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FlyExpress (airline)

2026-05-08T02:48:01Z

Onlinemcadegree: creating some pg w/ refs!

{{Short description|Indian domestic airline}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}

{{Infobox airline
| airline = FlyExpress
| logo =
| logo_size =
| IATA = -
| ICAO = -
| callsign = -
| founded = 2025
| commenced =
| key_people = Konkati Suresh (founder)
| website = https://flyexpressairlines.com/
| hubs = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]]
| fleet_size =
| destinations =
}}

'''FlyExpress''' is an [[India|Indian]] [[low-cost airline|low-cost]] [[regional airline]] that is set to operationalize in [[Telangana]] from 2026. It received no-objection certificate (NOC) from the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] in December 2025 under [[UDAN]] scheme to enhance regional connectivity.<ref name="mint261225">{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Anubhav |title=India to get 3 new airlines soon - Shankh Air, Al Hind Air and FlyExpress — Key things to know about them |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-to-get-3-new-airlines-soon-shankh-air-al-hind-air-and-flyexpress-key-things-to-know-about-them-11766657554404.html |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=mint |date=25 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FE261225">{{cite news |title=Al Hind Air, FlyExpress, Shankh Air to enter Indian skies—can they dent IndiGo, Air India’s dominance? |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation/shankh-air-al-hind-air-flyexpress-to-enter-indian-skiescan-they-dent-indigo-air-indias-dominance/4087537/ |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=The Financial Express |date=25 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> At the time of this announcement, the civil aviation sector in India had nine operational scheduled domestic airlines.<ref>{{cite news |title=Al Hind Air, FlyExpress get NOCs; Shankh Air targets Q1 2026 launch as govt pushes more competition |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/shankh-air-eyes-q1-2026-launch-al-hind-air-flyexpress-get-government-clearance/cid/2139425 |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=24 Dec 2025 |quote=At present, India has nine operational scheduled domestic airlines. Apart from [[IndiGo]], [[Air India]], [[Air India Express]] and state-owned [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]], other carriers include [[Akasa Air]], [[SpiceJet]], [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]], [[Fly91]] and IndiaOne Air, according to the latest Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) data.}}</ref>

Initial report suggest that this airline carrier will also focus on freight along with travelers from Tier-I and Tier-II cities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will new airlines like Shankh Air, Al Hind Air, FlyExpress help break up the IndiGo-Air India duopoly?- The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2025/12/25/will-new-airlines-like-shankh-air-al-hind-air-fly-express-help-break-up-the-indigo-air-india-duopoly.html |work=www.theweek.in}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2025 IndiGo disruption]]
* [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)]]
* [[List of airports in India]]
* [[Aviation in India]]
* [[List of companies of India]]
* [[Transport in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Airlines of India}}
{{Portal bar|India|Companies|Aviation}}

[[Category:Low-cost carriers]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Airlines of India]]
[[Category:2026 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 2026]]

{{India-company-stub}}
{{Asia-airline-stub}}

Thodupuzha Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T07:25:41Z

Onlinemcadegree: new

{{short description|Kerala Legislative Assembly Constituency in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thodupuzha
| state = Kerala
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 90
| map_image = Thodupuzha Civil Station.jpg
| map_caption = [[Thodupuzha]] Civil Station
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,95,987 (2016)
| mla = [[Apu John Joseph]]
| party = {{Party index link|Kerala Congress}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| district = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
}}
'''Thodupuzha State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Idukki Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Thodupuzha Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref name="idk">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/idukki.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Idukki district, Kerala.
}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Thodupuzha]]
|Municipality
|[[Thodupuzha]]
|-
|2
|Edavetty
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thodupuzha]]
|-
|3
|[[Karimannoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thodupuzha]]
|-
|4
|[[Karimkunnam, Idukki|Karimkunnam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thodupuzha]]
|-
|5
|[[Kodikulam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thodupuzha]]
|-
|6
|[[Kumaramangalam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thodupuzha]]
|-
|7
|[[Manakkad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thodupuzha]]
|-
|8
|[[Muttom, Thodupuzha|Muttom]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thodupuzha]]
|-
|9
|[[Purapuzha]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thodupuzha]]
|-
|10
|[[Udumbannoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thodupuzha]]
|-
|11
|[[Vannappuram]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thodupuzha]]
|-
|12
|[[Velliyamattom]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thodupuzha]]
|-
|13
|[[Alacode, Idukki district|Alacode]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thodupuzha]] and Idukki
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Independent (politician)}} {{Party index link|Kerala Congress (Mani)}} {{Party index link|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |C. A. Mathew
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|K. C. Zacharia
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|shortname=Independent}}
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| rowspan="5" |[[P. J. Joseph]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Kerala Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Kerala Congress (Joseph)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[P. T. Thomas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|P. J. Joseph
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (Joseph)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|P. T. Thomas
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| rowspan="4" |P. J. Joseph
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (Joseph)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Kerala Congress (M)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediately previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thodupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress
|candidate = [[Apu John Joseph]]
|votes = 84796
|percentage = 58.01
|change = {{gain}}9.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (M)
|candidate = Cyriac Chazhikadan
|votes = 40,505
|percentage = 27.71
|change = {{loss}}6.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Twenty20 Party
|candidate = Roy A. Varikkad
|votes = 12,679
|percentage = 8.67
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Adv. Basil John
|votes = 2,603
|percentage = 1.78
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ajay V Marar (Ajay Unni)
|votes = 2,580
|percentage = 1.77
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Afsal M B
|votes = 1,626
|percentage = 1.11
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 876
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jomon John
|votes = 267
|percentage = 0.18
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = P T Varghese
|votes = 234
|percentage = 0.16
|change = {{loss}}0.04
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 44,291
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,46,166
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Kerala Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
There were 1,91,210 registered voters in Dharmadam Constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ceo.kerala.gov.in|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416184312/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1190.htm?ac=90 |title=Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205823/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1190.htm?ac=90 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |url-status=dead |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thodupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress
|candidate = [[P. J. Joseph]]
|votes = 67,495
|percentage = 48.63
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (M)
|candidate = Prof. K. I. Antony
|votes = 47,236
|percentage = 34.03
|change = {{loss}}20.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shyamraj P.
|votes = 21,263
|percentage = 15.32
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Leethesh P. T.
|votes = 934
|percentage = 0.67
|change = {{gain}}0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 674
|percentage = 0.49
|change = {{loss}}0.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = M. T. Thomas
|votes = 562
|percentage = 0.40
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Parthasaradhi K.
|votes = 370
|percentage = 0.27
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = T. R. Sreedharan
|votes = 273
|percentage = 0.20
|change = {{loss}}0.37
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 20,259
|percentage = 14.60
|change = {{loss}}17.60
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 138,807
|percentage = 72.59
|change = {{gain}}0.35
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Kerala Congress
|loser = Kerala Congress (M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,95,987 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thodupuzha}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=P. J. Joseph|votes=76,177|percentage=54.08|change={{increase}}2.16|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=Roy Varicattu|votes=30,977|percentage=21.08|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=S. Praveen|votes=28,845|percentage=20.37|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Roy Arackal|votes=1,294|percentage=0.91|change={{decrease}}3.31|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,219|percentage=0.86|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Nisha Jimmy|votes=811|percentage=0.57|change={{increase}}0.38|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Najeeb Kalarickal|votes=710|percentage=0.50|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=P. J. Ambily|votes=440|percentage=0.31|change={{increase}}0.15}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Santhosh P. K.|votes=292|percentage=0.21|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. M. Veenas|votes=228|percentage=0.16|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Pareeth|votes=194|percentage=0.14|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=45,587|percentage=32.20|change={{increase}}1.12}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,41,574|percentage=72.24|change={{increase}}0.29}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (M)|swing={{increase}}2.16}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,77,529 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thodupuzha}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=P. J. Joseph|votes=66,325|percentage=51.92|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Joseph Augustine|votes=43,457|percentage=34.02|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. M. Velayudhan|votes=10,049|percentage=7.87|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=M. A. Najeeb|votes=5,386|percentage=4.22|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Binu Sebastian|votes=677|percentage=0.53|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=C. R. Dileep Kumar|votes=655|percentage=0.51|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=T. S. Sreenivasan|votes=482|percentage=0.38|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Joman John|votes=282|percentage=0.22|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Siby C. Mathew|votes=246|percentage=0.19|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Janapaksham|candidate=Shibu Mon|votes=179|percentage=0.14|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=22,868|percentage=17.90|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,27,738|percentage=71.95|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (M)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Thodupuzha]]
* [[Idukki district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Idukki district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Sunali Rathod

2026-05-07T06:23:20Z

Onlinemcadegree: new

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sunali Rathod
| image = SonaliRathod.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|1|17|df=y}}
| caption = Sunali Rathod in 2009
| genre = Playback Singer, [[Ghazal]]
| spouse = [[Anup Jalota]] (divorced) 
[[Roopkumar Rathod]]
| website = {{URL|www.roopsunali.com}}
}}

'''Sunali Rathod''' is an Indian playback singer. She is also a trained classical singer.

== Personal life ==
Sunali Rathod was born Sonali Sheth on 17 January 1970 into a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] family in [[Mumbai]]. She studied in [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]. She was [[bhajan]] singer [[Anup Jalota]]'s first wife and married him (against his family's approval) while still a music student, but subsequently divorced him to marry [[Roop Kumar Rathod]], ([[tabla]] player), playback singer, music director and a composer.<ref>[http://www.desiblitz.com/content/roopkumar-rathod-and-sunali-rathod Roopkumar Rathod and Sunali Rathod]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130715032508/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130519/jsp/7days/story_16914724.jsp Third time lucky]</ref> They have a daughter named Surshree or [[Reewa Rathod|Reewa]].

== Career ==
She started to perform at the age of 10 under the guidance of Gujarati music composer Shri Purshottam Upadhyay.<ref name="Musical Training">{{cite web |url=http://www.saregamaevents.com/kumar.html |title=Artist Blog}}</ref>
During this stage she was introduced to Pandit [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]], who became her mentor.<ref name="Mentor">{{cite web |url=http://www.artistaloud.com/artist.php?artist_id=17151 |title=Roopkumar and Sunali}}</ref> She also learnt the intricacies of Indian classical music Classical music under Ustaad Faiyyaz, Niyaz Ahmed Khan, Ustad Mashkoor and Mubarak Ali Khan of Kirana School of Music.<ref name="Musical Learnings">{{cite web |url=http://bollyspice.com/1772/an-evening-with-roop-kumar-rathod-sunali-rathod |title=Musical Learning|date=22 November 2010}}</ref> She sings in languages like [[Hindi]], Gujarati, [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English, [[Telugu language|Telugu]] etc..

At the age of 18, she released her first EP record of Gujarati song with [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]].<ref name="EpRecord">{{cite web |url=http://www.artistaloud.com/press_interview_details.php?artist_id=17151 |title=First Record}}</ref> In 1987, she released her first [[Ghazal]] album, ‘Aghaaz’.<ref name="First Album">{{cite web |url=http://www.saregamaevents.com/kumar.html |title=Sunali Rathod}}</ref> She also won the Best Ghazal singer award in 1987 by Emirates International in [[Dubai]]. She has sung various types of music such as [[Ghazal]], [[Bhajan]], [[Kheyal]], [[Tappa]] and Light music.<ref name="Music">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/01/stories/2002070100390400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031019143825/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/01/stories/2002070100390400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-10-19 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2002-07-01 |title=Genres of music}}</ref>

On 15 August 2005 Sunali Rathod and Roop Kumar Rathod gave a guest appearances in sitcom set called [[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]] one of the best Indian comedy show which was aired on channel [[STAR One]] in India.<ref name="Guest Appearance in Sarabhai vs Sarabhai">{{cite web | url=http://www.pegasusmedia.net/roopsunali/images/pdf/synchoronising.pdf |title=Sur and Soul}}</ref> She along with her husband Roop Kumar Rathod participated in [[Mission Ustaad]], an Indian musical reality show and were crowned with the "Ustaad Jodi’ title which was held on 23 February 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2017-11-26 |title=Roopkumar, Sunali Rathod to headline TOI's anniversary concert |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/roopkumar-sunali-rathod-to-headline-tois-anniversary-concert/articleshow/61798313.cms |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Sunali Rathod also performed in a unique webcert called "She is a Winner" celebrating [[International Women's Day|Women's day]] in 2011 alongside artists like [[Hema Sardesai]], [[Kuhoo Gupta]], [[Sunita Rao]], [[Shibani Kashyap]] and many more.<ref name="She is a Winner">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05c37GhSdcs |title=Youtube Video on Women's Day|website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

She recently released a Sufi album along with Roop Kumar Rathod called Kalmaa.<ref name="Kalmaa">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Roopkumar-Rathod-releases-Sufi-album/Article1-768856.aspx |title=Sufi Album- Kalmaa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118141443/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Roopkumar-Rathod-releases-Sufi-album/Article1-768856.aspx |archive-date=18 November 2011 }}</ref>

== TV appearances==
Sunali Rathod and Roop Kumar Rathod participated in [[Mission Ustaad]], an Indian musical reality show, which also crowned them as the "Ustaad Jodi".<ref name=":0" /> They also gave a guest appearance in an Indian Comedy TV serial called ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]''.<ref name="Guest Appearance in Sarabhai vs Sarabhai" />

== Awards ==
Sunali Rathod was announced as the Best [[Ghazal]] singer award in 1986 for her debut album ‘Aaghaaz’.<ref name="Best Ghazal Singer">{{cite web |url=http://www.saregamaevents.com/kumar.html |title=Best Ghazal Singer}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Sonali Rathod}}
* http://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/preview-buy/65661/Entertainment/Sonali-Rathod-Roopkumar-Rathod-play.html
* https://web.archive.org/web/20121002165451/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/135/20110314201103141701544264d384737/%E2%80%98She-is-a-Winner%E2%80%99-Saluting-women-everywhere.html
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031019143825/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/01/stories/2002070100390400.htm]
* [https://archive.today/20130103094109/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-13/pune/28363527_1_artistes-urdu-music]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20111107165527/http://businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=12714

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathod, Sunali}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women ghazal singers]]

[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]

Humayun Kabir (AJUP politician)

2026-05-06T16:29:03Z

Onlinemcadegree: New A Info W/ Refs...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1963)}}
{{Other uses|Humayun Kabir (disambiguation){{!}}Humayun Kabir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Humayun Kabir
| image = [[File:Humayun Kabir - Kolkata 2023-03-29 4908.jpg|170px]]
| caption = Humayun Kabir in 2023
| party = [[Aam Janata Unnayan Party]] {{small|(2025–present)}}
| office1 = President of the [[Aam Janata Unnayan Party]]
| term_start1 = 22 December 2025
| predecessor1 = Position established
| office2 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bharatpur]]
| predecessor2 = [[Kamalesh Chatterjee]]
| term_start2 = 7 May 2021
| office3 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Rejinagar Assembly constituency|Rejinagar]]
| predecessor3 = ''Constituency established''
| successor3 = [[Rabiul Alam Chowdhury]]
| term_start3 = 24 May 2011
| term_end3 = 21 November 2012
| office = Minister of State ([[Minister_of_State#Minor_government_ranks|Independent Charge]]), [[Government of West Bengal]]
| term_start = 21 Nov 2012
| term_end = 18 May 2013
| governor = [[M.K. Narayanan]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| 2blankname = Department
| 2namedata = Animal Resources Development
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|01|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Beldanga II|Narkelbari]], [[West Bengal]], India
| children = 2
| other_party = [[Trinamool Congress]] {{small|(2013–2016, 2021–2025)}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(2018–2021)}} [[Independent politician|Independent]] {{small|(2016–2018)}} [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(until 2013)}}
| spouse = Mira Sultana
}}
'''Humayun Kabir''' (born 3 January 1963) is an [[Indian politician]] from West Bengal, who is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bharatpur constituency]] since 2021. A former member of [[Trinamool Congress]], he also served as a [[Minister of State]] during [[First Banerjee ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-27 |title=TMC expels former minister Humayun Kabir |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/tmc-expels-former-minister-humayun-kabir/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> During his career as [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], he served as an MLA at [[Rejinagar Assembly constituency|Rejinagar]] from 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |title="Will Break Your Bones": Trinamool MLA Threatens Party Legislator, Gets Showcause Notice |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/trinamool-mla-humayun-kabir-threatens-party-legislator-rabiul-alam-chowdhury-with-will-break-your-bones-remark-gets-showcause-notice-served-2499258 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> until his resignation in 2012. [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]] expelled him in December, 2025 for his initiative of building a Babri-style mosque. Since then he has founded the [[Aam Janata Unnayan Party|AJUP]] and currently serves as its president.

== Career ==
In 2015, he was expelled from Trinamool for 6 years for doing anti-party activities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-26 |title=TMC expels former minister Humayun Kabir over anti-party statements |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tmc-expels-former-minister-humayun-kabir-over-anti-party-statements/story-qozSN5nh35JO0bWniFZA1O.html |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He contested as an independent candidate in [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016 elections]] to retain his Rejinagar seat from his predecessor Rabiul Chowdhury but lost. He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2018 and contested from [[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|Murshidabad]] seat during [[2019 Indian general election]]s but lost to TMC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinamool turncoat Humayun Kabir rejoins party two years after switching to BJP |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kolkata/2020/aug/06/trinamool-turncoat-humayun-kabir-rejoins-party-two-years-after-switching-to-bjp-2180089.html |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=The New Indian Express|date=6 August 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Moushumi Das |date=2019-04-17 |title=These 2 Muslim BJP candidates in Bengal say there is no religious discrimination in party |url=https://theprint.in/politics/these-2-muslim-bjp-candidates-in-bengal-say-there-is-no-religious-discrimination-in-party/222258/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> After completing six years of expulsion, he rejoined TMC and won as MLA from [[Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bharatpur]] seat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-23 |title=TMC leader lashes out at top cop |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/tmc-leader-lashes-out-at-top-cop/articleshow/27762241.cms |access-date=2023-12-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Police register criminal case against TMC MLA Humayun Kabir for alleged murder threat |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/police-register-criminal-case-against-tmc-mla-humayun-kabir-for-alleged-murder-threat/cid/1952149 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

Humayun Kabir<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Dwip Narayan |date=2025-12-22 |title=সোমবারই আসছে নতুন রাজনৈতিক দল, ৫ প্রার্থীর নাম চূড়ান্ত করলেন হুমায়ুন কবীর |url=https://bengalxpress.in/bengal_news/humayun-kabir-new-political-party-announcement-west-bengal-election/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> was suspended from the Trinamool Congress after he reportedly proposed the construction of a Babri Masjid in Bengal in December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trinamool suspends MLA over proposal to build Babri Masjid in Bengal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west-bengal/story/tmc-suspends-mla-humayun-kabir-for-will-build-babri-masjid-remark-2830505-2025-12-04 |work=India Today |date=4 December 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref>
On 22 December 2025, he launched his own party, named [[Aam Janata Unnayan Party]].
{| class="wikitable"
! Period !! Party !! Position
|-
| Until 2012
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly
|-
|2012-2013
| [[Trinamool Congress]]
| [[Minister of State]], Animal Resources Development
|-
| 2013–2016
| [[Trinamool Congress]]
| —
|-
| 2016–2018
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| —
|-
| 2018–2021
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| —
|-
| 2021–2025
| [[Trinamool Congress]]
| Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly
|-
| From 2026
| [[Aam Janata Unnayan Party]]
| Chairman
|-
| From 2026
| [[Aam Janata Unnayan Party|AJUP]]
| Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly
|}

== Electoral Performance ==

=== Loksabha ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Lok Sabha]]
!Year
!Constituency
!
!Party
!Votes
!Votes in
%
!Opponent
!
!Opponent
Party
!Votes
!IN%
!Margin
!Margin
in %
!Result
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|'''Murshidabad''']]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party|rowspan=}}
|'''2,47,809'''
|'''17.05%'''
|[[Abu Taher Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=}}
|604,346
|41.57%
| -3,56,537
| -24.52%
|style="background:#FFB6C1;" | '''Lost'''
|}

=== Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! colspan="14" |[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|-
! Year
! Constituency
!
! Party
! Votes
! Vote %
! Opponent
!
! Opponent Party
! Opp Votes
! Opp Vote %
! Margin
! Margin %
! Result
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rejinagar Assembly constituency|'''Rejinagar''']]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=}}
|'''77,542'''
|'''49.74%'''
|Sirajul Islam Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=}}
|68,781
|44.12%
|8,761
|5.62%
| style="background:#90EE90;" | '''Won'''
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|{{Party name with color|independent|rowspan=}}
|'''74,210'''
|'''40.12%'''
|[[Rabiul Alam Chowdhury]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=}}
|79,770
|43.12%
| -5,560
| -3%
|style="background:#FFB6C1;" | '''Lost'''
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|'''Bharatpur''']]
|{{Party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=}}
|'''96,226'''
|'''50.9%'''
|Iman Kalyan Mukherjee
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|53,143
|28.11%
|43,083
|22.79%
| style="background:#90EE90;" | '''Won'''
|-

| rowspan="2" | [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[Rejinagar Assembly constituency|'''Rejinagar''']]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Unnayan Party|rowspan=2}}
| '''123,536'''
| '''51.62%'''
| Bapan Ghosh
| 64,660
| 27.02%
| 58,876
|24.60%
| style="background:#90EE90;" | '''Won'''

|-
|[[Naoda Assembly constituency|'''Naoda''']]
|'''86,463'''
|'''39.02%'''
|Rana Mandal
|58,520
|26.41%
| 27,943
|12.61%
| style="background:#90EE90;" | '''Won'''
|}

== Controversies ==
While campaigning for the [[2024 Indian general election]], Trinamool Congress legislator Humayun Kabir stated that he will throw [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] supporters into the Bhagirathi River, a branch of the Ganges in West Bengal, in a span of two hours after winning. He stated that Muslims constitute 70% of the population of Murshidabad and to "not imagine" that "only 30 percent" (i.e. Hindus) are present.<ref>{{cite web | last=Mishra | first=Anupam | title=Trinamool MLA threatens to 'throw BJP supporters in Ganga' in 2 hours, sparks row | website=India Today | date=2 May 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/humayun-kabir-trinamool-congress-mla-murshidabad-bjp-supporters-2534491-2024-05-02 | access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Jaiswal | first=Arushi | title=TMC MLA Humayun Kabir creates stir, threatens to drown Hindus in Bhagirathi river | website=VIDEO – India TV | date=2 May 2024 | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/west-bengal/kolkata-lok-sabha-elections-2024-tmc-mla-humayun-kabir-threatens-to-drown-hindus-in-bhagirathi-river-video-latest-updates-2024-05-02-929122 | access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kabir, Humayun}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}
{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}
{{WestBengal-BJP-politician-stub}}

G. B. Jyothi Ganesh

2026-05-03T10:00:35Z

Onlinemcadegree: creating a pg basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''G. B. Jyothi Ganesh''' (born 1 May 1975) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Tumkur City Assembly constituency]] in [[Tumakuru district|Tumkur district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=G B Jyothi Ganesh in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/g-b-jyothi-ganesh-tumkur-city-candidate-s10a132c013/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Tumkur City Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate G B Jyothi Ganesh Wins From Tumkur City |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/tumkur-rural-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601851 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ganesh is from Tumkur. His father [[G. S. Basavaraj|G.S. Basavaraj]] is a five time MP from Tumkur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GS Basavaraj |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/gs-basavaraj/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He completed his post graduate diploma in Management Science in 1999 at Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Institute for Management, [[Mysore]] and then did B.E. in Mechanical Engineering in 1996 at Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur, which is affiliated with [[Bangalore University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=G B Jyothi Ganesh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- TUMKUR CITY(TUMKUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7367 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ganesh won from Tumkur City Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election. He polled 59,165 votes and defeated his nearest rival, N. Govindaraju of the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]], by a margin of 3,198 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Tumkur City Election Results, Tumkur City विधानसभाचुनाव परिणाम 2023 - NDTV MPCG |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka-vidhan-sabha-election-results-2023/tumkur-city |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref> Earlier, he became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Tumkur City election results LIVE {{!}} Tight three-way battle ends with BJP beatings JD(S) by 3,198 votes - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/tumkur-city-election-results-2023-live-updates-karnataka-jds-bjp-congress-govindaraju-iqbal-ahmed-jyoti-ganesh-16650471.htm |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jyothi Ganesh, G. B. }}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]

2024 Indian general election in Chandigarh

2026-05-02T05:41:18Z

Onlinemcadegree:

{{Short description|2024 Indian political election in UT of Chandigarh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Chandigarh
| previous_year = 2019
| election_date = 1 June 2024
| next_year = 2029
| seats_for_election = Sole seat from Chandigarh in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| ongoing = no
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Chandigarh
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Chandigarh
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Chandigarh
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Chandigarh#Opinion polls
| turnout = 67.98% ({{decrease}} 2.63%)
| image_size = 100px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Manish Tewari addressing at the release of seven Documentary Films on good governance initiatives, in New Delhi. The Minister of State for Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions and Prime Minister’s Office.jpg|bSize=540|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=200|oTop=60}}
| leader1 = '''[[Manish Tewari]]'''
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leader_since1 = 2024
| leaders_seat1 = [[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]]
| last_election1 = 40.35%, 0 seat ([[Pawan Kumar Bansal]])
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sanjay_Tandon.jpg|bSize=150|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=22|oTop=10}}
| leader2 = [[Sanjay Tandon]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance
| leader_since2 = 2019
| leaders_seat2 = [[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]]
| last_election2 = 50.64%, 1 seat ([[Kirron Anupam Kher]])
| seats1 = '''1'''
| seats2 = 0
| seat_change1 = {{gain}} 1
| seat_change2 = {{loss}} 1
| swing1 = {{gain}} 7.88 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| popular_vote1 = '''216,657'''
| percentage1 = '''48.23%'''
| popular_vote2 = 214,153
| percentage2 = 47.66%
| swing2 = {{loss}} 2.98 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| map_image = File: Chandigarh Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] after election
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| map_caption = [[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency]]
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held in Chandigarh on 1 June 2024 to elect 1 member of the [[18th Lok Sabha]].

== Election schedule ==

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan=2|Poll event
!Phase
|-
|bgcolor=#9ACD32|VII
|-
!Notification date
|7 May
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|14 May
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|15 May
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|17 May
|-
!Date of poll
|'''1 June'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
|'''4 June 2024'''
|-
!'''''No. of constituencies'''''
|1
|}

== Parties and alliances ==

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Sanjay Tandon]]
|1
|-
|}

=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/congress-gets-chandigarh-as-lok-sabha-seat-deal-sealed-with-aap-101708809901443-amp.html | title=Congress gets Chandigarh as Lok Sabha seat-deal sealed with AAP | date=25 February 2024 }}</ref>
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Manish Tewari]]
|1
|-
|}

== Candidates ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Constituency
|colspan="3" bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|
|colspan="3" bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|
|-
!colspan="3"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
!colspan="3"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|-
!1
|[[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Sanjay Tandon]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Manish Tewari]]
|-
|}

== Surveys and polls ==

=== Opinion polls ===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Chandigarh (1)}}

===Exit polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Chandigarh}}

== Voter turnout ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll date
!Turnout
!Swing
|-
!1
|[[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]]
| bgcolor="#9ACD32" |1 June 2024
|67.98%
|2.63%{{decrease}}
|}

== Results ==

===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024: Chandigarh |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/partywiseresult-U02.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=5 June 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
! style="background:#E5F8FF" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,16,657
|48.23
|{{increase}} 7.88
| 1
|1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
| style="background:#fef3e8" |'''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]'''
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,14,153
|47.66
| {{decrease}} 2.98
| 1
|0
| {{Decrease}} 1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|colspan=3|[[2024 Indian general election in Chandigarh#Others|Others]]
|
|
|
|5
|0
|{{No change}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan=3|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|
|
|
|12
|0
|{{No change}}
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan=3|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|2,912
|0.65
|{{Decrease}} 0.30
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!
!100%
! -
!
!1
!-
|-
|}

===Results by constituency===

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="7" |Winner
!colspan="7"|Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
|-
!1
|[[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]]
|67.98%{{decrease}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|[[Manish Tewari]]
|2,16,657
|48.23%
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[Sanjay Tandon]]
|2,14,153
|47.67%
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2,504
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|0.56%
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[2024 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Delhi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian general election, 2024}}

[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Chandigarh]]
[[Category:2020s in Chandigarh]]

Bhashini

2026-04-20T02:51:38Z

Onlinemcadegree: started a entry.

