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Yusufzai

2026-05-31T16:35:54Z

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{{Short description|Pashtun tribe}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox tribe
| name = Yusufzai
| local name = ايسپزی
| type =
| image = A Eusofzye (adjusted).png
| alt =
| caption = Depiction of a Yusufzai warrior
| ethnicity = [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]]
| nisba =
| location = [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] ([[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]])
| varna =
| descended_label =
| descended =
| parent_tribe = [[Sarbani]]
| population =
| demonym =
| branches = [[Mandanr]], Iliaszai, Akozai, Mandan, Isazai, Malizai
| language = [[Pashto]]
| religion = [[file:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]
}}
'''Yusufzai'''{{efn|also known as '''Yousafzai''', most commonly as '''Esapzai''', and historically known as '''Yusafzai Afghans''' {{bulleted list|{{langx|ps|يوسفزی|Yusufzai}} {{IPA|ps|ju.suf.zäɪ, ʔe.säp.zäɪ|}}}}}} is one of the largest, most important and powerful tribes of the [[Pashtuns]].<ref>P.D. Bonarjee. (1899). [https://archive.org/details/ahandbookfighti00bonagoog/page/n47/mode/1up A Handbook of The Fighting Races of India] p.23-24.</ref> Military historian Colonel [[H. C. Wylly|Harold Carmichael Wylly]] offers a personal perspective on the Yousafzai tribe, stating: "The '''Yousafzai''' is an agriculturist, generally a fine, well-limbed man of a good physique and appearance with great deal of race-pride, well dressed and cheery, while his hospitality is proverbial".<ref>{{cite web |author= H.C. Wylly|authorlink=H.C. Wylly|title=From the Black Mountain to Waziristan | url =https://archive.org/details/fromblackmountai00wyll|location=London |publisher=Macmillan|page =56|year=1912}}</ref> They are natively based in the northern part of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] ([[Malakand District|Malakand]], [[Dir (region)|Dir]], [[Swat District|Swat]], [[Shangla District|Shangla]], [[Buner District|Buner]], [[Swabi District|Swabi]], [[Mardan District|Mardan]], [[Bajaur District|Bajaur]], [[Peshawar]], [[Torghar District|Tor Ghar]], to which they migrated from [[Kabul]] during the 16th century, but they are also present in parts of [[Afghanistan]], including [[Kunar Province|Kunar]], [[Kabul]], [[Kandahar]] and [[Farah Province|Farah]]. Outside of these countries, they can be found in [[Ghoriwala]], [[Bannu]] ([[Mughal Khel]]),<ref name="KhanRoshanKhan" /> [[Sibi]] ([[Akazai]]), [[Chagai, Pakistan|Chagai]] ([[Hassanzai]]) and [[Rohilkhand]]. Most Yusufzais speak a [[Northern Pashto|northern variety]] of [[Pashto]] and some [[Southern Pashto|southern variety]] of [[Pashto]], most prominent among the [[Bannu|Mughal Khel]] branch, as well as [[Urdu]] and [[Dari]] as second languages.<ref name="UND">{{Cite thesis |type=Master's thesis |last=Coyle|first=Dennis Walter|date=2014|title=Placing Wardak Among Pashto Varieties|url=https://commons.und.edu/theses/1635 |publisher=University of North Dakota}}</ref>

==Etymology==
According to some scholars, including philologist [[J.W. McCrindle]], the name ''Yūsəpzay'' or ''Īsəpzay'' is derived from the tribal names of ''Aspasioi'' and ''Assakenoi'' – the ancient inhabitants of the [[Kunar Province|Kunar Valley]] and the [[Swat Valley]] who offered resistance when [[Cophen campaign|Alexander invaded their land]] in 327–326 BCE. According to historian [[R.C. Majumdar]], the ''Assakenoi'' were either allied to or a branch of the larger ''Aspasioi'', and both of these ancient tribal names were probably derived from the word ''[[Aśvaka]]'', which literally means "horsemen", "horse breeders", or "[[cavalry]]men" (from ''[[aśva]]'' or ''aspa'', the [[Sanskrit]] and [[Avestan]] words for "horse").<ref>{{cite book |title=Ancient India |first=Ramesh Chandra |last=Majumdar |author-link=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |orig-year=1952 |isbn=978-8-12080-436-4 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA99}}</ref>

McCrindle said "The name of the ''Aśvaka'' indicates that their country was renowned in primitive times, as it is at the present day, for its superior [[horse breed|breed of horses]]. The fact that the Greeks translated their name into "Hippasioi" (from ''ἵππος'', a horse) shows that they must have been aware of its etymological signification."<ref name="mc">{{cite book |title=The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great: As Described by Arrian, Q. Curtius, Diodoros, Plutarch and Justin|author=John Watson McCrindle |publisher=A. Constable|year=1896 |location=University of Michigan |pages=333–334 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioE2AAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

The name of the ''Aśvakan'' or ''Assakan'' is also the origin of the ethnonym ''[[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghān]]'', which has been historically used for all Pashtuns.<ref>''"The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian... "'' (Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexander's Invasion of India, p 38; J.W. McCrindle).</ref><ref>''"Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana, an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses"'' (See: Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture abroad, p 124, Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan).</ref><ref>cf: ''"Their name (Afghan) means "cavalier" being derived from the [[Sanskrit]], ''Asva'', or ''Asvaka'', a horse, and shows that their country must have been noted in ancient times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses. Asvaka was an important tribe settled north to Kabul river, which offered a gallant resistance but ineffectual resistance to the arms of Alexander "''(Ref: Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1999, p 275, Royal Scottish Geographical Society).</ref><ref>''"Afghans are Assakani of the [[Greeks]]; this word being the [[Sanskrit]] [[Ashvaka]] meaning 'horsemen' " '' (Ref: Sva, 1915, p 113, Christopher Molesworth Birdwood).</ref><ref>Cf: ''"The name represents Sanskrit Asvaka in the sense of a ''cavalier'', and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]" '' (Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial [[Anglo-Indian]] words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological..by Henry Yule, AD Burnell).</ref>

==Mythical genealogy==

The 1595 Mughal account ''Ain-i-Akbari'' said there was a [[groups claiming affiliation with Israelites|tradition of Israelite descent]] among Pashtuns.<ref name="Nejatie"/>

==History==
===Peace treaty with Babur===
[[File:Babur, during his second Hindustan campaign, riding a raft from Kunar back to Atar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Babur]] crossing the [[Kunar River]] on a [[raft]], west of [[Bajaur]]]]
During the [[early modern period]], the Yusufzai tribe of Afghans was first explicitly mentioned in ''[[Baburnama]]'' by [[Babur]], a [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] ruler from [[Fergana Valley|Fergana]] (in present-day [[Uzbekistan]]) who captured [[Kabul]] in [[Siege of Kabul (1504)|1504]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Samrin | first = Farah | title = Yusufzais in Mughal History | year = 2006 | journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume = 67 | pages = 292–300 | jstor = 44147949 }}</ref> On 21 January 1519, two weeks after his [[Bajaur massacre]], Babur wrote: "On Friday we marched for Sawad ([[Swat District|Swat]]), with the intention of attacking the Yusufzai Afghans, and dismounted in between the water of [[Panjkora River|Panjkora]] and the united waters of Chandāwal (Jandul) and Bajaur. Shah Mansur Yusufzai had brought a few well-flavoured and quite [[alcohol intoxication|intoxicating]] [[confectionery|confections]]."<ref name="babur">{{cite book |last=Beveridge |first=Annette Susannah |author-link=Annette Beveridge |date=7 January 2014 |title=The Bābur-nāma in English, Memoirs of Bābur|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/44608/44608-h/44608-h.htm |publisher=Project Gutenberg}}</ref>

Due to the military and strategic strength of the Yousafzai, Babur needed security from their location in the hills that [[Graveyard of empires|threatened]] his empire and did not allow for a safe expansion to [[Indian subcontinent|India]]. As part of a treaty with Yusufzai Afghans to have family ties, Babur married [[Bibi Mubarika]], daughter of Yusufzai chief Shah Mansur on 30 January 1519 for mutual security after failing to subdue the tribe. Shah Mansur had favoured peace while the faction of [[Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai|Malik Ahmad Khan]] was against any forging of close ties.<ref>{{cite book|first=Radhey|last=Shyam|title=Babur|publisher=Janaki Prakashan|year=1978|pages=263}}</ref><ref>Arlinghaus, Joseph Theodore (1988) ''The Transformation of Afghan Tribal Society: Tribal Expansion, Mughal Imperialism and the Roshaniyya Insurrection, 1450-1600''</ref><ref>Elizabeth Moynihan ''[https://asia-archive.si.edu/essays/memoir-05/ V. A Passage to Kabul - An Unplanned Life: In Search of Mughal Gardens]'' National Museum of Asian Art</ref> Bibi Mubarika played an important role in the establishment of friendly relations of Yusufzai Pashtun chiefs with Babur, who later founded the [[Mughal Empire]] after defeating Pashtun Sultan [[Ibrahim Lodi]] at the [[First Battle of Panipat]] in 1526.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aftab |first1=Tahera |title=Inscribing South Asian Muslim women : an annotated bibliography & research guide |date=2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004158498 |edition=[Online-Ausg.]. |location=Leiden |page=46}}</ref> One of Mubarika's brothers, Mir Jamal Yusufzai, accompanied Babur to India in 1525 and later held high posts under Mughal Emperors [[Humayun]] and [[Akbar]]. Although suspicions existed on both sides and the Yusufzai had never paid taxes or tributes to Babur or any other [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor.<ref>{{cite book|first=Soma|last=Mukherjee|title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions|publisher=Gyan Books|year=2001|pages=118|isbn=978-8-121-20760-7}}</ref><ref>The News (2016) ''[https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/561719-forgotten-queen-babur The forgotten Queen of Babur]'' by Dr. Himayatullah Yaqubi</ref>

===Yusufzai Chieftaincy===
[[Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai]] conquered the land of Malakand division and Yusufzai remained the powerful and prominent tribe of Malakand Agency.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/38531-malik-ahmad-baba-yousafzais-lige-services-to-be-rembered | title=Malik Ahmad Baba Yousafzai's life, services to be rembered | date=4 May 2015 }}</ref> Major parts of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] remained under the Yusufzai Chieftaincy and major Yusufzai chiefs are the following.
* [[Malik|Malak]] [[Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai|Ahmad Khan Yusufzai]] (Reign; 1520 - 1535).
* [[Gaju Khan|Malak Gaju Khan Yusufzai]] (Reign; 1535 - 1553)
* Malak Misri Khan Ali Asghar Yusufzai (Reign; 1553 - 1580)
* Malak Ghazi Khan Yusufzai (Reign; 1580 - 1585)
* [[Kalu Khan Yousafzai|Malak Kalu Khan Yousafzai]] (Reign; 1585 - 1626).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOFtAAAAMAAJ | title=History of the Pathans: The Sarabani Pathans | last1=Rashid | first1=Haroon | date=2002 }}</ref>
* Malak Bhaku Khan Yusufzai (Reign; 1626 - 1675).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9otAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhaku+Khan | title=Muslim Rule in India & Pakistan, 711-1858 A.C.: A Political and Cultural History | last1=Ikram | first1=Sheikh Mohamad | date=1966 }}</ref>

After 1675, the Yusufzai Chieftaincy was divided into 32 areas which was remained under each Yusufzai tribal Mashar (Leader).

In 1586, [[Akbar|Akbar the Great]] tried to invade [[Malakand Agency|Malakand]] in the [[Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)]] but failed and it become the greatest disaster to Mughal empire in the era of Akbar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/a-short-history-of-the-mughal-empire | title=''A Short History of the Mughal Empire'' | date=2016 }}</ref>

===Skirmishes with Mughal forces===
During the 1580s, many Yusufzais and [[Mandanr|Mandanrs]] rebelled against the Mughals and joined the [[Roshani movement]] of [[Pir Roshan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 19– Imperial Gazetteer of India|publisher=Digital South Asia Library|page=152|access-date=22 April 2015|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205202857/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif|url-status=dead}}</ref> In late 1585, Moghul emperor [[Akbar]] sent military forces under [[Zain Khan Koka]] and [[Birbal]] to crush the rebellion. In February 1586, about 8,000 Mughal soldiers, including Birbal, [[Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)|were killed]] near the [[Karakar Pass]] between [[Swat District|Swat]] and [[Buner]] by the Yusufzai lashkar led by [[Kalu Khan Yousafzai|Kalu Khan]]. This was the greatest disaster faced by the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Army]] during Akbar's reign.<ref>{{cite book |first=John F. |last=Richards |author-link=John F. Richards |series=The New Cambridge History of India |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |pages=50–51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA50|isbn=9780521566032 }}</ref>

In 1630, under the leadership of [[Pir Roshan]]'s great-grandson, Abdul Qadir, thousands of Pashtuns from the Yusufzai, Mandanrs, [[Kheshgi]], [[Mohmand (tribe)|Mohmand]], [[Afridi]], [[Bangash]], and other tribes launched an attack on the Mughal Army in [[Peshawar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Misdaq |first=Nabi |date=2006 |title=Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHmTAgAAQBAJ |isbn=1135990174|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> In 1667, the Yusufzai again revolted against the Mughals, with one of their chiefs in Swat proclaiming himself the king. Muhammad Amin Khan brought a 9,000 strong Mughal Army from [[Delhi]] to suppress the revolt.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&q=yusufzai&pg=PA50 |title = The Mughal Empire|isbn = 9780521566032|last1 = Richards|first1 = John F.|year = 1995| publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> Although the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] was able to conquer the southern Yusufzai plains within the northern [[Kabul River|Kabul valley]], he failed to wrest Swat and the adjoining valleys from the control of the Yusufzai.<ref name="gommans"/>

===Durrani period===
[[File:Patthargarh fort outside Najibabad, 1814-15.jpg|250px|right|thumb|''Patthargarh fort'' outside [[Najibabad]], which was founded by [[Najib ad-Dawlah]] Yusufzai in [[Rohilkhand]], [[Indian subcontinent|India]]]]
[[File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-Daula]] and [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], marching on the left of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], who is riding a brown horse, during the [[Third Battle of Panipat]], which was the largest number of fatalities in a single day reported in a classic formation battle between two armies]]
[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] (1747–1772), the founder of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]], categorized all [[Pashtun tribes|Afghan tribes]] into four ''ulūs'' (tribal confederacies) for administrative purposes: [[Durrani]], [[Ghilji]], [[Sur (Pashtun tribe)|Sur]], and Bar Durrani ("Upper Durranis"). The Yusufzai were included in the Bar Durrani confederacy along with other eastern Pashtun tribes, including the [[Mohmand (tribe)|Mohmand]], [[Afridi]], [[Bangash]], and [[Khattak]].<ref name="Nejatie">The Pearl of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-i Durrān by Sajjad Nejatie. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/80750.</ref> The Bar Durrani comprised the bulk of those Pashtuns who settled in [[Rohilkhand]], India where they were known as the [[Rohilla]].<ref name="gommans">{{cite book|title=The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: C. 1710-1780|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2TH8UYeAaoC |last=Gommans|first=Jos J.L.|author-link=Jos Gommans|publisher=Brill|year=1995|pages=219|isbn=9004101098}}</ref>

[[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-Daula]], who belonged to the Yusufzai tribe, was a prominent Afghan Rohilla chief. In the 1740s, he founded the city of [[Najibabad]] in Rohilkhand. In 1757, he supported Ahmad Shah Durrani in his attack on Delhi. After his victory, Ahmad Shah Durrani re-installed the Mughal emperor [[Alamgir II]] on the Delhi throne as the titular Mughal head, but gave the actual control of Delhi to Najib ad-Daula. From 1757 to 1770, Najib ad-Daula served as the governor of [[Saharanpur]], also ruling over [[Dehradun]]. In 1761, he took part in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] and provided thousands of Rohilla troops and many guns to Ahmad Shah Durrani to defeat the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]].<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_340.gif Najibabad Tehsil & Town] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626125058/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_340.gif |date=2022-06-26 }} [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 18, p. 334.</ref> He also convinced [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], the [[Nawab of Awadh]], to join the Durrani forces. Before his departure from Delhi, Ahmad Shah Durrani appointed Najib-ud-Daula as ''Mir Bakshi'' (paymaster-general) of the Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&dq=najib-ud-daula+mir+bakshi+panipat&pg=PA19 History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D]</ref> After his death in 1770, Najib ad-Dawlah was succeeded by his son, [[Zabita Khan]], who was defeated in 1772 by a joint Mughal-Maratha force, forcing him to flee from Rohilkhand. However, the descendants of Najib ad-Dawlah continued to rule Najibabad area until they were defeated by the British at [[Nagina]] on 21 April 1858 during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bijnor |volume=3 |page=928}}</ref>

Today, many Yusufzais are settled in India, most notably in Rohilkhand region, as well as in [[Farrukhabad]], which was founded in 1714 by Pashtun Nawab [[Muhammad Khan Bangash]].<ref name=Haleem2007>{{cite web|title=Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India|last=Haleem|first=Safia|url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430071054/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 30, 2013|date=24 July 2007|publisher=Khyber Gateway|language=en|access-date=4 May 2014|quote=Farrukhabad has a mixed population of Pathans dominated by the Bangash and Yousafzais.}}</ref><ref name=Haleem>{{cite web|title=Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India|last=Haleem|first=Safia|date=24 July 2007|publisher=Khyber Gateway|language=en|access-date=4 May 2014|url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430071054/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 30, 2013}}</ref>

===State of Dir===
{{main|Dir (princely state)}}

[[File:Flag of the State of Dir.svg|thumb|upright|Flag of the [[Dir (princely state)|state of Dir]]]]
In [[Dir (region)|Dir]], descendants of 17th-century Akhund Ilyas Yusufzai, the founder of the city of [[Dir, Pakistan|Dir]], laid the foundation of the [[Dir (princely state)|state of Dir]]. In 1897, the [[British Raj]] annexed Dir and granted the title of the "Nawab of Dir" to Sharif Khan Akhundkhel, the ruler of Dir (1886–1904).<ref name = whoswho1933>{{cite book|title=Who's Who in the Dir, Swat and Chitral Agency – Corrected up to 1st September 1933|url=http://www.mahraka.com/pdf/1933.pdf|access-date=2013-07-31|year=1933|publisher=The Manager Government of India Press|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name = britannica>{{Britannica|164794|Dir}}</ref>

The princely state of Dir existed until 1969, after which they were merged into [[West Pakistan]], and then in 1970 into the [[North-West Frontier Province]] (present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) of Pakistan.<ref name="state">{{cite book|last1=Claus|first1=Peter J.|last2=Diamond|first2=Sarah|last3=Ann Mills|first3=Margaret|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|date=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-41593-919-5|page=447|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA447}}</ref> Its area is part of the present-day [[Buner District|Buner]], [[Lower Dir District|Lower Dir]] and [[Upper Dir District|Upper Dir]]. {{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

===Yousafzai of Ghoriwala===
{{Main|Ghoriwala#Arrival of Mughal Khel}}

[[File:Bannu_Kuram_River.jpg|alt=Bannu Kuram River|thumb|250x250px|[[Kurrama River|River Kuram Bridge]], District [[Bannu]]]]
One of Iliaszai grandson through Taje, was a man named [[Gadezai]], who had five sons: Hassan, Behram, Ali Sher, Hussain, and Ibrahim. The first four sons settled in present-day [[Buner District|District Buner]], while Ibrahim was separated from them during the massacre of Yousafzai by [[Ulugh Beg II|Ulugh Beg]] in [[Kabul]]. Initially settling in [[Kurram District|Kurram]], Ibrahim's descendants eventually migrated to [[Ghoriwala]] in present-day [[Bannu|District Bannu]].

Ibrahim had only one son named Hassan Khan, and his family was known as Hassan Khel. However, after one of his descendant, Mughal Khan Yousafzai, his tribe came to be known as [[Mughal Khel]]. Mughal Khan's leadership and capabilities helped establish his tribe as one of the leading and honorable tribes of Bannu. Jaffar Khan Yousafzai, Mughal Khan's grandson, also earned a name and place for himself among the elders of the district. He also commissioned the construction of a mosque in [[Bannu|Bannu Bazar]] in around the 1820s.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Family_Lineage_of_Pashtun_Tribe_Mughal_Khel.jpg|alt=Family Lineage of Pashtun Tribe Mughal Khel|thumb|368x368px|Tribal tree of Mughal Khel from Hayat-i-Afghani<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad Hayat Khan |url=http://archive.org/details/HayatEAfghaniByMuhammadHayatKhanPublishedIn1867CompleteBookInUrdu |title=Hayat E Afghani By Muhammad Hayat Khan Published In 1867 Complete Book In Urdu |date=1867}}</ref>]]

The [[Mughal Khel]] tribe has the following sub-tribes: Qasim Khel, Jaffar Khel, Hakim Khel, and Muhammad Hassan Khel. The Mughal Khel have ruled and held the position of maliks in Ghoriwala for more than 300 years. Due to centuries of living in a land far away from their brethren, the Mughal Khels gradually assimilated in the local society, adopting the local elements and thus have transitioned from the [[Northern Pashto|Hard Pashto]] pronunciations to [[Southern Pashto|Soft Pashto]] but still in their speech and appearance their long lost characters can be identified.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bannu :: History, Culture, LifeStyle, People, Food etc |url=https://pmru.kp.gov.pk/districts/bannu/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=pmru.kp.gov.pk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibbetson |first=Sir Denzil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dO0OAAAAQAAJ&dq=Mughal+Khel+Bannu&pg=PA82 |title=Panjab Castes: Being a Reprint of the Chapter on "The Races, Castes, and Tribes of the People" in the Report on the Census of the Panjab |date=1916 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref>

As the author of Bannu Gazetteer said:
{{cquote|The most notable case of the sort is that of the Mughal Khels of Ghoriwala, a Yousafzai group, who conquered territory for themselves seven generations ago and still preserve in speech and physiognomy proof of their origin.
| author = Herbert Benjamin Edwardes
| source = Gazetteer of the Bannu District 1883
}}

<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJwIAAAAQAAJ&q=Moghal+khel |title=Gazetteer of the Bannu District: 1883 |date=1883 |publisher=British Government |pages=Page number 58 |language=en}}</ref>

==Pashto dialect==
Yusufzai Pashto, which is a variety of [[Northern Pashto]], is the prestige variety of Pashto in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Some of its consonants differ from the other dialects:<ref name="UND"/>

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
!style="padding:5px;"|Dialects<ref name="Hallberg">Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4.</ref>
!align = «center»|ښ
!align = «center»|ږ
!align = «center»|څ
!align = «center»|ځ
!align = «center»|ژ
|- style="background:LightGrey"
!align = «left»|[[Yusufzai Pashto]]
|align = «center»|[x]
|align = «center»|[ɡ]
|align = «center»|[s, t͡s]
|align = «center»|[z]
|align = «center»|[d͡ʒ]
|- style="background:LightGrey"
!align = «left»|[[Ghilji Pashto]]
|align = «center»|[ç]
|align = «center»|[ʝ]
|align = «center»|[t͡s]
|align = «center»|[z]
|align = «center»|[ʒ, z]
|- style="background:LightGrey"
!align = «left»|[[Durrani Pashto]]
|align = "center"|[ʂ]
|align = "center"|[ʐ]
|align = "center"|[t͡s]
|align = "center"|[d͡z]
|align = "center"|[ʒ]
|}

==Society==
The Yusufzai Pashtun [[aristocracy]] was historically divided into several communities based on patrilineal segmentary groups:<ref name="gommans"/>
;''Khān''
The ''khān'' referred to the Yusufzai landowners. In the 16th century, saint Sheikh Milli, a prominent Yusufzai dignitary, distributed the Yusufzai land among the major Yusufzai tribal clans (''khēl''). However, to avoid inequalities, he ordered that the lands should not become permanent property of the clans, but rather they should be realloted within the patrilineal clans periodically after every ten years or so. In this system (''wēsh''), each landowning ''khān'' would own shares (''brakha'') representing his proportion of the total area distributed. Through a regular rotation of ownership, the Yusufzai landowners would migrate for up to 30 miles for their new share after each cycle, although the tenants cultivating the land would stay on.

The ''wēsh'' system operated among the Yusufzai of Swat region until at least 1920s.<ref>{{cite book|title=State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ylTi-e2C_0IC |last=Noelle|first=Christine|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|page=139|isbn=978-1136603174}}</ref>
;''Hamsāya''
The ''hamsāya'' or "shade sharers" were the clients or dependents from other (non-Yusufzai) Pashtun tribes who became attached to the Yusufzai tribe over the years.
;''Faqīr''
The ''faqīr'' or "poor" were the non-Pashtun landless peasants who were assigned to the Yusufzai landowners. As dependent peasants, the ''faqīr'' used to pay rent for the land they cultivated.

In the 19th century, the distinction between ''hamsāya'' as a "dependent Pashtun tribe" and ''faqīr'' as "non-Pashtun landless peasants" became blurred. Both terms were then interchangeably used to simply refer to landless dependents or clients.
;''Mlātəṛ''
The ''mlātəṛ'' or "supporters" provided services to their patrons as artisans (''kasabgar''), musicians (''ḍəm''), herders, or commercial agents, mostly in return for a payment in grain or rice.
;''Ghulām''
The ''ghulām'' or "slaves" were more closely attached to their patron and his family and frequently entrusted with a variety of functions within their master's household. Although the ''ghulām'' were less free as compared to the ''hamsāya'' or the ''faqīr'', they generally enjoyed a higher status in the society.

==Subtribes==
*Azizkhel (Azikhel)
*[[Akazai]]
*[[Babuzai (Pashtun tribe)|Babuzai]]
*[[Shamozai]]
*[[Balarkhel]]
*[[Chagharzai]]
*[[Degankhel]]
*[[Hassanzai]]
*[[Kamalzai]]
*[[Khan Khel]]<ref name="Khyber.org">{{Cite web |title=Ancestor Database - Khan Khel -.-> خان خېل |url=http://www.khyber.org/tribes/web/ppl/6/0/c425bd60e1475530b8fb0be7e06.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926224453/http://www.khyber.org/tribes/web/ppl/6/0/c425bd60e1475530b8fb0be7e06.shtml |url-status=usurped |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |access-date=2021-03-28 |website=www.khyber.org}}</ref><ref name="KhanRoshanKhan">{{Cite web |last=Khan Roshan Khan |title=Yousafzai qaum ki sarguzasht |url=http://archive.org/details/YousafzaiQaumKiSarguzasht |access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref><ref name="dictionary">[https://archive.org/download/ADictionaryOfThePathanTribesCORRECT/A%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Pathan%20Tribes%20-%201910.pdf''"A Dictionary of the Pathan Tribes of the North West Frontier of India"''] (Part I. North of the Kabul River, including all Mohmands, and tribes west of the Indus), published by The General Staff Army Headquarter, Calcutta, India - (Originally Published 1910) :: The ''Khan Khel'' are mentioned on Page 26 (under ‘K’ -''Khan Khel'')</ref>
*[[Khwajgan (Khwaja Khel)|Khwaja Khel (Khwajgan)]]
*[[Madakhel]]
*Mahabatkhel
*[[Malizai]]
*[[Mandanr]]
**[[Abakhel]]
**[[Khadarzai (Khizarzai)|Khadarzai]]
**[[Utmanzai (Sarbani tribe)|Utmanzai]]
*[[Mughal Khel]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bannu :: Gazetteer |url=https://pmru.kp.gov.pk/districts/bannu/gazetteer.php#page/2 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=pmru.kp.gov.pk}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Khan Roshan Khan |url=http://archive.org/details/YousafzaiQaumKiSarguzasht |title=Yousafzai qaum ki sarguzasht |others=Nasir khan |pages=The Mughal Khels are mentioned on page no. 424 under Gadezai Heading |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first= |title=Leading Families in Bannu :: Khyber.ORG |url=http://www.khyber.org/publications/031-035/leadingfamilies.shtml#Jafar%20Khan%20of%20Ghoriwal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213055311/http://www.khyber.org/publications/031-035/leadingfamilies.shtml#Jafar%20Khan%20of%20Ghoriwal |url-status=usurped |archive-date=February 13, 2007 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=www.khyber.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khān |first=Muḥammad Ḥayāt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hopEAQAAMAAJ |title=Afghanistan and Its Inhabitants |date=1981 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |pages=Mentioned on page no. 626 under the title of Khandane Ghoriwala |language=ur}}</ref>
*[[Niamatkhel]]
*[[Nikpikhel]]
*[[Ranizai]]
*[[Tahirkheli]]

== Notable Yusufzais/Yousafzais ==
* [[Gaju Khan]], Pashtun Revolutionary and ruler who once served under [[Sher Shah Suri|Sher Shah Sur]]
* [[Shaukat Ali Yousafzai]], Journalist and [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]] leader
* [[Gohar Ali Khan]], Lawyer and Chairman of [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI)
* [[Mashal Yousafzai]], Chief advisor to the [[Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and lawyer for [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]]
* [[Bibi Mubarika]], Empress Consort of the [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai]], ''"Founder of Pakhtunkhwa"'' who fought for control of northern [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber and Pakhtunkhwa]] to expand the Yusufzai tribe
* Bahaku Khan Yousafzai, Afghan Warrior who fought in the Sixth [[Mughal–Afghan Wars|Afghan-Mughal War]] of 1667-1678{{efn|''The War beginning with the Yusufzai attack of 1667, led by Bhaku/Bhagu Khan''}}<ref>We Mountains – Regional Website of North Pakistan (2020) ''[https://wemountains.com/05/14/1602/ Akhund Salaak: The Soldier Saint]'' Jahandad Khan</ref><ref>[[The News International|International: The News]] (2015) ''[https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/39846-speakers-recall-life-and-sacrifices-of-yousafzai-tribes-chief Speakers recall life and sacrifices of Yousafzai tribe’s chief]'' Correspondents</ref><ref>''[https://ia801609.us.archive.org/29/items/ThePathansByOlafCaroe/The-Pathans-By-Olaf-Caroe-ISBN10-%200710306822.pdf The Pathans ~ 550 B.C. - AD 1957]'' by Olaf Caroe (1958)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |date=1993 |title=The Mughal Empire Part 1: Vol V|page=170 |publisher=Cambridge University Press; 1st edition |isbn=978-0521251198}}</ref>
* [[Kalu Khan Yousafzai|Kalu Khan Yusufzai]] (16th Century), Afghan chieftain leader who rallied his tribe and rebelled against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar|Akbar the Great]] and inflicted one of their [[Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)|greatest defeats]] in 1586
* [[Hafiz Alpuri]], Pashto Poet of the 18th Century
* [[Haji Musa Khan]], Pashtun tribal leader martyr who refused to give up ground to the [[Pakistani Taliban|Taliban]]
* [[Malala Yousafzai]] (born 1997), Pashtun female education activist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, from the Dalokhel Subclan
* [[Ziauddin Yousafzai]] (born 1969), Pashtun education activist and father of Malala Yousafzai, from the Dalokhel Subclan
* [[Khan Roshan Khan]], Pashtun historian
* [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib ad-Dawlah Yousafzai]], Afghan serviceman who fought with [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shāh's]] [[Durrani Empire]] to Victory at [[Third Battle of Panipat|Panipat]], 1761
* [[Karnal Sher Khan]], Military officer who was martyred in the [[Kargil War]] and decorated with the awarded [[Nishan-e-Haider]] for highest Wartime Gallantry of Pakistan
* [[Rahimullah Yusufzai]], Journalist who once interviewed [[Osama bin Laden|Osama Bin Laden]]
* [[Sami Yousafzai]], Afghan Journalist
* [[Nisar Muhammad Yousafzai]], Socialist Revolutionary, decorated War Hero of the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Afghan War of Independence]] as well as a founding father for the nation of [[Tajikistan]]
* [[Abdul Ghafoor Yusufzai]], Afghan footballer representing the [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] in the [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948 Summer Olympic Games]]
* [[Mohammad Sarwar Yousafzai]], Afghan footballer who competed in the [[1948 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Hamidullah Yousafzai]], Afghan football player who played for [[Afghanistan national football team]]
* [[Abaseen Yousafzai]], Poet and famous writer
* [[Sartor Faqir]], was a Pashtun tribal Yusufzai leader and a freedom fighter. The faqīr declared a [[Jihad|Jihād]] against the British Empire, unsuccessfully in 1895, then successfully in [[Siege of Malakand|1897]]
* [[Nisar Muhammad Khan]], specialised in [[Pashto]] language and culture
* [[Azimullah Khan|Azimullah Khan Yusufzai]], Afghan warrior hero of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Great Revolt of 1857]] against the [[East India Company|British East India Company]]
* Malik Jamroz Khan, Pashtun tribal leader and among the founders of the [[Swat (princely state)|Princely State of Swat]]
* [[Afzal Khan Lala]], Pashtun nationalist, [[National Awami Party (Wali)|NAP]] affiliate and former provincial and federal minister of [[North-West Frontier Province|NWFP]]
* [[Kabir Stori]], Pashtun nationalist, poet and writer who founded the [[Pashtoons Social Democratic Party|Pashtuns Social Democratic Party]], refused offers to join government from President [[Mohammad Najibullah|Najibullah]] and was imprisoned by the military regime of [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]
* [[Asmatullah Rohani]], Afghan judge, educator and a human rights activist during the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|PDPA]] regime
* [[Ghulam Nabi Khan]], Afghan ambassador killed without trial and avenged with the assassination of King [[Mohammad Nadir Shah|Nadir Shah]]
* Jafar Khan Yusufzai,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://historyofpashtuns.blogspot.com/2016/05/yousafzais-of-ghoriwala-in-bannu.html?m=1 | title=History of Pashtuns: Yousafzais of Ghoriwala in Bannu | date=23 May 2016 }}</ref> former Raes of [[Ghoriwala|Mughal Khel Tappa]], [[Bannu]]
*[[Madhubala]], Indian Bollywood actress and superstar <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1157403 |title=Madhubala: From Peshawar with love ... |last=Khan |first=Javed |date=18 January 2015 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=20 April 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=20 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420140131/https://www.dawn.com/news/1157403 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notes==
* {{note|a|1}}In Pashto, "Yusufzai" ({{lang|ps|یوسفزی‎}}, [jusəpˈzai]) is the masculine singular form of the word. Its feminine singular is "Yusufzey" ({{lang|ps|یوسفزۍ}}, [jusəpˈzəi]), while its plural is "Yusufzee" ({{lang|ps|یوسفزي}}, [jusəpˈzi]).

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

{{Pashtun tribes}}

[[Category:Sarbani Pashtun tribes]]
[[Category:Yusufzai Pashtun tribes]]
[[Category:Pashto-language surnames]]
[[Category:Groups claiming Israelite descent]]
[[Category:Tribes of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Tribes of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kunar Province]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Malakand]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kabul Province]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kandahar Province]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]

Bhutto (clan)

2026-05-08T12:34:32Z

Optimalvapors: starting

{{short description|Sindhi clan of Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=May 2019}}
{{About||the famous Pakistani political family|Bhutto family|the former [[Pakistani Prime Minister]]s|Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|and|Benazir Bhutto|other uses|Bhutta (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
| group = '''Bhutto'''
| native_name = {{naskh|ڀُٽو}}
| native_name_lang = Sindhi
| poptime =
| popplace = {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| langs = [[Sindhi language]]
| rels = [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|17px]][[Islam]]
| related = [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]]
}}

'''Bhutto''' ({{langx|sd|{{naskh|ڀُٽو}}}}) is a [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] [[Muslim Rajputs|Rajput]] clan<ref name="ancestry">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64265/Zulfikar-Ali-Bhutto|title=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref><ref name="Wolpert">{{cite book |title=Zulfi Bhuto of Pakistan:His life and Times|last=Wolpert |first=Stanley A |author-link=Stanley Wolpert|year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-507661-3 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-ltAAAAMAAJ&q=Gurjars |access-date=2010-06-23}}</ref> in [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Copley |first=Gregory R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VExAQAAIAAJ&q=zardari+clan |title=Defense & Foreign Affairs |date=1989 |publisher=Copley & Associates |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref> The Bhuttos along with [[Bhatti|Bhattis]] and other subclans are said to be linked to the [[Bhati]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]].<ref>{{Cite book|first=Tanuja|last=Kothiyal|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107080317|pages=70|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|quote=the various Hindu Rajput Bhati sub-clans, like Saran, Moodna, Seora as well as Muslim groups like Bhatti, Bhutto...and the trading community of Bhatiya, all link their origins to the Bhatis}}</ref> The politically influential [[Bhutto family]] of Pakistan hails from this clan.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Sindhi tribes}}
{{Rajput Groups of India}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Sindh]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]
[[Category:Sindhi-language surnames]]
[[Category:Pakistani names]]
[[Category:Bhutto family]]

{{Pakistan-ethno-stub}}

Uluberia Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T04:59:24Z

Optimalvapors: new the info from scratch

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Uluberia {{Small|WB-26}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Uluberia.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Uluberia Lok Sabha Constituency
|incumbent_image =
|established = 1951
|reservation = None
|mp = [[Sajda Ahmed]]
|party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|assembly_cons = [[Uluberia Purba Assembly constituency|Uluberia Purba]] [[Uluberia Uttar Assembly constituency|Uluberia Uttar]] [[Uluberia Dakshin Assembly constituency|Uluberia Dakshin]] [[Shyampur Assembly constituency|Shyampur]] [[Bagnan Assembly constituency|Bagnan]] [[Amta Assembly constituency|Amta]] [[Udaynarayanpur Assembly constituency|Udaynarayanpur]]
|electors = 15,78,032
}}

'''Uluberia Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Uluberia]] in [[West Bengal]]. All the seven assembly segments of No. 26 Uluberia Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Howrah district]].

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. '''Uluberia''', 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] issued in 2006 in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 26 Uluberia is composed of the following segments:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 Winner]]
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|176
|[[Uluberia Purba Assembly constituency|Uluberia Purba]]
|rowspan="7" |[[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|[[Ritabrata Banerjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 177
|[[Uluberia Uttar Assembly constituency|Uluberia Uttar]] (SC)
|Chiran Bera
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|178
|[[Uluberia Dakshin Assembly constituency|Uluberia Dakshin]]
|[[Pulak Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|179
|[[Shyampur Assembly constituency|Shyampur]]
|[[Hiran Chatterjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|180
|[[Bagnan Assembly constituency|Bagnan]]
|[[Arunava Sen (politician)|Arunava Sen]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|181
|[[Amta Assembly constituency|Amta]]
|Amit Samanta
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|182
|[[Udaynarayanpur Assembly constituency|Udaynarayanpur]]
|[[Samir Kumar Panja]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Lok Sabha
!Duration
!Name of M.P.
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|First]]
|1952-57
|[[Satyaban Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title = General Elections, India, 1951- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]
|1957-62
|[[Aurobindo Ghosal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Marxist Forward Bloc}}<ref name=loksabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]
|1962-67
|[[Purnendu Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}} <ref name=loksabha1962>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]
|1967-71
|J. K. Mondal
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]]
|1971-77
|rowspan="2"|[[Shyamaprasanna Bhattacharyya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=10}}<ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title = General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title = General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title = General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title = General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title = General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title = General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name =loksabha1980>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title = General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]
|1977-80
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]
|1980-84
|rowspan="8"|[[Hannan Mollah]]
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]
|1984-89
|-
|[[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]
|1989-91
|-
|[[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]
|1991-96
|-
|[[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]
|1996-98
|-
|[[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]
|1998-99
|-
|[[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]
|1999-04
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]
|2004-09
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]
|2009-14
|rowspan="2"|[[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title = General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 19 June 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]
|2014-2017
|-
| 2018-19
|rowspan="3"|[[Sajda Ahmed]]
|-
|[[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]
|2019-2024
|-
|[[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]
|2024-''Incumbent''
|}

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Uluberia<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Uluberia">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Uluberia |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2526.htm |access-date=18 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718162445/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2526.htm |archive-date=18 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Uluberia Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Uluberia Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/uluberia |access-date=18 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718162440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/uluberia |archive-date=18 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Sajda Ahmed]]
|party=All India Trinamool Congress
|votes= 724,622
|percentage= 52.10
|change={{decrease}}0.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arun Uday Pal Chaudhary
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 505,949
|percentage = 36.3
|change ={{decrease}}0.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Azahar Mollick
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 78,589
|percentage= 5.65
|change= {{increase}}3.55
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 11,318
|percentage = 0.81
|change = {{increase}}0.09
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 218,673
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,390,794
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Uluberia]]<ref>[http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2526.htm?ac=26 Source]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sajda Ahmed]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 694,945
|percentage = 53.00
|change = {{decrease}} 8.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Joy Banerjee]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 479,586
|percentage = 36.58
|change = {{increase}}13.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Maksuda Khatun
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 81,314
|percentage = 6.20
|change = {{decrease}} 4.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Shoma Ranishri Roy
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes= 27,568
|percentage= 2.10
|change= {{increase}} 0.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Durgadas Hajra
|party= Independent (politician)
|votes= 6,770
|percentage= 0.52
|change= {{increase}} 0.52
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 9,399
|percentage = 0.72
|change = {{increase}} 0.01
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 215,359
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,311,120
|percentage = 81.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = {{decrease}} 8.00
}}
{{Election box end}}

===By election 2018===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2018: Uluberia}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Sajda Ahmed]]|votes=7,67,556|percentage=61.00|change=+12.88}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Anupam Mallik|votes=2,93,046|percentage=23.29|change=+11.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sabiruddin Molla|votes=1,38,892|percentage=11.04|change=-20.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=S. K. Maddassar Hossain Warsi|votes=23,109|percentage=1.84|change=-3.87}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Tapas Mondal
|votes = 7,682
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Indian Unity Centre
|candidate = Simal Saren
|votes = 5,383
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kamal Krishna Mallick
|votes = 4,566
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sanjib Karmakar
|votes = 3,684
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Amal Barman
|votes = 2,560
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=11,757|percentage=0.93|change=}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 4,74,510
|percentage = 37.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 12,58,303
|percentage = 79.74
|change = -2.13
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Uluberia]]<ref name=loksabha2014/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]]|votes=5,70,785|percentage=48.12|change=-2.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sabiruddin Molla|votes=3,69,563|percentage=31.15|change=-9.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ranjit Kishore Mahanty|votes=1,37,137|percentage=11.56|change=+7.36}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Asit Mitra|votes=67,826|percentage=5.71|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Indian Unity Centre
|candidate = Abul Quasem
|votes = 6,607
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=Hasan Nawaj|votes=5,709|percentage=0.48|change=-0.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Dilip Kumar Hait|votes=3,947|percentage=0.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Rekha Das|votes=3,918|percentage=0.33|change=-0.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Susanta Kumar Dalui|votes=2,990|percentage=0.25|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Minati Sarkar|votes=2,902|percentage=0.24|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ramesh Dhara|votes=2,529|percentage=0.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ashis Kumar Das|votes=2,437|percentage=0.20|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Mukti Party|candidate=Sujata Dutta|votes=1,400|percentage=0.11|change=}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,01,222
|percentage = 16.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,86,027
|percentage = 81.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: [[Uluberia]]<ref name=loksabha2009/>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]]
|votes = 5,14,193
|percentage = 50.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Hannan Mollah]]
|votes = 4,15,257
|percentage = 41.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rahul Chakrabarty
|votes = 42,434
|percentage = 4.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Assam United Democratic Front
|candidate = Kazi Nabab
|votes = 11,238
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Narendra Nath Mandal
|votes = 7,714
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Sekh Aorangjeb
|votes = 6,475
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Swapan Das
|votes = 6,005
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = RDMP
|candidate = Rabin Dolui
|votes = 3,362
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Ashish Das
|votes = 3,141
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 98,936
|percentage = 9.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 10,09,819
|percentage = 80.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Uluberia]]<ref name=loksabha2004/>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Hannan Mollah]]
|votes = 424,749
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Rajib Banerjee
|votes = 272,634
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kazi Abdul Rajjak
|votes = 124,326
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Justice Party
|candidate = Snehanshu Maity
|votes = 8,785
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janasachetan Party
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Palit
|votes = 6,687
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sandhya Mandal
|votes = 6,677
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Bharat Chandra Manna
|votes = 4,030
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Baidyanath Choudhury
|votes = 3,658
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 152,115
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,009,820
|percentage = 80.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1951-2004===
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Winner
|
!Runner-up
|-
|
!Candidate
!Party
!Candidate
!Party
|-
|1951
|Satyaban Roy
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Aurobindo Ghosal
|[[Marxist Forward Bloc]]<ref name=loksabha1952/>
|-
|1957
|Aurobindo Ghosal
|Marxist Forward Bloc
|Kalobaran Ghosh
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1957/>
|-
|1962
|Purnendu Khan
|Indian National Congress
|Aurobindo Ghosal
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]<ref name=loksabha1962/>
|-
|1967
|J.K.Mondal
|Indian National Congress
|Shyamaprasanna Bhattacharya
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=loksabha1967/>
|-
|1971
|Shyamaprasanna Bhattacharya
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Murari Mohan Manna
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1971/>
|-
|1977
|Shyamaprasanna Bhattacharya
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Nirmalendu Bhattacharjee
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1977/>
|-
|1980
|[[Hannan Mollah]]
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Ardhendu Hazra
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]<ref name =loksabha1980/>
|-
|1984
|Hannan Mollah
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Anwar Ali Sheikh
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1984/>
|-
|1989
|Hannan Mollah
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Anwar Ali Sheikh
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1989/>
|-
|1991
|Hannan Mollah
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Minati Adhikari
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1991/>
|-
|1996
|Hannan Mollah
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Minati Adhikari
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1996/>
|-
|1998
|Hannan Mollah
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Saradindu Biswas
|[[Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1998/>
|-
|1999
|Hannan Mollah
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Sudipta Roy
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1999/>
|-
|2004
|Hannan Mollah
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Rajib Bannerjee
|All India Trinamool Congress<ref name=loksabha2004/>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/uluberia/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Uluberia lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Howrah topics}}

{{Coord|22.47|N|88.11|E|display=title|format=dms}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uluberia Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Howrah district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1951]]

Out of Love (Indian TV series)

2026-05-04T22:53:58Z

Optimalvapors: made new article basic info

{{short description|Indian web series streaming on Disney+ Hotstar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Out of Love.jpeg
| caption = Poster
| genre = [[Thriller drama]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Doctor Foster (TV series)|Doctor Foster]]''|[[Mike Bartlett (playwright)|Mike Bartlett]]}}
| runtime =
| creator = [[Mike Bartlett (playwright)|Mike Bartlett]]
| director = {{ubl|[[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]|Aijaz Khan|Oni Sen}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rasika Dugal]]
* [[Purab Kohli]]
* [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]
* [[Soni Razdan]]
}}
| writer = {{ubl|Suyash Trivedi|Abhiruchi Chand|Preeti Mamgain|Rajesh Chadha|Mike Bartlett}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = [[Sameer Phaterpekar]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| location = India
| cinematography = Harendra Singh
| editor = {{ubl|Abhijeet Deshpande|Sourabh Prabhudesai}}
| network = [[Hotstar]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|11|22|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|05|21|df=yes}}
| company = [[BBC Studios|BBC Studios India]] [[Hotstar Specials]]
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Rajesh Chadha|Manisha Mudgal|Pragati Deshmukh}}
| producer = {{ubl|Myleeta Aga|Sameer Gogate}}
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 10
| list_episodes =
| related = ''[[Doctor Foster (TV series)|Doctor Foster]]''
| image_alt =
| channel =
}}

'''''Out of Love ''''' is an Indian [[thriller drama]] television series based on ''[[Doctor Foster (TV series)|Doctor Foster]]'' by [[Mike Bartlett (playwright)|Mike Bartlett]]<ref name="variety">{{Cite web| url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/bbc-thriller-doctor-foster-remade-indian-audiences-1203369597/| title=India's Hotstar to Remake Thriller Series 'Doctor Foster'| date=14 October 2019| access-date=2 November 2019| archive-date=22 October 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022091828/https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/bbc-thriller-doctor-foster-remade-indian-audiences-1203369597/amp/| url-status=live}}</ref> adapted by [[Hotstar]] for its label [[Hotstar Specials]]. It is directed by [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] and Aijaz Khan starring [[Rasika Dugal]] and [[Purab Kohli]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/out-of-love-trailer-rasika-dugal-purab-kohli-s-heartbreaking-love-story-is-poisoned-by-infidelity-watch/story-EGy8Q0ZhJPxq7lZPNjVOLK.html|title=Out of Love trailer: Rasika Dugal, Purab Kohli's heartbreaking love story is poisoned by infidelity. Watch|date=2019-11-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-12-11|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211123339/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/out-of-love-trailer-rasika-dugal-purab-kohli-s-heartbreaking-love-story-is-poisoned-by-infidelity-watch/story-EGy8Q0ZhJPxq7lZPNjVOLK.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/out-of-love-release-date-november-22-trailer-hotstar-rasika-dugal-purab-kohli-doctor-foster-2126853|title=Rasika Dugal, Purab Kohli Star in Hotstar's Out of Love, Out in November|last=Arora|first=Akhil|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=4 November 2019|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104061100/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/out-of-love-release-date-november-22-trailer-hotstar-rasika-dugal-purab-kohli-doctor-foster-2126853|url-status=live}}</ref> It premiered on Hotstar from 22 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment%252Fhot-on-web%252Fout-of-love-trailer-rasika-dugal-purab-kohli-hotstar-original|title=Hotstar's 'Out of Love' Is a Story of Infidelity & Heartbreak|website=The Qunit|date=2 November 2019|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103173053/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment%2Fhot-on-web%2Fout-of-love-trailer-rasika-dugal-purab-kohli-hotstar-original|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/hotstar-specials-to-stream-new-show-out-of-love-from-22-nov/|title=Hotstar Specials to stream new show 'Out of Love' from 22 Nov|date=2 November 2019|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102201647/https://www.televisionpost.com/hotstar-specials-to-stream-new-show-out-of-love-from-22-nov/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series was renewed for a season 2 of which the first two of five episodes aired on 30 April 2021 with the final episode being aired on 21 May 2021.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rasika Dugal]] as Dr. Meera Kapoor<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/943909/rasika-dugal-on-web-series-out-of-love-and-her-best-roles-acting-surprises-you-daily-like-life|title=Rasika Dugal on web series 'Out of Love' and her best roles: 'Acting surprises you daily, like life'|last=Ghosh|first=Devarsi|website=Scroll.in|date=17 November 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-11|archive-date=5 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205204445/https://scroll.in/reel/943909/rasika-dugal-on-web-series-out-of-love-and-her-best-roles-acting-surprises-you-daily-like-life|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Purab Kohli]] as Akarsh Kapoor<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-idea-is-to-go-and-do-work-that-doesnt-feel-like-work-purab-kohli/cid/1721980|title=The idea is to go and do work that doesn't feel like work: Purab Kohli|last=|first=|date=|website=Telegraph India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211121013/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-idea-is-to-go-and-do-work-that-doesnt-feel-like-work-purab-kohli/cid/1721980|archive-date=11 December 2019|access-date=2019-12-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/945565/totally-hollow-from-the-inside-purab-kohli-on-his-character-in-the-web-series-out-of-love|title='Totally hollow from the inside': Purab Kohli on his character in the web series 'Out of Love'|last=Ghosh|first=Devarsi|website=Scroll.in|date=5 December 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-11|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207081527/https://scroll.in/reel/945565/totally-hollow-from-the-inside-purab-kohli-on-his-character-in-the-web-series-out-of-love|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Soni Razdan]] as Mrs. Kapoor, Akarsh's mother
* [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]] as Alia Kapoor (née Kashyap)
* [[Aanjjan Srivastav]] as Dr. Pradhan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/reviews/out-of-love-hotstar-review-web-series-trailer-cast-rasika-dugal-purab-kohli-2136534|title=Out of Love Wraps up a Year to Forget for Hotstar Originals|date=22 November 2019|access-date=15 December 2019|archive-date=15 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215134909/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/reviews/out-of-love-hotstar-review-web-series-trailer-cast-rasika-dugal-purab-kohli-2136534|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sanghmitra Hitaishi as Mandira Pillai<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/out-love-offers-psychological-look-aftereffects-infidelity-says-rasika-dugal-808912 | title=Out of Love offers a psychological look at the aftereffects of infidelity, says Rasika Dugal | first=Shekhar H | last=Hooli | newspaper=International Business Times | date=18 November 2019 | accessdate=8 September 2020 | archive-date=25 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525000726/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/out-love-offers-psychological-look-aftereffects-infidelity-says-rasika-dugal-808912 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ekavali Khanna]] as Kalpana Kashyap
* [[Harsh Chhaya]] as Kartik Kashyap
* Kabir Kachroo as Abhishek Kapoor (Abhi), Meera and Akarsh’s son
* Disha Thakur as Shalini
* Vishwas Kini as Rohan
* Eisha Chopra as Payal
* Suhaas Ahuja as Vidyut Mehra
* [[Himanshi Choudhry]] as Ritu Mehra
* Virhi Kodvara as Ahaana Kapoor, Alia and Akarsh's daughter
}}

== Premise ==
Meera and Akarsh have been happily married until one day Meera finds a hair on Akarsh's scarf. Meera becomes obsessed with finding out who Akarsh's mistress is. She finally confides in a friend who asks her to behave normally around Akarsh but continues digging for evidence. The show traces how Meera discovers Akarsh's lies, his affair with a much younger woman Alia and how she navigates her marriage.

