https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=OpenthebookBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-05T18:07:07ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thakur_Hari_Singh_Shekhawat&diff=428387Thakur Hari Singh Shekhawat2023-09-14T05:49:53Z<p>Openthebook: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|British Indian soldier (1854–1902)}}<br />
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{{use British English}}<br />
{{infobox military person<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = Col. Thakur Hari Singh Shekhawat<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = File:Col. Thakur Hari Singh of Deoli.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Thakur Hari Singh of Deoli<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| death_date = 1902<br />
| birth_place = India<br />
| death_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[India]]<br />
| placeofburial = <br />
| placeofburial_label = <br />
| placeofburial_coordinates = <br />
| nickname = "Harji of Deoli"<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| allegiance = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Empire]]<br />
| branch = {{army|British India|23px}}<br />
| serviceyears = 1854–1902<br />
| rank = Colonel<br />
| servicenumber = <br />
| unit =<br />
| commands = "Jodhpur Lancers" regiment<br />
| battles = [[North-West Frontier]]<br/>[[Second Afghan War]]<br/>[[Tirah Campaign]]<br />
| battles_label = <br />
| awards = <br />
| relations = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Hari Singh''' was from the [[Ravana Rajputs]] caste. [[Pratap Singh of Idar|Sir Pratap]] made him Thakur of [[Deoli, Rajasthan|Deoli]]. Part of Hari Singh's distinction was that he was an outstanding polo player.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barkawi |first=Tarak |title=Between Two Worlds: A Rajput Officer in the Indian Army, 1905-21: Based on the Diary of Amar Singh of Jaipur (review) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2006.0151 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=851–853 |doi=10.1353/jmh.2006.0151 |issn=1543-7795}}</ref> He was the Father of [[Dalpat Singh (soldier)|Major Dalpat Singh]] who known as the "Hero of Haifa" for his actions during the Battle of Haifa during World War I.<ref name="Old Eastbournian">{{cite web |last1=Bowden |first1=Bill |title=Major Thakur Dalpat Singh |url=https://www.eastbourne-college.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/esorg-dalpat-singh-oemag-2012.pdf |website=Old Eastbournian |publisher=[[Eastbourne College]] |access-date=5 April 2023}}</ref><br />
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==Gallery==<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="237px" heights="200px"><br />
File:Thakur Hari Singh 1.jpg|alt=Thakur Hari singh|Singh in full dress uniform<br />
File:Sir Pratap Singh and Thakur Hari Singh Visit to Britain for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.jpg|Sir Pratap Singh and Thakur Hari Singh visit Britain for the [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria]]<br />
</gallery><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]<br />
[[Category:Indian polo players]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death missing]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]</div>Openthebookhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pampanal_Waterfalls&diff=426436Pampanal Waterfalls2023-09-07T13:51:37Z<p>Openthebook: </p>
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{{short description|Waterfalls in Kerala, India}}<br />
{{Infobox waterfall|name=Pambanal Waterfalls|photo=Pampanal Waterfalls.jpg|photo_caption=|location=[[Manathoor]], [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]], India|coords=|elevation=|type=|height=50 m|height_longest=|average_width=|number_drops=|average_flow=|watercourse=|image=}}<br />
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'''Pampanal Waterfalls''' is located in [[Kottayam district]] in [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drive to Pampanal Waterfall near Kottayam for a quick getaway |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2020/10/12/pampanal-waterfall-kottayam-drive.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> It is located near [[Manathoor]] on the [[Pala]]-[[Thodupuzha]] bypass route, approximately 42 kilometres from [[Kottayam]] town and 15 kilometres from Thodupuzha. The waterfall has three viewpoints and rushes over the rocks for a long distance, and falls 50 metres below.<ref>{{Cite web |title=മഴവിൽ കാഴ്ചയൊരുക്കി പാമ്പനാൽ വെള്ളച്ചാട്ടം |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-04-07-2018/735005 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Waterfalls of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kottayam district]]<br />
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{{waterfall-stub}}</div>Openthebookhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Bureau_(India)&diff=388043Intelligence Bureau (India)2023-05-10T11:44:58Z<p>Openthebook: Just finished crafting a new article.</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian intelligence agency}}<br />
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{{Infobox government agency<br />
| agency_name = '''Intelligence Bureau'''<br />
| native_name = {{lang|hi|आसूचना ब्यूरो}}<br />
| logo = <br />
| motto = जागृतं अहर्निशं {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}}<br>{{transl|sa|ISO|Jāgṛtaṃ Aharniśaṃ}} <small>([[ISO 15919|ISO]])</small><br>{{trans|"Always Alert"}}<br />
| seal = Intelligence Bureau.svg<br />
| seal_width = <br />
| seal_caption = [[Insignia]] of Intelligence Bureau<br />
| formed = 1887<br />
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| employees = 17,884<br />
| budget = {{INRConvert|3418.32|c|1}}<small>(2023–24)</small><ref>{{Cite news|title=MHA gets Rs 1.96 lakh crores in Budget-2023; focus on women safety, police modernisation|work=The Print|url=https://www.theprint.in/india/mha-gets-rs-1-96-lakh-crores-in-budget-2023-focus-on-women-safety-police-modernisation/1348413/%3famp}}</ref><br />
| minister1_name = [[Amit Shah]]<br />
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]<br />
| chief1_name = [[Tapan Deka]]<br />
| chief1_position = [[Director of the Intelligence Bureau|Director]]<br />
| chief2_name = <br />
| chief2_position = <br />
| chief3_name = <br />
| chief3_position = <br />
| parent_agency = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]<br />
| jurisdiction = <br />
