra University]] awarded him the Goyal Prize for Applied Sciences for the year 2007.<ref name="Sivaram awarded Goyal Prize">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Sivaram-awarded-Goyal-Prize/articleshow/6144726.cms | title=Sivaram awarded Goyal Prize | publisher=Times of India | date=9 July 2010 | access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Dr. S. Sivaram awarded the Goyal Prize for 2007 in Applied Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/CSIR/External/Heads/aboutcsir/announcements/goyal_ncl_020710.pdf | title=Dr. S. Sivaram awarded the Goyal Prize for 2007 in Applied Sciences | publisher=Council for Scientific and Industrial Research | date=21 June 2010 | access-date=10 December 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211053619/http://www.csir.res.in/CSIR/External/Heads/aboutcsir/announcements/goyal_ncl_020710.pdf | archive-date=11 December 2015 }}</ref> The same year, he received the Material Scientist of the Year Award of the Materials Research Society of India. He is also a recipient of the Millennium Medal of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] and the K. G. Naik Gold Medal of the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]].<ref name="Dr. S. Sivaram is currently Bhatnagar Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.excitingscience.org/sp/sivaram.pdf | title=Dr. S. Sivaram is currently Bhatnagar Fellow | publisher=Exciting Science | date=2015 | access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref>

== Selected articles ==
* {{cite journal | title=High Temperature Polymer-Graphite Hybrid Composites for Bipolar Plates: Effect of Processing Conditions on Electrical Properties | author=S. Radhakrishnan, B. T. S. Ramanujam, A. Adhikary and S. Sivaram | journal=J. Power Sources | year=2007 | volume=45 | issue=1093| pages=702–707 | bibcode=2007JPS...163..702R | doi=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.08.019 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Kinetics of Hexene-1 Polymerization using N,N diisopropyl benzene 2,3, 1,8 naphthyl 1,4 diazabutane Dibromo nickel I Methylaluminoxane (MAO) Catalyst system |author1=U. Subramanyam |author2=S. Sivaram |name-list-style=amp | journal=J. Polym. Sci. A| year=2007 | volume=45 | issue=1093|doi=10.1002/pola.21852 | pages=1093–1100 }}
* {{cite journal | title=End-Functional Poly (methyl methacrylate) s via Group Transfer Polymerization |author1=R. Gnaneshwar |author2=S. Sivaram |name-list-style=amp | journal=J. Power Sources | year=2007 | volume=45 | issue=2514|pages=2514 |bibcode=2007JPoSA..45.2514G |doi=10.1002/pola.22013 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Copolyesters Based on Poly (butylenes terephthalate) s Containing Cyclohexyl and Cyclopentyl Ring: Effect of Molecular Structure on the Thermal and Crystallization Behavior | author=T. E. Sandhya, C. Ramesh and S. Sivaram | journal=Macromolecules | year=2007 | volume=40 | page=6906 | doi = 10.1021/ma071272q }}
* {{cite journal | title= Synthesis of amphiphilic poly(methyl methacrylate-b-ethylene oxide) copolymers from monohydroxy telechelic poly(methyl methacrylate) as macroinitiator| author=M. G. Ohara, D. Baskaran and S. Sivaram | journal=J. Polym. Sci. A | year=2008 | volume=46 | issue= 6| pages=2132–2144 |doi=10.1002/pola.22548| bibcode=2008JPoSA..46.2132D }}
* {{cite journal | title=Polycarbonate – Clay Nanocomposites via in situ Melt Polymerization |author1=S. R. Mallikarjuna |author2=S. Sivaram |name-list-style=amp | journal=Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. | year=2008 | volume=49 | issue=2217}}
* {{cite journal | title= Addition of a Silyl Ketene Acetal to α,β-Unsaturated Cyclic Anhydrides|journal=Synthetic Communications |volume=40 |issue=16 |pages=2353–2363 |author1=R. Gnaneshwar |author2=S. Sivaram |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1080/00397910903243815|year=2010 |s2cid=97299379 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Influence of Structure of Organic Modifiers and Polyurethane on the Clay Dispersion in Nanocomposites via in-situ Polymerization |author1=S. R. Mallikarjuna |author2=S. Sivaram |name-list-style=amp | journal=J. Appl. Polym. Sci. | year=2010 | volume=118 | issue=1774}}

== Orations and conferences ==
Sivaram has delivered several award lectures and orations; AVRA Research Foundation Award Lecture, B. D. Amin Memorial Lecture of Chemical Council, Mumbai, Dr. K.T. Achaya Memorial Lecture of [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]], Hyderabad, Shriram Founder Memorial Lecture of Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, New Delhi, Petrotel Distinguished Lecture of [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]], Kanpur, [[Dhirubhai Ambani]] Oration of [[Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers]], Mumbai, Professor K. K. Balasubramanian Endowment Lecture of [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]], N. R. Kamath Memorial Lecture of [[Institute of Chemical Technology]], Mumbai and Professor Kaushal Kishore Memorial Lecture of [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore are some of the notable ones.<ref name="DPEMOU profile" /> He has been an invited speaker at the meetings of the [[American Chemical Society]] in 1985, 92 and 94, International Conferences on Ionic Polymerization (IUPAC) of 1995, 97, 99, 2001 and 2005, World Polymer Congress in 2000, Europolymer Congress in 2001, and the ''Polycondensation'' conferences of 1997, 2002 and 2004.<ref name="DPEMOU profile" /> He has also delivered keynote addresses at World Polymer Congress in 2004, 2006 and 2011, International Symposium on Materials for Advanced Technologies at Singapore in 2005 and the Indian-China-Singapore Trilateral Symposium on Advances in Nanosciences at Singapore in 2010.<ref name="DPEMOU profile" />

Sivaram was associated with the International Conferences on Ionic Polymerization (IUPAC) for several of their conferences such as World Polymer Congress in 2000, 2003, 2004, 2010, 2011 and 2012 as a member of the International Organizing Committee. He was the chairman of the International symposium on Ionic Polymerization, India in 2005 and was involved in the organization of the ''Polymers in the Third Millennium'' of the [[Society of Chemical Industry]] at Montpellier in 2001, the Third International Conference on ''Materials for Advanced Polymerization'' at [[Kracow]], Poland in 2009, International Symposium "Polycondensation 2010" at Rolduce Abbey, The Netherlands and the 2nd Polymer Congress of the Federation of Asian Polymers Societies at [[Beijing]] in 2011.<ref name="DPEMOU profile" />{{Portal|India|Science}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Swaminathan_Sivaram | title=Swaminathan Sivaram – ResearchGate profile | date=2015 | access-date=8 December 2015}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | title=Polymer Science – Volume 1 | publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill | author=S. Sivaram | year=1991 | pages=1067 | isbn=9780074603925}}
* {{cite book | title=Polymer Science – Volume 2 | publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill | author=S. Sivaram | year=1991 | pages=1083 | isbn=9780074603925}}
* {{cite book | title=Chemical vapor deposition: thermal and plasma deposition of electronic materials | publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold | author=S. Sivaram | year=1995 | pages=292 | isbn=9780442010799}}
* {{cite book | title=Macromolecular Symposia, Volume 240 | publisher=Wiley-VCH |author1=Durairaj Baskaran |author2=S. Sivaram | year=2006}}
* {{cite book | title=Living Anionic Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate | publisher=VDM Verlag |author1=Mahua Ganguly Dhara |author2=Swaminathan Sivaram | year=2010 | pages=188 | isbn=9783639231748}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivaram, Swaminathan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Purdue University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Akron people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Free University of Berlin]]
[[Category:University of Akron faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Dawkinsia filamentosa