== Production ==
In October 2019, ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reported that [[Hotstar]] would be adapting [[BBC Studios]]'s critically acclaimed series ''[[Doctor Foster (TV series)|Doctor Foster]]'' for Indian audiences in association with BBC Studios India with [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] and Aijaz Khan helming the series. By early November 2019, Hotstar revealed [[Rasika Dugal]] and [[Purab Kohli]] as lead actors.<ref name="bbc" >{{Cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/bbcstudios/2019/doctor-foster-prescribed-to-india | title=BBC - Doctor Foster prescribed to India - Media Centre | access-date=2 November 2019 | archive-date=2 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102145549/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/bbcstudios/2019/doctor-foster-prescribed-to-india | url-status=live }}</ref>

It was announced that the series will be coming back with a season 2.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=Out of Love Season 2 gets rolling |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/out-of-love-season-2-gets-rolling-174384 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429113333/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/out-of-love-season-2-gets-rolling-174384 |url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer of season 2 was unveiled on 21 April 2021 <ref>{{cite web |title=Purab Kohli, Rasika Dugal's Out of Love season 2 to premiere on 30 April on Disney+ Hotstar VIP; trailer unveiled |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/purab-kohli-rasika-dugals-out-of-love-season-2-to-premiere-on-30-april-on-disney-hotstar-vip-trailer-unveiled-9552031.html |website=Firstpost |date=21 April 2021 |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429083031/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/purab-kohli-rasika-dugals-out-of-love-season-2-to-premiere-on-30-april-on-disney-hotstar-vip-trailer-unveiled-9552031.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of episodes
!Episode No.
(Overall)
!Episode No.
(in Season)
!Title
!Director
!Written by
!Original Release date
|-
| colspan="6" |'''''Season 1'''''
|-
|1
|1
|The Seed
|[[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]
|Suyash Trivedi

Abhiruchi Chand
|22 November 2019
|-
|2
|2
|The Outsider
|[[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]
|Suyash Trivedi

Abhiruchi Chand
|22 November 2019
|-
|3
|3
|More than Meets the Eyes
|Aijaz Khan
|Suyash Trivedi

Abhiruchi Chand
|22 November 2019
|-
|4
|4
|A Second Chance
|Aijaz Khan
|Suyash Trivedi

Abhiruchi Chand
|22 November 2019
|-
|5
|5
|Stop At Nothing
|Aijaz Khan
|Suyash Trivedi

Abhiruchi Chand
|22 November 2019
|-
| colspan="6" |'''''Season 2'''''
|-
|6
|1
|The Return
|Oni Sen
|Preeti Mamgain
Eisha Chopra
|30 April 2021
|-
|7
|2
|Empty Nest
|Oni Sen
|Preeti Mamgain
|30 April 2021
|-
|8
|3
|Wicked Games
|Oni Sen
|Preeti Mamgain
|7 May 2021
|-
|9
|4
|Once a Cheater, Always a Cheater
|Oni Sen
|Preeti Mamgain
|14 May 2021
|-
|10
|5
|Collateral Damage
|Oni Sen
|Rajesh Chadha
|21 May 2021
|}

== Release ==
The series was launched on 22 November 2019 on [[Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/hotstar-specials-to-stream-new-show-out-of-love-from-22-nov/|title=Hotstar Specials to stream new show 'Out of Love' from 22 Nov|date=2 November 2019|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102201647/https://www.televisionpost.com/hotstar-specials-to-stream-new-show-out-of-love-from-22-nov/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Promotion ===
The first trailer of the series was released by Hotstar on 1 November 2019 across multiple platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment%252Fhot-on-web%252Fout-of-love-trailer-rasika-dugal-purab-kohli-hotstar-original|title=Rasika Dugal, Purab Kohli Star in Hotstar's Out of Love, Out in November|first=Akhil|last=Arora|website=The Qunit|date=2 November 2019|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103173053/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment%2Fhot-on-web%2Fout-of-love-trailer-rasika-dugal-purab-kohli-hotstar-original|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The series garnered largely positive reviews.

Ruchi Kaushal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised the way the series adapted to the Indian setting despite being a remake and called it one of Dugal's best works till date with strong writing and backed by Tigamanshu Dhulia's direction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/out-of-love-review-rasika-dugal-is-stunning-in-tigmanshu-dhulia-s-nail-biting-remake-of-doctor-foster/story-wHtK4NSffUPMmoKMARU8KK.html|title=Out of Love review: Rasika Dugal is stunning in Tigmanshu Dhulia's nail-biting remake of Doctor Foster|date=2019-11-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-12-11|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218111130/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/out-of-love-review-rasika-dugal-is-stunning-in-tigmanshu-dhulia-s-nail-biting-remake-of-doctor-foster/story-wHtK4NSffUPMmoKMARU8KK.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the other hand, the series was also described as a banal take on infidelity by some others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/read/257449/out-of-love-banal-take-on-infidelity-review.html|title=Out Of Love: Banal take on infidelity (Review) {{!}} newkerala.com News #257449|last=|first=|date=|website=New Kerala|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|11322616}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Doctor Foster]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian legal television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on British television series]]
[[Category:Television shows about adultery]]
[[Category:Works about medical doctors]]
[[Category:Television shows written by Mike Bartlett]]
[[Category:Television series by BBC Studios]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]

Nalban metro station

2026-05-04T08:46:19Z

Optimalvapors:

{{Short description|Metro station in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Nalban
| symbol = m
| symbol_location = kolkata
| type = {{Kolkata Metro Infobox station line
| line = Orange
}}
| style = Kolkata Metro
| image = IMG Nalban Metro Station 06.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = HM Block, Sector IV, [[Bidhannagar]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] 700106
(Beside of [[Nicco Park]])
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.5732216|N|88.4211529|E|}}
| line = {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|Orange|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Elevated
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = 2026 (expected)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-26 |title=Metro eyes full orange line operations by march 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-eyes-full-orange-line-operations-by-march-2025/articleshow/112027166.cms |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| accessible =
| code =
| owned = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former = Nicco Park
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Metro |line=Orange |left=Gour Kishore Ghosh|right=IT Centre}}
| route_map = {{Kolkata Metro Orange Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail|coord={{Coord|22.5732216|N|88.4211529|E|}}}}
}}
'''Nalban''' (Also known as '''Nicco Park''')<ref>{{Cite web |title=New System Map of Kolkata Metro |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,285 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> is a metro station of [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]] of the [[Kolkata Metro]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title='7-day traffic block trial run for Metro construction work to end on June 15' |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/7-day-traffic-block-trial-run-for-metro-construction-work-to-end-on-june-15-567992 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=MillenniumPost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-20 |title=SEGMENT LAUNCHING WORK NEAR THE PROPOSED NALBAN METRO STATION STARTED |url=https://ibgnews.com/2023/08/20/segment-launching-work-near-the-proposed-nalban-metro-station-started/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=IBG News |language=en-US}}</ref> It is situated at just beside of [[Nicco Park]]. It will serve the area of Nalban, Salt Lake Sector IV and surrounding areas in [[Bidhannagar]], [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |title=চিংড়িঘাটার মেট্রো স্টেশনের কাজ অনেকটা শেষ! রইল অন্দরমহলের ঝাঁ-চকচকে ফার্স্ট লুক |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/gour-kishor-ghosh-metro-station-being-prepared-near-chingrighata-of-new-garia-to-airport-corridor-check-first-images-31698505271954.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130131423/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/gour-kishor-ghosh-metro-station-being-prepared-near-chingrighata-of-new-garia-to-airport-corridor-check-first-images-31698505271954.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sec V lane on Salt Lake Bypass in Kolkata to be shut from Sunday in 7-day trial run |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/sec-v-lane-on-salt-lake-bypass-to-be-shut-from-sun-in-7-day-trial-run/articleshow/110829317.cms |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The station is named after its adjacent locality, Nalban.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/construction-of-gour-kishor-ghosh-station-going-on-in-full-swing-1503317947.html|title=Construction of Gour Kishor Ghosh station going on in full swing|date=8 July 2024|website=The Statesman}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=4244&did=1720599983697137028AE1C55291A1412EF5D9B797F90|access-date=2024-09-24 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

==Location ==
[[File:IMG Nalban Metro Station 04.jpg|thumb|250px|Nalban metro station]]
This station is located beside [[Nicco Park]] on the Salt Lake Bypass branch of [[Biswa Bangla Sarani]] at Nalban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-30 |title=Beleghata-Ruby Section of Kolkata Metro Undergoes Inspection, Here's Why |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/beleghata-ruby-section-of-kolkata-metro-undergoes-inspection-heres-why-8833331.html |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3096&did=168397124068709B2CE64133D36799B20E6EA8937647B |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> The main [[elevated railway|elevated]] structure of the station in the middle of [[Biswa Bangla Sarani]] with footover bridges on either side othe road.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Metro: বাইপাসের উপর 'প্রায় তৈরি' নয়া মেট্রো স্টেশন, কবে জুড়বে গড়িয়া-এয়ারপোর্ট রুট? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/story/the-construction-work-of-barun-sengupta-metro-station-of-orange-line-is-going-on-in-full-swing-sud-677055-2023-09-12 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kolkata: Bypass Metro Pier at Chingrighata Metro Completes, Traffic to Resume Soon |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/kolkata/kolkata-bypass-metro-pier-at-chingrighata-metro-completes-traffic-to-resume-soon-article-110709393/amp |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> It is geographically located at {{Coord|22.5610117|N|88.4147441|E}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-20 |title=Rail Vikas Nigam Limited plans 4 km extension from Ruby Metro to Beliaghata by puja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/rvnl-plans-4km-extension-from-ruby-metro-to-beliaghata-by-puja/articleshow/98076538.cms |access-date=2024-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Budget boost: Metro eyes full Orange Line ops by March ’25 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-eyes-full-orange-line-operations-by-march-2025/articleshow/112027166.cms |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The previous station of the station is [[Gour Kishore Ghosh metro station]] at a distance of {{cvt|1.5|km}} and the next station is [[IT Centre metro station]] at a distance of {{cvt|1.5|km}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" />

==History ==
This project was sanctioned in the budget of 2010–11 by [[Mamata Banerjee]] with a project deadline of six years.<ref name="airport_link_station_names">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110208/jsp/calcutta/story_13549408.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213055942/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110208/jsp/calcutta/story_13549408.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2011|title=Rail set to take over East-West|date=8 February 2011|work=The Telegraph|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kolkata: Bypass-New Town flyover plan with PWD for scrutiny |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bypass-new-town-flyover-plan-with-pwd-for-scrutiny/articleshow/80076379.cms |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The execution of this project has been entrusted to RVNL at a cost of Rs 3951.98 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Seven projects meant to change the face of Calcutta are entangled in a web of land politics and pandering. Metro explores the tunnel vision" |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/stuck/cid/1287657 |website=Telegraph india}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-07 |title=Kolkata Metro update: Orange Line’s Chingrighata-Sector 5 section inspected by General Manager – Details inside |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-kolkata-metro-update-orange-lines-chingrighata-sector-5-section-inspected-by-general-manager-details-inside-3686737/lite/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> It will help to reduce travel time between the southern fringes of [[Kolkata]] to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2023-10-29 |title=Metro Railway completes structural work of Gour Ghosh Metro station near Chingrighata |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/metro-railway-completes-structural-work-of-gour-ghosh-metro-station-near-chingrighata-1503235612.html/amp |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kolkata: Salt Lake Bypass flyover plan ready, awaits nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/salt-lake-bypass-flyover-plan-ready-awaits-nod/articleshow/74448838.cms |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In October 2011, [[RVNL]] awarded [[Gammon India Limited]], the tender for the construction of the [[Kolkata Metro|metro]] corridor from [[VIP Bazar metro station|VIP Bazar Metro Station]] to [[Nicco Park]] (Nalban metro station),<ref>{{Cite web |title=বরুণ সেনগুপ্ত মেট্রো স্টেশনের নির্মাণ কাজ তুঙ্গে, অন্দরমহলটা দেখে নিন |url=https://eisamay.com/photo-gallery/news/kolkata-metro-new-garia-airport-metro-corridor-barun-sengupta-metro-station-construction-work-update/photoshow/105019644.cms |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/kolkata-metro-s-top-brass-inspects-under-construction-section-of-orange-line/ar-AA1vrFez |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> including stations, as part of Package-II of Orange Line.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Details of tenders/contracts |url=https://www.rvnl.org/en/DetailsofContractsAwarded/20130814175604_Kolkata_upto_August-13.pdf |access-date=2024-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319185621/https://www.rvnl.org/en/DetailsofContractsAwarded/20130814175604_Kolkata_upto_August-13.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Road Ahead….. Projects sanctioned" |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,375,379 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="airport_link_station_names" /> In early 2020s, the construction of the metro station along with the metro line started.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Construction of VIP Bazar station begins after two years" |url=https://ebela.in/state/work-begins-on-vip-bazar-metro-station-after-two-years-1.614294}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=RVNL gets Nicco Park metro site for 90 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/rvnl-gets-nicco-park-metro-site-for-90-days/articleshow/111098430.cms |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The station is still under construction after structural work completion.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2023-03-12 |title=Airport-New Garia Metro: Site visit next week to bridge VIP Bazar gap |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/airport-new-garia-metro-site-visit-next-week-to-bridge-vip-bazar-gap/articleshow/98574252.cms |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=Man electrocuted at construction site |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/man-electrocuted-at-construction-site-in-kolkata-38-year-old-subrata-biswas-suffers-burn-injuries/articleshow/107806404.cms |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=শেষের মুখে কলকাতা মেট্রোর আরও ১ স্টেশনের কাজ! ভিতরটা কেমন হল? রইল 'ফার্স্ট লুক' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/ritwik-ghatak-metro-station-new-garia-to-airport-metro-new-station-work-near-completation-watch-first-pictures-31695888787928.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329172725/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/ritwik-ghatak-metro-station-new-garia-to-airport-metro-new-station-work-near-completation-watch-first-pictures-31695888787928.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=মেট্রোর পথ করতে নোনাডাঙায় সরছে পুরোনো ভিআইপি বাজার |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/for-metro-turminal-old-vip-market-will-bo-move-on-nonabazar/articleshow/57231236.cms |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref> It is slated to be completed in March 2025.<ref name=":324">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-27 |title=CRS check till Metropolitan: No Ruby ops on Thurs, Fri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/crs-check-till-metropolitan-no-ruby-ops-on-thurs-fri/articleshow/108802191.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-15 |title=Kolkata: Pipe bridge lifted out of Metro alignment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/pipe-bridge-lifted-out-of-metro-alignment/articleshow/76968240.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Alongside, there were several delays in filling viaduct gaps between Beleghata and Gour Kishore Ghosh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |date=2023-10-30 |title=Structural work at Gour Kishor Ghosh Metro Station completed |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/structural-work-at-gour-kishor-ghosh-metro-station-completed-538454 |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=MillenniumPost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bypass metro pier 319 ready, RVNL set to hand over Chingrighata site |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/construction-of-bypass-metro-pier-319-completed-rvnl-to-hand-over-chingrighata-site/articleshow/110683072.cms |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> These delays were caused due to road blocks as these gaps span over busy Eastern Metropolitan Bypass and Chingrighata crossing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2024-07-08 |title=Construction of Gour Kishor Ghosh station going on in full swing |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/construction-of-gour-kishor-ghosh-station-going-on-in-full-swing-1503317947.html/amp |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=Kolkata: New Garia-Airport Metro Work to Affect Traffic Near Chingrighata Junction; Check Advisory |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/kolkata/kolkata-new-garia-airport-metro-work-to-affect-traffic-near-chingrighata-junction-check-advisory-article-108069175/amp |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=dev |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kolkata Metro Progress RVNL Nears Completion of Second Pier Prepares for Handover - Urban Acres |url=https://urbanacres.in/kolkata-metro-progress-rvnl-nears-completion-of-second-pier-prepares-for-handover/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> Currently, a {{cvt|366|m}} viaduct gap between Chingrighata crossing and [[Gour Kishore Ghosh metro station]] is still left to be filled, with current completion target set for March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=Ritwik Ghatak Metro Station: ঋত্বিক ঘটক মেট্রো স্টেশনের কাজ শেষ পর্যায়ে, ফাস্ট লুকেই হাঁকাল ছক্কা! » Najarbandi 24X7 |url=https://najarbandi.in/ritwik-ghatak-metro-station-first-look-is-out/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=najarbandi.in |language=bn-BD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=After 6 yrs, Orange line's gap at Metropolitan bridged |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkatas-orange-line-finally-bridges-125-meter-gap-advancing-metro-expansion/articleshow/115422820.cms |access-date=2024-11-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-03 |title=Hanging bridge on Bypass solves Metro problem at Tagore Park |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/hanging-bridge-on-bypass-solves-metro-problem-at-tagore-park/articleshow/104929776.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The station is expected to be operational by mid-2025.<ref name=":4"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-17 |title=মেট্রো থেকে বেরিয়েই নিক্কোপার্ক ও পিকনিক স্পট- কেমন দেখতে হচ্ছে নলবন স্টেশন? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/nalban-metro-station-being-constructed-near-nicco-park-picnic-spot-check-latest-image-31702814740334.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119131616/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/nalban-metro-station-being-constructed-near-nicco-park-picnic-spot-check-latest-image-31702814740334.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

==Station ==

===Structure ===
Nalban Metro Station is an elevated metro station and has a total of 3 levels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2024-07-08 |title=Construction of Gour Kishor Ghosh station going on in full swing |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/construction-of-gour-kishor-ghosh-station-going-on-in-full-swing-1503317947.html/amp |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata: Deadline for Orange Line's Phase II extension revised to March 2025 due to construction delays |url=https://propnewstime.com/getdetailsStories/MTIwOTk=/kolkata-deadline-for-orange-line-s-phase-ii-extension-revised-to-march-2025-due-to-construction-delays |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=propnewstime.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Station entrances and exits begin or end at the first level or [[Ground floor|ground level]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3386&did=16946077532174862B31B38E23B035A9B34248F0482D0 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=dev |date=2024-07-19 |title=Rs 727 Cr Sanctioned for Kolkata Flyover - Urban Acres |url=https://urbanacres.in/rs-727-cr-sanctioned-for-kolkata-flyover/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Second-level or L1 or intermediate level houses station [[fare control]], station agents, metro [[Ticket machine|vending machines]], crossovers, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=Kolkata metro service on New Garia to airport corridor to be extended till Beleghata soon – Details inside |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-kolkata-metro-service-on-new-garia-to-airport-corridor-to-be-extended-till-beleghata-soon-details-inside-3534226/lite/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> The third level or L2 or the final level houses the [[Railway platform|platforms]] and [[Railway track|rail tracks]]. The station is 200 meters long and 25 meters wide.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |date=2023-09-30 |title=Concreting work of Ritwik Ghatak Metro Station nears completion |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/concreting-work-of-ritwik-ghatak-metro-stn-nears-completion-534865 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Ritwik Ghatak Metro Station: ঋত্বিক ঘটক মেট্রো স্টেশন চোখ ধাঁধানো, কাজ প্রায় শেষ, কেমন হল? দেখুন |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/story/kolkata-metro-hrithik-ghatak-metro-station-eye-catching-work-is-almost-over-how-is-it-see-rjk-685778-2023-09-28 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=railanalysis3 |date=2023-10-13 |title=Kolkata Metro Update: The construction work of Ritwik Ghatak metro station of Kavi Subhash-Biman Bandar corridor going on in full swing |url=https://news.railanalysis.com/kolkata-metro-update-the-construction-work-of-ritwik-ghatak-metro-station-of-kavi-subhash-biman-bandar-corridor-going-on-in-full-swing/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Rail Analysis India |language=en-US}}</ref>

The station has four entrances and exits. The station is being built with [[State of the art|state-of-the-art]] technology. In addition to staircases, it will be equipped with [[Elevator|lifts]] and [[escalator]]s. The station also has [[drinking water]] and [[toilet]] facilities.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=নিউ গড়িয়া-বিমানবন্দর মেট্রো করিডোরে বড় খবর, নতুন স্টেশনের ছবি দেখুন |url=https://eisamay.com/photo-gallery/news/kolkata-metro-new-garia-airport-corridor-ritwik-ghatak-metro-station-work-almost-complete/photoshow/104012175.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref>

===layout===
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Nalban track layout
| title color = white
| title-bg = #{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|Orange}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[IT Centre metro station|IT Centre]] {{Rcb|Kolkata Metro|Green|croute}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Gour Kishore Ghosh metro station|Gour Kishore Ghosh]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|+ '''Layout'''
| width="50" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="100" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street Level
| width="500" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| valign="top" |'''L1'''
| valign="top" |Mezzanine
| valign="top" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
| rowspan="4" width="50" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]] doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Southbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards →[[Kavi Subhash metro station|Kavi Subhash]]→ next station is [[Gour Kishore Ghosh metro station|Gour Kishore Ghosh]]→
|-
|'''Northbound'''
|→Towards ←[[Jai Hind metro station|Jai Hind]]← next station is [[IT Centre metro station|IT Centre]]←
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]] doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| rowspan="2" width="50" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |
|-
|}

==Power and signal systems ==
Like other stations and lines of [[Kolkata Metro]], this station has 750 volt [[Direct current|DC]] [[DC motor|powered]] [[third rail]]. The [[electricity system]] will be used to operate the train.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3822&did=1705999999593CFC2163E0CC36FDC7712299FBF8432D4 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

Train movement at this station will be managed by [[CBTC|communication based train control signaling]] system. With this signal system, trains can be operated at intervals of 90 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3960&did=1711434226034173F1A0F14BC36381633091FEA2E7CD6 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

==Services ==
Services have not started from this station. Currently the station is under construction and is set to be opened in 2025.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Trial run extended beyond Ruby to Metropolitan on Kolkata Metro's Airport Line {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/trial-run-extended-beyond-ruby-to-metropolitan-on-kolkata-metros-airport-line |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref name=":324" />
==See also==
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kolkata Metro stations]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1932

2026-05-04T00:52:56Z

Optimalvapors: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films before 1950]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from merge}}
{{R from history}}
{{R from more specific name}}
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Sureshwar Singh

2026-04-29T19:50:42Z

Optimalvapors: new some biography v1.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1962|6|19}}
| birth_place = [[Bahraich]], Uttar Pradesh
| constituency = [[Mahasi Assembly constituency|Mahasi]]
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor = Krishna Kumar Ojha
| successor =
| father = Sukhad Raj Singh ‘ex-mla’
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
| constituency1 = [[Mahasi Assembly constituency|Mahasi]]
| term_start1 = 2007
| term_end1 = 2012
| predecessor1 = Dilip Kumar Verma
| successor1 = Krishna Kumar Ojha
| mother = Neelam Singh ‘ex-mla’
}}
'''Sureshwar Singh''' is an Indian politician, farmer and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Mahasi Assembly constituency]] of the [[Bahraich district]].<ref name="UPLA">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18287/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-bahraich-bjp-mla-sureshwar-singh-session-court-put-a-stay-on-the-punishment-9174842.html |title=बहराइचः भाजपा विधायक सुरेश्वर सिंह की विधायकी बची? सजा पर सेशन कोर्ट ने लगाई रोक |language=hi |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/bjp-mla-gets-two-years-in-jail-may-lose-house-seat-9097170/ |title=BJP MLA gets two years in jail, may lose House seat |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="UPLA"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/bahraich/bjp-mla-sureshwar-singh-from-bahraich-who-sentenced-two-years-imprisonment-for-threatening-sdm-profile/articleshow/106579864.cms |title=बीजेपी विधायक सुरेश्वर सिंह कौन हैं? एसडीएम को धमकाने के केस में जिन्हें कोर्ट ने सुनाई 2 साल की सजा |language=hi |publisher=[[Navbharat Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/sureshwar-singh |title=Sureshwar Singh |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref>

==Early life==

Sureshwar Singh was born on 19 June 1962 in [[Bahraich]], Uttar Pradesh, to a [[Hindu]] family of Sukhad Raj Singh.<ref name="UPLA"/> He married Ganga Singh in 1983, and they have four children.<ref name="UPLA"/>

== Education==

Sureshwar Singh completed his schooling at Gandhi Inter College, affiliated with the [[Uttar Pradesh State Board of High School and Intermediate Education]], [[Prayagraj]], in 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=3313 |title=Sureshwar Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MAHASI(BAHRAICH) |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Posts held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Ref
|-
| 01 || March 2007 || March 2012 || Member, [[Fifteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="UPLA"/>
|-
| 02 || March 2017 || March 2022 || Member, [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="UPLA"/>
|-
| 03 || March 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="UPLA"/>
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Mahasi Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sureshwar}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Bahraich]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Shankar Ghosh (musician)

2026-04-21T11:57:01Z

Optimalvapors: new the stub more to come

{{Mscn|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Pandit Shankar Ghosh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_place =
| birth_date = 10 October 1935
| origin =
| instrument = [[Tabla]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| occupation = [[percussionist]]
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
| death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2016|1|22|80}}
}}
'''Pandit Shankar Ghosh''' (10 October 1935 – 22 January 2016) was an Indian [[Tabla]] player from the [[Farukhabad gharānā|Farukhabad gharana]] of [[Hindustani classical music]]. He has revolutionized both the art of Tabla solo playing as well as Tabla accompaniment. His many compositions have become an intrinsic part of the contemporary Tabla repertoire.<ref name=tt>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/calcutta-times/Tabla-maestro-turns-vocalist-for-melody-concert/articleshow/14898629.cms|title=Tabla maestro turns vocalist for melody concert|date=3 July 2002|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

He was awarded the 1999–2000 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in Tabla, the highest Indian recognition given to practicing artists, by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm|title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees|publisher=Official website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm|archivedate=2012-02-17}}</ref>

==Early life and training==
He started learning training ''taleem'' in 1953 under [[Jnan Prakash Ghosh]] of Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]), who pioneered the concept of tabla ensembles, which employed numerous [[tabla]] players playing the same pieces; a tradition later taken forward by Shankar himself.<ref name=tt/><ref>[[#Ne|Nettl, p. 212]]</ref>

==Career==
He started touring the US in the 1960s with [[sarod]] maestro Ustad [[Ali Akbar Khan]] and won rave reviews,<ref name=":0">[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=A9YzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XOsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2271,753959&dq=shankar+ghosh+tabla&hl=en So Who's On Tabla?]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} [[Miami News]], 3 July 1966.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=caUtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h58FAAAAIBAJ&pg=7013,4485189&dq=shankar-ghosh+tabla&hl=en Ali Akbar Khan In Theatre] [[Montreal Gazette]] Archive, 21 September 1965.". Shankar Ghosh, who was making as a virtuoso on the tabla"</ref> and over the years he toured with [[Pandit Ravi Shankar]], Ustad [[Vilayat Khan]], Pandit [[Nikhil Banerjee]], Sharan Rani, and Pandit [[V. G. Jog]]. In India he has performed with vocalists such as Ustad [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]], Pandit [[Omkarnath Thakur]], Pandit [[Vinayakrao Patwardhan]], [[Girija Devi]] and Smt. [[Akhtari Bai]]. During his stay abroad he also collaborated with artists like [[Greg Ellis (musician)|Greg Ellis]], [[Pete Lockett]] and [[John Bergamo]].<ref>[http://www.chembur.com/anecdotes/sghosh.html Pandit Shankar Ghosh, biography]</ref>

He has received awards like [[ITC Sangeet Research Academy]] award and the Ustad Hafiz Ali Khan award. Teaching tabla for over three decades, he has taught in institutions at [[Kolkata]], [[Paris]] and [[Bonn]].

During his 10-year' stay at the Ali Akbar College of Music, California, he collaborated with western classical and fusion giants and created immense impact worldwide. He is the pioneer of the all-drum orchestra,"Music of the Drums", that was staged at the closing ceremony of Asiad'82
and at the Royal Albert Hall, London for the BBC PROMS 100th year celebrations.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
He was married to the Hindustani classical vocalist of [[Patiala gharana]], [[Sanjukta Ghosh]], and was the father of the tabla maestro [[Bickram Ghosh]], whom he has also trained in tabla,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040426/asp/calcutta/story_3168724.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040816053017/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040426/asp/calcutta/story_3168724.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2004|title=Parents as pillars of strength|date= 26 April 2004 |newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=13271|title=Bikram Ghosh concert|date=25 August 2006|publisher=Screen}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and who went on to perform with [[Ali Akbar Khan]] and [[Ravi Shankar]].<ref>[[#Ne|Nettl, p. 63]]</ref>

== Awards ==

* ITC Sangeet Research Academy award.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2016-01-23 |title=Tabla maestro Shankar Ghosh dead |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/tabla-maestro-shankar-ghosh-dead/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Ustad Hafiz Ali Khan award.<ref name=":2" />
* Sangeet Natak Academy award.<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
*[[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]
*[[Chandra Nath Shastri]]
*[[Anindo Chatterjee]]
*[[Swapan Chaudhuri]]
*[[Kumar Bose]]
*[[Yogesh Samsi]]
*[[Ananda Gopal Bandopadhyay]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book|last=Nettl|first=Bruno |author2=James Porter |author3=Alison Arnold |title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent (Volume 5)|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2000|isbn=0-8240-4946-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&dq=Shankar+Ghosh+tabla&pg=PA136|ref=Ne}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025308/http://www.indiamusicinfo.com/profiles/hindustani/shankarghosh.html Shankar Ghosh profile]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Shankar}}
[[Category:Tabla players]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Indian percussionists]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:World music percussionists]]
[[Category:Farrukhabad gharana]]

Sankalp Amonkar

2026-04-21T04:21:35Z

Optimalvapors: new new article more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician and businessman (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sankalp Amonkar
| birth_place = [[South Goa]], Goa, India
| birth_date = {{bda|1975|6|30|df=y}}
| image = Sankalp Amonkar in 2024.png
| caption = Amonkar in 2024
| constituency = [[Mormugao Assembly constituency|Mormugao]]
| predecessor = [[Milind Naik (politician)|Milind Naik]]
| successor =
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|businessman}}
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2022–present)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (until 2022)
| website = {{url|facebook.com/SankalpAmonkar1313}}
}}

'''Sankalp Amonkar''' (born 30 June 1975) is an Indian politician and businessman who serves as a member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Mormugao Assembly constituency]]. He contested on the [[Indian National Congress]] ticket and emerged victorious by defeating three-term [[BJP]] MLA, [[Milind Naik (politician)|Millind Naik]] by a margin of 1,941 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sankalp Amonkar, INC MLA from Mormugao – Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/sankalp-amonkar/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Amonkar is a former Deputy Leader of Congress Legislative Party, former Vice President of [[Goa Pradesh Congress Committee]], former State President of National Union of Seafarers of India and President of Pradesh Youth Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP's 'Garib Kalyan Sammelan' is certificate to PM, Goa CM for non-performance: Congress |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bjps-garib-kalyan-sammelan-is-certificate-to-pm-goa-cm-for-non-performance-congress20220620011620/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> He joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Another Setback to Congress in Goa, 8 Party MLAs join BJP including Digambar Kamat and Michael Lobo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/blow-for-congress-in-goa-ex-cm-kamat-7-others-likely-to-join-bjp/articleshow/94191835.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|date=14 September 2022|access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Sankalp Amonkar was born on 30 June 1975 to Padmanabh Amonkar in [[South Goa]], India. He completed his graduation in [[Bachelor of Arts]] from Mormugao Education Society Zuarinagar, affiliated with [[Goa University]] in 1997. Amonkar is married to businesswoman, Shradha Amonkar and currently resides at [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]], Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sankalp Amonkar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MORMUGAO(SOUTH GOA) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/goa2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Amonkar, Sankalp}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Goa]]

Masagram railway station

2026-04-20T15:33:06Z

Optimalvapors: Adding some info more to come

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Masagram
| type = {{Plainlist|
* [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] [[junction station]]
}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| symbol = s
| symbol_location = kolkata
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| image = Masagram Junction railway station 04.jpg
| image_caption = Masagram Jn railway station
| address = National Highway 2, Masagram, [[Purba Bardhaman district]], West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.135782|88.042129|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|24.00|m|ft}}
| line = [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord]] [[Bankura–Masagram line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 7
| tracks =
| parking = No
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = 1917
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1964–66
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MSAE
| zone =
| division = {{rwd|Howrah}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Masagram
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations
|system=Indian Railways
|line=South Eastern Railway zone|left=Mustaphachak|right=|to-left=Bankura Junction|type=[[Bankura–Masagram line]]
|system2=Kolkata Suburban Railway
|line2=Eastern|left2=Nabagram|right2=Chanchai|to-left2=Howrah Junction|to-right2=Barddhaman Junction|type2=[[Howrah–Bardhaman chord|Chord line]]}}
| route_map = {{Howrah–Bardhaman chord}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Masagram''' is a [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station on the [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord]] and is located in [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It serves [[Masagram]] and surrounding villages. The construction of the [[Bankura–Masagram line]] made Masagram a junction station. The [[Damodar River|Damodar]] flows nearby.

==History==
The [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord]], a shorter link to Bardhaman from Howrah than the [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]], was constructed in 1917.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | title = The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern India |publisher=Rail India | access-date = 13 April 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015721/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | archive-date = 16 March 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Electrification==
Howrah–Bardhaman chord was electrified in 1964–66.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title =History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 13 April 2013 }}</ref>

==Passengers==
Around 3,000 passengers use Masagram railway station every day.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://railenquiry.in/stationinfo/MSAE/Massagram |title = Masagram| publisher= Railenquiry.in| access-date = 13 April 2013 }}</ref>

==Bankura Masagram line==
The {{convert|117|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} [[Bankura–Masagram line]] will connect to the Howrah–Bardhaman chord near Masagram.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050912/asp/bengal/story_5227660.asp | archive-url= https://archive.today/20130104223347/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050912/asp/bengal/story_5227660.asp | url-status= dead | archive-date= 4 January 2013 | title= Train to Bankura| publisher=The Telegraph, 12 September 2005 | access-date= 13 April 2013 | location=Calcutta, India | first=Sanjay | last=Mandal | date=2005-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/before-swearing-in-didi%5Cs-rail-sopstrack/435927/ | title = Before swearing-in, Didi's rail sops on track | access-date = 13 April 2013| publisher = Business Standard, 18 May 2011}}</ref> The {{convert|510|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} bridge over the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] has already been constructed, and work on the last sector, the Mathnasipur-Masagram new line project, was inaugurated on 16 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20120209/1924656.html| title = SER GM reviews Bankura–Masagram rail project| publisher = Web India 123, 9 February 2012 | access-date = 13 April 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="indianrailways">{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,423&dcd=335&did=13660181525886AF52292F42E677C808839196DFCB5D7.web91|title=South Eastern Railway|publisher=ser.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{external media
| float=right
| video1= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndpuXERxjqE A glimpse of Bankura Damodar line from a running train passing Masagram railway station]
}}
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/search/kolkata-howrah-hwh-to-masagram-msae/1/0/8691 Trains at Masagram]

{{commons category|Masagram Junction railway station}}

{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Eastern}}
{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1917]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Howrah railway division]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]

E. E. C. Thuraisingham

2026-04-19T06:26:28Z

Optimalvapors: New basic bio w/ sources.

{{short description|Malaysian politician}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Berhormat]] [[Malay styles and titles#State titles|Dato']] [[Sir]]
| name = E. E. C. Thuraisingham
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Crown of Johor|DPMJ]] [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] [[Justice of the peace|JP]]
| image =
| birth_name = Ernest Emmanuel Clough Thuraisingham
| caption =
| office = [[Chairman]] of the [[Communities Liaison Committee]] of [[British Malaya]]
| term_start = 1949
| term_end = 1955
| predecessor = Position established
| successor = Position abolished
| parliament2 =
| constituency_MP2 =
| term_start2 = 1951
| term_end2 = 1955
| majority2 =
| predecessor2 = Position established
| successor2 = Position abolished
| parliament3 =
| constituency_MP3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| birth_date = 28 August 1898
| birth_place = [[Taiping, Perak]], [[Federated Malay States]], [[British Malaya]] (now Malaysia)
| death_date = 30 March 1979 (aged 81)
| death_place =
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|Ethel Mary Huggins|(1920–1925)|Pearl Sayampanathan|(1929–1947)|Thayamany Muthuvelu|(present)}}
| children =
| profession = Lawyer
| occupation = Member Minister of Education for the [[Federation of Malaya]]
| relations =
| party =
| alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| native_name = இ. இ. சி. துரைசிங்கம்
| native_name_lang = [[Tamil language]]
| office2 = Member Minister of Education for the [[Federation of Malaya]]
}}

[[Malay styles and titles#State titles|Dato']] '''Sir Ernest Emmanuel Clough Thuraisingham''' or '''E. E. C. Thuraisingham''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: இ. இ. சி. துரைசிங்கம்) (28 August 1898 – 30 March 1979) was the first local Member (Minister) for Education in the [[Communities Liaison Committee]] (CLC) formed to build communal fraternity in British-ruled [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]], from 1951–1955. He is also the first Asian chairman of the [[Selangor Turf Club]].

==Early life==
Thuraisingham was born in [[Taiping, Perak]] on 28 August 1898. He was the second son and child among six children of Kasinathar and Meenachi Clough.

After graduating on 19 December 1922 with a BA degree in Law & Political Economy at [[Cambridge University]], Thuraisingham studied and did his pupillage at Middle Temple in the Inns of Court in London and became a Barrister-at-Law in 1924. Thuraisingham played soccer, tennis and hockey at Cambridge and later played soccer semi-professionally with the Tylehurst-on-Thames Soccer Team in the Berkshire Soccer League.

Urged by his father, Kasinathar Clough, Thuraisingham set up a legal practice in Singapore in 1925. He practised law in a partnership with M.V. Pillai and Charles Peng Siong Wong, another Cambridge lawyer. Being so close to [[Johore]] meant that he could also manage his father's large rubber estate in [[Skudai]] across the causeway as his parents and siblings had moved back to [[Jaffna]] in Sri Lanka by then.

==Family life==
While at Cambridge, Thuraisingham married Ethel Mary Huggins in December 1920 and they had twin girls, Rani and Joan. It was difficult for a Ceylonese Barrister to practise law in England at that time and, if they returned, difficult for an English woman married to a Ceylonese lawyer in Colonial Malaya. And so they reluctantly parted, Thuraisingham returning to Malaya in 1925.

Later Thuraisingham married Pearl Sayampanathan, a teacher at St. Mary's School for Girls, [[Kuala Lumpur]]. He met her at a friend's house in Singapore in 1929. With the imminent [[Japanese occupation of Singapore]], Thuraisingham moved with Pearl to [[Kuala Lumpur]] in 1942 and set up home at 7B Treacher Road. He had three children with Pearl – Balendra, Patmalar and Thevendra. Pearl died in 1947 when she had a severe asthma attack and was unable to get timely medical help. This happened at a time when the politics of race was complicating the vision of Dato [[Onn Jaafar]] for an independent multiracial Malaya. Thuraisingham managed to juggle family life with the many demands of his political endeavours and legal career.

Sometime later Thuraisingham married Thayamany Muthuvelu, a widow with a daughter Gowri, and between them they had three children – Raja, Chandramani and Meenachi. Together they raised seven children in a house often filled with visiting relatives, friends and political allies.

Datin Lady Thayamany Thuraisingham was a devoted wife to Dato Thuraisingham. She also nursed him during his ailing years at their home in Bukit Travers.

==Hobbies and friends==
Thuraisingham loved horse riding and horse racing. He owned a stable of race horses.

Sporting Gesture the First won the Selangor Turf Club (STC) Class 1 Division 1 Gold Vase in 1952. Another horse, aptly named Commotion, often created havoc before the gates were opened and ran like the thunder to win the mile (circa 1959) at the STC. Yet another horse, Bowdler, broke the 6-furlong sprint record at the STC (circa 1960) which remained unbroken for several years.

His love for horse riding and for horse racing was shared by the [[Sultan of Johor]]; together they owned a Class 1 stallion, Heroden, winner of several cups in the 1930s. This alliance led Thuraisingham to [[Onn Jaafar]] with whom he forged a close friendship that culminated in a political camaraderie that lasted over three decades. His camaraderie with Dato Onn strengthened with the Japanese occupation of mainland [[British Malaya|Malaya]] fuelling their common desire for Malayan independence.

Dato Onn was also a frequent visitor to Thuraisingham's house. Dato Onn's favourite posture was sitting with both his feet off the ground folded together on the armchair and drinking tea from the saucer while discussing political strategy with Thuraisingham in the piano room at the Treacher Road house. While together at the house, both loved to be casual often wearing the sarong.

==Professional life==
For many years Thuraisingham's law office was above a general store at 71 Ampang Street before he moved (in 1968) to the Kwong Yik Bank Building nearby. Ampang Street (now Lebuh Ampang) was the business and retail center of the [[Malaysian Indian]] and [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Ceylonese]] community in downtown [[Kuala Lumpur]]. Among his clientele were rich [[Malaysian Chinese]] businessmen whose trust he won which also enabled him to provide pro-bono (free) legal services to those who could not pay. His office was adorned with thank you plaques from his Chinese clients dating over three decades. For a time one of his partners was Senator Athi Nahappan, a well-respected younger member of the Indian community.

==Political career==
In May 1946, Dato [[Onn Jaafar]] became the first leader of the [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO). Onn, Thuraisingham and several others, including Henry H.S. Lee and V.M.N. Menon, became the vanguard of the multiracial Malayan independence movement. In response to this movement and the spectre of the UN anti-colonial stance, the British instituted self-government and Onn became Member (Minister) of Home Affairs while Dato Thuraisingham became Member (Minister) of Education.

As the first Member of Education in the [[Federation of Malaya]], Thuraisingham established a comprehensive system of education beginning in 1951 to provide free education for all children between six and twelve years old; thus implementing the recommendations of the [[Barnes Report|Barnes]] and Fenn Reports he presented to the [[Federal Legislative Council]] on 19 September 1951.

He stated:
{{blockquote|The Barnes and Fenn Reports are before you and I trust that all of you have read them. The one single factor that emerges from these two reports is the urgency with which all our education must be modelled to create a singleness in our plural society and build on it a powerful Malayan nation.

The comradeship among children of all races from a multi-racial school which ripens into friendship in adult years is of inestimable value for knitting together the different races.}}

Implementing the Barnes and Fenn Reports meant that more teachers were needed and so he established a teachers' training college in [[Kota Bharu]] and also leased teachers' training facilities at Kirkby and Brinsford Lodge in England. He also had more schools built, especially in rural areas.

In addition, Thuraisingham was one of the prime movers of the Social Welfare Lotteries System which financed the provision of welfare services to the poor of all races in Malaya.

===Political Opposition===
The two friends, [[Onn Jaafar]] and Thuraisingham, were firm believers of multiracialism in politics. Together they laid the ground-work for an independence movement to devolve power from the British. However, their egalitarian multiracial movement began losing ground to racial-based politics in the early 1950s to Malay anxieties. This racial-based movement was led by [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], who had entered national politics in 1951, pushing for a wholly Malay-based UMNO party but in allied with the Chinese-based ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]]) and Indian-based ([[Malaysian Indian Congress|MIC]]) parties which would become an election-winning strategy.

Thuraisingham worried about the growing wedge between Onn and Abdul Rahman, arranged for a meeting at his home in Treacher Road (now [[Jalan Sultan Ismail]]) for both men to settle their differences. The meeting, which took place in the piano room, lasted almost the whole day with the two unable to come to an agreement. A second meeting was arranged and that too failed.

Disappointed with the racial slant in Malayan politics, Thuraisingham resigned as Member for Education in 1955.

His wife Datin Thayamany said in an interview to New Sunday Times (31 December 2006):

{{blockquote|On the way back from a visit to a teachers' training college in [[Kota Bharu]], he came straight to me and told me he wanted to resign and return to his law practice and social work. I thought he had worked hard enough and since he wanted to practice again, I supported him.}}

==Contributions==
Thuraisingham, the first leader of the Ceylon Federation of Malaya, a political party representing the small Tamil community from Sri Lanka, was appointed a senator in 1957, retiring in 1974 due to ill health.

Despite his failing health, he continued as Chairman of Malaysian Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis (MAPTB) until his death at age 80, as he took the challenges of [[tuberculosis]] prevention seriously. The TB Diagnostic Clinic in [[Setapak]] is named after Dato Thuraisingham.

===Selangor Turf Club===
Of the many committees Thuraisingham served on, he especially enjoyed being Chairman of the Selangor Turf Club on [[Jalan Ampang]], a popular position he held for over 20 years overseeing the massive development of the turf club from a small colonial racing club to one that many Malaysians were proud to participate in.

Thuraisingham's leadership brought many momentous changes, as he nurtured the Club's transition from a European concern to a local one. Among these changes were the construction of labourers' quarters, improvements to the stables and an increased level of concern for the well-being of the club's staff.

It was also during Thuraisingham's tenure that radio broadcasts of race proceedings began in [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]]. This was in 1954.

Two years later, Thuraisingham successfully replaced the Club's old attap shed with a $1mil grandstand. Built to accommodate the growing number of race fans, the new grandstand was declared open by the Prime Minister of Malaya, [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], on 3 April 1956. This development helped to further improve the club's growing reputation for being an exceptional and professional facility.

The club's progress faced a slight hiccup in 1957 when the "Great Floods" hit [[Kuala Lumpur]]. Water-logged roads made it difficult for outstation horses to reach the club by land, but the club surmounted the problem by arranging to have the horses brought in by ferries. Despite the fact that the grandstand was under less than three inches of water, the foreign riders refused to co-operate. Thuraisingam decided to rope in the entire team of track riders and riding boys to carry on with the races instead.

==Awards and recognition==
* Thuraisingham received a CBE from [[King George VI]] in 1948.
* In 1950 the Sultan Ibrahim of Johore bestowed the title of Dato Paduka Makota Johore ("DPMJ") on Thuraisingham.
* He received the Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa) from the [[National University of Singapore]] in 1953.
* Thuraisingham was knighted by [[Queen Elizabeth II]] on 10 July 1955 for his services to the country and Malayan education and bestowed the title of [[Knight Bachelor]].