| website = {{url|www.mha.gov.in}}<br />
| parent_department = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Stamp of India - 2013 - Colnect 477802 - Intelligence Bureau.jpeg|thumb|125th Anniversary Postage Stamp (2013)|197x197px]]<br />
<br />
The '''Intelligence Bureau''' ('''IB''') ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]: आसूचना ब्यूरो; [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: āsūcanā byūro) is India's [[internal security]] and [[counter-intelligence]] agency under [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. It was founded in 1887 as ''Central Special Branch'', and is reputed to be the oldest such organization in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/india/ib/index.html |title=Intelligence Bureau (IB) - India Intelligence Agencies |publisher=Fas.org |access-date=9 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126051106/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/india/ib/index.html |archive-date=26 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title="National Security" for whom?|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/25/web-exclusives/national-security-whom.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|pages=7–8}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Until 1968, it handled both domestic and foreign intelligence after which [[Research and Analysis Wing]] was formed specifically for foreign intelligence following that IB was primarily assigned the role of domestic intelligence and internal security.<ref>{{Cite journal|title="National Security" for whom?|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/25/web-exclusives/national-security-whom.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|pages=7–8}}</ref> [[Tapan Deka]], the current director of the IB, took over from [[Arvind Kumar (civil servant)|Arvind Kumar]] on 24 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tapan-deka-is-new-ib-chief-raw-secretary-samant-goel-gets-1-yr-extension-101656065794057.html |title=Tapan Deka is new IB chief, RAW secretary Samant Goel gets 1-yr extension<br />
|newspaper=Hindustantimes|access-date=2022-06-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In 1885, Major General [[Charles MacGregor]] was appointed [[Quartermaster General]] for the [[British Indian Army]] at [[Shimla|Simla]] and thereby became responsible for its intelligence activities. The main concern of the time was to monitor Russian troop deployments in Afghanistan so as to avoid an invasion of [[British India]] from the northwest. In 1909, the [[Indian Political Intelligence Office]] was established in England in response to the development of [[India House|Indian revolutionary activities]]. It came to be called Indian Political Intelligence (IPI) in 1921, constituting a surveillance and monitoring agency run jointly by the [[India Office]] and the [[Government of India]] and maintaining close contact with [[Scotland Yard]] and [[MI5]]. After Indian independence in 1947, IPI was renamed as the Intelligence Bureau under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allgov.com/india/departments/ministry-of-home-affairs/intelligence-bureau?agencyid=7590|title=Intelligence Bureau - AllGov.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Responsibilities==<br />
Shrouded in secrecy, the IB is used to garner intelligence from within India and also execute counter-intelligence and counter-terrorism tasks. The Bureau comprises employees from law enforcement agencies, mostly from the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) or the Indian Revenue Service (IRS) and the military. However, the [[Director of Intelligence Bureau (India)|Director of Intelligence Bureau]] (DIB) has always been an IPS officer. In addition to domestic intelligence responsibilities, the IB is particularly tasked with intelligence collection in border areas, following the 1951 recommendations of the Himmat Singh Ji Committee (also known as the North and North-East Border Committee), a task entrusted to the military intelligence organisations prior to independence in 1947. All spheres of human activity within India and in the neighborhood are allocated to the charter of duties of the Intelligence Bureau. The IB was also tasked with other external intelligence responsibilities as of 1951 until 1968, when the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] was formed.<ref name="Nehchal Sandhu new IB director">{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/nehchal-sandhu-new-ib-director/716221/ | title=Nehchal Sandhu new IB director | work=The Indian Express| date=26 November 2010 | access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Activities and operations==<br />
The Intelligence Bureau reportedly has a lot of successes to its credit, but operations conducted by the IB are rarely declassified. Due to the extreme secrecy surrounding the agency, there is little concrete information available about it or its activities. The IB was trained by the Soviet [[KGB]] from the 1950s onward until the collapse of the Soviet Union.<br />
Understanding of the shadowy workings of the IB is largely speculative. Many times even members' own family members are unaware of their whereabouts. One known task of the IB is to clear licences to [[amateur radio]] enthusiasts. The IB also passes intelligence between other Indian intelligence agencies and the police. The bureau also grants the necessary security clearances to Indian diplomats and judges before they take the oath. On rare occasions, IB officers interact with the media during a crisis situation. The IB is also rumoured to intercept and open around 6,000 letters daily. It also has an email spying system similar to [[FBI]]'s [[Carnivore (software)|Carnivore]] system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.privacyinternational.org/survey/phr2003/countries/india.htm|title=Republic of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203034615/http://www.privacyinternational.org/survey/phr2003/countries/india.htm|archive-date=3 December 2010}}</ref> The bureau is authorised to conduct wiretapping without a [[Warrant (law)|warrant]].<ref name="The secret world of phone tapping">{{cite news | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/the-secret-world-of-phone-tapping/1/122693.html | title=The secret world of phone tapping | work=India Today | date=9 December 2010 | access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The IB was initially India's internal and external intelligence agency. Due to lapses on the part of the Intelligence Bureau to predict the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, and later on, intelligence failure in the [[India-Pakistan Wars|India-Pakistan War]] in 1965, it was bifurcated in 1968 and entrusted with the task of internal intelligence only. The external intelligence branch was handed to the newly created [[Research and Analysis Wing]].<ref name="ijic">{{Cite journal|title=Unraveling India's Foreign Intelligence: The Origins and Evolution of the Research and Analysis Wing |last= Shaffer |first=Ryan |year=2015 |volume= 28 |issue=2 |journal= International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |doi= 10.1080/08850607.2015.992754 |pages=252–289|s2cid= 154372472 }}</ref><br />