{{Short description|Indian government portal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Bhashini
| bgcolor = 
| fgcolor = 
| image = File:Bhashini_Logo.png
| image_border =
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| caption =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| abbreviation =
| formation = {{Start date and age|2022|07||df=y}}
| extinction = 
| type = Governmental project
| status = 
| purpose = 
| headquarters =
| location =
| coordinates = 
| region_served = [[India]]
| membership =
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| publication =
| leader_title = CEO
| leader_name = Shri Amitabh Nag
| main_organ = 
| parent_organisation = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]
| affiliations = 
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| remarks =
}}
'''Bhashini''' is an [[Indian government]] project developed by [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] under its "National Language Translation Mission." It aims to help [[Indian people|Indian citizens]] translate content in various [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] and enable effective communication among different-language speakers across India, and thus reduce the [[language barrier]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=The Hindu Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2024-09-11 |title=ONDC launches Saarthi reference app with for businesses to create multilingual buyer apps |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/ondc-launches-saarthi-reference-app-for-businesses-to-create-multilingual-buyer-apps/article68629225.ece |access-date=2024-10-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bhashini Challenge |url=https://innovateindia.mygov.in/bhashini-challenge/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=innovateindia.mygov.in |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Background ==
Bhashini was launched at [[Gandhinagar]], [[Gujarat]], in July 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital India Week 2022- Digital Mela |url=https://www.digitalindia.gov.in/photo_gallery/digital-india-week-2002-digital-mela/ |url-status=live}}</ref>. The name "Bhashini" is an abbreviation for "Bhasha Interface for India." It is developed under the National Language Translation Mission by [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-25 |title=What is the digital India program, Bhashini? |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-the-digital-india-program-bhashini-1703526525-1 |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref>

An Independent Business Division (IBD) called Digital India Bhashini Division (DIBD) has been started under [[Digital India Corporation]] (DIC) to help Bhashini ecosystem collab with startups.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-02-24 |title='Bhashini App' the only AI tool you will need for real-time translation of Indian languages |url=https://telanganatoday.com/bhashini-app-the-only-ai-tool-you-will-need-for-real-time-translation-of-indian-languages |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Platform ==
The platform uses [[Natural language processing]] and [[Artificial intelligence|AI]], to go beyond language barriers, ensuring digital empowerment and digital inclusion across different states.<ref name=":1" /> It has more than 300 pre-trained AI models available to Bhashini ecosystem partners exposed via Open Bhashini [[API]]s.<ref name=":0" />

== Adoption ==
In December 2023, [[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]], used Bhashini to translate his realtime speech into for his Tamil audience.<ref>{{Cite news |last=The Hindu Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-12-18 |title=AI translation tool 'Bhashini' used to translate Prime Minister Narendra Modi's speech |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/indian-language-ai-tool-bhashini-used-to-translate-prime-minister-narendra-modis-speech/article67649545.ece |access-date=2024-10-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Later, [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] used the platform during her 2024 [[Union budget of India]] speech.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Bhashini signs MoU with New Media Wing of Ministry of I&B |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/how-it-works/bhashini-signs-mou-with-new-media-wing-of-ministry-of-ib-37825.htm |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=www.storyboard18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-19 |title=Explained: What is Bhashini, the real-time translation tool that PM Narendra Modi used |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/explained-what-is-bhashini-the-real-time-translation-tool-that-pm-narendra-modi-used/articleshow/106122854.cms |access-date=2024-10-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In June 2024, [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|MeitY]] sought bidders to allow research projects for better accuracy and fluency of machine translation. It promoted use of specific language pairs and use of such domain-specific language models for government, education, healthcare, and other critical sectors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-27 |title=Govt to Increase Adoption of Bhashini, Seeks Bids from Colleges and Universities |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/technology/govt-to-increase-adoption-of-bhashini-seeks-bids-from-colleges-and-universities |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-25 |title=Govt seeks bids from colleges, universities for help on Bhashini proliferation |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/govt-seeks-bids-from-colleges-universities-for-help-on-bhashini-proliferation/articleshow/111262499.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Bhashini signed MoUs with [[Snapdeal]], [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of I&B]], [[Federal Bank]] among others providing its AI models to cater solutions in vernacular languages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schamiloglu |first=Uli |date=2017 |title=The rise of Runiform Turkic as the first Turkic vernacular literary language |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.13173/tl/2017/2/161 |journal=Turkic Languages |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=161–177 |doi=10.13173/tl/2017/2/161 |issn=1431-4983|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":2" />

In September 2024, [[Open Network for Digital Commerce]] (ONDC) launched Saarthi, an application that enables businesses to create their own personalised buyer-side applications using Bhashini. [[Rajasthan government]] developed Pehchan app, a digital platform that makes birth and death registration easier by enabling voice commands in different languages using Bhashini AI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pehchan App Goes Multilingual: Breaking Language Barriers with Bhashini's AI |url=https://indiaai.gov.in/news/pehchan-app-goes-multilingual-breaking-language-barriers-with-bhashini-s-ai |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=INDIAai |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official Website}}
* [https://anuvaad.bhashini.gov.in/text-to-text-translation Anuvaad Bhashini] (Language Translator)

[[Category:Government programmes of India]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]

Iranna B. Kadadi

2026-04-19T16:03:48Z

Onlinemcadegree: New Some Post Basic Info...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Iranna Kadadi
| image =
| caption =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 26 June 2020
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[B. K. Hariprasad]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka|Karnataka]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1966|6|1|df=yes}}<ref>rajyasabha.in</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kalloli]], [[Gokak]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education =
| spouse =
| relatives =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Iranna Kadadi''' is an Indian politician and a [[Member of Parliament]] representing [[Karnataka]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]]. He served as the [[Belagavi district]] Panchayat president in 2010. He also served as Bharatiya Janata Party's [[Belagavi district]] unit president.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/karnataka/bjp-names-eranna-kadadi-ashok-gasti-as-candidates-for-karnataka-rajya-sabha-polls-2288768.html|title=BJP names Iranna Kadadi, Ashok Gasti as candidates for Karnataka Rajya Sabha polls|date=8 June 2020|website=Zee News}}</ref> He also served as the chairman of [[NGEF]], [[Hubli]]

Kadadi had unsuccessfully contested the assembly election from [[Arabhavi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Arabhavi constituency]] in 1994 on a BJP ticket. Kadadi belongs to Veerashiva Lingayat community from Belagavi district.<ref name="deccanherald">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/karnataka-politics/karnataka-eranna-kadadi-ashok-gasti-chosen-as-bjps-rs-candidates-847023.html|title=Karnataka: Eranna Kadadi, Ashok Gasti chosen as BJP's RS candidates|website=Deccan Herald|date=8 June 2020 |accessdate=9 June 2020}}</ref>

His nomination along with [[Ashok Gasti]] to the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 2020 came as a surprise from the national leadership of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] as they were never in the limelight. The BJP later said that the party believes in appreciating grass root level workers, hence rewarded them with this opportunity.<ref name="devdiscourse">{{cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/politics/1085297-2-bjp-leaders-file-nominations-for-rajya-sabha-elections-from-karnataka-yediyurappa|website=devdiscourse.com|title=2 BJP leaders file nominations for Rajya Sabha elections from Karnataka: Yediyurappa|accessdate=12 June 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==

Eranna Kadadi was associated with the BJP from his student days through the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP) and later got involved in the organisation work for the BJP. He started his active political career in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/ashok-gasti-eranna-kadadi-are-bjps-picks-for-rajya-sabha/articleshow/76272134.cms|title=Ashok Gasti, Eranna Kadadi are BJP's picks for Rajya Sabha|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadadi, Eranna}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Belagavi district]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}

Hanskhali Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T13:16:01Z

Onlinemcadegree: New A Bio Nd Citations...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hanskhali
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nabadwip Lok Sabha constituency|Nabadwip]]
| constituency_no = 79
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| abolished = 2011
| electors =
}}
'''Hanskhali''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It was reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] Hanskhali Assembly constituency ceases to exist from 2011. [[Ranaghat Uttar Purba Assembly constituency]] is a new constituency in the area.<ref name = delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf |title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18|access-date = 31 July 2014|work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Hanskhali assembly constituency was part of the [[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 1 October 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||Hanskhali||[[Pramatha Ranjan Thakur]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||||[[Charu Mihir Sarkar]]||[[Bangla Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, Inda, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1969||||Charu Mihir Sarkar||Bangla Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1971||||Ananda Mohan Biswas||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1972||||Ananda Mohan Biswas||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1977||||Sukumar Mandal||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1982||||Sukumar Mandal||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1987||||Sukumar Mandal||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1991||||Nayan Sarkar||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1996||||Sasanka Sekhar Biswas||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||||Nayan Sarkar||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||||Nayan Sarkar||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
===1977-2006===
Nayan Sarkar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] won the 79 Hanskhali (SC) assembly seat in 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> and 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> defeating his nearest rivals Dr. Ramendra Nath Biswas and Abir Ranjan Biswas (both of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]) in the respective years. In 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> Sasanka Sekhar Biswas of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeated Nayan Sarkar of CPI (M). In 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> Nayan Sarkar of CPI(M) defeated Sasanka Sekhar Biswas of Congress. In 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> and 1977,<ref name=vidhansabha1977/> Sukumar Mandal of CPI (M) defeated Sasanka Sekhar Biswas, Kshownish Biswas and Ananda Mohan Biswas (all of Congress) in respective years.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp79.htm |title =79 - Hanskhali (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 5 October 2010}}</ref>

===1962-1972===
Ananda Mohan Biswas of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> Charu Mihir Sarkar of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> Pramatha Ranjan Thakur of Congress won in 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> Prior to that the Hanskhali seat was not there.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{coords|23.36|88.60|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Nadia district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Jobs (film)

2026-04-16T07:45:20Z

Onlinemcadegree: New The Data From Scratch

{{short description|2013 American biographical drama film by Joshua Michael Stern}}
{{About|the 2013 film|other films about Steve Jobs|List of artistic depictions of Steve Jobs}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{infobox film
| name = Jobs
| image = Jobs (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Joshua Michael Stern]]
| producer = {{ubl|Joshua Michael Stern|Mark Hulme}}
| writer = Matt Whiteley
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ashton Kutcher]]
* [[Dermot Mulroney]]
* [[Josh Gad]]
* [[Lukas Haas]]
* [[J.K. Simmons]]
* [[Lesley Ann Warren]]
* [[Ron Eldard]]
* [[Ahna O'Reilly]]
* [[John Getz]]
* [[James Woods]]
* [[Matthew Modine]]
}}
| music = [[John Debney]]
| cinematography = [[Russell Carpenter]]
| editing = Robert Komatsu
| studio = {{ubl|Five Star Feature Films|IF Entertainment|Venture Forth|Silver Reel|[[Endgame Entertainment]]}}
| distributor = [[Open Road Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2013|01|25|[[2013 Sundance Film Festival|Sundance Film Festival]]|2013|08|16|United States}}
| runtime = 129 minutes<ref name="Box office Mojo" />
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $12 million<ref name="Box office Mojo">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jobs.htm |title=Box office Mojo |publisher=Box office Mojo |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=November 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112191041/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl73238017/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = $42.1 million<ref name="Box office Mojo"/>
}}
'''''Jobs''''' is a 2013 American [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[drama film|drama]] film based on the life of [[Steve Jobs]], from 1974 while a student at [[Reed College]] to the introduction of the [[iPod]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2013/08/16/review-jobs|title=Palo Alto Online Film Review: Jobs|author=Peter Canavese|publisher=Palo Alto Online|date=August 16, 2013|access-date=August 16, 2013|archive-date=December 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205060645/http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2013/08/16/review-jobs|url-status=live}}</ref> It is directed by [[Joshua Michael Stern]], written by Matt Whiteley, and produced by Stern and Mark Hulme. Steve Jobs is portrayed by [[Ashton Kutcher]], with [[Josh Gad]] as [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]]'s co-founder [[Steve Wozniak]]. ''Jobs'' was chosen to close the [[2013 Sundance Film Festival]].<ref name="sundance">{{cite web |url=http://www.sundance.org/festival/release/2013-sundance-film-festival-announces-films-in-premieres-and-documentary-pr/ |title=2013 Sundance Film Festival Announces Films in Premieres and Documentary Premieres |work=Sundance.org |publisher=Sundance Institute |date=December 3, 2012 |access-date=December 27, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222004405/http://www.sundance.org/festival/release/2013-sundance-film-festival-announces-films-in-premieres-and-documentary-pr/ |archive-date=December 22, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Gibbs">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jan/28/sundance-festival-jobs-first-look-review |title=Sundance film festival 2013: Jobs – first look review |date=January 28, 2013 |last=Gibbs |first=Ed |work=The Guardian |access-date=May 10, 2013}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In [[Reed College]], in 1974, the high tuition costs force [[Steve Jobs]] to drop out, but Dean Jack Dudman allows him to sit in on classes. Jobs is particularly interested in a [[calligraphy]] course. Influenced by [[Ram Dass|Baba Ram Dass]]'s book ''[[Be Here Now (book)|Be Here Now]]'' and their experiences with [[History of lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]], Jobs and his friend [[Daniel Kottke]] spend time in [[Hippie trail|India]]. His philosophical ideas lead Jobs to the decision [[Barefoot|not to wear any footwear]].

Two years later, Jobs is back in [[Los Altos, California]], living with his adoptive parents Paul and Clara. While working for [[Atari, Inc.]] as a [[video game developer]], Jobs develops a partnership with his friend [[Steve Wozniak|Steve "Woz" Wozniak]]. Jobs is charged by his boss [[Allan Alcorn|Al Alcorn]] to re-develop [[arcade video game]] ''[[Breakout (video game)|Breakout]]'', which he ends up having Wozniak build in his place. The job is such a success that Alcorn presents it to President [[Nolan Bushnell]], but Jobs inequitably distributes the salary for ''Breakout''<nowiki/>'s development between Wozniak and himself.

Later, Jobs discovers that Wozniak built a prototype for the [[Apple I]], a "[[Personal computer|personal]] [[home computer]]" which he expresses interest in commercializing. They name their new company [[Apple Computer]]. After a failed sale at his employer company [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], Wozniak reluctantly demonstrates the Apple I at the [[Homebrew Computer Club]] to a bored audience. Jobs is later approached by store owner [[Paul Terrell]] who shows interest in the Apple I. Jobs persuades his father Paul to let them set up their new company in the family's garage workshop. Jobs also recruits Kottke, fellow engineer [[Bill Fernandez]], and young neighbor [[Chris Espinosa]] to the Apple team.<ref name=slashdot/>

Terrell's disappointment in the Apple I (in his opinion, being only a [[motherboard]] and not a full computer as promised), inspires Jobs to restart with a second model. He hires [[Rod Holt]] to re-conceptualize the [[power supply]] for what will be called the [[Apple II]]. Venture capitalist [[Mike Markkula]] notices Jobs and Wozniak's work, and also joins Apple. The Apple II is released at the 1977 [[West Coast Computer Faire]], where it is a success.

Apple's success causes Jobs to distance himself from his friends. Upon learning that his high-school girlfriend [[Chrisann Brennan]] is pregnant, Jobs ends their relationship. Brennan gives birth to [[Lisa Brennan-Jobs|Lisa]], whom Jobs denies is his child. Kottke (now an [[Apple II Plus]] repairer) meanwhile leaves the company after acknowledging that Jobs (who hardly even has any time to talk to him) is not rewarding the Apple I team with any Apple [[stock]]. [[John Sculley]] is recruited as CEO of the company. As Jobs' behavior grows more erratic, Jobs is moved from the [[Apple Lisa]] development team to the [[Macintosh#History|Macintosh Group]], where he works with Bill Atkinson, [[Burrell Smith]], Chris Espinosa, and [[Andy Hertzfeld]]. Despite the change, his behavior does not change: he forces out [[Jef Raskin]], the original Macintosh group leader, and then takes his place. Later, he phones [[Microsoft]] founder [[Bill Gates]], legally threatening him because their [[Microsoft Word|Word]] software is, in his opinion, a plagiarism of Apple's [[word processor]]. Wozniak, still part of the [[Apple IIe]] team, decides to leave the company, feeling that it has lost its way.

Though the [[Macintosh 128K|Macintosh]] is introduced with great fanfare in 1984, including [[1984 (advertisement)|a high-budget commercial]], it is seen as a failure due to the disproportionately high cost (as compared to [[IBM PC compatible]]s). Jobs, convinced that the error is the limited [[random-access memory]] of the system, launches [[Macintosh 512K|a more advanced version]], but Sculley forces him out of the company in 1985.

In 1996, Jobs is married to [[Laurene Powell Jobs|Laurene Powell]] and has accepted Lisa as his daughter (she now lives with them). He has a son, Reed, and also runs [[NeXT]]. When Apple buys NeXT, then-CEO [[Gil Amelio]] asks Jobs to return to Apple as a consultant. Jobs is named the new CEO, fires Amelio and relieves the Board of Directors. Jobs becomes interested in the work of [[Jony Ive]], particularly during the design of the [[iMac G3|iMac]] and strives to reinvent Apple. Jobs later records the [[Think Different#Text|dialogue for the ''Think Different'']] commercial in 1997. In 2001, Steve Jobs introduces the [[iPod]] at an Apple Town Hall meeting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://everystevejobsvideo.com/original-ipod-introduction-apple-special-event-2001/|title=Original iPod introduction – Apple Special Event (2001)|website=EverySteveJobsVideo|access-date=October 9, 2017|quote=October 2001 (Location: Apple Town Hall). Steve was 46 years old.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009092720/https://everystevejobsvideo.com/original-ipod-introduction-apple-special-event-2001/|archive-date=October 9, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cast==

===Apple===
* [[Ashton Kutcher]] as [[Steve Jobs]]
* [[Josh Gad]] as [[Steve Wozniak]]
* [[Lukas Haas]] as [[Daniel Kottke]]
* [[Victor Rasuk]] as [[Bill Fernandez]]
* [[Eddie Hassell]] as [[Chris Espinosa]]
* [[Ron Eldard]] as [[Rod Holt]]
* [[Nelson Franklin]] as [[Bill Atkinson]]
* [[Elden Henson]] as [[Andy Hertzfeld]]
* [[Lenny Jacobson]] as [[Burrell Smith]]
* [[Giles Matthey]] as [[Jony Ive]]
* [[Dermot Mulroney]] as [[Mike Markkula]]
* [[Matthew Modine]] as [[John Sculley]]
* [[J. K. Simmons]] as [[Arthur Rock]]
* [[Kevin Dunn]] as [[Gil Amelio]]
* [[Brett Gelman]] as [[Jef Raskin]]

===Family===
* [[John Getz]] as Paul Jobs
* [[Lesley Ann Warren]] as Clara Jobs
* [[Abby Brammell]] as [[Laurene Powell Jobs]]
* Annika Bertea as [[Lisa Brennan-Jobs]] (adult)
* [[Ava Acres]] as [[Lisa Brennan-Jobs|Lisa Brennan]] (child)
* [[Ahna O'Reilly]] as [[Chrisann Brennan]]

===Other===
* [[James Woods]] as John "Jack" Dudman
* [[David Denman]] as [[Allan Alcorn|Al Alcorn]]
* [[Brad William Henke]] as [[Paul Terrell]]
* [[Robert Pine]] as [[Edgar S. Woolard Jr.]]
* [[Amanda Crew]] as Julie
*[[Masi Oka]] as Ken Tanaka

==Production==

===Development===
[[File:Jobsmovie Los Altos.JPG|thumb|Crew filming ''Jobs'' at Steve Jobs' childhood home in [[Los Altos, California]]]]
Screenwriter Matt Whiteley began work on the screenplay around the time Steve Jobs took medical leave from Apple to battle pancreatic cancer.<ref name=mercurynews/> Director Joshua Michael Stern stated in an interview that all material for the screenplay was collected via research and interviews:

<blockquote>Mark Hulme, our producer, had an expert team of researchers to comb through all public records and interviews that had anything to do with Steve Jobs. Mark, the screenwriter and the research team, also took it upon themselves to interview quite a large pool of people who either worked at Apple or worked with Steve to make sure we portrayed as accurate a portrait and telling of the events possible within the constraints of the film's length.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bohemianrhapsodyclub.weebly.com/uploads/7/0/0/4/7004357/jobs_production_notes.pdf|title=Q&A with JOBS director, Joshua Michael Stern|publisher=MELBOURNE PUBLICITY|access-date=August 16, 2013}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref></blockquote>

=== Filming ===
Production began in June 2012 at Jobs' childhood home in [[Los Altos, California]], with the help of Jobs' stepmother, Marilyn Jobs (who still lives there).<ref>{{cite news |last=Rose |first=Lisa |title=First look: Ashton Kutcher as Steve Jobs on the set of the biopic 'Jobs' |url=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/movies/2012/06/ashton_kutcher_as_steve_jobs.html |work=NJ.com |date=June 18, 2012 |access-date=3 September 2025 |archive-date=August 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807105644/https://www.nj.com/entertainment/movies/2012/06/ashton_kutcher_as_steve_jobs.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It was also observed by his sister Patricia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2013/09/24/steve-jobs-sister-weighs-in-on-effort-to-preserve-apple-co-founders-childhood-home-in-los-altos/ |title=Steve Jobs' sister weighs in on effort to preserve Apple co-founder's childhood home in Los Altos |publisher=Contracostatimes.com |date=June 11, 2012 |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121143705/https://www.mercurynews.com/2013/09/24/steve-jobs-sister-weighs-in-on-effort-to-preserve-apple-co-founders-childhood-home-in-los-altos/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The majority of the film was shot in the [[Los Angeles]] region.<ref name=mercurynews>{{cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/entertainment/ci_23832367/ashton-kutcher-steve-jobs-and-making-jobs |title=Ashton Kutcher, Steve Jobs and the making of 'Jobs' |newspaper=[[San Jose Mercury News]] |date=August 12, 2013 |first=Charlie |last=McCollum |access-date=August 15, 2013 |archive-date=August 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815063128/http://www.mercurynews.com/entertainment/ci_23832367/ashton-kutcher-steve-jobs-and-making-jobs |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=locations>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2357129/locations?ref_=tt_ql_dt_6|title=Jobs (2013)|work=IMDb|access-date=June 30, 2018|archive-date=January 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110030833/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2357129/locations?ref_=tt_ql_dt_6|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Russell Carpenter]] was the cinematographer.<ref name=mirror/>

In August 2012, production moved to [[New Delhi]] and [[Vrindavan]] in order to provide the setting for Jobs' [[Hippie trail|1974 trek to India]]. Locations include "Delhi's [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]], the [[Hauz Khas Complex]], [[Tomb of Safdarjung|Safdarjung Tomb]] and [[Humayun's Tomb]]."<ref name=locations/><ref name="indiaproduction">{{cite news |url=http://www.indiawest.com/news/12857-steve-jobs-indian-journey-depicted-in-jobs-biopic.html |title=Steve Jobs' Indian Journey Depicted in 'Jobs' Biopic |newspaper=India-West |date=August 14, 2013 |first=Lisa |last=Tsering |access-date=August 15, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818042119/http://www.indiawest.com/news/12857-steve-jobs-indian-journey-depicted-in-jobs-biopic.html |archive-date=August 18, 2013 }}</ref> Aseem Bajaj (''[[Bandit Queen]]'', ''[[Chameli (film)|Chameli]]'', and ''[[Khoya Khoya Chand]]'') served as cinematographer for scenes shot in India, though cinematographer Russell Carpenter went to India as well. Bajaj notes that they "shot guerrilla style in the crazy and mad by-lanes of [[Chandni Chowk]] in Old Delhi. We shot near the [[Red Fort]] and the famous Jama Masjid for two full days with multiple cameras spread across everywhere. Ashton stood frozen with the chaos staring right in his face which helped us capture what Steve Jobs must have felt on his visit to India."<ref name=mirror>{{cite news |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Shooting-a-frozen-Jobs/articleshow/21816630.cms |title=Shooting a 'frozen' Jobs |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=August 14, 2013 |access-date=August 15, 2013 |archive-date=October 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026011234/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Shooting-a-frozen-Jobs/articleshow/21816630.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/2036795 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110042316/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/2036795 |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |title=Bollywood cinematographer shot Steve Jobs bio-pic |date=August 15, 2013 |author=Subhash K. Jha |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=August 15, 2013}}</ref>

==Release==
The ''Business Insider'' described the film's opening as a [[box-office bomb]], earning $6.7 million in its first weekend and placing seventh overall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/ashton-kutchers-steve-jobs-movie-bombed-2013-8 |title=Ashton Kutcher's Steve Jobs Movie Bombed |publisher=Business Insider |date=August 19, 2013 |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=June 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628023455/https://www.businessinsider.com/ashton-kutchers-steve-jobs-movie-bombed-2013-8 |url-status=live }}</ref>

It had a worldwide gross of $42.1 million against its $12 million budget,<ref name="Box office Mojo" /> making the film a modest box office success.

==Reception==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|27|5.1|131|An ambitious but skin-deep portrait of an influential, complex figure, ''Jobs'' often has the feel of an over-sentimentalized made-for-TV biopic.}}<ref name="rt">{{cite web|title=Jobs (2013)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jobs_2013/|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media]]|access-date=May 9, 2025|archive-date=November 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112191214/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jobs|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Metacritic film prose |score=44|count=35|ref=yes|access-date=June 7, 2021}} Audiences surveyed by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemascore.com/|title=Home|website=Cinemascore|language=en-US|access-date=March 6, 2020}}</ref>

''[[E! Online]]'' said, "Critics have taken the film to task for a reach that falls far short of its ambition, marred by its superficial and unsatisfying portrait of an icon who deserved better."<ref>{{cite news|last=Loinaz|first=Alexis L.|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/449465/jobs-reviews-are-in-ashton-kutcher-s-steve-jobs-homage-not-quite-the-apple-of-critics-eyes|title=''Jobs'' Reviews Are In: Ashton Kutcher's Steve Jobs Homage Not Quite the Apple of Critics' Eyes|date=August 16, 2013|work=[[E! Online]]|publisher=[[E!]]|access-date=August 16, 2013|archive-date=August 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817164728/http://www.eonline.com/news/449465/jobs-reviews-are-in-ashton-kutcher-s-steve-jobs-homage-not-quite-the-apple-of-critics-eyes|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' reported that the consensus among critics was "mixed positives for Kutcher's performance" and a "thumbs down for Joshua Michael Stern's film."<ref>{{cite news|last=Elmer-DeWitt|first=Philip|url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2013/08/16/apple-jobs-kutcher-reviews/|title=Ashton Kutcher's ''Jobs'': What the critics are saying|date=August 16, 2013|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=August 16, 2013|archive-date=August 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819004006/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2013/08/16/apple-jobs-kutcher-reviews/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Robert X. Cringely]], author of ''[[Accidental Empires]]'' and creator of the documentaries ''[[Triumph of the Nerds]]'' and ''[[Steve Jobs: The Lost Interview]]'', argues that "the film is beautifully shot and Kutcher's portrayal of Jobs, while not spot-on, is pretty darned good. He certainly has the look down and the walk. But Ashton Kutcher also produced this film and he's definitely a better actor than producer. There are a lot of historical inaccuracies that just don't have to be there. ... The great failing of this film is the same failing as with [[Steve Jobs (book)|Walter Isaacson's book]]: something happened during Steve's [[NeXT]] years (which occupy less than 60 seconds of this 122-minute film) that turned Jobs from a brat into a leader, but they don't bother to cover that."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cringely.com/2013/08/19/ashton-kutchers-steve-jobs-somehow-misses-the-whole-point/|title=Ashton Kutcher's Steve Jobs somehow misses the whole point|date=August 19, 2013|website=cringely.com|last=Cringely|first=Robert X.|access-date=August 19, 2013|archive-date=October 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030040138/http://www.cringely.com/2013/08/19/ashton-kutchers-steve-jobs-somehow-misses-the-whole-point/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mick LaSalle]] of the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' states that "at its best, it's a good picture, and at its worst, it's almost good."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Jobs-review-Kutcher-s-fine-but-film-s-timing-4735382.php|title=''Jobs'' review: Kutcher's fine, but film's timing is off|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|first=Mick|last=LaSalle|date=August 15, 2013|access-date=August 16, 2013|archive-date=August 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816062346/http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Jobs-review-Kutcher-s-fine-but-film-s-timing-4735382.php|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Peter Travers]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' suggests that "Kutcher nails the genius and narcissism. It's a quietly dazzling performance" but also notes that "''Jobs'' is a one-man show that needed to go for broke and doesn't. My guess is that Jobs would give it a swat."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/jobs-20130815|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|title=''Jobs''|first=Peter|last=Travers|date=August 15, 2013|access-date=August 16, 2013}}</ref>

Contributor for [[Roger Ebert|rogerebert.com]], Susan Wloszczyna, gave the movie two out of four stars, saying that, "Rather than attempting a deeper plunge behind the whys and wherefores of the elite business-model gospel according to [[Apple Inc.]] guru Steve Jobs and – more importantly – what it says about our culture, the filmmakers follow the easy rise-fall-rise-again blueprint familiar to anyone who has seen an episode of VH1's ''Behind the Music''."<ref name=RogerE>{{cite web|last=Wloszczyna|first=Susan|title=Jobs|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/jobs-2013|publisher=RogerEbert.com|access-date=November 19, 2013|archive-date=December 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213055153/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/jobs-2013|url-status=live}}</ref> She further discusses how Kutcher's performance and the overall movie failed to portray Jobs in the iconic manner that current pop culture suggests even after Jobs' passing. In a movie review for ''[[The New York Times]]'', writer [[Manohla Dargis]] writes that ''Jobs'' was "inevitably unsatisfying"<ref name="New York Times Movie Review">{{cite news|last=Dargis|first=Manohla|title=Portrait of the Artist Behind Apple Ashton Kutcher in a Biopic About Steve Jobs|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/movies/ashton-kutcher-in-a-biopic-about-steve-jobs.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 15, 2013|access-date=November 19, 2013|archive-date=November 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121143704/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/movies/ashton-kutcher-in-a-biopic-about-steve-jobs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and a result of a poor performance of the filmmakers rather than the actors themselves.

==Historical accuracy==
In a January 2013 interview with ''[[The Verge]]'', [[Steve Wozniak]] notes that he was approached by the crew of ''Jobs'' and given an early script to read. He read it as far as he "could stomach it and felt it was crap. [[Steve Jobs (film)|The Sony people]] got in contact with me too and in the end I went with them. You can't do both [films] and be paid."<ref name=vergejan/> At around the same time, he responded to the first promotional clip for the film on ''[[Gizmodo]]'' by stating that the "personalities are very wrong, although mine is closer ... our relationship was so different than what was portrayed."<ref name="vergejan">{{cite news|last=Miller|first=Ross|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/1/26/3919472/steve-wozniak-turned-down-offer-to-work-on-jobs-after-reading-early-script/in/2794100|title=Steve Wozniak turned down offer to work on ''Jobs'' after reading early script: 'I felt it was crap'|work=[[The Verge]]|date=January 26, 2013}}</ref>

In August 2013, before the wide release of the film, Kutcher responded to these critiques in a few interviews. In an interview with the [[Associated Press]], Kutcher stated: {{cquote|Steve Wozniak is being paid by another company to support their Steve Jobs film. It's personal for him, but it's also business. We have to keep that in mind. He was also extremely unavailable to us when producing this film. He's a brilliant man and I respect his work, but he wasn't available to us as a resource, so his account isn't going to be our account because we don't know exactly what it was. We did the best job we could. Nobody really knows what happened in the rooms.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/qanda-ashton-kutcher-talks-about-becoming-apple-co-founder-steve-jobs/2013/08/13/46587d3e-041c-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|title=Q&A: Ashton Kutcher talks about becoming Apple co-founder Steve Jobs|agency=[[Associated Press]]|newspaper=Washington Post|date=August 13, 2013|access-date=September 1, 2017|archive-date=December 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218175919/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/qanda-ashton-kutcher-talks-about-becoming-apple-co-founder-steve-jobs/2013/08/13/46587d3e-041c-11e3-bfc5-406b928603b2_story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} He reiterated this point in an interview with ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' by stating that Wozniak "is being paid by another movie studio to help support their Steve Jobs film, so he's gonna have an opinion that is connected to that, somewhat."<ref>{{cite news|last=Carlson|first=Erin|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jobs-ashton-kutcher-responds-steve-602679|title=''Jobs'': Ashton Kutcher Responds to Steve Wozniak's Criticism of Film (Video)|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=August 8, 2013}}</ref> Wozniak responded to Kutcher's comments as well as to the film itself on ''Gizmodo'' by stating that "either film would have paid me to consult, but the ''Jobs ''one already had a script written. I can't take that creative leadership from someone else. And I was turned off by the ''Jobs'' script. But I still hoped for a great movie." He also believed several individuals portrayed in the film were inaccurately or unfairly portrayed including himself and Steve Jobs.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wozniak|first=Steve|url=https://gizmodo.com/jobs-reviewed-by-steve-wozniak-1153771108|title=''Jobs'', Reviewed by Steve Wozniak|publisher=[[Gizmodo]]|date=August 16, 2013}}</ref> Wozniak reiterated these points in an interview with [[Bloomberg Television]] adding that he is "really easy to get a hold of, [Kutcher] could have called me and consulted over the phone any time."<ref name=vergaug17/> ''The Verge'' noted that "Wozniak was in fact invited to consult on the film, but declined after reading the script, saying he and his wife were 'abhorred' by it. Wozniak was a consultant on [[Aaron Sorkin]]'s [[Steve Jobs (film)|2015 ''Steve Jobs'' film]]. When asked why he did not at least correct the inaccuracies he saw, Wozniak said, 'I have a very busy life, and it came at a very busy time in my life.'"<ref name="vergaug17">{{cite news|last=Toor|first=Amar|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/8/17/4630596/steve-wozniak-on-steve-jobs-movie-ashton-kutcher|title=Steve Wozniak says 'there were a lot of things wrong' with ''Jobs'' movie|work=[[The Verge]]|date=August 17, 2013}}</ref>

In an interview with ''[[Slashdot]]'', [[Daniel Kottke]] states that he consulted on early versions of the screenplay and notes that "Ashton's very good. I have no complaints with him at all, no complaints with his portrayal of Jobs. The complaint that people would rightly have about the film is that it portrays Woz as not having the same vision as Steve Jobs, which is really unfair." He also said that the early versions of the screenplay "were painful. Really painful. I forwarded the first draft to [[Mike Markkula]] because they wanted his feedback, and Mike took such a bad reaction to it, he wouldn't have anything more to do with the project. By the time it got to the fourth draft, it was okay. It wasn't making me cringe."<ref name=slashdot/> Kottke also outlines various areas that were both accurate and inaccurate in the film. [[Bill Fernandez]] was part of the same interview but states that he didn't see the film because "the whole thing is a work of fiction, and I don't want to be upset by all the things that the screenwriter has invented and don't represent the truth." Kottke responded that he didn't think of the film as fiction because "I was involved early on in the film, and they really, sincerely tried to make it as accurate as they could."<ref name="slashdot">{{cite news|last=Assar|first=Vijith|url=http://insights.dice.com/2013/08/16/early-apple-employees-talk-memories-of-steve-jobs-new-movie-2/|title='Early Apple Employees Talk Memories of Steve Jobs, New Movie|work=[[Slashdot]]|date=August 16, 2013|access-date=May 11, 2015|archive-date=December 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222025821/http://insights.dice.com/2013/08/16/early-apple-employees-talk-memories-of-steve-jobs-new-movie-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the same interview, Fernandez and Kottke commented on the characterization of [[Rod Holt]] (portrayed by actor [[Ron Eldard]]). Kottke disputed the characterization, noting that: "What completely cracked us all up is the scene where Rod arrives for the first time. Rod comes up wearing leathers, riding up on a motorcycle with long hair ... he's like this motorcycle dude. It just cracked us all up."<ref name=slashdot/> Fernandez, who had not seen the film at the time of the interview, was also surprised by this portrayal. Holt, however, (according to Kottke), "thought it was hilarious."<ref name=slashdot/> As for why he may have been characterized this way, Kottke states that, "Rod was really into dirt bikes. And I never saw him riding one, but he talked about it all the time. So the author just had him riding up on a motorcycle. I liked that guy. I met him on the set. I had no idea who he was when I met him because he doesn't look at all like Rod, he has long straight hair and he's wearing leathers."<ref name=slashdot/> Fernandez, who was equally amused by this vision of Holt responded by asking, "Who could this possibly be in the Apple universe? ... It seems to me that there's a lot of [[fan fiction]] about Apple Computer and about Steve Jobs, and I think that this is the biggest, flashiest piece of fan fiction that there's been to date."<ref name=slashdot/>