==Death==
Clough Thuraisingham died in the early hours of the morning of 30 March 1979.

==References==
{{portal|Malaysia}}
* [http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2006/11/20/lifefocus/16036986&sec=lifefocus Turning points at the racecourse], The Star, 20 November 2006.
* Some of Thuraisingham's memorable speeches at the Federal Legislative Council can be found in the following text: '''SELECTED SPEECHES''' – ''a Golden Treasury of Asian Thought and Wisdom''; Pages 167 – 182; Edited and Published by J.V.Morais (circa 1967).
* The first Prime Minister, [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] published a book which mentions some of the activities of Dato Onn and Dato Thuraisingham: '''VIEWPOINTS''' by Tengku Abdul Rahman, Heineman (Asia), 1978.
* '''Who’s Who In Malaysia''' by JV Morais, ~1962
* '''Sejarah Baru Negara Malaysia''' (untuk Tingkatan Tiga) by Asraf Awang Sariyan, Dahlan Mansur, Fawzi Basri & Yusoff Iskandar; Pg 13 – 15 [Publ: Analekta, Kuala Lumpur] 1979.
* '''Tawarikh Dunia Baru''' (Buku Tiga) by Abdul Rahman Ali, N.Rajendra, & V.Rajendra; Pages 10–11 [Publ: Longman Malaysia] 1979.
* '''Malaysia''' (Dalam Sejarah 3) by M.Thambirajah; Page 9 [Federal Publications, Kuala Lumpur] 1979.
* '''Kursus Sejarah''' (Untuk Tingkatan 3) by Professor Zainal Abidin bin Abdul Wahid, Professor Khoo Kay Kim & Encik Muhd Yusof bin Ibrahim; Pages 17–18 [Publ: Heinemann Educational Books Asia Ltd, Kuala Lumpur] 1979.
* '''Bukuteks Sejarah''' (untuk sekolah menengah, tingkatan 3) by Abdul Rahman Yeop & Nordin Awal; Page 22 [Publisher: Textbooks Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur] 1979.
* '''Malaysia – Making of a Nation''' by Boon Kheng Cheah [Publisher: Institute of South-East Asian Studies] 2002.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thuraisingham, E. E. C.}}
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Tamil descent]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Taiping, Perak]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Dewan Negara]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Members of the Middle Temple]]
[[Category:20th-century Malaysian lawyers]]
[[Category:Honorary commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor]]

Budhalada Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:12Z

Optimalvapors: New the post first draft

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Budhlada
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bathinda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bathinda]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 98
| mla = [[Budh Ram]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| electors = {{formatnum:195170 }} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
}}
'''Budhlada''' is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
* 2012: Chatin Singh
* 2007: Mangat Rai Bansal
* 2002: Harwant Singh Datewas
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan=2|[[Budh Ram]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Budhlada}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Budh Ram]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:88282}}
|percentage = 55.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Dr. Nishan Singh Hakamwala
|votes = {{formatnum:36591}}
|percentage = 22.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Ranvir Kaur Mian
|votes = {{formatnum:21492}}
|percentage = 13.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Paramjeet Kaur
|votes = {{formatnum:6645}}
|percentage = 4.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:935}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:51691}}
|percentage = 32.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:160410}}
|percentage = 81.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:196474}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Budhlada<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Budh Ram]]
|votes = 52265
|percentage = 32.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ranjit Kaur Bhatti]]
|votes = 50989
|percentage = 31.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Nishan Singh
|votes = 50477
|percentage = 31.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Krishan Singh
|votes = 1986
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Bhagwant Singh Samao
|votes = 1601
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Ranjit Singh
|votes = 1383
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sher Singh
|votes = 1074
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kala Singh
|votes = 651
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aapna Punjab Party
|candidate = Kirpal Singh
|votes = 549
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Lachhman Singh
|votes = 491
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 778
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:185227}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |loser = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Assembly constituency No. 98 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Chatin Singh
|votes = 51,504
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Satpal Singh
|votes = 45,056
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2007 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2007]]: Assembly constituency No. 115 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mangat Rai Bansal
|votes = 56,271
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Harbant Singh
|votes = 43,456
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2002 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Assembly constituency No. 116 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Harbant Singh
|votes = 44,184
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Hardev Singh Arshi]]
|votes = 29,384
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Results from 20th century===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year||A.C. No.||MLA Name||Party||Votes||Runner Up||Party||Votes
|-
|1997||116||Hardev Singh Arshi||CPI||47,469||Harbant Singh||SAD||41,020
|-
|1992||116||Hardev Singh Arshi||CPI||9,034||Gurdev Singh||INC||6,455
|-
|1985||116||Parshotam Singh||SAD||25,484||Bogh Singh||INC||18,551
|-
|1980||116||Parshotam Singh||SAD||27,022||Gurdev Singh||INC (I)||24,997
|-
|1977||116||Tara Singh||SAD||21,933||Gurdev Singh||INC||20,477
|-
|1972||96||Gurdev Singh||INC||15,926||Gopal Singh||SAD||18,944
|-
|1969||96||Parshotam Singh||SAD||19,607||Gurdev Singh||INC||17,736
|-
|1967||96||Gurdev Singh||INC||19,621||Tej Singh||ADS||16,977
|-
|1962||72||Tej Singh||AD||16,951||Atma Singh||INC||13,225
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|29.93|75.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Mansa district, India]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in East Punjab]]

St. Aloysius, Mangaluru

2026-04-14T07:12:17Z

Optimalvapors: new first post and citations.

{{Short description|Private Jesuit University in Mangaluru, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox university
| name = St. Aloysius (Deemed to be University)
| image = St.Aloysius college(Autonomous)Mangalore.jpg
| image_size =
| motto = ''Lucet et Ardet'' {{small|(Latin)}}
| mottoeng = ''Shine to Enkindle''
| caption =
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[research]] non-profit [[co-education]]al university
| established = {{Start date and age|1880}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Catholic Church]] [[Society of Jesus|(Jesuit)]]
| chancellor = Rev. Fr. Dionysius Vaz SJ
| vice_chancellor = Rev. Dr. Praveen Martis SJ
| rector = Rev. Fr. Melwyn Joseph Pinto SJ
| head_label = Registrar
| head = Dr. Ronald Nazareth Dr. Alwyn D'sa
| faculty = 303
| undergrad = 5436
| postgrad = 1587
| city = MSS Road (Previously known as Lighthouse hill road), [[Kodialbail]], [[Mangaluru]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]], 37 acres
| mascot =
| website = {{Official website|Staloysius.edu.in}}
| logo =
}}
'''St. Aloysius (Deemed to be University)'''<ref name="deemed">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-25 |title=St. Aloysius College gets Deemed-to-be-University status |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/st-aloysisus-college-gets-deemed-to-be-university-status/article67776201.ece |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is a private, coeducational, [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] [[deemed university]], founded in 1880 as '''St. Aloysius College''' and located in [[Mangaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. The institution specializes in academic programs in the [[humanities]], [[commerce]], [[science]], [[technology]], and [[management]].
[[File:Old hall of St. Aloysius College.jpg|thumb|Old hall of St. Aloysius College]]
The [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) accredited St Aloysius with A++ grade<ref><nowiki>https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1071382</nowiki></ref> with a cumulative grade point average ([[CGPA]]) of 3.67 out of 4.0 in the fourth cycle of accreditation in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1071382/news/st-aloysius-college-gets-grade-naac|title=Mangaluru: St Aloysius College secures distinctive NAAC grade of A++ with 3.67 CGPA|access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> The institution has been sanctioned '[[DDUGJY|DDU Kaushal Centre]]' for the years 2015-17 under the 12th Plan Scheme by the Indian government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=334771|title=St Aloysius College approved as DDU Kaushal Centre, gets UGC grant of Rs 3.65 cr|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref>
[[File:St. Aloysius (Deemed to Be University) Administrative block.jpg|thumb|The front of the college building]]

The institution was awarded STAR Status under the Govt of India's [[Department of Biotechnology]] and is extended to the second phase.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/St.-Aloysius-College-selected-under-%E2%80%98star-status%E2%80%99-scheme/article16071675.ece|title=St. Aloysius College selected under 'star status' scheme|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> It has been recognised as a "College with Potential for Excellence" by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) also for the second phase.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=72894|title=Mangalore: St. Aloysius is Now College with 'Potential for Excellence'|access-date=2017-08-29}}</ref> The institution has been sanctioned Community College Scheme by UGC and the state government has given grants to the college to start the Biotechnology Finishing School (BTFS).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/43163-st-aloysius-college-offers-biotechnology-finishing-school|title=St Aloysius College offers Biotechnology Finishing School|date=1 August 2012|work=Coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India, Coastal Karnataka|access-date=29 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>

The college is ranked 58th among colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

== History ==
Founded in 1880, the college's name reflects its early history as a liberal arts college and preparatory school (now St. Aloysius College High School) on the same campus. It was affiliated with the [[University of Madras]] in 1882.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.staloysius.edu.in/about/milestones-1880-onwards |title=Milestones (1880 Onwards) |website=staloysius.edu.in |access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref>

In 1999, the college launched its first full-fledged master's program, Master of Computer Application (MCA), followed by Master of Business Administration (MBA) in 2004.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} This led to the inauguration of a new campus on the outskirts of [[Mangaluru]] known as Aloysius Institute of Management and Information Technology (AIMIT) in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edunews.com/news/become-well-rounded-confident-and-skilled-professionals-aimit|title=Become well-rounded, confident, and skilled professionals: AIMIT|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref>

In 2007, the college was granted autonomous status. The University Grants Commission and Union Ministry of Education approved status of Deemed to be University to the college on 19 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TNN |date=26 January 2024 |title=Aloysius College is now deemed-to-be university |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/aloysius-college-granted-deemedtobe-university-status-by-ugc-and-ministry-of-education/articleshow/107159427.cms |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Vice Chancellor ==

* Rev. Dr. Praveen Martis, SJ is the first and current Vice Chancellor of the University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: Fr Dr Praveen Martis appointed new principal of St Aloysius College |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=447743 |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="deemed" />

==Courses==
As of 2017, the college is both an undergraduate college and a post-graduate college with 4138 undergraduate students and 1532 postgraduate students.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

The University offers 17 post-graduate courses. St. Aloysius University Advanced Research Centre was inaugurated on 6 February 2012. There are 53 research scholars working for the Ph.D. under these guides. PG Department of Chemistry and PG Department of Management (MBA) have successfully completed six months of course work for seven and six research students during 2013-14.<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Aloysius College Advanced Research Centre |url=https://www.staloysius.edu.in/academics/st-aloysius-advanced-research-centre |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>

== Model United Nations Programmes ==
St. Aloysius College has been the first to start MUN programmes in Mangalore and has held multiple editions till now. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Media |date=2024-05-09 |title=St. Aloysius Deemed-to-be University holds two-day National-level Model United Nations conference 'AL MUN' |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/st-aloysius-deemed-to-be-university-holds-two-day-national-level-model-united-nations-conference-al-mun/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Mangalorean.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sixth edition of St Aloysius Pre-University College Model United Nations (SAPMUN) inaugurated |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Sixth-edition-of-St-Aloysius-Pre-University-College-Model-United-Nations-SAPMUN-inaugurated.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref> Several noted professionals like Dr Edmond Fernandes, Former Consultant to [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific|UNESCAP]] and Founder, CHD Group, [[N. Santosh Hegde|Justice Santhosh Hegde]], Former [[Lokayukta]], Giselle Metha, Former [[Indian Revenue Service|IRS Officer]] & Entrepreneur, Ms. Shanthipriya, Principal [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service|Accountant General]] have been guests at these events in the past. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mangalorean |first=Alfie Dsouza, Team |date=2019-10-19 |title=SAPMUN 2019- a St Aloysius PUC Model United Nations from 1-3 November 2019 |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/sapmun-2019-a-st-aloysius-puc-model-united-nations-from-1-3-november-2019/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Mangalorean.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-04 |title=Majoritarianism ill-behooves institutions such as UN, Parliament, says Justice Santosh Hegde |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/majoritarianism-ill-behooves-institutions-such-as-un-parliament-says-justice-santosh-hegde/articleshow/71882147.cms |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==

* [[Aravind Adiga]] — winner of the [[Man Booker Prize]]
* [[Anant Agarwal]] — [[Padma Shri]] recipient, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] professor, and [[edX]] CEO
* [[George Fernandes]] — former Union Defence Minister
* [[K. V. Kamath]] — chairman, ICICI Bank, India
* [[Brian J. G. Pereira]] — physician
* [[V. J. P. Saldanha]] — [[Konkani language]] littérateur, dramatist, novelist, and poet
* [[Deepa Sannidhi]] — actress
* [[Devi Shetty|Devi Prasad Shetty]] — surgeon
* [[K. K. Venugopal|Kottayan Katankot Venugopal]] — senior advocate, Supreme Court of India
* [[Joachim Alva]] — lawyer, writer, and politician
* [[K. L. Rahul]] — Indian international cricketer
* [[Srinidhi Ramesh Shetty]] — actress
* [[V. G. Siddhartha]] — businessman (founder-owner [[Cafe Coffee Day]] franchise chain)
* [[Prabhu Mundkur]] — actor
* [[Sukumar Azhikode]] — writer, orator
* [[Govind Padmasoorya]] — actor and television presenter
* [[T.M.A Pai]] — founder of [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education|Manipal University]]
* [[Manvita Kamath]] — Kannada film actress

==See also==
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]
*[[2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka]]
*[[Christianity in Karnataka]]
*[[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)}}
* {{Official website|https://staloysius.edu.in}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Aloysius' College, Mangalore}}
[[Category:Colleges of Mangalore University]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1880]]
[[Category:1880 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]

Shirdi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:27Z

Optimalvapors: new some article w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shirdi
| constituency_no = 218
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 218-Shirdi.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency|Shirdi]]
| district = [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| established = 1956
| electors = 293,252
}}
'''Shirdi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] in [[Western India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|accessdate=11 February 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archivedate=25 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It comes under [[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency]]. Shri [[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]] is the 8-time consecutive and undefeated MLA from Shirdi Assembly constituency winning by record margins since 1995.

==Overview==
Shirdi (constituency number 218) is one of the twelve Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Ahmednagar district]]. It comprises part of Rahata tehsil and part of Sangamner tehsil of the district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=275}}</ref>

Shirdi is part of [[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies in this district, namely [[Akole Assembly constituency|Akole]], [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]], [[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon]], [[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]] and [[Nevasa Assembly constituency|Nevasa]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>[http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/shirdi.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Shirdi Assembly Constituency]</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Galande Bhaskarrao Sadashiv Pawar Arjun Giri || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Karbhari Bhimaji Rohamare || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Mohanrao Abasaheb Gade || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Chandrabhan Bhausaheb Ghogare|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=3 | Annasaheb Sarangdhar Mhaske Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=8 | [[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]
|-
| [[1997 elections in India#Maharashtra|1997 By-election]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirdi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,44,778 |percentage = 65.11% |change={{decrease}}6.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prabhavati Janardan Ghogare |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 74,496 |percentage = 33.50% |change={{increase}}9.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Rajendra Madanlal Pipada|party=Independent politician |votes = 1,510 |percentage = 0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,121 |percentage = 0.50% |change={{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 70,282 |percentage = 31.61% |change= {{decrease}}15.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,23,471 |percentage = 76.20% |change= {{increase}}5.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,22,350}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,93,252|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}6.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirdi<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,32,316 |percentage = 71.48% |change={{increase}}62.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Jagannath Thorat|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,292 |percentage = 24.47% |change={{decrease}}39.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishal Baban Kolage|party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 5,788 |percentage = 3.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,596 |percentage = 0.86% |change={{increase}}0.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 87,024 |percentage = 47.01% |change= {{increase}}7.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,86,777 |percentage = 71.00% |change= {{decrease}}6.00 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,85,122}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,63,057|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirdi<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 1,21,459 |percentage = 63.50% |change={{increase}}10.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abhay Dattatraya Shelke Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 46,797 |percentage = 24.47% |change={{decrease}}19.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Bhausaheb Gondkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,283 |percentage = 9.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shekhar Bhaskarrao Borhade |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 3,188 |percentage = 1.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagtap Simon Thakaji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,230 |percentage = 0.64% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,193 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 74,662 |percentage = 39.03% |change= {{increase}}30.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,92,481 |percentage = 76.85% |change= {{increase}}4.94 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,91,271}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,50,457|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirdi<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 80,301 |percentage = 52.72% |change={{decrease}}26.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Dr. Rajendra Madanlal Pipada |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 66,992 |percentage = 43.99% |change={{increase}}23.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sandanshiv Sunil Bhagwan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,537 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Bhaskar Aware |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,102 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,309 |percentage = 8.74% |change= {{decrease}}50.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,52,441 |percentage = 71.50% |change= {{increase}}2.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,52,306}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,13,215|ref = |change= {{increase}}23.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}26.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirdi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 95,204 |percentage = 79.71% |change={{increase}}65.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gadekar Dhanjay Shravan |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 24,237 |percentage = 20.29% |change={{decrease}}28.41 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 70,967 |percentage = 59.42% |change= {{increase}}46.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,19,447 |percentage = 69.04% |change= {{decrease}}0.09 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,19,441}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,73,010|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}31.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirdi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 50,799 |percentage = 48.70% |change={{decrease}}7.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mhaske Raosaheb Nathaji |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 37,399 |percentage = 35.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Gondkar Eknath Bhagchand |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 14,557 |percentage = 13.96% |change={{decrease}}28.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vikhe Patil Khandu Kisanrao |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 688 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,400 |percentage = 12.85% |change= {{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,09,056 |percentage = 72.28% |change= {{decrease}}2.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,04,301}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,50,879|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}7.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 1997===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1997 elections in India#Maharashtra|1997 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Shirdi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeApril1997/index.htm |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 58,557 |percentage = 56.21% |change={{increase}}24.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deokar Ravindra Marutirao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 44,568 |percentage = 42.78% |change={{decrease}}17.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,989 |percentage = 13.43% |change= {{decrease}}14.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,06,049 |percentage = 73.33% |change= {{decrease}}2.21 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,04,170}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,44,622|ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirdi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 65,516 |percentage = 60.20% |change={{increase}}7.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gadekar Dhanjay Shravan |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 35,055 |percentage = 32.21% |change={{increase}}21.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vikhe Rajashree Bhausaheb |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 4,056 |percentage = 3.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Cholke Subhash Harikisan |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,167 |percentage = 1.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Balu Narayan |party=Doordarshi Party |votes = 779 |percentage = 0.72% |change={{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,461 |percentage = 27.99% |change= {{increase}}7.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,12,467 |percentage = 76.73% |change= {{increase}}14.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,08,828}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,46,583|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirdi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mhaske Annasaheb Sarangdhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,886 |percentage = 52.43% |change={{increase}}0.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghogare Eknath Chandrabhan |party=Janata Dal |votes = 28,089 |percentage = 32.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vahadne Suhas Vasantarao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 9,318 |percentage = 10.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nikale Vinayakarao Marutrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,801 |percentage = 3.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,797 |percentage = 20.34% |change= {{increase}}13.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,147 |percentage = 61.00% |change= {{decrease}}11.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,516}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,46,137|ref = |change= {{increase}}31.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirdi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mhaske Annasaheb Sarangdhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,353 |percentage = 52.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mhaske Raosaheb Nathaji |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 36,069 |percentage = 45.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhausaheb Sakharam Dhapatakar |party=Independent politician |votes = 595 |percentage = 0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagtap Sopan Bhagwat |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 477 |percentage = 0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,284 |percentage = 6.66% |change= {{decrease}}26.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,949 |percentage = 72.91% |change= {{increase}}11.31 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,326}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,11,025|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}9.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirdi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mhaske Annasaheb Sarangdhar |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 37,193 |percentage = 62.11% |change={{increase}}51.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Bhaskarrao Ramkrishana |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 17,552 |percentage = 29.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wahadane Suryabhana Raghunath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,463 |percentage = 5.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mhaske Yashvant Rama |party=Independent politician |votes = 510 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nibe Laxman Murlidhar |party=Independent politician |votes = 507 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,641 |percentage = 32.80% |change= {{increase}}15.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,528 |percentage = 61.79% |change= {{decrease}}8.11 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,883}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,571|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirdi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ghogare Chandrabhan Bhausaheb |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,874 |percentage = 50.92% |change={{increase}}6.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mhaske Annasaheb Sarangdhar |party=Janata Party |votes = 20,656 |percentage = 34.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kote Bajirao Tatyaji |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 6,533 |percentage = 10.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bansode Ahilaji Bhimaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,569 |percentage = 4.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,218 |percentage = 16.85% |change= {{increase}}9.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,091 |percentage = 71.02% |change= {{decrease}}5.95 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,632}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,840|ref = |change= {{decrease}}10.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirdi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 38,745 |percentage = 52.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rohamare Karbhari Bhimaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,052 |percentage = 44.80% |change={{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandare Yashwant Shankar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,552 |percentage = 2.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,693 |percentage = 7.72% |change= {{decrease}}7.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,689 |percentage = 76.12% |change= {{increase}}4.52 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,781}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,431|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}2.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirdi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mohanrao Abasaheb Gade |party=Independent politician |votes = 31,482 |percentage = 54.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. D. Kale |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,581 |percentage = 39.31% |change={{decrease}}24.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. J. Roham |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 2,285 |percentage = 3.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. J. Gavali |party=Independent politician |votes = 590 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. M. Nikale |party=Independent politician |votes = 505 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,901 |percentage = 15.50% |change= {{decrease}}11.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,225 |percentage = 74.27% |change= {{increase}}1.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,443}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,432|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirdi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Karbhari Bhimaji Rohamare |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,679 |percentage = 63.50% |change={{increase}}41.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohanrao Abasaheb Gade |party=Independent politician |votes = 16,486 |percentage = 36.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,193 |percentage = 27.00% |change= {{increase}}22.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,431 |percentage = 71.71% |change= {{decrease}}33.24 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,165}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,145|ref = |change= {{decrease}}36.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}33.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirdi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Galande Bhaskarrao Sadashiv |party=Independent politician |votes = 31,931 |percentage = 30.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Arjun Giri (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes = 27,295 |percentage = 25.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abnawe Maruti Namdeo (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,672 |percentage = 21.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rohamare Karbhari Bhimaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,692 |percentage = 19.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pote Dharma Ganapati (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,835 |percentage = 2.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,636 |percentage = 4.40% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,05,425 |percentage = 101.52% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,05,425}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,03,847|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Shirdi]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ahmednagar district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.76|74.48|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Shirdi]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Bombay State]]

Lumding–Sabroom section

2026-03-28T23:29:48Z

Optimalvapors: cleanup

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Lumding–Sabroom section
| color =
| logo = 
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption = [[Karimganj Junction railway station|Karimganj Junction]]
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] in India
| start = [[Lumding railway station|Lumding]]
| end = [[Sabroom railway station|Sabroom]]
| stations =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 2008
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|505|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 1
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| old_gauge = [[Metre gauge]]
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Not electrified / Diesel operated
| speed = {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Lumding–Sabroom section|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Lumding–Sabroom section''' is a railway line under [[Lumding railway division]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]] zone of [[Indian Railways]]. It is a single {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad-gauge]] track from [[Lumding]] in [[Hojai district]] of [[Assam]] state to [[Agartala]], the capital of [[Tripura]] state. The {{convert|44|km|mi}} long {{track gauge|1676mm}} segment from [[Agartala]] southwards to [[Udaipur, Tripura]] was completed in 2016 and became operational on 23 January 2017. The remaining {{convert|70|km|mi}} long track to [[Sabroom]] at the bank of [[Feni River]] at Bangladesh border was completed in 2019 and became operational on 3 October 2019.

==History==
The British introduced 6 important trains after the {{convert|363|km|mi}} long [[Guwahati]]-[[Lumding]]-{{stnlnk|Badarpur Junction}} MG line was completed in 1914. These were 2 MG trains between [[Guwahati]] and [[Silchar]], 1 MG train between [[Silchar]] & [[Sylhet]], 1 MG Train between [[Silchar]] & [[Dhaka]], 1 MG Train between [[Dhaka]] & [[Hailakandi]] & 1 between [[Guwahati]] & [[Dhaka]]. In 1947 after partition, 4 trains were permanently withdrawn with only 2 MG trains between [[Guwahati]] and [[Silchar]] running until 1992. After conversion of Guwahati–Lumding to broad gauge in 1992, the originating and ending station of these train was changed to Lumding. Post partition, Railway service was established in [[Tripura]] in 1964<ref name=igovernment.in>{{cite web|title=Agartala now on India's rail map|url=http://www.igovernment.in/site/Agartala-now-on-Indias-rail-map|work=iGovernment › Infrastructure|publisher=igovernment.in|accessdate=12 April 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615053129/http://www.igovernment.in/site/Agartala-now-on-Indias-rail-map|archivedate=15 June 2013}}</ref> by constructing metre gauge track from [[Karimganj]] to [[Dharmanagar]] and [[Kailashahar]] in Tripura, but the track did not connect the state capital Agartala. The foundation stone of the {{convert|119|km|mi}} [[Kumarghat]]–[[Agartala]] railway line project was laid in 1996. The {{convert|87|km|mi}} long segment from Manu to [[Agartala railway station|Agartala]] became operational in 2008. It was a meter-gauge single track without electrification. The '''5695/15696 [[Lumding]]-[[Agartala]] Express''' was started in 2008. In 2014, all trains were stopped & the line was converted to {{track gauge|1676mm}} broad gauge in 2016. A new {{convert|44|km|mi}}-long track was laid from Agartala to [[Udaipur, Tripura]] in 2017. The remaining {{convert|70|km|mi}} long track to [[Sabroom]] at the bank of [[Feni River]] at Bangladesh border was completed by 2019 and became operational on 3 October 2019.

==Important stations==
* [[Lumding]] Junction
* Manderdisa Junction
* Langting
* Maibang
* New Halflong
* New Harangajao
* Jatinga-Lampur
* Chandranathpur
* {{stnlnk|Badarpur Junction}} (Branch line to [[Silchar]])
* [[Karimganj]] Junction (Branch line to Maishashan-Latu/Bangladesh Border)
* New Karimganj Junction
* Baraigram Junction (Branch line to [[Dullabcherra]])
* [[Dharmanagar]]
* [[Kailashahar]]
* Manu
* [[Ambassa]]
* [[Agartala]] Junction (Branch line to [[Akhaura]]/Bangladesh Border)
* [[Belonia, India|Belonia]]
* [[Udaipur, Tripura]]
* [[Sabroom]]

==Railway lines to Manipur and Mizoram==
On June–July 2025, Indian Railways has successfully completed [[Bairabi]] - [[Sairang]] (near Aizawl) [[Broad Gauge]] Railway line linking Mizoram. The railway connection to [[Imphal]] is in progress & completed till Khongsang. Important stations in these routes are:-

{{stnlnk|Badarpur Junction}} - [[Silchar]] Section:- {{stnlnk|Badarpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Katakhal Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Arunachal Junction}} & [[Silchar]]. This section is {{convert|30|km|mi}} long with {{cvt|75|km/h}} max speed allowance.

[[Silchar]] - [[Sairang]] Section:- [[Silchar]], {{stnlnk|Arunachal Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Katakhal Junction}}, [[Hailakandi]], Lalabazar(Lala), [[Bairabi]], [[Sairang]]. This section is {{convert|154|km|mi}} long (From Silchar), with [[Bairabi]] - [[Sairang]] part of {{convert|51|km|mi}} is just completed & undergoing trial runs for introducing '''20507/20508 [[Sairang–Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express|Sairang-Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express]]'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=20507/20508 Mizoram Rajdhani Express coming soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mizoram-to-get-its-first-ever-rajdhani-express-railway-line-set-for-inauguration-by-pm-modi-says-cm-lalduhoma/articleshow/122162085.cms}}</ref>

[[Silchar]] - [[Imphal]] Section: - [[Silchar]], {{stnlnk|Arunachal Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jiribam}}, Vangaichungpao, Rani Gaidinliu, Thingou, Khongsang. This section is completed upto Khongsang & is {{convert|110|km|mi}} long (From Silchar). 12097/12098 Agartala - Khongsang [[Janshatabdi Express]] runs on this route.

==Future construction==
The track may be extended further from Sabroom to [[Chittagong]] port which is 75 km from the India–Bangladesh border. A branch line from Agartala to [[Akhaura]] in Bangladesh, is under construction. This line will reduce the distance between Kolkata and [[Agartala]] to about {{convert|729|km|mi}}, from current about {{convert|1550|km|mi}} via [[Guwahati]]. But Indian Government have suspended the project after 5 August 2024 owing to Political Chaos in Bangladesh.

==See also==
*{{stnlnk|Karimganj Junction}}
*[[Guwahati–Silchar Express]]
* [[North Eastern Railway Connectivity Project]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indiarailinfo.com/ Indiarailinfo]
* [http://www.erail.in/ Erail]

{{Railways in North-East India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lumding - Sabroom section}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tripura]]
[[Category:Lumding railway division|*]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Agartala]]
[[Category:Transport in Lumding]]

Laxmikanta Mohapatra

2026-03-27T17:47:41Z

Optimalvapors: Adding the post with sources

{{short description|Indian author}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}

{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix = Kantakabi
| name = Laxmikanta Mohapatra
| image = Laxmikanta Mohapatra 2023 stamp of India.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Mohapatra on a 2023 stamp of India
| birth_name = Laxmikaanth Mahapatra
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1888|12|09}}<ref name="Orissa Review August 2006">{{cite web| title=Orissa Review August 2006| website=magazines.odisha.gov.in| url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/Aug2006/augreview.htm| access-date=29 June 2020| archive-date=1 August 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801103357/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/Aug2006/augreview.htm| url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = Bakhrabad Talapada,Tihidi [[Bhadrak, Odisha]], India<ref name="eOdisha.org - Kanta Kabi Laxmikanta Mohapatra">{{cite web | title=Eminent Personality of Odisha -Kanta Kabi Laxmikanta Mohapatra | website=eOdisha.org | date=12 April 2020 | url=https://eodisha.org/kanta-kabi-laxmikanta-mohapatra/ | access-date=29 June 2020 | archive-date=3 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803204832/https://eodisha.org/kanta-kabi-laxmikanta-mohapatra/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1953|02|24|1888|12|09}}<ref name="Orissa Review August 2006"/>
| death_place = Bhadrak
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| education = Bachelor of Arts
| alma_mater = Ripon College, [[Ravenshaw University|University of Ravenshaw]]
| occupation =
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent =
| known_for =
| notable_works = [[Bande Utkala Janani]]
| style =
| influences =
| influenced =
| home_town =
| television =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse = Labangalata Das
| partner =
| children = Nityananda Mohapatra , Goura Chandra Mohapatra (Son)<ref name="Home 2020">{{cite web | title=fullstory | website=Home | date=29 June 2020 | url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/10032768_Freedom-fighter-Goura-Chandra-Mohapatra-passes-away.html | access-date=29 June 2020 | archive-date=26 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226004133/http://www.ptinews.com/news/10032768_Freedom-fighter-Goura-Chandra-Mohapatra-passes-away.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kantakabi : A Nationalist Poet of Rare Caliber">{{cite web |last1=Mohapatra |first1=Prabhu Kalyan |title=Kantakabi : A Nationalist Poet of Rare Caliber |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=31084 |website=PIB |publisher=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |accessdate=29 June 2020 |ref=Kantakabi : A Nationalist Poet of Rare Caliber |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006204819/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=31084 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| parents = Choudhury Bhagabat Prasad Samantaray Mohapatra and Radhamani Devi
| relatives =
| callsign =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Laxmikanta Mohapatra''' (9 December 1888 – 24 February 1953) was an Indian [[Odia literature|Odia]] poet, writer, performance artist, and freedom fighter. He authored more than ten published works. Mohapatra was a prominent campaigner in the Odisha State Unification Movement and an active member of the [[Utkal Sammilani|Utkala Sammilani]].

== Early life and family ==
Laxmikanta was born on 9 December 1888 in a Zamindar [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] family at Talapada, Tihidi block of Bhadrak district. His father, Zamindar Choudhury Bhagabat Prasad Samantaray Mohapatra, and his mother, Radhamani Devi, belonged to Talapada village in Bhadrak district, which at that time formed part of the [[Bengal Presidency]]. His father represented the Bihar and Orissa Legislative Council four times and served twice as its deputy speaker.

Laxmikanta spent much of his childhood at his maternal uncle's house and received his early education in [[Balasore]]. After completing his intermediate studies, he joined ripon College in Kolkata for higher education. In 1913, he returned to [[Ravenshaw University|Ravenshaw College]] and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree.<ref name="Kantakabi : A Nationalist Poet of Rare Caliber"/>

He married Labanga Lata, the daughter of Zamindar Lalmohan Das.

At an early stage of his career, Laxmikanta contracted [[leprosy]], which limited his physical mobility. Nevertheless, he continued to remain active in the literary sphere.

== Literary life ==

Laxmikanta wrote in a wide range of genres, including drama, parody, poetry, short stories, and novels. His literary style reflected nationalistic fervour and sharp satire. He was among the writers who made significant contributions to Odia literature at a time when its survival was considered threatened.<ref name="George Sahitya Akademi 1992 p. 905">{{cite book | last=George | first=K.M. | author2=Sahitya Akademi | title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and Poems | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | year=1992 | isbn=978-81-7201-324-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA905 | access-date=30 September 2020 | page=905 | archive-date=8 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408062430/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA905 | url-status=live }}</ref>

As a political critic, his sharp commentary on politicians and feudal chiefs earned him an adverse reputation. He was also active as a musician and actor, and contributed to the tradition of performing arts in Odisha. He established a dramatic troupe named Gopinath Natya Samaj in his native village.<ref name="Pani Das Kar 1988 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Pani | first1=S. | last2=Das | first2=H.C. | last3=Kar | first3=I.B. | title=Glimpses of History and Culture of Balasore | publisher=Orissa State Museum | year=1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=im1DAAAAYAAJ | access-date=29 June 2020 | page=xxvii}}</ref>

Kantakabi's songs such as {{transliteration|or|Bande Utkala Janani}}, {{transliteration|or|Koti Koti Kanthe Aji}}, and {{transliteration|or|Udaee Nisana Bajai Veri}} became rallying cries for Odia freedom fighters during the independence movement and the campaign for a separate state. His composition ''Bande Utkala Janani'' was adopted as the welcome song for the Balasore session of the Utkal Sammilani, the organisation that spearheaded the movement for the formation of Odisha as a separate province. In 2020, the song was accorded the status of the state anthem of Odisha.

==Published works==
[[File:Laxmikanta Mohapatra Statue.jpg|thumb|Mohapatra Statue in [[Bhubaneswar]]]]

===Novel===
* ''Kana Mamu''

===Short stories===
* ''Budha Sankhari''

===Mythological works===
* ''Basanta Bilasa''
* ''Baruna Bijaya''
* ''Kaliyadalana''
* ''Brajabarjana''
* ''Besabadala''

===Plays===
* ''Karna''
* ''Kalapahada''
* ''Chandraahasa''

===Children's literature===
* ''Chidiakhana''
* ''Dharma Sangeeta''
* ''Balachara''
* ''Sunapua''
* ''Mo Desa''

===Essays===
* ''Keisora Swapna''
* ''Joubana Pathe''
* ''Nibhruta Nisithe''
* ''Jibanta Maran''

Mohapatra also edited a journal titled ''Dagara'', which featured articles across diverse genres, including satire, children's stories, and political and social criticism.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Odia literature}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohapatra, Laxmikanta}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:Novelists from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Bhadrak district]]
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]

Neyveli Solar Power Project

2026-03-26T06:37:47Z

Optimalvapors: made a post v1

{{Short description|Solar power project in India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}

Located in Tamil Nadu, NLC Neyveli Township Solar PV Park 1 is a 65MW solar PV power project commissioned in August 2017.Spread over an area of 357 acres, it is a ground-mounted [[Solar Project|solar project]]

with a project cost of $69.426 million. Developed in multiple phases, the project is currently active. The project got commissioned in August 2017.Under the power purchase agreement, the power generated is sold to Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution. The power is sold at the rate of $0.067kWh for a period of 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-20 |title=NLC Neyveli Township Solar PV Park 1, India |url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/nlc-neyveli-township-solar-pv-park-1-india/ |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> During his visit to the southern state of [[Tamil Nadu]], the Prime Minister inaugurated the project along with the inauguration of 1GW Neyveli New Thermal Power Project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian PM Modi inaugurates 1GW Neyveli New Thermal Power Project |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/neyveli-new-thermal-power-project-inauguration/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Also, NLC plans to set up 4,000 MW of solar power projects across the country in Tamil Nadu, [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Rajasthan]]. On 28 September 2015, NLC inaugurated 10 MW solar power plant at the Neyveli Township.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neyveli Lignite to install solar power projects |url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Neyveli-Lignite-to-install-solar-power-projects |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.projectstoday.com}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Economy of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Solar energy in Asia]]
[[Category:Renewable energy in India]]

Guddi (1971 film)

2026-03-23T04:00:21Z

Optimalvapors: small changes

{{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Guddi
| image = Guddi 1971 poster.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
| producer = Hrishikesh Mukherjee
| writer =
| story = [[Gulzar]]
| screenplay = Hrishikesh Mukherjee [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]] D. N. Mukherjee
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Jaya Bhaduri]] [[Utpal Dutt]] [[Samit Bhanja]] [[A. K. Hangal]] [[Asrani]] [[Keshto Mukherjee]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Vasant Desai]] [[Salil Chowdhury]] '''Background Score:''' [[Vasant Desai]]
| cinematography = Jaywant Pathare
| released = {{Film date|1971|9|24|df=yes}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Guddi''''' ({{Translation|Doll}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Hindi]] drama film directed by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] and written by [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]]. It starred [[Dharmendra]], [[Jaya Bachchan]] and [[Utpal Dutt]]. It is Bachchan's debut and career-making film in which she plays a schoolgirl who has a [[Infatuation|crush]] on and is obsessed with the actor [[Dharmendra]], who plays himself. She earned a [[Filmfare]] nomination as Best Actress, the only nomination for the film. Dutt also has a starring role. Many [[Bollywood]] actors like [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Naveen Nischol]], [[Asrani]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] and [[Vimi]] gave guest appearances as themselves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/02dinesh.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: Classics Revisited: Guddi|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=4 March 2023|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030233905/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/02dinesh.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/28slide6.htm|title=rediff.com: Hrishikesh Mukherjee's best films|website=specials.rediff.com|access-date=2 October 2009|archive-date=31 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831045357/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/28slide6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Boxofficeindia.com]], the film became a "big city hit" and Hit" business everywhere else.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=177&catName=MTk3MQ== |title=BoxOffice India.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927153831/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=177&catName=MTk3MQ%3D%3D |archive-date=27 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was later remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Cinema Paithiyam]]'' (1975) starring [[Jayachitra]] and Jayasankar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/featurearticles/retro_kalpana_1972_3.php|title=Feature Articles : Retrospect : Kalpana (1977)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312033942/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/featurearticles/retro_kalpana_1972_3.php|archive-date=12 March 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kusum (aka Guddi) is a spunky and carefree schoolgirl who lives with her father, brother and sister-in-law. Guddi has a crush on film star [[Dharmendra]], whom she regards as a superman who can do no wrong, unable to distinguish between his on-screen image and the real person behind the star.

Nobody knows the extent of her crush until she visits Bombay, where her sister-in-law's brother Navin proposes to her, only to be taken aback when Guddi discloses that she is in love with Dharmendra. Navin discusses the matter with his uncle, who decides that the only solution is to make Guddi realize the difference between illusion and reality.

The uncle contacts [[Dharmendra]] through a mutual friend. With his help, they show Guddi the difference between the real world and the make-believe world of cinema. Exposed for the first time to the grime and the cruel and heartless world behind the glamour of cinema, Guddi realizes that nothing is true in the real world. While her respect for Dharmendra grows, Guddi comes to realize that he is just as human as anyone around and lives with his fears and insecurities as anyone else.

The film ends with Guddi agreeing to marry Navin.

==Cast==
*[[Dharmendra]] as Himself
*[[Jaya Bhaduri|Jaya Bachchan]] as Guddi/Kusum
*[[Sumita Sanyal]] as Bhabhi
*[[Utpal Dutt]] as Professor S. Gupta
*[[Samit Bhanja]] as Navin
*[[A. K. Hangal|A.K. Hangal]] as Guddi's father
*[[Asrani]] as Kundan
*[[Keshto Mukherjee]] as Kader Bhai
*Vijay Sharma as Kishan
*Lalita Kumari as Teacher
*Aarti as Tara

The film featured cameos from actors and industry figures including (in order of appearance):

* [[Dilip Kumar]]
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* [[Vinod Khanna]]
* [[Rajesh Khanna]]
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]]
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
* [[Om Prakash]]
* [[Ashok Kumar]]
* [[Naveen Nischol]]
* [[Mala Sinha]]
* [[Biswajeet]]
* [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] (As a director)
* [[Vimi]]
* [[Shashikala]]
* [[Deven Verma]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Gulzar]]
| all_music = [[Vasant Desai]], except noted.
| title1 = Bole Re Papihara (Raag Miya Ki Malhar)
| extra1 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| length1 = 3:35
| title2 = Hari Bin Kaise Jeeun
| extra2 = Vani Jairam
| length2 = 3:40
| title3 = Humko Man Ki Shakti Dena (Raag Kedar)
| extra3 = Vani Jairam & chorus
| length3 = 4:30
| title4 =
| note4 = not included in soundtrack
| extra4 =
| length4 =
| title5 = Pyaar Pyaar Pyaar
| note5 = not included in soundtrack
| extra5 = [[Mohammad Rafi]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Aaja Re Pardesi (Composed by: [[Salil Chowdhury]])
| extra6 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length6 =
}}

==Awards and nominations==
{{awards table}}
|-
| 1972
| [[Jaya Bachchan|Jaya Bhaduri]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress#Winners and nominees|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{YouTube|id=5LRE7kxT3Sk|title=Guddi}}

{{Hrishikesh Mukherjee}}

[[Category:1971 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1971 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vasant Desai]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Gulzar]]
[[Category:Films about Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Amitabh Bachchan]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Rajesh Khanna]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of actors]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Athiya Shetty

2026-03-18T16:43:58Z

Optimalvapors: expand layout after review and corrected details for accuracy

{{short description|Indian former actress (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Athiya Shetty
| image = Athiya Shetty at H & M new store launch (cropped).jpg
| caption = Shetty in 2023
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|11|05}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2015–2019
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[KL Rahul]]|23 January 2023}}
| children = 1
| father = [[Suniel Shetty]]
| relatives = [[Ahan Shetty]] (brother)
}}

'''Athiya Shetty''' (born 5 November 1992)<ref>{{cite web |last1=KBR |first1=Upala (8 November 2010) |title=Sunil Shetty had a swell Diwali |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/sunil-shetty-had-a-swell-diwali/101291 |website=Mid-Day |access-date=21 November 2015 |date=8 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224184205/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/sunil-shetty-had-a-swell-diwali/101291 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> is a former Indian actress who worked in [[Hindi]] films. The daughter of actor [[Suniel Shetty]], she made her acting debut with the romantic action ''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]'' (2015), which earned her the [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]] nomination. Following leading roles in the romantic comedy ''[[Mubarakan]]'' (2017) and the comedy drama ''[[Motichoor Chaknachoor]]'' (2019), she quit acting.<ref>{{cite news |title=Suniel Shetty reveals daughter Athiya Shetty has quit Bollywood after 3 films |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/suniel-shetty-reveals-daughter-athiya-shetty-has-quite-bollywood-after-3-films-23548717 |work=Mid-Day |date=22 May 2025 |access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shetty was born on 5 November 1992 to actor [[Sunil Shetty]] and director Mana Shetty in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai).<ref>{{cite web |title=Acting with dad will be weird: Athiya Shetty |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/acting-with-dad-will-be-weird-athiya-shetty/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=12 October 2015 |date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105185432/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/acting-with-dad-will-be-weird-athiya-shetty/ |archive-date=5 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> While her father hails from the [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-speaking [[Bunt (community)|Bunt community]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuluvas hardworking: Sunil Shetty |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/40906/tuluvas-hardworking-sunil-shetty.html |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=2 July 2016 |date=12 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427120034/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/40906/tuluvas-hardworking-sunil-shetty.html |archive-date=27 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Priya (7 May 2014) |title=Mumbai girls were safe when Balasaheb was alive: Suniel Shetty |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mumbai-girls-were-safe-when-Balasaheb-was-alive-Suniel-Shetty-Suniel-Shettys-Koyelaanchal-Koyelaanchal-movie/articleshow/34735035.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116180005/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mumbai-girls-were-safe-when-Balasaheb-was-alive-Suniel-Shetty-Suniel-Shettys-Koyelaanchal-Koyelaanchal-movie/articleshow/34735035.cms |archive-date=16 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> her mother was born to a [[Punjabi Hindu]] mother and a [[Gujarati Muslim]] father.<ref>{{cite web |title=Suniel Shetty Birthday Special: Amid politics of religion, Suniel-Mana interfaith love story is one for the ages |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/suniel-shetty-birthday-special-amid-politics-of-religion-suniel-mana-interfaith-love-story-is-one-for-the-ages/1332759 |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] |author=FPJ Web Desk |date=11 August 2018 |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811111652/http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/suniel-shetty-birthday-special-amid-politics-of-religion-suniel-mana-interfaith-love-story-is-one-for-the-ages/1332759 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> She has a younger brother, [[Ahan Shetty]], who also became an actor after debuting in the film ''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/athiya-shetty-says-his-brother-ahan-shettys-hard-work-inspires-her/298717 |title=Athiya Shetty says her brother Ahan Shetty's hard work inspires her |work=[[Times Now]] |date=13 October 2018 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609121316/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/athiya-shetty-says-his-brother-ahan-shettys-hard-work-inspires-her/298717 |archive-date=9 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Shetty studied at the [[Cathedral and John Connon School]] and later shifted to the [[American School of Bombay]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Athiya Shetty: Lesser known facts |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Athiya-Shetty-Lesser-known-facts/Athiya-Shetty-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/48699100.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730083651/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Athiya-Shetty-Lesser-known-facts/Athiya-Shetty-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/48699100.cms |archive-date=30 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> While there, she participated in school plays alongside [[Shraddha Kapoor]] and [[Tiger Shroff]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Athiya Shetty: My grandfather is larger than life for me as he has never discriminated between a boy and a girl |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Athiya-Shetty-My-grandfather-is-larger-than-life-for-me-as-he-has-never-discriminated-between-a-boy-and-a-girl/articleshow/48494323.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424043504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Athiya-Shetty-My-grandfather-is-larger-than-life-for-me-as-he-has-never-discriminated-between-a-boy-and-a-girl/articleshow/48494323.cms |archive-date=24 April 2019 |url-status=live|last1=Gupta |first1=Priya }}</ref> She relocated to [[New York City]] to enroll at the [[New York Film Academy]], as she wanted to act in films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ahan Shetty: I Used to Copy Salman Khan as a Kid, Not My Father Suniel Shetty {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ahan-shetty-i-used-to-copy-salman-khan-as-a-kid-not-my-father-suniel-shetty-exclusive-4509425.html |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=News18 |date=5 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Athiya Shetty snapped at 'Hero' media meet.jpg|thumb|Shetty snapped at ''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]'' media interaction, in 2015]]