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IB operated a [[counterintelligence]] programme to prevent the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] from gathering information about the preparations and activities related to the Indian Nuclear weapons project before the [[Pokhran-II]] nuclear tests.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea|last=Richelson|first=Jeffrey|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|year=2007|isbn=9780393329827|chapter=Pokhran Surprise|quote=India’s success in preventing U.S. spy satellites from seeing signs of the planned tests days to weeks in advance was matched by its success in preventing acquisition of other types of intelligence. India’s Intelligence Bureau ran an aggressive counterintelligence program, and the CIA, despite a large station in New Delhi, was unable to recruit a single Indian with information about the Vajpayee government’s nuclear plans.}}</ref><br />
<br />
IB had mixed success in counter-terrorism. It was reported in 2008 that the IB had been successful in busting terror modules. It alerted the police before the [[25 August 2007 Hyderabad bombings|Hyderabad blasts]] and gave repeated warnings of a possible attack on Mumbai through the sea before the [[November 2008 Mumbai attacks]]. On the whole, however, the IB came in for some sharp criticism by the media after the relentless wave of terror attacks in 2008. The government came close to sacking top intelligence officials soon after 26/11 attacks because of serious lapses that led to the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/IB-R-amp-AW-brass-almost-got-the-sack-after-26-11/Article1-890202.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717110748/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/IB-R-amp-AW-brass-almost-got-the-sack-after-26-11/Article1-890202.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2012|title=IB, R&AW brass almost got the sack after 26/11}}</ref> Heavy politics, under-funding and a shortage of field agents were the chief problems facing the agency. The overall strength of the agency is believed to be around 25,000, with 3500-odd field agents operating in the entire country. Of these, many were engaged in ''political intelligence''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/new-ib-chief-has-his-task-cut-out_100128955.html |title=New IB chief has his task cut out - Thaindian News |publisher=Thaindian.com |access-date=10 August 2012 |archive-date=15 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315213648/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/new-ib-chief-has-his-task-cut-out_100128955.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dayafterindia.com/jan109/national5.html|title=Security cracks and the remedy|archive-date=6 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106032546/http://www.dayafterindia.com/jan109/national5.html|author=Sudha Ramachandran}}</ref><br />
<br />
Since 2014, IB has undergone many reforms and changes. <br />
One of the biggest reforms was the cessation of internal-political espionage.<br />
The agency has also boosted up its infrastructure and recruited more agents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/1800-sashastra-seema-bal-personnel-to-move-to-intelligence-bureau/articleshow/67147881.cms|title=1,800 Sashastra Seema Bal personnel to move to Intelligence Bureau|access-date=18 December 2018|publisher=Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/immigration-rush-intelligence-bureau-to-hire-550-ex-capf-personnel-at-airports/amp_articleshow/61753993.cms|title=Immigration rush: Intelligence Bureau to hire 550 ex-CAPF personnel at airports|access-date=13 July 2018|publisher=EconomicTimes}}</ref> It has been successful in stopping the earlier pattern of frequent terror attacks in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/amphtml/india/40-kilograms-of-explosives-thwarting-a-nightmare-at-pulwama-3096180.html|title=40 kilograms of explosives: Thwarting a nightmare at Pulwama|access-date=29 May 2020|work=OneIndia}}</ref><br />
The agency has also been successful in counter-intelligence.<br />
<br />
==Workings==<br />
The Group A (Gazetted) officers carry out coordination and higher-level management of the IB. Subsidiary Intelligence Bureaus (SIBs) are headed by officers of the rank of Joint Director or above, but smaller SIBs are also sometimes headed by Deputy Directors. The SIBs have their units at district headquarters headed by Assistant Director (AD) or Deputy Central Intelligence Officers (DCIO). The IB maintains a large number of field units and headquarters (which are under the control of Joint or Deputy Directors). It is through these offices and the intricate process of deputation that a very organic linkage between the state police agencies and the IB is maintained. In addition to these, at the national level the IB has several units (in some cases SIBs) to keep track of issues like terrorism, counter-intelligence, VIP security, threat assessment and sensitive areas (i.e. [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and such). IB officers (like their counterparts in R&AW) get monthly special pays and an extra one-month salary every year, as well as better promotions. IB Officers are either directly recruited or are deputed from <br />
[[Central Armed Police Force|CAPF]]s and [[Indian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]].<br />
<br />
==Constitutionality==<br />