2025-10-24T02:13:44Z

OrenCombs50836: Post

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Dawkinsia filamentosa -Marcus Knight.tif
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Dahanukar, N. |year=2023 |title=''Dawkinsia filamentosa'' |volume=2023 |article-number=e.T175045686A60628681 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T175045686A60628681.en |access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref>
| taxon = Dawkinsia filamentosa
| display_parents = 3
| authority = ([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1844)
| synonyms = {{Specieslist
|Barbus filamentosa|(Valenciennes, 1844)
|Barbus filamentosus|(Valenciennes, 1844)
|Leuciscus filamentosus|Valenciennes, 1844
|Puntius filamentosus|(Valenciennes, 1844)
|Systomus filamentosus|(Valenciennes, 1844)
|Systomus maderaspatensis|Jerdon, 1849
|Systomus madraspatensis|Jerdon, 1849
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{GBIF |id=7741827 |taxon=''Dawkinsia filamentosa'' |accessdate=21 July 2021}}</ref>
}}

'''''Dawkinsia filamentosa''''',<ref>{{cite journal|author=Pethiyagoda, R.|author2=Meegaskumbura, M.|author3=Maduwage, K.|name-list-style=amp|year=2012|url=http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief23_1_12.pdf|title=A synopsis of the South Asian fishes referred to ''Puntius'' (Pisces: Cyprinidae)|journal=Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters|volume=23|issue=1|pages=69-95|archive-date=2012-11-19|access-date=2012-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119143800/http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief23_1_12.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> the '''filament barb''', or '''poovali paral''' is a [[species]] of [[barb (fish)|barb]]. Young fish have barely any color and black spots. They start having more color at three months old. The fish is a swift swimmer.<ref>{{cite book | last = McInerny | first = Derek | author2 = Geoffry Gerard | title = All About Tropical Fish | edition = Fourth | publisher = Harrap Limited | year = 1989 | location = Great Britain | pages = [https://archive.org/details/allabouttropical00mcin/page/159 159] | url = https://archive.org/details/allabouttropical00mcin/page/159 | isbn = 0-8160-2168-6 | url-access = registration }}</ref> Males are larger than females and they [[fertilize]] eggs by swimming into the cloud of eggs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tropicalfishkeeping.com/profiles/filament-barb/ |title=Filament Barb |access-date=2009-11-03 |work=Tropical Fish Keeping }}</ref> The species is most commonly found in [[coastal]] [[floodplains]] near the Southwest Indian states of [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]]. This species is also known as '''blackspot barb'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seriouslyfish.com/profile.php?genus=Puntius&species=filamentosus&id=180 |title=''Puntius filamentosus'' - Filament Barb |access-date=2009-11-03 |work=Seriously Fish |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109152334/http://seriouslyfish.com/profile.php?genus=Puntius&species=filamentosus&id=180 |archive-date=2011-01-09 }}</ref>
[[File:FMIB 46662 Barbus Filamentosus.jpeg|thumb]]

== Etymology ==
[[File:Puntius filamentosus and P. assimilis.png|thumb]]
Its [[Genus|generic]] name, ''[[Dawkinsia]]'', is named after renowned British [[evolutionary biologist]] [[Richard Dawkins]], for "his contribution to the public understanding of science and, in particular, of evolutionary science".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=''Dawkinsia filamentosa'' – Filament Barb (''Puntius filamentosus'', ''Systomus maderaspatensis'') — Seriously Fish|url=https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/dawkinsia-filamentosa/|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref>

== Diagnosis ==
Adults differ from all other South Asian ''[[Puntius]]'' by a combination of the following characters:<blockquote>branched [[dorsal (anatomy)|dorsal]]-fin rays prolonged into filament-like extensions in adult males only; a black band about as wide as the eye near tip of each [[caudal (anatomical term)|caudal]]-fin lobe; lower lip continuous; a caudal blotch on 2-5 scales, commencing posterior to anal-fin origin; no distinct markings on body in advance of anal-fin origin. Distinguished from ''[[Dawkinsia assimilis|D. assimilis]]'' by Possessing a subterminal mouth (vs. Inferior); [[wikt:maxillary|maxillary]] barbels shorter, 0.5-2.2 of SL % (vs. 5.5-9.3%); post-orbital head length 11.0-12.1% of SL (vs. 8.7-10.4%); and [[interorbital region|interorbital]] width 11.2-12.2% of SL (vs. 10.0-11.1%) . Description: [[Fish fin|Pectoral fin]] with one simple and 14 or 15 branched rays. Lateral line with 18,19 or 20 scales on body, extending 1-3 scales on to caudal-fin base.<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Dawkinsia filamentosa'' (Valenciennes, 1844)|url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/266848|access-date=2021-07-21|website=India Biodiversity Portal}}</ref></blockquote>

== Distribution ==
[[Endemism|Endemic]] to but widespread within the [[Western Ghats]] mountains region of southern India in the states of Kerala, [[Tamil Nadu]] and possibly restricted to the south of the [[Karnataka]].

[[Type locality (biology)|Type locality]] is '[[Alappuzha|Alleppey]]', also known as Alappuzha, situated between [[Vembanad|Vembanad Lake]] and the [[Arabian Sea]], [[Kerala]] state, southwestern India<ref name=":0" />

== Habitat ==
According to [[Rohan Pethiyagoda|Pethiyagoda]] and [[Maurice Kottelat|Kottelat]] (2005) this species is most common in lowland [[coast]]al [[floodplain]]s. It is found in both fresh and [[Brackish water|brackish]] waters of rivers, [[Estuary|estuaries]], coastal marshes and [[reservoir]]s.<ref name=":0" />

== Fishing ==
Along the rivers of Kerala, these fishes grow in abundance and due to its high diet of worms and insects, they are easily caught with baits by fishermen especially during the monsoon season when they are more widely found.