Shetty made her acting debut in 2015 with the [[Nikkhil Advani|Nikhil Advani]]-directed romantic action film ''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]'', a remake of co-producer [[Subhash Ghai]]'s [[Hero (1983 film)|1983 classic of the same name]]. Produced by [[Salman Khan]] and co-written by Advani and Umesh Bist, the film earned a total revenue of {{INRConvert|34.82|c}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-of-hero/ |title=Box office Worldwide and days wise break up of Hero (2015) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 December 2015 |date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910131610/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-of-hero/ |archive-date=10 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> She portrayed the role of Mumbai-based aspiring dancer Radha Mathur, who falls in love with her kidnapper Sooraj ([[Sooraj Pancholi]]), a gangster trying to extort her police chief father, IG Shrikant Mathur. [[Bollywood Hungama]], a leading website of India, wrote that ″Shetty needs some more time to improve her acting skills″.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hero Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/718511 |work=bollywoodhungama.com |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007065253/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/718511 |archive-date=7 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After her debut, she became the brand ambassador for the Indian franchise of [[Maybelline| Maybelline New York]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Athiya is definitely debuting opposite Sooraj: Suniel Shetty |last=Marwah |first=Navdeep Kaur |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 February 2014 |access-date=6 June 2016 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/athiya-is-definitely-debuting-opposite-sooraj-suniel-shetty/story-Qx2QefLK3U0HMDkFGqPQoL.html;jsessionid=9FDAD6C7C0FAC55F42010ADEF5020B9F |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608042440/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/athiya-is-definitely-debuting-opposite-sooraj-suniel-shetty/story-Qx2QefLK3U0HMDkFGqPQoL.html;jsessionid=9FDAD6C7C0FAC55F42010ADEF5020B9F |archive-date=8 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and featured in the Indian edition of high-profile magazine covers such as [[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]], [[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]], [[Harper's Bazaar]] and many more.<ref>{{cite web |title=7 Times Athiya Shetty's Style Was On Point |url=http://www.cosmopolitan.in/celebrity/how-to/a7876/7-times-athiya-shettys-style-was-on-point/ |work=cosmopolitan |access-date=2 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630185337/http://www.cosmopolitan.in/celebrity/how-to/a7876/7-times-athiya-shettys-style-was-on-point/ |archive-date=30 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Check out: Athiya Shetty on the cover of Harper's Bazaar India |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/8815 |work=bollywoodhungama.com |access-date=2 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813082811/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/8815 |archive-date=13 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Getting to know Athiya Shetty |url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/athiya-shetty-bollywood-actress |work=[[Verve (Indian magazine)]] |access-date=2 July 2016 |date=26 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527160911/http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/athiya-shetty-bollywood-actress |archive-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After a brief period of 2 years, Shetty appeared in Anees Bazmee's romantic comedy ''[[Mubarakan]]'' opposite [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Arjun Kapoor]] and [[Ileana D'Cruz]]. The film, shot in [[Punjab]] and [[London]], was a box office hit, though perceived to be a failure, and earned 93.59 crores. In the film, she played the role of a simple Punjabi girl named Binkle Sandhu who falls in love with Charan ([[Arjun Kapoor]]) but her wedding is instead fixed with Charan's twin brother Karan, who wants to marry his love interest Sweety (D'Cruz). Shetty received positive to mixed reviews for her performance in the film, though the film received mixed to negative reviews. She then appeared in a song, "Tere Naal Nachna", in 2018, composed, written and sung by [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], and featuring newbie singer [[Sunanda Sharma]], for the film ''[[Nawabzaade]]'', produced by [[Remo D'Souza]] and directed by choreographer Jayesh Pradhan, starring [[Raghav Juyal]], [[Dharmesh Yelande]] and [[Punit Pathak]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/athiya-shetty-and-baadshah-to-feature-in-nawabzaades-next-track-tere-naal-nachna/articleshow/64848547.cms |title=Athiya Shetty and Baadshah to feature in 'Nawabzaade's next track 'Tere Naal Nachna' - Times of India |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Later on, in 2019, Shetty was cast as Anita "Ani" Awasthi, a young woman who is desperate to settle abroad by marrying an NRI, in Debamitra Biswal's comedy drama ''[[Motichoor Chaknachoor]]'', opposite [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nawazuddin-siddiqui-athiya-shetty-kick-off-motichoor-chaknachoor-in-bhopal/articleshow/66323205.cms |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Athiya Shetty kick off Motichoor Chakna in Bhopal |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=23 October 2018 |access-date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205004818/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nawazuddin-siddiqui-athiya-shetty-kick-off-motichoor-chaknachoor-in-bhopal/articleshow/66323205.cms |archive-date=5 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film opened to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Motichoor Chaknachoor movie review: Nawazuddin Siddiqui tries hard in a deeply problematic film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/motichoor-chaknachoor-movie-review-nawazuddin-siddiqui-tries-hard-in-a-deeply-problematic-film/story-3eOlC0C7Bd0cCORAb72kcM.html |date=15 November 2019 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=1 June 2020 |archive-date=15 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415223443/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/motichoor-chaknachoor-movie-review-nawazuddin-siddiqui-tries-hard-in-a-deeply-problematic-film/story-3eOlC0C7Bd0cCORAb72kcM.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:KL Rahul and Athiya Shetty pose for paps after their wedding (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shetty with her husband [[KL Rahul]] in 2023]]
Shetty started dating Indian cricketer [[KL Rahul]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=When KL Rahul met Athiya Shetty: Was it love at first sight?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/love-sex/when-kl-rahul-met-athiya-shetty-was-it-love-at-first-sight/articleshow/112734038.cms |work=Times of India |date=23 August 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref> They got married on 23 January 2023 at Suniel Shetty's farmhouse in [[Khandala]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=KL Rahul-Athiya Shetty tie the knot in an intimate ceremony at Khandala farmhouse, PICS inside |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/live-updates/live-updates-kl-rahul-athiya-shetty-marriage-ceremonies-suniel-shettys-khandala-bungalow-is-all-lit-up-2564323 |work=Zee News |date=23 January 2023 |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=KL Rahul-Athiya Shetty are now husband and wife. See first pics from wedding |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kl-rahul-athiya-shetty-are-now-husband-and-wife-see-first-pics-after-marriage-2325205-2023-01-23 |magazine=India Today |date=23 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref> Shetty gave birth to a girl, on 24 March 2025 and named her Evaarah.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rawal |first=Sugandha |date=24 March 2025 |title=Athiya Shetty and KL Rahul blessed with a baby girl. Check out the sweet announcement |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/athiya-shetty-and-kl-rahul-blessed-with-a-baby-girl-101742827900145.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sehgal |first=Chirag |date=18 April 2025 |title=KL Rahul, Athiya Shetty Name Their Baby Girl Evaarah; Know Its Meaning Here |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kl-rahul-athiya-shetty-name-their-baby-girl-evaarah-know-its-meaning-here-ws-l-9304258.html |work=News18 |access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]''
| Radha Mathur
| Debut film
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/hero-actors-sooraj-pancholi-athiya-shetty-join-twitter-115071500414_1.html |title='Hero' actors Sooraj Pancholi, Athiya Shetty join Twitter |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=15 July 2015 |access-date=14 February 2020 |last=Press Trust of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214031036/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/hero-actors-sooraj-pancholi-athiya-shetty-join-twitter-115071500414_1.html |archive-date=14 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Mubarakan]]''
| Binkle Sandhu Bajwa
| Lead role
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mubarakan-actor-athiya-shetty-reveals-biggest-disadvantage-of-of-being-star-child-4751836/ |title=Mubarakan actor Athiya Shetty reveals 'biggest disadvantage' of being star child |website=The Indian Express |date=15 July 2017 |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720032639/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mubarakan-actor-athiya-shetty-reveals-biggest-disadvantage-of-of-being-star-child-4751836/ |archive-date=20 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Nawabzaade]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in the song "Tere Naal Nachna"
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/athiya-shetty-rocks-to-badshah-s-new-song-from-nawabzaade-tere-naal-nachna-watch-video/story-zxe7Ca537QF6GVTm49oMyM.html |title=Athiya Shetty rocks to Badshah's new song from Nawabzaade, Tere Naal Nachna |website=Hindustan Times |date=5 July 2018 |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214031036/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/athiya-shetty-rocks-to-badshah-s-new-song-from-nawabzaade-tere-naal-nachna-watch-video/story-zxe7Ca537QF6GVTm49oMyM.html |archive-date=14 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Motichoor Chaknachoor]]''
| Anita "Ani" Awasthi
| Final Film
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/motichoor-chaknachoor-trailer-out-nawazuddin-siddiqui-and-athiya-shetty-film-is-a-laugh-riot-1608349-2019-10-11 |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui and Athiya Shetty film is a laugh riot |website=India Today |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022042305/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/motichoor-chaknachoor-trailer-out-nawazuddin-siddiqui-and-athiya-shetty-film-is-a-laugh-riot-1608349-2019-10-11 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
| rowspan="2" |[[Stardust Awards]]
|[[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow (Female)]]
| rowspan="11" |''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Jodi Of The Year (Shared with [[Sooraj Pancholi]])
|{{Won}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Ankita |date=22 December 2015 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/346785/checkout-stardust-awards-2016-winners-list |title=Stardust Awards 2015 Winners List! |website=Pinkvilla |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820101930/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/346785/checkout-stardust-awards-2016-winners-list |archive-date=20 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| Most Entertaining Debut (Female)
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |2016
| rowspan="2"| [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
| Most Promising Debut Jodi (Shared with [[Sooraj Pancholi]])
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-guild-awards-2015-here-s-the-full-winners-list-2158860 |title=Guild Awards 2015: Here's the full winners' list! |date=23 December 2015 |work=dna |access-date=12 August 2018 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714081533/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-guild-awards-2015-here-s-the-full-winners-list-2158860 |archive-date=14 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Jodi No. 1|Jodi No. 1]] (Shared with [[Sooraj Pancholi ]])
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Hottest Pair|Hottest Pair]] (Shared with [[Sooraj Pancholi]])
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commonscatinline}}
* {{IMDb name|7508187}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|athiya-shetty}}
* {{Twitter|theathiyashetty}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Athiya}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Tulu actresses]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:Punjabi women]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:New York Film Academy alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:American School of Bombay alumni]]

Ratnadeep (1979 film)

2026-03-03T23:24:48Z

Optimalvapors: made basic details w/ refs

{{short description|1979 film by Basu Chatterjee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ratnadeep
| image = Ratnadeep poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Basu Chatterjee]]
| producer = Basu Chatterjee
| screenplay = Basu Chatterjee
| story = F. C. Mehra
| starring = [[Hema Malini]] [[Girish Karnad]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]] [[Gulzar]] (lyrics)
| cinematography = [[K. K. Mahajan]]
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1979}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ratnadeep''''' ({{Translation|The Jewelled Lamp}}) is a 1979 [[Hindi film]] written and directed by [[Basu Chatterjee]].<ref>{{cite book|title=International Who's who of Authors and Writers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bYRAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|page=295|volume=23|publisher=Europa Publications, Taylor & Francis Group | isbn=978-1-85743-428-6 }}</ref> A remake of the 1951 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film of the same name,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remakes of Bengali films |url=https://www.quora.com/Which-movies-were-first-made-in-Bengali-and-then-adapted-or-remade-by-Bollywood}}</ref> the film starred [[Hema Malini]] and [[Girish Karnad]] in lead roles.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA1828|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|pages=1828, 1897}}</ref> The film has music by [[R. D. Burman]] with lyrics by [[Gulzar]]. The movie was reported to be based on a short story by Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/basu-chatterjees-gentle-middle-of-the-road-cinema-was-that-of-the-people-next-door-baradwaj-rangan|title = Basu Chatterjee's Gentle, Middle-Of-The-Road Cinema Was That of the People Next Door|date = 4 June 2020}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Hema Malini]]
* [[Girish Karnad]]
* [[A.K. Hangal]]
* [[Prema Narayan]]
* [[Dheeraj Kumar]]
* [[Imtiaz Khan]]
* [[Poornima Jayaram]]
* [[Sulochana Latkar]]
* Gautam Sarin
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]]
* [[Yunus Parvez]]

==Plot==
Madan (played by Girish Karnad) works as a railways official in Tarapore, a remote village. He finds life in the village very monotonous and uninteresting. The daughter of Madan's superior, the Railway Station Master, is in love with him and wishes to marry him. However, Madan is reluctant to marry her because he would then need to continue to live in Tarapore. Madan applies for leave of absence from work.

One day a train arrives in Tarapore with the corpse of a sadhu. Madan refuses to allow the offloading of the dead body, but the passengers refuse to travel further with a corpse in tow. Madan is forced into ordering railway workers to offload the corpse and its belongings. The workers mention that the dead man resembles him. He acknowledges that the dead body, albeit with a beard, does resemble him. But Madan is in no mood to dwell on this matter as he is eager to leave Tarapore. Soon the official supposed to replace for him at the railway station arrives. Madan declares to the new entrant that he would never return to such a boring existence. The Station Master's daughter bids goodbye to him.

Madan notices an unfamiliar package and opens it. It contains the dead sadhu's identification papers. The sadhu belonged to a well known zamindar family. His diary mentions the details of his family. Madan decides to visit the family but as he read on, he realises the Sadhu was a rich man. Madan's mind begins to change. Now he begins to practise the dead man's signature, practises his handwriting and gradually changes himself as he becomes the man in the picture. He informs the family that he is arriving. At the Raja's house we are introduced to his young wife.

His wife who has led a widow's life for the past 7 years was two months pregnant when her husband left the palace. Her son is now 7 years old. The family is happy with the Raja's return. Madan becomes Raja Hari Prasad. However Raja's brother-in-law Dheeraj is the only one suspicious of Hari Prasad. He sets out to Haridwar to enquire about Raja Hari Prasad. Sadhus at Haridwar admit that the Sadhu has indeed stayed with them for years.

Madan as Hari Prasad is happy with the adulation and continues to cheat everybody. But somehow he does not cheat his wife. But his wife, longs for his company. She reminisces the good olden days. Madan tells her he is in some penance and cannot touch women, even his wife. She respects his commitment. She notices he is always making excuses to avoid her company. One day when Madan gets a chance to visit the city, he decides to escape. He collects all the cash from the safe and leaves on the pretext that he has some bank work. But his child accompanies him. However, his plan fails and Madan returns to the Palace. Madan realises that he is falling in love with the Rani.

On the fateful day- mother of the Raja (Sulochana) gives her daughter-in-law a Ratnadeep and asks the latter to perform the puja of her husband. Madan, unable to cheat her, reveals her that he was not her husband. Hearing that the man who is standing in front of her was an impostor not her husband Rani falls accidentally causing fire.

Madan tries to help her. Though she is in a state of semi-consciousness she vehemently refuses to be touched by him. She yells "No! No! Please do not touch me." The entire family get to know that Madan is an imposter. Rani confesses before her mother-in-law that the impostor did not touch her. Watching the impostor leave, she dies. When her body is cremated Madan watches from behind a tree. When he tries to touch the ashes the words "No! No! Do not touch" ring in his ears. He leaves without touching her ashes.

==Soundtrack==
The music for the film was directed by [[R. D. Burman]] and the lyrics were written by [[Gulzar]].
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Kabhi Kabhi Sapna Lagta Hai"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Man Bahek Raha Hai"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Aisa Ho To Kaisa Hoga"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Sajan Aaye Ho, Sajni Ke Sajanwa Aangan Aaye Ho"
| [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]], Sapan Chakraborty
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0158145}}

{{Basu Chatterjee}}

[[Category:1979 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Basu Chatterjee]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Bengali films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]

Adhisaya Ulagam

2026-03-03T03:25:53Z

Optimalvapors: update page for consistency and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by Shakthi Scott}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Theatrical poster of Adhisaya Ulagam 3D.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Shakthi Scott
| producer = R. Banuchitra
| writer = Shakthi Scott
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[J. Livingston]]|Sreelakshmy N. Nair|Mannan Prithivraj}}
| music = Shakthi Scott
| cinematography = Sathish G
| editing =
| studio = {{unbulleted list|Tittu Productions|Dreamgate Animation}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|08|10|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 95 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = $20,000
| gross = $9350
}}

'''''Adhisaya Ulagam''''' ({{translation|''World of Wonders''}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[science fantasy]] film written and directed by Shakthi Scott and produced by R. Banuchitra. The film stars [[J. Livingston]], Sreelakshmy N. Nair, and Mannan Prithivraj.

This project, combining animation with live action, is marked as India's first [[3D film]] featuring [[dinosaur]]s.<ref name="Twitch Film">{{Cite news |last=Hurtado |first=J |date=29 February 2012 |title=WTF Is ADHISAYA ULAGAM? Dinosaurs, Talking Dogs, & Time Machines in 3D! Thank You India! |url=http://twitchfilm.com/2012/02/wtf-is-adhisaya-ulagam-dinosaurs-talking-dogs-time-machines-in-3d-thank-you-india.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508223738/http://twitchfilm.com/2012/02/wtf-is-adhisaya-ulagam-dinosaurs-talking-dogs-time-machines-in-3d-thank-you-india.html |archive-date=8 May 2014 |access-date=18 September 2013 |work=[[Twitch Film]]}}</ref> In the film, a scientist invents a time machine through which he and his grandchildren are accidentally transported to the prehistoric world. There, they encounter numerous extinct animals, including dinosaurs.

The film was released on 10 August 2012 in India. According to the director, the film received mostly negative reviews, primarily because critics failed to recognize that it was made on a zero budget.

== Plot ==
Professor Neelakantan is a maverick scientist and inventor who develops and constructs a [[Time travel|time machine]] and begins experimenting with it. He realizes that his machine requires a recognized "object" to work, so he seeks to locate such an object that can be transported through time. He jokingly tells his pet dog that he would use it as the "object".

Varsha and Vikas are Neelakantan's mischievous grandchildren who live with their parents and are very fond of their grandfather. While visiting, the two children enter Neelakantan's laboratory in his absence and start playing with the dog. Varsha throws a ball that strikes the time machine's control screen and accidentally turns on the device, which recognizes Varsha and Vikas as transferable "objects". Neelakantan enters the room and is shocked to see the machine's condition, but it is too late. As he tries to save the kids, he too is recognized as an "object" by the machine, and he and his grandchildren are accidentally transported to the year 16,50,26,188 BC.{{Efn|Rounded to 16.5 [[crore]] years ago (or 165 [[million years ago]]), corresponding to the late [[Bathonian]] or early [[Callovian]] ages of the [[Middle Jurassic|Middle]] [[Jurassic]] period. |group=notelist}} They encounter several extinct animals, including dangerous dinosaurs. At first, they are afraid and struggle to understand what to do. But gradually, they try to befriend the dinosaurs. They wish to return to modern times, but to do this, they need a source of electricity, which does not exist in the prehistoric times they have been transported to. How they survive their circumstances and finally manage to return to the present is the main plot of the film.

== Cast ==
* [[J. Livingston]] as Neelakantan
* Sreelakshmy N. Nair as Varsha
* Mannan Prithivraj as Vikas
* [[George Vishnu]]
* [[Anandha kannan|Anandha Kannan]] as Boo Boo, a [[Human evolution#Evolution of genus Homo|prehistoric man]]
* Latha Rao
* Mannan Prithivraj
* Lena Mohan

== Creatures on screen ==
''The list is in'' ''order of appearance''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Name
!Note
|-
|1
|[[Sauropoda|Sauropods]]
|probably [[Brachiosauridae|Brachiosaurs]]
|-
|2
|''[[Einiosaurus]]''
|
|-
| -
|''[[Gallimimus]]''
|probable ; not clearly visible
|-
|3
|''[[Parasaurolophus]]''
|
|-
|4
|Unidentified [[Bipedalism|bipedal]] animal
|ridden by Boo Boo
|-
|5
|''[[Pteranodon]]''
|
|-
|6
|''[[Therizinosaurus]]'' / other clawed herbivore
|
|-
|7
|''[[Gigantspinosaurus]]''
|
|-
|8
|''[[Suchomimus]]'' (?)
|
|-
|9
|[[Protoceratopsids]]
|juveniles
|-
|10
|[[Microraptoria]]
|four-winged flying dinosaurs
|-
|11
|[[Oviraptoridae|Oviraptorids]]
|
|-
|12
|''[[Rajasaurus]]''
|the only named dinosaur in the film
|-
|13
|[[Tanystropheus]]
|probable ; shown as [[Electrogenesis|electrogenetic]]
|-
|14
|[[Megapiranha]] (?)
|
|-
|15
|''[[Spinosaurus]]''
|
|}

[[File:Athisayalokam.jpg|thumb|Production still from Athisayalokam.]]

== Production ==
{{Quote box
|quote="The movie revolves around a scientist who invents a time machine and how his grandchildren accidentally get teleported to the prehistoric era. We have created dinosaurs using computer graphics."
|source = Director Shakthi Scott on the film<ref name="Going Back in Time" />
|align = right
|width = 30%
|border = 1px
|fontsize =
|bgcolor =
|title_bg =
|title_fnt =
|quoted = 1
|salign = right
}}

''Adhisaya Ulagam 3D'' was the first Indian [[3D film]] that featured dinosaurs. The film was shot using a Dual Lens Panasonic 3D Camera.<ref name="Adhisaya Ulagam 3D – the first ever in Tamil cinema">{{Cite news |title=Adhisaya Ulagam 3D – the first ever in Tamil cinema |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-11-04/adhisaya-ulagam-3d-shakthi-scott-28-10-11.html |access-date=16 September 2013 |work=Behind Woods}}</ref> The dinosaurs shown in this film were created using computer animation and graphics, and a total of 15 species of dinosaurs were depicted.<ref name="'Adhisaya Ulagam' to hit the screens on August 10">{{Cite news |title='Adhisaya Ulagam' to hit the screens on August 10 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/adhisaya-ulagam-to-hit-the-screens-on-august-10/279181-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010010932/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/adhisaya-ulagam-to-hit-the-screens-on-august-10/279181-71-180.html |archive-date=10 October 2013 |access-date=16 September 2013 |work=[[IBNLive]]}}</ref>

The film was produced under the banners of Tittu Productions – Dreamgate Animation.<ref name="Going Back in Time">{{Cite news |title=Going Back in Time |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/fighting-piracy/article3724835.ece |access-date=16 September 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Shakti Scott, who directed of the film, also composed its music, wrote its screenplay, and handled editing and graphics. Before working on the film, Scott had worked on visual effects in a few films, including ''[[Eeram]]'' and ''Arundathi''.

== Release and reception ==
{|class="wikitable floatright" style="width:20em; font-size: 80%; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" style="font-size:120%;" | Professional reviews
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#d1dbdf; font-size:120%;" | Review Scores
|-
! Source
! Rating
|-
|-
|''[[The Times of India]]''
|{{Rating|1|5}}
|}
The film was released on 10 August 2012 in India. ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film one out of five stars, saying the director failed as a storyteller and calling it "a bland Jurassic adventure". They described the film plot as a mix of those from ''[[Back to the Future]]'' and ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'' and found the storytelling and graphic works unimpressive. They wrote, "But when even the five-year-old kids in the theatre get restless, it is a clear sign that the filmmaker has failed as a storyteller."<ref name="Adhisaya Ulagam review">{{Cite news |title=Adhisaya Ulagam review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Adhisaya-Ulagam/movie-review/15447935.cms |access-date=16 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

''NowRunning'' criticized the director's filmmaking and the movie's storyline and graphics. They found the works of the VFX artists "amateurish" and wrote that the film "looks like an unfinished product." Overall, they rated the film "poor" and gave it half out of five stars,<ref name="NowRunning review">{{Cite web |title=Adhisaya Ulagam – 3D Review |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/10462/tamil/adhisaya-ulagam-3d/3834/review.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508224319/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/10462/tamil/adhisaya-ulagam-3d/3834/review.htm |archive-date=8 May 2014 |access-date=16 September 2013 |publisher=Now Running}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of films featuring dinosaurs]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2010s films about time travel]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s science fantasy films]]
[[Category:2010s science fiction adventure films]]
[[Category:2010s science fiction comedy films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 3D films]]
[[Category:2012 computer-animated films]]
[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films about dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in prehistory]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:Indian children's comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian children's fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Prithviraja Vijaya

2026-03-02T16:10:29Z

Optimalvapors: made a article initial version

{{Short description|Sanskrit epic poem}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Prithviraja Vijaya
| title_orig = पृथ्वीराज विजय
| author = Jayanaka
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
| subject = Biographical epic poem
| genre = [[Epic (genre)|Epic]], [[Eulogy]]
| pub_date = 12th century
}}
'''''Prithviraja Vijaya''''' ([[IAST]]: Pṛthvīrāja Vijaya, "Prithviraja's Victory") is an [[eulogy|eulogistic]] [[Sanskrit]] [[kavya|epic poem]] on the life of the Indian [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] king [[Prithviraja III]] (better known as Prithviraj Chauhan in the vernacular folk legends). It is believed to have been composed around 1191-1192 CE by Jayanaka, a Kashmiri poet-historian in the court of Prithviraja.

Some portions of the poem are now lost. Besides Prithviraja's biography, the poem also gives an account of his ancestors.

== Manuscript ==

The only known manuscript of ''Prithviraja Vijaya'' is a [[birch bark]] manuscript written in [[Sharada script]]. It was discovered by [[Georg Bühler]] in 1875, when he was searching for Sanskrit manuscripts in [[Kashmir]].{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=191}} The manuscript is highly mutilated, and several parts of the text (including the author's name) are missing from it.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=192}}

== Authorship ==

Although the author's name is missing from the manuscript, [[Har Bilas Sarda]] theorized that the text was composed by Jayanaka, who was a court-poet of [[Prithviraja III|Prithviraja]]. This theory is based on the following points:{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|pp=192-193}}

* Canto 12 of the poem records the entry of the Kashmiri poet Jayanaka in Prithviraja's court
* In Canto 1, Prithviraja is expected to listen to the poem. This indicates that the poem was composed by one of his court-poets.
* The author appears to have been a [[Kashmiri Pandit]]:
** The poetic style closely resembles that of the 11th century Kashmiri poet [[Bilhana]]
** The ''[[mangalacharana]]'' (prayer) and criticism of other poets at the beginning of the text match the ones in Bilhana's ''Vikramanka-Deva-Charita'' (another eulogistic poem, on the life of [[Vikramaditya VI]]).
** The poem praises Kashmir in Canto 12
** The Kashmiri scholar [[Jonaraja]] wrote a commentary on the text
** The only contemporary known to have quoted the poem was Jayaratha, also a Kashmiri.
** The manuscript was discovered in Kashmir

== Date of composition ==

The poem is quoted by the Kashmiri scholar Jayaratha in his ''Vimarshini'' (c. 1200 CE), so it was definitely composed before this date.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=193}}

The poem mentions Prithviraja's victory over [[Muhammad of Ghor]] in the [[first Battle of Tarain]], but does not cover his defeat in the [[second Battle of Tarain|second battle]].{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2005|p=119}} This indicates that it was most probably written during 1191-1192 CE, in the period between the two battles. Thus, ''Prithviraja Vijaya'' is the only extant literary text from the reign of Prithviraja.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=37}}

== Content ==

=== Canto 1 ===

The first canto praises the ancient poets [[Valmiki]], [[Vyasa]] and [[Bhasa]]. It also mentions the contemporary poets Krishna and Vishvaroopa. The poem eulogizes Vishvaroopa, a native of Ajmer, and a friend and guide of the author.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=194}}

The poem then praises the king, [[Prithviraja III]], who greatly honoured the poet. It mentions that Prithviraja had shown a promise of future greatness during his childhood. It also mentions that the king was proficient in six languages.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=194}}

Next, the poem describes [[Pushkar]], the place of the poet's residence, and a town near the Chahamana capital [[Ajmer]]. It states that Ajagandha Mahadeva, a temple dedicated to [[Shiva]], was located at Pushkar. In the poem, [[Brahma]] tells [[Vishnu]] that originally, there were three ''[[yajna]]-kunda''s (sacrificial fire pits) at the site, which eventually became lakes.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=194}} Brahma requests Vishnu to take birth on the earth to "rectify the Muslim desecration of Pushkar", and as a result Prithviraja - whom the text identifies as a form of Vishnu - is born.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=41}}

=== Canto 2 ===

Chahamana, the founder of Prithviraja's dynasty, emerged from the orbit of the sun. He was thus a member of the legendary [[solar dynasty]]. His brother Dhananjaya served as his commander-in-chief. King [[Vasudeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Vasudeva]] was born in Chahamana's lineage. {{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=195}}

=== Canto 3-4 ===
[[File:Sambhar lake.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Sambhar Salt Lake]]]]
During a hunting expedition in a forest, Vasudeva found a magic pill and restored it to its owner, a [[vidyadhara]] (supernatural being). The pleased vidyadhara told him that the goddess [[Parvati]] resided in the forest under the name [[Shakambhari]]. He also magically conjured up a salt lake (the [[Sambhar Salt Lake]]). He told Vasudeva that this lake would always remain in the possession of the king's family, protected by Shakambhari and [[Ashapura Mata|Ashapuri]] (the king's [[family deity]]).{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|pp=195-196}}

=== Canto 5 ===

A genealogy of Prithviraja's ancestors is given:

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Vasudeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Vasudeva]]
* [[Samantaraja]]
* [[Naradeva]]
* [[Ajayaraja I]]
* [[Vigraharaja I]]
* [[Chandraraja I]]
* [[Gopendraraja]]
* [[Durlabharaja I]]
* [[Govindaraja I]]
* [[Chandraraja II]]
* [[Govindaraja II]]
* [[Chandanaraja]]
* [[Vakpatiraja I]]
* [[Simharaja]]
* [[Vigraharaja II]]
* [[Durlabharaja II]]
* [[Govindaraja III]]
* [[Vakpatiraja II]]
* [[Viryarama]]
* [[Chamundaraja (Chahamana dynasty)|Chamundaraja]]
* [[Durlabharaja III]]
* [[Vigraharaja III]]
* [[Prithviraja I]]
* [[Ajayaraja II]]
* [[Arnoraja]]
* [[Jagaddeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Jagaddeva]]
* [[Vigraharaja IV]]
* [[Amaragangeya]]
* [[Prithviraja II]]
* [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]]
}}

The canto also briefly describes the reigns of some of the early Chahamana rulers:

* The sister of Govindaraja II (alias Guvaka II) had twelve suitors, but she married the king of [[Kanyakubja]] (Kannauj). He defeated the other suitors, and gave their wealth to his sister.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=199-200}}
* Chandanaraja's queen Rudrani, also called Atmaprabha or Yogini, installed 1000 [[Shiva]] [[lingam]]s on the banks of the Pushkar lake. These lingams were like lamps that removed darkness.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=200}}
* Vakpatiraja I won 188 battles, and constructed a Shiva temple at Pushkar.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=200}}
* Vigraharaja II defeated [[Mularaja]], the king of [[Gujarat]], who had to flee to Kantha-durga ([[Kanthkot]]). Vigraharaja built a temple of the goddess Ashapuri on the banks of the river Rewa ([[Narmada]]).{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=201}}
* Vakpatiraja II killed Amba-Prasada, the ruler of Aghat.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=201}}
* Viryarama was killed by [[Bhoja]] of [[Malwa]].{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=201}}
* Chamundaraja erected a Vishnu temple at Narpur (Narwar).{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=201}}
* Durlabharaja III died in a battle against the Matangas (Muslims).{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=201}}
* Vigraharaja II gave a horse named Saranga to [[Udayaditya]] of Malwa. With help of this horse, Udayaditya defeated the king of Gujarat.
* Prithviraja I killed 700 [[Chaulukya]]s who had come to rob the Brahmins in Pushkar. He also set up a charitable institution on the road to [[Somnath]].
* Ajayaraja II (alias Salhana) defeated the Muslims as well as Sulhana, the king of Malwa. He filled the world with silver coins, and his queen Somalekha was used to freshly minted coins every day. The queen built a [[stepwell]] in front of a temple. Ajayaraja II established the town of Ajayameru (Ajmer), which was full of temples and rightly deserved to be called [[Mount Meru|Meru]].{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=204}} The poem goes on to eulogize Ajayameru. For example, it states that the legendary great cities like [[Lanka]] and [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]] were not fit even for the maidservants of Ajayameru.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=205}}

=== Canto 6 ===
[[File:Anna sarobar-2-ajmir.jpg|thumb|[[Ana Sagar]], the lake commissioned by Arnoraja]]
[[Arnoraja]] defeated the Muslim invaders, many of whom were killed by the heroes of Ajayameru. To celebrate the victory, the king commissioned [[Ana Sagar|a lake]], and filled it with the water of the Chandra river (now called Bandi river). He also built a Shiva temple, and named it after his father Ajayaraja (now called the Ajaypal Temple).{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|pp=205-206}}

Arnoraja had two wives: Sudhava of Avichi ([[Marwar]]), and Kanchanadevi (the daughter of [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] of Gujarat). Arnoraja and Sudhava had three sons, who were as different as the three [[guṇa|gunas]] (qualities). Of these, [[Vigraharaja IV]] was like the ''[[sattva]] guna'' (good qualities). The eldest son ([[Jagaddeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Jagaddeva]], not named in the text) rendered the same service to Arnoraja as [[Parashurama|Bhrigu's son]] did to his mother (that is, killed his parent). This son went out like a [[candle wick|wick]], leaving behind an evil smell.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=206}}

[[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]] was the son of Arnoraja and Kanchandevi. Astrologers predicted that Someshvara's son (that is, Prithviraja III) would be an incarnation of the legendary divine hero [[Rama]]. Therefore, Jayasimha took Someshvara to his own court in Gujarat.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=206}}

The poem then describes the legendary [[lunar dynasty]], including [[Soma (deity)|Soma]], [[Budha]], [[Paurava]] and [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] as its members.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=206}} A portion of the manuscript is missing after these verses. Next, the poem describes the legendary king [[Kartavirya]], and states that the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]] (the family of Prithviraja's mother) were descended from him through one Sahasikh ("courageous").{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=207}}

=== Canto 7 ===

The poem states that [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] (the maternal grandfather of Prithviraja III) was an incarnation of [[Shiva]]'s devotee Kumbodhar. His successor [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] (literally "protector of a child") kept a young Someshvara close to himself, and thus became worthy of his name. When Someshvara grew up, he beheaded the king of [[Konkan]]a during Kumarapala's invasion of that region. Someshvara married Karpura-devi, the princess of [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Tripuri]].{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=207}}

The text then states that Prithviraja was born on the 12th day of the [[Jyeshtha (month)|jyeshtha]] month. It states the [[horoscope|planetary positions]] at the time of his birth, although some portions are missing from the only available manuscript.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=207}}

=== Canto 8 ===

The birth of Prithviraja was celebrated with many festivities. A [[wet nurse]] was appointed for his care. To protect him, a tiger's claw and images of [[dashavatara|Vishnu's ten incarnations]] were attached to his necklace.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=207}} The queen became pregnant again, and gave birth to [[Hariraja]] in the [[Magha (month)|Magha]] month.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=208}}

[[Vigraharaja IV]] died a happy man after hearing that the earth had been blessed with the two sons of his brother. The phrase "the friend of poets" disappeared with his death. His unmarried son [[Aparagangeya]] also died. [[Prithviraja II|Prithvibhata]], the son of Sudhava's eldest son, also departed, as if to bring back Vigraharaja. The males were dropping like pearls from the line of Sudhava. [[Lakshmi]] (the goddess of fortune) left Sudhava's lineage, and wished to see [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]] (Prithviraja's father). Therefore, the Chahamana ministers brought Someshvara to Sapadalaksha (the Chahamana country).{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=208}}

Someshvara and Karpura-devi came to Ajayameru with their two sons, Prithviraja and Hariraja. Someshvara became the new Chahamana king, and established a new town where the palaces of Vigraharaja were located. He named this new town after his father Arnoraja, to remove the blot left by killing of Arnoraja by his eldest son.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=209}}

In Ajayameru, Vigraharaja had constructed as many temples as the hill forts he had conquered. In the middle of these temples, Someshvara erected the Vaidyanath (Shiva) temple, which was taller than all of Vigraharaja's temples. He installed images of [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] in this temple. He also placed effigies of his father and himself riding horses in the temple premises. Just like [[Mount Meru|Meru]] had five [[Kalpavriksha]]s, Someshvara built five temples in Ajayameru. He built so many temples at other places, that the population of city of gods declined.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|pp=208-209}}

Someshvara appointed the Queen to protect his young son, and then departed to be with his father in the [[svarga|heaven]]. All his predecessors, from Chahamana to Prithvibhata came to welcome him, except Arnoraja's eldest son, who was hiding in the [[naraka (Hinduism)|hell]].{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=209}}

=== Canto 9 ===

During Karpura-devi's regency, the (Ajayameru) city was so densely populated and had so many man-made structures that the sun was not able to see more than a tenth of the land. Prithviraja's minister Kadamba-Vasa served him as [[Hanuman]] served [[Rama]]. He sent the armies in all the directions to add to the glory of the young king.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=209}}

All branches of learning united and came to Prithviraja, and he became knowledgeable about all the arts and sciences that a king should be proficient in. [[Kamadeva]] took service with him to learn archery, and to stop living in fear of [[Shiva]].{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|pp=209-210}}

Prithviraja and his brother Hariraja were like [[Rama]] and [[Lakshmana]]. Prithviraja's maternal relative Bhuvanaika-Malla came to him to find out how he was able to protect the earth with only two arms. Bhuvanaika-Malla was an audacious warrior, and gave away all his wealth in charity. He wanted to raid [[Deccan|the South]], but decided against doing that because the respected sage [[Agastya]] lived there. An incarnation of [[Garuda]], he served the two brothers loyally, and subdued the Nagas.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=210}}

With support of Kadamba-Vasa and Bhuvanaika-Malla, Prithviraja did many things for the welfare of his people.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=210}}

=== Canto 10 ===
[[File:Prithvi Raj Chauhan (Edited).jpg|thumb|left|A statue of [[Prithviraja III]]]]
When Prithviraja became an adult, many princesses expressed their desire to marry him. His good fortune also presented him with many opportunities to wage wars. When Vigraharaja's son Nagarjuna conquered Gudapura, Prithviraja led an army against him and besieged the Gudapura fort. Nagarjuna relinquished the duty of a warrior, and fled from the fort. Prithviraja killed his warriors and captured the fort. He brought Nagarjuna's wife and mother to Ajmer, and placed the heads of his enemies on the Ajmer fort's battlements.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=211}}

A [[cow in Hinduism|beef-eating]] [[mlechchha]] named [[Muhammad of Ghor|Ghori]] had captured [[Ghazni|Garjani]] in the North-West, where horses abound. His envoy was a bald man with the complexion of a [[leper]], and spoke like wild birds.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=211}}{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=29}} When he heard that Prithviraja had vowed to destroy the mlechchhas, he sent an ambassador to the Chahamana capital. [[Raja]]s (feudatory kings) took shelter in their fortresses in his fear. When he captured [[Naddula]], Prithviraja became angry and vowed to subdue him.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=211}}

=== Canto 11 ===
[[File:Fronton Cambodge Musée Guimet 9972.jpg|thumb|[[Sunda (asura)|Sunda]] and [[Upasunda]] fight over [[Tilottama]]]]
Prithviraja's minister Kadamba-Vasa advised him not to get angry and not to fight with Ghori. He said that the enemies will destroy themselves, just like [[Sunda (asura)|Sunda]] and [[Upasunda]] ruined themselves over [[Tilottama]].{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|pp=211-212}} Just then, a messenger from Gujarat arrived and informed Prithviraja that the king of Gujarat had [[Battle of Kasahrada|defeated]] Ghori's forces. Prithvibhatta, the chief of the poets, praised Kadambavasa as Ghori had been defeated without any effort from the Chahamana side. He then narrated the story of Tilottama. Prithviraja dismissed the messenger after bestowing gifts upon him.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=212}}

Prithviraja then visited his gallery, where Prithvbhatta showed him illustrations from the ''[[Ramayana]]'', and narrated the king's deeds in his previous birth as [[Rama]]. The king then saw a portrait of Tilottama, and [[Kamadeva]] (the god of love) overpowered him. Prithviraja began to long for Tilottama, and left the gallery at noon, wounded by the arrows of Kamadeva.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=212}}

=== Canto 12 ===

As Prithviraja came out of the gallery, he heard someone reciting a verse. The verse declared that a person who strives to get something gets it. Prithviraja asked Padmanabha (a minister of the former king Vigraharaja) who the reciter is. Padmanabha introduced the reciter as Jayanaka, a great poet-scholar from Kashmir, the seat of learning. Jayanaka explained that he came from Kashmir to Ajayameru, because the goddess of learning had asked him to serve the incarnation of [[Vishnu]]: Prithviraja.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|pp=212-213}}

The only extant manuscript of the text ends abruptly in the twelfth chapter.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=40}} It is thus incomplete, but it mentions the victory of Prithviraja over Ghori in the [[first Battle of Tarain]].{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=213}}

== Historical reliability ==

Having been written at the court of Prithviraja, the text is one of the most important sources of information about the Chahamana dynasty.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=vi}}

According to [[Har Bilas Sarda]], the historical accuracy of the poem's narrative is supported by historical inscriptions, as well as [[Jonaraja]]'s commentary on it.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=194}} For example, the genealogy of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana dynasty]] given in the text is nearly same as the one provided by the 1170 CE [[Bijolia]] inscription. There are only minor differences; for example, the Bijolia inscription has:{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=197}}

* Guvaka instead of Govindaraja I (Guvaka being a [[diminutive]] of Govinda)
* Shashi-nripa instead of Chandraraja (the two words are synonyms)
* Vappyaraja instead of Vakpatiraja (variants)
* Gandu instead of Govindaraja III (a diminutive)

Sarda called ''Prithviraja Vijaya'' the most reliable literary work on the early history of the dynasty.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1935|p=221}} Historian E. Sreedharan, on the other hand, described the text "an outrageous distortion of history" for its "[[Ramayana]]ization". He criticized the text for its characterization of Prithviraja as the divine incarnation of Rama.{{sfn|E. Sreedharan|2004|p=329}} According to historian R. B. Singh of [[Gorakhpur University]], the text "suffers from literary embellishments", but "its contents find full confirmation from the epigraphic evidence".{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=vi}}

== See also ==
* [[Hammira Mahakavya]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-107-11856-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=E. Sreedharan |title=A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJVoi3PIejwC&pg=PA329 |year=2004 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2657-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Har Bilas Sarda |authorlink=Har Bilas Sarda |title=Speeches And Writings Har Bilas Sarda |publisher=Vedic Yantralaya |location=Ajmer |year=1935 |url=https://archive.org/stream/speechesandwriti030754mbp#page/n272/mode/1up }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |title=Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA119 |publisher=Verso |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-84467-020-8 }}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170510141418/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/284204 Prithviraj Vijay Mahakabyam] — edited by Gaurishankar H. Ojha (archived)

[[Category:Epic poems in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Works about monarchs]]
[[Category:Rajasthani literature]]
[[Category:12th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology]]

Kallipalayam

2026-03-02T13:09:29Z

Optimalvapors:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Kallipalayam

| official_name =

| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = #Tamil Nadu#India#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu##Location in India##Location in Asia##Location in Earth

| map_caption = Interactive Map
| pushpin_mapsize = 200
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
| established_title = 
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Paramathi velur
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Namakkal
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 637208
| registration_plate = TN-88
| website =
| footnotes =
| translit_lang1 =
| area_code = 04268
| area_code_type = STD Code

| coordinates = {{coord| 11.08109 |N| 77.95286 |E|display=inline,title}}

}}

'''Kallipalayam''' is a village in [[Vengarai - P.Velur|Vengarai]] panchayat of [[Namakkal district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Kallipalayam is part of [[Kongu Nadu]] located on the banks of [[River Kaveri]]. Around 500 families peacefully live in this village. Agriculture and transport are major businesses in this village. Mr. [[C. V. Velappan]] was born in this village. He was the sitting MLA in the Kabilarmalai constituency during [[M. G. Ramachandran|M. G. Ramachandran's]] administration.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Namakkal district]]

{{Namakkal-geo-stub}}

Gir Kesar

2026-03-02T09:35:23Z

Optimalvapors: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Mango cultivar}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = ''Mangifera'' 'Gir Kesar'
| image = Mango kesar variety.JPG
| image_caption = 'Kesar' variety of mango
| genus = ''[[Mangifera]]''
| species = ''[[Mangifera indica]]''
| cultivar = 'Gir Kesar'
| origin = [[India]]
}}
The ''''Gir Kesar' mango''', also called '''Kesar''', is a [[mango]] cultivar grown in the foothills of [[Girnar]] in [[Gujarat]], western [[India]]. The mango is known for its bright orange colored pulp and was given the [[geographical indication]] status in 2011. The biggest market of Gir Kesar is in Talala Gir (45 km from Gir national park) known as a Mango Market Yard (Plus code : 3GFV+9P Borvav, Gujarat).

==History==
The mango was grown in 1931 by Junagadh Wazir Salé Bhai in [[Mangrol Junagadh]]. About 75 grafts were then planted in the foothills of Girnar at the Junagadh Laal Dori farm. The mango is said to have been known as "Kesar" since 1934 when the [[Nawab of Junagadh]] [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III]] said "This is Kesar" looking at the orange pulp of the fruit—''kesar'' being [[Gujarati language|Gujrati]]/[[Hindi]] for [[saffron]].<ref name=epaper>{{cite web|last1=Kaushik|first1=Himanshu|title=Guj seeks exclusive status for Gir Kesar mango|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIA/2010/05/01&PageLabel=7&EntityId=Ar00700&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209065815/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIA/2010/05/01&PageLabel=7&EntityId=Ar00700&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 9, 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=29 January 2016|date=1 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kesar of Junagadh to get GI registration as Gir Kesar Mango|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/gujarat/kesar-of-junagadh-to-get-gi-registration-as-gir-kesar-mango_623468.html|publisher=Zee News|access-date=29 January 2016|date=1 May 2010}}</ref>

==Production==
[[Image:Mango Plantation near Sasan Gir, Gujarat.jpg|thumb|right|A mango plantation near Gir sanctuary (Sasan Gir)]]
The Kesar mango is grown in an approximate area of 20,000 hectare in the districts of [[Junagadh district|Junagadh]] and [[Amreli district|Amreli]] in the [[Saurashtra region]] of [[Gujarat]], with an estimated annual production of two [[lakh]] tonnes. However, only the mango grown around the [[Gir Forest National Park|Gir sanctuary]] area is officially known as "Gir Kesar mango".<ref name=epaper/>

This variety of mango is usually produced to the market in April–May and are harvested at the green mature stage, with cultivation beginning around October after the monsoon season.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Balan|first1=Premal|title=Kesar mango arrives in Junagadh's Talala market, prices at three year high|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kesar-mango-arrives-in-Junagadhs-Talala-market-prices-at-three-year-high/articleshow/47414693.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=29 January 2016|date=25 May 2015}}</ref> Kesar variety is among the most expensive varieties of the fruit.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dave|first1=Hiral|title=Kesar mango from Gir all set to rub shoulders with Darjeeling tea|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kesar-mango-from-gir-all-set-to-rub-shoulders-with-darjeeling-tea/593829/0|work=The Indian Express|access-date=29 January 2016|date=22 March 2010}}</ref>

Kesar mangoes are a rich source of vitamins, including A, C, E, and B6. These vitamins are essential for overall well-being. Together, they support a strong immune system and also promote healthy skin. The combination of these vitamins helps in the absorption of other essential vitamins and minerals in the body.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mahendra|first1=Ahir|title=Kesar mango health benefits|url=https://girkesar.com/health-benefits-of-kesar-mangoes/|date=27 May 2024}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
Gujarat Agro Industries Corporation (GAIC) Ltd proposed the geographical indication (GI) registration of Gir Kesar mango. After the [[Junagadh Agricultural University]] filed the application in 2010, the fruit was granted the GI tag in 2011 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Gir Kesar" exclusive to the mangoes grown in the region. It thus became the first agricultural product from Gujarat and the second mango variety in India (after [[Uttar Pradesh]]'s [[Dasheri]] mango) to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Daniel|first1=P George|title=GI tag for Gir Kesar mango, Bhalia wheat|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/GI-tag-for-Gir-Kesar-mango-Bhalia-wheat/articleshow/9390931.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=29 January 2016|date=28 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Junagadh Kesar mango gets GI tag as 'Gir Kesar'|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/junagadh-kesar-mango-gets-gi-tag-as-gir-kesar/article2312650.ece|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=29 January 2016|date=1 August 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of mango cultivars]]
* List of [[Geographical indications in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mangoes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gir Kesar (Mango)}}

[[Category:Mango cultivars]]
[[Category:Economy of Gujarat]]
[[Category:GI-Tagged Mangoes of India]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Gujarat]]

Gallery G

2026-03-02T07:27:35Z

Optimalvapors: New new data v1.

{{Infobox museum
| name = Gallery G
| logo = Gallery G logo (2025).jpg
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Gallery G, Bangalore (2025) 16.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Gallery G in 2025
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_dot_label =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.974135|77.598862|display=inline,title}}
| former_name = 
| established = 2003
| location = Bangalore
| type = Art gallery/museum
| accreditation =
| key_holdings =
| collections =
| collection_size =
| visitors =
| founder = Gitanjali Maini
| executive_director =
| deputy_director =
| leader_type =
| leader =
| director =
| president =
| ceo =
| chairperson =
| curator =
| architect =
| historian =
| owner = Sandeep & Gitanjali Maini Foundation
| employees =
| publictransit =
| parking = 
| website = {{URL|https://galleryg.com/}}
| network =
| embedded = 
}}

'''Gallery G''' is an Indian [[art gallery]] and resource based in Bangalore. It provides informed access to art and consultancy services for investors, architects, interior designers<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Gallery g to showcase ‘divine figures’ by Bengaluru artist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/gallery-g-to-showcase-divine-figures-by-bengaluru-artist/articleshow/78015531.cms |access-date=2025-10-25 |work=The Times of India |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and organizes traveling art shows.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2025 |title=Gallery G Brings ‘On the Go’ to Hyderabad at Taj Krishna from July 11 to 13 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/gallery-g-brings-on-the-go-to-hyderabad-at-taj-krishna-from-july-11-to-13 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Gallery G’s travelling art show brings to Kochi rare works by artists such as VS Gaitonde, Manu Parekh, Ganapati Hegde among others |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/gallery-gs-travelling-art-show-brings-to-kochi-rare-works-by-artists-such-as-vs-gaitonde-manu-parekh-ganapati-hegde-among-others/article69530171.ece |access-date=2025-10-25 |work=The Hindu |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=July 9, 2025 |title=Hyderabad to witness Gallery G’s travelling exhibition, On The Go, featuring master artists VS Gaitonde, Surya Prakash, Yusuf Arakkal, and others |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/hyderabad-to-witness-gallery-gs-travelling-art-exhibition-on-the-goa/article69790527.ece |access-date=2025-10-25 |work=The Hindu |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Gallery G was founded in 2003, by Gitanjali Maini.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Designs |first=Isaac |title=Gallery G - Your art resource |url=https://galleryg.com/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Gallery G |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Media gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=Gallery G in 2025
|width=120 | height=120 |mode=nolines
|File:Gallery G, Bangalore (2025) 17.jpg|Interiors of the museum
|File:Gallery G, Bangalore (2025) 01.jpg|[[Kinnal craft|Kinnala art]] in the museum
|File:Gallery G, Bangalore (2025) 03.jpg|Sculptures of Sri [[Radha Krishna]] in the museum
|File:Audio-visual projection in Gallery G, Bangalore 2025.webm|Audio-visual projection of book: Raja Ravi Verma (Portrait of an artist)
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Bengaluru]]

Henry Cotton (civil servant)

2026-02-27T14:43:50Z

Optimalvapors: expanded citations for clarity and fixed typos

{{Short description|British member of the Indian Civil Service and Liberal Party politician}}
{{About|the member of the Indian Civil Service|his first cousin once removed|Henry Cotton (judge)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCSI}}
| honorific_prefix = Sir
| name = Henry John Stedman Cotton
| image = Henry Cotton.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 13 September 1845
| birth_place = [[Kumbakonam]], British India
| death_date = 22 October 1915
| death_place = [[St John's Wood]], London, United Kingdom
| occupation = civil servant, Member of Parliament, Author
| spouse = Mary, Lady Cotton (née Ryan)
| alma_mater = [[Magdalen College, Oxford]] [[King's College London]]
| party = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]]
}}
[[File:Henry cotton.jpg|thumb|250px|Henry Cotton dispensing justice in Bengal]]
'''Sir Henry John Stedman Cotton''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCSI}} (13 September 1845 – 22 October 1915<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Ncommons3.htm |title=Historical list of MPs: constituencies beginning with "N", part 3 |work=Leigh Rayment's House of Commons pages |access-date=8 January 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407065925/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Ncommons3.htm |archive-date=7 April 2017}}</ref>) had a long career in the [[Indian Civil Service]], during which he was sympathetic to Indian nationalism and labourers in Assam's tea plantations. He was elected the president of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1904 at the height of [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|the Bengal partition]]. After returning to England, he served as a [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] Member of Parliament (MP) for [[Nottingham East (UK Parliament constituency)|Nottingham East]] from [[1906 United Kingdom general election|1906]] to [[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|January 1910]].