IB was created on 23 December 1887, by the British Secretary of State as a sub-sect of the Central Special Branch but there is no act of the Indian parliament nor executive order relating to the functioning of the IB. In 2013, a [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigant]] challenged the legality of IB.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-26/india/31239443_1_ib-r-n-kulkarni-intelligence-bureau | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510183119/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-26/india/31239443_1_ib-r-n-kulkarni-intelligence-bureau | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 May 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Explain Intelligence Bureau's legality, HC tells Centre | date=26 March 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Ranks and insignia==<br />
{{See also|List of police ranks in India}}<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! Insignia !! Position in Intelligence Bureau !! Position in State Police<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Director IB Insignia.png|40px]] || [[Director of Intelligence Bureau (India)|Director of Intelligence Bureau]]{{efn|Highest ranking IPS Officer}} || N/A<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Director General of Police.png|40px]] || Additional/Special Director || [[Director General of Police]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Insignia of Inspector General of Police in India- 2013-10-02 16-14.png|40px]] || Joint Director/Advisor || [[Inspector General of Police]] or a officer of rank Additional Director General of Police <br />
having same insignia as Director General of Police shown above <br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Deputy Inspector General of Police.png|40px]] || Deputy Director || [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]] or a officer of the rank and insignia of Inspector General of Police shown above <br />
|-<br />
| || Additional Deputy Director / all officers of rank of Assistant Director <br />
who have completed 15 years of service in Group A<br />
| ADDL.Deputy Inspector General of Police<br />
|-<br />
| || Joint Deputy Director / all officers of rank of Assistant Director<br />
who have completed 10 years of service in Group A<br />
| Joint Deputy Inspector General of Police<br />
|-<br />
|<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:120px-AIG.png|75x75px]] -->|| Assistant Director || [[Inspector general of police|Assistant Inspector General of Police]]<br />
|-<br />
|<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:DCIO IPS.png|75x75px]] -->|| Deputy Central Intelligence Officer || [[Superintendent of police (India)|Additional Superintendent of Police]]<br />
|-<br />
|<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:DySP.png|75x75px]] -->|| Assistant Central Intelligence Officer I || [[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent of Police]] (ACP Delhi Police / DANIPS )<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Police Inspector insignia.png|40px]] || Assistant Central Intelligence Officer II || [[Inspector| Inspector of Police]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Police Sub-Inspector.png|40px]] || Junior Intelligence Officer I || [[Sub-Inspector|Sub-Inspector of Police]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Assistant Sub-Inspector.png|40px]] || Junior Intelligence Officer II || [[Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:No insignia.png|40px]] || Security Assistant || [[Constable]]<br />
|}<br />
Besides the above posts, there are various other supporting and office posts in the Bureau as well.<br />
<br />
==Media portrayal==<br />
<br />
The Intelligence Bureau has been depicted in films such as ''Bad Aur Badnaam'' ([[Hindi]], 1984), ''[[Mukhbiir]]'' ([[Hindi]], 2008), ''Vande Matharam'' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]], 2010), ''[[Kahaani]]'' ([[Hindi]], 2012), ''[[Jism 2]]'' ([[Hindi]], 2012), ''[[Iru Mugan]]'' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]], 2016), and ''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]'' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 2017).<br />
<br />
IB also featured in the Sony TV Series ''[[Yudh (TV series)|Yudh]]'' starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India}}<br />
<br />
* [[List of Indian intelligence agencies]]<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
* {{cite web|url = http://www.persmin.nic.in/EmployeesCorner/Acts_Rules/AISRule/IPSRules/IPS(Uniform)Rules(Revised).htm|title = THE INDIAN POLICE SERVICE (UNIFORM) RULES|year = 1954|access-date = 13 September 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090416223152/http://persmin.nic.in/EmployeesCorner/Acts_Rules/AISRule/IPSRules/IPS(Uniform)Rules(Revised).htm|archive-date = 16 April 2009|url-status = dead}}<br />
* {{cite web|url = https://fas.org/irp/world/india/ib/|title = World Intelligence and Security Agencies|date = December 2006|access-date = 15 November 2015|archive-date = 5 June 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051948/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/india/ib/|url-status = dead}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* MacGregor, Lady (Ed.). ''The Life and Opinions of Major-General Sir Charles MacGregor''. 2 vols. 1888, Edinburgh<br />
* MacGregor, General Sir Charles. ''The Defence of India''. Shimla: Government of India Press. 1884.<br />
* Kulkarni. ''Sin of National Conscience''. 2005.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101210104455/http://frontierindia.net/the-intelligence-bureau-india%E2%80%99s-prime-intelligence-agency The Intelligence Bureau: India’s Prime Intelligence Agency] By Maloy Krishna Dhar<br />
<br />
{{Home Ministry (India)}}<br />
{{India topics}}<br />
{{Indian intelligence agencies}}<br />
{{Domestic national intelligence agencies}}<br />
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[[Category:Intelligence Bureau (India)| ]]<br />
[[Category:Indian intelligence agencies]]<br />
[[Category:1887 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1887]]<br />
[[Category:Domestic intelligence agencies]]</div>Openthebookhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1954_Indian_Rajya_Sabha_elections&diff=3875421954 Indian Rajya Sabha elections2022-11-07T08:48:10Z<p>Openthebook: Developed an original page.</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[1954 Rajya Sabha elections]]<br />
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[[File:Muralitharan bowling to Adam Gilchrist.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[spin bowling|Spinner]] [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] bowling to the batsman, [[Adam Gilchrist]]]]<br />