[[File:Fisherman with his catch of the commonly found Paral Fish (Dawkinsia filamentosa) from the Chalakudy River.jpg|thumb|400px|Fisherman with his catch of the commonly found Paral Fish from the Chalakudy River]]

== Local folklore ==
The Nadanpattu (local song) "Aa Paralu Ee Paralu" introduced by [[Kalabhavan Mani]] mentions the Poovali Paral multiple times and it was added due it's striking features.<ref>https://g.co/kgs/7wZceYW</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category|Dawkinsia filamentosa}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1782884}}

[[Category:Dawkinsia|filamentosa]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1844]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Achille Valenciennes]]

Ilayankudi Maranar

2025-10-18T22:34:32Z

OrenCombs50836: Adding Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|name= Ilayankudi Maranar
|image= Ilayankudi Mara.jpg
|caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
|birth_date= unknown
|birth_place= [[Ilaiyangudi]]
|birth_name=
|death_date=
|death_place=
|philosophy= [[Shaivism]], [[Bhakti]]
|honors= [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint,
|footnotes=
}}

'''Ilayankudi Maranar''' (also spelt as ''' Ilayangudi Maranar'''), also known '''Ilaiyangudi Nayanar''', '''Ilaiyankuti Nayanar''', '''Ilayangudi Mara Nayanar''' ('''Ilaiyangudi Mara Nayanar''', '''Ilayankudi Mara Nayanar'''), is a [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint, venerated in the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] sect of [[Shaivism]]. He is generally counted as the fourth in the list of 63 Nayanars.<ref name="Dalal2011">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=281}}</ref> He is also called '''Marar''', '''Maran''' and '''Mara Nayanar''', names he shares with [[Somasi Mara Nayanar]]. The two Nayanars are generally differentiated by the prefixes "Ilayankudi" and "Somasi".

==Life==
The life of Ilayankudi Maranar is described in the ''[[Periya Puranam]]'' by [[Sekkizhar]] (12th century), which is a hagiography of the 63 Nayanars.<ref name="Dalal2011"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.shaivam.org/english/sen_th12_ilayan.htm | title=The Puranam of Ilayankudi Mara Nayanar
| publisher=T N Ramachandran |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>

Ilayankudi Maranar (Marar) was born in [[Ilaiyangudi]] (also spelt as Ilayankudi and Ilayangudi), presently in [[Sivaganga district]] of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He derives his name from his birthplace. Marar was a [[Vellalar]] by [[caste]] and worked as a farmer. He accumulated great wealth by agriculture. He was a staunch devotee of the god [[Shiva]], the patron god of Shaivism and served the god and his devotees. He used to welcome devotees of Shiva to his home, ritually wash their feet and feed them a feast.<ref name="swami"/><ref name="dinamalar"/>

To test Marar's devotion, Shiva made his wealth wane. He continued to serve the devotees in penury, as he did in plenty. The Nayanar sold his properties to feed the devotees. On a night of torrential downpour, Shiva came disguised as a devotee and came to Marar's impoverished home. Marar welcomed the guest with respect, dried him and gave him a warm seat to sit. The starving couple pondered how they could feed the guest as the house had no food and it was pouring outside. The wife suggested that the paddy rains sown in the field can be gathered and prepared as a meal for the guest. Marar rushed to the field in the deluge and gathered the flooding seeds from the field. Since there was no firewood, the Nayanar pulled a rafter from the wooden roof to use as fuel. While the wife cleaned and prepared the rice, Marar went to the backyard to bring greens (generally described as spinach) to a prepare a curry. Marar went with the food to awaken the resting devotee. The devotee suddenly blazed like a flame. Shiva appeared in his true form with his consort [[Parvati]] and blessed the couple. He took Marar and his wife to his abode [[Kailash]].<ref name="swami">{{cite book | author = Swami Sivananda | author-link = Swami Sivananda | title = Sixty-three Nayanar Saints | edition = 4 | publisher = The Divine Life Society | year = 1999 | location = Sivanandanagar }}</ref><ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web | url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=413 | title=Sri Rajendra Chozheeswarar temple | publisher=[[Dinamalar]] | access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>

==Remembrance==
[[File:Sri Kokarneshvarar Temple in Tirukokarnam.JPG|thumb|The images of the Nayanars are found in many Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu.]]

One of the most prominent Nayanars, [[Sundarar]] (8th century) venerates Ilayankudi Maranar (called Maran of Ilaiyankuti) in the ''Tiruthonda Thogai'', a hymn to Nayanar saints.<ref name=Peterson>{{cite book|title=Poems to Śiva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints|url=https://archive.org/details/poemstosivahymns00pete|url-access=limited|year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0784-6|page= [https://archive.org/details/poemstosivahymns00pete/page/n181 331]}}</ref>

Ilayankudi Maranar is worshipped in the [[Tamil month]] of [[Shraavana|Avani]], when the moon enters the [[Maghā]] [[nakshatra]] (lunar mansion). He is depicted like a sage, usually with a beard and with folded hands (see [[Anjali mudra]]). He receives collective worship as part of the 63 Nayanars. Their icons and brief accounts of his deeds are found in many Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu. Their images are taken out in procession in festivals.<ref name="Dalal2011"/>

Ilayankudi Maranar is especially associated with Rajendra Chozheeswarar temple – dedicated to Shiva – in his home-town Ilaiyangudi. While the formal temple is derived from inscriptions of the king [[Rajendra Chola I]] (reign: 1012–1044 CE), the locals call the temple Jyotishvara or Lord of the flame, alluding to the legend of the Nayanar. A shrine is dedicated to the Nayanar in the temple. On Avani Maghā day, icons of Ilayankudi Maranar and his wife Punithavathi as well as the presiding deities Shiva and Parvati is paraded in the village in a temple cart (''Chapparam''). The [[Naivedhya]] (food offering) of spinach is presented to Shiva of this temple. Devotees also emulate the Nayanar by practising ''[[Annadana]]'' (charity in form of food). The Nayanar's house and field – situated near the shrine – are venerated as ''Mulai Vari Amudhu Alitha Nattrangal'', the land which created Naivedhya for God.<ref name="dinamalar"/><ref name="Aiyangar1991">{{cite book|author=Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar|title=South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6zkx_Ck3FwC&pg=PA163|year=1991|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0536-7|page=163}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nayanars}}

[[Category:Nayanars]]

2023–24 Aizawl FC season

2025-08-27T08:31:41Z

OrenCombs50836: Made Some Stub With Sources...

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
| season = [[2023–24 in Indian football|2023–24]]
| manager = [[Erol Akbay]] (until 4 November 2023) Malsawmzuala Sailo (5 November 2023 to 22 January 2024) Stojkoski Bobi (from 23 January 2024)
| chairman = {{nobreak|[[Robert Romawia Royte]]}}
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| league = [[2023–24 I-League|I-League]]
| league result = 9th
| league topscorer = [[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia]] (15 goals)
| season topscorer = Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia (15 goals)
| highest attendance = 3,485 (v. [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]], 21 December 2023)
| lowest attendance = 300 (v. [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]], 27 March 2024)
| average attendance = 1,819
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =_white stripes
| pattern_so1 =_2 white stripes
| leftarm1 = FF0000
| body1 = FF0000
| rightarm1 = FF0000
| shorts1 = FF0000
| socks1 = FF0000
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =_red stripes
| pattern_so2 =_2 red stripes
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| prevseason = [[2021–22 Aizawl FC season|2021–22]]
| nextseason = [[2024–25 Aizawl F.C. season|2024–25]]
}}