==Early life==
Henry was born in 1845 in the city of [[Kumbakonam]] in the [[Madras]] region of India,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Past Party Presidents (1885 - 2010): Sir Henry Cotton |url=https://inc.in/leadership/past-party-presidents/sir-henry-cotton |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=Indian National Congress |language=en}}</ref> to Indian-born parents of English descent, Joseph John Cotton (1813–1867) and Susan Jessie Minchin (1823–1888).

He became the Chief Commissioner of Assam in 1897, from which post he retired in 1902.

Through his paternal great-grandfather [[Joseph Cotton (mariner)|Joseph Cotton]] (1745–1825), Henry John Stedman Cotton was a [[cousin|first cousin once removed]] of both the judge [[Henry Cotton (judge)|Henry Cotton]] (his godfather, who he was named after<ref name="memories" />) and of the African explorer [[William Cotton Oswell]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.halhed.com/t4r/relationship.php?altprimarypersonID=I3072&secondpersonID=I7564&maxrels=1&disallowspouses=0&generations=15&tree=tree1&primarypersonID=I3072 |title=Relationship Calculator: Henry John Stedman Cotton relationship to Henry Cotton |work=Halhed genealogy & family trees |access-date=19 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007181010/http://www.halhed.com/t4r/relationship.php?altprimarypersonID=I3072&secondpersonID=I7564&maxrels=1&disallowspouses=0&generations=15&tree=tree1&primarypersonID=I3072 |archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.halhed.com/t4r/relationship.php?altprimarypersonID=I3072&savedpersonID=I&secondpersonID=I2171&maxrels=1&disallowspouses=0&generations=15&tree=tree1&primarypersonID=I3072 |title=Relationship Calculator: Henry John Stedman Cotton relationship to William Cotton Oswell |work=Halhed genealogy & family trees |access-date=19 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007181021/http://www.halhed.com/t4r/relationship.php?altprimarypersonID=I3072&savedpersonID=I&secondpersonID=I2171&maxrels=1&disallowspouses=0&generations=15&tree=tree1&primarypersonID=I3072 |archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> The British man of letters [[James S. Cotton]] was his brother.

In 1848, he left India to be educated in England. He entered [[Magdalen College School, Oxford|Magdalen College School]] in 1856, [[Brighton College]] in 1859, and [[King's College London]] in 1861. After his graduation from college, he took and passed the Indian Civil Service Examination.

==Career==
Cotton joined the [[Indian Civil Service]] in [[Bengal Presidency]], arriving in India in 1867.<ref name=":0" /> His first posting was at [[Midnapore]], where his immediate superior was Sir [[Sir William Herschel, 2nd Baronet|William James Herschel]], then the local magistrate. His eldest son [[H. E. A. Cotton|Evan]] was born in that city in 1868.<ref name="memories" />

He later served in [[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]], where he witnessed the great flood of 1871. In 1872 he was posted to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], and in 1873 he was appointed Assistant Secretary to the Bengal Government by [[George Campbell (1824–1892)|Sir George Campbell]], and later worked under [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Temple]]. In 1878 he became magistrate and collector at [[Chittagong]]; in 1880 he became Senior Secretary to the Board of Revenue in Bengal. He later became Revenue Secretary to Government, Financial and Municipal Secretary, and then a member of the Bengal Legislative Council.

In 1885 he was appointed a fellow of the [[University of Calcutta]] and was elected unopposed to the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Calcutta Municipal Corporation]]. In the same year, he published his book, ''New India or India in Transition.''<ref name=":0" /> Cotton eventually rose to be [[Chief Commissioner]] of [[Colonial Assam|Assam]] (1896 to 1902), during which time he experienced the [[1897 Assam earthquake]]. The Viceroy, [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], visited Assam in March 1900, and in an address afterwards praised Cotton's "effort and interest in the province", but was otherways unusually careful not to promise much in his speeches during the visit.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Viceroy's visit to Assam |date=14 March 1900 |page=5 |issue=36089}}</ref>

In 1901 when Cotton recommended an increase in the wages for the tea plantation workers, the [[Indian Tea Association]] campaigned heavily against him in the Anglo-Indian press and lobbied to create trouble for him with his superiors. This eventually marred his prospects in the [[Indian Civil Services]]. Nevertheless, he undertook some corrective administrative measures based on inspections of the province's plantations.{{sfn|Behal|2014|p=127}}

[[Cotton College, Guwahati]], the oldest institute of higher education in Assam and all of [[Northeast India]] was established in 1901 by Cotton.

== Post-retirement ==
As he retired, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (KCSI) in the [[1902 Coronation Honours]] list published on 26 June 1902,<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Coronation Honours |date=26 June 1902 |page=5 |issue=36804}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 27448 |supp=y |page=4197 |date= 26 June 1902}}</ref> and invested as such by King [[Edward VII]] at [[Buckingham Palace]] on 24 October 1902.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular |date=25 October 1902 |page=8 |issue=36908}}</ref>
[[File:Indian National Congress 1904.jpg|thumb|Some of the [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress']] 1904 participants. Cotton is seated in the front row, fourth from the left. Taken from his book, ''Indian and home memories'' (1911).]]
Cotton supported [[Home Rule Movement|Indian Home Rule]] and got into serious trouble when he advocated the cause in his 1885 book ''New India, or India in Transition'' (revised edition 1907). He returned to India at the height of [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] in 1904. He presided over the twentieth session of the [[Indian National Congress]] at [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian National Congress Session and its President |url=http://www.congress.org.in/congress-sessions.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408202217/http://www.congress.org.in/congress-sessions.php |archive-date=8 April 2009 |access-date=24 February 2010 |publisher=AICC, New Delhi}}</ref> His presidential address showcased his deep understanding of Indian struggles under colonial rule. He recognised the INC's vital role in shaping the history and character of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Henry Cotton's contribution to Freedom Struggle |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/digital-district-repository/district-repository/sir-henry-cottons-contribution-freedom-struggle |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=Indian Culture, an initiative of Ministry of Culture}}</ref> Under his presidency, the INC organised a conference on the partition in Calcutta. He traced the history of partition to 1891, when it was first discussed until 1897 when he was the Chief Commission of Assam. When [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|the Lushai Hills]] was transferred to Assam, he argued, the matter was dropped. In his opinion the governments of Assam and Bengal never proposed partition, and it was a motion "spontaneously and uninvited from the Government of India itself."<ref name=":0" /> As such, he led the opposition to Lord Curzon's [[British expedition to Tibet|invasion of Tibet]] and [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]].

On his return to England, Cotton was elected [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] Member of Parliament (MP) for [[Nottingham East (UK Parliament constituency)|Nottingham East]] in [[1906 United Kingdom general election|1906]]. He joined the India group in the House of Commons,<ref name=":0" /> a radical pro-Indian parliamentary group, and criticised his own government's actions in India. Already in poor health, he was narrowly defeated in his attempt for re-election in 1910.

==Personal life==
[[File:Mary_Lady_Cotton.png|thumb|right|250px|Mary, Lady Cotton (née Ryan), photographed by [[Julia Margaret Cameron]].]]
In 1867 in [[Freshwater, Isle of Wight]], Cotton married Mary Ryan (1848–1914). They had four children: [[H. E. A. Cotton|Evan]] (1868–1939), Julian James Cotton (1869–1927), Mary Cotton (b. 1873), and Albert Louis Cotton (1874–1936).<ref name="halhed" />

Cotton met and married Ryan having seen a picture of her taken by pioneering photographer [[Julia Margaret Cameron]]. Ryan had been partly raised by Cameron, who found her as a child begging on [[Putney Heath]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Higgins|first1=Charlotte|title=Julia Margaret Cameron: soft-focus photographer with an iron will|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/sep/22/julia-margaret-cameron-victorian-portrait-photographer-exhibitions|access-date=25 July 2016|work=The Guardian|date=22 September 2015}}</ref> The couple were photographed together by Cameron, in costume as Romeo and Juliet, on their wedding day.

Two of his sons, [[Evan Cotton|Evan]] and Julian, also made careers in the civil service in India. Cotton's grandson, Sir John Cotton (1909–2002), was Ambassador to the Congo Republic and Burundi and the last of six generations of Cottons to serve in colonial administration in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Sir John Cotton|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1383640/Sir-John-Cotton.html|access-date=25 July 2016|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

He was an active writer and activist on behalf of Indian rights until the end of his life, despite ill health and financial difficulties. In 1885 he wrote New India or India in transition. It was aimed to draw attention of the ruling class for policy making in view of the great social, political and religious changes that were taking place in India at the time. In 1911 he published his memoirs, ''Indian and Home Memories''. Sir Henry Cotton died at his home in [[St John's Wood]], London, in October 1915.

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="halhed">{{cite web|url=http://www.halhed.com/t4r/getperson.php?personID=I3072&tree=tree1|work=Halhed genealogy & family trees|title=Henry John Stedman Cotton 1845 - 1915|access-date=19 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007180636/http://www.halhed.com/t4r/getperson.php?personID=I3072&tree=tree1|archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="memories">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/indianhomememori00cottuoft/indianhomememori00cottuoft_djvu.txt|title=Indian & Home Memories|author=Sir Henry Cotton|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin|location=London|year=1911|access-date=20 February 2011}}</ref>
</references>

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|last=Behal|first=Rana P.|title=One Hundred Years of Solitude: Political Economy of Tea Plantations in Colonial Assam|year=2014|location=New Delhi|publisher=Tulika Books|language=en|ref={{harvid|Behal|2014}}}}

== External links ==
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-edward-bond | Edward Bond }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
| before=[[William Erskine Ward]]
| title=[[Chief Commissioner of Assam]] | years=1896–1902
| after=Sir [[Bampfylde Fuller]]
}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Nottingham East (UK Parliament constituency)|Nottingham East]]
| years = [[1906 United Kingdom general election|1906]] – [[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|January 1910]]
| before = [[Edward Bond (politician)|Edward Bond]]
| after = [[James Morrison (British politician)|James Morrison]]
}}
{{end}}

{{Indian National Congress Presidents}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cotton, Henry}}
[[Category:1845 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Magdalen College School, Oxford]]
[[Category:People educated at Brighton College]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1906–1910]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Nathaniel Cotton family|Henry]]

Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya

2026-02-23T22:40:00Z

Optimalvapors:

{{Short description|Public school in Odisha, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=June 2021}}
{{Primary sources|date=June 2021}}
}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya (Odisha Model School)
| image = Oavs logo.jpg
| motto = ଅନୁପ୍ରେରଣ ଏବଂ ସଶକ୍ତିକରଣ
| motto_translation = Inspire and Empower
| established = {{start date and age|19-September-2015}}
| type = Public school
| affiliation = [[Central Board for Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| key_people = State Project Director, Mrs. Smita Rout, IAS<ref>https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/smita-rout-ias-appointed-state-pd-odisha-adarsha-vidyalaya-sangathan/</ref>
| grades = VI - XII
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country =
| age_range = 10-18
| authority = Department of School and Mass Education, [[Government of Odisha]]
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| language = [[Indian English|English (India)]]
| location =
| information = 315 (functional schools)
| website = {{URL|http://www.oav.edu.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya''' ({{translation|'''Odisha Model School'''}}) is a chain of schools which are being set up, one at each of 314 [[Panchayat samiti (block)|block headquarters]] of [[Odisha|Odisha State]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oavs.in/about.html|title=About Us|work=Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya Sangathan|access-date=March 18, 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Odisha_Adarsh_Vidyalaya_Sangathan.jpg|thumb|Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya HQ]]

==History==
Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya Sangathan ({{Translation|'''Odisha Model Schools Organisation'''}}) was established on 19-September-2015 as a society under The Society Registration Act of Odisha, by the https://sme.odisha.gov.in/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613181325/https://sme.odisha.gov.in/ |date=2024-06-13 }} Department of School and Mass Education, Govt. of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sme.odisha.gov.in/ |title=Department of School and Mass Education, Govt. of Odisha |access-date=2024-07-18 |archive-date=2024-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613181325/https://sme.odisha.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The general body is the apex body of the Sangathan headed by Minister, School & Mass Education as chairman. The present advisor and working president is [[Upendra Tripathy]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/odisha-cm-appoints-retired-ias-officer-upendra-tripathy-as-advisor-of-adarsha-vidyalaya-sangathan20210803043718/|title=Odisha CM appoints retired IAS officer Upendra Tripathy as Advisor of Adarsha Vidyalaya Sangathan|date=2021-08-03|website=www.aninews.in/|language=en|access-date=2022-05-31}}</ref> who was appointed on 03-August-2021 after [[Dr Bijaya Kumar Sahoo]] died from COVID-19 on 03-June-2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/jun/04/odia-educationist-bijaya-sahoo-passes-away-due-topost-covid-complications-2311582.html|title=Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya Advisor Bijaya Sahoo No More|date=2021-06-03|website=www.newindianexpress.com/|language=en|access-date=2022-05-31}}</ref>

These Adarsha Vidyalayas would be [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] affiliated [[Boarding school|fully day boarding schools]], provide free education, and target talented students through an annual entrance examination. They would have Class VI through Class XII and each class would have 80 students. These schools would be administered through Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya Sangathan,<ref>[https://www.oav.edu.in/ Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya Sangathan]</ref> a society registered under the Society Registration Act of Odisha.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Odisha]]
[[Category:Schools in Odisha]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Odisha]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2015]]

N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar

2026-02-23T08:22:52Z

Optimalvapors: expanded content

{{Short description|Gopalaswami Ayyangar Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Dewan Bahadur]]
| name = [[Sir]] N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]
| image = File:Gopalaswamy Ayyangar.jpg
| birth_name = Narasimha Ayyangar Gopalaswami Ayyangar
| birth_date = 31 March 1882
| birth_place = [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1953|2|10|1882|3|31}}
| death_place = Madras, [[Madras State]], India (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]])

|office = 2nd [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
|primeminister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| president = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
|term_start = 13 May 1952
|term_end = 10 February 1953
|predecessor = [[Baldev Singh]]
|successor = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]

| office1 = 1st [[Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha]]
|term_start1 = 13 May 1952
|term_end1 =10 February 1953
|predecessor1 = Position established
| president1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| primeminister1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| successor1 =[[Charu Chandra Biswas]]

| office2 = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Railways & Transport]]
| lieutenant1 =
| monarch2 = [[King George VI]] (1936-1950)
| president2 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| primeminister2 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| successor2 = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
| termend2 = 13 May 1952
| termstart2 = 22 September 1948
| office3 = Prime Minister of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| term_start3 = 1937
| term_end3 = 9 April 1943
| monarch3 = [[Hari Singh]]
| successor3 = [[Kailash Nath Haksar]]
}}

[[Diwan Bahadur]] '''[[Sir]] Narasimha Gopalaswami Ayyangar''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CIE}} (31 March 1882 – 10 February 1953) was an Indian civil servant and statesman, who served as the Prime Minister of the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and later a minister in the [[First Nehru ministry|first cabinet]] of independent India. He was a member of the drafting committee of the [[Constitution of India]], the leader of the [[Rajya Sabha]], a '[[minister without portfolio]]' looking after Kashmir Affairs, and the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Minister for Railways]].<ref name=HinduObit/><ref>
{{cite news |title=Forgotten fathers of the Constitution |newspaper=Zee News |date=26 January 2010 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/exclusive/forgotten-fathers-of-the-constitution_598978.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529125047/http://zeenews.india.com/news/exclusive/forgotten-fathers-of-the-constitution_598978.html |archive-date=2012-05-29}}
</ref>

In his Kashmir Affairs role, he represented India at the [[UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute|United Nations Security Council]] and later drafted the [[Article 370]] of the Indian Constitution that granted autonomy to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

==Early life and education==
Gopalaswami Ayyangar was born on 31 March 1882 in Tanjore District [[Madras Presidency]]. He studied at the [[Wesley Higher Secondary School|Wesley School]], and at the [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency]] and [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Law]] Colleges in [[Madras]], whereafter, for a short period in 1904, he was an Assistant Professor in [[Pachaiyappa's College]].

==Career==
In 1905, Ayyangar joined the Madras Civil Service. He served as a Deputy Collector till 1919, and was promoted to Collector and District Magistrate in 1920. He was the Registrar-General of Panchayats and Inspector of Local Boards for seven years from 1921. During this time many villages [[panchayats]] were organized in the districts of [[Ramnad]] and [[Guntur]].<ref>Srinivasan, N. "Village Governments in India". The Far Eastern Quarterly 15.2 (Feb 1956):209.</ref> Then for three years, he was Collector and District Magistrate in [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]. Following that he was Inspector of Municipal Councils and Local Boards till 1932. Mr. Ayyangar served as Secretary to Government in the Public Works Department from 1932 to 1934. Finally, he served as a member of the Board of Revenue until 1937. The second phase of his career was devoted to politics. He was Prime Minister of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] from 1937-1943 and was appointed [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] from 1943-1947. During that time he was Chairman of the Committee for the Indianisation of Army. From 1947-1948 he served as Minister without Portfolio in the first cabinet under [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. This was followed by his sojourn as Minister of Railways and Transport from 1948-1952, and finally, he served as Defence Minister from 1952-1953.<ref name=HinduObit>
{{cite news | title=N.G. Ayyangar passes away |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 February 1953 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/02/10/stories/2003021001500800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031020123901/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/02/10/stories/2003021001500800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 October 2003}}
</ref>

==Prime Minister of Kashmir (1937-1943)==
{{expand section|date=December 2017}}
Ayyangar's political career gained prominence during his tenure as Prime Minister of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (1937–43). His term ended on April 9th, 1943.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jrw-AAAAIBAJ&dq=N.+Gopalaswami+Ayyangar&pg=PA2&article_id=4107,4169984 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Government of India ==
[[File:The first Cabinet of independent India.jpg|thumb|right|280px|The first cabinet of independent India. Gopalaswami Ayyangar is fourth from the left in the back row]]
=== Constituent Assembly of India ===
In 1946, Ayyangar was elected to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], which convened in December 1946 with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] as its president. Ayyangar was appointed to the seven-member Drafting Committee that formulated the Indian Constitution.<ref name=Thalpiyal/><ref name=cadindia>[http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/n_gopalswami_ayyangar N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531191018/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/n_gopalswami_ayyangar |date=31 May 2019 }}, Constituent Assembly Debates web site, retrieved 4 January 2018.</ref>

===Kashmir affairs===
[[File:Modern Review March 1948.jpg|thumb|278x278px|Gopalaswami Ayyanger (right) with [[Padmanabha Pillai]], Indian representative at the United Nations (UN)]]
Soon after the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|accession]] of Jammu and Kashmir in October 1947, Nehru appointed Ayyangar as a cabinet [[minister without portfolio]] and asked him to look after Kashmir affairs, while Nehru himself held the overall charge for Kashmir. The move caused frictions with the home minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], who should have normally been responsible for Kashmir along with all other princely states.<ref name=Thalpiyal/>

Ayyangar led the delegation representing India in the United Nations over the [[UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute|Kashmir dispute]] in 1948.<ref>"Indian Defense Aide Dies."''New York Times''. 10 February 1953:27.</ref> In 1952, Prime Minister Nehru appointed him as India's representative in the ongoing negotiations and discussions about Kashmir at the Geneva talks.<ref>"Nehru Appoints Aide for Kashmir Parley."''New York Times''. 6 August 1952:3.</ref>

Ayyangar was the chief drafter of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] which granted local autonomy to the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=Thalpiyal>Thalpiyal, Sheru, Maj. Gen., [http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/article-370-the-untold-story/ "Article 370: The Untold Story."], ''Indian Defence Review'' 26.1, 2011</ref>

===Minister of Railways and Transport===
During his tenure as Minister for Railways and Transport from 1948 to 1952, the railways experienced considerable growth and expansion in services and equipment. He was the main architect in the regrouping of the Indian Railways into six zonal systems - Central, Eastern, Northern, North-eastern, Southern, and Western.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} Under his leadership, the operation of the railways was smooth and productive. The railway budget also reported surplus earnings at this time.<ref>"Surplus is Indicated for India's Railways". ''New York Times''. 23 February 1952:4.</ref>

===Reorganization of Government===
In 1949, he presented his report on the "Reorganization of the Government Machinery" in an effort to streamline government services and maintain efficiency in the public sphere. He recommended the establishment of four standing committees, and, as a result of this report, the Defence Committee, the Economic Committee, the Parliamentary and Legal Affairs Committee, and the Administrative Organization Committee were formed by the Union government.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iLPz425GV0C|title=Indian Administration|isbn=9788131799253|last1=Singh|first1=Hoshiar|last2=Singh|first2=Pankaj|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref>

==Death==
Ayyangar died in Madras at the age of 71 on 10 February 1953, and was survived by his wife, a son, [[Gopalaswami Parthasarathy (diplomat)|G. Parthasarathy]], who was then Assistant Editor of ''[[The Hindu]]'', and a daughter.<ref name=HinduObit />

==Honors==
A distinguished administrator and a civil servant, Ayyangar held seven titles until 1947 including the title of [[Diwan Bahadur]], the highest title awarded by a British viceroy. Other titles conferred on him by the [[United Kingdom|British]] government were a Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in the [[Silver Jubilee of George V|1935 Silver Jubilee]] and Birthday Honours list,<ref>[http://www.thegazette.co.uk/london/issue/34166/supplement/3599 London Gazette, 3 June 1935]</ref> a Companion of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (CSI) in the [[1937 Coronation Honours]] list<ref>[http://www.thegazette.co.uk/london/issue/34396/supplement/3080 London Gazette, 11 May 1937]</ref> and a knighthood in [[1941 New Year Honours]] list.<ref>[http://www.thegazette.co.uk/london/issue/35029/supplement/2 London Gazette, 1 January 1941]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
{{Defence Ministers of India}}
{{Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayyangar, N. Gopalaswami}}
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:People of the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of India to the United Nations]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dewan Bahadurs]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]]
[[Category:Railway ministers of India]]
[[Category:Ministers of defence of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]

Kolkata Police Friendship Cup

2026-02-21T16:46:26Z

Optimalvapors: New Entry

{{Short description|Indian football tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

'''Kolkata Police Friendship Cup''' is a [[Association football|football]] [[tournament]] organised by the [[Kolkata Police]] every year for the local [[club (organization)|clubs]] of [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/HTML/KolkataPoliceFriendshipCup.html |title=Kolkata Police Friendship Cup |website=kolkatapolice.gov.in |publisher=Kolkata Police |access-date=3 December 2022 }}</ref> Over 500 clubs have participated in the tournament.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1060703/asp/calcutta/story_6420443.asp | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203160233/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060703/asp/calcutta/story_6420443.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 February 2013 | newspaper=The Telegraph | location=Calcutta | title=Goons out of cop cup - law-breakers in teams | first=Imran Ahmed | last=Siddiqui | date=3 July 2006 | access-date=26 July 2018 }}</ref>

It started as an initiative of the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]], aimed at improving public-police interface through [[football in Kolkata|football sentiments of the city]]. The [[slogan]] is ''Para football at its best.''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/HTML/KolkataPoliceFriendshipCup.html Kolkata Police Friendship Cup]

{{Football in India}}
{{Football in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Football competitions in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal Police]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{India-footy-competition-stub}}

St. Joseph's Pre-University College

2026-02-21T06:00:48Z

Optimalvapors: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Joseph's Pre-University College
| image =
| motto = Fide et Labore
| motto_translation = By Faith and Toil
| address = 35, Museum Rd, Shanthala Nagar, Ashok Nagar
| city = [[Bangalore]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| postal_code = 560025
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9712|N|77.6041|E|}}
| opened =
| type = [[Jesuit]], [[Catholic school|Catholic]]
| district =
| gender = All male
| denomination =
| affiliations =
| administrator =
| assst_admin =
| rector = Rev. Dr. Fr. Daniel Fernandes
| director = Rev. Fr. Joy Rodrigues
| president = Rev. Fr. Dionysius Vaz
| principal = Ms. Nirmala Raghunandan
| principal_label1 = Vice principal
| principal1 = Ms. Mini Saji
| asst principal =
| dean =
| headmaster =
| staff =
| teaching_staff = 130+
| enrollment =
| grades = 11 and 12
| tuition =
| established = {{Start date and age|1882}}
| accreditation =
| campus =
| colors = Brown and Black
| athletics =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| yearbook =
| publication =
| newspaper =
| national_ranking =
| website = sjpuc.in
| footnotes =
}}
'''St. Joseph’s Pre-University College''' (SJPUC) is an educational institution located in [[Bangalore]], India. The college is managed by the [[Society of Jesus]] (Jesuits). Through the Bangalore Jesuit Educational Society (BJES) St. Joseph's executes the objectives of the Jesuit philosophy of education.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

While [[St. Joseph's University, Bangalore]], dates to 1882, the pre-university division became independent in 2001 after the Government of Karnataka determined that PU studies would be separate from graduate studies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Pre-University-Colleges-Keep-Cut-off-Marks-Unchanged-This-Year/2015/05/14/article2813378.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516123148/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Pre-University-Colleges-Keep-Cut-off-Marks-Unchanged-This-Year/2015/05/14/article2813378.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2015|title=Pre-University Colleges Keep Cut-off Marks Unchanged This Year|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Graduate studies in science and arts are now the responsibility of [[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore|St. Joseph's College]] while graduate programs in commerce are mainly taught by [[St. Joseph's College of Commerce]]. There is also an evening division.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sjpuc.in/history.html|title=SJPUC {{!}}{{!}}|website=www.sjpuc.in|access-date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Also, to accommodate more students who were interested in commerce, graduate studies in commerce have also begun at the St. Joseph's College.

== History ==
The Society of Jesus was founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola in 1540, with a mission & objective of the education of youth around the world with the motto [[Ad majorem Dei gloriam|"For the Greater Glory of God"]]. St. Joseph's Pre-University College was founded in 1882 by [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|French Foreign Missionary Fathers]] to offer a liberal education for the boys of European and Anglo-Indian families.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} After India's independence, admission was extended in the 1950s and 1960s to include male students irrespective of race, religion or caste. The college was started by the French Foreign Missionary Fathers for the purpose of imparting higher education to youngsters. In 1937, the management of the College was handed over to the Jesuits of Karnataka Province.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karnatakajesuits.org/institution_b'lore.html|title=: : Karnataka Jesuits|website=www.karnatakajesuits.org|access-date=2017-08-29}}</ref>

== Emblem and Motto ==
The emblem dates from the French Foreign Missionary Fathers in 1882. It consists of two scrolls. The one on top of the crown is inscribed with the motto in Latin, "Fide et Labore" (''By Faith and Toil''). The scroll below the leaves bears the name of the institution. The shield consists of the cross which is symbolic of the [[Catholic church|Catholic]] faith and there are two bees on either side of the cross representing toil / hard work. The crown above the shield represents supremacy and glory while the palm leaves below the shield represent victory.<ref name=":0" />

== The College ==
The college has been recognised by the Government of Karnataka. Education in the streams of Science, Commerce and Arts are provided to students who complete the 10th grade of school and pass the [[SSLC]], [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] or [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] exam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sjpuc.in/admissionprocedure.html|title=SJPUC {{!}}{{!}}|website=www.sjpuc.in|access-date=2017-08-29}}</ref>

The buildings consist of two blocks. The Main Block houses the office of the administrative and staff offices along with counselling rooms, classrooms and library, while the Loyola Block houses various laboratories, an audiovisual room, parliament room and student council room, along with some additional classrooms. The college has [[basketball]] and [[volleyball]] courts and a multipurpose [[astroturf]] arena which is used for other sports. There is also a multipurpose sand court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sjpuc.in/sports.html|title=SJPUC {{!}}{{!}}|website=www.sjpuc.in|access-date=2017-08-29}}</ref>

The college encourages students to participate in a lot of extracurricular activities and there are a lot of clubs and associations, which students can join and showcase their skills.

== Cultural ==
The College annually conducts an intra-collegiate fest called "Andromeda", which showcases the talents of the students by means of activities such as quizzes, science models, singing, beat boxing, a fashion parade, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sjpuc.in/andromeda_15.html|title=SJPUC {{!}}{{!}}|website=www.sjpuc.in|access-date=2017-08-29}}</ref> An annual inter-collegiate fest called "Equinox" attracts about 5,000 students from across Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sjpuc.in/equinox.html|title=SJPUC {{!}}{{!}}|website=www.sjpuc.in|access-date=2017-08-29}}</ref> The college promotes extracurricular activities along with academics. It has varied clubs and associations from which to choose. The Student Council, an elected body, represents the Student fraternity and takes up the task to organize the various events for the college.

== Notable alumni ==

* [[Dino Morea]], Indian actor
* [[Rahul Dravid]], Indian cricketer
* [[Prakash Raj]], movie actor (Hindi, Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, etc.,)
* [[Sabeer Bhatia]], Indian businessman who founded [[Hotmail]]
* [[Devdutt Padikkal]], cricketer
* [[Nitin Kushalappa]], author

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://sjpuc.in/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's Pu College}}
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Pre-university colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Karnataka]]

Supermodel

2026-02-13T15:42:59Z

Optimalvapors: added information and fixed typos

{{short description|Highly paid fashion model}}
{{About|the profession|other uses|Supermodel (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Gisele Bundchen2.jpg|210px|thumb|[[Gisele Bündchen]] was the [[Forbes list of the world's highest-paid models|world's highest-paid supermodel]] between 2002 and 2016.<ref name="Forbes.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2017/11/21/highest-paid-models-2017-kendall-jenner-ousts-gisele-with-22-million/?sh=5c76eaf52b5c |title=Highest-Paid Models 2017: Kendall Jenner Takes Crown From Gisele With $22M Year |date=21 November 2017|first=Natalie|last=Robehmed |work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Forbes2.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/01/17/richest-women-entertainment-tech-media-cz_lg_richwomen07_0118womenstars_lander.html |title=The 20 Richest Women In Entertainment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913082921/http://www.forbes.com/2007/01/17/richest-women-entertainment-tech-media-cz_lg_richwomen07_0118womenstars_lander.html |first1=Lea |last1=Goldman |first2=Kiri |last2=Blakeley|date=18 January 2007 |archive-date=13 September 2008 |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref>]]

A '''supermodel''' is a highly paid [[Model (profession)|fashion model]] who has a worldwide reputation and background in ''[[haute couture]]'' and commercial modeling. The term became popular in the 1990s.<ref name=NYTMovie>{{cite news |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/8503/Christie-Brinkley/biography |title=Christie Brinkley biography |access-date=2 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709084657/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/8503/Christie-Brinkley/biography |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Tracie Cooper |date=2008 |archive-date=9 July 2008 }}</ref>
Supermodels usually work for prominent [[fashion design]]ers and [[designer label|clothing brands]]. They may have multimillion-dollar contracts, endorsements, and campaigns. Supermodels have branded themselves as household names and worldwide recognition is associated with their modeling careers.<ref name="hkwhatis">{{cite web|url=http://www.randomhouse.com/boldtype/0801/bowe/excerpt.html |title=Bold Type: Excerpt from Gig by Heidi Klum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134639/http://www.randomhouse.com/boldtype/0801/bowe/excerpt.html |archive-date=29 September 2007|publisher=Random House |date=August 2001 |first=John |last=Bowe |access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="tbwhatis">{{cite magazine|date=13 November 2002 |first=Liane |last=Bonin|url=https://ew.com/article/2002/11/13/tyra-banks-looking-few-good-supermodels/ |title=Model Citizens |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014023358/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,389306,00.html |archive-date=14 October 2007 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="forbes"/><ref name="Army">{{cite news|title=New Model Army |first=Kate |last=Patrick |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=21 May 2005 |url=http://living.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=539372005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101182510/http://living.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=539372005 |archive-date=1 November 2006 |access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref> They have been on the covers of leading fashion magazines. [[Claudia Schiffer]] stated in 2007 that, "In order to become a supermodel one must be on all the covers all over the world at the same time so that people can recognise the girls."<ref name="bella">{{cite web |url=http://bellasugar.com/592318 |title=Is the Supermodel Dead? And Should She Return? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210180558/http://bellasugar.com/592318 |publisher=[[PopSugar]] |date=4 September 2007 |archive-date=10 December 2007 |access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="london">{{cite news |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23410897-details/The+supermodel+is+dead,+says+Claudia+Schiffer/article.do |title=The supermodel is dead, says Claudia Schiffer |work=Evening Standard |location=London |access-date=17 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812024647/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23410897-details/The+supermodel+is+dead,+says+Claudia+Schiffer/article.do |archive-date=12 August 2009 }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Ken Russell and Twiggy on set of The Boyfriend (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Twiggy]], on set for ''The Boy Friend'' (1971)]]
===Origins===
An early use of the term ''supermodel'' appeared in 1891, in an interview with artist [[Henry Stacy Marks]] for ''[[The Strand Magazine]]'', in which Marks told journalist Harry How, "A good many models are addicted to drink, and, after sitting a while, will suddenly go to sleep. Then I have had what I call the 'super' model. You know the sort of man; he goes in for theatrical effect ..."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Illustrated Interviews. No. II. – Henry Stacy Marks, R.A|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UeIvAAAAMAAJ&q=%22super%20model%22&pg=PA118|page=118|date=July–December 1891|first=Harry|last=How|editor=Geo. Newnes|journal=The Strand Magazine|volume= 2|access-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> On 6 October 1942, a writer named Judith Cass had used the term ''super model'' for her article in the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', which headlined "Super Models Are Signed for Fashion Show".<ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com Chicago Tribune archives] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223192745/http://www.chicagotribune.com/ |date=23 February 2010 }} Cass, Judith. ''Chicago Daily Tribune''. {{"'}}Super' Models Are Signed for Fashion Show" 6 October 1942. pg 21.</ref> Later in 1943, an agent named Clyde Matthew Dessner used the term in a "how-to" book about modeling, entitled ''So You Want to Be a Model!'', in which Dessner wrote, "She will be a super-model, but the girl in her will be like the girl in you—quite ordinary, but ambitious and eager for personal development."<ref>{{cite book |last=Dessner |first=Clyde M. |date=1943 |title=So You Want to Be a Model! The Art of Feminine Living |location=Chicago |publisher=Morgan-Dillon & Co |oclc=3193185}}</ref><ref name=Americandialect>{{cite web|url=http://www.americandialect.org/americandialectarchives/aug97103.html|title=Supermodels|author=Popik, Barry|date=13 August 1997|quote=She will be a super-model, but the girl in her will be like the girl in you—quite ordinary, but ambitious and eager for personal development.|publisher=Americandialect.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927012531/http://www.americandialect.org/americandialectarchives/aug97103.html|archive-date=27 September 2011|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> According to ''Model: The Ugly Business of Beautiful Women'' by [[Michael Gross (journalist)|Michael Gross]], the term ''supermodel'' was first used by Dessner in the 1940s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gross |first1=Michael |author1-link=Michael Gross (journalist) |title=Model: The Ugly Business of Beautiful Women |date=2011 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=New York|isbn=978-0062076120 |page=12 |url={{google books|id=oc2utNlf_AYC|plainurl=y|p=12}}}}</ref> In 1949, ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'' magazine referred to [[Anita Colby]], the highest paid model at the time,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Cinema: Cover Girl|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,775317,00.html|magazine=Time|date=8 January 1945|access-date=11 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926080038/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,775317,00.html|archive-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> as a "super model": "She's been super model, super movie saleswoman, and top brass at [[Selznick International Pictures|Selznick]] and [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]]."<ref>{{cite book|title=Hearst's International Combined with Cosmopolitan|volume=126|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7VXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22super+model%22|year=1949|page=33|quote=She's been super model, super movie saleswoman, and top brass at Selznick and Paramount|access-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> On 18 October 1959, Vancouver's ''Chinatown News'' described Susan Chew as a "super model".<ref>{{cite news|title=Town Talk|url=http://multiculturalcanada.ca/node/467868|page=11|work=Chinatown News (Vancouver)|volume=7|number=4|date=18 October 1959|publisher=Chinese Publicity Bureau|quote=For this glittering program they called on super model Susan Chew to do the organizing.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421014508/http://multiculturalcanada.ca/node/467868|archive-date=21 April 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Lisa Fonssagrives at Paddington Station, London, 1951.jpg|thumb|[[Lisa Fonssagrives]] at [[London Paddington station]], 1951|alt=|left]]

The term ''supermodel'' had also been used several times in the media in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1965, the encyclopedic guide ''American Jurisprudence Trials'' used the term "super model" ("...at issue was patient's belief that her husband was having an affair with a super model").<ref>{{cite book|title=American Jurisprudence Trials|volume=8|page=154|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3JAAAAAIAAJ&q=%22affair+with+a+super-model%22 |publisher=West Group|year=1965}}</ref> On 21 March 1967, ''[[The New York Times]]'' referred to [[Twiggy]] as a supermodel;<ref name="oed.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/334327?redirectedFrom=supermodel& |title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary |website=Oed.com |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> the February 1968 article of ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]'' listed all 19 "supermodels"; ''[[The Chicago Defender|The Chicago Daily Defender]]'' wrote "New York Designer Turns Super Model" in January 1970; ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and the ''[[Mansfield News Journal]]'' used the term in 1971; and in 1974, both the ''Chicago Tribune'' and ''[[The Advocate (Newark)|The Advocate]]'' used the term "supermodel" in their articles.<ref name=BarryPopik>BarryPopik.com [http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/superman_superstar_supermodel/ Supermodel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130120102/http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/superman_superstar_supermodel/ |date=30 January 2016 }} 25 July 2004</ref> American [[Vogue (magazine)|''Vogue'']] used the term "super-model" to describe [[Jean Shrimpton]] in the 15 October 1965 edition, and "supermodel" on the cover page to describe [[Margaux Hemingway]] in the 1 September 1975 edition.<ref>[http://img.inkfrog.com/pix/cooperama/DL726TALSFST.jpg ''Vogue'' cover scan. 1 September 1975 edition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228203741/http://img.inkfrog.com/pix/cooperama/DL726TALSFST.jpg |date=28 February 2012 }}. Archived from Ebay.co.uk. Subheadline says, "New York's new supermodel, Margaux Hemingway".</ref> Hemingway was again described as a "supermodel" in the 25 July 1977 edition of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''.<ref name="oed.com"/> ''[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]]'' also described [[Beverly Johnson]] as a "supermodel" in the 22 December 1977 edition.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wb8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA40&dq=%22super-model "Words of the Week: Beverly Johnson"] 22 December 1977. ''Jet''. Vol. 53, No. 14, page 40.</ref>

Model [[Janice Dickinson]] has incorrectly stated that she coined the term ''supermodel'' in 1979, as a compound of [[Superman]] and model.<ref name="janiceinstinct">Dickinson, Janice. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071207182913/http://instinctmagazine.com/celebrity-interviews/janice-dickinson.html Instinct Magazine: Janice Dickinson] Archived from [http://instinctmagazine.com/celebrity-interviews/janice-dickinson.html original link]. 1 June 2006. InstinctMagazine.com. Retrieved 9 June 2009.</ref> During an interview with ''[[Entertainment Tonight]]'', Dickinson stated that her agent, Monique Pilar of [[Elite Model Management]], asked her, "Janice, who do you think you are, Superman?" She replied, "No... I'm a supermodel, honey, and you will refer to me as a supermodel and you will start a supermodel division." Dickinson also claims to have been the first supermodel.<ref name="janiceinstinct" />

[[Lisa Fonssagrives]] is widely considered to have been the world's first supermodel, with a career that began in the 1930s.<ref name="query.nytimes.com">{{cite journal|first=Rosemary|last=Ranck|title=The First Supermodel|journal=The New York Times|date=9 February 1997|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9902E2DE153DF93AA35751C0A961958260|access-date=21 July 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112023828/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9902E2DE153DF93AA35751C0A961958260|archive-date=12 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Christian Dior: Lisa Fonssagrives lives|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2008-07/01/content_6809682.htm|work=China Daily|date=1 July 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606065939/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2008-07/01/content_6809682.htm|archive-date=6 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Photographs of Angelina Jolie, Kate Moss and Britney Spears for sale at Christie's|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/3452390/Photographs-of-Angelina-Jolie-Kate-Moss-and-Britney-Spears-for-sale-at-Christies.html|author=Singh, Anita|date=13 November 2008|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130449/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/3452390/Photographs-of-Angelina-Jolie-Kate-Moss-and-Britney-Spears-for-sale-at-Christies.html|archive-date=18 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pictures: Original stills from JFK assassination revealed|url=http://www.amateurphotographer.co.uk/news/Pictures_Worlds_first_supermodel_Original_1963_stills_from_JFK_assassination_revaled_news_150431.html|date=19 October 2007|author=Cheesman, Chris|work=Amateur Photographer|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024123057/http://www.amateurphotographer.co.uk/news/Pictures_Worlds_first_supermodel_Original_1963_stills_from_JFK_assassination_revaled_news_150431.html|archive-date=24 October 2007}}</ref> She was in most of the major fashion magazines and general interest magazines from the 1930s to the 1950s, including ''[[Town & Country (magazine)|Town & Country]]'', ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'', ''Vogue'', the original ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=On the life and work of photographer Beatrice Tonnesen|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/March-2010/On-the-life-and-work-of-photographer-Beatrice-Tonnesen/|publisher=Chicagomag.com|author=Johnson, Geoffrey|date=March 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103032939/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/March-2010/On-the-life-and-work-of-photographer-Beatrice-Tonnesen/|archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> [[Evelyn Nesbit]] (with a career launched around 1900)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20141222-the-worlds-first-supermodel |title=Evelyn Nesbit: The World's first supermodel |first=Lindsay |last=Baker |website=BBC |date=4 January 2015 |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> and [[Dorian Leigh]] (her career launched in 1944) have also been called the world's first supermodel,<ref>{{cite news|title=Archetypal supermodel was more than a face|date=16 July 2008 |work=The Australian |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/executive-lifestyle/archetypal-supermodel-was-more-than-a-face/story-e6frg8k6-1111116922247}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/news/world/215214-worlds-first-supermodel-dies|title=World's first supermodel dies|date=11 July 2008|publisher=Metro.co.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001114638/http://www.metro.co.uk/news/world/215214-worlds-first-supermodel-dies|archive-date=1 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dorian Leigh Remembered|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/080714-dorian-leigh-remembered.aspx|work=Vogue|date=14 July 2008|author=Bumpus, Jessica|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227094115/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/080714-dorian-leigh-remembered.aspx|archive-date=27 December 2010}}</ref> as well as [[Jean Shrimpton]] (early 1960s),<ref>{{cite book|title=From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century|author=Mansour, David|page=430|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1ruwF6xYNIC&q=jean+shrimpton+first+supermodel&pg=PA430|isbn=0-7407-5118-2|year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Advocate|author=Busch, Charles|title=He's Every Woman |page=60 |date=24 January 1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WMEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22world%27s+first+supermodel%22&pg=PA60}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Model Jean Shrimpton recollects the stir she caused on Victoria Derby Day in 1965 |work=Herald Sun |location=Australia |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/special-reports/model-jean-shrimpton-recollects-the-stir-she-caused-on-victoria-derby-day-in-1965/story-e6frf8wx-1225792003365 |date=28 October 2009 |author=Magee, Antonia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614143243/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/special-reports/model-jean-shrimpton-recollects-the-stir-she-caused-on-victoria-derby-day-in-1965/story-e6frf8wx-1225792003365 |archive-date=14 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Normal at Any Cost: Tall Girls, Short Boys, and the Medical Industry's Quest to Manipulate Height |publisher=Penguin |author=Susan Cohen, Christine Cosgrove |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-58542-683-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/normalatanycostt00cohe|url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/normalatanycostt00cohe/page/9 9] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.milesago.com/Features/shrimpton.htm |title=Jean Shrimpton in Melbourne |publisher=Milesago.com |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303183125/http://www.milesago.com/Features/shrimpton.htm |archive-date=3 March 2011 }}</ref> and [[Gia Carangi]] (late 1970s).<ref name=independent>{{cite news |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article311535.ece |title=Gia: The tragic tale of the world's first supermodel |first=Paul |last=Vallely |date=10 September 2005 |access-date=28 May 2007 |work=The Independent |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101071428/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article311535.ece |archive-date=1 January 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Carolin
| first = Louise
| title = Gia – the tragedy of a lesbian supermodel
| work = [[Diva (magazine)|Diva]]
| url = http://www.divamag.co.uk/diva/features.asp?AID=2076
| access-date = 17 January 2008
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070325034239/http://www.divamag.co.uk/diva/features.asp?AID=2076
| archive-date = 25 March 2007
| df = dmy-all
}}
</ref>

Dutch-born model [[Wilhelmina Cooper]] holds the record for most covers on American ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', appearing 27 or 28 times throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Cooper would go on to found [[Wilhelmina Models]] modeling and talent agency in 1967.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Wilhelmina International, Inc. Annual Report 2008|title=Dear Shareholder|url=http://www.wilhelmina.com/investordocs/WHLM08AR.pdf|page=3|last=Schwarz|first=Mark|year=2008|publisher=Wilhelmina.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211214107/http://wilhelmina.com/investordocs/WHLM08AR.pdf|archive-date=11 February 2011}}</ref>

===1960s–1970s===
In February 1968, an article in ''[[Glamour magazine|Glamour]]'' described 19 models as "supermodels": [[Cheryl Tiegs]], [[Veruschka von Lehndorff|Veruschka]], Lisa Palmer, [[Peggy Moffitt]], Sue Murray, [[Twiggy]], [[Sunny Harnett]], [[Marisa Berenson]], Gretchen Harris, Heide Wiedeck, Iris Bianchi, [[Hiroko Matsumoto]], [[Anne de Zogheb]], Kathy Carpenter, [[Jean Shrimpton]], [[Jean Patchett]], [[Benedetta Barzini]], Claudia Duxbury and [[Agneta Frieberg]].<ref name=BarryPopik /><ref>Cokal, Susann. St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. 1999. Michigan: Gale Group.</ref>

[[File:Worldwide famous model Margot Hemingway was a guest of the IDF Shekem Company (FL62419504) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Margaux Hemingway]] in 1976. In 1975, Hemingway landed a then-unprecedented million-dollar contract as the face of [[Fabergé (cosmetics)|Fabergé]]'s Babe perfume. ]]
In the 1970s is when many consider the origination of the supermodel, some models becoming more prominent as their names became more recognizable to the general public by commercial endorsements, magazine covers, posters, securing large sums of money for cosmetic contracts, TV appearances and movie roles. ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' editor [[Jule Campbell]] abandoned then-current modeling trends for its fledgling [[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue|''Sports Illustrated'' Swimsuit Issue]] by photographing "bigger and healthier" California models,<ref name=Slate>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2113612/|title=The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue: An intellectual history|author=Curtis, Bryan|access-date=11 November 2007|date=16 February 2005|publisher=Washington Post. Newsweek Interactive Co. LLC|work=Slate|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20071127013208/http://slate.com/id/2113612/|archive-date=27 November 2007}}</ref> and captioning the photographs with their names, turning many of them into household names and establishing the swimsuit issue as a cornerstone of supermodel status.<ref name=Slate/>

In 1973, [[Lauren Hutton]] became the first model to receive a contract from a cosmetics company, when [[Revlon]] hired her to sell their Ultima line.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/24/tv/signoff-maybe-late-night-success-is-about-the-smile.html |title=SIGNOFF; Maybe Late-Night Success Is About The Smile |work=The New York Times |date=24 September 1995 |access-date=6 September 2009 |first=James |last=Barron |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405164129/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/24/tv/signoff-maybe-late-night-success-is-about-the-smile.html |archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/lauren-hutton |work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]] |title=The Iconoclast: Lauren Hutton |date=28 August 2013 |last=Lyons |first=Jenna}}</ref> She has also appeared on the cover of ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' 26 times.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/vogue-covers-models-facts-history|title=Vogue Fun Facts by the Numbers|work=Vogue|access-date=9 February 2018|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210003002/https://www.vogue.com/article/vogue-covers-models-facts-history|archive-date=10 February 2018}}</ref> [[Naomi Sims]] is considered to be the first black supermodel. [[Donyale Luna]], [[Beverly Johnson]] and [[Iman (model)|Iman]] have also been referred to as the first black supermodel.<ref>[http://www.teenvogue.com/beauty/beautywork/2007/03/iman Iman: Supermodel and Beauty Innovator] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216131647/http://www.teenvogue.com/beauty/beautywork/2007/03/iman |date=16 February 2010}}, [[Teen Vogue]].</ref>