[[Chris Espinosa]] stated on Twitter, "FYI My position at Apple precludes my commenting on the #JobsMovie with the press or public. But I can say that I enjoyed watching the film."<ref>[https://twitter.com/cdespinosa/status/368618820409126914 Chris Espinosa@Twitter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113192140/https://twitter.com/cdespinosa/status/368618820409126914 |date=January 13, 2014 }}. August 16, 2013.</ref>

The TV show ''[[John Wants Answers]]'' took Wozniak, Kottke, and [[Andy Hertzfeld]] through the film scene by scene and discussed how the events actually occurred.<ref name="johnwants">{{cite news|last=Vink|first=John|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gICwMQQ48Dk|title=The Cast of ''Jobs''|work=[[John Wants Answers]]|publisher=KMVT 15|date=October 1, 2013|access-date=May 19, 2016|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108193411/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gICwMQQ48Dk|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Original soundtrack ==
A number of [[classic rock]], [[classical music]], and contemporary works appeared in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2357129/soundtrack|title=Jobs (2013)|work=IMDb|access-date=June 30, 2018|archive-date=August 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823151316/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2357129/soundtrack|url-status=live}}</ref> The commercial film soundtrack focuses on an original score by John Debney and includes some but not all of the classical and [[classic rock]] works.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Jobs-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack/dp/B00EIRCJBO |title=''JOBS'': Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |website=Amazon |access-date=April 14, 2014}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = [[Peace Train]]
| note1 = 1971
| extra1 = [[Cat Stevens]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yusufislam.com/songs-a-z/9f6b4c87d98fd35cbccaf04af78dd3c6/ |title=Peace Train |publisher=Yusufislam.com |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415064809/http://www.yusufislam.com/songs-a-z/9f6b4c87d98fd35cbccaf04af78dd3c6/ |archive-date=April 15, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| length1 =
| title2 = [[BWV 1048|Allegro from: Brandenburg Concerto No. 3, BWV 1048]]
| note2 = 18th century
| extra2 = [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]
| length2 =
| title3 = [[The House of the Rising Sun]]
| note3 = 1966
| extra3 = The Brymers<ref name=anthbr>{{cite web |url=http://thebrymers.sharepoint.com/Pages/TheBrymersAnthology.aspx |title=The Brymers Anthology |publisher=Thebrymers.sharepoint.com |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110204339/http://thebrymers.sharepoint.com/Pages/TheBrymersAnthology.aspx |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="archive.org">{{cite web|title=20-Oct-2013 Dick Lee interview on Outsight Radio Hours|url=https://archive.org/details/TheBrymersOnOrh|work=Archive.org|access-date=November 10, 2013|date=October 20, 2013}}</ref>
| length3 =
| title4 = Silver Ghost
| note4 = 1970
| extra4 = Parish Hall<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/artist/Parish+Hall/a/albums.htm |title=Parish Hall |publisher=Cduniverse.com |date=October 11, 2011 |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613125341/http://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/artist/Parish+Hall/a/albums.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| length4 =
| title5 = [[Fantaisie-Impromptu|Fantasie Impromptu in C-sharp minor, Op. posth. 66]]
| note5 = 1834
| extra5 = [[Frédéric Chopin]]
| length5 =
| title6 = [[Boots of Spanish Leather]]
| note6 = 1964
| extra6 = [[Bob Dylan]]
| length6 =
| title7 = [[Scarborough Fair (ballad)|Scarborough Fair]]
| extra7 = Dylan McDonald & Cassidy Cooper / Produced by [[Mason Cooper]] & Jerry Deaton
| length7 =
| title8 = There Were Times
| note8 = 2013
| extra8 = Freddy Monday
| length8 =
| title9 = Sacrifice
| note9 = 1960s
| extra9 = The Brymers<ref name=anthbr/><ref name="archive.org"/>
| length9 =
| title10 = [[Life's Been Good]]
| note10 = 1978
| extra10 = [[Joe Walsh]]
| length10 =
| title11 = [[You Can Tune a Piano, but You Can't Tuna Fish|Roll with the Changes]]
| note11 = 1978
| extra11 = [[REO Speedwagon]]
| length11 =
| title12 = Shine on Me
| extra12 = Matthew Cheadle
| length12 =
| title13 = [[Walk on the Ocean]]
| note13 = 1992
| extra13 = [[Toad the Wet Sprocket]]
| length13 =
| title14 = You Can Do (Whatever)
| note14 = 2013
| extra14 = [[Yusuf Islam]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yusufislam.com/songs-a-z/d1ebce07b840971d81cd61dd7b325ce9/ |title=You Can Do (Whatever) |publisher=Yusufislam.com |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003012919/http://www.yusufislam.com/songs-a-z/d1ebce07b840971d81cd61dd7b325ce9/ |archive-date=October 3, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| length14 =
}}

==See also==
{{portal|Film}}
*[[List of depictions of Steve Jobs]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*Gruman, Galen. "[http://www.infoworld.com/t/technology-business/the-steve-jobs-story-you-should-see-isnt-told-in-jobs-225101?source=footer The Steve Jobs story you should see isn't told in 'Jobs': 'Jobs' the movie is worth seeing, but falls short with omission of Steve Jobs's real transformation or later, greater achievements]." ''[[InfoWorld]]'', August 19, 2013.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{official website}}
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Steve Jobs}}
{{Steve Wozniak}}
{{Joshua Michael Stern}}

[[Category:2013 American films]]
[[Category:2010s business films]]
[[Category:2013 English-language films]]
[[Category:2013 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2013 drama films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 independent films]]
[[Category:American biographical drama films]]
[[Category:American business films]]
[[Category:American independent films]]
[[Category:English-language biographical drama films]]
[[Category:English-language independent films]]
[[Category:Films about companies]]
[[Category:Films about computing]]
[[Category:Films about Steve Jobs]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joshua Michael Stern]]
[[Category:Films scored by John Debney]]
[[Category:Films set in 1974]]
[[Category:Films set in 1976]]
[[Category:Films set in 1977]]
[[Category:Films set in 1980]]
[[Category:Films set in 1982]]
[[Category:Films set in 1984]]
[[Category:Films set in 1996]]
[[Category:Films set in 2001]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lionsgate Canada films]]
[[Category:Open Road Films films]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]

Chakmas of Arunachal Pradesh

2026-04-12T14:20:24Z

Onlinemcadegree: creating a data added tags!

{{Short description|Ethnic group in India}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Chakmas of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Arunachali Chakma
| native_name = {{lang|ccp|𑄃𑄧𑄢𑄪𑄚𑄌𑄧𑄣𑄴 𑄇𑄪𑄣𑄴𑄣𑄳𑄠 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦}}
| image = Landscape Namdapha Deban P1120001 14.jpg
| image_caption = A chakma village '''Deban''', next to [[Namdapha National Park]]
| population = '''47,073''' (2011)<ref name=":0"/> '''3.4%''' of the Arunachal Pradesh population
| region1 = [[Changlang District]]
| pop1 = 40,225
| region2 = {{nbsp|4}} • [[Diyun]]
| pop2 = 23,072
| region3 = {{nbsp|4}} • [[Miao, Arunachal Pradesh|Miao]]
| pop3 = 10,464
| region4 = {{nbsp|4}} • [[Bordumsa]]
| pop4 = 5,227
| region5 = {{nbsp|4}} • [[Kharsang]]
| pop5 = 1,442
| region6 = [[Namsai District]]
| pop6 = 4,789
| region7 = {{nbsp|4}} • [[Chongkham]]
| pop7 = 4,538
| region8 = [[Papum Pare District]]
| pop8 = 2,027
| region9 = {{nbsp|4}} • Balijan
| pop9 = 2,011
| languages = [[Chakma language]]
| religions = '''Predominantly''': [[File:Dharma Wheel Rotating.svg|14px]] [[Theravada Buddhism]] 98.5% {{note|1}} '''Minority''': [[File:Order of Christ Portugal cross.png|11px]] [[Christianity]] 1.5%{{efn|According to Joshua Project’s state-level estimates for Arunachal Pradesh, there are approximately 700 Chakma people in Arunachal Pradesh who are [[Christians]], which is about 1.5% of the total Chakma population in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India, Arunachal Pradesh state people groups {{!}} Joshua Project |url=https://joshuaproject.net/states_districts/IN/IN30 |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=joshuaproject.net}}</ref>}}
| related = {{hlist|[[Khamti people]]|[[Singpho people]]}}
| footnotes = {{note|1}} Nearly 100% of the chakmas who follow Buddhism follow the [[Theravada]] lineage with partially visible components from their folk tradition.
}}

[[Chakma people|Chakmas]]{{efn|{{langx|ccp|𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦|cangmha}} {{IPA|ccp|ˈtʃɑːkmə, 'tʃaŋmə}}}} in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India are primarily found in three districts: [[Changlang district|Changlang]], [[Namsai district|Namsai]] and [[Papum Pare district|Papum Pare]].<ref>{{cite court|litigants=National Human Rights Commission v. State of Arunachal Pradesh & Anr.|reporter=AIR|opinion=1234|pinpoint=|court=Supreme Court of India|date=9 January 1996|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/767216/|accessdate=}}</ref>

According to the 2011 census, there were 47,073 chakmas in Arunachal Pradesh equivalent to 3.4% of the total states' population.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604072054/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX |archive-date=4 June 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}} See 'Chakma'. Since Chakma are not recorded as an ethnicity in all states where they live (such as Arunachal Pradesh) language is the best method to estimate their population in India.</ref>

== History ==
[[North East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA), now [[Arunachal Pradesh]], like the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] from whence Chakma was traditionally administered as an excluded area with minimum interference. The British policy in this area was one of non-interference. Taking over the administration of this turbulent and wild country was not rewarding enough. Following independence, Nehru made little changes to NEFA's administrative policy, opting instead for a philosophy of ''Minimum Interference'' based on anthropologist and Nehru's adviser on tribal affairs Dr. Verrier Elwin's "''A Philosophy for NEFA.''" Nehru had said, {{blockquote| text= I am not at all sure which is better way of living, the tribal or our own. In some respects I am quite certain there’s is better. Therefore, it is grossly presumptuous on our part to approach them with an air of superiority to tell them how to behave or what to do or not to do. There is no point in trying to make to them a second copy of ourselves.}} The policy of ''Minimum Interference'' was designed to strike a balance between the two extreme positions of isolation of the tribal people of NEFA on the one hand and total unscientific assimilation of these tribal people with outside world on the other. NEFA was more of an administrative unit designation rather than a proper name for an important and integral portion of India with its own identity. The Chinese aggression drew the attention of the rest of the subcontinent in the region in 1962 and stunned the country's policymakers and prompting a significant shift in the India's administrative policy toward this area. Nehru's policy of “minimum interference” drew flak from the opposition parties. This policy was criticised as “''Museum of Specimen Approach''‟ and was blamed for non-integration of the area and non-assimilation of the tribal people with rest of the country, to fatal consequences. Nehru's government was cornered by the opposition and the NEFA was transferred from the Ministry of External Affairs to the Ministry of Home Affairs, the IFAS officers were merged with the IAS and the IPS, and the isolationist policy was reversed. People's political participation at all levels was widely believed to be the greatest method to integrate the region with the country.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=NEFA: An Introduction|url=http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/243086|date=1966-07-21|language=en|first=R. N.|last=Haldipur}}</ref>

===Partition of India===
Chakmas are the victim of the partition of India in 1947. The partition of India was determined by religious composition and population of different regions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=The National |title=The National Archives - Homepage |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/partition-of-british-india/ |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=The National Archives |language=en-GB}}</ref> The sparsely populated [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] were a special case. Located on the eastern limits of Bengal, it provided the Muslim-majority [[Chittagong]] with a [[hinterland]]. Despite the Tracts' 98.5% Buddhist majority in 1947<ref>{{cite book|last=Khisha|first=Mukur K.|title=All That Glisters|year=1998|publisher=Minerva Press|isbn=978-1861060525|pages=49}}</ref> the territory was given to Pakistan.

== Education ==

=== Literacy rates of villages ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Village
! rowspan="2" |Circle
! rowspan="2" |Literacy % ''(2011)''
! colspan="2" |Population
|-
!Literate
!Total
|-
|[[Avoipur]]
|[[Diyun]]
|48.85%
|962
|1,969
|-
|[[Diyun|Diyun H.Q.]]
|[[Diyun]]
|86.76%
|1,553
|1,790
|-
|[[Dumpani]]
|[[Diyun]]
|55.45%
|1,281
|2,311
|-
|[[Dumpather]]
|[[Diyun]]
|53.45%
|1,142
|2,136
|-
|[[Gautompur]]
|[[Diyun]]
|31.32%
|760
|2,426
|-
|[[Jyotipur, Arunachal Pradesh|Jyotipur]]
|[[Diyun]]
|54.89%
|1,188
|2,164
|-
|[[Jyotsnapur]]
|[[Diyun]]
|46.06%
|1,108
|2,407
|-
|[[Kamakhyapur]]
|[[Diyun]]
|46.55%
|320
|688
|-
|[[Maitripur]]
|[[Diyun]]
|45.7%
|968
|2,117
|-
|Mudoi
|[[Diyun]]
|38.58%
|355
|919
|-
|Mudoidip
|[[Diyun]]
|29.07%
|613
|2,109
|-
|Rajanagar
|[[Diyun]]
|63.51%
|260
|410
|-
|Shantipur
|[[Diyun]]
|50.8%
|450
|886
|-
|[[Udoipur]]
|[[Diyun]]
|39.92%
|1,279
|3,203
|}

== Culture ==
===Religion===
{{bar box
| title = Religious makeup of Arunachali Chakmas
| titlebar = #84a740 |background-color= f8f9fa| float = left
| bars =
{{bar percent|Buddhism|#fcc800|98.5}}
{{bar percent| [[Theravada]]|#fcd337|98.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Vajrayana]], [[Mahayana]]|red|0.5}}
{{bar percent|Christianity|blue|1.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Protestants]]|lightblue|1.5}}
}}
Chakmas in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] predominantly follow [[Theravada]] lineage of [[Buddhism]]. Buddhist organisations enjoy strong hold in the society. They actively participate in decision making and tend to influence believes over the community. Chakmas in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] have been keen in practising non-violence influenced by Buddhist missionaries from [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] and [[Thailand]].

There are about 700-1000(about 1.5-2.5%) Chakmas in Arunachal Pradesh who follow Christianity. Christians among the Chakmas mostly reside in Deban, Kamakhyapur and Gautompur.

==Areca Nut Industry==
Chakmas are engaged vastly in Areca Nut plantations. In the last few decades Chakmas moved from agriculture to Areca Nut plantations. Regions like [[Diyun]] in Arunachal Pradesh vastly export Areca Nut to the other parts of the country.

==Geographic distribution==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right, height=14em, border:10px green, border-spacing: 2px" ;
|+
! rowspan="2" |District
! rowspan="2" |Sub-district
! colspan="2" |Ethnic Chakmas
! colspan="2" |%
! rowspan="2" |Ref(s)
|-
!Sub-district
!District
!Sub-district
!District
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Changlang district|Changlang]]
|[[Diyun]]
|23,072
| rowspan="10" |40,225
|72.1%
| rowspan="10" |27.1%
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Miao, Arunachal Pradesh|Miao]]
|10,464
|40.4%
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Bordumsa]]
|5,227
|18%
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Kharsang]]
|1,442
|10%
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Namtok
|8
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Changlang]]
|6
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Jairampur
|2
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Nampong
|2
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Manmao
|1
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Vijoynagar
|1
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Namsai district|Namsai]]
|[[Chongkham H.Q.|Chongkham]]
|4,538
| rowspan="3" |4,728
|20.6%
| rowspan="3" |5%
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Piyong
|173
|1.7%
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh|Namsai]]
|31
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Papum Pare district|Papum Pare]]
|Balijan
|2,011
| rowspan="3" |2027
|30.1%
| rowspan="3" |12%
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Itanagar]]
|8
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Naharlagun]]
|8
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Lohit district|Lohit]]
|[[Tezu]]
|25
| rowspan="3" |67
|
| rowspan="3" |
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Sunpura]]
|20
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Wakro]]
|2
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[East Siang district|East Siang]]
|[[Pasighat|Pasigath]]
|11
|11
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Anjaw district|Anjaw]]
|Manchal
|4
| rowspan="3" |8
|
| rowspan="3" |
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Hawai
|2
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Hayuliang
|2
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Lower Dibang Valley district|Lower Dibang Valley]]
|[[Roing]]
|3
|3
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tirap district|Tirap]]
|Namsang
|2
| rowspan="2" |3
|
| rowspan="2" |
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Khonsa
|1
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Lower Subansiri district|Lower Subansiri]]
|[[Ziro]]
|1
|1
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Tawang district|Tawang]]
|Jang
|1
|1
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Upper Siang district|Upper Siang]]
|Tuting
|1
|1
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

===Villages & Communities===
====East====
*[[Changlang District]]
**Diyun Sub-district
***[[Avoipur]]
***[[Diyun |Diyun Headquarter]]
***[[Dumpani]]
***[[Dumpather]]
***[[Gautompur]]
***[[Jyotipur, Arunachal Pradesh|Jyotipur]]
***[[Jyotsnapur]]
***[[Kamakhyapur]]
***[[Maitripur]]
***Manabhum Headquarter
***Mudoi Deep
***Mudukkonala
***Rajanagar
***Shantipur
***Shillong Pahar
***[[Udoipur]]
**Bordumsa Sub-district
***Bijoypur - I
***Bijoypur - II
***Bijoypur - III
**Miao Sub-district
***Anandpur
***Brajapur
***Budhisatta
***Deban
***Devapuri
***Dharmapur
***Kamalpuri
***M'Pen - I
***M'Pen - II
***Punniyabhumi
**Kharsang Sub-district
***Golokpur
***Milonpur
***Ratnapur
*[[Namsai District]]
**Chongkham Sub-district
***Chakma - I
***Chakma - II
***Chakma - III

====West====
*[[Papum Pare District]]
**Balijan Sub-district
***Chakma - I
***Chakma - II
***Chakma - III
***Chakma - IV
***Chakma - V
***Chakma - VI
***Chakma - VII
***Chakma - VIII
***Chakma - IX
***Chakma - X

==Bibliography==
* ''National Human Rights Commission v. State of Arunachal Pradesh & Anr'', 1996 AIR 1234, 1996 SCC (1) 742 (Supreme Court of India, 9 January 1996).

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Arunachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

Manasi Joshi Roy

2026-04-06T14:00:22Z

Onlinemcadegree: Made The Entry First Draft!

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manasi Joshi Roy
| image = Manasi Joshi Roy.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Roy on the sets of KSMBBHH
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 15 April<ref>{{cite news |title=When Manasi Joshi Roy got a birthday surprise on the sets of 'Dhhai Kilo Prem' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/when-manasi-joshi-roy-got-a-birthday-surprise-on-the-sets-of-dhhai-kilo-prem/articleshow/58237308.cms |access-date=4 April 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=1 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601044737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/when-manasi-joshi-roy-got-a-birthday-surprise-on-the-sets-of-dhhai-kilo-prem/articleshow/58237308.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place =
| known_for =
| occupation = Actress
| father = [[Arvind Joshi]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rohit Roy]]|23 June 1999}}
| children = 1
| relatives = [[Sharman Joshi]] (brother) [[Pravin Joshi]] (uncle) [[Sarita Joshi]] (aunt) [[Purbi Joshi]] (cousin) [[Ketki Dave]] (cousin) [[Poonam Joshi]] (cousin) [[Gulki Joshi]] (cousin) [[Ronit Roy]] (brother-in-law)
| website = {{URL|https://www.manasijoshiroy.com/|Official Website}}
}}

'''Manasi Joshi Roy''' ([[née]] '''Joshi''') is an Indian film and television actress known for her roles in ''[[Saaya (Indian TV series)|Saaya]]'', ''[[Gharwali Uparwali]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040321/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Mum's not the word|date=21 March 2004 |work=The Tribune|access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> and ''[[Kkusum]]''.<ref name=":0" /> She is married to [[Rohit Roy]] and is the elder sister of actor [[Sharman Joshi]] and daughter of [[Gujarati theatre]] actor [[Arvind Joshi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Nilanjana |date=29 January 2021 |title=Rohit Roy Mourns Late Father-In-Law Arvind Joshi: "Another Legend Passes" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rohit-roy-mourns-late-father-in-law-arvind-joshi-another-legend-passes-2360052 |work=NDTV |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107084327/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rohit-roy-mourns-late-father-in-law-arvind-joshi-another-legend-passes-2360052 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Joshi has a bachelor's degree in psychology from [[Mithibai College]] ([[Mumbai]]).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080225-all-in-the-family-735405-2008-02-13|title=All in the family|website=India Today|date=13 February 2008|access-date=12 July 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225160111/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080225-all-in-the-family-735405-2008-02-13|url-status=live}}</ref> She is the daughter of Gujarati theatre actor, director and producer Arvind Joshi, and actor [[Sharman Joshi]] is her brother.<ref name=":1" /> Actor [[Pravin Joshi]] was her uncle and actress [[Sarita Joshi]] is her aunt. Actresses [[Ketki Dave]], [[Purbi Joshi]] and [[Poonam Joshi]] are her cousins.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=All in the family |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080225-all-in-the-family-735405-2008-02-13 |access-date=11 October 2020 |magazine=India Today |date=13 February 2008 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717133816/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080225-all-in-the-family-735405-2008-02-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Joshi married actor [[Rohit Roy]] on 23 June 1999.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Juhi |title=#HTCityCheers23: From Kajol, Ajay Devgn to Madhuri Dixit Nene, here are all the Bollywood couples who have been happily married for 23 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/htcitycheers23-from-kajol-ajay-devgn-to-madhuri-dixit-nene-here-are-all-the-bollywood-couples-who-have-been-happily-married-for-23-years-101649590753812.html |access-date=23 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523142458/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/htcitycheers23-from-kajol-ajay-devgn-to-madhuri-dixit-nene-here-are-all-the-bollywood-couples-who-have-been-happily-married-for-23-years-101649590753812.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They have a daughter, Kiara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/happy-anniversary-rohit-roy-manasi-joshi-personal-photos-of-the-couple-you-may-have-missed-1011044.html|title=Happy anniversary Rohit Roy, Manasi Joshi: Photos of the couple|website=News18|access-date=12 July 2016|date=24 June 2015|archive-date=10 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810060436/http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/happy-anniversary-rohit-roy-manasi-joshi-personal-photos-of-the-couple-you-may-have-missed-1011044.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Saturday Suspense]]'' – Khauff
| Sheela Ramani
| Episodic Role
|
|-
| 1998–1999
| ''[[Saaya (Indian TV series)|Saaya]]''
| Sudha
|
|
|-
| 2000–2003
| ''[[Gharwali Uparwali]]''
| Chandni "Uparwali"
|
|
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''[[Kkusum]]''
| Kusum Deshmukh
|
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 1|Nach Baliye 1]]''
| Contestant
| 10th place
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Dhhai Kilo Prem]]''
| Madhuri Pankaj Sharma
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Yeh Jhuki Jhuki Si Nazar]]''
| Sudha Rastogi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha |title=Manasi Joshi Roy to return to TV with Chandni starring Ankit Siwach and Swati Rajput |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/manasi-joshi-roy-to-return-to-tv-with-chandni-starring-ankit-siwach-and-swati-rajput/articleshow/87666334.cms |access-date=8 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926031931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/manasi-joshi-roy-to-return-to-tv-with-chandni-starring-ankit-siwach-and-swati-rajput/articleshow/87666334.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2024
|''Kyunki Saas Maa Bahu Beti Hoti Hai''
| Ambika Rajgaur
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manasi Joshi Roy to play a pivotal part in family drama Kyunki… Saas Maa, Bahu Beti Hoti Hai, says, "Ambika Rajgaur is really unique, and her thoughts and actions are path-breaking" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/manasi-joshi-roy-to-play-a-pivotal-part-in-family-drama-kyunki-saas-maa-bahu-beti-hoti-hai-says-ambika-rajgaur-is-really-unique-and-her-thoughts-and-actions-are-path-breaking/articleshow/102839312.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=18 August 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927160112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/manasi-joshi-roy-to-play-a-pivotal-part-in-family-drama-kyunki-saas-maa-bahu-beti-hoti-hai-says-ambika-rajgaur-is-really-unique-and-her-thoughts-and-actions-are-path-breaking/articleshow/102839312.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[The Miranda Brothers]]''
|Susan Miranda
|
|
|-
|2026–present
|''[[Lakshmi Niwas (2026 TV series)|Lakshmi Niwas]]''
|Lakshmi
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|https://www.manasijoshiroy.com/|Official website}}
* {{IMDb name|2265217}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|manasi-joshi-roy}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Manasi Joshi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Mithibai College alumni]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Common Management Admission Test

2026-03-26T08:16:33Z

Onlinemcadegree: creating basic details basic info

{{short description|Indian admissions test}}
{{For|the Irish musician|CMAT}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
'''Common Management Admission Test''' ('''CMAT''') is an online [[computer-based assessment|computer-based test]] conducted by the [[National Testing Agency]] (NTA), India. It is a national-level admission test for facilitating institutions to select suitable students for admission in all management programmes approved by AICTE.

The first edition of CMAT was conducted in 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Common-admission-test-for-B-schools-from-2012/Article1-778364.aspx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111206015006/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Common-admission-test-for-B-schools-from-2012/Article1-778364.aspx | url-status = dead | archive-date = 6 December 2011 | title = Common admission test for B-schools from 2012 | work = [[Daily News and Analysis]] | date = 2011-12-05 | accessdate = 2011-12-27 }}</ref>
In 2014, the first CMAT was conducted between 20 February and 24 February. Around 1.2 lakh candidates participated in the test. The results were declared on 14 March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=AICTE to declare the results of CMAT February 2014 on March 14|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/aicte-to-declare-the-results-of-cmat-february-2014-on-march-14/|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=12 March 2014}}</ref>

== History ==
By 2011, there were a number of entrance exams for management programmes in India. These included [[Common Admission Test|CAT]], [[Joint Management Entrance Test|JMET]], XAT, Gitam SAT, NMAT, SNAP, MAT, state-specific exams, exams conducted by management associations of MBA institutes and exams conducted by private colleges. AICTE launched CMAT to reduce the burden (physical, mental and financial stress) of students in attending to multiple examinations.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

Until 2015, CMAT was held twice in a year but last year{{when|date=November 2025}} the practice was abolished as AICTE decided to hold the exam once a year on the third Sunday of January.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

Some of business schools have decided to keep out from CMAT. The reason given for this decision was the "late announcement" by AICTE. However, a number of colleges accept their score.<ref>[http://studychacha.com/discuss/6877-cmat.html#post21381 Some Indian B Schools avoid participating in CMAT 2012]{{better source needed|reason=Even if this webpage wasn't dead (it is), it appears to be a link to a discussion board/chat forum. Which, even if it were "live", wouldn't be a reliable source.|date=November 2025}}</ref>

== Format ==

CMAT is a three-hour test. In 2012, it was conducted in a period of nine days (20–28 February) in two shifts at 61 locations in all over India.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

The better of two scores will be used for admission for 2014–15.{{update inline|date=November 2025}}

The question paper comprises four sections:{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
* Quantitative technique
* [[Logical reasoning]]
* [[Language comprehension]]
* General awareness

There are 25 questions in each section. While each correct answer carries four marks, each wrong answer carries carry one negative marking.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

AICTE has now{{when|date=November 2025}} decided to conduct CMAT in foreign countries for facilitating eligible NRIs/PIOs and foreign nationals to appear in CMAT for seeking admission in institutions in India following CMAT merit list for 2014-15 under special provisions defined in AICTE Approval Process and against all vacancies left after completion of centralized admission in management institutions.{{clarify|reason=This 60-word run-on sentence, which contains no punctuation, is incomprehensible... |date=November 2025}}

=== CMAT Eligibility ===

AICTE has certified the qualification criteria to appear for CMAT, which must be fulfilled by every one of the applicants interested in taking this test. It must be guaranteed that the applicants must fulfill the qualification conditions of CMAT, before filling the application form. Non-fulfillment of the same may lead to disqualification of the candidate regardless of the stage of admission an applicant will be. The qualification standards are as under:<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMAT Eligibility 2026: Age Limit, Reservation Criteria, Educational Qualification |url=https://www.shiksha.com/mba/articles/cmat-eligibility-criteria-blogId-19621 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=www.shiksha.com |language=en}}</ref>
* The candidate should be an Indian citizen and can apply for the test irrespective of his or her age.
* He/she should have a Graduation degree in any discipline from a recognized University or Institute.
* Additionally, last year pursuing students of Graduate courses whose results will be announced before beginning of admissions for the academic year 2017-18 were also qualified to apply.
* No age limitation.
* Graduates with 50% in any discipline
* Final year students of Graduate Courses can also apply

== Other countries==
CMAT is also conducted by the Tribhuvan University of Nepal in compulsion to get admission in management faculty of the university.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} The students are required to obtain at least 40 marks to attend the classes of Bachelor in Business Administration (BBA), Bachelor in Information Management (BIM), Bachelor in Business Management (BBM), Bachelor in Hotel Management (BHM), and Bachelor in Travel and Tourism Management (BTTM).{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==See also==

* [[Public service commissions in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.nta.ac.in/ Official National Testing Agency (NTA) website]
* [https://nepalentrance.com/course/CMAT/ CMAT Course Preparation Site in Nepal]{{dead link|date=November 2025}}

{{Standardized tests in India}}

[[Category:Standardised tests in India]]
[[Category:Management education in India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in India]]

The Guard (2001 film)

2026-03-26T00:37:53Z

Onlinemcadegree: basic improve layout based on references additionally and cleaned formatting after review

{{short description|2001 film by Hakim Rawther}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Guard
| image = The Guard (2001).jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Hakim (director)|Hakim]]
| producer = Sabitha Jayaraj [[Kerala State Film Development Corporation|KSFDC]]
| story = Sabitha Jayaraj
| screenplay = Hakim
| starring = [[Kalabhavan Mani]]
| music = Biju Shyam Dharman Rajesh
| cinematography = [[Saloo George]]
| editing = Venugopal
| studio = Green Dragon Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|12|12}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Guard''''' is a 2001 Indian Malayalam-language film directed and written by [[Hakim (director)|Hakim Rawther]]. [[Kalabhavan Mani]] plays all of the characters.<ref name="The Guard2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/09/stories/2004020900910200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040506225219/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/09/stories/2004020900910200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 May 2004|title=Top honours elude Mani |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 February 2004|access-date=12 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-kalabhavan-mani-was-the-only-cast-of-the-guard/articleshow/81549889.cms|title=Did you know Kalabhavan Mani was the only cast of 'The Guard'?|date=17 March 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

''[[Yaadein (1964 film)|Yaadein]]'' predated ''The Guard'' as "the first ‘one-man film’".<ref name="The Guard1">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020111/rmala3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122085706/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020111/rmala3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2010|author=Unni R. Nair|title=''The Guard'': Commendable effort|magazine=[[Screen India]]|date=11 January 2002|access-date=12 April 2011}}</ref> The film features cinematography by Saloo George, editing by Venugopal and artwork by Nathan Mannoor. The background score has been provided by Biju and songs featured in the film are composed by Shyam Sharman and Rajesh with lyrics written by Arumughan Vengidang. All the songs are sung by Kalabhavan Mani himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/mmdb/1807.html|title=''The Guard'' (2001)|publisher=Malayalam Movie Database|date=|access-date=12 April 2011}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Appukkuttan Nair and Thomachan

==Soundtrack==
The film features 7 songs composed by Shyam Dharman and Rajesh with lyrics penned by Arumughan Vengidang. All the songs are based on [[folk music]] and are sung by [[Kalabhavan Mani]] himself.
{{Track listing| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Ee Kaattil Puliyundo
| extra1 = [[Kalabhavan Mani]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Kaattukurumbathi Karineelakannaale
| extra2 = Kalabhavan Mani
| length2 =
| title3 = Kunjathoone Ponnu Kunjathoone
| extra3 = Kalabhavan Mani
| length3 =
| title4 = Naadodikkaattil
| extra4 = Kalabhavan Mani
| length4 =
| title5 = Thaa Thakkida Nammal Naalalu
| extra5 = Kalabhavan Mani, Chorus
| length5 =
| title6 = Thana Thina Thaanana Dhimi
| extra6 = Kalabhavan Mani
| length6 =
| title7 = Thekkan Malaakhayirangi
| extra7 = Kalabhavan Mani
| length7 =
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' wrote that "Kalabhavan Mani, who is the only actor on screen, does his part as Appukuttan very well. Director Hakkim, who has done the script based on story by Sathitha Jayaraj, has taken care to give a new dimension to the seemingly simple story of Appukuttan".<ref name="The Guard1"/> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "The director Hakim has given it an interesting treatment not seen in regular films".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/the-guard-review-malayalam-9250628.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628023626/http://www.sify.com/movies/the-guard-review-malayalam-9250628.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2013|author=|title=Movie Review: ''The Guard''|work=[[Sify]]|access-date=12 April 2011}}</ref> A critic from ''Cinesouth'' wrote that "Good one to watch. Especially if you're a passionate fighter for animal rights".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalam.cinesouth.com/english/scopes/reviews/theguard.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021023005107/http://malayalam.cinesouth.com/english/scopes/reviews/theguard.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=2002-10-23|author=|title=The Guard|website=Cinesouth|date=}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0317560|The Guard}}
* [https://youtube.com/watch?si=Jl9nAoVEcG6tp9Mj&v=3Xtem-qxACE&feature=youtu.be Thekkan Malaakhayirangi song]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guard (2001 film), The}}
[[Category:2001 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:One-character films]]

Trade unions in India

2026-03-25T12:40:01Z

Onlinemcadegree: done

{{Short description|National occurrence of trade unions}} 
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=February 2023}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2023}}}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox Union by Country 
|country = India
|national =
|government = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]]
|legislation =
|membership_number =
|union_percentage1_title =
|union_percentage1 =
|union_percentage2_title =
|union_percentage2 = 
|ITUC-GRI = 5 
|ILOmember = Member since 28.06.1919
|ILO-87date = no
|ILO-98date = no
}}
{{Labor}}
{{Communism in India}}
{{Socialism sidebar}}
Trade unions in [[India]] are registered and file annual returns under the '''Trade Union Act (1926)'''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/13322/1/trade_unions_act_1926.pdf | title=The trade unions act, 1926 | website=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref> Statistics on trade unions are collected annually by the Labour Bureau of the Ministry of Labour, Government of India. According to the data released for 2012, there were 16,154 trade unions with a combined membership of 9.18 million, based on returns from 15 states out of a total of 28 states and 9 union territories.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://labourbureau.nic.in/Trade%20Union%202012.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910025604/http://labourbureau.nic.in/Trade%20Union%202012.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The trade union movement in India is largely divided along political lines and follows a pre-Independence pattern of overlapping interactions between political parties and unions.<ref>Bhattacharya, Gautam (2022). "Trade Unionism in Competitive Politics: The Story of an Arrangement Clerk", The Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 57, No. 4, April 2022 (pg.702-712)</ref> The net result of this system is debated, as it has both advantages and disadvantages. According to data submitted by various trade unions to the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]] as part of a survey, [[Indian National Trade Union Congress|INTUC]], with a combined membership of 33.3 million, emerged as the largest trade union in India as of 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Sreelatha |date=2013-04-06 |title=Indian trade unions are getting bigger, coinciding with slowdown |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/indian-trade-unions-are-getting-bigger-coinciding-with-slowdown-113040600392_1.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901041150/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/indian-trade-unions-are-getting-bigger-coinciding-with-slowdown-113040600392_1.html |archive-date=2022-09-01}}</ref>

Firm or industry-level trade unions are often affiliated with larger federations. The largest federations in the country, which represent labour at the national level, are known as '''central trade union organisations''' ('''CTUOs''').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Srivastava |first=D. K. |date=2001 |title=Trade Union Situation in India: Views of Central Trade Union Organisations (CTUOs) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27767744 |journal=Indian Journal of Industrial Relations |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=463–478 |jstor=27767744 |issn=0019-5286}}</ref> As of 2002, when the last trade union verification was carried out, there were 12 CTUOs recognised by the Ministry of Labour.<ref>Order of verification of membership of trade unions affiliated to CTUOs, as of 31 Dec. 2002 (MoLE, 2008)</ref>

==History==

The establishment of textile and clothing mills around the port cities of Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]), Madras (now [[Chennai]]), and [[Surat]] in the latter half of the 19th century marked the beginnings of the industrial workforce in India. Several incidents of strikes and protests by workers were recorded during this period. The credit for the first association of Indian workers is generally attributed to the '''Bombay Mill-Hands Association''', founded by [[Narayan Meghaji Lokhande|N.M. Lokhande]] in 1890. This was shortly after the passing of the 'First' Factories Act in 1881 by the British government. The subsequent years saw the formation of several labour associations and unions. The first registered trade union is considered to be the '''Madras Labour Union''', founded by [[B. P. Wadia|B.P. Wadia]] in 1918, while the first trade union federation established was the [[All India Trade Union Congress]] in 1920.