The 2023–24 season was [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]'s 40th competitive season and its seventh competitive season in the [[I-League]], India's top-flight professional [[association football|football]] league.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-looks-to-increase-teams-in-i-league-number-of-foreigners-in-squad-to-be-reduced-8585723/|title=AIFF looks to increase teams in I-League, number of foreigners in squad to be reduced|date=1 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/aiff-invites-bids-for-new-clubs-to-join-hero-i-league-2023-24-season-onwards/|title=AIFF invites bids for new clubs to join Hero I-League 2023–24 season onwards | Hero I-League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=AIFF looks to increase teams in I-League, number of foreigners in the squad to be reduced |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-looks-to-increase-teams-in-i-league-number-of-foreigners-in-squad-to-be-reduced-8585723/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=I-League Foreigner Rule: AIFF League Committee reduces number of foreigners in I-League |url=https://www.insidesport.in/i-league-foreigner-rule-aiff-league-committee-reduces-number-of-foreigners-in-i-league-makes-five-u-22-players-mandatory-in-squad-check-out/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Inside Sport India |language=en-US}}</ref> Aizawl lost the opening match of their season to [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] on 29 January 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prodigal Mohammedan Sporting do enough to take home three points {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/prodigal-mohammedan-sporting-do-enough-to-take-home-three-points |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=i-league.org |date=29 October 2023}}</ref> Their last two games of the season, to be played at home, were cancelled after their opponents [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] and [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]] refused to travel to [[Aizawl]] citing security concerns.<ref>{{cite news |title=AIFF cancels games as Manipur teams refuse to travel to Aizawl |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-cancels-games-as-manipur-teams-refuse-to-travel-to-aizawl/articleshow/109204944.cms |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=11 April 2024}}</ref>

== Managerial changes ==
On 2 September 2023, the club appointed [[Erol Akbay]] as its head coach for the season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2023 |title=Aizawl Football Club is delighted to welcome Erol Akbay as our new Head Coach |url=https://twitter.com/AizawlFC/status/1697958487375159781 |access-date=3 September 2023 |website= |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> Although they have seen their head coach Erol Akbay leave after the first match against Mohammedan SC by mutual agreement.<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/106030698</ref> A day later, B. Malsawmzuala was appointed as interim head coach. On 23 January 2024, the club appointed [[Stojkoski Bobi]] as head coach for rest of the season.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/AizawlFC/status/1749729398826360865?t=pphpdEwHkVYxbgD2NwNdRQ&s=19|title=Say hello to The People’s Club new Head Coach - Stojkoski Bobi|date=23 January 2024|publisher=@AizawlFC on [[Twitter]] |access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref>

==Technical staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|MKD}} Stojkoski Bobi
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Malsawmzuala Sailo
|-
| Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} F. Lalrinmawia
|}

==Squad information==
=== First-team players ===
{{updated|1 June 2024}}
{{Fs start}}

{{Fs player|other=|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Vanlalhriatpuia}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Supriyo Ghosh}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Lalmuanawma}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=5|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Gustavo (footballer, born 1988)|Gustavo]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=KC Larchhuakmawia}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Lalthanmawia Renthlei]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Lalthankhuma}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[R Ramdinthara|Tharpuia]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[K Lalrinfela]]}}
{{Fs player|other=[[Captain (association football)|Captain]]|no=13|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Lalchhawnkima]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Joe Zoherliana]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=16|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Lalfemkima}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Lalramsanga}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=18|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=19|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=H Lalrempuia}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=20|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Nora Fernandes]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=21|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[K Lalhmangaihkima]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=27|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Joseph Lalvenhima]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=28|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Gurmeet Singh}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=29|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Augustine Lalrochana}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Sheikh Sahil]]|other=on loan from [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=32|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Lalbiakdika}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=SRB|pos=DF|name=[[Ivan Marić (footballer, born 1994)|Ivan Marić]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=36|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Rohmingthanga}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=37|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Aditya Saha}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=39|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Joel B Lalramchhana}}
{{Fs player|no=42|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Laldanmawia|other=on loan from [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]}}
{{Fs player|no=44|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Lalhrezuala Sailung]]|other=on loan from [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=46|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Subhanil Ghosh}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=88|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Bawlte Rohmingthanga]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=|nat=POL|pos=MF|name=[[Rafał Zaborowski]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=HK Lalhruaitluanga}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Zomuansanga}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Jessy Vanlalmuana}}
{{Fs end}}

== Extended contracts==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|11 May 2023
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vanlalhriatpuia]]
|
|-
|11 September 2023
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalchhawnkima]]
|
|-
|}

==Transfers==

===In===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Previous club
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chhinga Veng FC|Chhinga Veng]]
|13 June 2023
|
|-
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Joel B Lalramchhana]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Venghunai FC]]
|14 July 2023
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalbiakdika]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bethlehem FC]]
|16 July 2023
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Zomuansanga]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin B]]
|26 July 2023
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalfamkima]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Minerva Academy
|26 July 2023
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Joe Zoherliana]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Northeast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|31 August 2023
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Supriyo Ghosh
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
|01 September 2023
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aditya Saha
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
|01 September 2023
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Prosenjit Chakraborty
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
|01 September 2023
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Subhanil Ghosh
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Diamond Rock FC]]
|01 September 2023
|
|-
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} Fredsan Marshall
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[ARA FC]]
|01 September 2023
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Ivan Marić (footballer, born 1994)|Ivan Maric]]
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Satdobato Youth Club]]
|02 September 2023
|
|-
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bawlte Rohmingthanga]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[United SC]]
|03 September 2023
|
|-
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nora Fernandes]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|04 September 2023
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalthankhuma]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|17 September 2023
|
|-
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Joseph Lalvenhima]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin B]]
|20 September 2023
|
|-
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishal Joon]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|30 September 2023
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gustavo (footballer, born 1988)|Gustavo]]
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Chanthaburi F.C.|Chanthaburi]]
|30 September 2023
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Rafał Zaborowski]]
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[LKS Goczałkowice-Zdrój]]
|22 October 2023
|
|-
|FW
|{{flagicon|IRN}} Amir Memari
|{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Persipa Pati]]
|15 January 2024
|
|-
|}

===Loans in===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
|-
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; " |Date
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; " |Pos
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; " |Nationality
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; " |Player
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; " |Loaned from
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; " |Until
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; " |Ref
|-
| 27 July 2023
| style="text-align:center;"|DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Lalhrezuala Sailung]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| 31 May 2024
|
|-
| 30 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"|DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Laldanmawia
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad B]]
| 31 May 2024
|
|-
| 04 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"|MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Sheikh Sahil]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| 31 May 2024
|
|-
|}