In 1975, Margaux Hemingway landed a then-unprecedented million-dollar contract as the face of [[Fabergé (cosmetics)|Fabergé]]'s Babe perfume and the same year, appeared on the cover of ''Time'' magazine, labelled as one of the "New Beauties", giving further name recognition to fashion models.<ref>{{cite magazine| magazine=Vogue Timeline| title=Margaux Hemingway (cover)| issue=September 1975 |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/person/margaux-hemingway| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906115609/http://www.vogue.co.uk/person/margaux-hemingway| archive-date=September 6, 2015| df=mdy-all}}</ref>

[[Christie Brinkley]] has the distinction of having the longest running cosmetics contract of any model in history when she represented CoverGirl for twenty five years.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fonseca |first=Nicholas |url=https://ew.com/article/2001/06/29/papas-little-girl/ |title=Entertainment Weekly: "Papa's Little Girl" |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=29 June 2001 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106020603/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,256227,00.html |archive-date=6 January 2010 }}</ref>

[[Anna Bayle]], a Filipino-born model who rose to prominence in the 1970s, has been cited as one of the first Southeast Asian supermodels.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/is-this-the-time-of-the-a_b_828990|title=Is This the Time of the Asian Model?|author=Carreon, Blue|date=2011-02-28|website=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icepop.com/original-supermodels-careers/|title=These Original Supermodels Continue to Wow the Fashion World|website=www.icepop.com|date=2017-11-22|access-date=2018-06-08|archive-date=2018-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608073407/http://www.icepop.com/original-supermodels-careers/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Donyale Luna]] was the first black model to appear in [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']], in March 1966.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/black-fashion-model-donyale-luna_n_1246588 |title=Donyale Luna, The First Black Model To Cover Vogue UK (PHOTO)|first=Julee|last=Wilson|date=1 February 2012|work=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref> [[Naomi Sims]], who is sometimes regarded as the first black supermodel, became the first African American to feature on the cover of ''[[Ladies' Home Journal]]'', in 1968.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/04/fashion/04sims.html?scp=304&sq=supermodel&st=cse |title=Naomi Sims, 61, Pioneering Cover Girl, Is Dead |work=The New York Times |access-date=15 July 2011 |location=New York |date=3 August 2009 |first=Eric |last=Wilson |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115061635/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/04/fashion/04sims.html?scp=304&sq=supermodel&st=cse |archive-date=15 November 2012 }}</ref> The first African American model to be on the cover of American ''Vogue'' was Beverly Johnson in 1974.<ref>Joy Sewing [http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/headline/features/6583995.html Beverly Johnson's got the right attitude] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826163234/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/headline/features/6583995.html |date=26 August 2009 }} ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. Retrieved 23 August 2009</ref> [[Pat Cleveland]], another prominent African-American model, has also been described as one of the first black supermodels, in particular by former editor-at-large for American ''Vogue'' [[André Leon Talley]], in an article for the June 1980 issue of ''[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]'' magazine,<ref>[http://www.blackgirlsruleonline.com/black-history-70s-model-pat-cleveland/ Black Girls Rule Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407063913/http://www.blackgirlsruleonline.com/black-history-70s-model-pat-cleveland/ |date=7 April 2016 }} retrieved 27 March 2016.</ref> and again in his 2003 memoir.<ref>[http://www.vogue.com/12280074/anna-cleveland-skincare-makeup-secrets-paris-fashion-week/ ''Vogue'':] Model Anna Cleveland on Beauty Advice from Her Supermodel Mother and the One Product That's in Her Makeup Bag This Week. 8, 25 March. Retrieved 27 March 2016.</ref>

===1980s===
[[File:Elle Macpherson 2011.jpg|thumb|[[Elle Macpherson]], nicknamed "The Body" by ''Time'' magazine|236x236px]]

In October 1981, ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' cited [[Shelley Hack]], Lauren Hutton, and [[Iman (model)|Iman]] for [[Revlon]], Margaux Hemingway for [[Faberge (cosmetics)|Fabergé]], [[Karen Graham]] for [[Estée Lauder Companies|Estée Lauder]], [[Cristina Ferrare]] for [[Max Factor]], and Cheryl Tiegs for [[CoverGirl]] by proclaiming them the "million dollar faces" of the beauty industry. These supermodels negotiated previously unheard of lucrative and exclusive deals with the giant cosmetics companies, were instantly recognizable, and their names became well known to the general public.<ref>Best–Selling Beauties, ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' October 1981, page 120</ref>

In the early 1980s, [[Inès de La Fressange]] was the first model to sign an exclusive modeling contract with an [[haute couture]] fashion house, [[Chanel]].<ref>Paris Haute Couture Fashion Week: Gaultier's 51-Year-Old Runway Star: Inès de la Fressange</ref> During the early 1980s, fashion designers began advertising on television and [[billboard]]s. [[Runway (fashion)|Catwalk]] regulars like [[Gia Carangi]],<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|first=Justine|last=Elias|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/25/tv/cover-story-a-chic-heroine-but-not-a-pretty-story.html|title=A Chic Heroine, but Not a Pretty Story|work=The New York Times|date=25 January 1998|access-date=24 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403075408/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/25/tv/cover-story-a-chic-heroine-but-not-a-pretty-story.html|archive-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> Tiegs,<ref name="NYT" /> Christie Brinkley,<ref name="forbes">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/07/19/models-media-bundchen-biz-media-cz_kb_0716topmodels.html |title=The World's Top-Earning Models-Forbes Magazine |work=Forbes |date=19 July 2007 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302165151/http://www.forbes.com/2007/07/19/models-media-bundchen-biz-media-cz_kb_0716topmodels.html |archive-date=2 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/8503/Christie-Brinkley/biography |title=Christie Brinkley's biography in the New York Times |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520111223/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/8503/Christie-Brinkley/biography |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2011 |archive-date=20 May 2011 }}</ref> [[Kim Alexis]],<ref name="NYT" /> [[Paulina Porizkova]], [[Yasmin Le Bon]], [[Kathy Ireland]],<ref name=forbes3>{{cite news |last=Pomerantz |first=Dorothy |title=How Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Model Kathy Ireland Became a $350 Million Mogul |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dorothypomerantz/2012/02/08/how-sports-illustrated-swimsuit-model-kathy-ireland-became-a-350-million-mogul/ |work=Forbes |access-date=6 July 2012 |date=8 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624102707/http://www.forbes.com/sites/dorothypomerantz/2012/02/08/how-sports-illustrated-swimsuit-model-kathy-ireland-became-a-350-million-mogul/ |archive-date=24 June 2012}}</ref> [[Brooke Shields]], and [[Elle Macpherson]] began to endorse products with their names, as well as their faces, through the marketing of brands, such as [[Diet Pepsi]] and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford trucks]]. In 1980, 14-year-old Shields was the youngest fashion model ever to appear on the cover of ''Vogue''. Later that same year, Shields appeared in controversial print and TV ads for [[Calvin Klein]] jeans. The TV ad included her saying the famous tagline, "You want to know what comes between me and my Calvins? Nothing."<ref>Stated on Inside the Actors Studio, 2008</ref><ref>Sischy, Ingrid. "Calvin to the Core"</ref><ref>Style.com Brooke Shields</ref> Brooke Shields' ads would help catapult Klein's career to super-designer status.<ref>Hall, Ann C. (1998). Delights, desires and dilemmas: essays on women and the media. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. xii. {{ISBN|0-275-96156-7}}</ref>

As the models began to embrace old-style [[glamour (presentation)|glamour]], they were starting to replace film stars as symbols of luxury and wealth. In this regard, supermodels were viewed not so much as individuals but as images.<ref name="br">[http://www.bookrags.com/research/1980s-fashion-bbbb-05/supermodels-bbbb-05.html 1980s: Fashion: Supermodels] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704024657/http://www.bookrags.com/research/1980s-fashion-bbbb-05/supermodels-bbbb-05.html |date=4 July 2007 }} bookrags.com. Retrieved 23 July 2007.</ref>

===1990s===
[[File:Claudia Schiffer Césars 1993.jpg|thumb|left| [[Claudia Schiffer]] rose to prominence in the 1990s as a face of [[Chanel]].|253x253px]]

By the 1990s, the supermodel became increasingly prominent in the media.<ref name="3queens">"We Three Queens" by Alex Williams, ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' [http://newyorkmetro.com/nymetro/news/anniversary/35th/n_8578/ online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228071729/http://www.newyorkmetro.com/nymetro/news/anniversary/35th/n_8578/ |date=28 February 2006 }} retrieved 7 July 2006</ref> The title became tantamount to [[superstar]], to signify a supermodel's fame having risen simply from "personality".<ref>{{cite web|last1=MIRANDA BRYANT|first1=ALEX BILMES|title=Cindy Crawford: It's not so super for models now ... magazines want stars on their covers|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/cindy-crawford-its-not-so-super-for-models-now-magazines-want-stars-on-their-covers-9977058.html|work=London Evening Standard|date=14 January 2015 |access-date=14 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930232854/http://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/cindy-crawford-its-not-so-super-for-models-now-magazines-want-stars-on-their-covers-9977058.html|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> Supermodels did talk shows, were cited in gossip columns, partied at the trendiest nightspots,<ref name="br"/> landed movie roles, inspired franchises, dated or married film stars, and earned themselves millions.<ref name="forbes"/> Fame empowered them to take charge of their careers, to market themselves, and to command higher fees.

The new era began in 1990, with the era-defining British ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' cover<ref name="Grdn2023">{{cite news |last1=Cochrane |first1=Lauren |title=Supermodels recreate iconic Vogue cover 30 years on |url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2023/aug/11/supermodels-recreate-iconic-vogue-cover-30-years-on |access-date=13 August 2023 |publisher=The Guardian |date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first = Lauren|last = Milligan|title = Cindy Sees: Cindy Crawford talks Recession and Size Zero|url = http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2009/11/16/cindy-crawford-talks-recession-and-size-zero|website = www.vogue.co.uk|publisher = Vogue UK|date = 16 November 2009|access-date = 21 December 2015|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123650/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2009/11/16/cindy-crawford-talks-recession-and-size-zero|archive-date = 22 December 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> of [[Cindy Crawford]], [[Christy Turlington]], [[Linda Evangelista]], [[Naomi Campbell]], and [[Tatjana Patitz]],<ref>[http://www.vogue.co.uk/magazine/archive/issue/1990/January "January 1990"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016080330/http://www.vogue.co.uk/magazine/archive/issue/1990/January |date=16 October 2015 }}. [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue Magazine Archive]]. Retrieved 10 August 2015.</ref> photographed by [[Peter Lindbergh]], which created such an impression on the fashion world that they came to embody the term "supermodel".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Eye: Peter Lindbergh|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/peter-lindbergh/|website=Interview Magazine (interviewmagazine.com)|date=27 August 2013 |publisher=Brant Publications|access-date=16 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919073129/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/peter-lindbergh|archive-date=19 September 2013}}</ref> Each model had gradually attained fame since the mid-1980s and was now among the industry's top stars. Selected by Lindbergh<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=Laura |title=Classic Lindbergh – for this cover, the models have been photographed together yet again in another equally famous black-and-white image, this time by Herb Ritts grouping together Patitz, Crawford, Turlington, Campbell, Shalom Harlow and Stephanie Seymour. Both images are responsible for ushering in the era of the supermodel |journal=Harper's Bazaar|date=March 2009}}</ref> for the January cover of ''Vogue'', the cover inspired singer [[George Michael]] to cast the same five models in the music video for his song, "[[Freedom! '90]]", directed by [[David Fincher]].<ref>{{cite web|title=#Flashback: George Michael's 'Freedom! '90' turns 25|url=http://www.elle.com.au/news/zeitgeist/2015/7/flashback-george-michaels-freedom!-90-turns-25/|website=Elle Australia (elle.com.au/)|publisher=Bauer Media Pty Limited|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730061933/http://www.elle.com.au/news/zeitgeist/2015/7/flashback-george-michaels-freedom!-90-turns-25/|archive-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> The other photograph that captured this new generation of fashion models is the black and white nude of Crawford, Patitz, Campbell and [[Stephanie Seymour]] taken by [[Herb Ritts]] that originally ran in the May 1989 issue of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', until a variation of this image which included Turlington was released in the 1990s, only after a contract exclusively binding her to Calvin Klein expired - thereby publicly revealing the now iconic image "Stephanie, Cindy, Christy, Tatjana, Naomi, Hollywood 1989."<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=SUN |first1=FEIFEI |title=Herb Ritts Retrospective: Naomi Campbell Remembers the Iconic Photographer |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cindy-crawford-eva-herzigova-90s-supermodels-reunion/story?id=33356576 |magazine=Time |publisher=TIME USA, LLC. |access-date=26 December 2020 |ref=The long and legendary supermodel era of the ’90s can be summed up in one gorgeous and distinct photograph: Herb Ritts’ now-iconic shot of Naomi Campbell, Cindy Crawford, Christy Turlington, Tatjana Patitz and Stephanie Seymour huddled together in the nude. But the 1989 sitting almost didn’t happen. As Campbell recalls, Turlington was on a Calvin Klein contract and reportedly wasn’t allowed to participate. “We said, ‘How can you not be in this picture?’” Campbell says. “And she jumped in, and that was it!”}}</ref> Lindbergh's and Ritts' group images helped each model attain worldwide fame by sharing covers of all the international editions of ''Vogue'', walking the catwalks for the world's top designers, and becoming known by their first names alone.

Today, Campbell, Crawford, Evangelista, Patitz and Turlington are regarded as the "Original Supermodels", but the term has been used to describe the pioneering supermodels before them that paved the way and started the path to prominence, both publicly and professionally, such as Lauren Hutton, Beverly Johnson, Cheryl Tiegs, Christie Brinkley, Pat Cleveland and others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 5 Fashion Moments|url=http://frockadvisor.com/top-5-fashion-moments/|website=www.frockadvisor.com|publisher=frockadvisor Limited|access-date=2 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826112324/http://frockadvisor.com/top-5-fashion-moments/|archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Olivier|first1=Dana|title=Executive Fashion And Beauty Editor|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/linda-evangelista-runway-hairstyles_us_572fc1f0e4b016f378962ac4|work=Huffington Post|date=10 May 2016 |access-date=10 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511142713/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/linda-evangelista-runway-hairstyles_us_572fc1f0e4b016f378962ac4|archive-date=11 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Okwodu|first1=Janelle|title=Vogue.com Fashion News Writer|url=http://www.vogue.com/13379151/supermodel-tatjana-patitz-best-in-vogue/|website=www.vogue.com|publisher=Vogue|access-date=10 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214154006/http://www.vogue.com/13379151/supermodel-tatjana-patitz-best-in-vogue|archive-date=14 December 2015}}</ref>

In 1991, Turlington signed a contract with [[Maybelline]] that paid her $800,000 for twelve days' work each year. Four years later, Claudia Schiffer reportedly earned $12 million for her various modeling assignments.<ref name="br"/> Authorities, ranging from [[Karl Lagerfeld]] to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', had declared the supermodels more glamorous than movie stars.

Campbell, Evangelista and Turlington became known as ''The Trinity'', a term first used by photographer [[Steven Meisel]] and noted by journalist Michael Gross.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/features/2008/09/supermodels200809 |magazine=Vanity Fair |title=A league of their own |date=September 2008 |access-date=17 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407062119/http://www.vanityfair.com/style/features/2008/09/supermodels200809 |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref> Evangelista was known as the "Chameleon", for her ability to transform her look and reinvent herself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vogue.it/en/encyclo/people/e/linda-evangelista |publisher=Vogue Italia |title=Vogue Italia Encyclo: Linda Evangelista |access-date=17 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109105924/http://www.vogue.it/en/encyclo/people/e/linda-evangelista |archive-date=9 November 2014 }}</ref> Turlington was known as the "insurance model", saying "clients know that if they hire me, nothing will go wrong".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Christy_Turlington |work=Vogue |title=More to Christy than meets the eye |date=20 September 1995 |access-date=17 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122114643/http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Christy_Turlington |archive-date=22 January 2014 }}</ref> Campbell was the first black model to appear on the front covers of ''[[Time Magazine|Time]]'', [[French Vogue|French ''Vogue'']], [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']], and the September issue of American ''Vogue'', traditionally the biggest and most important issue of the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.models.com/models/naomi-campbell |publisher=Models.com |title=Naomi Campbell |access-date=17 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314153701/http://models.com/models/naomi-campbell |archive-date=14 March 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:Naomi Campbell 1997.jpg|thumb|255x255px|[[Naomi Campbell]], one of "The Big Five" models in the 1990s]]

Campbell, Crawford, Evangelista, Turlington and Patitz were the original group to be regarded as "The Big Five" supermodels of the 1990s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hoskyns|first1=Barney|title=Out of Bed with Naomi: The Making of a Superstar|journal=British Vogue|date=September 1992|volume=76|issue=9|page= 229 |quote=The caption 'The big five: Naomi, Linda, Tatjana, Christy and Cindy, January 1990' accompanies the iconic cover photo of the five women}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Morris|first1=Sandra|title=Catwalk: Inside the World of Supermodels|date=1996|publisher=Universe Publishing, a division of Rizzoli International Publications|location=New York|isbn=0-7893-0056-7|page=6|edition= Author cites Linda Evangelista, Cindy Crawford, Naomi Campbell, Christy Turlington and Tatjana Patitz as "The famous five" with a photo of the January 1990 cover of British Vogue featuring them together. First|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eE4AQAAIAAJ|access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Happy Birthday, Linda Evangelista! The Original Supermodel Turns 50 And Is Happy About Aging|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/high50/happy-birthday-linda-evangelista-the-original-supermodel-turns-50-and-is-happy-about-aging_b_7242534.html|website=The Huffington Post (huffingtonpost.com)|date=8 May 2015 |publisher=The Huffington Post Media Group|access-date=8 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409093410/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/high50/happy-birthday-linda-evangelista-the-original-supermodel-turns-50-and-is-happy-about-aging_b_7242534.html|archive-date=9 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Mokoena|first1=Tshepo|title=THE DEATH OF THE SUPERMODEL|url=http://dontpaniconline.com/magazine/festivals/the-death-of-the-supermodel|website=www.DontPanicOnline.com|publisher=Don't Panic|access-date=15 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527055043/http://dontpaniconline.com/magazine/festivals/the-death-of-the-supermodel|archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> The term "The Big Five" was later used to describe Campbell, Crawford, Evangelista, Turlington and Claudia Schiffer,<ref name="london"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.enstarz.com/articles/35110/20140320/naomi-campbell-shape-magazine-the-face-star-talks-career-challenges-diet-secrets-photo.htm |work=enstarz |title=Naomi Campbell covers shape magazine |date=20 March 2014 |access-date=10 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210213616/http://www.enstarz.com/articles/35110/20140320/naomi-campbell-shape-magazine-the-face-star-talks-career-challenges-diet-secrets-photo.htm |archive-date=10 February 2015 }}</ref> and with the addition of [[Kate Moss]], they became known as "the Big Six".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/7892813/Christy-Turlington-Above-all-I-hated-the-catwalk.html |work=the telegraph |title=Christy Turlington: "Above all, I hated the catwalk" |access-date=10 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210214400/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/7892813/Christy-Turlington-Above-all-I-hated-the-catwalk.html |archive-date=10 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1896447.stm |title=Supermodel's life in the spotlight |work=BBC News |date=27 March 2002 |access-date=7 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509211047/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1896447.stm |archive-date=9 May 2004 }}</ref> It was Linda Evangelista, Tatjana Patitz, Naomi Campbell, Christy Turlington, and Kate Moss who appeared together in the highest budgeted advertising campaign of all time, starring the original supermodels (US$4.5 million in 1992, adjusted for inflation in 2021, US$8.5 million)<ref>{{cite web |last1=90s Fashion |title=Supermodels Film Vauxhall Corsa Ad in the UK 1992 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OANwTDT0r1U | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/OANwTDT0r1U| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|website=Youtube |access-date=2 February 2021 |ref=The budget for the Vauxhall ad campaign was about $4 and a half million dollars...}}{{cbignore}}</ref>) and resulted in a now iconic television commercial for the Vauxhall Corsa automobile.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Safronova |first1=Valeriya |title=Fashion's Favorite Pets |work=The New York Times |date=15 September 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/15/fashion/marc-jacobs-neville-choupette-new-york-fashion-week.html |access-date=2 February 2021 |ref=But don’t think that she spends her days lazing around. In 2015, Mr. Lagerfeld told the website The Cut that Choupette had made about 3 million euros for two modeling jobs: one for the Vauxhall Corsa car calendar, known for its 1992 commercial featuring Christy Turlington, Tatjana Patitz, Kate Moss, Linda Evangelista and Naomi Campbell}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=March |first1=Bridget |title=Kate Moss's makeover, 20 years ago today It's the anniversary of the Vauxhall Corsa ad that starred a 19-year-old Kate Moss, transforming the future-'super' from grunge to glamour. |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/beauty-hair/celebrity-hair-makeup/a21473/kate-moss-in-vauxhall-corsa-ad-20-years-ago/ |website=COSMOPOLITAN |date=25 July 2013 |publisher=Hearst UK Fashion & Beauty Network |access-date=2 February 2021 |ref=The ad was for the launch of the Vauxhall Corsa, which also starred Christy Turlington, Linda Evangelista, Naomi Campbell and Tatjana Patitz...}}</ref>

In the 2006 book ''In Vogue: The Illustrated History of the World's Most Famous Fashion Magazine''<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ySqLQgAACAAJ | title = In Vogue: The Illustrated History of the World's Most Famous Fashion Magazine | isbn = 978-0-8478-2864-7 | last1 = Oliva | first1 = Alberto | last2 = Angeletti | first2 = Norberto | date = 22 September 2006}}</ref> ([[RCS MediaGroup|Rizzoli]]), the editors cite the "original supermodels" and Schiffer when quoting [[Vogue (magazine)|''Vogue'' Magazine]] Editor-In-Chief, [[Anna Wintour]], who said, "Those girls were so fabulous for fashion and totally reflected that time ... [They] were like movie stars." The editors name famous models from previous decades, but explain that, "None of them attained the fame and worldwide renown bestowed on Linda Evangelista, Christy Turlington, Cindy Crawford, Naomi Campbell, Tatjana Patitz, Stephanie Seymour, Claudia Schiffer, [[Yasmeen Ghauri]], and [[Karen Mulder]], in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These models burst out beyond the pages of the magazines. Many became the faces of cosmetics brands and perfumes, had their own television programs and physical-fitness videos, and their own lines of lingerie ... Their lives, activities, influences, and images were the subjects of all types of sociological and historical analysis." [[Tyra Banks]] had begun her career as a model, booking a record-breaking 25 shows in 1991, during her breakout year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/personality/tyra-banks|title=Tyra Banks|website=Biography|date=15 October 2020 }}</ref> She achieved Supermodel status, and rivaled Naomi Campbell as the top Black model in the world.

In the mid-1990s, the initial era of the supermodel ended and a new era for the supermodel began driven by [[heroin chic]]. By the late 1990s, actresses, pop singers, and other entertainment celebrities began gradually replacing models on fashion magazine covers and ad campaigns.<ref name="um">''Death of the Supermodels'' by C. L. Johnson, ''Urban Models'' 21 October 2002 [http://www.urbanmodels.co.uk/modeling.php?page=supermodels online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715210541/http://www.urbanmodels.co.uk/modeling.php?page=supermodels |date=15 July 2006 }} Retrieved 13 July 2006</ref> The pendulum of limelight left many models in anonymity. A popular "conspiracy theory" explaining the supermodel's disappearance is that designers and fashion editors grew weary of the "I won't get out of bed for less than $10,000 a day" attitude and made sure no small group of models would ever again have the power of the Big Six.<ref name="time">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989517-1,00.html "The Fall of the Supermodel"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505194751/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989517-1,00.html |date=5 May 2009 }} ''Time''. Retrieved 23 July 2007.</ref>

Charles Gandee, associate editor at ''Vogue'', has said that high prices and poor attitudes contributed less to the decline of the supermodel. As clothes became less flashy, designers turned to models who were less glamorous, so they wouldn't overpower the clothing.<ref name="time" /> Whereas many supermodels of the previous era were American-born, their accents making for an easier transition to stardom,<ref name="forbes" /> the majority of models began coming from non-English speaking countries and cultures,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ws2m.typepad.com/ws2m/2007/04/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627081841/http://ws2m.typepad.com/ws2m/2007/04/index.html|url-status=dead|title=Who will be the next Super Model? (NY Times)|archive-date=27 June 2009}}</ref> making the crossover to mainstream spokesperson and cover star difficult.<ref name="models">[http://models.com/oftheminute/?p=1296 Industry Report: Elite Plus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927025904/http://models.com/oftheminute/?p=1296 |date=27 September 2007 }} models.com. Retrieved 25 July 2007.</ref> However, the term continued to be applied to notable models such as [[Kristen McMenamy]], [[Stella Tennant]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/supermodel-stella-tennant-family-statement-cause-of-death-2021-1|title=The family of late British supermodel Stella Tennant make a statement about her cause of death|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|first=Samantha|last=Grindell|date=7 January 2021 |access-date=25 February 2024 }}</ref> [[Laetitia Casta]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newfaces.com/supermodels/supermodels/laetitia.html |title=Laetitia Casta – SUPERMODEL |publisher=Newfaces.com |date=11 May 1978 |access-date=7 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106013436/http://www.newfaces.com/supermodels/supermodels/laetitia.html |archive-date=6 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://next.liberation.fr/article/laetitia-casta-egerie-de-ralph-lauren Laetitia Casta, égérie de Ralph Lauren] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203191831/http://next.liberation.fr/article/laetitia-casta-egerie-de-ralph-lauren |date=3 December 2009 }}, ''[[Libération|Next-Libération]]'', 9 July 2008</ref> [[Eva Herzigová]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/090527-supermodel-eva-herzigova-writes-for.aspx|title=Supermodel Eva Herzigova writes for Vogue|date=27 May 2009|work=Vogue UK|access-date=1 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603062721/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/090527-supermodel-eva-herzigova-writes-for.aspx|archive-date=3 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Carla Bruni]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071218152208/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1695400,00.html Sarkozy and the Supermodel] ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''</ref> [[Tatiana Sorokko]],<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/models/a5885/tatiana-sorokko-0910/|title=Supermodel Tatiana Sorokko's Couture Exhibit |date=20 September 2010|magazine=Harper's Bazaar|access-date=20 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/10/08/tatiana-sorokko-is-the-queen-of-vintage-couture.html|title=Tatiana Sorokko is the Queen of Vintage Couture|date= 18 October 2014 |work=The Daily Beast|access-date=31 January 2015 | location=New York | first=Anthony | last=Haden-Guest}}</ref> Yasmin Le Bon,<ref>[http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8863144/The-supermodels-return-for-Harpers-Bazaar.html The supermodels return for Harper's Bazaar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406192443/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8863144/The-supermodels-return-for-Harpers-Bazaar.html |date=6 April 2013 }}''fashion.telegraph.co.uk''. Retrieved 12 August 2012.</ref> [[Amber Valletta]],<ref name="SMH20050221">{{cite news|last1=McCarthy|first1=Philipp|title=Amber's catwalk glow turns to screen stardom|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/Film/Ambers-catwalk-glow-turns-to-screen-stardom/2005/02/20/1108834656206.htmltitle=Amber's|access-date=25 October 2015|newspaper=The Sun-Herald|date=21 February 2005}}</ref> [[Shalom Harlow]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Phelan|first1=Hayley|title=Watch: Shalom Harlow on Her Return to the Runway and 'One-Upping' Fellow Supermodels in the '90s – Fashionista|url=http://fashionista.com/2012/05/watch-shalom-harlow-on-her-return-to-the-runway-and-one-upping-fellow-supermodels-in-the-90s|access-date=25 October 2015|publisher=Fashionista|date=30 May 2012}}</ref> [[Nadja Auermann]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/22/style/22iht-Ravedon.4.10312377.html|title=In Milan: Avedon's work for Versace|date= 2 December 2008 |work=The New York Times|access-date=5 February 2011 | location=New York | first=Suzy | last=Menkes}}</ref> [[Helena Christensen]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/6672970/Helena-Christensen-on-supermodels-and-posing-nude-at-40.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203112151/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/6672970/Helena-Christensen-on-supermodels-and-posing-nude-at-40.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2009|title=Helena Christensen: on supermodels and posing nude at 40|date=29 November 2009|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref> [[Patricia Velásquez]],<ref>[http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2011/08/wayuu-taya-bags-help-indigenous-live-better/], [[United Nations Radio]], 9 August 2009</ref> [[Adriana Sklenaříková|Adriana Karembeu]],<ref>[http://www.strategies.fr/actualites/marques/r74524W/skoda-prend-ses-aises-avec-adriana-karembeu.html Skoda prend ses aises avec Adriana Karembeu], ''Stratégies'', 28 February 2003</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/149929.stm 'Wonderbras are safe' says Adriana], [[BBC]], 12 August 1998</ref> [[Valeria Mazza]]<ref>[http://www.hola.com/famosos/2011021351079/valeria/mazza/roma/ Valeria Mazza, 'supermamá', 'superesposa' y 'supermodelo' en Roma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506045539/http://www.hola.com/famosos/2011021351079/valeria/mazza/roma |date=6 May 2013 }}, [[¡Hola!]], 13 February 2011</ref> and later, [[Milla Jovovich]].

===2000s and present day===
[[File:Adriana Lima au festival de Cannes, 2015.jpg|thumb|212x212px|[[Adriana Lima]], one of the "New Supers" and the longest-running [[Victoria's Secret#Victoria's Secret Angels|Victoria's Secret Angel]]]]

Emerging in the late 1990s, [[Gisele Bündchen]] became the first in a wave of Brazilian models to gain popularity in the industry and with the public. With numerous covers of ''Vogue'' under her belt, including an issue that dubbed her the "Return of the ''Sexy'' Model", Bündchen was credited with ending the "[[heroin chic]]" era of models.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gisele Bündchen |url=http://www.people.com/people/gisele_bundchen/biography |title=Celebrity Central: Gisele Bundchen biography |work=People |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710172826/http://www.people.com/people/gisele_bundchen/biography |archive-date=10 July 2014 }}</ref> Following in her footsteps by signing contracts with [[Victoria's Secret]], fellow Brazilians [[Adriana Lima]] and [[Alessandra Ambrosio]] rose to prominence; however, they were unable to cross over into the world of TV, movies and talk shows as easily as their predecessors, due to their foreign accents. Not to mention other big stars of 00s era such as [[Carmen Kass]], [[Karolína Kurková]], [[Isabeli Fontana]], [[Natalia Vodianova]] and [[Natasha Poly]], which also dominated the runways and ad campaigns along with Bündchen et al.<ref name=forbes/>

Several seasons later, they were followed by Eastern Europeans, barely into their teens, pale, and "bordering on anorexic. They were too young to become movie stars or date celebrities; too skeletal to bag Victoria's Secret contracts; and a lack of English didn't bode well for a broad media career".<ref name=forbes/> The opportunities for superstardom were waning in the modeling world, and models like [[Heidi Klum]] and [[Tyra Banks]] took to television with reality shows like ''[[Project Runway]]'' and ''[[Germany's Next Topmodel]]'', and ''[[America's Next Top Model]]'', respectively, to not only remain relevant but establish themselves as media moguls.<ref name=forbes/>

[[File:AnnaSui-FW17RTW-Hadids-BW (cropped).jpg|upright|left|thumb|Bella Hadid (left) and Gigi Hadid (right), two of the highest paid models of 2021<ref name="lofficielusa.com">{{Cite web |title=Highest Paid Models in the World — Richest Models Kendall Jenner Gisele Bündchen Net Worth |url=https://www.lofficielusa.com/fashion/highest-paid-models-in-the-world-kendall-jenner-gisele-bundchen |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=L'Officiel USA |language=en-US}}</ref>]]

Contrary to the fashion industry's celebrity trend of the previous decade, lingerie retailer Victoria's Secret continues to groom and launch young talents into supermodel status, awarding their high-profile "[[Victoria's Secret#Victoria's Secret Angels|Angels]]" multi-year, multimillion-dollar contracts.<ref name=forbes/>

[[Vogue (magazine)|American ''Vogue'']] dubbed ten models ([[Doutzen Kroes]], [[Agyness Deyn]], [[Hilary Rhoda]], [[Raquel Zimmermann]], [[Coco Rocha]], [[Lily Donaldson]], [[Chanel Iman]], [[Sasha Pivovarova]], [[Caroline Trentini]] and [[Jessica Stam]]) as the new crop of supermodels in their May 2007 cover story,<ref>[http://www.style.com/vogue/feature/041607VFEA/ Vogue's ten covergirls bring personality and attitude to spring's eye-popping prints. Are we witnessing the return of the model?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028005827/http://www.style.com/vogue/feature/041607VFEA/ |date=28 October 2008 }} Jonathan Van Meter reports</ref> while the likes of Christie Brinkley, Christy Turlington, and Linda Evangelista returned to reclaim prominent contracts from celebrities and younger models.<ref name=forbes/>

The rise of social media and so-called "[[nepotism]] babies" has seen a shift in the world of modelling from the late 2010s onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-19 |title=Hot Take: Are There Any Celeb Kids Not Modelling Right Now? |url=https://evoke.ie/2021/03/19/style/opinion-nepotism-in-the-fashion-industry |access-date=2022-10-21 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-27 |title=The internet is only just realising half of Hollywood are nepotism babies |url=https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/nepotism-babies-hollywood |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Glamour UK |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Just like your mama: the world of nepo babies |url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/fashion/23429 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Varsity Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Susan Swarbrick: The curious trend of Hollywood's 'nepo babies' |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/20861975.curious-trend-hollywoods-nepo-babies/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=HeraldScotland |language=en}}</ref><ref name="thecrimson.com">{{Cite web |title=Maybe She's Born With It: Nepotism at New York Fashion Week {{!}} Arts {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/9/22/nepotism-babies-at-new-york-fashion-week-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref> This means that many of today's 'supermodels' arguably took a rise to fame and were given the opportunities as they have due to their rich and famous families.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malivindi |first=Diandra |title=What Are 'Nepotism Babies'? Here's Why TikTok's Eyes Are On Celebrities From Famous Families |url=https://www.elle.com.au/culture/nepotism-babies-tiktok-26705 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=ELLE |language=en}}</ref> Examples of these models are [[Kendall Jenner]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carol Alt Calls Out Kendall Jenner and Nepotism in Modeling |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/carole-alt-kendall-jenner-model-nepotism |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=W Magazine |language=en}}</ref> [[Cara Delevingne]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Betches |date=2020-09-11 |title=How Did Cara Delevingne Get So Famous? What You Didn't Know About Her Family |url=https://betches.com/how-did-cara-delevingne-get-so-famous-what-you-didnt-know-about-her-family/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Betches |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Bella Hadid]],<ref name="thecrimson.com"/> [[Gigi Hadid]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gigi Hadid accused of benefiting from nepotism after her dad calls her 'self-made' |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/347084-gigi-hadid-accused-of-benefiting-from-nepotism-after-her-dad-calls-her-self-made |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref> and [[Kaia Gerber]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fashion's Nepotism Problem Has Never Been More Apparent |url=https://graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/news/fashion-industry-nepotism-sister-models/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Grazia}}</ref> Despite the controversy surrounding these models and arguments that they only got their fame due to their families,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-26 |title='Kylie and Kendall are the textbook definition of nepotism': Kylie And Kendall Jenner Begged To Be Friends With Rihanna, Rihanna Humiliated Them, Ordered Them To Stay Away |url=https://www.animatedtimes.com/kylie-and-kendall-are-the-textbook-definition-of-nepotism-kylie-and-kendall-jenner-begged-to-be-friends-with-rihanna-rihanna-humiliated-them-ordered-them-to-stay-away/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Animated Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Manic Metallic |date=2019-08-27 |title=The Issue With The Modeling Industry's Nepotistic Culture |url=https://manicmetallic.com/editorials/the-issue-with-the-modeling-industrys-nepotistic-culture/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=MANIC METALLIC |language=en-US}}</ref> they have proven to be some of the most successful models of today. In 2021, Kendall Jenner was named as the highest-paid supermodel, earning $40 million. The Hadid sisters weren't far behind, with Bella and Gigi earning $19 million and $20 million respectively.<ref name="lofficielusa.com"/>

== Male supermodels ==
{{Expand section|date=September 2021}}
[[File:Sean O'Pry.jpg|thumb|[[Sean O'Pry]] became the most "successful" male model on [[Forbes list of the world's highest-paid models|''Forbes'' earning]] lists.]]

In addition to the models stated previously, a top-grossing part of the industry that tends to be overlooked is the male side of modeling. Even though women are predominantly known in the modeling industry, men also appear in advertisements for clothing, cologne, sports wear and other such accessories.

Modeling is one of the only industries that sees a gender gap leaning towards women.<ref name = gap>{{cite web | url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/fashion/gender-pay-gap-in-modelling-industry-sees-women-earn-75-more-than-men-a3597656.html | title=Gender pay gap in modelling sees men paid 75% less than women | date=8 February 2018 }}</ref> Women earn up to 75% more than men in the modeling industry.<ref name = gap /> The highest paid models in the world in 2022, the American female model [[Kendall Jenner]] earned $40 million while the American male model [[Sean O'Pry|Sean O’Pry]] earned $1.5 million, only 3% of what Jenner is making.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://lifestyleug.com/highest-paid-models-in-the-world/#:~:text=1.,in%20the%20world%20in%202022 | title=Top 15 Highest-Paid Models in the World - Updated List 2023 | date=6 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://asoothingliving.com/richest-male-models/ | title=Top 10 Richest Male Models in 2022 | date=6 August 2021 }}</ref> Historically, the menswear sector has gotten less financial support than the womenswear industry.<ref name = journal>{{cite web | url=https://fashionlawjournal.com/are-female-models-paid-more-than-male-models/ | title=Are Female Models Paid More Than Male Models? | date=27 August 2022 }}</ref> In addition to that, there is only 1 male designer for every 20 female designers.<ref name = journal /> Overall, the demand for female models is much greater than that for male models. Some also attribute the pay difference to the lengthier career of male models compared to female models due to the fashion industry's dismissive attitude towards older women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/male-models-can-make-modeling-long-term-career-53262/|title=Male Models Can Make Modeling a Long-Term Career}}</ref>

Study has shown that there has been an annual 17.4% increase in men's clothing online from 2010 to 2015.<ref name = journal /> The men's apparel segment amounts to US$568.9 billion in 2023 and the market is expected to grow annually by 2.9%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/mens-clothing-stores-industry/ | title=IBISWorld - Industry Market Research, Reports, and Statistics }}</ref> Compared to 2014, the men's apparel market in 2023 has grown by 28%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/outlook/cmo/apparel/men-s-apparel/worldwide#revenue | title=Men's Apparel - Worldwide | Statista Market Forecast }}</ref> According to Euromonitor, demand for men's clothing has even been growing 0.2% faster than that of women's.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.euromonitor.com/menswear-in-the-us/report | title=Menswear in the US }}</ref> In recent years, there have also been separate men's fashion weeks in [[Paris]], [[Milan]], [[New York City|New York]], and [[London]].<ref name = journal /> Studies have shown that this can be attributed to more men being found to begin to care more about fashion and beauty and the social media savvy male models / celebrities, like [[Lucky Blue Smith]], Jason Morgan, and [[David Gandy]].<ref name = journal />

===Diversity and inclusion in the male modeling industry===

[[Sterling St. Jacques]] is considered the first black male supermodel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musto |first=Michael |date=February 13, 2017 |title=The Best Black Male Fashion Models of All Time |url=https://www.out.com/michael-musto/2017/2/13/best-black-male-fashion-models-all-time |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=www.out.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nartey |first=Stephen |date=2024-08-05 |title=Sterling St Jacques: The mystery of America's first male supermodel who ruled the 70s stage |url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/sterling-st-jacques-the-mystery-of-americas-first-male-supermodel-who-ruled-the-70s-stage |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=Face2Face Africa |language=en}}</ref> St. Jacques was featured in ''Vogue'' and photographed by [[Horst P. Horst]] in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 1970 |title=Men In Vogue …Notes, Quotes, And Votes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_vogue_1970-07_156_1/page/46/mode/2up?q=Sterling+St.+Jacques |journal=Vogue |pages=47}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kazmaier |first=Martin |url=https://monoskop.org/images/e/e6/Horst_Sixty_Years_of_Photography_1991.pdf |title=Horst: Sixty Years of Photography |publisher=Rizzoli |year=1991 |pages=21, 152}}</ref> His modeling career took off after he was discovered by [[Hubert de Givenchy]] to dance down the runway at a fashion show in 1976.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morris |first=Bernadine |date=April 29, 1976 |title=A Festive Presentation of Givenchy's Styles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/04/29/archives/a-festive-presentation-of-givenchys-styles.html |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1976, St. Jacques told ''[[Sepia (magazine)|Sepia]]'' magazine: "I think it’s a mistake that many black male models have felt the need to put forward a macho image like that because the fashion market is too limited to have much success using it. I've shown that black men can be macho-looking while at the same time have grace and smoothness. I'm proud to make black people see they can be doing this kind of work."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ribowsky |first=Mark |date=October 1976 |title=Black Toast of White Society |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sepia_1976-10_25_10/page/32/mode/2up?q=Sterling+St.+Jacques |journal=Sepia |pages=28–32}}</ref>

In 1994, [[Ralph Lauren Polo|Polo's sports]] ad shot by [[Bruce Weber (photographer)|Bruce Weber]] featured [[Tyson Beckford]], a black masculine male model.<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|109258672}} |last1=Shaw |first1=Dan |title=Black, Male and, Yes, a Supermodel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/20/style/black-male-and-yes-a-supermodel.html |work=The New York Times |date=20 November 1994 }}</ref> Beckford later admitted during an interview in 2014 that, "There's a huge lack of strong African American images in fashion."<ref name="tyson">{{cite web | url=https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/a26965/tyson-beckford-interview-2014/ | title=Tyson Beckford on Modeling, Zoolander, and Racism in the Fashion Industry | date=17 January 2014 }}</ref> Beckford also noted that, "I am happy that [[Ralph Lauren]] have used guys who look similar like me after."<ref name="tyson" />

In the summer of 2011, the [[Vancouver]] model [[Godfrey Gao]] also became [[Louis Vuitton]], the luxury brand's first Asian model.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/au/entry/godfrey-gao-trailblazer_au_5ddf2a05e4b0d50f329c418a | title=How Godfrey Gao Broke Racial and Cultural Barriers for Asian Men | date=28 November 2019 }}</ref>

In 2016, [[IMG Models]] launched its Brawn division which aimed to elevate the careers of [[Plus-size model|plus-size male models]].<ref name = plus>{{cite web | url=https://www.thecut.com/2019/10/the-new-frontier-of-plus-size-male-modeling.html | title=At the Russian Baths with the Big Boys of Brawn | date=October 2019 }}</ref> The first model hired under the new division is Zach Miko.<ref name = plus /> Three years in, IMG has 7 models under the Brawn division.<ref name = plus />

In October 2022, Steven Green, the [[Kansas City metropolitan area|Kansas City]] born fashion photographer, starred in [[Rihanna]]’s [[Savage X Fenty]]’s men underwear campaign as a plus-size model.<ref name = vogue>{{cite web | url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/male-model-inclusivity | title=6 Male Models on Why the Industry Must Become More Inclusive | date=24 January 2021 }}</ref> Green reflected that, "he was not confident being his size and shirtless on the internet, but the positive feedback he got was inspiring to him."<ref name = vogue />

===Male model requirements===

Usually, the mass majority (not all) of agencies that sign on fashion/runway male models favor a height range consisting of {{height|ft=5|in=10}} to {{height|ft=6|in=2}}. The more strict agencies set a minimum height of {{height|ft=5|in=11}}.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Dania |last=Denise |date=2015-05-20 |title=Guys, Size Really Does Matter |url=https://www.allmyfriendsaremodels.com/male-model-height/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=All My Friends Are Models |language=en-US}}</ref>

===1990s===
In 1993, Italian model [[Fabio Lanzoni]] was the highest paid male model worldwide, receiving several million dollars a year doing advertisements for high-end brands like [[Versace]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/23/garden/on-location-with-fabio-please-judge-the-book-by-its-cover.html|title=ON LOCATION WITH: Fabio; Please, Judge the Book by Its Cover|last=Lyall|first=Sarah|date=23 September 1993|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005195150/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/23/garden/on-location-with-fabio-please-judge-the-book-by-its-cover.html|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

[[Milind Soman]] quickly became a supermodel in [[India]] and was one of the most popular supermodels of the world in the 90s, successfully transitioning to films and television later in life.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Tyson Beckford is known for posing in a number of ads for [[Ralph Lauren|Ralph Lauren's]] Polo sport cologne line. Since 1990, he has been the face of [[Gucci]] and [[Tommy Hilfiger (company)|Tommy Hilfiger]], won Model of the year on VH1 Fashion award, and he has also appeared in [[Calvin Klein (fashion designer)|Calvin Klein]]'s campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nymag.com/fashion/models/tbeckford/tysonbeckford/|title=Tyson Beckford – Fashion Model – Profile on New York Magazine|website=nymag.com|access-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007183212/http://nymag.com/fashion/models/tbeckford/tysonbeckford/|archive-date=7 October 2016}}</ref> Another Calvin Klein model is [[Mark Wahlberg]]. Many new underwear models 30 years later still look to his campaign poses today.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Patrick |title=Nick Jonas engineers R&B reinvention (and gets ripped) |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2014/11/10/nick-jonas-grows-up-new-album-jealous/18778251/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=[[USA TODAY]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Tim Boyce]] was the first openly gay high fashion male supermodel of the 1990s<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lacey |first1=Hester |date=9 March 1997 |title=WHY PAUL AND TIM WON'T EVER BE KATE AND NAOMI |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/why-paul-and-tim-won-t-ever-be-kate-and-naomi-1271827.html |url-access= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/why-paul-and-tim-won-t-ever-be-kate-and-naomi-1271827.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=2 February 2021 |website=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media Limited |ref=Greg Spaulding, Tim Boyce and Larry Scott. Bruce Hulse, John Pearson and Scott Maslen...In fact, they have all been touted as "male supermodels" over the past few years...}}</ref> and is credited for increasing the profile of gay celebrities, appearing on the cover of ''[[Out (magazine)|Out]]'' magazine<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hanania |first1=Joseph |title=Closeted No Longer : Magazines: Increasing ad revenues, mainstream media interest and attractive demographics have made an increasingly diverse gay press a vibrant market. [29 October 1995] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-10-29-ls-62323-story.html |newspaper=LA Times |date=29 October 1995 |publisher=Dr. Patrick Soon-Shiong |access-date=2 February 2021 |ref="Tim Boyce promoting Out magazine's current fall fashion issue..."}}</ref> as well as campaigns for Giorgio Armani<ref>{{cite web |title=GIORGIO ARMANI I FALL/WINTER 1994 |url=http://www.uomoclassico.com/ads/Giorgio+Armani/1994/Fall-Winter/main-line |website=UOMOCLASSICO.COM |access-date=2 February 2021 |ref=Fall/Winter 1994 Model(s): Tim Boyce and Laetitia Herrera Photographed by [[Peter Lindbergh]]}}</ref> and Gianfranco Ferre.<ref>{{cite web |title=GIANFRANCO FERRE I FALL/WINTER 1994 |url=http://www.uomoclassico.com/ads/Gianfranco+Ferre/1994/Fall-Winter/main-line |website=UOMOCLASSICO.COM |access-date=2 February 2021 |ref=Fall/Winter 1994 Model(s): Tim Boyce and male models Photographed by [[Bettina Rheims]]}}</ref>

===2000s===
In 2000s, [[Bruno Santos (model)|Bruno Santos]], a Brazilian model, became notorious for being the only male model selected to carry out two campaigns simultaneously for two competing fashion houses: [[Versace]] and [[Giorgio Armani]]. This earned him the nickname "[[Gisele Bündchen]] in pants".<ref name="fabio_bernardo">[https://www.polemiCoverraiba.com.br/paraiba/edicao-especial-revista-de-fabio-bernardo-revela-que-namoro-trouxe-modelo-internacional-para-viver-na-paraiba/ polemiCoverraiba.com.br/] ''SPECIAL EDITION: Revista de Fábio Bernardo revela que namoro trouxe modelo internacional para viver na Paraíba''</ref>

Former professional soccer player [[David Beckham]] is noted as the Underwear Model of the Century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/articles/1032945/tommy-hilfiger-calls-david-beckham-underwear-model-of-the-century|title=We all wish we looked like David Beckham|date=19 March 2014|access-date=5 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005202225/http://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/articles/1032945/tommy-hilfiger-calls-david-beckham-underwear-model-of-the-century|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> He has modeled for worldwide ads for [[H&M]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Beckham is part of the BoF 500 |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/david-beckham |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Business of Fashion |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Adidas]], Calvin Klein, [[Burger King]], [[Sainsbury's]], and Breitling.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} British model [[David Gandy]] was described as achieving "icon status" by [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] when they featured him on ''[[Nightline]]'', stating, "As the face of [[Dolce & Gabbana]] and [[Lucky Jeans]], Gandy is arguably one of the most successful male models ever, but he's a bit modest about that "supermodel" title."<ref>{{cite news| url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/david-gandy-life-mega-successful-male-models/story?id=19298036| newspaper=ABC News| title=David Gandy: Life as One of the World's Most Successful Male Models| first=Amy| last=Robach| date=31 May 2013| access-date=3 July 2017| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114153651/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/david-gandy-life-mega-successful-male-models/story?id=19298036| archive-date=14 November 2017| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===2010s===
[[Vogue.com]] ranked the "Top 10 Male Models of All Time" in September 2014; the list included [[Tyson Beckford]], [[David Gandy]], [[Brad Kroenig]], [[Sean O'Pry]], [[Jon Kortajarena]], [[Marcus Schenkenberg]], [[Mathias Lauridsen]], [[Mark Vanderloo]], [[Noah Mills]], and [[Evandro Soldati]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick|last=Remsen|date=8 September 2014|url=http://www.vogue.com/slideshow/1292975/top-10-male-models/|title=Top 10 Male Models of All Time|publisher=vogue.com|access-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702190037/http://www.vogue.com/slideshow/1292975/top-10-male-models/|archive-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> In 2013, ''[[Forbes]]'' named O'Pry the highest-paid male model.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/vannale/2013/10/08/the-worlds-highest-paid-male-models-2013-oprys-1-5m-still-far-from-giseles-42m/#2eb7744b7bd5 |newspaper=[[Forbes]]|title=The World's Top-Earning Male Models Of 2013| first=Vanna |last=Le |date=8 October 2013 |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>

==Supermodels today==
Various magazines and websites, including various international versions of: [[Elle (magazine)|Elle]], [[Harper's Bazaar]], and [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]], have attributed the 'supermodel' title to a selection of models.