Following the rapid growth of unions around the time of the First World War, the Russian Revolution, and the establishment of the [[ILO]], industrial conflict began to rise, with over 1,000 strikes recorded between 1920 and 1924. The situation intensified with the arrest of prominent leaders and trade unionists in the infamous 'Cawnpore Conspiracy Case' of 1924, where union leaders were accused of attempting a [[Communist]] revolution to overthrow the ruling British government. Subsequently, the '''Trade Union Act (1926)''' was enacted, creating rules for the regulation and closer monitoring of trade unions. In the first year of the law's implementation, 28 unions registered and submitted returns, with a total membership of 100,619.<ref>Indian Labour Year Book, 1946</ref> The number of unions grew rapidly thereafter, and by the time of [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] in 1947, there were 2,766 registered unions with a combined membership of over 1.66 million. This broad influence of unions and workers' organisations led to the enactment of significantly favourable social legislation in the first decade of Independence, including several important labour laws.

===Independence (1947) to liberalisation (1991)===

Following the country's independence in 1947 and the formation of the republic in 1950, India largely adopted a socialist economic approach, promoting public sector employment and pro-worker legislation. The trade union movement reflected the major political divisions of the time, being primarily divided along socialist and communist lines. The subsequent decades saw significant growth in trade union membership, with the number of active unions peaking in the mid-1970s and mid-1980s. While the 1970s were marked by political instability, the 1980s saw a shift towards more market-friendly policies, increased support for industrialists, and implicit opposition to workers. Two key events during this period were the [[1974 railway strike in India|1974 railway strike]] and the [[Great Bombay textile strike]] of 1982, the latter of which led to a prolonged and complex stalemate.

===Liberalisation (1991) to present===

The period following [[Economic liberalisation in India|economic liberalisation]] in 1991 was characterised by reduced government intervention in the economy, a decline in public sector employment, and increased encouragement for the private sector. Efforts to unionise in the private sector were often met with opposition, and the general withdrawal of state support for workers further undermined their bargaining power. These policies resulted in stagnation in the number of unionised formal sector workers.

A gradual shift in focus towards the importance of the [[informal sector]] and 'informal employment in the formal sector' from the late 1990s onwards led trade unions to also focus on these workers. This shift resulted in greater enrolment of informal sector workers and an increase in union membership. The central trade union organisations (CTUOs) raised their combined membership from 13.21 million in 1989 to 24.85 million in 2002. Nearly all CTUOs now have at least 20 percent of their official members from the informal sector.

==Image gallery==
<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px">
File:Trade Unions Rally.jpg|All Trade Unions' rally in [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
File:Aituctoddyarbetare.JPG|AITUC rally in [[Alappuzha]], Kerala
File:Mumbaimaydayrally0645.JPG|May Day rally in [[Mumbai]]
File:Apfturallyhyderabad (90).JPG|APFTU rally in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
</gallery>

==Central trade union organisations (CTUOs) of India==

Local, firm-level, or industry-level trade unions are often affiliated with larger federations. The largest federations in the country represent labour at the national level and are known as central trade union organisations (CTUs or CTUOs). To acquire the CTUO status, a trade union federation must have a verified membership of at least 500,000 workers spread across a minimum of four states and four industries (including agriculture). Trade union membership verification is usually conducted once a decade, and an updated verification with new criteria is currently underway, with 2011 as the reference year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=74637 |title=English Releases |publisher=Pib.nic.in |access-date=2018-09-02}}</ref> Complications around membership verification have arisen due to discrepancies between the membership claimed by unions and the actual number of members. These issues have increased in recent years with the wider inclusion of informal sector workers in union membership data.

The [[International Labour Organization]] has listed 12 organisations that are officially recognised as CTUOs under the terms set by the Ministry of Labour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilo.org/newdelhi/areasofwork/workers-and-employers-organizations/lang--en/index.htm|title=Workers' and Employers' Organizations in South Asia (ILO in India)|website=www.ilo.org|date=28 January 2024 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of CTUOs as of 2002
!
!Acronym
!Labour Union
!Membership (1989)<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.labourfile.org/superAdmin/Document/113/table%201.pdf|title=Table 1: Aggregate data on membership of CTUOs 1989 and 2002 (Provisional)|publisher=Labour File|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409191235/http://www.labourfile.org/superAdmin/Document/113/table%201.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2011}}</ref>
!Membership (2002)<ref name=":0" />
!Membership (2013)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/intuc-claims-3-33-crore-members-gives-cong-required-poll-boost/articleshow/19408601.cms|title=INTUC claims 3.33 crore members; Gives Cong required poll boost|last=Dhoot|first=Vikas|date=2013-04-06|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/indian-trade-unions-are-getting-bigger-coinciding-with-slowdown-113040600392_1.html|title=Indian trade unions are getting bigger, coinciding with slowdown|last=Menon|first=Sreelatha|date=2013-04-06|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref>
!Political Relationship
!International Affiliation
|-
|1
|AICCTU
|[[All India Central Council of Trade Unions]]
|
|639,962
|2,500,000
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|[[World Federation of Trade Unions]]
|-
|2
|AITUC
|[[All India Trade Union Congress]]
|1,798,093
|2,677,979
|14,200,000
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[World Federation of Trade Unions]]
|-
|3
|AIUTUC
|[[All India United Trade Union Centre]]
|802,806
|1,368,535
|4,700,000
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
|
|-
|4
|BMS
|[[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]]
|3,117,324
|6,215,797
|17,100,000
|[[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
|
|-
|5
|CITU
|[[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]]
|1,477,472
|3,222,532
|5,700,000
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[World Federation of Trade Unions]]
|-
|6
|HMS
|[[Hind Mazdoor Sabha]]
|923,517
|3,342,213
|9,200,000
|
|[[International Trade Union Confederation]]
|-
|7
|INTUC
|[[Indian National Trade Union Congress]]
|2,706,451
|3,892,011
|33,300,000
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[International Trade Union Confederation]]
|-
|8
|LPF
|[[Labour Progressive Federation]]
|
|611,506
|1,900,000
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|-
|9
|SEWA
|[[Self Employed Women's Association]]
|539,523
|606,935
|1,700,000
|
|[[International Trade Union Confederation]]
|-
|10
|UTUC
|[[United Trade Union Congress]]
|229,225
|383,946
|
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|[[World Federation of Trade Unions]]
|-
|11
|TUCC
|[[Trade Union Coordination Centre]]
|230,139
|732,760
|1,600,000
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|[[World Federation of Trade Unions]]
|}

==Other trade unions and centres==

(Incomplete list, In Alphabetical order)

* [[Akhil Bharatiya Kamgar Sena]] ([[Akhil Bharatiya Sena]])
* [[All India Bank Employees Association]] - AIBEA (affiliated with [[All India Trade Union Congress]])
* [[All India Insurance Workers Union]] (Affiliated to PWPI i.e. Progressive Workers and Peasants of India)
* [[All India IT and ITeS Employees' Union]] - AIITEU (Affiliated to [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]])
* [[All India Bank Officers' Association]] - AIBOA (Non political Independent Organisation)
* [[All India Union Bank Officer Staff Association]] - AIUBOSA (Affiliated to AIBOA)
* [[All India Bank Officers' Confederation]] (Non political Independent Organisation)
* [[All India Punjab National Bank Officers' Association]] (Affiliated to AIBOC)
* [[All India Central Council of Trade Unions]] ([[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]])
* [[All India Centre of Trade Unions]] ([[Marxist Communist Party of India (United)]])
* [[All India Federation of Trade Unions]] (Marxist–Leninists)
* [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]] (AIRF) ([http://www.airfindia.com]) (affiliated with [[Hind Mazdoor Sabha]])
* [[All India Workers Trade Union]] (Affiliated to PWPI i.e. Progressive Workers and Peasants of India)
*[[Central Organization of Indian Trade Unions(COITU)]] ([[Communist Workers Party(CWP)]])
* [[Andhra Pradesh Federation of Trade Unions]] ([[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Class Struggle|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]])
* [[Anna Thozhil Sanga Peravai]] ([[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]])
* [[Archaeological Survey of India Workers Union, New Delhi ]]
* [[Bharatiya Kamgar Sena]] ([[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]])
* [[Bharatiya Khadya Nigam Karamchari Sangh]]- BKNK SANGH (Nationally recognised Employees union of Food Corporation of India with Pan India presence)
*[[Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union]]-BKMU ([[Communist party of India]])
* [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sabha]] ([[Provisional Central Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]])
* [[Bihar-Jharkhand Sales Representatives' Union BSSR Union]] (BSSR Union) ([http://www.bssrunion.org/]) Affiliated to CITU & FMRAI
* Bihari Peasants Union (Affiliated to PWPI i.e. Progressive Workers and Peasants of India)
* Confederation of Free Trade Unions of India (CFTUI) (Non-political affiliated Unions of India)
* Central Organization of Indian Trade Unions(COITU) (Communist Workers Party(CWP)
* Dronagiri General Kamgar Union (Affiliated to PWPI i.e. Progressive Workers and Peasants of India)
* Federation of Medical & Sales Representatives'Association of India affiliated to CITU.
* [[Hind Mazdoor Kisan Panchayat]] ([[Janata Dal (United)]])
* [[Independent Labour Union]] (Unaffiliated)
* [[Indian Confederation of Labour]]
* [[Indian Federation of Trade Unions]] ([[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Democracy]])
* [[Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress]]
* [[Indian Railways Technical Supervisors' Association]] (IRTSA) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090405173328/http://www.irtsa.net/index.php])
* Indian Railway Loco Runningmen Organization (IRLRO) (Railway Loco Pilots Trade Union)
* IT and ITES Democratic Employees Association (IIDEA) (Affiliated to [[All India Central Council of Trade Unions]])
* [[Jharkhand Mazdoor Sangha]]
* Kamgar Ekta
* [[Karnataka State IT/ITeS Employees Union]] - KITU (Affiliated to Centre of Indian Trade Unions)
* [[Kerala Trade Union Congress]] ([[Kerala Congress]], KTUC (B) belongs to KC (B), KTUC (M) belongs to KC (M), etc.)
* [[Maharashtra General Kamgar Union]] ([[Kamgar Aghadi]])
* [[Marumalarchi Labour Front]] ([[MDMK]])
*Nascent IT Employees Senate - NITES (Regd.)
* Nirman Mazdoor Sangh Delhi (REGd.){{Clarify|date=June 2014}}
* [[Progressive Workers and Peasants of India]] (Janardan Singh is Founder and General Secretary)
* [[Pattali Trade Union]] ([[Pattali Makkal Katchi]])
* Rajdhani Nirman Mazdoor Kalyan Sangh, New Delhi
* Raigad Shramik Aekta Sangh (Affiliated to PWPI i.e. Progressive Workers and Peasants of India)
* Rashtrawadi Mathadi and General Labour Union ([[National Congress Party NCP]])
* [[Rashtriya Mulnivasi Bahujan Karmachari Sangh]] ([[BAMCEF]]) - RMBKS
* [[Shramik Vikas Sangathan(SVS)]] ([[Aam Aadmi Party]])
* [[Socialist Trade Union Centre]] ([[SNDP]])
* Swabhimani Mazdoor Sangathan
* [[Swatantra Thozhilali Union]] ([[Indian Union Muslim League]])
* [[Telugu Nadu Trade Union Council]] ([[Telugu Desam Party]])
* [[Trade Union Centre of India]] ([[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Class Struggle|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]])
* [[United Trade Union Congress (Bolshevik)]] ([[Revolutionary Socialist Party (Bolshevik)]])
* [[United Trade Union Congress (Marxist)]] ([[Revolutionary Socialist Party (Marxist)]])
* West Bengal Medical and Sales' Representatives Union
* West Bengal state electricity board employees union (affiliated to INTTUC, Affiliation No 505)
* West Bengal State Electricity Workmen's Union (affiliated to CITU & EEFI)
* Webanker (Trade Union for Bank Employees)

==Notable trade union leaders in India==
(In Alphabetical order)
*[[Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan]]
*[[B. P. Wadia]]
*[[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
*[[Chaturanan Mishra]]
*[[Datta Samant]]
*[[Dattopant Thengadi]]
*[[Diwan Chaman Lall]]
*[[George Fernandes]]
*[[Gurudas Dasgupta]]
*[[Indrajit Gupta]]
*[[Kalyan Roy]]
*[[Narayan Malhar Joshi]]
*[[Narayan Meghaji Lokhande]]
*[[Ramdev Singh]]
*[[Shripad Amrit Dange|S.A. Dange]]
*[[S.S. Mirajkar]]
*[[S.V. Ghate]]
*[[Saumyendranath Tagore]]
*[[B.T. Ranadive]]

==Participants==
According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) of 2019, it shows that the Indian economy has shrunk for the first time in four decades, from 467.7 million in 2011–12 to 461.5 million in 2017–18. Agriculture experienced the most massive layoffs, with 29.3 million workers losing their jobs. Women account for the vast majority of those who have lost their jobs (24.7 million).<ref>Ambedkar, P., & Prashad, V. (2020). India’s Liberalisation Project and the Future of Trade
Unions. Tempo Social : Revista de Sociologia Da USP, 32(1), 29–51. https://doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2020.164980</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of trade unions in Indian tea gardens]]
* [[List of trade unions in the Singareni coal fields]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics|Communism|Socialism|Organized Labour}}
{{Trade unions in India}}
{{Economy of India}}
{{Asia in topic|Trade unions in}}

[[Category:Trade unions in India| ]]
[[Category:Labour movement in India]]
[[Category:Indian labour law]]

Ashim Biswas (footballer)

2026-03-21T18:27:15Z

Onlinemcadegree: started a details.

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1982)|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Ashim Biswas
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Ashim Biswas
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|7|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ashoknagar (West Bengal)|Ashoknagar]], [[West Bengal]], India
| height = 1.70 m
| currentclub = [[Sundarban Bengal Auto FC]] (advisor)
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2001–2003
| clubs1 = [[Tollygunge Agragami F.C.|Tollygunge Agragami]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 = 19
| years2 = 2003–2005
| clubs2 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 = 14
| years3 = 2005–2006
| clubs3 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| caps3 = 15
| goals3 = 1
| years4 = 2006–2009
| clubs4 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| caps4 = 63
| goals4 = 19
| years5 = 2009–2010
| clubs5 = [[United S.C.|Chirag United]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 = 4
| years6 = 2010–2012
| clubs6 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps6 =
| goals6 = 5
| years7 = 2012–2014
| clubs7 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| caps7 =
| goals7 = 6
|years8 = 2015–2016
|clubs8 = [[Tollygunge Agragami]]
|caps8 =
|goals8 = 8
| years9 = 2016–2017
| clubs9 = [[Southern Samity]]
| caps9 =
| goals9 = 4
| years10 = 2017–2018
| clubs10 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps10 = 7
| goals10 = 1
| years11 = 2018
| clubs11 = [[Tollygunge Agragami F.C.|Tollygunge Agragami]]
| caps11 = 10
| goals11 = 2
| years12 = 2022–2023
| clubs12 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| caps12 =
| goals12 =
| nationalyears1 = 2003–2004
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 10
| nationalgoals1 = 4
| club-update =
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Ashim Biswas''' ({{langx|bn|অসীম বিশ্বাস}}; born 14 July 1982) is an Indian former professional [[association football|footballer]] who played as a [[forward (association football)|forward]].<ref>{{cite web|title=CFL 2018 Squads|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_premier_a_2018-19/team.html|work=Kolkatafootball.com|accessdate=4 August 2018|archive-date=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804200956/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_premier_a_2018-19/team.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Club career==

===East Bengal===
He had scored with a header against [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] from a [[Syed Rahim Nabi]] cross, and then Ashim's cross was netted in by [[Edmilson Marques Pardal]] in the pre-quarterfinal of the 29th Federation Cup in 2007 at [[Guru Nanak Stadium]] in [[Ludhiana]], match which East Bengal won 3-1.<ref>http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/fedcup/fixtures/2007/matchreports/2007_pe2.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
In [[Calcutta Football League|Calcutta Premier Division]] 2008, he had scored 2-0 against [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]. He had scored the only goal in the 1-0 win over [[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-reg08.html |title=India 2008 Regional Championships |access-date=7 May 2013 |archive-date=11 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511202527/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india-reg08.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He is currently playing for Diamond Harbour FC in Calcutta premier A division.

===Jamshedpur===
On 23 July 2017, Ghosh was selected in the 14th round of the [[2017–18 ISL Players Draft]] by [[Kerla Blasters|Kerala]] for the [[2017–18 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite news|title=ISL 2017 player draft, as it happened: ATK, Jamshedpur FC and Pune strike big|url=https://thefield.scroll.in/844751/isl-2017-player-draft-live-updates-eugenson-lyngdoh-anas-edathodika-touted-as-top-draws|accessdate=2 November 2017|work=The Field|date=23 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209172202/https://thefield.scroll.in/844751/isl-2017-player-draft-live-updates-eugenson-lyngdoh-anas-edathodika-touted-as-top-draws|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut for the club on 10 December 2017 against [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]. He came on as a 66th minute substitute for [[Siddharth Singh]] as Jamshedpur lost 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jamshedpur 0-1 Pune City|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/10/india/indian-super-league/jamshedpur/pune-city/2597764/|website=Soccerway|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215173928/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/10/india/indian-super-league/jamshedpur/pune-city/2597764/|url-status=live}}</ref> He then scored his first goal for the club on 17 January 2018 in their match against the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]. He found the net in the 31st minute as Jamshedpur won 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jamshedpur 2-1 Kerala Blasters|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/01/17/india/indian-super-league/jamshedpur/kerala-blasters/2597792/|website=Soccerway|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707123044/https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/01/17/india/indian-super-league/jamshedpur/kerala-blasters/2597792/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 12 April 2018, in Jamshedpur's quarter-final match during the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]], Biswas scored the consolation for the club in a 5–1 defeat to [[FC Goa|Goa]].<ref>{{cite news|title=FC Goa thrash Jamshedpur FC in Super Cup; game sees six red cards|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/fc-goa-thrash-jamshedpur-fc-in-super-cup-to-face-east-bengal-in-semis/story-JFzDKoFRmBEQ2zp5VReApK.html|accessdate=23 April 2018|work=Hindustan Times|date=12 April 2018|archive-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135538/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/fc-goa-thrash-jamshedpur-fc-in-super-cup-to-face-east-bengal-in-semis/story-JFzDKoFRmBEQ2zp5VReApK.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Statistics==

=== International ===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center;"
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan=3|'''[[India national football team|India]]'''
|2003||6||4
|-
|2004||4||0
|-
!Total!!10!!4
|}

==Honours==

'''India'''
*[[SAFF Championship]] third place: [[2003 SAFF Gold Cup|2003]]
* [[Afro-Asian Games]] silver medal: [[Football at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html|title=Afro-Asian Games 2003|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928130141/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html|archive-date=28 September 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|first2=Karel|last2=Stokkermans|date=2001}}</ref>

'''Individual'''
*''IndianFootball.com'' 'player of the Year' & 'rookie of the year' award: 2003 (with Tollygunge Agragami)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianfootball.de/data/ifc_awards/results2003.html|title=India — ''indianfootball.com'' AWARDS 2003 winners|archive-date=10 June 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030610034651/http://indianfootball.de/data/ifc_awards/results2003.html|date=2008|access-date=26 November 2016|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fcjamshedpur.com/players/31806-ashim-biswas Jamshedpur FC Profile].
* {{NFT player|3093/Ashim_Biswas}}

{{Jamshedpur FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biswas, Ashim}}
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Salgaocar FC players]]
[[Category:United SC players]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur FC players]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Tollygunge Agragami FC players]]

Rishad P. P.

2026-03-20T14:11:10Z

Onlinemcadegree:

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Rishad PP
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Rishad Pazhaya Puthanveettil
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|7|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| height =
| currentclub = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| clubnumber = 6
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = SAT Tirur Academy
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 = [[DSK Shivajians FC#Partnership and academy|DSK Shivajians Academy]]
| youthyears3 =
| youthclubs3 = Mumbai U19
| years1 = 2016–2018
| clubs1 = [[Delhi United FC|Delhi United]]
| caps1 = 12
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = ?
| clubs2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala B]]
| caps2 = ?
| goals2 = ?
| clubs3 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| years3 = 2021–
| caps3 = 50
| goals3 = 3
| club-update = 19:33, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
}}

'''Rishad Pazhaya Puthanveettil''' (born 6 July 1995) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[I-League]] club [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2020-21-gokulam-kerala-sign-rishad-pp|title=Official: Gokulam Kerala sign local midfielder Rishad PP|website=KhelNow|date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/ifl-shield-2021-gokualm-kerala-fc-announce-squad/|title=Gokulam Kerala announce squad for IFA Shield 2021|website=KhelNow|date=25 November 2021}}</ref>

==Club career==
===Gokulam Kerala===
On 7 August 2020, Rishad joined [[I-League]] club [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] on a two-year contract.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2020-21-gokulam-kerala-sign-rishad-pp|title=Official: Gokulam Kerala sign local midfielder Rishad PP|website=KhelNow|date=7 August 2020}}</ref> He made his debut for the club in the [[2021 Durand Cup]], on 12 September 2021, against [[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]], which ended in a 2–2 draw, coming on as a 39th-minute substitute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-durand-cup-2021-gokulam-kerala-held-to-draw-by-army-red/394367|title=Durand Cup 2021: Gokulam Kerala Held To Draw By Army Red|website=outlookindia.com|date=12 September 2021}}</ref> On 3 March 2022, he made his [[I-League]] debut, against [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]], which ended in a 0–0 stalemate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-neroca-fc-gokulam-kerala-match-report|title=NEROCA FC and Gokulam Kerala play out stalemate on I-League return|website=KhelNow|date=3 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/03/03/india/i-league/neroca/gokulam/3706326/|title=NEROCA 0 – 0 Gokulam Kerala|website=Soccerway|date=3 March 2022}}</ref>

At the [[2022 AFC Cup]] group-stage opener, Rishad and his side achieved a historic 4–2 win against Indian Super League side [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/afc-cup-gokulam-kerala-beats-atk-mohun-bagan-in-group-opener/article38494487.ece|title=AFC Cup: Gokulam Kerala beats ATK Mohun Bagan in group opener|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=18 May 2022|access-date=18 May 2022|first=18:29 IST|last=TEAM SPORTSTAR|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518133320/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/afc-cup-gokulam-kerala-beats-atk-mohun-bagan-in-group-opener/article38494487.ece/amp/|archive-date=18 May 2022}}</ref> in which he scored a goal.On 20th June 2023 Rishad signed a new contract, keeping him at the club until 2023-24 Season.

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated| 20 March 2026}}<ref>{{soccerway|p-rishad/678518}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Delhi United FC|Delhi United]]
|[[2016–17 I-League 2nd Division|2016–17]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|8||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||8||0
|-
|[[2017–18 I-League 2nd Division|2017–18]]
|4||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||4||0
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[2021–22 Gokulam Kerala FC season|2021–22]]
| rowspan="5" |[[I-League]]
|14||1||7{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}{{efn|name=IFAS|Appearance(s) in [[IFA Shield]]}}||0||3{{efn|name=statsAFCC|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Cup]]}}||1||24||2
|-
|[[2022–23 Gokulam Kerala FC season|2022–23]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|{{nowrap|[[2023–24 Gokulam Kerala FC season|2023–24]]}}
|19||0||2{{efn|name=Super Cup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0||0||0||21||0
|-
|[[2024–25 Gokulam Kerala F.C. season|2024–25]]
|14||1||0||0||0||0||14||1
|-
|[[2025–26 Gokulam Kerala F.C. season|2025–26]]
|3||0||3{{efn|name=IFAS|Appearance(s) in [[IFA Shield]]}}{{efn|name=Super Cup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0||0||0||6||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Gokulam Kerala total
!50!!2!!12!!0!!3!!1!!65!!3
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!60!!2!!12!!0!!3!!1!!76!!3
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==
'''Gokulam Kerala'''
* [[I-League]]: [[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/gokulam-kerala-vs-mohammedan-sc-i-league-final-live-gkfc-vs-mdsc-live-score-indian-football/article38490975.ece|title=Gokulam Kerala 2-1 Mohammedan SC Highlights: GKFC becomes 1st club in 15 years to defend the I-League|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=14 May 2022|access-date=14 May 2022|last=TEAM SPORTSTAR|first=21:22 IST|location=[[Kolkata]], West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514160659/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/gokulam-kerala-vs-mohammedan-sc-i-league-final-live-gkfc-vs-mdsc-live-score-indian-football/article38490975.ece|archive-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:PP, Rishad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC players]]

{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Ashish Bhatia

2026-03-16T13:35:57Z

Onlinemcadegree: started post

{{Short description|Indian engineer}}
{{Infobox person/Wikidata | fetchwikidata=ALL | dateformat = dmy }}
'''Ashish Bhatia''' is a US-based Indian engineer with specializations in [[mobile security]] and [[social media]], who developed [[Google, Inc.|Google]]'s predictive response generation system. He is also an [[angel investor]], public speaker and advocate for [[Startup company|startup]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-17|title=Movers And Shakers Of The Week [April 12–17]: Stylework, Decentro Expand Advisory Teams & More|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/movers-and-shakers-of-the-week-april-12-17-stylework-decentro-expand-advisory-teams-more/|access-date=2021-08-16|website=Inc42 Media|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashish Bhatia|url=https://youngstartup.com/Speaker/ashish-bhatia/|access-date=2021-08-16|website=youngStartup Ventures|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Education==
Bhatia earned a bachelor's degree in engineering in 2009 and a master's degree in computer architecture in 2011, both from [[IIT Kanpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashish Bhatia: Google Engineering Department|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashish_Bhatia|access-date=2021-04-12|website=ResearchGate }}</ref>

== Career ==
He worked at Morta Security, a startup that was acquired by [[Palo Alto Networks]] in 2013. He has also worked as a software engineer at [[WhatsApp]], on the [[Facebook Messenger|Messenger]] team at [[Facebook]], and the [[emerging markets]] team at [[Instagram]].<ref name=Summit>{{Cite news|title=Ashish Bhatia - Angel Investor|work=Private Investor Summit|url=https://familyoffices.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Private-investor_SFN_V3.pdf|page=11 |publisher=Family Office Club |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2021-04-12 }}</ref>

At Google, Bhatia was a founder member in 2010 of Google's [[Android (operating system)|Android]] app scanning team, known as [[Google Bouncer]],<ref name=Summit/> and developed the predictive response generation system for personal responses.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-11-22|title=Google patents robot help for social media burnout|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-25033172|access-date=2021-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Patents Social Media 'Auto Responder' That Can Post Replies For You|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/11/25/google-patent-social-media-automatic_n_4336741.html|orig-year=2013-11-25|date=2014-01-25 |access-date=2021-04-12|website=Huffpost UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Jennifer Slegg |date=2013-11-27|title=Google Wants to Write Your Social Media Messages For You|url=https://www.searchenginewatch.com/2013/11/27/google-wants-to-write-your-social-media-messages-for-you/|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Search Engine Watch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Jillian D'Onfro |title=Google Wants To Write Your Tweets For You|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/google-wants-write-tweets-192747596.html |date=2013-11-22 |access-date=2021-04-12|website=Yahoo Finance }}</ref>

{{As of|2019}}, he worked at a [[cryptocurrency]] startup while maintaining a [[GitHub]] [[Repository (version control)|repository]] on Android security.<ref name=Summit/> He has published on his blog threats such as the Facebook "April Fools Prank".<ref>{{Cite news |author=Fahmida Y. Rashid |title=Facebook Bully Video Actually an XSS Exploit|url=https://www.eweek.com/security/facebook-bully-video-actually-an-xss-exploit|access-date=2021-04-12|website=eWEEK |date=2011-04-07}}</ref>

In 2021, co-working space aggregator Stylework appointed<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Kritti |date=2021-04-17 |title=Movers And Shakers Of The Week [April 12-17]: Stylework, Decentro Expand Advisory Teams & More |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/movers-and-shakers-of-the-week-april-12-17-stylework-decentro-expand-advisory-teams-more/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> Ashish Bhatia as a technical advisor.