===Out===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!scope="col"|Date
!No.
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|To
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|01 June 2023
|
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalchhawnkima]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|
|-
|09 June 2023
|28
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeremy Laldinpuia]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|
|-
|15 June 2023
|
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Zodingliana Ralte]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|
|-
|17 June 2023
|19
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[David Lalhlansanga]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|<ref>https://twitter.com/MohammedanSC/status/1676511434795253761 We are delighted to announce the signing of young and promising forward, 𝐃𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐝 𝐋𝐚𝐥𝐡𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐚. We hope an exciting journey together!</ref>
|-
|21 June 2023
|33
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vikram Lahkbir Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/vikram-singh-goalkeeper-joins-bengaluru-fc-aizawl-fc-i-league-isl-transfer-news/article66993186.ece | title=ISL Transfer: Bengaluru FC signs goalkeeper Vikram Singh |date=21 June 2023 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=24 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|30 June 2023
|99
|FW
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Matías Verón]]
|{{flagicon|NIC}} [[Matagalpa FC]]
|
|-
|01 July 2023
|
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Melory Laldinsanga
|{{flagicon|IND}} Project Veng FC
|
|-
|02 July 2023
|
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalbiakzuala]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/RajasthanUnited/status/1675522182632603649 |title=Thrilled to announce that B-Tea will stay with us till 2025 |date=2 July 2023 |publisher=@RajasthanUnited |access-date=2 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|02 July 2023
|
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Zothanpuia]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/RajasthanUnited/status/1676994758496104448 |title=Elated to announce that Zothanpuia will stay with us till 2026 |date=6 July 2023 |publisher=@RajasthanUnited |access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|26 July 2023
|
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} K Lalrosanga
|{{flagicon|IND}} Chawnpui FC
|
|-
|31 July 2023
|16
|DF
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akito Saito]]
|{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Kaya F.C.|Kaya–Iloilo]]
|
|-
|31 July 2023
|35
|DF
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Eisuke Mohri]]
|{{flagicon|MDV}} [[Club Eagles]]
|
|-
|30 September 2023
|5
|DF
|{{flagicon|NGA}} Emmanuel Makinde
|
|
|-
|30 September 2023
|8
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Joseph Vanlalalhruaia
|Free Agent
|
|-
|30 September 2023
|8
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Imanuel Lalthazuala]]
|Free Agent
|
|-
|30 September 2023
|24
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalchhanhima Sailo (footballer)|Lalchhanhima Sailo]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|
|-
|30 September 2023
|26
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} K Lalmalsawma
|Free Agent
|
|-
|30 September 2023
|32
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} Lalmuansanga
|Free Agent
|
|-
|30 September 2023
|47
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} Dawngliana
|Free Agent
|
|-
|30 September 2023
|50
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} Thasiama
|Free Agent
|
|-
|30 September 2023
|77
|FW
|{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Ivan Veras]]
|Free Agent
|
|-
|1 December 2023
|
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vishal Joon
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
|
|-
|19 January 2024
|
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Prosenjit Chakraborty
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC]]
|-
|18 April 2024
|7
|FW
|{{flagicon|IRN}} Amir Memari
|{{flagicon|AFG}} [[Attack Energy SC]]
|
|-
|31 May 2024
|9
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} Fredsan Marshall
|Ambelim Sports Club
|<ref>https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/124042?type=club</ref>
|}

==Competitions==
===Overview===
{{Fb overview2
|c=1
|c1=[[2023-24 I-League|I League]] |fm1=29 October 2023 |lm1=5 April 2024 |sr1= |fp1=9th |w1=6 |l1=9|d1=9|f1=36 |a1=35
|u=
}}

===I-League===
{{Main|2023–24 I-League}}

==== League table ====
{{:2023–24 I-League|showteam=AIZ}}

==== Matches ====
'''Note''': I-League announced the fixtures for the 2023–24 season on 6 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=AIFF announces fixtures for I-League, IWL {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/aiff-announces-fixtures-for-i-league-iwl |publisher=i-league.org}}</ref>