The male models include: [[David Gandy]], [[Jon Kortajarena]], [[Mathias Lauridsen]], [[Alton Mason]], [[Elton Ilirjani]] and [[Simon Nessman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gustavlundbergtoresson/2022/09/29/worlds-highest-paid-male-supermodel-david-gandy-on-transitioning-from-fashion-model-to-wellness-wear-designer|title=World's Highest Paid Male Supermodel David Gandy On Transitioning From Fashion Model To Wellness Wear Designer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/jon-kortajarena-work-from-home-seven-days-seven-looks|title=How a Male Supermodel Masters Work-From-Home Chic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malemodelscene.net/menswear/mathias-lauridsen-mango-ss23|title=Mathias Lauridsen Models MANGO Spring Summer 2023 Looks}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/alton-mason-interview-2023|title=How Alton Mason became the world's only male supermodel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. M. Z. |date=2024-09-10 |title=WTF Fashion From NYFW 2024 |url=https://www.tmz.com/2024/09/10/wtf-fashion-from-new-york-fashion-week/ |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=TMZ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malemodelscene.net/editorial/simon-nessman-glass-men|title=Supermodel Simon Nessman Stars in Glass Men Spring 2018 Cover Story}}</ref>

The female models include: [[Vittoria Ceretti]], [[Imaan Hammam]], [[He Cong|Cong He]], [[Felice Nova Noordhoff|Felice Noordhoff]], [[Blanca Padilla]], [[Anja Rubik]], [[Mika Schneider]], [[Luz Pavon]], [[Fei Fei Sun|FeiFei Sun]], [[Mona Tougaard]], and [[Rianne Van Rompaey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elle.com/fashion/a46616061/vittoria-ceretti-interview-2024|title=Vittoria Ceretti Is the Ultimate Supermodel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a44494988/imaan-hammam-interview-2023|title=Imaan Hammam Is Making Plans}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vogue.sg/he-cong-chinese-model-interview|title=“Being a model demands a lot of hard work, self-motivation and persistence”: Chinese model He Cong reflects on her journey as a model so far}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.nl/fashion/fashion-nieuws/felice-noordhoff-familie-vogue-september-2023-video|title=Take a look behind the scenes at the Vogue shoot with cover star Felice Noordhoff and her family}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/beauty/beauty-featured-news/givenchy-beauty-just-launched-a-new-mascara-and-lipstick|title=Givenchy Beauty Just Launched A New Mascara And Three Lipsticks That Deserve A Place In Your Beauty Bag}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vogue.fr/anja-rubik-defiles-mannequins-mode-supermodel |language=fr |title=Anja Rubik en 121 défilés de ses débuts à aujourd'hui |website=vogue.fr |author=Alexandre Marain |date=29 November 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/celebrity-style/articles/a31869/an-analysis-of-the-most-iconic-supermodel-runway-walks|title=An Analysis Of The Most Iconic Supermodel Runway Walks: From Naomi Campbell To Gigi Hadid}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/gallery/fei-fei-sun-model-paris-fashion-week|title=Fei Fei Takes Paris}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/62056/1/mona-tougaard-supermodel-spring-issue-2024|title=Mona Tougaard is in her supermodel era}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.mx/video/watch/adiosestereotipos-la-modelo-mexicana-luz-pavon-es-una-de-las-caras-del-cambio-slash-5686465481001|title=Goodbye Stereotypes: Mexican model Luz Pavon is one of the faces of change}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.fr/fashion/article/in-conversation-with-vogue-paris-cover-girl-rianne-van-rompaey|title=In conversation with Vogue Paris cover girl, Rianne Van Rompaey}}</ref>

=== Plus-size ===
[[File:Ashley_Graham_Elle.png|thumb|198x198px|[[Ashley Graham (model)|Ashley Graham]], a plus-size model|alt=|right]]
Since 2000, there has been an emergence of models known as female "[[Plus-size model|plus-size]]" top models, including [[Robyn Lawley]], [[Crystal Renn]], [[Precious Lee]], [[Ashley Graham]], [[Candice Huffine]], [[Tara Lynn]], [[Whitney Thompson]], [[Katya Zharkova]], [[Denise Bidot]], [[Sophie Dahl]], [[Jennie Runk]] and Natalie Laughlin.<ref name="vh1.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.vh1.com/news/oy0x1i/plus-size-models-who-made-history|title=12 Plus-Size Models Who've Made History|access-date=6 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006150111/http://www.vh1.com/news/3421/plus-size-models-who-made-history/|archive-date=6 October 2016}}</ref> These models have been in Catwalks, magazines, and Billboards for brands known worldwide like ''Vogue'', ''Glamour'', Levi's, [[Forever 21]], [[Cover girl|Cover Girl]] cosmetics, [[Saks Fifth Avenue]], [[GQ|GQ Magazine]], and [[Chanel]].<ref name="vh1.com" /> Graham had widespread amount of news coverage worldwide after ''[[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue]]'' had her as one of the three covers of the 2016 edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/article/ashley-graham-sports-illustrated-cover-things-to-know|title=Who Is Ashley Graham?|date=14 February 2016|access-date=6 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917060503/http://www.people.com/article/ashley-graham-sports-illustrated-cover-things-to-know|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref>

=== In-between size ===
[[File:Camille_Kostek_in_New_York,_July_2017_3.png|alt=|thumb|217x217px|[[Camille Kostek]], an "in-between size" or "middle model"]]
[[Camille Kostek]], an "in-between size" or "middle model", landed a solo cover of the [[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue|''Sports Illustrated'' Swimsuit Issue]] in 2019 despite not being on the extreme end of the spectrum as runway size (0–2) or plus-size (10 up). Recalling her difficulty breaking out she has stated, "I was told that it was too bad that I wasn't a size 10. That plus-size is a big market right now and it's too bad I wasn't measuring bigger. My size (4/6) is considered an "in-between size," meaning I'm not a straight model nor plus model, I'm right in the middle."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BeoQ0xDHUTD/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BeoQ0xDHUTD |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|title=CAMILLE KOSTEK on Instagram: "Recently I experienced a situation that rattled me for a moment,so I wanted to take it to my page for whoever is open to reading.I made..."|website=Instagram|language=en|access-date=15 August 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/camille-kostek-change-her-body-until-sports-illustrated-cover-185820847.html|title='Sports Illustrated' model Camille Kostek was told to adjust her measurements|website=www.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> Regardless, she has walked the runways of New York Fashion Week and Miami Beach Swim Week.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.com/swim-daily/2018/07/10/swim-week-miami-diary-day-one|title=Miami Swim Week 2018 Diary: Day 1|website=SI.com|language=en|access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/camille-kostek-sports-illustrated-120515221.html|title='Sports Illustrated' cover star Camille Kostek shares cheeky rehearsal video|website=www.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>

==Perception==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Diane_von_Fürstenberg_Spring-Summer_2014_06_(cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Liu Wen (model)|Liu Wen]], supermodel of East Asian descent walking for Diane von Fürstenberg Spring/Summer 2014
| image2 = Halima-Aden.jpg
| caption2 = [[Halima Aden]] has walked runways and posed for photoshoots wearing a [[hijab]].
| direction =
| alt1 =
}}
Perception of the supermodel as an industry has been frequent inside and outside the fashion press, from complaints that women desiring this status become unhealthily thin to charges of racism of dominant racial groups of the home countries in the first decade of the twenty-first century, where the "supermodel" generally has to conform to the native majority's standard of beauty, for example Northern European standards in United States or Indian standards in India.

According to fashion writer Guy Trebay of ''The New York Times'', in 2007, the "android" look was popular, a vacant stare and thin body serving, according to some fashion industry conventions, to set off the couture. This had not always been the case. In the 1970s in North America, black, heavier and "ethnic" models dominated the runways but social changes in the 1980s to the early 2000s persuaded the power players in the fashion industry to shun suggestions of "otherness".<ref name="gt">"On runways, racial diversity is out". Guy Trebay. ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', 23 October 2007.</ref>

However, since the latter part of the first decade of the twenty-first century, an increasing level of racial diversity has been noted among supermodels in the American fashion scene, catering to the growing East Asian markets, including Japanese model [[Tao Okamoto]] and Chinese models [[Fei Fei Sun]] and Liu Wen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fashiongonerogue.com/7-asian-models-face-fashion/|title=7 Asian Models Changing the Face of Fashion|website=fashiongonerogue|access-date=20 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724072802/http://www.fashiongonerogue.com/7-asian-models-face-fashion/|archive-date=24 July 2014}}</ref> Due to the rising importance of social media and social movements such as [[Body positivity|third wave body positivity]], the range of diversity within the industry expanded to diversity in sizes, genders and social media visibility.

{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Evelyn Nesbit]], a widely photographed fashion model {{circa|1900}}
* [[Physical attractiveness]]
* [[Self-image]]
* [[Sex symbol]]
* [[Superstar]]
* ''[[Zoolander]]'', 2001 film by Ben Stiller about a supermodel

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Celebrity]]
[[Category:Fashion]]
[[Category:Modeling (profession)]]

Ittamadu

2026-02-04T01:34:37Z

Optimalvapors: added references

{{short description|Part of Bangalore city, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=June 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

'''Ittamadu''' is an area in [[Bangalore]] city in India. Other nearby areas are Hosakerehalli, AG's Layout and Bhuvaneshwari Nagar.

== Education ==
Institutions such as [[Webster's High School|Webster's]] School, Presidency Public School, [[List of schools named after Francis Xavier|St. Xavier]] English school and the [[Nargund]] group of institutions are located there. 5 star school of ittamadu is chota phool public school Krishna School

== Transport ==
Bus service is available from Dattetreya Nagara to K.R. Market. Bus No 45K.

Bus service is available From VB Bakery Bus No 45D AGS Layout to Kempegowda Bus Station every 10 min.

== Temples ==
Popular temples are Sri Raghavendra Swamy Mandira, Shanisvara Temple and Dattetreya Swamy Temple, Rameshawara temple, Anejaneya temple .Bhavani Shankar Temple

== Economy and land use ==
After 2011, Ittamadu developed quickly in comparison to nearby towns. Housing development has been a massive governmental undertaking, to attract potential residents.

Garbage burning has become a widespread problem in Ittamadu, despite a blanket ban by the government since 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pateel |first=Pavan Kumar |date=22 January 2024 |title=Garbage burning leaves South B'luru residents battling smoke |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2917106319 |access-date=2024-06-30 |work=The Times of India (Online) |id={{ProQuest|2917106319}}}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ittamadu}}
* [http://wikimapia.org/street/17163944/Near-Padmavathi-Mini-Hall-Ittamadu-Village-Anjaneya-Nagar-Banashankari-3rd-Stage-Bangalore-560085 Wikimapia.org]
* [http://www.mypetrolprice.com/petrol-price/Bengaluru-Petrol-price-from-ittamadu-bsk-3rd-stage-bangalore-to-nagamangala/1 Mypetrolprice.com]
* [http://www.latlong.in/bangalore/ittamadu,bsk+3rd+stage Latlong.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219002525/http://www.latlong.in/bangalore/ittamadu,bsk+3rd+stage |date=19 February 2014 }}
* [http://www.taxiautofare.com/taxi-fare/Bengaluru-taxi-fare-from-Ittamadu,BANASHANKARI-3RD-STAGE-to-Vittal-Mallya-Road Taxiautofare.com]

{{Neighbourhoods of Bangalore}}
{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in South Bengaluru]]

Diocese of Dumka

2026-01-29T09:52:22Z

Optimalvapors:

{{Short description|Catholic diocese in Jharkhand & West Bengal, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Dumka
|latin = Dioecesis Dumkaënsis
|local = दुमका के सूबा ᱫᱩᱢᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱭᱳᱥᱤᱥ
|country = {{flag|India}}
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]]
|metropolitan =
|denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
|sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
|rite = [[Roman Rite]]
|cathedral = Cathedral of St Paul in [[Dumka]]
|cocathedral =
|area_km2 = 14,356
|population = 4,542,658
|population_as_of = 2022
|catholics = 207,336
|catholics_percent= 4.6
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Julius Marandi]]
|metro_archbishop = Vincent Aind
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|parishes=73}}

The '''Diocese of Dumka''' ({{langx|la| Dumkaën(sis)}}) is a [[Latin Church]] ecclesiastical jurisdiction or [[diocese]] of the [[Catholic Church]] in India's [[Jharkhand]] state. It is a [[suffragan]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of the [[Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|metropolitan]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Archdiocese of Ranchi]].

Its episcopal see is the [[cathedral]] of St. Paul in the city of [[Dumka]].

== History ==
* 17 January 1952: Established as the '''[[Apostolic Prefecture]] of Malda''' on territory split off from the Metropolitan [[Archdiocese of Calcutta]]
* 8 August 1962: Promoted as '''Diocese''' of Dumka
* Lost territory on 8 June 1978 to establish the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Raiganj]], to which the incumbent bishop moved
* Lost territory on 27 June to establish the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Purnea]]

== Ordinaries ==
;Apostolic Prefect of Malda
* Fr. [[Adam Grossi]], [[Société des Missions-Étrangères du Québec|Society of Foreign Missions]] (P.M.E.) (March 28, 1952 – 1962)

;Bishops of Dumka
* [[Leo Tigga]], [[Society of Jesus]] (S.J.) (August 8, 1962 – June 8, 1978), later Bishop of split-off [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Raiganj]] (India) (1978.06.08 – 1986.01.29)
* [[Telesphore Placidus Toppo]] (June 8, 1978 – November 8, 1984), later [[Coadjutor Archbishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]] (India) (1984.11.08 – 1985.08.07), succeeding as Metropolitan Archbishop of Ranchi (1985.08.07 – ...), Vice-President of Conference of Catholic Bishops of India (1998 – 2002), President of Conference of Catholic Bishops of India (2002 – 2005), [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal-priest]] of [[S. Cuore di Gesù agonizzante a Vitinia]] (2003.10.21 [2004.05.23] – ...), President of Catholic Bishops’ Conference of India (2004.01.12 – 2008.02.19), Member of [[Commission of Cardinals overseeing the Institute for Works of Religion]] (2008.02.24 – 2014.01.15), President of Conference of Catholic Bishops of India (2011.01.12 – 2013.02), Member of [[Council of Cardinals for the Study of Organisational and Economic Problems of the Apostolic See]] (2012.06.23 – 2014.02.24)
* [[Stephen M. Tiru]] (April 18, 1986 – April 1, 1995), later Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Khunti|Khunti]] (India) (1995.04.01 – 2012.03.03)
* Julius Marandi (June 14, 1997 – ...)

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources and external links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/dumk0.htm GCatholic.org, with incumbent biography links] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ddumk.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
{{coord|24.2818|N|87.2378|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dumka}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1952]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Christianity in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Dumka district]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

2023–24 Real Kashmir FC season

2026-01-25T10:32:25Z

Optimalvapors: New Some Stub Basic Info

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|manager = [[Ishfaq Ahmed]]
|mgrtitle = Head coach
|chairman = Sandeep Chattoo
|stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]], [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|league = [[2023–24 I-League|I-League]]
|league result = 5th
|season = [[2023–24 in Indian football|2023–24]]
|league topscorer = [[Gnohere Krizo]] (12)
|season topscorer = Gnohere Krizo (12)
|highest attendance = 7,632 (v. [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]], 23 March 2024)
|lowest attendance = 1,100 (v. [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]], 13 April 2024)
|average attendance = 3,207
|largest win =
|largest loss =
|prevseason = [[2022–23 Real Kashmir FC season|2022–23]]
|nextseason = [[2024–25 Real Kashmir FC season|2024–25]]
| pattern_la1 = _blackborder
| pattern_ra1 = _blackborder
| pattern_b1 = _blackcollar
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = F6DD28
| body1 = F6DD28
| rightarm1 = F6DD28
| shorts1 = 020202
| socks1 = F6DD28
| pattern_la2 = _whiteborder
| pattern_ra2 = _whiteborder
| pattern_b2 = _whitecollar
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = 2943B2
| body2 = 2943B2
| rightarm2 = 2943B2
| shorts2 = 2943B2
| socks2 = 2943B2
}}

The '''2023–24 season''' was the seventh season in [[Real Kashmir FC]]'s existence, and their sixth season in [[I-League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-looks-to-increase-teams-in-i-league-number-of-foreigners-in-squad-to-be-reduced-8585723/|title=AIFF looks to increase teams in I-League, number of foreigners in squad to be reduced|date=1 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/aiff-invites-bids-for-new-clubs-to-join-hero-i-league-2023-24-season-onwards/|title=AIFF invites bids for new clubs to join Hero I-League 2023–24 season onwards | Hero I-League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=AIFF looks to increase teams in I-League, number of foreigners in the squad to be reduced |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-looks-to-increase-teams-in-i-league-number-of-foreigners-in-squad-to-be-reduced-8585723/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Their first match of the season was played on 28 October 2023 and their last on 13 April 2024, in 1–4 defeat away from home against [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]. Real Kashmir finished fifth in the league.<ref>{{cite news |title=i-league 2023-24 {{!}} Namdhari FC rattle Real Kashmir FC to record big win |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/i-league-2023-24-namdhari-fc-rattle-real-kashmir-fc-to-record-big-win |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=Greater Kashmir |date=13 April 2024}}</ref> Their captain [[Muhammad Hammad]] received the Jarnail Singh Award for Best Defender of the season.<ref>{{cite news |title=I-League’s best defender Muhammad Hammad turns a step back into a giant leap forward {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/i-leagues-best-defender-muhammad-hammad-turns-a-step-back-into-a-giant-leap-forward |access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>

==Current technical staff==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishfaq Ahmed]]
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Harshad Meher
|-
| Head of Player recruitment
| {{flagicon|IND}} Salman Mir
|-
| Physio
| {{flagicon|IND}} Haider Ali
|-
|Psychologist
| {{flagicon|IND}} Fadl Haq
|-
|Co-ordinator
| {{flagicon|IND}} Fuzail Farooq
|-
|Nutrionist
| {{flagicon|IND}} Athar Coutwall
|}

===First-team squad===
{{updated|27 October 2023}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Furqan Ahmad Dar}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Sowban Hilal Sidiqui}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Muhammad Hammad]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ifham Tariq Mir}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Hyder Yousuf]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Mohammad Inam]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=CIV|pos=FW|name=[[Gnohere Krizo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Mohammad Asrar Rehber}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Ateeb Ahmed Dar}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Huzafah Ahmad Dar}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Shivam Kiran Pednekar}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=UGA|pos=FW|name=[[Henry Kisekka]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=SYR|pos=DF|name=[[Shaher Shaheen]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Lalramdinsanga Ralte}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Dion Menezes}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=GHA|pos=DF|name=Kamal Issah}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Zahid Yousuf]]}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=POR|pos=DF|name=Carlos Lomba}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=CIV|pos=FW|name=[[Kamo Stephane Bayi|Kamo Bayi]]}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Hafiz Ur Rehman Khan}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=LBN|pos=MF|name=Mohamad Maksoud}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Jeremy Laldinpuia]]}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Wayne Vaz]]}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Shahid Nazir}}
{{Fs player|no=78|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Muheet Shabir]]}}
{{Fs end}}

== Contract extension ==

=== New contracts ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; |'''Date'''
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; |'''Position'''
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; |'''No.'''
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; |''' Player'''
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; |'''Ref.'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

== Transfers ==

=== Transfers in ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; "
|-
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202;" | Date
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202;" | Position
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202;" | Nationality
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202;" | Name
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202;" | From
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202;" | Fee
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202;" | Ref.
|-
| 22 October 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Sowban Hilal Sidiqui
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
|
|
|-
| 23 October 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Muhammad Hammad]]
|
|
|
|-
| 24 October 2023
| GK
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Muheet Shabir
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|
|
|-
| 24 October 2023
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Mohamed Inam
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|
|
|-
| 25 October 2023
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Mohammad Asrar Rehber
| {{flagicon|IND}} FC1
|
|
|-
| 26 October 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Shahid Nazir
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
|
|
|-
| 26 October 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|SYR}}
| [[Shaher Shaheen]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|
|
|-
| 27 October 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Zahid Yousuf
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
|
|
|-
| 27 October 2023
| FW
| {{flagicon|CIV}}
| [[Gnohere Krizo]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|
|
|-
| 31 January 2024
| FW
| {{flagicon|UGA}}
| [[Henry Kisekka]]
|
|
|
|-
| 31 January 2024
| FW
| {{flagicon|CIV}}
| [[Kamo Stephane Bayi|Kamo Bayi]]
|
|
|
|-
|}

=== Promoted from Real Kashmmir FC Reserves ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:80%;"
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; text-align:center;" |No.
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; text-align:center;" |Name
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; text-align:center;" |Nationality
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; text-align:center;" |Position(s)
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; text-align:center;" |Date of Birth (Age)
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; text-align:center;" |Ref.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

===Transfers out===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; "
|-
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:120px;"| Date from
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:50px;"| Position
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:50px;"| Nationality
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:150px;"| Name
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:200px;"| To
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:110px;"| Fee
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:25px;"| Ref.
|-
| 1 July 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Jestin George]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| Loan Return
|
|-
| 6 July 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Prateek Kumar Singh|Prateek Kumar]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| Free Transfer
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-07-indian-football-isl-chennaiyin-fc-sign-prateek-kumar-singh-sachu-siby |title=Chennaiyin FC sign defender Sachu Siby and goalie Prateek Kumar Singh |date=6 July 2023 |website=KhelNow |access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 7 July 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Abhijit Sarkar (footballer)|Abhijit Sarkar]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 17 July 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Girik Khosla]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| Free Transfer
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://halfwayfootball.com/ileague-delhi-fc-set-to-sign-lalengmawia-and-girik-khosla/ | title=Delhi FC set to sign Lalengmawia and Girik Khosla - Halfway Football | date=9 July 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| 21 July 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Samuel Kynshi]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| Free Transfer
|<ref>{{cite news|title=ISL: Newly promoted RoundGlass Punjab signs Real Kashmir duo on multi-year deals|url=https://thebridge.in/isl/isl-newly-promoted-roundglass-punjab-signs-real-kashmir-duo-on-multi-year-deals-41689|date=8 May 2023|access-date=8 May 2023|website=thebridge.in}}</ref>
|-
| 30 July 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| Free Transfer
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1685505035877359616|title=Join us in welcoming all-action ⚡ midfielder Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung to #SreenidiDeccanFC 🟠🟢}}</ref>
|-
| 30 July 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury|Subhasish Roy]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 31 July 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Phrangki Buam]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 31 July 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|TJK}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Nuriddin Davronov]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuching City F.C.|Kuching City]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 1 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Balwinder Singh
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon|Akashdeep Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|GHA}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Richard Osei Agyemang|Richard Osei]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|GHA}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Wadudu Yakubu
| style="text-align:left;"|
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|GHA}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Ibrahim Nurudeen
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|SYR}} [[Al-Horriya]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Owais Bashir
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Nestor Dias
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Adnan Ayub
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Loken Meitei]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Parveez Hussain Parray
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Joyner Lourenco]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Kamalpreet Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Rupert Nongrum]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|GHA}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Ernest Boateng]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Rahmatganj MFS]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Paolenmang Tuboi
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Davinder Singh (footballer)|Davinder Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Sanjiban Ghosh]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Sarineo Fernandes
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Imran Arshid
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Jerry Pulamte]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 30 January 2024
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Kiran Pandhare
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
|}

==Pre-season==

{{Empty section|date=July 2023}}

== Competition ==

=== Overview ===
{{legend2|#BBF3BB|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFBB|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFBBBB|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{Fb overview2
|c1=[[2023 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]
|fm1={{end date|2023|||df=y}}
|lm1={{end date|2023|||df=y}}
|sr1=[[2023 Indian Super Cup#Second qualifying round|Qualifiers]]
|w1=0
|d1=0
|l1=0
|f1=0
|a1=0
|c2=[[2022–23 I-League|I-League]]
|fm2={{end date|2023|10|28|df=y}}
|lm2={{end date|2024|||df=y}}
|sr2=[[2022–23 I-League#Fixtures and results|Matchday 1]]
|fp2=
|w2=10
|d2=6
|l2=4
|f2=31
|a2=13
|u={{Start date|2024|03|17|df=y}}
|s= [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/real-kashmir/37566/ Soccerway]
}}

=== I-League ===
{{Main|2023–24 I-League}}

==== League table ====
{{:2023–24 I-League|showteam=REK}}

==== League results by round ====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b

|header = Match
|label1 = Ground
| res1 = H/H/H/A/-/A/H/H/H/H/H/A/A/A/A/A/A/A/A/H///
|label2= Result
| res2= W/W/L/L/-/W/W/D/D/W/W/W/L/W/D/W/W/D/D/D/
|label3= League Position
| res3= 2/2/4/5/5/4/3/3/4/3/2/2/3/2/2/2/2/2/3/3//


|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green1|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow1|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red1|text_L=Loss
|color_1=green2|color_2-3=green3|color_4=yellow2

|updated = 17 March 2024
|source =
}}

==== Matches ====

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2023|10|28|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Real Kashmir
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21851 Report]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| goals1 =
*[[Wayne Vaz]] {{goal|49}}
*[[Shaher Shaheen]] {{goal|90+7}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 1,872
| result = W
| motm = [[Wayne Vaz]] (Real Kashmir)
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|4|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Real Kashmir
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21860 Report]
| team2 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| goals1 = [[Jeremy Laldinpuia]] {{goal|45}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 6,200
| result = W
| motm = [[Jeremy Laldinpuia]]
| referee = Jatinder Singh
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|8|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Real Kashmir
| score = 1–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21866 Report]
| team2 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| goals1 = Ateeb Ahmed Dar {{goal|45}}
| goals2 = *Carlos Lomba {{goal|26||OG}}
*Ricardo Dichiara {{goal|60||62}}
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 4,728
| result = L
| motm = Ricardo Dichiara (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = Surojit Das
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|11|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| score = 1–0
| report =
| team2 = Real Kashmir
| goals1 = [[Harmanpreet Singh (footballer)|Harmanpreet Singh]] {{goal|36}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Bhaini Ala|Bhaini Sahib]]
| stadium = Namdhari Stadium
| attendance = 300
| result = L
| motm = Akashdeep Singh (Namdhari)
| referee = Williams Joy Koshy
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|23|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| score = 0–4
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21885 Report]
| team2 = Real Kashmir
| goals1 =
| goals2 = *Mohammad Asrar Rehber {{goal|11}}
*[[Gnohere Krizo]] {{goal|19}}
*[[Jeremy Laldinpuia]] {{goal|64}}
*Mohamad Maksoud {{goal|90+5}}
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = [[Muhammad Hammad]]
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|28|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Real Kashmir
| score = 4–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21891 Report]
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| goals1 = *Mohammad Inam Wani {{goal|30}}
*Carlos Lomba {{goal|66}}
*[[Gnohere Krizo]] {{goal|83}}
*Mohamad Maksoud {{goal|90+5}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 3,172
| result = W
| motm = Mohammad Inam (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Anand Rana
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|2|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Real Kashmir
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21895 Report]
| team2 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 3,659
| result = D
| motm = [[Nora Fernandes]] (Aizawl)
| referee = Lakshay
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 8
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|7|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Real Kashmir
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21902 Report]
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 2,500
| result = D
| motm = R. Lalbiakliana (Sreenidi)
| referee = Mithun Kumar Kundu
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 9
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|11|df=y}}
| time = 11:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Real Kashmir
| score = 3–0
| report = https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2023/12/11/i-league-real-kashmir-blank-gokulam-kerala.html
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 = *[[Gnohere Krizo|Krizo]] {{goal|31||64}}
*[[Jeremy Laldinpuia|Laldinpuia]] {{goal|59}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 0
| result = W
| motm = Carlos Lomba (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Dipu Roy
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 10
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|16|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Real Kashmir
| score = 3–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21913 Report]
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 = *[[Kamal Isaah|Isaah]] {{goal|5}}
*[[Gnohere Krizo|Krizo]] {{goal|55}}
*[[Mohammad Inam|Inam]] {{goal|69}}
| goals2 = Abdou Karim Samb {{goal|16}}
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 3,740
| result = W
| motm = Mohammad Inam (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Jehrul Islam
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 11
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|24|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| score = 1–0
| report = https://i-league.org/delhi-fc-halt-real-kashmirs-six-match-unbeaten-run-on-christmas-eve
| team2 = Real Kashmir
| goals1 = [[Hudson Jesus]] {{goal|77}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Bhaini Ala|Bhaini Sahib]]
| stadium = Namdhari Stadium
| attendance = 918
| result = L
| motm = [[Hudson Jesus]] (Delhi)
| referee = Tanmoy Dhar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 12
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|04|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 0–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26836 Report]
| team2 = Real Kashmir
| goals1 =
| goals2 = *[[Shaher Shaheen]] {{goal|55}}
*[[Gnohere Krizo]] {{goal|65||90+5|pen.}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm =
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 13
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|09|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| score = 1–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26838
| team2 = Real Kashmir
| goals1 = Marin Mudrazija {{goal|90+2}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Bhaini Ala]]
| stadium = Namdhari Stadium
| attendance = 100
| result = L
| motm = Marin Mudrazija (Rajasthan United)
| referee = Akashkumar Mehta
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 14
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|17|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| score = 0–2
| report = https://i-league.org/breathtaking-krizo-strike-leads-real-kashmirs-impressive-win
| team2 = Real Kashmir
| goals1 =
| goals2 = *[[Gnohere Krizo]] {{goal|66}}
*[[Kamo Stephane Bayi|Kamo Bayi]] {{goal|90+9}}
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 825
| result = W
| motm = [[Gnohere Krizo]] (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Mithun Kumar Kundu
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 15
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|24|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://i-league.org/henry-kisekka-rescues-real-kashmir-fc-with-an-add-on-time-strike
| team2 = Real Kashmir
| goals1 = [[Mario Barco]] {{goal|77}}
| goals2 = [[Henry Kisekka]] {{goal|90+6}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| attendance = 447
| result = D
| motm = Mohammad Inam (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Ashish Tiwari
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 16
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|28|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| score = 0–1
| report = https://i-league.org/real-kashmir-victorious-in-aizawl
| team2 = Real Kashmir
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Henry Kisekka]] {{goal|15}}
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,246
| result = W
| motm = [[Henry Kisekka]] (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Lalit Singh Rawat
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 17
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|04|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| score = 2–3
| report = https://i-league.org/18145-2
| team2 = Real Kashmir
| goals1 =
* [[Rilwan Olanrewaju Hassan]] {{goal|58}}
* [[Eli Sabiá]] {{goal|61}}
| goals2 =
* [[Gnohere Krizo]] {{goal|45+4||90+2|pen.}}
* Ifham Mir {{goal|87}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 168
| result = W
| motm = [[Gnohere Krizo]] (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 18
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|10|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://i-league.org/gokulam-kerala-and-real-kashmir-settle-for-a-point-each
| team2 = Real Kashmir
| goals1 = Matija Babovic {{goal|68}}
| goals2 = [[Gnohere Krizo]] {{goal|65}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 2,023
| result = D
| motm = Matija Babovic (Gokulam Kerala)
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 19
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|13|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://i-league.org/shillong-lajong-leave-real-kashmir-frustrated-with-a-last-minute-equaliser
| team2 = Real Kashmir
| goals1 = [[Renan Paulino]] {{goal|90+7}}
| goals2 = Adnan Ayub {{goal|11}}
| location = [[Shillong]]
| stadium = SSA Stadium
| attendance = 7,151
| result = D
| motm = Adnan Ayub (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Akashkumar Mehta
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 20
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|17|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Real Kashmir
| score = 1–1
| report = https://i-league.org/real-kashmir-fc-surrender-a-point-to-delhi-fc-on-home-turf
| team2 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| goals1 = [[Gurtej Singh]] {{goal|52}}
| goals2 = Anwar Ali Sr {{goal|82|o.g.}}
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 1,635
| result = D
| motm = [[Gurtej Singh]] (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Jatinder Singh
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 21
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|23|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Real Kashmir
| score = 0–0
| report = https://i-league.org/real-kashmir-fc-fade-away-from-title-race-after-draw-with-mohammedan-sporting
| team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 7,632
| result = D
| motm = [[Muhammad Hammad]] (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Harish Kundu
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 22
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|30|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Real Kashmir
| score = 3–0
| report = https://i-league.org/real-kashmir-fcs-fluent-win-confirms-neroca-fcs-relegation
| team2 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| goals1 =
* [[Gnohere Krizo|Krizo]] {{goal|35}}
* [[Hyder Yousuf|Yousuf]] {{goal|45}}
* [[Shaher Shaheen|Shaheen]] {{goal|67}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 2,254
| result = W
| motm = [[Hyder Yousuf]] (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 23
| date = {{Start date|2024|04|06|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://i-league.org/relegated-trau-fc-inflict-shock-defeat-on-real-kashmir-fc
| team2 = Real Kashmir
| goals1 =
* [[Danish Aribam|Aribam]] {{goal|56}}
* R. Singh {{goal|90+9}}
| goals2 = [[Carlos Lomba|Lomba]] {{goal|59}}
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| attendance = 123
| result = L
| motm = Robinson Singh (TRAU)
| referee = Lalit Singh Rawat
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 24
| date = {{Start date|2024|04|13|df=y}}
| time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Real Kashmir
| score = 1–4
| report = https://i-league.org/namdhari-fc-rattle-real-kashmir-fc-to-record-big-win
| team2 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| goals1 = [[Lalramdinsanga Ralte|Ralte]] {{goal|86}}
| goals2 =
* [[Stephen Abeiku|Abeiku]] {{goal|20}}
* [[Imanol Arana|Arana]] {{goal|24|pen.}}
* [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1997)|Manv. Singh]] {{goal|60||90}}
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 1,100
| result = L
| motm = [[Stephen Abeiku]] (Namdhari)
| referee = Lakshay
}}

== Statistics ==

===Goal Scorers===
{{updated|13 March 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Rank
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|No.
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Pos.
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Nat.
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Name
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|I League
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|IFA Shield
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Super Cup
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Total
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1
| 9
| FW
| {{flagicon|CIV}}
| [[Gnohere Krizo]]
| |12||0||0||'''12'''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2
| 16
| DF
| {{flagicon|SYR}}
| [[Shaher Shaheen]]
| |3||0||0||'''3'''
|-
| 28
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Jeremy Laldinpuia]]
| |3||0||0||'''3'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| 4
| 7
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Mohammad Inam]]
| |2||0||0||'''2'''
|-
| 14
| FW
| {{flagicon|UGA}}
| [[Henry Kisekka]]
| |2||0||0||'''2'''
|-
| 27
| MF
| {{flagicon|LBN}}
| [[Mohamad Maksoud]]
| |2||0||0||'''2'''
|-
| rowspan="8"| 7
| 5
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Ifham Mir Toufiq]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 6
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Hyder Yousuf]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 10
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Mohammad Asrar Rehber]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 20
| MF
| {{flagicon|GHA}}
| Kamal Isaah
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 22
| DF
| {{flagicon|POR}}
| [[Carlos Lomba]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 25
| FW
| {{flagicon|CIV}}
| [[Kamo Stephane Bayi|Kamo Bayi]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 29
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Adnan Ayub
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 30
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Wayne Vaz]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
|colspan="5"| '''Total'''||'''32'''||'''0'''||'''0'''||'''32'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Real Kashmir FC}}

{{2023–24 in Indian football}}
[[Category:Real Kashmir FC seasons]]

Howrah–Sibpur Conspiracy case

2026-01-15T03:51:21Z

Optimalvapors:

{{Short description|1910 High Court case in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Anushilan Samiti}}
On 24 January 1910 in [[Calcutta]], 47 Indian nationalists of the ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]'' were arrested and tried in the wake of the murder of Inspector Shamsul Alam. Alam was Deputy superintendent and intelligence officer in [[Bengal Police]] investigating the murder of [[Naren Gosain]], crown-witness in the [[Alipore bomb case]], and other murders including those of Ashutosh Biswas, advocate of [[Calcutta High Court]] in charge of prosecution of Gossain murder case, and of Naren Bannerjee, the police officer who arrested [[Khudiram Bose]]. Alam had uncovered the underlying Bengali revolutionary network of the ''Anushilan Samiti'' that linked the murders and other robberies around this time,{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} and at the time of his own murder at the hand of [[Biren Dutta Gupta]], Alam was preparing to consolidate the charges to bring them all to trial in a single case.<ref name="Roy6">{{Harvnb|Roy|1997|p=6}} Shamsul Alam, an Intelligence officer who was then preparing to arrest all the revolutionaries and commit them for trial in a single conspiracy case, was murdered by Biren Datta Gupta.</ref>

47 of the accused were arrested by 29 January 1910. The trial of the accused commenced on 4 March 1910 with a second hearing in the [[Calcutta High Court]] in July 1910. However, the de-centralised structure of the ''Samiti'' meant the prosecution's attempts to demonstrate the crimes as linked and the ''Samiti'' as a unifying organisation failed. 33 of the accused were subsequently acquitted. Of the accused, [[Jatin Mukherjee]] and [[Narendranath Bhattacharjee]] were among those convicted and sentenced to one-year imprisonment.

The case is important in having brought [[Jatindranath Mukherjee]]'s work and [[Anushilan Samiti|Samiti network]] under the scrutiny of the Raj. [[Jatindranath Mukherjee]]'s policy of a loose, decentralised organisation generated scores of regional units, as observed by F.C. Daly more than once: "The gang is a heterogeneous one, with several advisers and petty chiefs... From information we have on record we may divide the gang into four parts: (1) Gurus, (2) Influential supporters, (3) Leaders, (4) Members."<ref>''Terrorism'' Vol. I, p.60.</ref> J.C. Nixon's report is more explicit : "Although a separate name and a separate individuality have been given to these various parties in this account of them, and although such a distinction was probably observed amongst the minor members, it is very clear that the bigger figures were in close communication with one another and were frequently accepted members of two or more of these ''samitis''. It may be taken that at some time these various parties were engaged in anarchical crime independently, although in their revolutionary aims and usually in their origins they were all very closely related."<ref>''Terrorism'', Vol. II, p.522.</ref> Several observers pinpointed Jatin so accurately that the newly appointed Viceroy Lord Hardinge wrote more explicitly to Earl Crewe (H.M.'s Secretary of State for India): "As regards prosecution, I (...) deprecate the net being thrown so wide; as for example in the Howrah Gang Case, where 47 persons are being prosecuted, of whom only ''one is'', I believe, ''the real criminal''. If a concentrated effort had been made to convict ''this one criminal'', I think it would have had a better effect than the prosecution of 46 misguided youths."<ref>Hardinge Papers, Book 117, No.5, preserved at the Cambridge University Archives.</ref> On 28 May 1911, Hardinge recognised : "The [[10th Jats]] case was part and parcel of the Howrah Gang Case; and with the failure in the latter, the Government of Bengal realised the futility of proceeding with the former... In fact, nothing could be worse, in my opinion, than the condition of Bengal and Eastern Bengal. ''There is practically no Government in either province''..."<ref>Hardinge Papers, Book 81, Vol. II, No.231. (italics added).</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{citation |last=Roy |first=Samaren |year=1997 |title=M. N. Roy: A Political Biography |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=81-250-0299-5}}

{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}

[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]
[[Category:1910 in India]]
[[Category:Trials in India]]
[[Category:History of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian case law]]
[[Category:1910 crimes in India]]

Shasn

2025-12-31T14:34:36Z

Optimalvapors:

{{short description|Board game}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox game
|name=SHASN
|image_link=Shasn image.jpg
|image=
|image_caption=Board game
|manufacturer=
|designer=[[Zain Memon]]
|publisher=Memesys Culture Lab
|date=16 July 2019
|genre=Board game, Political strategy game|players=2–5|playing_time=90–180 minutes (2 player); 4-6 hours (5 player)|skills=Strategy, Negotiation, Area Control, [[Resource management (gaming)|Resource management]]
|website={{URL|https://www.shasnthegame.com/|shasnthegame.com}}
}}

'''SHASN''' ({{Translation|Governance}}) is a multiplayer political strategy [[board game]] created by [[Zain Memon]], and published by Memesys Culture Lab,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deodhar |first1=Neerja |title=Taking Indian politics to board games: How 'Shasn' and 'The Poll' place players in the shoes of politicians |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/taking-indian-politics-to-board-games-how-shasn-and-the-poll-place-players-in-the-shoes-of-politicians-6389261.html |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=21 April 2019}}</ref> where each player takes on the role of a politician contesting elections and is required to take a stand on various political and ethical issues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sathe |first1=Gopal |title=Parlour Games And Dirty Tricks: Can Board Games Help Young Indians Engage With Politics? |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/shasn-the-poll-manrti-cards-political-board-games-india_in_5d45029ce4b0aca3411e0a54 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=3 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Venugopal |first1=Sruti |title=Indiajoy 2019: Understanding politics through board game |url=https://telanganatoday.com/indiajoy-2019-understanding-politics-through-board-game |work=[[Telangana Today]] |date=23 November 2019}}</ref> The game was launched on the global crowdfunding platform, [[Kickstarter]] on 16 July 2019,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malik |first1=Ektaa |title=A new political strategy game is trying to make politics and policy-making trendy for the apolitical |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/SHASN-board-game-political-strategy-anand-gandhi-one-play-at-a-time-ship-of-theseus-5846138/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 July 2019}}</ref> and raised $339,045 from 4,209 backers.<ref name="open magazine">{{cite news |last1=Sibal |first1=Prachi |title=We the Players |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/business/we-the-players/ |work=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]] |date=11 October 2019}}</ref> SHASN was inspired by the documentary ''[[An Insignificant Man]]'', on the rise of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] politician and [[Delhi chief minister]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]].<ref name="Scroll">{{cite news |last1=Tanwar |first1=Sangeeta |title=The cacophony of Indian elections and politics has inspired another board game |url=https://scroll.in/article/930732/the-cacophony-of-indian-elections-and-politics-has-inspired-another-board-game |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=21 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Patwa |first1=Priyadarshini |title=#5 Boardgames That Teach Us Important Entrepreneurial Strategies & Leadership Lessons |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/337439 |work=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]] |date=30 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Gameplay ==
SHASN is a competitive strategy board game played between two and five players which gives players an opportunity to influence the maximum number of majority voters in the 9 zones (or constituencies) on the game board. Voters are influenced via combinations of resources such as [[funds]], [[Power (social and political)|clout]], [[Mass media|media]], and [[Trust (social science)|trust]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devidayal |first1=Namita |title=This new board game lets you play politics {{!}} India News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/this-new-board-game-lets-you-play-politics/articleshow/70387891.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> These resources are gained by answering questions on the Ideology Cards which are about real-world political, social, and ethical issues. The game ends when a majority has been formed in all possible zones on the board.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khandelwal |first1=Heena |title=SHASN: New board game by Anand Gandhi's Memesys Culture Lab aims to put you in the shoes of politicians |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/life-style/2019/jul/12/shasn-new-board-game-by-anand-gandhis-memesys-culture-lab-aims-to-put-you-in-the-shoes-of-politici-16408.html |work=Indulg Express |date=12 July 2019}}</ref>

There are 4 ideologies in the game including The Capitalist, The Supremo, The Showstopper (originally called The Showman), and The Idealist. Players gain Ideology Cards by answering questions.<ref name="the hindu"/><ref name="Mumbai mirror">{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Arnab |title=Playing politics |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/leisure/playing-politics/articleshow/70312603.cms |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=5 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The type of ideology card players gain depends on which ideology their chosen answer falls under. Within the game, The Capitalist focuses on free trade, The Supremo focuses on identity politics, The Showstopper focuses on gaining media attention through shock tactics, and The Idealist focuses on making the world a better place. If the players gain 2, 3, or 5 cards of one ideology, they gain powers specific to that ideology.<ref name="Scroll"/>

== Development and Release ==
The development of the game began in January 2018<ref name="the hindu">{{cite news |last1=Balasubramanian |first1=Malavika |title=When politics on celluloid spills over to a board game |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/anand-gandhi-zain-memon-memesys-culture-lab-shasn-board-game/article28407953.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 July 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> and continued over the course of one and a half years.<ref name="Mumbai mirror"/>
[[Anand Gandhi]] is the executive producer of SHASN. The game was also produced by Vinay Shukla and Khushboo Ranka.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

SHASN released to widespread critical acclaim. Stephen Gulik of Everything Board Games said, "They nailed American politics better than any other game I can think of.” Dan Thurot of Space Biff called it “one of the most unhinged, perceptive, outlandish, and timely games… simultaneously laugh-out-loud funny and… disquieting..” Jeremiah Slack of g33k-HQ said, “The game reels you in from the start... once you start playing you cannot help but get excited about your next turn.” Jessica Fisher of gameosity commented on the “Razor-fine aesthetic that drew me in instantly."{{fact|date=August 2025}}

SHASN has a huge player base internationally and is now played in over 60 countries.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

As of September 2021, three editions of SHASN have been launched- Standard Edition, Essential Edition, and the Founder's Edition. Taking players across many nations and eras, SHASN launched with 5 campaigns - India 2020, USA 2020, UK 2019-20: Brexit, Fall Of The Republic: Rome 40 BCE, and The Future Of Humanity: Earth 2040.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SHASN: Democracy as a Board game. |url=https://thesocialtalks.com/entertainment/shasn-democracy-as-a-board-game/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=thesocialtalks.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Rahul |date=2021-09-20 |title=Shasn: Azadi Creator Zain Memon on the Journey From VR and Feature Films to Board Games and Esports in India |url=https://in.ign.com/shasn/167018/interview/shasn-azadi-creator-memesys-lab-zain-memon-board-games-esports-india-interview |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=[[IGN]] |language=en-in}}</ref>

==Standalone Expansion==
SHASN: AZADI, co-designed by Abhishek Lamba and Zain Memon was launched on [[Kickstarter]] on 8 September 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-08 |title=Anand Gandhi announces new board game Azadi, designed by Zain Memon |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/anand-gandhi-announces-new-board-game-azadi-designed-by-zain-memon-9946381.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref> It met its funding goal within an hour, and went on to raise over $200,000 over the course of its campaign.

AZADI brought stories of revolution from across the world to the fore. It launched with 5 campaigns:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-29 |title=The Creators of Board Game 'SHASN- AZADI': 'There Are Real Leadership Skills That Translate from The Game World to The Real World' - |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/the-creators-of-board-game-shasn-azadi-there-are-real-leadership-skills-that-translate-from-the-game-world-to-the-real-world/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=My Site |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Rahul |date=2021-08-31 |title=Shasn: Azadi Board Game Announced With Upcoming Kickstarter Campaign |url=https://in.ign.com/shasn/165622/news/shasn-azadi-indian-board-game-announced-kickstarter-campaign |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=IGN India |language=en-in}}</ref>
* [[Indian_independence_movement|Indian Independence 1947]],
* [[Russian Revolution|Russian Revolution 1917]],
* [[American Revolution|American Revolution 1776]],
* [[2011 Egyptian revolution|Egyptian Revolution 2011]], and
* [[Colonization of Mars|Mars]]: 2165.

Since its launch, campaigns for the French Revolution, Indus Valley Revolution, and an undisclosed campaign depicting an ongoing struggle have been made available as additional campaigns.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-13 |title=Bored millennials get hooked to Shasn, the newest modern board game |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/bored-millennials-get-hooked-to-shasn-the-newest-modern-board-game-101631546190373.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !!Ref(s)
|-
| 2019|| ''[[IndieCade]] Europe 2019''|| Social Impact Award ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Kind Words, Biped win major awards at IndieCade Europe 2019 {{!}} The Star |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2019/10/22/kind-words-biped-win-major-awards-at-indiecade-europe-2019 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)]] |date=22 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AWARDS – 2019 – IndieCade |url=https://www.indiecade.com/awards-2019/ |work=[[IndieCade]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2019|| ''TENTACCOLADE Award 2019''|| Best Campaign Video||<ref>{{cite news |title=2019 Board Game Award Winners |url=https://kick.agency/news/2019-board-game-award-winners-tentaccolade/ |work=Kick Agency |date=3 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Tournaments ==

In 2019, the first Shasn tournament was organized by the game creators. Subsequent tournaments were postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Tournaments resumed again in 2023.