In 2021, Elucidate, a German startup focused on financial risk assessment, appointed<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Team |url=https://www.elucidate.co/our-team |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122144637/https://www.elucidate.co/our-team |archive-date=2021-01-22 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=www.elucidate.co}}</ref> Ashish Bhatia as a technical advisor.

In 2023, social media network Hood appointed<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-08 |title=Ashish Bhatia joins social media platform Hood as tech advisor |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2023/05/08/ashish-bhatia-joins-social-media-platform-hood-as-tech-advisor |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=Techcircle |language=en}}</ref> Ashish Bhatia as a technical advisor.

In 2025, Ashish Bhatia instituted LKL (Lalita and Krishan Lal Bhatia) Faculty Chair<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute News {{!}} IIT Kanpur |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/dora/institute-news |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=www.iitk.ac.in}}</ref> at [[IIT Kanpur]].

== Publications ==
* ''Deep Learning Projects with PyTorch''. Packt Publishing, 2018. {{OCLC|1137100920}}.

== Patents ==
* Automated generation of suggestions for personalized reactions in a social network<ref>{{Cite patent|title=Automated generation of suggestions for personalized reactions in a social network|gdate=2011-06-17|country=US |number=8589407B2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=8589407|title=Automated generation of suggestions for personalized reactions in a social network|gdate=2013-11-19|invent1=Bhatia|inventor1-first=Ashish}}</ref>
* Detecting pirated applications<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|title=Detecting pirated applications|gdate=2012-08-02|number=8875303B2}}</ref>
* Methods and systems for handling recovery messages<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|title=Methods and systems for handling recovery messages|gdate=2013-05-14|number=9015801B1}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://ashishb.net Personal website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatia, Ashish}}
[[Category:American engineers]]
[[Category:American computer programmers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Google employees]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]

Special forces

2026-03-13T19:38:54Z

Onlinemcadegree:

{{Short description|Military units trained to conduct special operations}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Redirect|Special Operations Forces||Special Operations Force (Singapore)|and|Special Operations Forces (Russia)|and|Special Operations Forces (Ukraine)}}
{{Redirect|Crack-troops|the military formation|Shock troops}}
{{Other uses|Special forces (disambiguation)|Elite Force (disambiguation)}}

[[File:A joint special forces team moves together out of an Air Force CV-22 Osprey aircraft, Feb. 26, 2018.jpg|thumb|300px|An American special forces team moves together out of an [[U.S. Air Force]] [[CV-22 Osprey]] aircraft on February 26, 2018]]

'''Special forces''' or '''special operations forces''' ('''SOF''') are [[military]] units trained to conduct [[special operations]].<ref name="NATO doctrine">{{cite journal|title=Allied Joint Doctrine for Special Operations|author=North Atlantic Treaty Organization|journal=NATO Standard Allied Joint Publication|date=13 December 2013|volume=AJP-3.5|issue=Edition A, Version 1|pages=1|publisher=NATO Standardization Agency|location=Brussels}}</ref><ref>Richard Bowyer, Dictionary of Military Terms, Bloomsbury Reference (2005–08), {{ISBN|190497015X}} / {{ISBN|9781904970156}}.</ref><ref name="US doctrine">{{cite journal|author=Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)|title=Special Operations|journal=Joint Publication|date=16 July 2014|volume=3-05|page=GL-11|url=http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp3_05.pdf|access-date=18 September 2016|publisher=Department of Defense|location=Washington, DC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201152006/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp3_05.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[NATO]] has defined special operations as "military activities conducted by specially designated, organized, selected, trained and equipped forces using unconventional techniques and modes of employment".<ref name="NATO doctrine" /><ref name="NATO Glossary">{{cite web|title=NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions (English and French)|author=North Atlantic Treaty Organization|date=2013|volume=AAP-06|issue=Edition 2013|page=2-S-8|url=https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/Other_Pubs/aap6.pdf|publisher=NATO Standardization Agency|location=Brussels|access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528215932/https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/Other_Pubs/aap6.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2024 |title=Special Operations Forces |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_105950.htm |access-date=May 11, 2024 |website=[[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)]]}}</ref>

Special forces emerged in the early 20th century, with a significant growth in the field during [[World War II]], when "every major army involved in the fighting" created formations devoted to special operations behind enemy lines.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=690}} Depending on the country, special forces may perform functions including [[Airborne forces|airborne operations]], [[counter-insurgency]], [[counter-terrorism]], [[foreign internal defense]], [[Covert operations|covert ops]], [[Direct action (military)|direct action]], [[Hostage crises|hostage rescue]], [[high-value targets]]/[[Manhunt (military)|manhunt]], [[intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance|intelligence operations]], [[Mobility (military)|mobility operations]], and [[unconventional warfare]].<ref name="adrp spec operations">{{cite web |author1=Headquarters, Department of the Army |title=ADRP 3-05 SPECIAL OPERATIONS |url=https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN18909_ADP%203-05%20C1%20FINAL%20WEB(2).pdf |website=Army Publishing Directorate |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412133555/https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN18909_ADP%203-05%20C1%20FINAL%20WEB(2).pdf |archive-date=12 April 2022 |date=July 2019}}</ref>

In Russian-speaking countries, special forces of any country are typically called {{lang|ru-Latn|[[spetsnaz]]}}, an acronym for "special purpose". In the [[United States]], the term ''special forces'' often refers specifically to the [[United States Army Special Forces|U.S. Army Special Forces]], while the term ''special operations forces'' is used more broadly for these types of units.
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Capabilities==
Special forces capabilities include the following:
* [[Special reconnaissance]] and surveillance in hostile environments
* [[Foreign internal defense]]: Training and development of other states' military and security forces
* Offensive action
* Support to [[counter-insurgency]] through population engagement and support
* [[Counter-terrorism]] operations
* [[Sabotage]] and demolition
* Hostage rescue

Other capabilities can include [[bodyguard|close personal protection]]; waterborne operations involving [[Frogman|combat diving/combat swimming]], [[Naval boarding|maritime boarding]] and amphibious missions; as well as [[Air force infantry and special forces units#Special operations forces|support of air force operations]].

==History==

===Early period===
[[File:Hokusai-sketches---hokusai-manga-vol6-crop.jpg|thumb|upright|Japanese drawing of the archetypical [[ninja]], from a series of sketches (''[[Hokusai manga]]'') by [[Hokusai]].]]
Special forces have played an important role throughout the history of warfare, whenever the aim was to achieve disruption by "hit and run" and [[sabotage]], rather than more traditional conventional combat. Other significant roles lay in [[reconnaissance]], providing essential intelligence from near or among the enemy and increasingly in combating irregular forces, their infrastructure and activities.

Chinese strategist [[Jiang Ziya]], in his ''[[Six Secret Teachings]]'', described recruiting talented and motivated men into specialized elite units with functions such as commanding heights and making rapid long-distance advances.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sawyer | first=Ralph D. | title=The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China | year=1993 | publisher=Westview Press, Inc | location=Boulder | isbn=0-8133-1228-0 | pages=39, 98–9}}</ref> Elite [[Han dynasty|Han]] troops known as ''jue chang'' (蹶張) were composed of strong [[Arbalist (crossbowman)|crossbowmen]] capable of shooting and drawing powerful crossbows by the hands-and-feet method with a recorded [[Draw weight|draw-weight]] in excess of 340 kg/750lb.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Selby |first=Stephen |title=Chinese Archery |date=2000 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-962-209-501-4 |pages=172}}</ref> These troops were a highly specialized, physically elite corps that operated heavy crossbows that could penetrate armor in the [[Military of the Han dynasty|army of the Han dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Loades |first=Mike |title=The Crossbow |date=2018 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=9781472824608 |pages=9}}</ref> [[Hamilcar Barca]] in Sicily (249 BC) had specialized troops trained to launch several offensives per day.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} In the late Roman or early Byzantine period, Roman fleets used small, fast, camouflaged ships crewed by selected men for scouting and commando missions. In the [[Middle Ages]], special forces trained to conduct special operations were employed in several occasions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harari |first=Yuval Noah |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt81v7j |title=Special Operations in the Age of Chivalry, 1100-1550 |date=2007 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-84383-292-8 |volume=24 |jstor=10.7722/j.ctt81v7j }}</ref> An example of this were the special forces of [[Gerald the Fearless]], a Portuguese warrior and folk hero of the [[Reconquista]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Praça do Giraldo, Évora - Visitor's Guide |url=https://www.evoraportugaltourism.com/guide/praca-de-giraldo.html |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=www.evoraportugaltourism.com}}</ref><ref>Clemente Ramos, 653 n14: ''El perro caminaba en noches lluviosas y muy oscuras, de fuerte viento y nieve, hacia las ciudades y había preparado sus instrumentos de escalas de madera muy largas, que sobrepasen el muro de la ciudad, aplicaba aquellas escaleras al costado de la torre y subía por ellas el primero, hasta la torre y cogía al centinela y le decía: "Grita como es tu costumbre," para que no le sintiese la gente. Cuando se había completado la subida de su grupo a lo más alto del muro de la ciudad, gritaban en su lengua con un alarido execrable, y entraban en la ciudad y combatían al que encontraban y le robaban y cogían a todos los que había en ella cautivos y prisioneros a todos los que estaban allí.''</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6e79DQAAQBAJ&dq=gerald+the+fearless&pg=PA91 | title=Study and Teaching Guide: The History of the Renaissance World: A curriculum guide to accompany the History of the Renaissance World | isbn=9781945841019 | last1=Kaziewicz | first1=Julia | date=22 November 2016 | publisher=Peace Hill Press }}</ref><ref>Porto Editora – Geraldo Geraldes, o Sem Pavor na Infopédia [em linha]. Porto: Porto Editora. [consult. 2022-04-22 22:05:13]. Disponível em https://www.infopedia.pt/$geraldo-geraldes-o-sem-pavor</ref> Muslim forces also had naval special operations units, including one that used camouflaged ships to gather intelligence and launch raids and another of soldiers who could pass for Crusaders who would use ruses to board enemy ships and then capture and destroy them.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/pdfs/christides.pdf | title=Military Intelligence in Arabo-Byzantine Naval Warfare | publisher=Institute for Byzantine Studies, Athens | first=Vassilios | last=Christides | pages=276–80 | access-date=2011-08-02 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725230646/http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/pdfs/christides.pdf | archive-date=2011-07-25 }}</ref> In [[Japan]], [[ninja]]s were used for [[reconnaissance]], [[espionage]] and as [[Assassination|assassins]], [[bodyguards]] or fortress guards, or otherwise fought alongside conventional soldiers.<ref>{{cite book | last = Turnbull | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen Turnbull (historian) | title = Ninja AD 1460–1650 | year = 2003 | publisher = Osprey Publishing | isbn = 978-1-84176-525-9 | pages= 44–7, 50}}</ref> During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], [[Rifle regiment|rifle regiments]] and [[sapper]] units were formed that held specialised roles in reconnaissance and skirmishing and were not committed to the formal battle lines.

===First specialized units===
[[File:Colonel Benjamin Church.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Benjamin Church (ranger)|Colonel Benjamin Church]] (1639–1718) from the [[Plymouth Colony]], father of [[Unconventional warfare]], American Ranging, and Rangers]]

Between the 17th and 18th centuries, there were wars between American colonists and Native American tribes. In [[Colonial history of the United States|Colonial America]] specialized [[United States Army Rangers|Rangers]] formed and first mentioned by [[John Smith (explorer)|Capt. John Smith]], in 1622. Learning frontier skills from friendly Native Americans the Rangers helped carry out offensive strikes "[[Guerrilla warfare|frontier combat]]" against hostile Natives. Thus Ranger companies were formed to provide reconnaissance, intelligence, light infantry, and scouting. [[Benjamin Church (ranger)|Colonel Benjamin Church]] (c. 1639–1718) was the captain of the first Ranger force in America (1676).<ref name="Grenier2005">{{Cite book |last=Grenier |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGCin1JJp8cC |title=The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-139-44470-5 |pages=35}}</ref>
Many Colonial officers would take the philosophies of Benjamin Church's ranging and form their own Ranger units.

Several Ranger companies were established in the American colonies, including [[Knowlton's Rangers]], an elite corps of Rangers who supplied reconnaissance and espionage for [[George Washington]]'s Continental Army.<ref>p.90 Karcher, Phillip ''Encyclopaedia of British, Provincial, and German Army Units 1775-1783'' , 1973, {{ISBN|0-8117-0542-0}}</ref>
[[Daniel Morgan]], was known as leader of The Corps of Rangers for the [[Continental Army]]. [[Rogers' Rangers]] on Roger's Island, in modern-day Fort Edward, New York, is regarded as the "spiritual home" of the [[United States Special Operations Forces]], specifically the United States Army Rangers. These early American light infantry battalions were trained under [[Robert Rogers' 28 "Rules of Ranging"]], which is considered the first known manual of modern [[asymmetric warfare]] tactics used in modern special operations.

Various military Ranger units such as the [[United States Mounted Rangers]], [[United States Rangers in the War of 1812|United States Rangers]], [[Loudoun Rangers]], [[43rd Virginia Cavalry Battalion|43rd Virginia Rangers]], and [[Texas Military Forces#Texas Rangers|Texas Military Rangers]] continued throughout the 19th-20th century until the modern formation of the [[75th Ranger Regiment|Army Ranger Battalions]] in WWII.<ref name="Churchill">{{Cite book |last=Rankin |first=Nicholas |title=Churchill's Wizards: The British Genius for Deception 1914–1945 |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8117-3600-8 |location=Pennsylvania |pages=454 |ref=Ran08}}</ref>

[[File:Burnham in africa close up.jpg|left|thumb|250px|British Army scouts in South Africa (1893): [[Frederick Russell Burnham]] (middle); Hon. [[Maurice Gifford]] (right)]]

The [[British Indian Army]] deployed two special forces during their border wars: the [[Corps of Guides (India)|Corps of Guides]] formed in 1846 and the [[5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)|Gurkha Scouts]] (a force that was formed in the 1890s and was first used as a detached unit during the 1897–1898 [[Tirah Campaign]]).<ref>"The Corps of Guides – the original Indian Army special forces." ..."The Scouts were not subordinate to any brigade or division but were ''army'' troops – deployed at the discretion of the field force commander." {{harv| Bellamy|2011|page=115}}</ref>

During the [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902) the British Army felt the need for more specialised units. Scouting units such as the [[Lovat Scouts]], a Scottish Highland regiment made up of exceptional [[woodsmen]] outfitted in [[ghillie suit]]s and well practised in the arts of [[marksmanship]], [[field craft]], and [[military tactics]] filled this role. This unit was formed in 1900 by [[Simon Fraser, 14th Lord Lovat|Lord Lovat]] and early on reported to an American, Major [[Frederick Russell Burnham]], the Chief of Scouts under [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lord Roberts]]. After the war, Lovat's Scouts went on to formally become the British Army's first sniper unit.<ref name="sniper">{{cite book | author=John Plaster | title=[[The Ultimate Sniper]]: An Advanced Training Manual For Military and Police Snipers | publisher =Paladin Press| year=2006 | page= 5| isbn=0-87364-704-1}}</ref> Additionally, the [[Bushveldt Carbineers]], formed in 1901, can be seen as an early [[unconventional warfare]] unit.

The ''[[Luna Sharpshooters]]'', also known as the "''Marksmen of Death''" ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Tiradores de la Muerte''), was an elite unit formed on 1899 by [[General]] [[Antonio Luna]] to serve under the [[Philippine Revolutionary Army]]. They became famous for fighting fiercer than the regular Filipino army soldiers. Most of the members of this unit came from the old [[Spanish Army]] Filipino members which fought during the [[Philippine Revolution]].<ref name="V.R. Jose">{{cite book|last=Jose|first=Vivencio|title=The Rise and Fall of Antonio Luna|year=1972|publisher=Solar Pub. Corporation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjFQPgAACAAJ|pages=220–221|isbn=9789711707002}}</ref>

[[File:Antonio luna small.jpg|thumb|General [[Antonio Luna]] of the [[Philippine Revolutionary Army]], the founder of ''Tiradores dela Muerte'']]

The sharpshooters became famous for their fierce fighting and proved their worth by being the usual spearheading unit in every major battle in the [[Philippine–American War]]. In the [[Battle of Paye]] on December 19, 1899, Bonifacio Mariano, a sharpshooter under the command of General [[Licerio Gerónimo]], killed General [[Henry Ware Lawton]] of the [[United States Army]], making the latter the highest ranking casualty during the course of the war.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth|title=Looking Back 4: Chulalongkorn's Elephants|year=2011|publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc.|isbn=978-971-27-2600-2|pages=66–70}}</ref>

===World War I===
[[File:Italian Arditi.jpg|thumb|300px|Members of the Italian ''[[Arditi]]'' corps, 1918, brandishing daggers.]]
The German [[Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)|Stormtroopers]] and the Italian [[Arditi]] were the first modern shock troops. They were both elite assault units trained to a much higher level than that of average troops and tasked to carry out daring attacks and bold raids against enemy defenses. Unlike Stormtroopers, Arditi were not units within infantry divisions, but were considered a separate combat arm.<ref name="Arditi">{{cite book | last= Morisi |first=Paolo | title=Hell in the Trenches: Austro-Hungarian Stormtroopers and Italian Arditi in the Great War |publisher=Helion and Company| year=2018 | page= 240| isbn=978-1912174980}}</ref>

===Interwar period===
====Chaco war====
The [[Macheteros de Jara]] was an auxiliary cavalry regiment that was organized since August 15, 1932, before the Battle of Boquerón began. The regiment was recruited from former outlaws from Paraguay who fought against Bolivian officers and soldiers.

The [[50th Infantry Regiment (Bolivia)|50th Infantry Regiment]] (Cuchilleros de la Muerte) was a Bolivian infantry regiment that fought in the Chaco War. Nicknamed the Knives of Death (Spanish: Cuchillos de la Muerte), the regiment relied almost exclusively on the use of blade weapons, particularly bayonets.

===World War II===
====British====
{{main|Commandos (United Kingdom)}}
[[File:Commandos In training.jpg|thumb|alt=Man climbing over assault course wooden obstacle|The [[British Commandos]] were the prototype for the modern special forces. Volunteers had to undergo an arduous training course.]]

Modern special forces emerged during the [[Second World War]]. In 1940, the [[British Commandos]] were formed following [[Winston Churchill]]'s call for "specially trained troops of the hunter class, who can develop a reign of terror down the enemy coast."<ref>Haskew, p. 47</ref> A [[staff officer]], [[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Dudley Clarke]], had already submitted such a proposal to [[General]] Sir [[John Dill]], the [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff]]. Dill, aware of Churchill's intentions, approved Clarke's proposal<ref name="haskew">{{cite book|last=Haskew|first=Michael E|title=Encyclopaedia of Elite Forces in the Second World War|publisher=Pen and Sword|location=Barnsley|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84415-577-4|pages=47–8}}</ref> and on 23 June 1940, the first Commando raid took place.<ref name="haskew"/>

By the autumn of 1940 more than 2,000 men had volunteered and in November 1940 these new units were organised into a [[Special Service Brigade]] consisting of four battalions under the command of [[Brigadier]] J. C. Haydon.<ref>{{cite book|first=H. F.|last=Joslen|title=Orders of Battle, Second World War, 1939–1945|publisher=Naval & Military Press|location=London|isbn=1-84342-474-6|year=1990|page=454}}</ref> The Special Service Brigade was quickly expanded to 12 units which became known as Commandos.<ref name="haskew"/> Each Commando had a lieutenant colonel as the [[commanding officer]] and numbered around 450 men (divided into 75-man [[troop]]s that were further divided into 15-man [[Section (military unit)|sections]]).

In December 1940 a Middle East Commando depot was formed with the responsibility of training and supplying reinforcements for the Commando units in that theatre.<ref name="Moreman">{{cite book|last=Moreman|first=Timothy Robert|title=British Commandos 1940–46|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=London|year=2006|isbn=1-84176-986-X|pages=37–49}}</ref> In February 1942 the Commando training depot at [[Achnacarry]] in the [[Scottish Highlands]] was established by Brigadier Charles Haydon. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Vaughan, the Commando depot was responsible for training complete units and individual replacements.<ref name="Moreman" /> The training regime was for the time innovative and physically demanding, and far in advance of normal British Army training.<ref name="Moreman" /> The depot staff were all hand picked, with the ability to outperform any of the volunteers.

[[File:Landing on Queen Red Beach, Sword Area.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Men wading ashore from a landing craft|[[British Commandos]] wearing the green beret and carrying the Bergen rucksack during the [[Normandy landings]]]]
Training and assessment started immediately on arrival, with the volunteers having to complete an {{convert|8|mi|adj=on}} march with all their equipment from the [[Spean Bridge]] railway station to the commando depot.<ref name="Moreman" /> Exercises were conducted using live ammunition and explosives to make training as realistic as possible. Physical fitness was a prerequisite, with cross country runs and [[boxing]] matches to improve fitness. Speed and endurance marches were conducted up and down the nearby mountain ranges and over [[assault course]]s that included a [[zip-line]] over [[Loch Arkaig]], all while carrying arms and full equipment. Training continued by day and night with river crossings, mountain climbing, [[World War II combatives|weapons training, unarmed combat]], map reading, and small boat operations on the syllabus.

Reaching a wartime strength of over 30 individual units and four assault [[brigade]]s, the Commandos served in all theatres of war from the [[Arctic Circle]] to [[European theatre of World War II|Europe]] and from the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean and Middle East]] to [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South-East Asia]]. Their operations ranged from small groups of men landing from the sea or by parachute to a brigade of assault troops spearheading the Allied invasions of Europe and Asia. The first modern special forces units were established by men who had served with the Commandos, including the [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|Parachute Regiment]], [[Special Air Service]], and [[Special Boat Service]]. The [[No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando]] organised by British of volunteers from occupied Europe led to French [[Commandos Marine]], Dutch [[Korps Commandotroepen]], Belgian [[Paracommando Brigade (Belgium)|Paracommando Brigade]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=17 April 2010|title=Les fusiliers marins et les commandos|publisher=[[Ministère de la Défense]]|url=http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/decouverte/forces/fusiliers_et_commandos/les_fusiliers_marins_et_les_commandos_marine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=17 April 2010|publisher=[[Korps Commandotroepen]]|title=The history of the Commando Foundation|url=http://www.korpscommandotroepen.nl/index.php?l=en&p=42|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031231706/http://korpscommandotroepen.nl/index.php?l=en&p=42|archive-date=31 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=17 April 2010|title=Centre d'Entraînement de Commandos|publisher=Ministère de la Défense,la Composante Terre|url=http://www.mil.be/armycomp/units/index.asp?LAN=fr&FILE=&ID=540&MENU=625&PAGE=1|archive-date=7 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307124159/http://www.mil.be/armycomp/units/index.asp?LAN=fr&FILE=&ID=540&MENU=625&PAGE=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Special Air Service (SAS)====
The first modern special forces unit was the [[Special Air Service]] (SAS), formed in July 1941 from an unorthodox idea and plan by [[Lieutenant]] [[David Stirling]].<ref>[[London Gazette]] [http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=34420&geotype=London&gpn=4740 Issue 34420 published 23 July 1937, p. 10 of 80]{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In June 1940 he volunteered for the [[No. 8 (Guards) Commando]] (later named "[[Layforce]]"). After Layforce was disbanded, Stirling remained convinced that due to the mechanized nature of war a small team of highly trained soldiers with the advantage of surprise could exact greater damage to the enemy's ability to fight than an entire platoon. His idea was for small teams of parachute trained soldiers to operate behind enemy lines to gain intelligence, destroy enemy aircraft, and attack their supply and reinforcement routes. Following a meeting with the C-in-C Middle East, [[General]] [[Claude Auchinleck]], his plan was endorsed by the Army High Command.

[[File:Special Air Service in North Africa E 21337.jpg|thumb|right|250px|British [[Special Air Service|SAS]] in North Africa (1943), in jeeps with mounted heavy machine guns]]
The force initially consisted of five officers and 60 [[Enlisted rank|other ranks]].<ref>{{cite book|title=SAS: Great Britain's elite Special Air Service|first=Leroy|last= Thompson|publisher=Zenith Imprint|year=1994|isbn=0-87938-940-0|page=48}}</ref> Following extensive training at [[Kibrit Air Base|Kabrit camp]], by the [[River Nile]], L Detachment, SAS Brigade, undertook its first operations in the [[Western Desert (North Africa)|Western Desert]]. Stirling's vision was eventually vindicated after a series of successful operations. In 1942, the SAS attacked Bouerat. Transported by the [[Long Range Desert Group]] (which carried out deep penetration, covert reconnaissance patrols, intelligence missions and attacks behind the enemy lines from 1940), they caused severe damage to the harbour, petrol tanks and storage facilities.<ref name=sm9>{{cite book|title=The Special Air Service|last1=Shortt|first1=James|last2=McBride|first2=Angus|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=1981|isbn=0-85045-396-8|page=9}}</ref> This was followed up in March by a raid on [[Benghazi]] harbour with limited success but they did damage to 15 aircraft at [[Al-Berka]].<ref name=sm9/> The [[June 1942 Crete airfield raids]] at [[Heraklion Airport|Heraklion]], [[Kasteli]], [[Tympaki Airport|Tympaki]] and [[Maleme Airport|Maleme]] significant damage was caused, and raids at Fuka and [[Mersa Matruh]] airfields destroyed 30 aircraft.<ref>{{cite book|last=Molinari|first=Andrea|title=Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84603-006-2|page=75}}</ref>

====Chindits====
In the [[Burma Campaign]], the [[Chindits]], whose long-range penetration groups were trained to operate from bases deep behind [[Japan]]ese lines, contained commandos ([[King's Regiment (Liverpool)]], 142 Commando Company) and [[Gurkhas]]. Their jungle expertise, which would play an important part in many British special forces operations post-war, was learned at a great cost in lives in the jungles of [[Burma]] fighting the Japanese.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

===== The Company of Chosen Immortals =====
Immediately after the [[Battle of Greece|German occupation of Greece]] in April–May 1941, the [[Greek government in exile|Greek government]] fled to [[Egypt]] and started to form military units in exile. [[Hellenic Air Force|Air Force]] Lt. Colonel G. Alexandris suggested the creation of an Army unit along the lines of the British SAS. In August 1942 the Company of Chosen Immortals ({{langx|el|Λόχος Επιλέκτων Αθανάτων}}) was formed under Cavalry Major Antonios Stefanakis in Palestine, with 200 men. In 1942, the unit was renamed [[Sacred Band (World War II)|Sacred Band]]. In close cooperation with the commander of the British [[Special Air Service|SAS]] Regiment, Lt. Colonel [[David Stirling]], the company moved to the SAS base at Qabrit in Egypt to begin its training in its new role. The special forces unit fought alongside the SAS in the Western Desert and the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greek Sacred Squadron |url=https://gallery.commandoveterans.org/cdoGallery/v/WW2/comb+ops/greek+sacred+squadron/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=gallery.commandoveterans.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sacred Squadron - an Elite Greek Commando Unit |url=https://www.combinedops.com/SACRED_SQUADRON.htm |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=www.combinedops.com}}</ref>

====Poland====
During the start of [[World War II]] “September campaign,” the Polish Government did not sign the capitulation, but moved to Paris and then to London.<ref name="Grom">{{cite web | url=https://sofrep.com/specialoperations/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-polish-special-unit-grom/ | title=Everything you need to know about the Polish Special Unit GROM | date=19 July 2019 }}</ref> In an attempt to achieve its aims the government in exile gave orders to the Polish resistance and formed a special military unit in Britain with the soldiers called [[Cichociemni]] (“silent and unseen”) paratroopers to be deployed into Poland.<ref name="Grom" /> The Cichociemni were trained similar to the British Special Forces, with the curricula differing according to each soldier's specialization.<ref name="Grom" /> Their task, on deployment to Poland, was to sustain the structures of the Polish state, training the members of the Resistance in fighting the German occupant.<ref name="Grom" /> This included taking part in the [[Warsaw Uprising]].

====Australian====
Following advice from the British, Australia began raising special forces.<ref>Horner 1989, p. 21.</ref> The first units were [[Australian commandos|independent companies]], which began training at [[Wilson's Promontory]] in [[Victoria (state) | Victoria]] in early 1941 under the tutelage of British instructors. With an establishment of 17 officers and 256 men, the independent companies were trained as "[[stay-behind]]" forces, a role that they later played against the Japanese in the [[South West Pacific Area]] during 1942–43, most notably fighting a guerrilla campaign in [[Battle of Timor|Timor]], as well as actions in [[New Guinea campaign|New Guinea]].<ref>Horner 1989, pp. 22–6.</ref> In all, a total of eight independent companies were raised before they were re-organised in mid-1943 into commando squadrons and placed under the command of the divisional cavalry regiments that were re-designated as cavalry commando regiments. As a part of this structure, a total of 11 commando squadrons were raised.

They continued to act independently and were often assigned at brigade level during the later stages of the war, taking part in the fighting in New Guinea, [[Bougainville campaign|Bougainville]] and [[Borneo Campaign (1945)|Borneo]], where they were employed largely in long-range reconnaissance and flank-protection roles.<ref>Horner 1989, p. 26.</ref> In addition to these units, the Australians also raised the [[Z Special Unit]] and [[M Special Unit]]. M Special Unit largely had an intelligence-gathering role, while Z Special Force undertook direct-action missions. One of its most notable actions came with [[Operation Jaywick]], which sank several Japanese ships in [[Singapore]] Harbour in 1943. A second raid on Singapore in 1944, known as [[Operation Rimau]], was unsuccessful.<ref>Horner 1989, pp. 26–7.</ref>

==== Soviet ====
{{sectstub|date=February 2026}}
The [[Soviet Union in World War II | Soviet Union]] developed and expanded special forces {{en dash}} notably the [[GRU (Soviet Union) | GRU]]'s [[Spetsnaz]] and the [[NKVD]]'s [[Osnaz]] {{en dash}} in the period of World War II; such units included (for example) naval, army reconnaissance and parachute troops.<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Schuster
|first1 = Carl O.
|editor-last1 = Zabecki
|editor-first1 = David T.
|editor-link1 = David T. Zabecki
|date = 1 May 2015
|orig-date = 1999
|chapter = Spetsnaz
|title = World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq_lCAAAQBAJ
|series = Military History of the United States
|publication-place = New York
|publisher = Routledge
|pages = 768-770
|isbn = 9781135812423
|access-date = 3 February 2026
|quote = Special operations were an integral part of Soviet military doctrine even prior to World War II. Every offensive conducted by the Soviets from the Spanish civil war [...] to the final drive on Berlin [...] was preceded by special operations, including both direct actions and reconnaissance. [...] {{translit | ru | Osnaz}} units generally concentrated on operations directed at reestablishing [[Bolshevik | the party's]] authority over the population or the partisans' leadership. {{translit | ru | Spetsnaz}} units generally concentrated on attacking German military facilities and leadership, although the {{translit | ru | Osnaz}} occasionally conducted similar operations. Both organizations serviced espionage networks in the Axis rear and conducted acts of assassination and sabotage. [...] In general, Soviet special purpose forces enjoyed much success in World War II, while learning many valuable lessons in the process. Those lessons were applied with maximum effect during the advances into Europe and in Manchuria during the final months of the war.
}}
</ref>

====United States====
[[File:Rangers-pointe-du-hoc.jpg|thumb|[[United States Army Rangers]] at [[D-Day]], [[Pointe du Hoc]]]]

==== Office of Strategic Services ====
The United States formed the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) during [[World War II]] under the [[Medal of Honor]] recipient [[William J. Donovan]]. This organization was the predecessor of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) and was responsible for both intelligence and special forces missions. The CIA's elite [[Special Activities Division]] is the direct descendant of the OSS.<ref>The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency, Michael Warner, CIA History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence, United States Central Intelligence Agency (2000)</ref>

====Marine Raiders====
On February 16, 1942, the [[U.S. Marine Corps]] activated a battalion of Marines with the specific purpose of securing beach heads, and other special operations. The battalion became the first modern special operations force of the U.S. The battalion became known as [[Marine Raiders]] due to Admiral [[Chester Nimitz]]'s request for "raiders" in the Pacific front of the war.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

====United States Army Rangers====
The history of the [[United States Army Rangers]] specialist soldier dates back to the 17th through 19th century from military units such as [[United States Mounted Rangers]], [[United States Rangers in the War of 1812|United States Rangers]] and [[Texas Military Forces|Texas Rangers]]. In WWII mid-1942, Major-General Lucian Truscott of the U.S. Army, a General Staff submitted a proposal to [[General George Marshall]] conceived under the guidance of then Army Chief of Staff, General George C. Marshall, that selectively trained Ranger soldiers were recruited for the newly established special operations Army [[75th Ranger Regiment|Ranger Battalion]].<ref name="Grenier2005"/>

====1st Special Service Force====
The United States and [[Canada]] formed the [[1st Special Service Force]] as a sabotage [[ski warfare|ski brigade]] for operations in Norway. Later known as the "Devil's Brigade" (and called "The Black Devils" by mystified German soldiers), the First Special Service Force was dispatched to the occupied Aleutian Islands, Italy and Southern France.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

====Merrill's Marauders and Alamo Scouts====
[[Merrill's Marauders]] were modeled on the Chindits and took part in similar operations in Burma. In late November 1943, the [[Alamo Scouts]] (Sixth Army Special Reconnaissance Unit) were formed to conduct reconnaissance and raider work in the [[South West Pacific theatre of World War II|Southwest Pacific Theater]] under the personal command of then Lt. General [[Walter Krueger]], Commanding General, Sixth U.S. Army. Krueger envisioned that the Alamo Scouts, consisting of small teams of highly trained volunteers, would operate deep behind enemy lines to provide intelligence-gathering and tactical reconnaissance in advance of Sixth U.S. Army landing operations.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

====Special Forces Tab====
In 1983, nearly 40 years after the end of World War II, the US Army created the [[Special Forces Tab]]. It was later decided that personnel with at least 120 days' wartime service prior to 1955 in certain units, including the Devil's Brigade, the Alamo Scouts and the OSS Operational Groups, would receive the Tab for their services in World War II, placing them all in the lineage of today's U.S. and Canadian (via Devil's Brigade) Special Forces.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

====Axis powers====
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
The [[Axis powers]] did not adopt the use of special forces on the same scale as the British.