'''Bowling''', in [[cricket]], is the action of [[throwing|propelling]] the [[cricket ball|ball]] toward the [[wicket]] defended by a batter. A player skilled at bowling is called a ''bowler'';<ref>{{Cite web|title=Terms {{!}} Cricket Web|url=https://www.cricketweb.net/terms/|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.cricketweb.net}}</ref> a bowler who is also a competent [[:Batting (cricket)|batter]] is known as an [[all-rounder]]. Bowling the ball is distinguished from [[throwing (cricket)|''throwing'' the ball]] by a strictly specified biomechanical definition, which restricts the angle of extension of the elbow.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Cricket Council|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/rules-and-regulations/illegal-bowling-actions|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.icc-cricket.com}}</ref> A single act of bowling the ball towards the batsman is called a ''ball'' or a ''[[delivery (cricket)|delivery]]''. Bowlers bowl deliveries in sets of six, called an ''[[over (cricket)|over]]''. Once a bowler has bowled an over, a teammate will bowl an over from the other end of the pitch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glossary of cricket terms & sayings|url=http://www.wandererscricket.com/glossary.html|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.wandererscricket.com}}</ref> The [[Laws of Cricket]] govern how a ball must be bowled.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-42-fair-and-unfair-play,68,AR.html |title=Laws of Cricket: Law 42 (Fair and unfair play) |publisher=Lords.org |access-date=23 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105121449/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-42-fair-and-unfair-play%2C68%2CAR.html |archive-date=5 January 2013 }}</ref> If a ball is bowled illegally, an [[umpire (cricket)|umpire]] will rule it a ''[[no-ball]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-24-no-ball,50,AR.html |title=Laws of Cricket: Law 24 (No ball) |publisher=Lords.org |access-date=23 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227213453/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-24-no-ball%2C50%2CAR.html |archive-date=27 December 2012 }}</ref> If a ball is bowled too wide of the striker for the batsman to be able to play at it with a proper cricket shot, the bowler's end umpire will rule it a ''[[wide (cricket)|wide]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-25-wide-ball,51,AR.html |title=Laws of Cricket: Law 25 (Wide ball) |publisher=Lords.org |access-date=23 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124062459/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-25-wide-ball,51,AR.html |archive-date=24 November 2012 }}</ref><br />
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There are different types of bowlers, from [[fast bowling|fast bowlers]], whose primary weapon is pace, through [[Swing bowling|swing]] and [[seam bowling|seam bowlers]] who try to make the ball deviate in its course through the air or when it bounces,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Different Types Of Fast Bowlers In Cricket Explained!|url=https://cricketershub.com/types-of-fast-bowlers-cricket/|access-date=2020-08-31|website=Cricketers Hub|language=en-GB}}</ref> to slow bowlers, who will attempt to deceive the batter with a variety of flight and spin. A [[spin bowling|spin bowler]] usually delivers the ball quite slowly and puts spin on the ball, causing it to turn at an angle while bouncing off the pitch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SPIN BOWLER {{!}} definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/spin-bowler|access-date=2020-08-31|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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A team can be said to have elected to "have a bowl" when it wins the [[toss (cricket)|coin toss]] and chooses to field.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Omnisport|title=Memorable Ashes Moments: 'We're gonna have a bowl' - Hussain's coin toss horror-show|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/memorable-ashes-moments-we-re-gonna-have-a-bowl-hussain-s-coin-toss-horror-show|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Main|History of cricket}}<br />
{{Bowling techniques sidebar |expanded=all}}<br />
[[File:Shoaib Akhtar.jpg|left|upright=0.7|thumb|Pakistani [[Shoaib Akhtar]] holds the world record for delivering the fastest ball ({{cvt|161.3|km/h|mph}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-10000/fastest-bowl-of-a-cricket-ball/|title=Fastest delivery of a cricket ball (male)|website=guinnessworldrecords.com}}</ref>]] <br />
In the early days of cricket, [[underarm bowling]] was the only method employed.<br />
Many theories exist about the origins of cricket. One suggests that the game began among shepherds hitting a stone or a ball of wool with their crooks and, at the same time, defending the wicket gate into the sheep-fold (from [[Anglo Saxon]] 'cricce', a crooked staff). A second theory suggests the name came from a low stool known as a 'cricket' in England, which from the side looked like the long, low wicket used in the early days of the game (originally from the [[Flemish dialects|Flemish]] 'krickstoel', a low stool on which parishioners knelt in church). There is also a reference to 'criquet' in North-East France in 1478 and evidence that the game evolved in South-East England in the [[Middle Ages]].<br />
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In 1706 William Goldwyn published the first description of the game. He wrote that two teams were first seen carrying their curving bats to the venue, choosing a pitch and arguing over the rules to be played. They pitched two sets of wickets, each with a "milk-white" bail perched on two stumps; toss a coin for first knock, the umpire called "play" and the "leathern orb" was bowled. They had four-ball overs, the umpires leant on their staves (which the batters had to touch to complete a run), and the scorers sat on a mound making notches.<br />
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The first written "[[Laws of Cricket]]" were drawn up in 1744. They stated, "the principals shall choose from amongst the gentlemen present two umpires who shall absolutely decide all disputes. The stumps must be 22 inches high and the bail across them six inches. The ball must be between 5 & 6 ounces, and the two sets of stumps 22 yards apart". There were no limits on the shape or size of the bat. It appears that 40 notches was viewed as a very big score, probably due to the bowlers bowling quickly at shins unprotected by pads. The world's first cricket club was formed in Hambledon in the 1760s and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) was founded in 1787.<br />