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2023|10|29|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21854 Report]
| team2 = Aizawl
| goals1 = *[[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]] {{goal|7}}
*[[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Alexis Gómez]] {{goal|28}}
| goals2 = [[K. Lalrinfela]] {{goal|12}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = L
| motm = [[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Alexis Gómez]]
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|7|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21864 Report]
| team2 = Aizawl
| goals1 = [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1995)|Pawan Kumar]] {{goal|90+8}}
| goals2 = * [[R Ramdinthara|Tharpuia]] {{goal|26}}
* [[Bawlte Rohmingthanga]] {{goal|90+1}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 900
| result = W
| motm = [[R. Ramdinthara]] (Aizawl)
| referee = Mrutyunjay L. Amatya
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|14|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| score = 1–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21874 Report]
| team2 = Aizawl
| goals1 = Tarak Hembram {{goal|33}}
| goals2 = Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia {{goal|62||81||90+6}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia (Aizawl)
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|17|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Aizawl
| score = 1–5
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21875 Report]
| team2 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| goals1 = R. Lalthanmawia {{goal|46}}
| goals2 = *[[Gaurav Rawat]] {{goal|14||23}}
*[[Aroldinho]] {{goal|61}}
*[[Sérgio Barboza]] {{goal|76}}
*Alaaeldin Nasr {{goal|86}}
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = L
| motm = [[Gaurav Rawat]]
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|21|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Aizawl
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21882 Report]
| team2 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| goals1 = * Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia {{goal|42}}
*[[K. Lalrinfela]] {{goal|63}}
*R. Lalthanmawia {{goal|90+5}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|28|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21892 Report]
| team2 = Aizawl
| goals1 = * Seigoulun Khongsai {{goal|23}}
* Richardson Denzell {{goal|31}}
| goals2 = Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia {{goal|26||68}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance =
| result = D
| motm = Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 8
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|2|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21895 Report]
| team2 = Aizawl
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance =
| result = D
| motm = [[Nora Fernandes]](Aizawl)
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 9
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|07|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| score = 1–5
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21903 Report]
| team2 = Aizawl
| goals1 = Soraisam Robinson {{goal|13}}
| goals2 = * Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia {{goal|16|P||23}}
* [[Gerard Williams (footballer)|Gerard Williams]] {{goal|51|OG}}
* [[Joe Zoherliana]] {{goal|53||57}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = [[Joe Zoherliana]] (Aizawl)
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 10
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|10|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| score = 0–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21906 Report]
| team2 = Aizawl
| goals1 =
| goals2 = * Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia {{goal|5}}
* [[R. Ramdinthara]] {{goal|17}}
* [[Joe Zoherliana]] {{goal|57}}
| location = [[Shillong]]
| stadium = SSA Stadium
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm =
| referee = Ashish Tiwari
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 11
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|16|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Aizawl
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21914 Report]
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 = Lalbiakdika {{goal|31}}
| goals2 = [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] {{goal|45+4}}
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = D
| motm = [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] (Gokulam Kerala)
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 12
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|21|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Aizawl
| score = 1–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21918
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| goals1 = Mohammed Asif {{goal|43}}
| goals2 = [[K Lalhmangaihkima|Lalhmangaihkima]] {{goal|88}}
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance = 3,485
| result = D
| motm = [[Nora Fernandes]] (Aizawl)
| referee = Mithun Kumar Kundu
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 13
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|10|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Aizawl
| score = 0–0
| report =
| team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = D
| motm =
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 14
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|15|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| score = 1–0
| report = https://i-league.org/barbozas-late-winner-helps-delhi-fc-edge-past-aizawl-fc
| team2 = Aizawl
| goals1 = [[Sérgio Barboza]] {{goal|90+3}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Bhaini Ala]]
| stadium = Namdhari Stadium
| attendance = 150
| result = L
| motm = [[Sérgio Barboza]] (Delhi)
| referee = Jehrul Islam
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 15
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|19|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Aizawl
| score = 1–5
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26855 Report]
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| goals1 = [[Joe Zoherliana]] {{goal|49}}
| goals2 = * [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] {{goal|28}}
* [[Eli Sabiá]] {{goal|66}}
* [[Ibrahim Sissoko (footballer, born 1991)|Ibrahim Sissoko]] {{goal|83||90+6}}
* [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]] {{goal|90}}
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,000
| result = L
| motm = [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = Joyshing Monsang Thumily
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 16
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|23|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Aizawl
| score = 0–0
| report = https://i-league.org/aizawl-and-rajasthan-united-split-points-in-goalless-draw
| team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,462
| result = D
| motm = Lal Biakzuala (Rajasthan United)
| referee = Dipu Roy
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 17
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|28|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Aizawl
| score = 0–1
| report = https://i-league.org/real-kashmir-victorious-in-aizawl
| team2 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Henry Kisekka]] {{goal|15}}
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,246
| result = L
| motm = [[Henry Kisekka]] (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Lalit Singh Rawat
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 19
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|09|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Aizawl
| score = 1–2
| report = https://thesportsroom.in/2024/03/10/i-league-damaitphangs-late-strike-nets-3-points-for-shillong-lajong
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 = Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia {{goal|81|P}}
| goals2 = * [[Phrangki Buam]] {{goal|27}}
* [[Damaitphang Lyngdoh]] {{goal|90+4}}
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance = 2,056
| result = L
| motm = [[Phrangki Buam]] (Shillong Lajong)
| referee = Surojit Das
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 20
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|14|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| score = 4–3
| report = https://i-league.org/gokulam-kerala-snatch-three-points-from-aizawl-in-kozhikode-cliffhanger
| team2 = Aizawl
| goals1 =
* [[Matija Babović]] {{goal|29||64}}
* [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]] {{goal|43}}
* Pitu Viera {{goal|70}}
| goals2 =
* Lalbiakdika {{goal|20}}
* Akhil P. {{goal|45|o.g.}}
* Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia {{goal|84}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,540
| result = L
| motm = [[Matija Babović]] (Gokulam Kerala)
| referee = K. Ramdasan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 21
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|18|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| score = 5–4
| report = https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-beat-aizawl-to-register-third-consecutive-win
| team2 = Aizawl
| goals1 =
* [[Edmund Lalrindika]] {{goal|3}}
* [[Gyamar Nikum]] {{goal|14}}
* Jordan Garrido {{goal|33}}
* [[Mario Barco]] {{goal|86||89}}
| goals2 =
* [[Sumeet Passi]] {{goal|29|o.g.}}
* Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia {{goal|44||61}}
* Lalbiakdika Vanlalvunga {{goal|83}}
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| attendance = 325
| result = L
| motm = [[Mario Barco]] (Inter Kashi)
| referee = Ajay Krishnan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|27|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Aizawl
| score = 4–0
| report = https://i-league.org/aizawl-blank-churchill-confirm-traus-relegation
| team2 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| goals1 =
* [[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia|Lalbiaknia]] {{goal|29||88}}
* [[Lalthankhuma]] {{goal|73||86}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance = 300
| result = W
| motm = [[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia]] (Aizawl)
| referee = Jehrul Islam
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 22
| date = {{Start date|2024|4|1|df=y}}
| time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://i-league.org/namdhari-fc-hold-aizawl-fc-after-late-equaliser
| team2 = Aizawl
| goals1 = [[Iván Garrido (footballer, born 1994)|Garrido]] {{goal|85}}
| goals2 = [[R. Ramdinthara|Ramdinthara]] {{goal|40}}
| location = [[Bhaini Ala]]
| stadium = Namdhari stadium
| attendance = 400
| result = D
| motm = [[Peter Haokip]] (Namdhari)
| referee = Suresh Devaraj
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 23
| date = {{Start date|2024|4|5|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| score = 2–0
| report = https://i-league.org/churchill-brothers-score-two-past-aizawl-fc
| team2 = Aizawl
| goals1 =
* [[Ogana Louis|Louis]] {{goal|7}}
* [[Lalmuanawma]] {{goal|90|o.g.}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 275
| result = L
| motm = Ogana Louis (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = Mrutyunjay L. Amatya
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 18
| date = {{Start date|2024|04|09|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Aizawl
| score = Cancelled
| report =
| team2 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm =
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 24
| date = {{Start date|2024|04|12|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Aizawl
| score = Cancelled
| report =
| team2 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm =
| referee =
}}

==Statistics==

===Goal scorers===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Rank
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Pos.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Nat.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|I League
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Super Cup
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1
| 18
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia]]
| |15||0||'''15'''
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2
| 14
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Joe Zoherliana]]
| |4||0||'''4'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| 3
| 7
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[R Lalthanmawia]]
| |2||0||'''2'''
|-
| 9
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[R Ramdinthara|Tharpuia]]
| |2||0||'''2'''
|-
| 10
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[K Lalrinfela]]
| |2||0||'''2'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| 6
| 21
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[K Lalhmangaihkima]]
| |1||0||'''1'''
|-
| 32
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Lalbiakdika
| |1||0||'''1'''
|-
| 88
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Bawlte Rohmingthanga]]
| |1||0||'''1'''
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
|colspan="5"| Own Goals ||1||0||'''0'''
|- class="sortbottom"
|colspan="5"| '''Total'''||'''24'''||'''0'''||'''24'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Aizawl FC}}
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2021-22 Aizawl FC Season}}
[[Category:Aizawl FC seasons]]

Neerja Madhav

2025-08-20T22:23:39Z

OrenCombs50836: creating

{{Short description|Indian author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
[[File:Neerja Madhav receives Nari Shakti Puraskar.jpg|thumb|Neerja Madhav receives [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]|alt=Woman is handed award by Indian President]]

'''Neerja Madhav''' is an Indian author from [[Uttar Pradesh]], writing in [[Hindi]]. Madhav received 2021 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]].

== Career ==

Madhav lives in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and writes in [[Hindi]].<ref name="GK">{{cite news |title=President confers Nari Shakti Puraskars on 29 women |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/front-page/president-confers-nari-shakti-puraskars-on-29-women |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Greater Kashmir |date=8 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Her books include ''Yamdeep'' (2002), ''Geshe Jumpa'' (2006) and ''Diary of 5-Avarna Female Constable'' (2010).<ref name="Tatsat">{{cite news |last1=Kainthola |first1=Deepanshu |title=President Presents Nari Shakti Puraskar for the Years 2020, 2021 |url=https://tatsatchronicle.com/president-presents-nari-shakti-puraskar-for-the-years-2020-2021/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Tatsat Chronicle Magazine |date=8 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The novel ''Yamdeep'' is concerned with the [[Third_gender#Indic_culture|third gender]] and led Madhav to campaign for third gender rights.<ref name="TIP" /> The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] eventually recognized the human rights of the third gender in 2014.<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news |last1=McCoy |first1=Terence |title=India now recognizes transgender citizens as 'third gender' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/15/india-now-recognizes-transgender-citizens-as-third-gender/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=15 April 2014}}</ref> ''Geshe Jumpa'' is about [[Tibetan refugees in India]] and is taught on the syllabus of the [[Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies]] in [[Varanasi]].<ref name="TIP">{{cite news |title=International Womens Day 2022: President presented Nari Shakti Puraskar to noted writer Neerja Madhav of Varanasi |url=https://www.theindiaprint.com/up-news-english/international-womens-day-2022-president-presented-nari-shakti-puraskar-to-noted-writer-neerja-madhav-of-varanasi-198182 |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=The India Print |date=8 March 2022 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Madhav was awarded the 2021 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] in 2022 on [[International Women's Day]] by President [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref name="Drishti">{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh's Aarti Rana and Neerja Madhav Honored with 'Nari Shakti Puraskar' |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/uttar-pradeshs-aarti-rana-and-neerja-madhav-honored-with-nari-shakti-puraskar |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Drishti IAS |date=9 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhav, Neerja}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