=== Season 1 (2019) ===
[[File:Board from Shasn Finals 2019.jpg|thumb|Winning board from 2019 Finals]]

For the first official Shasn tournament, 8 semi-finalists were selected from the following 4 cities (2 semi-finalists per city): [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Delhi]], [[Hyderabad]], and [[Mumbai]]. These 8 semi-finalists then played against each other in two tables; each table having a semi-finalist from each of the 4 cities. The semi-final winners were as follows:

* Table 1: Adil Aziz (Mumbai) and Sahil Parsekar (Delhi)
* Table 2: Austino Paul (Bengaluru) and Viraj Kaoshal (Delhi)

These 4 finalists then had a final match in Mumbai on 15 August 2019. The winner was Austino Paul (Bengaluru).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-f-EI71P1Ks | title=SHASN Invitational Cup Finals | website=[[YouTube]] | date=15 August 2019 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank
! Name
! City/State
! Score
! Voters
! Ideology cards
|-
| 1st
| Austino Paul
| [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]
| 20 points (3 zones) + 3 points (coalition zone)
| 23
| 4 capitalist, 1 supremo, 5 showstopper, 0 idealist
|-
| 2nd
| Viraj Kaoshal
| [[Delhi]]
| 20 points (2 zones)
| 22
| 0 capitalist, 5 supremo, 5 showstopper, 0 idealist
|-
| 3rd
| Adil Aziz
| [[Mumbai]]
| 6 points (1 zone) + 8 points (coalition zone)
| 16
| 3 capitalist, 3 supremo, 3 showstopper, 0 idealist
|-
| 4th
| Sahil Parsekar
| [[Delhi]]
| 12 points (2 zones)
| 18
| 2 capitalist, 1 supremo, 2 showstopper, 4 idealist
|}

Austino won by taking control of the central zone (5/9) while holding majorities in the 6/11 and 9/17 zones and being in a coalition majority with Adil in the 11/21 zone. The coalition scoring was split 8 points to Adil and 3 points to Austino.

Note: the ability to create majorities using a coalition has been cut from subsequent versions of the game.

=== Season 2 (2023) ===
[[File:Board from Shasn Finals 2023.jpg|thumb|Winning board from 2023 Finals]]

The second official Shasn tournament took place in India from November to December 2023. Five finalists were chosen from the following 5 cities/states (1 finalist per city/state): [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Delhi]], [[Goa]], and [[Mumbai]]. The only returning finalist from last season was Sahil Parsekar. The finals happened on Friday, 15 December 2023 in Doolally Taproom in Mumbai using the new India 2022-23 campaign deck. The results were as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank
! Name
! City/State
! Score
! Voters
! Ideology cards
|-
| 1st
| Dhruvie
| [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]
| 24 points (3 zones)
| 27
| 0 capitalist, 0 supremo, 5 showstopper, 4 idealist
|-
| 2nd
| Anant Lamba
| [[Delhi]]
| 17 points (2 zones)
| 19
| 3 capitalist, 3 supremo, 2 showstopper, 0 idealist
|-
| 3rd
| Jay Jarosz
| [[Goa]]
| 16 points (2 zones)
| 19
| 2 capitalist, 0 supremo, 1 showstopper, 5 idealist
|-
| 4th
| Sahil Parsekar
| [[Mumbai]]
| 12 points (2 zones)
| 15
| 3 capitalist, 0 supremo, 0 showstopper, 5 idealist
|-
| 5th
| Arsheya Joshi
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| 0 points (0 zones)
| 7
| 4 capitalist, 1 supremo, 3 showstopper, 0 idealist
|}

The prize for first place was a golden trophy and a 10,000 INR cheque. The prize for second place was a 5,000 INR cheque.

The tournament was won by Dhruvie by holding the 6/11 and 9/11 zones and completing the last 3 remaining majorities in a single turn. He did this by buying 9 voters and taking over the second 9/17 zone, gerrymandering Sahil into a majority in a 6/11 zone, and using Anant's "Cult-ivating Obedience" conspiracy card against him. The "Cult-ivating Obedience" card protects one of the majorities of the owner, but it also allows any other player to convert 3 of their voters as a cost to take the card for themself. Dhruvie converted 3 of his voters into Anant's voters, giving Anant a majority in the 11/21 zone and ending the game.

{| style="margin: auto"
|-
| [[File:Shasn 2023 Goa Finalists.jpg|thumb|2023 Goa finalists with state trophy]]
| [[File:Shasn 2023 India Finalists.jpg|thumb|2023 India finalists]]
| [[File:Shasn 2023 Trophy.jpg|thumb|2023 National trophy]]
|}

=== Season 3 (2024) ===

The third official Shasn tournament took place in India from November to December 2024. Eight finalists were chosen from the following 8 cities/states (1 finalist per city/state):<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-01 |title=Introducing our top 8 city champions|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DDBU4GVTb4F/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=[[Instagram]] |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Ahmedabad]] - Arsheya Joshi (did not attend the final game)
* [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] - Harsha Prabhu
* [[Delhi]] - Arush Pasricha (did not attend the final game)
* [[Goa]] - Jay Jarosz
* [[Hyderabad]] - N Ravi Teja
* [[Mumbai]] - Sahil Parsekar
* [[Pune]] - Ankur Mishra
* [[Thiruvananthapuram]] - Mukund V. (did not attend the final game)

On Saturday, 21 December, the plan was to split the 8 finalists into two tables with 4 players each. Then the 4 finalists with the highest scores were to face off on Sunday, 22 December. However, 3 of the 8 finalists were not able to attend and so the remaining 5 finalists faced off in a single game on Saturday, 21 December at Toco Bar in Andheri, Mumbai using the India 2022-23 campaign deck. The results were as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank
! Name
! City/State
! Score
! Voters
! Ideology cards
|-
| 1st
| Harsha Prabhu
| [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]
| 26 points (3 zones)
| 31
| 3 capitalist, 0 supremo, 4 showstopper, 5 idealist
|-
| 2nd
| Jay Jarosz
| [[Goa]]
| 22 points (3 zones)
| 30
| 0 capitalist, 3 supremo, 4 showstopper, 5 idealist
|-
| 3rd
| Ankur Mishra
| [[Pune]]
| 15 points (2 zones)
| 23
| 4 capitalist, 0 supremo, 5 showstopper, 3 idealist
|-
| 4th
| N Ravi Teja
| [[Hyderabad]]
| 6 points (1 zones)
| 16
| 3 capitalist, 6 supremo, 1 showstopper, 1 idealist
|-
| 5th
| Sahil Parsekar
| [[Mumbai]]
| 0 points (0 zones)
| 24
| 2 capitalist, 5 supremo, 4 showstopper, 0 idealist
|}

The prize for first place was a trophy and a 1,00,000 INR cheque. This was the third time in a row that the SHASN championship was won by the finalist from Bengaluru.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.shasnthegame.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Board games]]
[[Category:Indian board games]]
[[Category:IndieCade winners]]
[[Category:Board games introduced in 2019]]

The Hitavada

2025-10-12T21:07:04Z

Optimalvapors: fix details per sources per standard format

{{Short description|English-language daily newspaper in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The Hitavada
| image = [[File:The Hitavada Front Page.jpg|225px|border]]
| caption = The 31 January 2012, [[Nagpur]] edition of ''The Hitavada''
| type = Daily [[newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = 1911
| publisher = Progressive Writers and Publishers
| editor = Vijay Phansikar
| chief_editor = Banwarilal Purohit
| language = English
| headquarters = The Hitavada, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, [[Nagpur]] – 12
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

'''''The Hitavada''''' is an English daily newspaper circulating mainly in Central parts of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.hitavadaonline.com/news/index.php?page=11 |title=Central India\'s Leading News Daily |website=news.hitavadaonline.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041212233018/http://news.hitavadaonline.com/news/index.php?page=11 |archive-date=12 December 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Founded in 1911 by freedom fighter [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] in [[Nagpur]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian journalism: origin, growth and development of Indian journalism from Asoka to Nehru |last=Kr̥ṣṇamūrti |first=Nāḍiga |page=243 |year=1966 |publisher=[[University of Mysore]] |oclc=1086734 }}</ref> the newspaper was taken over by Purohit and Company, owned by [[Banwarilal Purohit]], the former [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] MP from [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur]] and former Governor of Punjab. In 2011, it completed its 100 years and celebrated its centenary festival which was inaugurated by [[Pratibha Patil]], then [[President of India]].

==History==
{{More citations needed|section|date=April 2023}}
''The Hitavada'' was started in the central Indian city of Nagpur by freedom fighter Gopal Krishna Gokhale. It was the first and the only English daily of Nagpur. In the mid 20th century, it found a competitor in another English daily, the ''Nagpur Times'', which however was later shut down due to bankruptcy. ''The Hitavada'' in 1978, was taken over by Banwarilal Purohit, who later became the [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] under BJP, from Late [[Vidya Charan Shukla]], who owned the Progressive Writers and Publishers which published this paper. The Hitavada, today, is the largest selling English broadsheet daily of Central India with Nagpur and Raipur, though it competes with ''[[Indian Express]], [[The Times of India]]'', and ''Lokmat Times'' in Nagpur, with ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' and [[Central Chronicle]] in Bhopal and Raipur. It has a daily circulation of over 200000 copies across the Central India with maximum 130000 in Nagpur city alone.

==Editions and supplements==
''The Hitavada'' is simultaneously published from the cities of [[Nagpur]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Raipur]], and [[Bhopal]]. Every city edition carries a special supplement called City Line that deals with the local city news and engagements. ''The Hitavada'' also has regional editions: 
1. Vidarbha Line, distributed outside the Metropolitan areas of Nagpur and rest of [[Vidarbha]] 
2. Chhattisgarh Line, distributed in [[Chhattisgarh]] 
3. Madhya Pradesh Line, distributed in Bhopal and other areas surrounding Jabalpur Anshuman Bhargava is the State Editor.
The other supplements include Money (Mondays), Future (Tuesdays), Woman's World (Wednesdays), Twinkle Star (Saturdays), Insight (Sundays). It also distributes a supplement called The Knowledge Magazine in schools, especially meant for children.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Newspapers in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hitavada}}
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1911]]
[[Category:Mass media in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mass media in Nagpur]]
[[Category:1911 establishments in India]]

Kallakkadal

2025-09-25T07:42:37Z

Optimalvapors: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Swell (wave)#Kallakkadal]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}

[[Category:Weather hazards]]

FX (Indian TV channel)

2025-09-23T11:05:08Z

Optimalvapors:

{{short description|Indian television channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = FX
| logo = FX International logo.svg
| logo_size = 175px
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2007|2|1|df=yes}}
| closed_date = {{End date and age|2017|6|15|df=yes}}
| former_names = Star Dubai (2007-2010)
| picture_format = [[576i]] ([[standard-definition television|SDTV]]) [[1080i]] ([[high-definition television|HDTV]])
| owner = [[Fox Networks Group]] [[Star India]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| area = [[South Asia]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]]
| replaced = [[Star Sports Network|Star Sports First]]
| availability_note = at time of closure
}}
'''FX''' was an Indian affiliate of the [[FX (TV channel)|American network]] entertainment [[TV channel]], owned and produced by [[Fox International Channels]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=FX |url=http://www.foxinternationalchannels.com/brands/fx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815090101/http://www.foxinternationalchannels.com/brands/fx |archive-date=2010-08-15 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=FOX International Channels}}</ref> and distributed by [[Disney Star|Star India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mumbai |first=Anindita Sarkar,afaqs! |date=2011-12-12 |title=STAR India to launch an action channel |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/32423_star-india-to-launch-an-action-channel |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=afaqs! |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
'''FX India''' (replaced '''Star Dubai''') was launched on February 1, 2007, together with [[Fox Crime]], [[BabyTV]], [[National Geographic (Indian TV channel)|National Geographic HD]], [[Nat Geo Wild]], [[National Geographic Adventure (TV channel)|National Geographic Adventure]] and [[National Geographic Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-01 |title=Fox launches seven channels in India |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fox-launches-seven-channels-india-25157/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>

On June 30, 2010, Star Dubai will be changed and renamed as ''FX India''.

The HD feed launched on 23 September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-04 |title=Star India's FX to revamp content |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/45501_star-indias-fx-to-revamp-content |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=afaqs!}}</ref> The channel was closed down on 15 June 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-tv-india-shut-three-channels/|title=Star TV India to shut down three channels|date=16 May 2017}}</ref>

==Programming==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Series |url=http://www.fxtv.co.in/series |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706203909/http://www.fxtv.co.in/series |archive-date=2010-07-06 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=FX - The edge of entertainment}}</ref>
* ''[[The Affair (TV series)|The Affair]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-09-04 |title=Star India's FX to revamp content |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/45501_star-indias-fx-to-revamp-content |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=afaqs! |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]''
* ''[[The Americans]]''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-01-02 |title=Star announces early 2015 line-up for its English GECs |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/42900_star-announces-early-2015-line-up-for-its-english-gecs |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=afaqs! |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[BBQ Confessions]]''
* ''[[Bikini Destinations]]''
* ''[[Bosch (TV series)|Bosch]]''<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[Breaking Bad]]''<ref name=":1" />
* ''[[Californication (TV series)|Californication]]''
* ''[[Charlie Jade]]''
* ''[[Community (TV series)|Community]]''<ref name=":1" />
* ''[[Crash (American TV series)|Crash]]''
* ''Disorderly Conduct''
* ''[[Doctor Who]]''<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[Empire (2015 TV series)|Empire]]''<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[Episodes (TV series)|Episodes]]''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2013-08-28 |title="FX will now push advertising on the channel in a big way": Kevin Vaz |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/38509_fx-will-now-push-advertising-on-the-channel-in-a-big-way-kevin-vaz |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=afaqs! |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Family Guy]]''
* ''[[Frasier]]''
* ''[[Free Radio]]''
* ''[[Ghost Hunters International]]''
* ''[[Harper's Island]]''
* ''[[Homeland (TV series)|Homeland]]''<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia]]''<ref name=":2" />
* ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]''
* ''[[The Killing (American TV series)|The Killing]]''<ref name=":2" />
* ''[[Last Comic Standing]]''
* ''[[The Last Man on Earth (TV series)|The Last Man on Earth]]''<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[The Listener (TV series)|The Listener]]''
* ''[[Louie (American TV series)|Louie]]''<ref name=":1" />
* ''[[Luther (TV series)|Luther]]''<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[MacGyver (1985 TV series)|MacGyver]]''
* ''[[Mad Men]]''
* ''[[Mental (TV series)|Mental]]''
* ''[[My Name Is Earl]]''
* ''[[Nurse Jackie]]''
* ''[[Peep Show (British TV series)|Peep Show]]''
* ''[[Playmakers]]''
* ''[[The Practice]]''<ref name=":1" />
* ''[[Prison Break]]''<ref name=":2" />
* ''[[Relic Hunter]]''
* ''[[The Riches]]''
* ''[[Saving Grace (American TV series)|Saving Grace]]''
* ''[[Seinfeld]]''
* ''[[The Simpsons]]''<ref name=":2" />
* ''[[Son of the Beach]]''
* ''[[Sons of Anarchy]]''
* ''[[Spooks (TV series)|Spooks]]''
* ''[[The Shield]]''<ref name=":2" />
* ''[[Testees]]''
* ''[[Tilt (American TV series)|Tilt]]''
* ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]''
* ''[[The West Wing]]''<ref name=":2" />
* ''[[World's Greatest Gambling Scams]]''
* ''[[The X-Files]]''<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
* [[FX (Asian TV channel)]]
* [[Nat Geo Wild]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Television in India}}

[[Category:FX Networks|India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2010]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2017]]
[[Category:Mass media in Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in India]]

Paithalmala

2025-07-22T14:13:21Z

Optimalvapors: cleanup article additionally and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Town in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{advert|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Paithalmala
| photo = Paithalmala.jpg
| photo_caption = Paithalmala
| map = Kerala#India
| map_caption = Location of Paithalmala in Kerala
| location = [[Taliparamba, Kannur, Kerala]], India
| elevation_m = 1371.6
| elevation_ref =
| translation = പൈതൽമല
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| range = [[Western Ghats]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.1685|N|75.5618|E|type:mountain_region:IN_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
| type = Tourism
| age =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route = From Potenplave, via Kudiyanmala
}}
'''Paithalmala''' is a [[hill station]] in the [[Kannur]] district of [[Kerala]] in India, located near Pottenplave. At a height of 4500 ft above from sea level, it is the highest geographic peak in Kannur.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Pythalmala|title=Highest peak of Kannur|year=2006|isbn=9788190250511}}</ref> It is located 40 km from [[Taliparamba]] and 65 km from [[Kannur]]. Nestled in the [[Kerala]] [[Karnataka]] border near to [[Kodagu]] forests, it lies in the Western Ghats.

== Trekking at Paithalmala ==

Paithalmala is a popular trekking destination. There are two trekking seasons at Paithalmala: [[monsoon]] and summer. Trekking in Paithalmala can be challenging due to frequent rain, [[leech]]es, and occasional [[elephant]] visits. [[File:Paithalmala Hill top.JPG|thumb|right|Paithalmala Hilltop: The observatory tower is seen at the extreme]]

Monsoon is followed by a cool climate in Paithalmala and the grass surrounding the hills grow to their fullest size, making it difficult to walk through. As they grow above seven feet, finding the regular way becomes a difficult task. By December, the forest caretakers set fire to the grass, taking care of the rest of the forest, to ease out the trekking experience. Soon after this, the hill becomes unsuitable to trek because of the black sooth formed but clears away after a couple of weeks. Most people generally trek between January and March.

== Tourism ==

There is an observatory tower made by the department of tourism at the hilltop which can be reached after a 45 min walk from the Paithal valley. Trekking starts through the dense forest followed by the plain grass land on the hill top. At the highest point of the observatory, the observer can see more than half the area of Kannur district.[[File:Trekkers through the forest trail.JPG|thumb|right|Forest trail towards the hill]] [[File:Trekkers through Paithal hills.JPG|thumb|Trekkers at paithal hills]]
[[File:Scenic view from the hilltop.JPG|thumb|Scenic view from the hilltop]]
The main part of the trek is considered to be the walk from the [[observatory]] tower to the thick forest where trail from Kappimala ends, where the [[Coorg]] forest and Paithal valley can be seen. Mobile networks other than BSNL are not available in the vicinity.
== Problems with Pollution ==

Since accessibility to it is limited, Paithalmala is one of the few places in [[Kerala]] where nature is largely unaffected by human invasion. Recently however, visitors have increasingly tended to use it as a drinking spot. The observatory tower is in poor condition as its walls and barricades are broken or destroyed, and the surroundings of the tower are littered with beer bottles and plastic items. The hill top remains largely non-polluted and visitors are advised to preserve it.

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Kudianmala]]
* [[Naduvil]]
* [[Alakode, Kannur district|Alakkode]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Paithalmala}}
*[http://paithalmalatourism.com Paithal Resorts DTDC Guest House] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402100426/http://paithalmalatourism.com/ |date=2 April 2016 }}
*[http://www.paithalmala.info www.paithalmala.info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210083838/http://paithalmala.info/ |date=10 December 2021 }}
{{Western Ghats}}
{{Tourism in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Kannur district}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Mountains of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Mountains of Kerala]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Geography of Kannur district]]
[[Category:Villages near Taliparamba]]

The Truth Pill

2025-05-29T22:21:36Z

Optimalvapors: new first details w/ infobox

{{Short description|2022 book by Dinesh Thakur and Prashant Reddy}}
{{Infobox book
| image = File:Truth-pill-9789392099175 lg.jpg
| name = The Truth Pill: The Myth of Drug Regulation in India
| authors = {{unbulleted list|Dinesh Singh Thakur|Prashant Reddy Thikkavarapu|class=nowrap}}
| country = India
| language = English
| subjects = {{unbulleted list| [[Bioethics]] | [[Drug policy]] | [[Health law]] }}
| genre = Nonfiction
| publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]] India
| pub_date = 10 October 2022
| media_type = Print ([[hardback]]), Digital
| pages = 508
| isbn = 9789392099175
| website = {{URL|https://thetruthpill.in/}}
}}

'''''The Truth Pill: The Myth of Drug Regulation in India''''' is a 2022 book by whistleblower Dinesh Thakur and lawyer Prashant Reddy. The book highlights the problems in India's drug regulatory framework, and the government oversight relating to poor manufacturing practices and clinical trials of drugs by Indian pharmaceutical companies.<ref name="BL">{{cite web |author1=Jyothi Datta |title=Book review: The Truth pill: The Myth of Drug Regulation in India |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/books/book-review-the-truth-pill-the-myth-of-drug-regulation-in-india/article66182899.ece |publisher=[[Business Line]] |access-date=13 December 2022 |date=25 November 2022}}</ref>

The authors advocate for greater transparency and reforms in India's drug regulation and enforcement system.<ref name="BL"/>

== Context ==
In 2007, the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]], had begun criminal investigation of [[Ranbaxy_Laboratories#Controversies|Ranbaxy Laboratories]] after whistleblowers including Dinesh Thakur informed the FDA of serious quality-related issues at the company.<ref name="guardian">{{cite web |author1=Dinesh S Thakur |author2=Prashant Reddy Thikkavarapu |title=India must act on drug adulteration – lives around the world are at stake |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/oct/17/india-drug-adulteration-manufacturing-standards |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=13 December 2022 |date=17 October 2022}}</ref> By 25 February 2009, the FDA said it had halted reviews of all drug applications from India because of a practice of falsification of data and test results in approved and pending drug applications.<ref>{{cite news | title = FDA Takes New Regulatory Action Against Ranbaxy's Paonta Sahib plant in India. Agency halts review of drug applications from plant due to evidence of falsified data; invokes Application Integrity Policy | date = 25 February 2009 | publisher = [[Food and Drug Administration]] | url = https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2009/ucm149532.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100112090329/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2009/ucm149532.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = January 12, 2010 | work = Press Announcement | access-date = 1 June 2013}}</ref> In May 2013, Ranbaxy pleaded guilty and paid {{US$|500}}{{nbsp}}million in fines for felony charges relating to the manufacture and distribution of adulterated drugs and misrepresenting clinical generic drug data.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22520953 |title=India drug firm pays record US fine |date=2013-05-14 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |access-date=2018-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Bottle Of Lies' Exposes The Dark Side Of The Generic-Drug Boom|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/05/12/722216512/bottle-of-lies-exposes-the-dark-side-of-the-generic-drug-boom|access-date=2020-11-17|website=NPR.org|date=12 May 2019|language=en|last1=Lambert|first1=Jonathan}}</ref>

== Summary ==
The book details and analyses several incidents of deaths having occurred due to malpractices by Indian pharmaceutical companies, and the judicial laxity in such cases.<ref name="scroll">{{cite web |author1=[[Katherine Eban]] |title='The Truth Pill': A man's lonely fight against the poorly regulated Indian pharmaceutical industry |url=https://scroll.in/article/1039303/the-truth-pill-a-mans-lonely-fight-against-the-poorly-regulated-indian-pharmaceutical-industry |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=13 December 2022 |date=10 December 2022}}</ref> One of these incidents details the death of 12 children in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)| Jammu and Kashmir]] due to consumption of a cough syrup containing [[diethylene glycol]].<ref name="wire">{{cite web |title=J&K: No Chargesheet Even 3 Years After 12 Children Died After Consuming Cough Syrup |url=https://thewire.in/rights/jk-no-chargesheet-even-3-years-after-12-children-died-after-consuming-cough-syrup |publisher=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=13 December 2022 |date=28 November 2022}}</ref>

The book also critiques the practice of ''[[Ayurveda]]'' in India. Authors argue that ''Ayurvedic'' cures, unlike modern medicine, can be administered in India without the prescription of a qualified doctor and ''Ayurvedic'' medicines are known to contain harmful heavy metals.<ref name="HT">{{cite web |author1=Arunima Mazumdar |title=Review: The Truth Pill; The Myth of Drugs Regulation in India byDinesh S Thakur and Prashant Reddy T |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-truth-pill-the-myth-of-drugs-regulation-in-india-bydinesh-s-thakur-and-prashant-reddy-t-101668184185862.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=13 December 2022 |date=12 November 2022}}</ref> They also raise concern that the regulatory framework for ''Ayurvedic'' and other traditional medicine contains no requirement to prove its safety and efficacy.<ref name="tribune">{{cite web |author1=Dinesh C Sharma |title=Dinesh S Thakur & Prashant Reddy T' s 'The Truth Pill': Exposing underbelly of pharma business |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/dinesh-s-thakur-prashant-reddy-t-s-the-truth-pill-exposing-underbelly-of-pharma-business-444015 |publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)| The Tribune]] |access-date=13 December 2022 |date=23 October 2022}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Reddy and Thakur received legal notice from [[Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation]] (CDSCO) after commenting on the deaths of more than 66{{nbs}}children in [[Gambia]] caused by Indian-made cough syrups. The deaths had occurred after the release of their book. CDSCO accused the authors of trying to malign the image of the institution and of the nation.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ashwine Kumar Singh |title=Cough syrup deaths: Why is India's drug regulator going after Dinesh Thakur and T Prashant Reddy? |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/10/26/cough-syrup-deaths-why-is-indias-drug-regulator-going-after-dinesh-thakur-and-t-prashant-reddy |website=[[Newslaundry]] |access-date=13 December 2022 |date=26 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=G.S. Mudur |title=Suit threat against activist, lawyer for questioning CDSCO's role in Gambia deaths |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/suit-threat-against-activist-lawyer-for-questioning-cdscos-role-in-gambia-deaths/cid/1892659 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)| The Telegraph]] |access-date=13 December 2022 |date=18 October 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940]]
*[[Pharmaceutical fraud]]
*[[Pharmaceutical industry in India]]
*[[Lists of pharmaceutical industry topics]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*Book excerpt, [https://scroll.in/article/1034609/truth-pill-this-book-examines-how-some-indian-drugs-get-away-without-meeting-quality-standards 'Truth Pill': This book examines how some Indian drugs get away without meeting quality standards] ([[Scroll.in]])

{{Public health|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Truth Pill}}
[[Category:2022 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Simon & Schuster books]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]

MKU (company)

2025-05-19T15:20:03Z

Optimalvapors:

{{Short description|Indian defense company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox company
| name = MKU Ltd
| logo = MKU (company).svg
| logo_size =
| caption =
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1985}}
| founder =
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[Kanpur]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| coords =
| area_served = Global
| industry = [[Defense industry|Defence]]
| key_people = Neeraj Gupta {{small|([[Managing Director]])}}
| budget =
| website =
}}
'''MKU''' is headquartered in [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. The company is a manufacturer of [[Electro-optics|optronics devices]] like night vision [[binoculars]] and [[monocular]]s, personal and platform armour including [[combat helmet|ballistic helmets]], armour inserts, [[bulletproof vest]]s, [[Ballistic shield|Ballistic Shields]] & Briefcases for [[military]], [[paramilitary]], [[homeland security]], [[police]] & [[Special Forces]] with a customer base in over 100 countries.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/MKU-to-unveil-combat-system-EO-devices-at-Defexpo-2016/articleshow/51560581.cms |title=MKU to unveil combat system, EO devices at 'Defexpo 2016' |work=The Times of India |date=2016-03-26 |accessdate=2016-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/Research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=45083512 |title=MKU Pvt. Ltd.: Private Company Information |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=2016-08-24 |accessdate=2016-08-24}}</ref>

==History==
MKU was set up in 1985 to build [[fibre-reinforced plastic]] products for the [[Indian Army]]. It now provides protection to over 30 [[lakh]] (3 million) soldiers and 3000 plus platforms.{{clarify|date=May 2018}} Its products are used by 230 forces in over 100 countries worldwide including the [[United Nations]] and [[NATO]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Shankar |first=Ravi |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/MKU-Armour-Body-Work/2015/08/15/article2972753.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151115184605/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/MKU-Armour-Body-Work/2015/08/15/article2972753.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 15 November 2015 |title=MKU Armour: Body Work |work=The New Indian Express |date=2015-08-15 |accessdate=2016-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/mku-showcase-personnel-protection-system-kadex-2014-103207302.html |title=MKU to showcase personnel protection system at KADEX 2014 |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=2014-05-21 |accessdate=2016-08-24}}</ref>

The company started off with the manufacturing of locks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/mku-forms-new-company-to-make-armoured-vehicles-106050201118_1.html|title=MKU Forms New Company to Make Armoured Vehicles|newspaper=Business Standard|date=2 May 2006}}</ref> In 1985, M Kumar Udyog was founded for manufacturing and supply of defence specific requirements of the [[Indian Army]], with its first lot of FRP helmets being shipped out in 1989.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/India-defence-firm-bags-order-from-Ecuador/articleshow/39179256.cms |title=India defence firm bags order from Ecuador |work=The Times of India |date=2014-07-28 |accessdate=2016-08-24}}</ref>

By 1993 footwear manufacturing unit was commissioned. The company further diversified in 1997 and entered into [[plywood]] manufacturing business. Subsequently, a separate manufacturing unit was set up for catering to the growing demand of plywood in [[India]]. In the same year a [[bitumen]] manufacturing plant was commissioned for supplies to the emerging road construction requirements of [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|first = Vijay |last=Chawla|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/mku-forms-new-company-to-make-armoured-vehicles-106050201118_1.html |title=MKU forms new company to make armoured vehicles |work=Business Standard |date=2006-05-02 }}</ref>

In the Aero India 2023 convention, MKU unveiled a ballistic helmet made specifically for Sikhs serving in the military.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/industry/aero-india-2023-mku-unveils-ballistic-helmet-for-sikh-soldiers|title=Aero India 2023: MKU unveils ballistic helmet for Sikh soldiers|last=Sengupta|first=Vishal|date=2023-02-17|publisher=Janes}}</ref>

==Management==

Manoj Gupta is the chairman of MKU,<ref>{{cite news|first=Ajai |last=Shukla |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/terror-strikes-bring-to-the-fore-shortage-scare-115072900016_1.html |title=Terror strikes bring to the fore shortage scare |work=Business Standard |date=2015-07-29 |accessdate=2016-08-24}}</ref> his brother, Neeraj Gupta, heads the international business team, while the third brother, Anurag Gupta, looks after the domestic operations. Neeraj Gupta is the managing director of MKU Limited.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nayanima |last=Basu |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/new-offset-policy-is-a-shotinthearm-for-domestic-defence-industry-say-analysts/article8026226.ece |title=New offset policy is a shot-in-the-arm for domestic defence industry, say analysts |work=Business Line |date=2015-12-24 |accessdate=2016-08-24}}</ref> He started the armour business of the company.<ref>{{cite news|first=Manu |last=Pubby |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/private-sector-drives-indian-defence-exports/articleshow/51592878.cms |title=Private sector drives Indian Defence exports |work=The Economic Times |date=2016-03-29 |accessdate=2016-08-24}}</ref>

==Technology==

MKU has its centres of research & development in [[India]] and [[Germany]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetribuneonline.com/defence-archives16.html|title=MKU introduces 6th Generation ballistic protection technology|newspaper=The Tribune Online|date=2016-09-08}}</ref> that develop ballistic protection technologies for the company. Additionally it has its own In house Ballistic testing laboratory in [[Germany]] which can conduct ballistic testing up to [[Standardization Agreement|STANAG]] Level IV including various other prevalent testing standards, globally. It recently launched a new technology which it terms as the 6th generation ballistic protection technology by the name "GEN-6" offering a substantial reduction in the weight and thickness of personal body armour by 40% and 30% respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armour.gr/mkuvests.php|title=6th Generation - Armouring Technology from MKU|publisher=International Armour|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701080244/http://www.armour.gr/mkuvests.php|archive-date=2016-07-01}}</ref>

MKU's Mukut combat helmets are manufactured using its RHT ('''Reduced Helmet Trauma''') technology which provides protection from bullets and fragments and reduces head and skull injuries. More importantly, it reduces the resultant trauma, arising due to BABT ('''Behind Armour Blunt Trauma'''), by over 40 per cent as compared to standard conventional composite helmets, according to the tests conducted by HP White Laboratory, [[United States|USA]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/military-equipment-manufacturer-mku-to-unveil-nics-electro-optic-devices-at-defexpo-2016-in-goa/articleshow/51551694.cms|title=Military equipment manufacturer MKU to unveil NICS, Electro Optic devices at Defexpo 2016 in Goa|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=2018-07-14}}</ref>

The company has recently been contracted by the Government of India to manufacture and supply 1.59 [[lakh]] [[Combat helmet|ballistic helmets]] to the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/67178/indian-army-orders-158-000-ballistic-helmets|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|title=Indian Army orders 158,000 ballistic helmets|date=2017-01-24|publisher=Janes Information Services|access-date=2017-02-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125104422/http://www.janes.com/article/67178/indian-army-orders-158-000-ballistic-helmets|archive-date=2017-01-25}}</ref> The deal is estimated to be worth ₹170-180 [[crore]]. It's the first time in the last two decades that the [[Indian Army|Army]] has placed such a big order for helmets with an aim to enhance the fighting capability of its soldiers and provide them better protection on the battlefield.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Waiting For Decades, Army Jawans To Finally Get Their First Modern Helmet |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/exclusive-indian-army-jawans-to-finally-get-a-modern-helmet-1649923 |last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=2017-01-18|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227103443/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/exclusive-indian-army-jawans-to-finally-get-a-modern-helmet-1649923 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

The existing helmets have serious limitations as they provide safety against only splinters, rocks, and bullets that have ricocheted and grazed the helmets. The soldier will likely incur injury or lose his life if the bullet is hit directly on the helmet. A crucial factor about the new helmets is they are bullet proof and can bear impact of 9 mm ammunition fired from a short distance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/18/indian-army-to-get-new-bullet-proof-helmets-after-two-decades-1560980.html|date=2017-01-18|title=Indian army to get new bullet-proof helmets after two decades|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref> About 6000 of these helmets will go to the [[Indian Navy]], and many of these helmets will be designed for integration with modern communication and night vision devices. These helmets are part of the modern military equipment that is designed to protect and improve the lethality of the soldiers engaged in counter-insurgency or counter terrorist operations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-to-get-1-59-lakh-ballistic-helmets/articleshow/56650051.cms|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|date=2018-07-14|title=Army to get 1.59 lakh ballistic helmets|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=hi:हर जवान को मिलेगा बुलेट को बेअसर करने वाला हेलमेट|trans-title=Every soldier will get a bullet-proof helmet|last=Ujala|first=Amar |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/after-waiting-for-decades-army-jawans-to-finally-get-their-first-modern-helmet|date=2017-01-18 |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

In November 2023, the MKU showcased their Kavro Doma 360 at the Milipol Paris which is said to be the first combat helmet to be able to withstand high-calibre bullets. It can sustain 5 direct hits from an [[AK-47]] rifle from a {{Convert|10|m|abbr=on}} distance. It also provides 360° protection including from front, back, left, right or crown (top). The weight ranges from {{Convert|1.55-1.90|kg|abbr=on}}. The design was tested against [[7.62×39mm]] mild steel core (MSC), [[7.62×51mm NATO|M80 NATO BALL]], and [[5.56×45mm NATO|M193]] rifle bullets. The technology was a result of 5 years of [[research & development]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-17 |title=Bulletproof Innovation: MKU’s Breakthrough AK-47 Helmet Redefines Soldier Safety Globally |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-bulletproof-innovation-mkus-breakthrough-ak-47-helmet-redefines-soldier-safety-globally-3308146/|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2023-11-17 |title=Will Indian Army Finally Get Rifle Protection Helmets? |url=https://www.defencexp.com/will-indian-army-finally-get-rifle-protection-helmets/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=DefenceXP - Indian Defence Network |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Business ==
'''Platform Armouring'''
MKU designs, manufactures and supplies ballistic kits to global forces for their tracked and off-road vehicles across [[Armoured fighting vehicle|ACVs]] (Armoured Combat Vehicles) & APCs ([[Armoured personnel carrier|Armoured Personnel Carriers]]). These kits can be installed on platforms in real time in combat zones depending on the mission criticality and combat requirements, and often include standalone armours or add on armours, and spall liners.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

Spall liners protect the soldiers in APCs from spall effect arising due to penetration of hull by high speed projectiles like anti-material rifles. Such spall effect delivers multiple impacts on the occupants by injuries from fragments arising due to breach of vehicle hull from anti-material rounds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/contractors/ballistic_protection/mku-armour/|title=MKU|website=army-technology.com|access-date=2017-02-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222061719/http://www.army-technology.com/contractors/ballistic_protection/mku-armour/|archive-date=2017-02-22}}</ref>

MKU has created armour panels for more than 20 types of helicopters including [[De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter|De Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter]], [[Pilatus PC-6 Porter|Pilatus PC-6 Turbo Porter]], Bell UH-1/212 Huey-Types, [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|Boeing CH-47]], Eurocopter B0-105, [[Eurocopter]] Puma/[[Super Puma]]/Cougar, [[Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion|Sikorsky CH-53]], [[Mil Mi-8]]/17, [[NHIndustries|NH Industries]] NH-90.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mku-to-display-chopper-protection-equipment-at-berlin-air-show-114052100831_1.html|title=MKU to display chopper protection equipment at Berlin air show|author=|date=2014-05-21|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-02-15}}</ref> The company uses its German engineered patented system MODULARE SCHUTZ TECHNIK and Polyshield V6 technology to build up to 40 per cent lighter and thinner armour panels for different aircraft that protect the platform from small [[handgun]]s, [[assault rifle]]s, [[Armor-piercing shell|armour piercing ammunitions]], fragments, and [[heavy machine gun]]s. A reduced weight of the panels also translates into more useful payload and increases the endurance of the aircraft which means the pilot can have more crew and more ammunition or rations inside the aircraft.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/mku-armouring-helicopters-make-air-combat-safe/|title=MKU armouring helicopters to make air combat safe|date=2016-10-07|newspaper=ADU News|access-date=2017-02-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/protecting-helicopters-when-it-matters-the-most/|date=2017-02-14|title=Protecting Helicopters when it matters the MoST|website=Indian Defence Review|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-15}}</ref> The products are in use on warships as well for, e.g., armouring German-built warships in Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20080225-small-is-the-new-big-735431-2008-02-14|title = Small is the new big|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=2008-02-18|publisher=India Today}}</ref>

The Kanpur-based defence manufacturer also joined with French defence technology giant Thales Group to produce night vision devices in the country. The MoU was signed on the sidelines of India's largest defence exhibition organised Defence Expo2020 Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh in February this year.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.defencestar.in/india-defence-news/defence-news-india-thales-mkus-elfie-night-vision-device-to-be-available-by-next-year/?amp |title = Thales & MKU's Elfie night vision device to be available by next year |newspaper = Defence Star|date = 7 February 2020}}</ref>

MKU recently won a contract to supply 14,500 ballistic vest to the ''Policia Militar do Estado de Sao Paulo'' of Brazil. The MKU also supply Night vision device to the [[Brazilian Army]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-31|title=South-South Cooperation: Top military officials from Brazil head to Aero-India|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/south-south-cooperation-top-military-officials-from-brazil-head-to-aero-india/2183034/|access-date=2021-10-24|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Defence companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1985]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kanpur]]

The Mother's International School, New Delhi

2025-01-24T20:19:53Z

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PVR Cinemas

2024-12-25T07:55:25Z

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Bhaktavatsalu Naidu

2024-11-30T03:45:44Z

Optimalvapors: improved article

#REDIRECT [[B. Baktavatsalu Naidu]]

1963–64 Irani Cup

2024-10-06T05:40:44Z

Optimalvapors: New Basic Article Needs Work

{{one source|date=January 2024}}
{{Short description|Annual Indian cricket fixture}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket final
| name = 1963–64 Irani Cup
| date = 27–29 March 1964
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| stadium = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Stadium]], [[Anantapur]]
| team1 = [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| team2 = [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]
| team1score1 = 204
| team1score2 = 145
| team2score1 = 83
| team2score2 = 157
| details = Bombay won by 109 runs
| umpires = [[Mohammad Yunus (umpire)|Mohammad Yunus]] and [[V. Rajagopal]]
| previous = [[1962–63 Irani Cup|1962–63]]
| next = [[1965–66 Irani Cup|1965–66]]
}}
The '''1963–64 Irani Cup''', was the 3rd edition of the [[Irani Cup]], a [[first-class cricket]] competition in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Irani Trophy. 1963/64 Irani Trophy. Live Score, Schedule, News |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-trophy-1963-64-369536 |access-date=2023-12-07 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> It was played as a one-off match between [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]], the winners of the [[1962–63 Ranji Trophy]], and [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]], from 27 to 29 March 1964.<ref name=":0" />

== Squads ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
![[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
![[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Bapu Nadkarni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Chandrakant Patankar]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sudhakar Adhikari]]
* [[Dilip Sardesai]]
* [[Ajit Wadekar]]
* [[Vasoo Paranjape|Vasudeo Paranjape]]
* [[Sharad Diwadkar]]
* [[Ashok Mankad]]
* Arun Varde
* [[Ramakant Desai]]
* [[Baloo Gupte]]
|
* [[Chandu Borde]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Budhi Kunderan]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sangramsinh Gaekwad]]
* [[Prakash Poddar]]
* [[Hanumant Singh]]
* [[Motganhalli Jaisimha]]
* [[Vijay Bhosle]]
* [[Venkataraman Subramanya]]
* [[Rusi Surti]]
* [[Bhagwath Chandrasekhar]]
* [[Habib Khan]]
|}

==Match==
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 27–29 March 1964
| team1 = [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| team2 = [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 204 (67 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Bapu Nadkarni]] 60
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Chandu Borde]] 3/27 (17 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 83 (37.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sangramsinh Gaekwad]] 21
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Bapu Nadkarni]] 5/11 (14.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 145 (51.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ashok Mankad]] 29
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Bhagwath Chandrasekhar]] 7/41 (19.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 157 (72.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Vijay Bhosle]] 59
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Baloo Gupte]] 8/48 (23.5 overs)

| venue = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Stadium]], [[Anantapur]]
| toss = Bombay won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Mohammad Yunus (umpire)|Mohammad Yunus]] and [[V. Rajagopal]]
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-trophy-1963-64-369536/rest-of-india-vs-bombay-369540/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| result = Bombay won by 109 runs
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Irani Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irani Cup, 1963-64}}
[[Category:1963 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1964 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1963–64]]
[[Category:Irani Cup seasons]]

Kappiyarai

2024-08-20T03:41:58Z

Optimalvapors:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kappiyarai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8|14|54|N|77|15|45|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13475
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kappiyarai''' is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Kanniyakumari district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kappiyarai had a population of 13,475. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Kappiyarai has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 80%. In Kappiyarai, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.
==Religious==
Churches present in Kappiyarai are St.Catherine Church, The Salvation Army Church, Full Gospel Pentecostal Church, CSI Church and JCC Church

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanyakumari district]]

{{Kanniyakumari-geo-stub}}

Sultanpur Khera

2024-06-01T06:51:56Z

Optimalvapors:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sultanpur Khera
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Sultānpur Khera
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Sataon block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Sultanpur Khera (#389) in Sataon CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.237995|N|81.076259|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |title=GeoNames Search |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=geonames.nga.mil |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412035207/https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8.043
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7619
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sultanpur Khera''' is a village in [[Sataon]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=202–18 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, its population was 7,619, in 1,384 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has 4 primary schools and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011"/> Sultanpur Khera hosts two festivals: one is dedicated to [[Parvin Devi]] and takes place on [[Chaitra]] Sudi 9, and the other is dedicated to [[Purvi Devi]] and takes place on [[Asvina]] Sudi 9.<ref name="Census 1961"/> Vendors bring [[earthenware]] pottery, [[bangle]]s, and various everyday items to sell at both festivals.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Sultanpur Khera as comprising 14 hamlets, with a total population of 3,396 people (1,714 male and 1,682 female), in 646 households and 593 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=168–9, xl-xli of section "Rae Bareli Tahsil", cxxiii, cxxv-cxxvi |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 2,065 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/> It had a post office at that point, as well as the following small industrial establishments: 2 [[grain mill]]s, 5 producers of edible fats and/or oils, 1 clothing manufacturer, and 1 manufacturer of [[ammunition]], [[fireworks]], or other explosives.<ref name="Census 1961"/> Average attendance of both Devi festivals was about 500 people.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Sultanpur Khera as having a population of 4,626 people, in 882 households, and having an area of 811.42 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=102–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

Dr. Jivraj Mehta Institute of Technology, Anand

2024-04-11T14:39:37Z

Optimalvapors: New initial info v1.

{{Short description|Engineering college in Gujarat, India}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Dr. Jivraj Mehta Institute of Technology Mogar ANAND
|image = [[File:DJMIT LOGO.jpg|200px|DJMIT LOGO]]
|motto = Shakti Gyanatmika Para (Knowledge is Power)
|type = Education and research institution
|established = 2010
|chairman = Narendra Shrimali
|principal = Arvindkumar M. Jain
|chancellor = [[Kamla Beniwal]]
|vice_chancellor = Akshai Aggarwal
|undergrad = Intake 355
|free_label = Acronym
|free = DJMIT
|city = [[Anand, Gujarat]]
|country = India
|colors =
|coordinates =
|campus = Urban, {{cvt|11.16|acre}}
|affiliation = [[Gujarat Technological University|GTU]]
|accreditation = [[AICTE]]
|website = {{url|www.djmit.ac.in}}
|motto_lang = Sanskrit
|address = National Highway No. 8, Near Sankara Eye Hospital, District Anand, Mogar, Gujarat 388340
}}
'''Dr. Jivraj Mehta Institute of Technology''' ('''DJMIT''') is an engineering institute located in [[Anand, Gujarat]], India. It is named after the first Chief Minister of Gujarat [[Jivraj Narayan Mehta]].<ref name="k3746gtucl">{{cite web |url= http://www.gtu.ac.in/affiliation/BE.pdf|title=Gujarat Technological University Colleges List |work=gtu.ac.in |accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref> It was established in July 2010.

It is located near Anand - home to the headquarters of [[Amul]] (the world’s largest farmers’ cooperative movement) and [[National Dairy Development Board|NDDB]].

== History ==
The college was founded in 2010. It is located in the [[Mogar]] suburban district of [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]], {{Coord|22.57|N|72.93|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Anand.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Anand]</ref> Within [[Gujarat]], [[India]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bing.com/maps/default.aspx?v=2&pc=FACEBK&mid=8100&where1=Near+Sankara+Eye+Hospital%2CNational+Highway+No.8%2C%2C+Village+Mogar%2C+District+Anand%2C+Gujarat.++388340+&FORM=FBKPL0&name=Dr.Jivraj+Mehta+Institute+of+Technology%2CMogar&mkt=en-US#Y3A9MjUuOTYwNjYwfjc1LjczMDg1OCZsdmw9NSZzdHk9ciZxPU5lYXIlMjUyMFNhbmthcmElMjUyMEV5ZSUyNTIwSG9zcGl0YWwlMjUyQ05hdGlvbmFsJTI1MjBIaWdod2F5JTI1MjBOby44JTI1MkMlMjUyQyUyNTIwVmlsbGFnZSUyNTIwTW9nYXIlMjUyQyUyNTIwRGlzdHJpY3QlMjUyMEFuYW5kJTI1MkMlMjUyMEd1amFyYXQuJTI1MjAlMjUyMDM4ODM0MCUyNTIw|title=Bing maps |accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref>
Dr. Jivraj Mehta Institute of Technology Mogar is managed by Charttar Education and Navrachana Trust, (CENT). Shri Narendra Shrimali is the Chairman of the Governing Council.

Dr. Jivraj Mehta Institute of Technology Mogar is affiliated with [[Gujarat Technological University]] (GTU),<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gtu.ac.in/ |title=Gujarat Technological University |work=gtu.ac.in |accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref> the Technical University of Gujarat and also approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE), New Delhi.

{| class="wikitable"
| Shri. Narendra Shrimali || Chairman
|-
| Dr. Nanak Pamnani || Principal
|}

[[File:DJMIT College Pics.jpg|thumb|DJMIT College Pics]]

== Campus ==
[[File:Djmit campus.jpg|thumb|Djmit campus]]

The {{convert|56|acre|m2|adj=on}} campus has a plinth area of {{convert|11.16|acre|m2}}. Sports fields are available for various games such as cricket, football (commonly known as [[Association football|soccer]] or Association football, not to be confused with [[American football|American Football]]) and various indoor games facilities such as table tennis, carom board and chess. The institute is well connected to the national highway, having its own exit.

==Academics==
=== Undergraduate studies ===
Dr. Jivraj Mehta Institute of Technology offers the following degree programmes with AICTE approval and affiliation to Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad.

The following table shows branch-wise intake from the institute.

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="width: 60%; font-size: 1em;"
|-
! Discipline !! Intake !! Duration !! AICTE approved Yes / No
|-
| Civil Engineering || 71 || 4 years || Yes
|-
| Computer Science & Engineering || 71 || 4 years || Yes
|-
| Electrical Engineering || 71 || 4 years || Yes
|-
| Information & Technology Engineering || 71 || 4 years || Yes
|-
| Mechanical Engineering || 71 || 4 years || Yes
|-
| Mechanical (Thermal) Engineering (Post Graduate)||18 || 2 years || Yes
|-
| Electrical Engineering (Post Graduate) || 18 || 2 years || Yes
|-
|}

=== Education environment ===

[[File:Protection Panel.jpg|thumb|150px|Protection lab]]

* Software Systems including Packet Tracer for computer Network, Nokia Mobile and Android toolkit for Mobile Application Development, Various Automated Software Testing Tools for SDLC.
* Software System like MATLAB, TINA PRO, Embedded System, Crossware Development Tool, Microcontroller VPB (Integrated Development Environment), Mobile Communication Trainer kit, Optical Training Communication kit, Microwave Workbench are in the E&C Department.
* Software System like MATLAB, Power System Programming In C Language; fully Equipped high voltage laboratory in the Electrical Engineering department.
* Developed Panels of Power System Protection indigenously in College by Electrical Engineering Department.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.djmit.ac.in/ Official website of College of Engineering - DJMIT]
* [http://www.gtu.ac.in/ Gujarat Technological University]
* [http://www.gujaratuniversity.org.in/ Gujarat University homepage]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Education in Anand district]]

Sushil modi

2023-04-16T22:28:10Z

Optimalvapors: created redirect page

#REDIRECT[[Sushil Kumar Modi]]