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During the 1760s and 1770s it became common to pitch the ball through the air, rather than roll it along the ground. This innovation gave bowlers the weapons of length, deception through the air, plus increased pace. It also opened new possibilities for spin and swerve. In response, batters had to master timing and shot selection. One immediate consequence was the replacement of the curving bat with the straight one. All of this raised the premium on skill and lessened the influence of rough ground and brute force. It was in the 1770s that the modern game began to take shape. The weight of the ball was limited to between five and a half and five and three-quarter ounces, and the width of the bat to four inches. The latter ruling followed an innings by a batter called [[Thomas White (cricketer, born c. 1740)|Thomas "Daddy" White]], who appeared with a bat the width of the wicket. In 1774, the first leg before law was published. Also around this time, a third stump became commonplace. By 1780, the duration of a [[first-class cricket]] match was generally three days, and this year also saw the creation of the first six-seam cricket ball. In 1788, the MCC published its first revision of the laws, which prohibited charging down an opponent and also provided for mowing and covering the wicket to standardise conditions. The desire for standardisation reflected the massive increase in the popularity of cricket during the 18th century. Between 1730 and 1740, 150 cricket matches were recorded in the papers of the time. Between 1750 and 1760, this figure rose to 230, and between 1770 and 1790 over 500.<br />
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The 19th century saw a series of significant changes. Wide deliveries were outlawed in 1811. The circumference of the ball was specified for the first time in 1838 (its weight had been dictated 60 years earlier). Pads, made of cork, became available for the first time in 1841, and these were further developed following the invention of vulcanised rubber, which was also used to introduce protective gloves in 1848. In the 1870s, boundaries were introduced – previously, all hits had to be run; if the ball went into the crowd, the spectators would clear a way for the fieldsman to fetch it. The biggest change, however, was in how the ball was delivered by the bowler.<br />
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At the start of the century, all bowlers were still delivering the ball under-arm. However, so the story goes, John Willes became the first bowler to use a "round-arm" technique after practising with his sister Christina, who had used the technique, as she was unable to bowl underarm due to her wide dress impeding her delivery of the ball.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketweb.net/resources/history/index.php |title=John Willes and his sister invent overarm bowling |publisher=Cricketweb.net |access-date=23 January 2013}}</ref><br />
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The round-arm action came to be employed widely in matches but was quickly determined to be illegal and banned by the MCC, who stated that "the ball must be delivered underhand, not thrown or jerked, with the hand underneath the elbow at the time of delivering the ball".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketweb.net/resources/history/index.php |title=MCC Laws of bowling |publisher=Cricketweb.net |access-date=23 January 2013}}</ref> When it was accepted the rules stated that the arm could not be raised above the shoulder. It was quickly found, however, that a raised arm imparted more accuracy and generated more bounce than the roundarm method. Again, the governing body banned the method. It was not until the method was finally accepted by the MCC in 1835<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketweb.net/resources/history/index.php |title=Overarm bowling accepted by the MCC |publisher=Cricketweb.net |access-date=23 January 2013}}</ref> that it grew rapidly in popularity amongst all players. Underarm bowling hitherto had almost disappeared from the game.<br />
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===Modern-day underarm bowling===<br />
An infamous "[[Underarm bowling incident of 1981|underarm bowling incident]]" occurred during a match in 1981, in which the Australian bowler, Trevor Chappell, took advantage of the fact that underarm bowling was still legal by rolling the ball along the ground. By doing so he avoided the possibility that the New Zealand batsman, Brian McKechnie, would score a six from the last ball to tie the match, as the bat would not be able to hit the ball high enough to score a six.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2004/s1035164.htm|title = Underarm incident was a cry for help: Greg Chappell |last = Knight|first = Ben| work = ABC Local Radio: The World Today| publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date = 30 January 2004|access-date = 12 August 2009}}</ref><br />
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As a result of this incident underarm bowling was subsequently made illegal in all grades of cricket, except by prior agreement of both teams, as it was not considered to be within the spirit of the game.<ref>{{Cite web|title=No ball Law {{!}} MCC|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/no-ball|access-date=2021-12-18|website=www.lords.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
==The bowling action==<br />
[[Image:Bowling action.png|thumb|left|The typical bowling action of a fast bowler.]]<br />
[[File:Brett Lee Bowling.jpg|thumb|Australian [[Fast bowling|fast bowler]] [[Brett Lee]] in action in 2005.]]<br />
{{main|Bowling action}}<br />
{{See also|Throwing (cricket)}}<br />
<br />
Bowling the ball is distinguished from simply throwing the ball by a strictly specified biomechanical definition.<br />
<br />