=====German=====
The German army's [[Brandenburger Regiment]] was founded as a special forces unit used by the [[Abwehr]] for infiltration and long distance reconnaissance in [[Fall Weiss (1939)|Fall Weiss]] of 1939 and the [[Fall Gelb]] and [[Operation Barbarossa|Barbarossa]] campaigns of 1940 and 1941.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-680-8283A-30A, Budapest, Otto Skorzeny, Adrian v. Fölkersam.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Skorzeny]] (left) and the former ''[[Brandenburger Regiment|Brandenburger]]'' [[Adrian von Fölkersam]] (middle), 1944]]
Later during the war the [[502nd SS Jäger Battalion]], commanded by [[Otto Skorzeny]], sowed disorder behind the Allied lines by mis-directing convoys away from the front lines. A handful of his men were captured by the Americans and spread a rumor that Skorzeny was leading a raid on [[Paris]] to kill or capture General [[Dwight Eisenhower]]. Although this was untrue, Eisenhower was confined to his headquarters for several days and Skorzeny was labelled "the most dangerous man in Europe".{{Cite quote|date=September 2022}}

=====Italian=====
In [[Italy]], the [[Decima Flottiglia MAS]] was responsible for the sinking and damage of considerable British tonnage in the [[Mediterranean]]. Also there were other Italian special forces like A.D.R.A. (''Arditi Distruttori Regia Aeronautica''). This regiment was used in raids on Allied airbases and railways in North Africa in 1943. In one mission they destroyed 25 [[B-17 Flying Fortress]] bombers.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

=====Japanese=====
The [[Imperial Japanese Army]] first deployed army paratroops in combat during the [[Battle of Palembang]], on [[Sumatra]] in the [[Netherlands East Indies]], on 14 February 1942. The operation was well-planned, with 425 men of the 1st Parachute Raiding Regiment seizing [[Palembang]] airfield, while the paratroopers of the 2nd Parachute Raiding Regiment seized the town and its important oil refinery. Paratroops were subsequently deployed in the [[Burma campaign]]. The 1st Glider Tank Troop was formed in 1943, with four [[Type 95 Ha-Go]] light tanks. The paratroop brigades were organized into the ''Teishin Shudan'' as the first division-level raiding unit, at the main Japanese airborne base, Karasehara Airfield, [[Kyūshū]], Japan.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

However, as with similar airborne units created by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and other [[Axis powers]], the Japanese paratroops suffered from a disproportionately high casualty rate, and the loss of men who required such extensive and expensive training limited their operations to only the most critical ones. Two regiments of ''Teishin Shudan'' were formed into the 1st Raiding Group, commanded by Major General [[Rikichi Tsukada]] under the control of the [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]], during the [[Philippines campaign (1944–45)|Philippines campaign]]. Although structured as a division, its capabilities were much lower, as its six [[regiment]]s had manpower equivalent to a standard infantry [[battalion]], and it lacked any form of [[artillery]], and had to rely on other units for logistical support. Its men were no longer parachute-trained, but relied on aircraft for transport.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Some 750 men from the [[2nd Raiding Brigade]], of this group were assigned to attack American air bases on [[Luzon]] and [[Leyte]] on the night of 6 December 1944. They were flown in [[Mitsubishi Ki-57|Ki-57 transports]], but most of the aircraft were shot down. Some 300 commandos managed to land in the [[Burauen]] area on Leyte. The force destroyed some planes and inflicted numerous casualties, before they were annihilated.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

=====Finnish=====
During World War II, the Finnish Army and Border Guard organized [[Sissi (Finnish light infantry)|sissi]] forces into a [[long-range reconnaissance patrol]] (''kaukopartio'') units. These were open only to volunteers and operated far behind enemy lines in small teams. They conducted both intelligence-gathering missions and raids on e.g. enemy supply depots or other strategic targets. They were generally highly effective. For example, during the [[Battle of Ilomantsi (1944)|Battle of Ilomantsi]], Soviet supply lines were harassed to the point that the Soviet artillery was unable to exploit its massive numerical advantage over Finnish artillery. Their operations were also classified as secret because of the political sensitivity of such operations. Only authorized military historians could publish on their operations; individual soldiers were required to take the secrets to the grave. A famous LRRP commander was [[Lauri Törni]], who later joined the U.S. Army to train U.S. personnel in special operations.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

=== [[Bangladesh]] Liberation War (1971) ===
In June 1971, during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], the [[World Bank]] sent a mission to observe the situation in [[East Pakistan]]. The media cell of Pakistan's government was circulating the news that the situation in East Pakistan was stable and normal. [[Khaled Mosharraf]], a sector commander of [[Mukti Bahini]], planned to deploy a special commando team. The task assigned to the team was to carry out commando operations and to terrorize [[Dhaka]]. The major objective of this team was to prove that the situation was not actually normal. Moreover, Pakistan, at that time, was expecting economic aid from World Bank, which was assumed{{by whom|date=September 2020}} to be spent to buy arms. The plan was to make World Bank Mission understand the true situation of East Pakistan and to stop sanctioning the aid.<ref name="Mosharraf">{{cite book |last= Mosharraf |first= Khaled |date= 2013 |script-title= bn:মুক্তিযুদ্ধে ২ নম্বর সেক্টর এবং কে ফোর্স |language= bn |publisher= Prathamā prakāśana |pages= 55–56 |isbn= 978-984-90253-2-0}}</ref> Khaled, along with [[Abu Taher Mohammad Haider|A. T. M. Haider]], another sector commander, formed the [[Crack Platoon]]. Initially, the number of commandos in the platoon was 17, trained in [[Melaghar Camp]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Islam |first= Zahirul |date= 2013 |script-title= bn:মুক্তিযুদ্ধে মেজর হায়দার ও তার বিয়োগান্ত বিদায় |language= bn |publisher= Prathamā prakāśana |page= 77 |isbn= 978-984-90253-1-3}}</ref> From Melaghar, commandos of Crack Platoon headed for Dhaka on 4 June 1971 and launched a guerrilla operation on 5 June.<ref name="Mosharraf" /> Later, the number of commandos increased, the platoon split and deployed in different areas surrounding Dhaka city.<ref>{{cite book |last= Islam |first= Zahirul |date= 2013 |script-title= bn:মুক্তিযুদ্ধে মেজর হায়দার ও তার বিয়োগান্ত বিদায় |language= bn |publisher= Prathamā prakāśana |page= 78 |isbn= 978-984-90253-1-3}}</ref> The basic objectives of the Crack Platoon were to demonstrate the strength of Mukti Bahini, terrorising Pakistan Army and their collaborators. Another major objective was proving to the international community that the situation in East Pakistan was not normal. That commando team also aimed at inspiring the people of Dhaka, who were frequently victims of killing and torture. The Crack Platoon successfully fulfilled these objectives. The World Bank mission, in its report, clearly described the hazardous situation prevailing in East Pakistan and urged ending the military regime in East Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |last= Gavshon |first= Arthur L.|author-link= Arthur Gavshon |date= 14 July 1971 |title= Experts Cite Remedial Measures for East Pakistan |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OiIiAAAAIBAJ&pg=2259%2C1813795 |newspaper= The Day |access-date= 31 May 2013 | quote = In a secret report, the 10-man [World Bank] mission discreetly but unmistakably urges the military ruler of that South Asian land to remove – as a first step – some of his West Pakistani troops who stand accused of terrorizing the population. [...] Other suggested moves [...]: – Appointment of a civilian administrator for the eastern province.}}</ref> The Crack Platoon carried out several successful and important operations. The power supply in Dhaka was devastated<ref>{{cite news |title= 3 Power Plants Bombed By East Pakistan Rebels |newspaper= Morning Record |date= 22 July 1971}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Pakistan Rebels Bomb Plant |newspaper= The Daily News |date= 22 October 1971}}</ref> which caused severe problems for the Pakistan Army and the military administration in Dhaka.

===Modern special forces===
{{See also|List of military special forces units}}
[[File:ODA525.jpg|thumb|ODA 525 team picture taken shortly before infiltration in [[Iraq]], February 1991]]
Stemming from [[Resolution 598]], [[Operation Prime Chance]] was the first deployment of [[United States Special Operations Command|U.S. Special Operations Command]] (USSOCOM) troops, which were a product of the [[Reagan administration]] under [[Secretary of Defense]] [[Caspar Weinberger]].<ref name="gwu1">{{cite book |title=10th Anniversary History |date=16 April 1987 |publisher=United States Special Operations Command |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB63/doc2.pdf}}</ref> Admiral [[William H. McRaven]], formerly the ninth commanding officer of USSOCOM (2011–2014), described two approaches to special forces operations in the 2012 posture statement to the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services]]: "the direct approach is characterized by technologically enabled small-unit precision lethality, focused [[military intelligence|intelligence]], and inter-agency cooperation integrated on a digitally-networked battlefield", whereas the "indirect approach includes empowering host nation forces, providing appropriate assistance to humanitarian agencies, and engaging key populations."<ref>{{cite web|access-date=3 August 2015|title=POSTURE STATEMENT OF ADMIRAL WILLIAM H. McRAVEN, USN COMMANDER, UNITED STATES SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND BEFORE THE 112th CONGRESS SENATE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE MARCH 6, 2012|publisher=[[United States Special Operations Command]]|url=http://www.socom.mil/Documents/2012_SOCOM_POSTURE_STATEMENT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103332/http://www.socom.mil/Documents/2012_SOCOM_POSTURE_STATEMENT.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Elements of national power must be deployed in concert without over-reliance on a single capability, such as special forces, that leaves the entire force unprepared and hollow across the spectrum of military operations.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=3 August 2015|title=Special Operations for the 21st Century: Starting Over|publisher=[[Association of the United States Army]]|url=http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2014/Documents/12December14/Carafano_December2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180327/http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2014/Documents/12December14/Carafano_December2014.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Throughout the latter half of the 20th century and into the 21st century, special forces have come to higher prominence, as governments have found objectives can sometimes be better achieved by a small team of anonymous specialists than a larger and much more politically controversial conventional deployment. In both [[Kosovo]] and [[Afghanistan]], special forces were used to co-ordinate activities between local [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] fighters and [[air power]].[[File:Irish Army Ranger Wing Ford Special Recon Vehicle in Chad (4109830420).jpg|left|thumb|Irish [[Army Ranger Wing]] operators during patrol in [[Chad]], 2008]] Typically, [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] fighters would engage enemy soldiers and tanks causing them to move, where they could be seen and attacked from the air.

[[File:580164 2nd Commando Regiment Afghanistan 2012 walking to US Army Chinook.jpg|thumb|right|[[2nd Commando Regiment|Australian special forces]] walking with [[Afghan National Army]] to a waiting [[U.S. Army]] [[Chinook helicopter]] in 2012]]

Special forces have been used in both wartime and peacetime military operations such as the [[Laotian Civil War]], [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh Liberation War-1971]], [[Vietnam War]], [[Portuguese Colonial War]], [[South African Border War]], [[Falklands War]], [[The Troubles]] in Northern Ireland, the [[Jaffna University Helidrop]], the [[Gulf War|first]] and [[2003 invasion of Iraq|second]] Gulf Wars, Afghanistan, [[Croatian War of Independence|Croatia]], [[Kosovo War|Kosovo]], [[Bosnian War|Bosnia]], the [[first Chechen War|first]] and [[second Chechen War]]s, the [[Iranian Embassy siege]] (London), the [[Air France Flight 8969]] ([[Marseille]]), [[Operation Defensive Shield]], [[Operation Khukri]], the [[Moscow theater hostage crisis]], [[Operation Orchard]], the [[Japanese embassy hostage crisis|Japanese Embassy hostage crisis]] ([[Lima]]), in [[Sri Lanka]] against the [[LTTE]], the [[Death of Osama Bin Laden|raid on Osama Bin Laden's compound]] in Pakistan, the [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike]] the [[2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar]] and the [[Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi|Barisha Raid]] in [[Syria]] of 2019.

The [[U.S. invasion of Afghanistan]] involved special forces from several coalition nations, who played a major role in removing the [[Taliban]] from power in 2001–2002. Special forces have continued to play a role in combating the Taliban in subsequent operations.

As gender restrictions are being removed in parts of the world, women are applying for special forces units selections and in 2014 the Norwegian Special Operation Forces established an all female unit ''[[Jegertroppen]]'' ({{langx|en|Hunter Troop}}).

==See also==

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[List of military special forces units]]
* [[Commando]]
* [[Airborne forces]]
* [[Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol]]
* [[Frogman]]
* [[List of military diving units]]
* [[Police Tactical Unit]]
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite book|last=Bellamy |first=Chris |year=2011 |title=The Gurkhas: Special Force |publisher=Hachette |location=UK |isbn=9781848545151|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WNumN3xIQRYC&pg=PT115 115]}}
* Breuer, William B. (2001). ''Daring missions of World War II''. John Wiley and Sons. {{ISBN|978-0-471-40419-4}}.
* Clemente Ramos, Julián. 1994. "La Extremadura musulmana (1142–1248): Organización defensiva y sociedad". ''Anuario de estudios medievales'', 24:647–701. [https://www.academia.edu/12042601/_La_Extremadura_musulmana_1142_1248_Organizaci%C3%B3n_defensiva_y_sociedad_24_1994_647_701 Web].
* Haskew, Michael E (2007). ''Encyclopaedia of Elite Forces in the Second World War''. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. {{ISBN|978-1-84415-577-4}}.
* {{cite book|last=Horner|first=David|title=SAS: Phantoms of the Jungle: A History of the Australian Special Air Service|year=1989|edition=1st|publisher=Allen & Unwin|location=St Leonards|isbn=1-86373-007-9}}
* Molinari, Andrea (2007). ''Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43''. Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-84603-006-2}}.
* {{cite book|last=Otway| first=Lieutenant-Colonel T.B.H. |title=The Second World War 1939–1945 Army – Airborne Forces| publisher=Imperial War Museum| year= 1990| isbn=0-901627-57-7}}
* {{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=David|title=The Importance of Commando Operations in Modern Warfare 1939–82|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|date=October 1983|volume=18|issue=4|pages=689–717|jstor=260308}}

{{Military branches}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Special forces| ]]
[[Category:Combat occupations]]
[[Category:Counterterrorism]]
[[Category:Types of military forces]]
[[Category:Warfare by type]]

Gudumba Shankar

2026-03-10T07:28:34Z

Onlinemcadegree:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Gudumba Shankar.jpg
| starring = Pawan Kalyan [[Meera Jasmine]] [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| director = [[Veera Shankar Bairisetty|Veera Shankar]]
| screenplay = [[Pawan Kalyan]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |Satyanand}}
}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Kanyasulkam]]''|Gurajada Apparao}}
| story = Satyanand
| country = India
| studio = [[Anjana Productions]]
| editing = Yusuf Khan
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| producer = [[Nagendra Babu]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2004|9|10}}
| runtime = 176 minutes
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|12|c}}
| gross = 
}}

'''''Gudumba Shankar''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/gudumba-shankar-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mduwnzq|title=Gudumba Shankar|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> directed by [[Veera Shankar Bairisetty|Veera Shankar]] and produced by [[Nagendra Babu]] under [[Anjana Productions]] banner. [[Pawan Kalyan]] plays the [[Title character|title role]], wrote the screenplay, and choreographed three songs and the action scenes. The film also stars [[Meera Jasmine]] and [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] while [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Brahmanandam]], and [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] play supporting roles. The music was scored by [[Mani Sharma]] with cinematography by [[Chota K. Naidu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-09-10|title='Gudumba Shankar' completes 14 years: Take a look at the highlights of the Pawan Kalyan starrer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/gudumba-shankar-completes-14-years-take-a-look-at-the-highlights-of-the-pawan-kalyan-starrer/photostory/65755998.cms|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730070015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/gudumba-shankar-completes-14-years-take-a-look-at-the-highlights-of-the-pawan-kalyan-starrer/photostory/65755998.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Gudumba Shankar is a small-time thief who makes a living by arresting people. On his way to Mumbai, he accidentally meets Gowri. Both of them are forced to travel together. A few more incidents make them good friends. Shankar realizes that Gowri is a girl who ran away from her house. By then, they start having feelings for each other. A rowdy named Kumaraswamy wants to marry Gowri forcibly, as her astrology is auspicious for him, and this is why she runs away from her home. Soon, Kumarasamy takes Gowri back to the house.

Kumaraswamy is extremely superstitious and heavily depends on the astrology of Parabrahma Swamy. Shankar blackmails Parabrahma (to disclose his illicit affair) and joins the wedding house as the wedding planner along with Paidiraju and two other buddies. Shankar later tricks Kumaraswamy into thinking that Gowri is inauspicious to him and that if he marries her he will be destroyed. He plans elaborate tricks by burning or hurting someone wherever Gowri is involved. After Kumaraswamy leaves, Shankar marries Gowri, but Kumaraswamy comes and beats up Shankar and kidnaps Gowri. Shankar miraculously wakes up, beats up everyone, and takes Gowri back.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Pawan Kalyan]] as Shankar Deekshithulu / Gudumba Shankar / Kalyanji Anandji
* [[Meera Jasmine]] as Gowri / Mangatayaru
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Kumaraswamy
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as 'Bejawada' Narayana
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Parabrahma Swamy
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Paidiraju / Katrina Knife
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Prabhu
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Devudu
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Kumaraswamy's uncle
* [[Sudeepa Pinky]] as Pinky, Gowri's sister
* [[Bhuvaneswari (actress)|Bhuvaneswari]]
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]]
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]]
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* [[L. B. Sriram]]
* [[Tirupathi Prakash]]
* Natanya Singh in an item song "Killi Killi"
}}

== Production ==
In March 2004, [[Idlebrain.com|''Idlebrain'']] reported that the title ''Gudumba Shankar'' was confirmed for Pawan Kalyan's film directed by Veera Shankar. At that time, 50% of the shooting was completed and the film was scheduled for release in July 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2004 |title=News Today: Gudumba Shankar title confirmed |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news246.html |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film has six songs composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. Aditya Music acquired the audio rights.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Le Le Le Le | extra1 = [[KK (singer)|KK]] | length1 = 05:00
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| title2 = Chiguraaku Chaatu Chiluka | extra2 = [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]], [[S. P. B. Charan]] | length2 = 04:50
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| title3 = Chilakamma | extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Sri Vardhini | length3 = 05:13
| lyrics3 = Chandrabose
| title4 = Chitti Nadumune | extra4 = [[Mallikarjun]], [[Premgi Amaren]] | length4 = 04:54
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| title5 = Emantaro | extra5 = S. P. B. Charan, Harini | length5 = 06:07
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose
| title6 = Kili Kili | extra6 = Muralidhar, [[Pawan Kalyan]]| length6 = 05:20
| lyrics6 = Masterji
}}

==Reception==
The film received mixed reviews but was a commercial success, largely due to Kalyan's popularity. Kalyan's choreography of the realistic action scenes was praised.<ref name=":0" /> His unique style, including wearing double pants, was a major trendsetter at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-02 |title=Pawan Kalyan : పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ తన స్టైలిష్ ప్యాంట్స్‌ను ఏ హీరోకి గిఫ్ట్‌గా ఇచ్చారో తెలుసా..? |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/pawan-kalyan-gifted-sai-dharam-tej-different-style-pants-used-in-gudumba-shankar-and-balu-movies-1052872.html |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=[[TV9 Telugu]] |language=te |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811122235/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/pawan-kalyan-gifted-sai-dharam-tej-different-style-pants-used-in-gudumba-shankar-and-balu-movies-1052872.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-12-07 |title=Pawan stretches himself for a pant |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pawan-stretches-himself-for-a-pant-telugu-news-11794 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811124712/https://www.indiaglitz.com/pawan-stretches-himself-for-a-pant-telugu-news-11794 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2012 |title=Some 'power' dressing this! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/some-power-dressing-this/articleshow/13485927.cms |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

''[[Sify]]'' rated the film 3/5 and called it "disappointing." The reviewer wrote, "You desperately want to like the film for the maddeningly zany characters played out by Pawan, Meera, Ali, Brahmanandam and others. Alas but nobody can improve on this script full of scenes, inspired from half a dozen Hollywood and Bollywood films of yesteryears!"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gudumba Shankar|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/gudumba-shankar-review-telugu-pclv7Hechgdeg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730071517/https://www.sify.com/movies/gudumba-shankar-review-telugu-pclv7Hechgdeg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-30|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> Griddaluru Goplarao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' also criticized the weak storyline and screenplay.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gopalrao|first=Griddaluru|date=24 September 2004|title=చితా సమీక్ష: బుడుంగుమన్న గుడుంబా శంకర్|language=te|pages=9|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2004/Sep/24-Sep-2004.pdf|access-date=30 July 2021|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118113137/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2004/Sep/24-Sep-2004.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Re-release==
''Gudumba Shankar'' was re-released after 19 years. The initial date was fixed as August 31, 2023. Then it got postponed and was re-released on September 2, on [[Pawan Kalyan]]'s birthday, marked as one of the highest grosser amongst the recent re-releases.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/08/31/meera-jasmine-gudumba-shankar-pawan-kalyan-movie-update-re-release-in-theatres.html | title=Meera Jasmine says 'Gudumba Shankar' was instrumental in shaping her journey as an artist | access-date=25 January 2024 | archive-date=25 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125203346/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/08/31/meera-jasmine-gudumba-shankar-pawan-kalyan-movie-update-re-release-in-theatres.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0354965|Gudumba Shankar}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2004 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about astrology]]

Samvedi

2026-03-08T23:39:29Z

Onlinemcadegree: stub

{{Short description|Indian Hindu Brahmin community}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{shortlead|date=April 2024}}
{{original research|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Samvedi Brahmin
| image = Shri_Shankaracharya_of_Puri.jpg
| caption = Shankararcharya of Puri (center) during Rath Yatra
| varna = [[Brahmin]]
| jati =
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| languages = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Samvedi language|Samvedi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| populated_states = [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| region =
| related = [[Kupari]], [[Utkala Brahmin]]s, [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]]s, [[Maithil Brahmin]]s, [[Gauda Brahmins]], [[Saraswat Brahmin]]s
| ethnicity = [[Marathi people|Marathi]], [[Odia people|Odia]], [[Telugu people|Telugu]], [[Bengali people]]
| India_migration =
| population =
| victory_weapon =
| endogamous =
| notable_members =
| other_reservation =
| original_kingdom =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Samvedis''' or '''Samvedi Brahmins''' are an Indian [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] community, originating from a group of [[classical musician]]s and [[Indian classical dance|classical dancer]]s. They follow [[Sama Veda]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rai (Lala) |first=Lajpat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MM0XAAAAIAAJ |title=The Arya Samaj: An Account of Its Origin, Doctrines, and Activities, with a Biographical Sketch of the Founder |date=1915 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |pages=10-11 |language=en}}</ref> and believed to have been originated from [[Odisha]], [[India]].

==Etymology==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
Samvedis are also known as ''Shamedi'' near [[Vasai]]. It is a colloquial term from the original Sanskrit word Shamaneedresh (''Shaman = Entertainment'', ''Edresh = Attributed''), meaning those workers in the royal court entertaining the King. The then king appointed these people to offer music services at the Samadhi place, thus they were called Samaadhi which later became Shamedi meaning the Samadhi Temple musicians.

Shamedis offer their services using musical instruments such as Sanai, Choughada, Mridanga, Bheri and Veena during the dawn and night worship at Nirmal Jagadguru Shankaracharya Samadhi Mandir, Shri Sureshwar (Suleshwar) Mandir and the Bhavani Shankara Mandir (Agassi). Their deity is Nirmaleshwar, located on the Nirmal Hillock of [[Vasai]].

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
The history of Vasai dates back to [[Treta Yug]]. Vasai or Bassein used to be known as Oppire/ Orparak/ Shorparag/ Shurparaka. It was founded by Bhagawan [[Parashuram]] himself. Bhagavan Parashuram established Vimaleshwar Mandir and Vimala Sarovar. He consecrated 64 [[yogini]]s in and around [[Vasai]] since the ''yoginis'' were considered to be the devotees of his mother [[Renuka]]. He also established 108 Teertha Kundas or [[Ponds|Pushkarini]]s in Vasai. The reference of these places can be found in Hindu scriptures like ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' and ''[[Padma Purana]]''.

Samvedis came as expert singers to Shurparak (Vasai) during the Buddha era 1500 BC from the remote areas of [[Odisha]], then called as [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]]/[[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]].

During the Buddhist rule, their Vedic Dharma was loosened. [[Purna]], the disciple of [[Gautama Buddha]], belonged to Vasai preached in the [[Eastern India]]. At the advent of [[Adi Shankaracharya]] in [[Nirmal]] around 497 BC,Samvedis returned to their original Hindu fold and started strict following of the Vedic Dharma. They regarded [[Adi Shankaracharya|Adi Sankara Jagadguru]] as their cardinal preacher. This is quoted in Holy Text ''Siva Leela Amrut''.

Even after the advent of Shankaracharya, some Buddhists were left who used to criticize the Vedic Philosophy. King [[Jalauka]] took the then [[Govardhana matha|Jagat Guru Shankaracharya of Eastern India]], Swami Vidyaranya to Shurparaga. He strongly revived the Vedic Dharma. Due to old age and at the earnest prayers of the local Samvedis and Bhandaris, Swami Vidyaranya took Mahasamadhi at the Nirmal Vimaleshwar Mandir in 404 BC on the dark 11th day of [[Kartika (month)|Kartik]]. Emperor Jalauka (son of [[Ashoka]]) built a big Samadhi Mandir according to the [[Odisha architecture]].

[[File:JAGADGURU SHANKARACHRYA NARAYAN UPENDRA SWAMI OF JYOTISH PEETHAM - SURESHWAR MANDIR NIRMAL.jpg|thumb|Jagadguru Shankaracharya Narayan Upendra Swami of Jyotish Peetm at Sureswar Mandir, Nirmal]]

The grand disciple of Swami Vidyaranya, Swami Padmanabha Tirtha, the 7th Jagadguru Sankaracharya of Puri Govardhan Peetham arrived in Vasai during the ''Vijaya Yatra''. His Holiness stayed here for some months and later decided to reside eternally at this place of his Guru. Swami Padmanadha Tirtha Shankaracharya was a devotee of Lord Vallabha ([[Krishna]]). So, a temple devoted to Lord Krishna in front of his Samadhi was erected by the then [[Kashmiri Brahmin]] community who used to reside in Nirmal, the murti of Lord Krishna brought by Raja [[Jalauka]], from the area around Shankaracharya Parbat, [[Srinagar]], ([[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]).

The 38th Shankaracharya Swami Shivananda Saraswati of Puri Govardhan Peetham visited Nirmal Hillock during the rule of the [[Satavahana]] rule.

During the times of Raja Bhimdev of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] in order to solve the religious differences in between the Kshatriyas, the 106th Shankaracharya Swami Sukhabodha Tirtha arrived in Vasai during the 13th century AD.

This Holy place was also visited by Swami Vidyaranya, the 13th Shankaracharya of [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]] in the 15th century. His samadhi is located at [[Hampi]], [[Karnataka]].

===During Portuguese rule===
During 1543, Portuguese started their rule and destroyed various cultural places in Vasai. The temple of Padmanabha Swami which was located at the hillock place now called ''Nirmal Naka'' was destroyed. The Brahmins, Shamedis, and Bhandaris who regarded Jagadguru Shankaracharya as their Holy Guru were sad at this ill act and they brought the stones of the samadhi of Padmanabha Swami and placed them in the left side of Vidyaranya Swami Samadhi Mandir. During this period, 200 religious places were destroyed by foreigners in Bassein. The atrocities of the Portuguese were on the rise. People then requested [[Chimaji Appa]] Peshwa to liberate them. He attacked Portuguese and conquered Vasai in the 18th century AD.

At the guidance of Swami Vidya Shankara Bharati, Chimaji Appa renovated, the Samadhi Mandir of Swami Vidyaranya and Swami Padmanabha Tirtha, the 5th and 7th Shankaracharya of [[Puri]] Peetham in [[Kalinga architecture]] style.

Due to the atrocities of Portuguese rulers this place was devoid of Brahmins. Under the guidance of Swami Vidya Shankara Bharati, Chimaji Appa Peshwa, in consultations with Peshwa [[Bajirao]], appointed one Konkanastha Chitpavan Brahmin, one Karhade Brahmin, one Devrukhe Brahmin and 4-5 Shukla Yajurvedi Gujrati Brahmins in this region.

The above assumption seems to be stemming from the lone fact that the [[Sama Veda]] is more dedicated to music. Surprisingly these surnames appear elsewhere also and they are more related to the feudatory system.
The Brahmins may have acquired these surnames during the Peshwa rule in Vasai Belt.

In [[Odisha]], Brahmins of [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]] gotra having [[Tripathi|Tripathy]] and [[Nanda (surname)|Nanda]] surnames are Samvedis.

==Profession of Shamedis==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
The traditional profession of Samvedis was to present Music, Dance, and Dramas at the Royal Palaces and in the Hindu temples as a part of the social awareness of religion. Later during the period of Raja Pratap Bimba the profession shifted to that of cultivating sugarcane and nagavel leaves. The cultivation of paddy was added to the profession in the late 17th century.

Later during the 18th century after the opening of the [[Mumbai]] (Bombay) as the chief city, the profession switched over to the gardening of flowers and wadis.

Presently many Samvedis are engaged in the professions like Politics, Medicine, School Administration, Construction, Business and Management.
==Notable people==
* [[Rajan Naik]]{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
* [[Ayush Mhatre]]{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==See also==

* [[Vasai#Samvedi (brahmin)]]
* [[Roman Catholic Brahmin]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
[https://samvedibrahminsamaj.blogspot.in/ Samvedi Samaj]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

List of Andhra cricketers

2026-03-06T00:12:26Z

Onlinemcadegree: clean up

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{incomplete list|date=March 2019}}
This is a list of cricketers who have played cricket for the [[Andhra cricket team]].