J. N. Bhatt

2025-08-02T10:03:52Z

OrenCombs50836:

{{Short description|Indian judge and lawyer (1945–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
'''J.N. Bhatt''' (16 October 1945 – 16 April 2022)<ref>[https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/former-judge-of-patna-gujarat-hcs-justice-j-n-bhatt-passes-away-196785 Former Judge Of Patna, Gujarat HCs Justice J. N. Bhatt Passes Away]</ref> was an Indian judge who served as Chief Justice of the [[Patna High Court]].

==Career==
Bhatt was enrolled as an Advocate on 1 August 1968 and worked as Government Pleader at [[Jamnagar]] since 1976. He also served as Special Prosecutor and Legal Advisor of Municipal Corporations, Nationalized Banks and in various matters of Armed Forces, Civil, Constitutional and Labour Cases. Bhatt acquired M.Com. [[LL.M]]. degree with Gold Medal and Ph.D. in Law. In 1977 he passed Judicial service and became the youngest District Judge of the state. He served as Registrar of [[Gujarat High Court]] and was appointed Law Secretary and Remembrancer of the [[Gujarat state government|Gujarat State Government]]. On 21 August 1990 he became the Judge of the Gujarat High Court. Bhatt represented [[Government of India]] to the International Law Association Conference, at [[Warsaw]]. He became President of the Gujarat State Judicial Academy in May 2002. Bhatt became the Chief Justice of [[Patna High Court]] on 18 July 2005<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://patnahighcourt.gov.in/Judges_RET_CJ.aspx|title=LIST OF RETIRED CHIEF JUSTICE|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gujarathighcourt.nic.in/cjjfull?jid=587|title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice J. N. Bhatt|website=gujarathighcourt.nic.in|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> and the First Chancellor of [[Chanakya National Law University]]. After his retirement on 16 October 2007, Justice Bhatt was appointed Chairman, Law Commission of [[Gujarat]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gujarat-state-law-commission-headless-since-2011-113010800098_1.html|title=Gujarat State Law Commission headless since 2011|agency=Press Trust of India|date=29 January 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/headlines/gujarat-state-law-commission-headless-since-2011/134100|title=Gujarat State Law Commission headless since 2011|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> and Chairperson, [[Gujarat State Human Rights Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://paruluniversity.ac.in/nceli2017/JN-Bhatt.html|title=KEY SPEAKERS|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, J.N.}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Patna High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Gujarat High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Bina Thermal Power Plant

2025-06-09T11:05:57Z

OrenCombs50836:

'''Bina Thermal Power Plant''' is a coal based thermal power project located at [[Bina Etawa]] in [[Sagar district]] in Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The power plant is one of the [[coal]] based power plants of [[Jaypee Group]]. Current talks of this power plant being sold to Jindal owned JSW Energy are under progress.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/zHGBfmSITE30sJPhFDe9iL/Jaiprakash-Power-to-consider-transfer-of-Bina-power-asset-to.html|title=Jaiprakash Power approves sale of Bina power plant to JSW Energy|last=Pillay|first=Amritha|date=2016-07-18|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref>

==Capacity==
Its installed capacity is 500 MW (2x250 MW).

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Unit Number !! Capacity ([[Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning !! Status
|-
| 1 || 250 || 2012 August || Running.
|-
| 2 || 250 || 2013 April || Running.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jalindia.com/thermalpower-bina.htm |title=Jaypee Group &#124; Businesses-Power |accessdate=2014-04-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414170107/http://www.jalindia.com/thermalpower-bina.htm |archivedate=2014-04-14 }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|Energy}}
{{Power Plants of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|24.317|78.128|display=title}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sagar district]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation

2025-05-10T13:35:08Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation
| image = Mssrf logo.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| abbreviation = MSSRF
| formation = 1988
| founder = [[M. S. Swaminathan]]
| type = Nonprofit NGO trust
| status = Active
| headquarters = [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| region_served = India
| fields = Sustainable development, science and technology for rural development, environmental stability
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Dr. M. S. Swaminathan
| main_organ = Board of Trustees
| website = [https://www.mssrf.org www.mssrf.org]
| awards = Blue Planet Prize (1996)
}}
The '''M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation''' (MSSRF) is a [[Nonprofit organization|nonprofit]] [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] [[Trust law|trust]] based in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It develops and promotes strategies for economic growth that directly target increased employment of poor women in rural areas. Their methods maximize the use of science and technology for equitable and sustainable social development and environmental stability. The MSSRF logo signifies continuity and change, invoking the DNA model of open-ended, many-sided, and continuous evolution.

==History==
MSSRF was founded in 1988 by [[M. S. Swaminathan|Dr. M. S. Swaminathan]], who is chairman of the foundation. In 1970, [[C.V. Raman]], the Nobel Prize-winning physicist, urged Swaminathan to start an autonomous research centre to realize his goals of [[sustainable development]], which he now terms the "Evergreen Revolution". In 1988, after receiving the [[World Food Prize]], Swaminathan used the US$200,000 prize to start the MSSRF. Swaminathan also currently holds the [[UNESCO]] Chair in [[Ecotechnology]] and is chairman of the [[National Commission on Agriculture]], Food and Nutrition Security of India.<ref>[http://www.mssrf.org/about_us/about_us.htm M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, about us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204183253/http://www.mssrf.org/about_us/about_us.htm |date=2007-02-04 }}</ref> The foundation was awarded the [[Blue Planet Prize]] in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Laureates 1996 {{!}} Blue Planet Prize|url=https://www.af-info.or.jp/en/blueplanet/list-1996.html|access-date=2021-12-02|website=The Asahi Glass Foundation|language=en}}</ref>

==Regional Centres & Field Sites==

1.'''CAC''' (Community Agrobiodiversity Centre), [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Kerala]].

2.'''BPTBC''' (Biju Patnaik Tribal Biodiversity Centre), [[Jeypore]], [[Odisha]].

3.'''FFARTC''' (Fish For All Research and Training Centre), [[Puhar, Mayiladuthurai|Poompuhar]], [[Tamil Nadu]].

4.'''Biocentre''' [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].

5.'''EGBC''' (Eastern Ghats Biodiversity Centre), [[Namakkal]], [[Tamil Nadu]].