Originally, this definition said that the elbow joint must not straighten out during the bowling action. Bowlers generally hold their elbows fully extended and rotate the arm vertically about the shoulder joint to impart velocity to the ball, releasing it near the top of the arc. Flexion at the elbow is not allowed, but any extension of the elbow was deemed to be a throw and would be liable to be called a no-ball. This was thought to be possible only if the bowler's elbow was originally held in a slightly flexed position.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Elliott|first1=Bruce C.|last2=Alderson|first2=Jacqueline A.|last3=Denver|first3=Eliot R.|title=System and modelling errors in motion analysis: Implications for the measurement of the elbow angle in cricket bowling|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021929007000085|journal=Journal of Biomechanics|language=en|volume=40|issue=12|pages=2679–2685|doi=10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.12.012|pmid=17307186 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Portus|first1=Marc R.|last2=Rosemond|first2=Charles D.|last3=Rath|first3=David A.|title=Cricket: Fast bowling arm actions and the illegal delivery law in men's high performance cricket matches|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14763140608522875|journal=Sports Biomechanics|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=215–230|doi=10.1080/14763140608522875|pmid=16939154 |s2cid=219698572 |issn=1476-3141}}</ref><ref name=":1">"Definition of fair delivery - the arm". ''[[Laws of cricket]]''.</ref><br />
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In 2005, this definition was deemed to be physically impossible by a scientific investigative commission. Biomechanical studies that showed that ''almost'' all bowlers extend their elbows somewhat throughout the bowling action, because the stress of swinging the arm around ''hyperextends'' the elbow joint. A guideline was introduced to allow extensions or hyperextensions of angles up to 15 degrees before deeming the ball illegally thrown.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1"/><br />
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Bowling actions are typically divided into ''side on'' and ''front on'' actions. In the side on action, the back foot lands parallel to the bowling crease and the bowler aims at the wicket by looking over his front shoulder. In the front on action, the back foot lands pointing down the pitch and the bowler aims at the wicket by looking inside the line of his front arm. Many bowlers operate with a ''mid-way'' action with the back foot landing at roughly 45 degrees and the upper body aligned somewhere between side on and front on. This differs from a ''mixed'' action, which mixes distinct elements of both side on and front on actions, and is generally discouraged amongst young bowlers as it can lead to problems in later life due to the twisting of the back inherent in the action.<br />
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[[File:Bart King c1908cr.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Philadelphian cricket team|Philadelphian]] cricketer [[Bart King]] bowling]]<br />
<br />
==Goals of bowling==<br />
In a game of cricket, the ultimate priority of the fielding side is to restrict the total number of runs scored by the batting side, and the actions of the bowlers will be fundamental to achieving this objective. The primary means of achieving this is by dismissing the batting side by getting all ten of the opposition wickets as quickly as possible. A secondary objective will be to keep the batting side's run rate as low as possible. In fact, in most forms of cricket, the twin aims of the fielding side are targeted concurrently, as the achievement of one aim tends to have a positive effect upon the other. Taking regular opposition wickets will remove the better batsmen from the crease, typically leading to a slowing of the scoring rate. Conversely, slowing the scoring rate can put additional pressure on the batsmen and force them into taking extra risks, which will often lead to wickets.<br />
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Depending upon the format of the match, these two strategies will be given different weights. In an unlimited, timed or declaration match, the main aim of the bowling attack will be to take wickets, so attacking bowling and fielding strategies will be used. In a limited overs match, this aim will also be supplemented by the secondary need to prevent the batting side from scoring quickly, so more defensive strategies will be used. In general, the shorter the number of overs per side, the more priority will be given to this secondary target of maintaining a low run-rate. It is also highly probable that the need for attacking or defensive strategies can switch frequently as a cricket match progresses. It is the sign of a good cricket captain to be able to tell which strategy is most appropriate in any set of circumstances and the best way of implementing it.<br />
<br />
==Bowling tactics==<br />
[[File:Jim Allenby 2007.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jim Allenby]] in midflight, illustrating the position of the body during a delivery at the end of a run up, prior to bowling the ball.]]<br />
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The simultaneous twin objectives of bowling are to take wickets and prevent run scoring opportunities. Both objectives are achieved through the underlying aim of bowling the ball in such a way that the batsman is unable to connect with the ball in the middle of the bat and control its movement after contact. There are three distinct means of achieving this aim: by bowling the ball on a good line and length, by bowling with sufficient pace that the batsman struggles to react to the delivery, or by bowling the ball in such a way that it has lateral movement as it approaches the batsman, either in the air or off the ground. A good bowler may be able to combine two of these skills, a truly great bowler may be able to combine all three.<br />
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===Line and length===<br />
The fundamental skill of bowling on a good length incorporates the ability to pitch the ball such a distance from the batsman that he is unable to move forward and drive the ball on the half volley, and is also unable to step back and play the ball on the back foot. This removes many of the batsman's attacking options, and also increases the probability of him misjudging a delivery and losing his wicket. A good length delivery is one in which the ball has had sufficient time to move far enough off the pitch to beat the bat but the batsman has not had time to react to the movement and adjust his shot. The faster the bowler and the greater the movement he is able to generate, the larger the area of the pitch that can be designated an effective "good" length.<br />