{{compact TOC|center=yes|refs=yes}}

==A==
* [[Bandaru Ayyappa]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/588144.html |title=Bandaru Ayyappa |access-date=7 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006075043/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/588144.html |archive-date=6 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1992)
* [[Shaik Basha]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/425864.html |title=Shaik Basha |access-date=23 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314225934/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/425864.html |archive-date=14 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1993)
* [[K. S. Bharat]]<ref>{{cite web|title='I was in a trance-like mode' – Srikar Bharat|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2014-15/content/story/827347.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404160849/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2014-15/content/story/827347.html|archive-date=4 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> (born 1993)
* [[Ricky Bhui]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/9425/ricky-bhui |title=Ricky Bhui Profile – ICC Ranking, Age, Career Info & Stats |access-date=5 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074456/http://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/9425/ricky-bhui |archive-date=6 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1996)

==C==
* [[Dasari Chaitanya]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1083833.html |title=Dasari Chaitanya |access-date=25 February 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225214411/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1083833.html |archive-date=25 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1997)
* [[V. Chamundeswaranath]] (born 1959)
* [[Gonnabattula Chiranjeevi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/477014.html |title=Gonnabattula Chiranjeevi |access-date=23 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828224637/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/477014.html |archive-date=28 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1992)

==H==
* Kakani Harish<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/477059.html |title=Kakani Harish |access-date=7 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006075028/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/477059.html |archive-date=6 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1991)
* [[Ashwin Hebbar]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/801019.html |title=Ashwin Hebbar |access-date=7 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927230851/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/801019.html |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1995)

==J==
* [[M. Jairam]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/29894.html |title=M. Jairam |access-date=17 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507131850/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/29894.html |archive-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1937)

==K==
* [[Mohammad Kaif]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/29990.html |title=Mohammad Kaif |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202135428/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/29990.html |archive-date=2 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1980)
* [[Doddapaneni Kalyankrishna]]
* [[S. K. Kamaruddin]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1083832.html |title=S. K. Kamaruddin |access-date=6 March 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306212417/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1083832.html |archive-date=6 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1992)
* [[Shoaib Md Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1048863.html |title=Shoaib Md Khan |access-date=6 October 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921191650/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1048863.html |archive-date=21 September 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1991)
* [[Dasi Prabhu Kiran]]<ref>[http://content.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/279559.html Player Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120707172529/http://content.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/279559.html |date=7 July 2012 }}, ESPNcricinfo, Retrieved 3 May 2009</ref> (born 1989)
* [[Sneha Kishore]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/526387.html |title=Sneha Kishore |access-date=13 December 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153127/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/526387.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1993)
* Jyothi Krishna<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/525879.html |title=Jyothi Krishna |access-date=13 December 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223015012/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/525879.html |archive-date=23 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1990)
* [[Ajay Kumar (cricketer)|Ajay Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/481047.html |title=Ajay Kumar |access-date=20 November 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121050737/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/481047.html |archive-date=21 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1989)
* [[Dasari Swaroop Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/377012.html |title=Dasari Swaroop Kumar |access-date=30 January 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201121039/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/377012.html |archive-date=1 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1986)
* [[Mahendra Kumar (cricketer)|Mahendra Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/31390.html |title=Mahendra Kumar |access-date=17 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507140841/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/31390.html |archive-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1939)
* [[Pawan Kumar (cricketer, born 1970)|Pawan Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32597.html |title=Pawan Kumar |access-date=18 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508234639/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32597.html |archive-date=8 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1970)
* [[Prasanth Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/481046.html |title=Prasanth Kumar |access-date=7 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031182352/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/481046.html |archive-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1991)
* [[Siva Kumar]]<ref>{{cite web|title=U/19 Cricket World Cup 2008 / India Squad|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/u19wc2008/content/squad/330884.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219041617/http://www.espncricinfo.com/u19wc2008/content/squad/330884.html|archive-date=19 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> (born 1990)
* [[Timmeri Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/448515.html |title=Timmeri Kumar |access-date=2 February 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203133537/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/448515.html |archive-date=3 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1992)

==M==
* [[Vijay Manjrekar]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Walmsley|first=Keith|title=Mosts Without in Test Cricket|year=2003|publisher=Keith Walmsley Publishing Pty Ltd|location=Reading, England |isbn=0947540067|pages=457}}.</ref> (1931–1983)
* [[Amol Muzumdar]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/84306.html | title=A representation of the Bombay school of batsmanship | author=Sadiq Yusuf | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | date=11 April 2000 | access-date=1 January 2007}}</ref> (born 1974)
* [[Danthala Venkata Meher Baba]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/meher-baba-31312 |title=Meher Baba |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> (1950–2008)

==N==
* [[C. K. Nayudu]] (died 1967)
* [[C. S. Nayudu]]<ref>{{cite web|title=First-Class Matches played by C.S. Nayudu|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/634/First-Class_Matches.html|website=CricketArchive|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916141003/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/634/First-Class_Matches.html|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] (born 2003)

==P==
* [[Komadur Padmanabhan]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32698.html |title=Komadur Padmanabhan |access-date=23 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531031628/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32698.html |archive-date=31 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1937)
* [[Amit Pathak]]<ref>{{cite news|title=City lad in Indian u-19 cricket team|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/city-lad-in-indian-u19-cricket-team/article3124705.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 February 2016|date=26 June 2006}}</ref> (born 1972)
* [[Rajesh Pawar]] (born 1979)
* [[A. G. Pradeep]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32501.html |title=A. G. Pradeep |access-date=7 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028204424/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32501.html |archive-date=28 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1987)
* [[L. N. Prasad Reddy]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/33157.html |title=L. N. Prasad Reddy |access-date=7 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo }}</ref> (born 1977)
* [[Mudi Prajith]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/525929.html |title=Mudi Prajith |access-date=7 December 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221100450/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/525929.html |archive-date=21 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1989)
* [[M. S. K. Prasad]] (born 1975)
* [[G. A. Parvatisha naidu]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/32299.html |title=G. A. Parvatisha naidu |access-date=26 May 2014 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417125157/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/32299.html |archive-date=17 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1956)

==R==
* [[Prithvi Raj (cricketer)|Prithvi Raj]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1121579.html |title=Prithvi Raj |access-date=6 October 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006163501/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1121579.html |archive-date=6 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1998)
* [[Karthik Raman]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/952857.html |title=Karthik Raman |access-date=27 October 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108074634/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/952857.html |archive-date=8 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1997)
* [[Bajina Ramprasad]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/33041.html |title=Bajina Ramprasad |access-date=1 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415140545/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/33041.html |archive-date=15 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (1940–2016)
* [[Balaji Rao (Indian cricketer)|Balaji Rao]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27310.html |title=Balaji Rao |access-date=10 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423165635/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27310.html |archive-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1938)
* [[Bhavaraju Venkata Krishna Rao]] (born 1930)
* [[Gnaneswara Rao (cricketer)|Gnaneswara Rao]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gnaneswara Rao Profile |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/gnaneswara-rao-28830 |access-date=24 April 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> (born 1984)
* Mandapati Subba Rao
* Narayana Rao (born 1940)
* [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao]] (born 1982)
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]<ref>{{cite web|title=I prefer to achieve small targets step by step: Rayudu|url=http://www.thatscricket.com/columnists/nivedita/2002/i-prefer-to-achieve-small-targets-step-by-step-rayudu.html|publisher=thatscricket.com|access-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603024520/http://www.thatscricket.com/columnists/nivedita/2002/i-prefer-to-achieve-small-targets-step-by-step-rayudu.html|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> (born 1985)
* [[Girinath Reddy]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/956033.html |title=Girinath Reddy |access-date=20 November 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121044242/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/956033.html |archive-date=21 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1998)

==S==
* [[Manoj Sai]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/34194.html |title=Manoj Sai |access-date=2 November 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211232911/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/34194.html |archive-date=11 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1982)
* [[K. V. Sasikanth]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/852317.html |title=K. V. Sasikanth |access-date=25 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120235143/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/852317.html |archive-date=20 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1995)
* [[Syed Shahabuddin (cricketer)|Syed Shahabuddin]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/33773.html |title=Syed Shahabuddin |access-date=21 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006003413/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/33773.html |archive-date=6 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1979)
* [[Karan Shinde]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/956035.html |title=Karan Shinde |access-date=20 November 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121050348/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/956035.html |archive-date=21 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1997)
* [[Hanumappa Shivraj]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/923063.html |title=Hanumappa Shivraj |access-date=2 November 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113020901/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/923063.html |archive-date=13 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1990)
* [[Bukkapatnam Siddharth]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1057762.html |title=Bukkapatnam Siddharth |access-date=29 November 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129150410/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1057762.html |archive-date=29 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1990)
* [[Maheshwar Singh (cricketer)|Maheshwar Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/31393.html |title=Maheshwar Singh |access-date=20 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512220926/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/31393.html |archive-date=12 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1946)
* [[Siva Charan Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1084999.html |title=Siva Charan Singh |access-date=3 March 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303203146/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1084999.html |archive-date=3 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1993)
* [[Koripalli Sreekanth]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/625576.html |title=Koripalli Sreekanth |access-date=13 December 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218094620/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/625576.html |archive-date=18 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1992)
* [[Sirla Srinivas]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/526386.html |title=Sirla Srinivas |access-date=30 January 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131075756/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/526386.html |archive-date=31 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1992)
* [[Murumulla Sriram]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/389610.html |title=Murumulla Sriram |access-date=7 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007015643/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/389610.html |archive-date=7 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1992)
* [[CV Stephen]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Deodhar Trophy / South Zone Squad|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/deodhar-trophy-2014-15/content/squad/802261.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=5 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602063808/http://www.espncricinfo.com/deodhar-trophy-2014-15/content/squad/802261.html|archive-date=2 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> (born 1993)
* [[Bodavarapu Sudhakar]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/525928.html |title=Bodavarapu Sudhakar |access-date=7 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031182931/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/525928.html |archive-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1991)
* [[Tirumalasetti Suman]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Waiting in the wings|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/14/stories/2002111401100400.htm|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=5 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507100801/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/14/stories/2002111401100400.htm|archive-date=7 May 2005|url-status=usurped}}</ref> (born 1983)
* [[Bodapati Sumanth]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/253798.html |title=Bodapati Sumanth |access-date=7 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828214045/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/253798.html |archive-date=28 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1988)
* [[Marripuri Suresh]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/34296.html |title=Marripuri Suresh |access-date=21 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021063339/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/34296.html |archive-date=21 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1983)
* [[Gorrela Shankara Rao]] (born 1984)

==V==
* [[Paidikalva Vijaykumar]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/272949.html |title=Paidikalva Vijaykumar |access-date=7 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828065056/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/272949.html |archive-date=28 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1986)
* T Vamsikrishna
* [[Venkatapathy Raju]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/33044.html|title=Venkatapathy Raju |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 January 2024}}</ref>
* Aatla Vinay Kumar Reddy
* [[Tilak Verma]] <ref>https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/tilak-varma-1170265</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lists of Indian cricketers}}
[[Category:Telugu cricketers]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian cricketers by state or union territory|Andhra cricketers]]
[[Category:Andhra cricketers|*]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh-related lists|cricketers]]

Anaganaga Oka Ammai

2026-03-04T09:50:00Z

Onlinemcadegree:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anaganaga Oka Ammai
| image = Anaganaga Oka Ammai.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = Ramesh Sarangan
| writer =
| story =
| producer = Krishna Prasad
| based_on =
| starring = [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] [[Soundarya]] [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] Poonam Singar
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| studio = Sridevi Arts
| cinematography = [[Hari Anumolu]]
| editing =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1999|9|2}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Anaganaga Oka Ammai''''' ({{translation|Once upon a girl}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/anal-name.html|title=Title Sentiment!|last=Jeevi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=2022-06-09|archive-date=2019-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522213308/http://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/anal-name.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (also known as '''''Anaganana O Ammai''''') is a 1999 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by Ramesh Sarangan and starring [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Soundarya]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], [[Raghuvaran]] and Poonam Singar. The film was a box office hit with the producer going into debt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news112.html|title=Krishna Prasad thanks Balayya|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=27 February 2001|access-date=8 June 2022|archive-date=4 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604120341/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news112.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Vishnu
*[[Soundarya]] as Sandhya
*[[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as Satya
*Poonam Singar as Priya
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Bhavani Prasad
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Annapurna
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandramohan]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Vishnu's friend
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
*[[Gautam Raju]]
*[[Sivaji Raja]] as Vishnu's friend
*[[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]]
*[[Subbaraya Sharma]]
*[[Bandla Ganesh]] as Vishnu's friend
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]
{{Colend}}

==Soundtrack==
Songs composed by Mani Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://southmp3.org/anaganaga-o-ammayi-songs/ |title=Anaganaga O Ammayi Songs Download | Anaganaga O Ammayi Naa Songs Telugu |date=6 April 2020 |access-date=2022-06-09 |archive-date=2022-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608235906/https://southmp3.org/anaganaga-o-ammayi-songs/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*"Swathi Chinuka" – [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
*"Ulle Ulle Uyyalale" – [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
*"Kakinada College" – S.P.Balasubrahmanyam
*"Nena Nuvve Nena" – S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sujatha
*"Too Much Too Much" – [[Devi Sri Prasad]], chorus

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' opined that "If you are going to watch this film, my recommendation for you is to know the two line story of first half and watch the second half on the big screen. You will enjoy it to the hilt".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-anaganaga.html|title=Anaganaga Oka Ammai|work=Idlebrain|date=2 September 1999|access-date=8 June 2022|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422132657/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-anaganaga.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Sep/17-sep-1999.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.zaminryot.com |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913144022/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Sep/17-sep-1999.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Debutante director Ramesh Sarangan tries to bring in a whiff of fresh air into an otherwise routine love story by introducing a pager as the central character between two lovers!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6007208&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Review: Ananaga O Ammayi|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050108012614/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6007208&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=8 January 2005|author=}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=23 February 2015|language=Te|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist|Best Female Dubbing Artist]] - Shilpa (for Soundarya)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/09telu.htm|title=Nandi Awards announced|work=[[Rediff.com]]|last=Maheshwari|access-date=2022-06-08|archive-date=2022-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608235044/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/09telu.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1575510}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1999 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Bobanum Moliyum

2026-03-03T21:03:53Z

Onlinemcadegree: creating basic pg and citations!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{for|the comic series|Boban and Molly}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bobanum Moliyum
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[J. Sasikumar]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Toms (cartoonist)|Toms]] [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = S. L. Puram Sadanandan
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Boban and Molly]]''|[[Toms (cartoonist)|Toms]]}}
| starring = [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Manavalan Joseph]]
| music = Joseph Krishna
| cinematography = P. B. Mani
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio = RA Productions
| released = {{Film date|1971|04|30|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Bobanum Moliyum''''' ({{Translation|Boban and Molly}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[J. Sasikumar]]. The film stars [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] and [[Manavalan Joseph]]. It features the Malayalam cartoon characters, which were created by [[Toms (cartoonist)|Toms]]: [[Boban and Molly]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=25 February 2018 |title=Bobanum Moliyum: 1971 |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/bobanum-moliyum-1971/article22854591.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830064448/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/bobanum-moliyum-1971/article22854591.ece |archive-date=30 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ബോബനും മോളിയും (1971) |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3479 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725064129/https://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3479 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |language=ml}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=August 2022}}

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Balan
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Santhamma
* [[Adoor Bhasi]] as Uppayi
* [[Manavalan Joseph]] as Pothan Vakkeel
* [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]] as Velu Pilla
* [[Sankaradi]] as Mammad
* [[Adoor Bhavani]] as Kuttiyamma
* Baby Rajani as Molly
* [[Bahadoor]] as Ittoop
* [[Kaduvakulam Antony]] as Pilla
* [[Master Sekhar]] as Boban
* [[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] as Saramma
* [[Pankajavalli]] as Marykutty
* [[S. P. Pillai]] as Kittu Pilla
* Vettoor Purushan as Pareed
* [[Vijayasree]] as Nalini
* [[Pala Thankam]]
* P. R. Menon as Gopala Pilla
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Joseph Krishna and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Ramavarma]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Achan Kombathu" || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Bobanum Moliyum" (Title Song) || Chorus || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 3 || "Italy Germany" || [[Pattom Sadan]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 4 || "Kilukilukkaam" || [[L. R. Eeswari]], Chorus || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 5 || "Maalaakhamaarude" || [[P. Susheela]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 6 || "Manorame Nin Panchavadi" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 7 || "Nanma Niranja Mariyame" || B. Vasantha, [[Renuka (singer)|Renuka]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 8 || "Vidyaapeedham Ividam Nammude" || [[P. Jayachandran]], Chorus || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0257450|Bobanum Moliyum}}

[[Category:1971 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian comics]]
[[Category:Live-action films based on comics]]

Nadodi Mannan (1995 film)

2026-03-03T04:50:52Z

Onlinemcadegree: Made Basic Stub Needs Work!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nadodi Mannan
| image = Nadodi Mannan 1995.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Manivasagam]]
| producer = Rajeswari Manivasagam
| writer = Manivasagam K. C. Thangam (dialogues)
| starring = [[R. Sarathkumar]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = K. B. Dhayalan
| editing = P. Mohanraj
| studio = Raja Pushpa Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|08|19}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nadodi Mannan''''' ({{Translation|The Vagabond King}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Manivasagam]]. The film stars [[R. Sarathkumar]] and [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]. It was released on 19 August 1995,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadodi mannan ( 1995 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=nadodi%20mannan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924140545/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=nadodi%20mannan |archive-date=24 September 2012 |access-date=19 May 2013 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> and failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |date=9 January 1996 |title=Nadigargal |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230212044913/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |archive-date=12 February 2023 |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=[[Google Groups]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2022}}
Ram Sundar, also known as Ramu, is a rich businessman and he is married to Meenakshi. They have an arrogant daughter Priya. Ramesh, a graduate who works as a car driver, falls in love with Priya and lies to her that he is a rich man. They eventually fall in love until Priya knows the truth. Ramu tries to reason with her and tells his daughter about his past.

In the past, Meenakshi was the daughter of a rich businessman while Ramu repaired slippers in the street with his friend Ponnusamy. One day, Ramu saved Meenakshi from goons and Meenakshi fell in love with him. Ponnusamy and Meenakshi made a plan to seduce Ramu. Under the name of Mayil Aatha, Meenakshi finally won Ramu's heart and he reciprocated her love. Meenakshi's father didn't approve of the marriage, so Meenakshi rejected her rich life and she married Ramu. Thereafter, Ramu worked hard and he became one of the richest men in India.

Priya understands that money is not the only measure of success in life. Afterwards, Ramu clashes with Krishnamoorthy, an influential man.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as Ramu (Ram Sundar)
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Meenakshi and Priya
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Krishnamoorthy
*[[Goundamani]] as Ponnusamy
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] as Ramesh
*[[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] as Dilruba
*[[Lalitha Kumari]] as Kuyil Aatha
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as the Governor of Tamil Nadu
*[[Suryakanth]]
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]
*Raviraj
*Tiruppur Ramasamy as Ramesh's uncle
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by Kalidasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadodi Mannan (1995) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/nadodi-mannan-songs-T0004916 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230212044932/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/nadodi-mannan-songs-T0004916 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Housing Board" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 5:11
|-
| "Mana Madurai" || Mano, [[S. Janaki]] || 4:55
|-
| "Thenkizhakku" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 5:06
|-
| "Thiri Ak Kehni" || Mano, Swarnalatha || 5:16
|-
| "Vazhum Bumi" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 5:09
|}

== Reception ==
R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called the film showcasing the political ambitions of Sarathkumar while criticising the screenplay as slow like an art film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர். |date=3 September 1995 |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-09-03/page/n13/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230731083429/https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-09-03/page/n13/mode/2up |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=31 July 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=13 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Director M. Manivachagam gives the wanted boost despite a few flaws, through his screenplay, the dialogue of K. C. Thangam providing the wanted fervour."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=25 August 1995 |title=Nadodi Mannan |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/950826/03/2527a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222121309/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/950826/03/2527a.html |archive-date=22 December 1996 |access-date=7 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=27}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Manivasagam}}

[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 drama films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivasagam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dahir of Aror

2026-03-01T22:33:02Z

Onlinemcadegree: update

{{Short description|Maharaja of Sindh from 695 to 712}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharaja]]
| image =
| caption =
| succession = [[List of monarchs of Sindh|Maharaja of Sindh]]
| reign = 695 – 20 June 712
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Chandar of Sindh|Chandar]]
| regent = Dahir
| successor = {{br list | ''Kingdom abolished'' | (annexed by the [[Umayyad Caliphate]])}}
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 663
| birth_place = [[Aror]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|712|06|20|663|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Sindhu River]]
| dynasty = [[Chach dynasty]]
| issue = {{ubl|[[Surya Devi]]|Premala Devi|Jodha Devi|Jaisiah|Dharsiya<ref>{{cite book|title=The History Of India As Told By Its Own Historians Vol. 1|author=Dowson, E. H.; Elliot, Sir H. M.|publisher=Kitab Mahal Pvt Ltd, Delhi|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.448955/page/n205/mode/2up|page=205}}</ref>
|Fufi<ref>{{cite book|title=The History Of India As Told By Its Own Historians Vol. 1|author=Dowson, E. H.; Elliot, Sir H. M.|publisher=Kitab Mahal Pvt Ltd, Delhi|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.448955/page/n205/mode/2up|page=205}}</ref>}}
| full name = Raja Dahir Sen
| father = [[Chach of Aror]]
| mother = [[Rani Suhanadi]] (former wife of Rai Sahasi)
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| spouses = {{ubl|Ladee|Rani Bai}}
}}
'''Raja Dahir''' (663 – 20 June 712<ref name="l056">{{cite web | last=Srivastava | first=Ashirbadi Lal | title=The Sultanate of Delhi | url=https://ia801403.us.archive.org/30/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.506108/2015.506108.The-Sultanate_text.pdf | year=1950 | access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>) was the last [[Hindu]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saraswat |first=Jigar |date=11 March 2021 |title=Raja Dahir defeated Muhammad Bin Qasim and Arab troops thrice|url=https://indiandailypost.com/maharaja-dahir-king-of-sindh-who-sacrificed-his-life-fighting-for-hindustan-against-arab-invasion/ |work=Indian Daily Post |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref> [[Maharaja]] of [[Sindh]] from 695 to 712.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Asif |first1=Manan Ahmed |title=A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia |date=19 September 2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-66011-3 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4oxDQAAQBAJ&q=Raja+Dahir}}</ref> A [[Brahmin]] ruler,<ref>{{cite book |date=30 December 2021 |last1=Perera |first1=Sasanka |last2=Pathak |first2=Dev Nath |last3=Kumar |first3=Ravi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzBREAAAQBAJ&dq=sindhi+brahmin+king&pg=PA239 |access-date=29 September 2023 |title=Against the Nation: Thinking Like South Asians |page=239 |quote=Playing along the same ideological lines of trying to build a historical narrative on how Muslims fought against the cruel Hindus, it talks of how Muhammad Bin Qasim, the general of Umayyad Caliphate who fought against the last Sindhi Brahmin king called Raja Dahir. |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=9789389812336 |language=en-IN }}</ref> his kingdom was invaded in 711 by the Arab [[Umayyad Caliphate]], led by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]], where Dahir died. According to the [[Chach Nama]], the Umayyad campaign against Dahir was due to a pirate raid off the Sindh coast that resulted in gifts to the Umayyad caliph from the king of [[Serendib (old name)|Serendib]] being stolen.<ref name="persian.packhum.org">Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg: The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest. Commissioners Press 1900, Section 18: "It is related that the king of Sarandeb* sent some curiosities and presents from the island of pearls, in a small fleet of boats by sea, for Hajjáj. He also sent some beautiful pearls and valuable jewels, as well as some Abyssinian male and female slaves, some pretty presents, and unparalleled rarities to the capital of the Khalífah. A number of Mussalman women also went with them with the object of visiting the Kaabah, and seeing the capital city of the Khalífahs. When they arrived in the province of Kázrún, the boat was overtaken by a storm, and drifting from the right way, floated to the coast of Debal. Here a band of robbers, of the tribe of Nagámrah, who were residents of Debal, seized all the eight boats, took possession of the rich silken clothes they contained, captured the men and women, and carried away all the valuable property and jewels." [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=12701030&ct=18]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=MacLean|first=Derryl N.|title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind|publisher=BRILL|year=1989|isbn=9004085513}}</ref>

Raja Dahir was born in 663 into the [[Brahmin dynasty of Sindh|Brahman dynasty of Sindh]], a family deeply rooted in Hindu traditions and governance. His father, Chach of Aror, who ruled from 631 to 671, was a Brahmin who ascended to the throne after marrying the widowed Queen Suhandi. This event established the Chach dynasty, which would rule Sindh for nearly a century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shashank |title=Raja Dahir: The Last Hindu King of Sindh (679–712 AD) |url=https://theindosphere.com/history/raja-dahir-last-hindu-king-sindh/ |website=The Indosphere|date=20 August 2024 }}</ref>

He fought three battles successfully, but was killed in the final one after being betrayed by the Buddhists who resented him during the [[Battle of Aror]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khushalani |first=Gobind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Wp6otInFcAC |title=Chachnamah Retold : An Account Of The Arab Conquest Of Sindh |date=2006 |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia |isbn=978-81-85002-68-2 |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref> He died defending his region at Sindh which took place between his dynasty and the Arabs at the banks of the [[Indus River]], near modern-day [[Nawabshah]] at the hands of the [[Arab]] general [[Muhammad bin Qasim]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garg |first=Gaṅgā Rām |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0U2QRpDv2KMC |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World |date=1992 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-373-3 |language=en |quote=When Muhammad-bin-Qāsim plundered the place Arora in 712 and defeated Rājā Dāhar, who belonged to the Arorā dynasty, the [[Arora|Arorā]] people left Sind and settled in the Punjāb cities, situated on the banks of the rivers Sind, Jhelum, Cenāb and Rāvī.}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Reign as recounted in the Chach-Nama}}Reign in the ''Chach Nama'' ==
The ''[[Chach Nama]]'' is the oldest chronicle of the [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab conquest]] of Sindh. It was translated into [[Persian language|Persian]] by an Arab named Muhammad Ali bin Hamid bin Abu Bakr Kufi in 1216<ref>[[Common Era]] year is an approximation of the [[Islamic calendar]] date 613 AH.</ref> from an earlier Arabic text believed to have been written by the [[Banu Thaqif|Thaqafi]] family (relatives of [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]]).

== {{anchor|Lead up to war with the Umayyads}}War with the Umayyads ==
{{Main|Battle of Aror}}
Throughout his reign, Maharaja Dahir had to face invasions from the Umayyad Caliphate which had grown quite powerful by that time.

According to Chachnama and the Arab historian [[Al-Baladhuri|Biladhuri]], Dahir defeated the Arabs twice in pitched battles during the twin battles of Debal in which the invading Arab commanders [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad|Ubaidullah]] and Budail or Bazil were killed by Sindhis under Dahir's son Jaisiah.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/classicalage03bhar |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 03, The Classical Age |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource |year=1970 |editor-last=Majumdar |editor-first=R.C.}}</ref><ref name="Kalichbeg 1900">{{Cite book|last=Kalichbeg|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285133|title=The Chachnamah An Ancient History Of Sindh|date=1900}}</ref>

Jaisiah later appointed his own chief or [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] who governed on his behalf. According to [[Chach Nama|Chachnamah]], when the news of Bazil's death was relayed to [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf|Hajjaj]], he became very sad and full of rage.

This led to the fateful expedition by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]]. Before the [[Battle of Aror]], Maharaja Dahir is said to have given this speech as per [[Chach Nama|Chachnama]]<ref name="Kalichbeg 1900"/>

{{Blockquote|text="I am going to meet the Arabs in open battle, and fight them as best as I can. If I crush them, my kingdom will then be put on a firm footing. But if I am killed honourably, the event will be recorded in the books of Arabia and India and will be talked about by great men. It will be heard by other kings in the world, and it will be said that Raja Dahir of Sindh sacrificed his precious life for the sake of his country, in fighting with the enemy."<ref name="pakistanspace.tripod.com">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanspace.tripod.com/khurram/dahar.htm |date=23 May 2001|title=Rajah Dahar of Sindh|author=Khurram Ali Shafique|website=Pakistanspace.com website|access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref>}}

The primary reason cited in the ''Chach Nama'' for the expedition by the governor of [[Basra]], [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]], against Raja Dahir, was a pirate raid off the coast of [[Debal]] resulting in gifts to the caliph from the king of [[Serendib (old name)|Serendib]] (modern [[Sri Lanka]]) being stolen.<ref name="persian.packhum.org"/> [[Med people|Meds]] (a tribe of [[Scythians]] living in Sindh) also known as [[Bawarij]] had pirated upon Sassanid shipping in the past, from the mouth of the [[Tigris]] to the Sri Lankan coast, and now they were able to prey on Arab shipping from their bases at [[Kutch]], [[Debal]] and [[Kathiawar]].

[[Image:Sindh 700ad.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Sindh in 700 CE, under the Raja's dynasty. The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] can be seen advancing upon the western frontier of the [[Indian subcontinent]].]]
Hajaj's next campaign was launched under the aegis of [[Muhammad bin Qasim]]. In 711, bin Qasim attacked at [[Debal]] and, on orders of Al-Hajjaj, freed the earlier captives and prisoners from the previous (failed) campaign. Other than this instance, the policy was generally one of enlisting and co-opting support from defectors and defeated lords and forces. From Debal, bin Qasim moved on to [[Nerun]] for supplies; the city's Buddhist governor had acknowledged it as a tributary of the [[Caliphate]] after the first campaign and capitulated to the second. Qasim's armies then captured [[Sehwan|Siwistan]] and received allegiance from several tribal chiefs and secured the surrounding regions. His combined forces captured the fort at Sisam and secured the region west of the [[Indus River]].