6.'''CSR''' (Coastal Systems Research), [[Machilipatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==Programs==
MSSRF operates in five major program areas — [[Coast#Environmental importance|Coastal Systems]] [[Research]], [[Biodiversity]] and [[Biotechnology]], [[Ecotechnology]] and [[Food security]], [[Gender#Gender and development|Gender and development]], and [[Informatics (academic field)|Informatics]].<ref>Gopalkrishnan Gita (2000), M.S. Swaminathan - "''One Man’s Quest for a Hunger-Free World''", Education Development Center, Inc {{cite web |url=http://www.yesweb.org/docs/mss_bio.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-03-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317214600/http://www.yesweb.org/docs/mss_bio.pdf |archivedate=2007-03-17 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
* [[Van Vigyan Kendra|Van Vigyan Kendra (VVK)]] Forest Science Centres

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.openpr.com/news/28733/Prof-MS-Swaminathan-s-Inspiring-Talk-on-Biotechnology-and-Food-Security-at-BITS-Pilani-Rajasthan.html Prof MS Swaminathan's Inspiring Talk on Biotechnology and Food Security at BITS Pilani Rajasthan]
*[http://www.prleap.com/pr/94807/ Green Revolution Champion Prof MS Swaminathan at BITS Pilani]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Environmental organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Chennai]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Madras]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1998]]

Daṇḍaka

2025-05-05T06:04:45Z

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{{short description|Ancient people in the Deccan}}
{{for|the kingdom in the Ramayana and Mahabharata|Dandaka Kingdom}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{one source|date=June 2022}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction =vertical
| total_width=250
| image1 = Early Vedic Culture (1700-1100 BCE).png
| caption1 = Location of the Yadu tribe from which the Daṇḍakas were descended among the Vedic tribes
| image2 = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| caption2 = Location of the Daṇḍakas during the post-Vedic period
| footer=
}}
'''Daṇḍaka''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{Transliteration|sa|Daṇḍaka }}) was an ancient [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[tribe]] of south-central [[South Asia]] whose existence is attested during the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=89-92}}

==Location==
The capital of Daṇḍaka was named Kumbhavatī, or Madhumanta, or Govardhana, and corresponds to the modern-day [[Nashik|Nāśik]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=89-92}}

==History==
The Daṇḍakas and their ruling clan, the [[Bhoja (clan)|Bhojas]], were descended from the Ṛgvedic [[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes#Vedic Tribes|Yadu]] tribe.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=89-87}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=90-91}}

According to the [[Arthashastra|{{Transliteration|sa|Arthaśāstra}}]] of [[Chanakya|Kauṭilya]], a king of Daṇḍaka died along with his relatives and his kingdom after attempting to rape a [[Brahmin|{{Transliteration|sa|brāhmaṇa}}]] girl.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=90-91}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daṇḍaka}}
[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]

Rahim Uddin Bharosha

2025-02-28T16:41:10Z

OrenCombs50836: minor update

{{Short description|Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician (1934–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rahim Uddin Bharosha
| office = Member of the Bangladesh Parliament from the extinct Rangpur-10 (now [[Rangpur-4]]) seat
| term_start = 1979
| term_end = 1982
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = 1934
| birth_place = [[Rangpur District]]
| death_date = 11 March 2020
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| native_name = রহিম উদ্দিন ভরসা
| native_name_lang = bn
| relations = [[Karim Uddin Bharsha]] (brother)
| children = 3 sons and 2 daughters
}}
'''Rahim Uddin Bharosha''' (1934-2020) was a Bangladeshi entrepreneur, [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician, and a member of parliament for the extinct Rangpur-10 seat (now [[Rangpur-4]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/2nd.pdf|script-title=bn:২য় জাতীয় সংসদে নির্বাচিত মাননীয় সংসদ-সদস্যদের নামের তালিকা|website=Bangladesh Parliament|language=bn|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904090815/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/2nd.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2018|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

== Birth and early life ==
Rahim Uddin was born to Moner Uddin Paiker and Mosammat Nabijan Nesa in [[Rangpur District]] in 1934.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://peoplesinsurancebd.com/rahim-uddin-bharosha-director/|title=Rahim Uddin Bharosha Director|website=Peoples Insurance Company Limited|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.priyo.com/people/md-rahim-uddin-bharosha-20180331134901|script-title=bn:মো. রহিম উদ্দিন ভরসা|work=Priyo.com|language=bn|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bharosha was elected to parliament from Rangpur-4 as a Jatiya Party candidate in 1979.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
Rahim Uddin Bharosha died on 11 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ekushey-tv.com/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87/44198|script-title=bn:রহিম উদ্দিন ভরসা আর নেই|work=Ekushey TV|language=bn|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[1979 Bangladeshi general election]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharosha, Rahim Uddin}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Rangpur District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rangpur Division]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:2nd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi businesspeople]]

Nagaram, Suryapet district

2025-02-27T23:51:52Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
|
| coordinates = {{coord|17|12|0|N|79|35|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| population_total = 2534<ref>[http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/576645-nagaram-andhra-pradesh.html Nagaram 2011]</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 508279
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08683
| registration_plate = TS 29
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nagaram''' is a village in [[Suryapet district]] of Telangana, India. It is located in [[Nagaram mandal]] of [[Suryapet revenue division]].<ref name="district">{{cite web|title=Suryapet district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130644554246.Suryapet.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|accessdate=11 October 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011225153/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130644554246.Suryapet.pdf|archivedate=11 October 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Suryapet district]]
[[Category:Villages in Suryapet district]]

{{Telangana-geo-stub}}

National Highway 343 (India)

2025-02-27T18:45:37Z

OrenCombs50836: refined details also and added references per standard format

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 343
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 343|text= Map of National Highway '''343''' in red}}
| map_custom = yes
| length_km = 190.6
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| terminus_a = [[Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh|Ambikapur]]
| terminus_b = [[Garhwa]]
| junction =
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 43
| next_route = 39
| states = [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 343''', commonly referred to as '''NH 343''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_276_2012_028.pdf|title=New highways notification dated February, 2012|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 43 (India)|National Highway 43]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref> NH-343 traverses the states of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Jharkhand]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137688|title=New National Highways in Chhattisgarh|website=Press Information Bureau - [[Government of India]]|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref>

== Route ==
;Chhattisgarh
[[Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh|Ambikapur]], Semarsot, [[Ramanujganj]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":122" />
;Jharkhand

Jagmohanpur, Ranka, Jargarh, Annraj Dam, [[Garhwa]], Brahmoriya Morh at [[Pandwa]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":122" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147618|title=Status of National highways in Jharkhand - July 2016|website=Press Information Bureau - [[Government Of India]]|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
* Terminal with [[National Highway 43 (India)|National Highway 43]] near Ambikapur.<ref name=":122" />
* Terminal with [[National Highway 39 (India)|National Highway 39]] near Brahmoriya.<ref name=":122" />
* Terminal with [[National Highway 139 (India)|National Highway 39]] near Pandwa.<ref name=":122" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11603786 NH 343 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH43 sr}}
{{National and State Highways in Jharkhand}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:National highways in Jharkhand]]

{{India-NH-stub}}