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Other areas of the pitch may also often be used as a variation to a good length delivery. Primarily these are the [[yorker]], in which the ball is bowled directly at the batsman's feet as a surprise delivery intended to dismiss the batsman [[bowled]], and the [[bouncer (cricket)|bouncer]] in which the ball is bowled on such a short length that it rises towards the batsman's throat or head as a means of physical intimidation. But the height of an attempted yorker or full toss must not be higher than the batsman's waist, or else it will be called a no-ball [[Beamer (cricket)|beamer]], which could have bowlers banned from the match.<br />
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The line a bowler chooses to bowl will depend on several factors: the movement he is generating on the ball, the shots the batsman is able to play, and the field the captain has set. The two most common tactics are to either bowl directly at the stumps, or to bowl 3 inches to 6 inches outside the line of off stump. Bowling at the stumps is an attacking tactic with the intention of dismissing the batsman [[bowled]] or [[Leg before wicket|lbw]]. It can also be used as a defensive tactic, as the batsman will feel less able to play risky shots knowing that he will be dismissed should he miss the ball. Bowling outside off stump is known as ''the corridor of uncertainty''. When done well, this line may confuse the batsman into whether to defend the ball or leave it, and may tempt him to play away from his body with his head not in line with the ball. The main aim of this tactic is to dismiss the batman caught by the wicketkeeper or in the [[slip (cricket)|slip]]s. Other bowling variations, such as bowling wide of off stump or bowling at leg stump are generally seen as negative and defensive tactics.<br />
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Some different types of bowling tactic:<br />
*[[Bodyline]]<br />
*[[Leg theory]]<br />
*[[Off theory]]<br />
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===Pace and movement===<br />
Other than the ability to land the ball on a strategically optimum line and length, the main weapons of the bowler are his ability to move the ball sideways as it approaches the batsman and his ability to deliver the ball at a high velocity.<br />
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The velocities of cricket bowlers vary between {{convert|40|and|100|mph|0|abbr=on}}. In professional cricket, a bowler in the 40–60&nbsp;mph range would be said to be a slow bowler, in the 60–80&nbsp;mph range a medium pace bowler, and a bowler 80&nbsp;mph+ a fast bowler. In the amateur game, these distinctions would be approximately 10&nbsp;mph slower. Many professional fast bowlers are able to reach speeds of over 85&nbsp;mph, with a handful of bowlers in the world able to bowl at 95&nbsp;mph+. The ability to react to a cricket ball travelling at 85&nbsp;mph is a skill that only professional and high level amateur cricketers possess. The pace of a bowler not only challenges the reaction speed of the batsman, but also his physical courage. Fast bowlers are able to exploit this by bowling bouncers, either regularly or as an occasional surprise delivery.<br />
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Bowlers are also able to get the ball to move sideways by using either ''spin'' or ''swing''. Adding a spin to a cricket ball will make it deviate due to the [[Magnus effect]] in its flight, and then produce sideways movement off the ground. Swing is obtained by using air pressure differences caused by angling the seam of the cricket ball to produce a lateral movement in the air. Fast bowlers will generally only use swing to obtain movement, but medium pace and slow bowlers will often use a combination of the two. The intention is that in creating movement in the delivery, the batsman will misjudge the line of the ball as it arrives, causing him to miss it entirely, in which case he may be dismissed bowled or lbw, or miss-hit it, in which case he may be out caught.<br />
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To avoid becoming predictable, a bowler will typically bowl a variety of different deliveries with different combinations of pace and movement. A tactically astute bowler may be able to spot a potential weakness in a batsman that a particular delivery may be able to exploit. Bowlers will often also bowl deliveries in preplanned sets, with the intention of dismissing the batsman with the final delivery in the set. This is known as "setting a trap" for the batsman.<ref>{{Cite web|title=England v Sri Lanka: Story of day five at Lord's|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/10312877/england-v-sri-lanka-story-of-day-five-at-lords|access-date=2020-09-11|website=Sky Sports|language=en}}</ref> Batsmen and bowlers will often also engage in a game of "cat and mouse", in which the bowler varies his tactics to try and trap and dismiss the batsman, but the batsman also keeps adjusting his tactics in response.<br />
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== Limited overs ==<br />
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In [[limited overs cricket]], there is a limitation on the number of overs each bowler can bowl. This number depends on the match length, and is usually 20% of the total overs in the [[innings]]. For example, the usual limit for twenty-over cricket is four overs per bowler, for forty-over cricket eight per bowler and for fifty-over cricket ten per bowler. There is, however, no limit on the number of overs each bowler may bowl in [[first-class cricket]] matches, except that no two overs can be bowled consecutively thus restricting any one bowler from a maximum of 50% (plus 1 over) of each innings total. The rule also applies in terms of breaks within a Test innings (Drinks, Lunch and Tea breaks, end of day and beginning of next day). The rule can only be broken if one finishes the end of the previous match starts the next match.<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Glossary of cricket terms]]<br />
* [[Throwing (cricket)|Throwing]]<br />
* [[Bowling machine]]<br />
* [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]<br />
* Batting<br />
* [[Over (cricket)|Over]]<br />
* [[Pitch (baseball)|Pitch]] – ''throwing a baseball''<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{Cricket positions}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
* https://www.britannica.com/sports/bowling-cricket<br />
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