By enlisting the support of local tribes such as the [[Med people|Meds]] and also the support of the [[Buddhist]] rulers of [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Nerun]], Bajhra, Kaka Kolak and [[Sehwan Sharif|Siwistan]] as [[infantry]] to his predominantly-[[Cavalry|mounted]] army, Muhammad bin Qasim defeated Dahir and captured his eastern territories which were added into the [[Umayyad Caliphate]].<ref name="Asif2016">{{cite book|author=Manan Ahmed Asif|title=A Book of Conquest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4oxDQAAQBAJ|date=19 September 2016|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-66011-3|pages=8–}}</ref>

Sometime before the final battle, Dahir's vizier approached him and suggested that Dahir should take refuge with one of the friendly kings of [[Hindustan|India]]. "You should say to them, 'I am a wall between you and the Arab army. If I fall, nothing will stop your destruction at their hands.'" If that wasn't acceptable to Dahir, said the vizier, then he should at least send away his family to some safe point in [[Hindustan|India]]. Dahir refused to do either. "I cannot send away my family to security while the families of my thakurs and nobles remain here."<ref name="Asif2016"/>

Dahir then tried to prevent Qasim from crossing the Indus River, moving his forces to its eastern banks. Eventually, however, Qasim crossed the river and defeated his forces at Jitor led by Jaisiah (Dahir's son). Qasim fought Dahir at Aror (near modern [[Nawabshah]]) in 711, eventually killing him. After Dahir was killed in the Battle of Aror on the banks of the River Indus, his head was cut off from his body and sent to Hajjaj bin Yousuf. Dahir's son Jaisiah and Fufi and grandson Chach, son of another of his sons Dharsiah, continued the struggle against Muhammad bin Qasim.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History Of India As Told By Its Own Historians Vol. 1|author=Dowson, E. H.; Elliot, Sir H. M.|publisher=Kitab Mahal Pvt Ltd, Delhi|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.448955/page/n205/mode/2up|page=205}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chach Nama]]
* [[Rai dynasty]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* Raja Dahir's Wife Rani Bai fled to the fort of Rawar with 150,000 troops from where she challenged Muhammad Bin Qasim for the battle. Muhammad bin Qasim chased her to Rawar and ordered his miners to dig and demolish the walls of the fort until the bastions were thrown down. Rani Bai, however, finding herself encircled, surrendered and burnt herself along with other ladies.
* Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg: The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest. Translated by from the Persian by, Commissioners Press 1900 [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=12701030&ct=0]
* [[R. C. Majumdar]], H.C. Roychandra and Kalikinkar Ditta: [[An Advanced History of India]], Part II,
* Tareekh-Sind, By Mavlana Syed Abu Zafar Nadvi
* Wink, Andre, ''Al-Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World'', Brill Academic Publishers, 1 January 1996, {{ISBN|90-04-09249-8}}
* Maurya, Sudheer, Sindhusuta - Historical Novel {{ISBN|978-8195444786}}
{| class="wikitable"
|
|
|}
{{History of Sindh}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Karachi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dahir}}
[[Category:7th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs|Dahir, Raja]]
[[Category:Sindhi warriors]]
[[Category:Sindhi Hindus]]
[[Category:663 births]]
[[Category:712 deaths]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Sindh]]

Komalee Prasad

2026-02-27T13:22:00Z

Onlinemcadegree:

{{Short description|Indian film actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Komalee Prasad
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 24 August
| birth_place = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| nationality =
| education = [[B.D.S]], Pravara Institute of Medical sciences
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2016–present
}}

'''Komalee Prasad Vakalapudi''' is an Indian film actress who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]].<ref>{{Cite web | date=2022-08-24 |title=First-look poster of Komalee Prasad from 'Sasivadane' unveiled |url=https://telanganatoday.com/first-look-poster-of-komalee-prasad-from-sasivadane-unveiled |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
Komalee was born in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and brought up in [[Ballari]], [[Karnataka]]. She studied Dentistry at [[Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences]], Loni, Ahmednagar following which she found her passion in Telugu film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream come true for Komalee Prasad to portray her real-life character in film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/may/16/dream-come-true-for-komalee-prasad-to-portray-her-real-life-character-in-film-2143862.html |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=First Look poster of Komalee Prasad from 'Sasivadane' unveiled marking her birthday - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/first-look-poster-of-komalee-prasad-from-sasivadane-unveiled-marking-her-birthday/articleshow/93770519.cms |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Komalee Prasad made her film debut with the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''Nenu Seetha Devi'' in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ap7am.com/lv-236464/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205085723/https://www.ap7am.com/lv-236464/|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2022|title='Nenu Seetha Devi' Movie Fame Komali Exclusive Interview- Nava Nayika|work=ap7am}}</ref> She later appeared in the Telugu films ''[[Anukunnadi Okati Ayinadi Okati]]'' in 2020<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=2019-01-22 |title=A new age entertainer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/220119/a-new-age-entertainer.html |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Sebastian P.C. 524]]'' in 2022. She also appeared in the web series ''[[Loser (web series)|Loser]]'' and in the anthology series ''[[Modern Love Hyderabad]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-07-19 |title=Rag Mayur on 'Modern Love Hyderabad': When I was being offered similar roles after 'Cinema Bandi', Venkatesh Maha looked at me differently |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rag-mayur-on-modern-love-hyderabad-when-i-was-being-offered-similar-roles-venkatesh-maha-looked-at-me-differently/article65653660.ece |access-date=2022-10-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-07-08 |title='Modern Love Hyderabad' series review: Cheery stories with happy endings |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/modern-love-hyderabad-series-reviewcheery-stories-with-happy-endings/article65611121.ece |access-date=2022-10-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2016
|''Nenu Seetha Devi''
|
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Napoleon (2017 film)|Napoleon]]''
|Sravanthi
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/napoleon-an-unconventional-outing.html|title=An unconventional outing|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Anukunnadi Okati Ayinadi Okati]]''
|Komalee
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2020-02-27 |title=Rajamahendravaram: Anukunnadi Okati Ayinadi Okati movie team holds promotional event |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/rajamahendravaram-anukunnadokati-ayyindokati-movie-team-holds-promotional-event-608205 |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Eda Thanunnado''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Rowdy Boys]]''
|Shruthi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-01-10 |title='Rowdy Boys' has the graph similar to 'Happy Days': Sree Harsha |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rowdy-boys-has-the-graph-similar-to-happy-days-sree-harsha |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sebastian P.C. 524]]''
|Neelima
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=Sebastian PC 524 Pre-release bash: Kiran Abbavaram looks dapper in black at the event |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/sebastian-pc-524-pre-release-bash-kiran-abbavaram-looks-dapper-black-event-1035854 |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028171324/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/sebastian-pc-524-pre-release-bash-kiran-abbavaram-looks-dapper-black-event-1035854 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|''[[HIT: The Second Case]]''
| rowspan="2" |Varsha
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adivi Sesh's HIT 2 Releasing On DEC 2 |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994533732/Adivi-Seshs-HIT-Releasing-On-DEC- |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[HIT: The Third Case]]''
|
|-
|''[[Sasivadane]]''
|Sasi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-08-19 |title=Sasivadane to release on October 10, 2025 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sasivadane-to-release-on-october-10-2025 |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2020
|''[[Loser (web series)|Loser]]''
|Asha
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2020-05-19 |title=Director Abhilash Reddy wanted actors who looked like strugglers, for his Telugu web series 'Loser' that stars Priyadarshi, Shashank, Annie and Kalpika Ganesh |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-abhilash-reddy-wanted-actors-who-looked-like-strugglers-for-his-telugu-web-series-loser-that-stars-priyadarshi-shashank-annie-and-kalpika-ganesh/article31621391.ece |access-date=2022-10-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Modern Love Hyderabad]]''
|Indu
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|Segment: ''Finding your Penguin''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2022-06-26 |title=Amazon Prime Video announces 'Modern Love: Hyderabad' |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/amazon-prime-video-announces-modern-love-hyderabad-11656224820563.html |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Touch Me Not (TV series)|''Touch Me Not'']]
|Meghana
|[[JioHotstar]]
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=nm11069936|name=Komalee Prasad}}

[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Visakhapatnam]]
{{India-film-actor-1990s-stub}}

Halasuru metro station

2026-02-17T13:09:27Z

Onlinemcadegree: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Namma Metro's Purple Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Halasuru
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Purple}}
| other_name = Ulsoor
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Halasuru metro station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Swamy Vivekananda Road, [[Halasuru]], Bengaluru, [[Karnataka]] 560008
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.97566|77.62628|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Whitefield (Kadugodi)}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| connections =
| parking =
| bicycle = Yes<ref>{{cite news|title=Now, hop off Metro and take cycle|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Now-hop-off-Metro-and-take-cycle/articleshow/16898223.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103082157/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-21/bangalore/34626728_1_kerberon-automobiles-control-of-green-assets-metro-station|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=24 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Metro to showcase Gandhi|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/286617/metro-showcase-gandhi.html|accessdate=24 October 2011|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=20 October 2012}}</ref>
| opened = {{start date and age|2011|October|20|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = HLRU
| status = Staffed
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| architect = IVRCL
| architectural_style =
| zone =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line=Purple |left=Indira Nagar|to-left=Whitefield (Kadugodi)|right=Trinity |to-right=Challaghatta}}
| route_map = {{BMR Purple Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Halasuru''' is an elevated metro station on the east–west corridor of the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India. It was opened to the public on 20 October 2011. It is located in the [[Halasuru]] locality of Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangalore’s Diwali gift ready – 'Namma Metro'|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/karnataka/bangalore-s-diwali-gift-ready-namma-metro_737180.html|accessdate=24 October 2011|newspaper=[[Zee News]]|date=18 October 2011}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Halasuru track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Indira Nagar metro station (Bengaluru)|Indira Nagar]]
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Trinity}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Whitefield (Kadugodi)}} '''Next station:''' [[Indira Nagar metro station (Bengaluru)|Indira Nagar]]
|-
|'''Platform 2 Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}} '''Next station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Trinity}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==Entry/exits==
There are three entry/exit points – A, B and C. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel.

* Entry/exit point A: towards Ramakrishna Mutt side
* Entry/exit point B: towards Ramakrishna Mutt side
* Entry/exit point C: towards Jogupalya side
** Wheelchair accessibility has been provided for both entry/exit points A and B.

==See also==
*[[Bengaluru]]
*[[Halasuru]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Urban rail transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons|Namma Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Bengaluru}}
* [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (official site)]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations

{{Namma Metro|purple line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bengaluru]]

{{Karnataka-railstation-stub}}

Binanda Chandra Barua

2026-02-11T05:16:59Z

Onlinemcadegree: creating some stub first draft

{{Short description|Indian writer and poet}}
{{Other people5|Ananda Chandra Barua|Ananda Chandra Agarwala|Ananda Chandra Dutta|Chandra Kumar Agarwala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
'''Binanda Chandra Barua''' (1901–1994) was a noted Indian writer and poet of [[Assamese Literature|Assamese literature]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarma |first=Anjali |title=Among the luminaries in Assam : a study of Assamese biography |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=8170992079 |year=1990 |page=116 |edition=1st}}</ref> from [[Teok]], [[Assam]]. He is popularly known as '''Dhwoni Kobi'''. His pen-name is '''Kerpai Sarma'''. He was President of the [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]] in 1966.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vedanti.com/News/assam_sahitya_sabha_is_the_forem.htm |title=Assam Sahitya Sabha is the foremost and the most popular organization of Assam |publisher=Vedanti.com |accessdate=22 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926194342/http://www.vedanti.com/News/assam_sahitya_sabha_is_the_forem.htm |archivedate=26 September 2013 }}</ref> Some of the popular books of the writer are Gargaon, Sankhadhwani, Jaidhwani and Pratidhwani etc. 'Garhgaon' is an eminent poem of him where he describes the royalty of the capital [[Garhgaon]] in [[Ahom kingdom]]. He was honored with the title of Sahityacharya by the Assam Sahitya Sabha in 1989. He contributed to the development of Assamese drama during the [[British India|pre-independence period]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarma |first=Satyendra Nath |title=A history of Indian literature. |year=1976 |publisher=Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden |isbn=3447017368 |page=91}}</ref> His son is eminent Indian painter and artist [[Neel Pawan Baruah]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.rukshaanart.com/?artist=119-Neel%20Pawan%20Barua.html |website=Rukshaan Art |access-date=17 January 2014 |archive-date=17 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117152727/http://rukshaanart.com/?artist=119-Neel%20Pawan%20Barua.html |url-status=live }}</ref> who was married to noted Assamese singer [[Dipali Barthakur]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barua, Binanda Chandra}}
[[Category:Assamese-language poets]]
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from Assam]]
[[Category:Asom Sahitya Sabha presidents]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Mangaon Assembly constituency

2026-02-10T08:09:30Z

Onlinemcadegree: Made First Pg W/ Refs!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mangaon
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 180,495
| mla = [[Sunil Tatkare]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Mangaon Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Gaikwad Tanhaji Ganpat (Sc) || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| Tipnis Surendranath Govind || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Dattatraya Malogi Talegaonkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || P. R. Sanap || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Mahalunge Ram Vithal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Ram Vithhal Mahalunge
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Ashok Sabale || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Nilkanth Janardhan Sawant || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Ashok Sabale || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=3 | [[Sunil Tatkare]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangaon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Tatkare]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 69,865 |percentage = 55.80% |change={{increase}}7.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anant Vasant Alias Bal Lokhande |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 37,591 |percentage = 30.02% |change={{decrease}}9.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aslam Ibrahim Raut |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 10,131 |percentage = 8.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Tanaji Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,225 |percentage = 2.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pankaj Ravindra Tambe |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,587 |percentage = 2.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thore Kundlik Namdeo |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,812 |percentage = 1.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,274 |percentage = 25.78% |change= {{increase}}17.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,25,215 |percentage = 69.37% |change= {{increase}}5.34 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,25,211}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,80,495|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}7.94 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Tatkare]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 41,573 |percentage = 47.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghosalkar Vinod Ramchandra |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 34,120 |percentage = 39.27% |change={{increase}}9.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Ashokrao Ganpatrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 5,472 |percentage = 6.30% |change={{decrease}}35.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh Balu Shirke |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,813 |percentage = 4.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pravin Keshav Pisat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,108 |percentage = 1.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tatkare Shantram Balaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 570 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,453 |percentage = 8.58% |change= {{decrease}}4.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,00,479 |percentage = 64.03% |change= {{decrease}}11.77 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,876}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,56,917|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Tatkare]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 44,569 |percentage = 42.11% |change={{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghosalkar Vinod Ramchandra |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 31,175 |percentage = 29.45% |change={{increase}}4.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nana Sawant |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 28,034 |percentage = 26.49% |change={{decrease}}3.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagtap Janu Hiru |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,068 |percentage = 1.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,394 |percentage = 12.65% |change= {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,09,600 |percentage = 78.49% |change= {{increase}}14.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,05,846}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,39,635|ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Sabale |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,834 |percentage = 42.92% |change={{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhai Sawant |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 27,557 |percentage = 30.46% |change={{decrease}}18.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padwal Harischandra Pandurang |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 22,171 |percentage = 24.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. K. Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,771 |percentage = 1.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,277 |percentage = 12.46% |change= {{increase}}4.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,831 |percentage = 63.39% |change= {{increase}}3.59 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 90,480}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,46,455|ref = |change= {{increase}}25.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}6.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nilkanth Janardhan Sawant |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 33,445 |percentage = 49.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sunil Dattatray Tatkare |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,013 |percentage = 41.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Andhere Bal Mahadev |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,711 |percentage = 5.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. B. More |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,647 |percentage = 2.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krishna Kalu Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,074 |percentage = 1.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,432 |percentage = 8.00% |change= {{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,381 |percentage = 60.32% |change= {{increase}}5.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,890}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,674|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Sabale |party=Janata Party |votes = 26,662 |percentage = 48.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Laxman Lokhande |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 25,293 |percentage = 46.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=H. P. Padwal |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,313 |percentage = 2.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krishna Kalu Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 611 |percentage = 1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Sawant |party=Independent politician |votes = 550 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,369 |percentage = 2.52% |change= {{decrease}}6.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,766 |percentage = 55.18% |change= {{decrease}}4.41 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,429}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,873|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ram Vithhal Mahalunge |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,313 |percentage = 33.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Krishna Kalu |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,185 |percentage = 24.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanap Padurang Ramji |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,952 |percentage = 21.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Ramchandra Sahadeo |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,060 |percentage = 14.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Balu Bhamboo |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,383 |percentage = 4.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balarm Vithal Ghadge |party=Independent politician |votes = 673 |percentage = 1.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,128 |percentage = 9.40% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,963 |percentage = 59.83% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,566}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,204|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link |candidate=Mahalunge Ram Vithal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = Uncontested |percentage = |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,172|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=P. R. Sanap |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 28,909 |percentage = 57.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. S. Sule |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,715 |percentage = 33.41% |change={{decrease}}19.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=L. K. Lokhande |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,417 |percentage = 4.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=L. B. Bhrpe |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,982 |percentage = 3.96% |change={{decrease}}6.99 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,194 |percentage = 24.38% |change= {{decrease}}7.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,791 |percentage = 63.28% |change= {{increase}}18.99 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,023}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,005|ref = |change= {{increase}}38.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatraya Malogi Talegaonkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,047 |percentage = 53.33% |change={{increase}}34.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tanaji Ganpat Gaikwa |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,132 |percentage = 20.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shantaram Changdeo Bhandarkar |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,605 |percentage = 14.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Changdeo Bhavanrao Khairmode |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,679 |percentage = 10.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,915 |percentage = 32.35% |change= {{increase}}32.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,173 |percentage = 44.27% |change= {{decrease}}57.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,463}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,380|ref = |change= {{decrease}}43.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}21.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Tanhaji Ganpat (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes = 33,772 |percentage = 32.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Tipnis Surendranath Govind |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 33,741 |percentage = 32.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kajrolkar Ramchandra Sadoba (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,514 |percentage = 18.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Antule Abdui Rahiman Abdul Gafoor |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,083 |percentage = 14.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Talegaonkar Dattatraya Malojirao (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,249 |percentage = 3.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31 |percentage = 0.03% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,05,359 |percentage = 97.18% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,05,359}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,416|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Ranjan Mallik

2026-02-10T02:56:01Z

Onlinemcadegree: New Basic Stub With Sources

{{short description|Indian electrical and communications engineer (born 1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ranjan Mallik
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|11|15}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Communications]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Defence Electronics Research Laboratory]] | [[IIT Kharagpur]] | [[IIT Guwahati]] | [[IIT Delhi]]}}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[IIT Kanpur]] | [[University of Southern California]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[MIMO|multiple-input multi-output]] systems
| awards = {{ublist|2007 [[Physical Research Laboratory|PRL]] Vikram Sarabhai Research Award | 2008 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Ranjan Kumar Mallik''' (born 1964) is an Indian electrical and communications engineer and a professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]].<ref name="Professor">{{Cite web |url=http://ee.iitd.ernet.in/people/rkmallik.html |title=Professor |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Delhi |access-date=7 February 2017 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630001142/http://ee.iitd.ernet.in/people/rkmallik.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He held the Jai Gupta Chair at IIT Delhi from 2007 to 2012<ref name="Jai Gupta chair ">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitd.ac.in/content/jai-gupta-chair |title=Jai Gupta chair |date=2017 |publisher=IITD Archives}}</ref> and the Brigadier Bhopinder Singh Chair from 2012 to 2017.<ref name="Brigadier Bhopinder Singh Chair">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitd.ac.in/content/brigadier-bhopinder-singh-chair-1 |title=Brigadier Bhopinder Singh Chair |date=2017 |publisher=IITD Chairs}}</ref> He is known for his researches on [[MIMO|multiple-input multi-output systems]]<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=368 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Mallik,_Prof._Ranjan_Kumar |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P11-1550 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=7 February 2017 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707042549/https://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P11-1550 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[The National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=M |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=7 February 2017 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227133632/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=M |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is also an elected fellow of [[The World Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="TWAS fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/member/mallik-ranjan-kumar |title=TWAS fellow |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences |access-date=7 February 2017 |archive-date=7 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007170843/https://twas.org/member/mallik-ranjan-kumar |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]],<ref name="INAE fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030936/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2015 |title=INAE fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineers }}</ref> and [[The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc]].<ref name="IEEE Fellows Directory">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ieee.org/membership/fellows/fellows-directory.html |title=IEEE Fellows Directory |date=2016 |publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}}</ref>

The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 2008.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:IIT Delhi Main building (2).jpg|thumb|235px|left|IIT Delhi]]
R. K. Mallik, born in November 1964 in [[Kolkata]], the capital city of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], to Radharaman Mallik and Tapati, earned a BTech in electrical engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] in 1987.<ref name="Getting ahead of the curve in wireless communications">{{Cite web |url=https://www.idrc.ca/fr/node/9548 |title=Getting ahead of the curve in wireless communications |date=2017 |publisher=International Development and Research Center |access-date=7 February 2017 |archive-date=8 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208132820/https://www.idrc.ca/fr/node/9548 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Education">{{Cite web |url=http://rkmallik.tripod.com/educ.htm |title=Education |date=2017 |publisher=RK Mallik.com}}</ref> His higher studies were at the [[University of Southern California]] from where he completed an MS in electrical engineering in 1988 and followed it up with a PhD in 1992.<ref name="Professor" /> Returning to India, he joined [[Defence Electronics Research Laboratory]], Hyderabad the same year as a Grade C Scientist and worked there for two years till his move to the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]] in 1994 as a lecturer.<ref name="Work experience">{{Cite web |url=http://rkmallik.tripod.com/wemem.htm |title=Work experience |date=2017 |publisher=RK Mallik.com}}</ref> His stay at IIT Kharagpur lasted till 1996 during which period he served as an assistant professor during 1995–96. His next move was to the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati]] as an assistant professor and in 1998 he shifted his base to Delhi to join the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] where he serves as a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering. In between, he held the IDRC Research Chair in Wireless Communications from 2009 to 2015, the Jai Gupta Chair from 2007 to 2012,<ref name="Jai Gupta chair " /> and the Brigadier Bhopinder Singh Chair from 2012 to 2017.<ref name="Brigadier Bhopinder Singh Chair" /> He is also associated with Bharti School of Telecommunication Technology and Management of IIT Delhi as a faculty.<ref name="Bharti School">{{Cite web |url=http://bhartischool.iitd.ac.in/Faculty.php |title=Bharti School |date=2017 |publisher=Bharti School of Telecommunication Technology and Management}}</ref>

Mallik is married to Sumona DasGupta and the couple has one child, Upamanyu.<ref name="NASI fellows" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:MIMO with building.png|thumb|235px|MIMO - graphical representation]]
Mallik's researches have been in the fields of [[communication theory and systems]], [[difference equations]], and [[linear algebra]]<ref name="Faculty List">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/faculties/facultylist/page:101/direction:desc/sort:Faculty.fname?acyear=2015-2016 |title=Faculty List |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Council}}</ref> and he has worked extensively on the performance analysis of [[MIMO|multiple-input multi-output systems]], especially ''characterization of fading channel statistics and error analysis under correlated fading conditions''.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> He has documented his researches by way of several articles;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Mallik=3ARanjan_Kumar=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} [[Google Scholar]] and [[ResearchGate]], online article repositories of scientific articles, have listed many of them.<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=s1Z9TCEAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2016 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref><ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ranjan_Mallik |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref> Besides, he has contributed chapters to books including the 2011 edition of ''Issues in Telecommunications Research'' published by [[ScholarlyEditions]].<ref>{{cite book|author=R. K. Mallik (chapter)|title=Issues in Telecommunications Research: 2011 Edition|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTF9s8lhJWYC&pg=PA84|date=9 January 2012|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-6648-4|pages=84–|chapter=Deterministic Linear Combining Receivers for Random Fading Channels}}</ref>

Mallik is a member of the Program Advisory Committee on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering of the [[Science and Engineering Research Board]] of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]].<ref name="Program Advisory Committee on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering">{{Cite web |url=http://serb.gov.in/pdfs/Expert_Committees/expert-committees.pdf |title=Program Advisory Committee on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering |date=2017 |publisher=Science and Engineering Research Board}}</ref> He is a former treasurer (2005 and 2006) of the Delhi Section of [[The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)]]<ref name="History of IEEE Delhi Section">{{Cite web |url=https://ewh.ieee.org/r10/delhi/hist.html |title=History of IEEE Delhi Section |date=2017 |publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}}</ref> and served as a member of IEEE Communications Society's Awards Standing Committee during 2015-2017.<ref name="Member of Awards Standing Committee">{{Cite web |url=http://www.comsoc.org/committees/standing/awards |title=Member of Awards Standing Committee |date=2017 |publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}}</ref> He is a founder member of the Communication Systems and Networks Association (COMSNETS)<ref name="List of executive committee members">{{Cite web |url=http://www.comsnets-association.org/committee.html |title=List of executive committee members |date=2017 |publisher=Communication Systems and Network Association}}</ref> and has contributed to the organizing of several conferences. The invited or key note speeches delivered by him include the lecture on ''Performance Evaluation and Channel Characterization for Wireless Communication System'' at National Science day (2009),<ref name="Performance Evaluation and Channel Characterization for Wireless Communication System">{{Cite web |url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/dsforum1/nscdayframe.htm |title=Performance Evaluation and Channel Characterization for Wireless Communication System |date=2009 |publisher=Defence Research and Development Organization}}</ref> the address on ''Optimal Signaling for Multi-Level Amplitude-Shift Keying with Single-Input Multiple-Output and Non-coherent Reception'' at CALCON (2014),<ref name="Calcon 2014">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ewh.ieee.org/r10/calcutta/calcon2014/doc/technical_program.pdf |title=Calcon 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=IEEE}}</ref> Alexander Graham Bell lecture of IEEE (2015),<ref name="Alexander Graham Bell lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ieeer10.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ieeehyd-report-2016.pdf |title=Alexander Graham Bell lecture |date=2015 |publisher=IEEE}}</ref> and the keynote speech at IEEE Patna 5G Summit (2016).<ref name="IEEE Patna 5G Summit">{{Cite web |url=http://www.5gsummit.org/patna/ |title=IEEE Patna 5G Summit |date=2017 |publisher=5G Summit}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Mallik became an elected fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India in 2007.<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=7 February 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He received the Hari Om Ashram Prerit Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Research Award in electronics, telematics, informatics, and automation of the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] in 2008<ref name="PRL, Sarabhai awards announced">{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/PRL-Sarabhai-awards-announced/articleshow/3347233.cms |title=PRL, Sarabhai awards announced |date=10 August 2008 |publisher=Times of Inda}}</ref> and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards the same year.<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archivedate=23 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Indian National Science Academy elected him as a fellow in 2011<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> and the Indian Academy of Sciences followed suit a year later.<ref name="Fellow profile" /> In addition, the years 2012 and 2013 brought him two elected fellowships; that of The World Academy of Sciences<ref name="TWAS elects 52 new members">{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/sites/default/files/twas_nl_25-3_web.pdf |title=TWAS elects 52 new members |year=2013 |publisher=TWAS Newsletter |page=16 |volume=25 |issue=3–4}}</ref> and The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., respectively.<ref name="IEEE Fellows Elevated as of January 1, 2012">{{Cite web |url=http://www.comsoc.org/about/memberprograms/fellows/2012 |title=IEEE Fellows Elevated as of January 1, 2012 |date=2017 |publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}}</ref> He is also an elected fellow of [[The Institution of Engineering and Technology]]<ref name="Getting ahead of the curve in wireless communications" /> and the Indian National Academy of Engineering.<ref name="INAE Fellows list">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/engineering-section-vi-electronics-communication-engineering/ |title=INAE Fellows list |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Mallik, R. K. |title=Optimized diversity combining with imperfect channel estimation |journal=IEEE Transactions on Information Theory |date=2006 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=1176–1184 |doi=10.1109/TIT.2005.864444|s2cid=1122080 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Mallik, R. K. |author2=Zhang, Q. T. |title=A tight upper bound on the PEP of a space-time coded system |journal=IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications |date=2007 |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages= 3238–3247 |doi=10.1109/TWC.2007.051066|s2cid=23865064 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Mallik, R. K. |author2=Winters, J. H. |title=Optimum receiver for a realistic transmit-receive diversity system in correlated fading |journal=IEEE Transactions on Information Theory |date=2008 |volume=54 |issue=12 |pages=5456–5468 |doi=10.1109/TIT.2008.2006444|s2cid=13087804 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Yi, Shi |author2=Jiaheng, Wang |author3=Letaief, K. |author4=Mallik, R. |title=A game-theoretic approach for distributed power control in interference relay channels |journal=IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications |date=2009 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=3151–3161 |doi=10.1109/TWC.2009.080831|s2cid=24765369 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Sagias, N. C. |author2=Mallik, R. K. |author3=Tombras, G. S. |title=Error rate performance of multilevel signals with coherent detection |journal=IEEE Transactions on Communications |date=2010 |volume=58 |issue=8 |pages=2188–2192 |doi=10.1109/TCOMM.2010.08.090262|s2cid=10029202 }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Arogyaswami Paulraj]]
* [[Thomas Kailath]]
* [[Gregory Raleigh]]
* [[Gerard J. Foschini]]
* [[MIMO-OFDM]]
* [[Single-input single-output system]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|author1=Ke-Lin Du|author2=M. N. S. Swamy|title=Wireless Communication Systems: From RF Subsystems to 4G Enabling Technologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5dGjKLawsTkC&pg=PA155|date=15 April 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-48576-0|pages=155–}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.comsoc.org/files//About%20Comsoc/ComSoc%20Awards/pdf/2015-Globecom-Awards-Ceremony-Program.pdf |title=Awards Committee |date=2015 |publisher=IEEE Communications Society}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://web.iitd.ac.in/~msarkar/docs/invigilation_major.pdf |title=Electrical Engineering Department Major Examination Schedule |date=2014 |publisher=IIT Delhi |work=List of Invigilators}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mallik, Ranjan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kharagpur]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Engineers from West Bengal]]

Administration of Thrissur

2026-02-05T20:00:05Z

Onlinemcadegree: started new info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
'''Administration of Thrissur''', [[Kerala]], India, is handled by the [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]], consisting of 56 councilors and headed by the city's mayor.

==Administration==
[[File:Map of Thrissur corporation.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Map of [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]] showing boundaries of wards]]

[[Thrissur]] city is governed by the [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]], consisting of councillors who represent 55 wards and are directly elected by the city's residents. From among themselves, the councillors elect a mayor and a deputy mayor who preside over about 8 standing committees.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.corporationofthrissur.net/standing-committees
|title=Standing Committees
|publisher=Corporation of Thrissur
|access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref> Out of 55 seats, 26 are reserved for women (general); 2 are reserved for SC (women) and 2 are reserved for SC.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/12/stories/2010101261260400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017222123/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/12/stories/2010101261260400.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2010-10-17
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Tacit tie-ups, smart moves in Thrissur Corporation
|date=2010-10-12
|access-date=2013-07-19}}</ref>[[Thrissur]] has one parliamentary constituency—[[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency]]—and elects two members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) to the state legislature. The [[Thrissur City Police]], a division of the [[Kerala Police]], is the law enforcement agency in the city. The city police force is headed by a commissioner of police, and administrative control rests with the [[Kerala]] Home Ministry. The department consists of two subdivisions with a total of 14 police stations. The city's traffic is managed by the [[Thrissur]] City Traffic Police.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1508680.ece
|title=First Police Commissioner of Thrissur assumes charge
|newspaper=The Hindu
|access-date=2013-07-18
|location=Chennai, India
|date=2011-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/02/stories/2011030260110500.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307193425/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/02/stories/2011030260110500.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2011-03-07
|title=Thrissur to have city police commissionerate
|access-date=2013-07-18
|location=Chennai, India
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|date=2013-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Thrissur gets Police Commissioner
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/04/stories/2011030459320500.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309055023/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/04/stories/2011030459320500.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2011-03-09
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|date=2011-03-04
|access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref>

==Waste Management==
{{Main|Sakthan Thampuran Bio-Waste Treatment Plant}}
The city generates around 160 tonnes of waste every day. But it doesn't have any proper procedure to process it. Earlier, [[Laloor]] was used to dump the waste from the city. Because of protest and indefinite strike which was started on 2 October 1988, dumping was stopped there. The last truck carrying waste reached Laloor on 27 June 2012.
<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Thrissur-corp-eyes-a-veggie-revolution/articleshow/55403984.cms
|title=Thrissur corporation eyes a veggie revolution
|work= The Times of India
|access-date=2016-11-14}}</ref>

On 3 October 2012, foundation was laid for an organic waste converter treatment plant in [[Sakthan Thampuran Nagar]]. The waste converter was inaugurated by Urban Affairs Minister [[Manjalamkuzhi Ali]] on 28 May 2013. The converter was set up at a cost of Rs 95 lakh on 45 cents of land can process 4 tonnes of waste a day. The city also has nine bio-gas plants at West Fort, [[Ayyanthole]], [[Aranattukara]], Anappara, [[Olarikara]], [[Mannuthy]], [[Ollur]] and Cheerachi. Another four at Sakthan Nagar, Panamkuttichira, Vilvattam and Ollukkara has been given approval.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-02/kochi/34217041_1_agitation-degradable-waste-indefinite-strike
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121712/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-02/kochi/34217041_1_agitation-degradable-waste-indefinite-strike
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2013-06-29
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|title=Laloor's war against waste turns 25
|access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/organic-waste-converter-at-sakthan-market-soon/article3960304.ece
|title=Organic waste converter at Sakthan market soon
|newspaper= The Hindu
|access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130529/news-current-affairs/article/state%E2%80%99s-first-bio-waste-plant-starts
|title=State's first bio-waste plant starts
|publisher=Deccan Chronicle
|access-date=2013-07-18
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625062930/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130529/news-current-affairs/article/state%E2%80%99s-first-bio-waste-plant-starts
|archive-date=2013-06-25
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/22/stories/2009072253200300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725020121/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/22/stories/2009072253200300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2009-07-25
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Garbage lies uncollected in Thrissur for the seventh day
|date=2009-07-22
|access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.urbannewsdigest.in/kerala-gets-its-first-bio-waste-plant-at-thrissur/
|title=Kerala gets its first bio-waste plant at Thrissur
|publisher=Urbannewsdigest
|access-date=2013-07-18
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730004455/http://www.urbannewsdigest.in/kerala-gets-its-first-bio-waste-plant-at-thrissur/
|archive-date=2013-07-30
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/waste-disposal-from-thrissur-resumed/article3756802.ece
|title=Waste disposal from Thrissur resumed
|newspaper=The Hindu
|access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/thrissur-getting-bogged-down-in-mounds-of-garbage/article3736844.ece
|title=Thrissur getting bogged down in mounds of garbage
|newspaper=The Hindu
|access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref>

[[File:Thrissur Municipal Corporation building, Thrissur.jpg|thumb|[[Municipal Corporation Building, Thrissur]] seen from M.O. Road, [[Thrissur]]]].

==Utility services==
Electricity is distributed by [[Thrissur Corporation Electricity Department]] of [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]] in older municipal limits and in new corporation limits it is done by [[Kerala State Electricity Board]]. [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]] started the distribution on 19 August 1937, through a declaration from the [[Maharaja of Cochin]]. [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]] is the only local body in the State that has been given the license to distribute power by procuring power from [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] even when it was a municipality. It has 161 transformers around the city to distribute the electricity.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=ELECTRICITY DEPARTMENT
|url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/pubuti.htm
|publisher=THRISSUR CORPORATION
|access-date=2013-07-19
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311193724/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/pubuti.htm
|archive-date=11 March 2012
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy-all
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title=THRISSUR CORPORATION ELECTRICITY DEPARTMENT
|url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/pubuti.htm
|publisher=THRISSUR CORPORATION
|access-date=2013-07-19
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311193724/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/pubuti.htm
|archive-date=11 March 2012
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy-all
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Thrissur to go online for power bills
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-30/kochi/30459264_1_electricity-bills-e-payment-facility-power-bills
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130719143519/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-30/kochi/30459264_1_electricity-bills-e-payment-facility-power-bills
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2013-07-19
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|access-date=2013-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Thrissur corporation to appeal against power authority's order
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/13/stories/2005061304870300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202224856/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/13/stories/2005061304870300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2008-02-02
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|date=2005-06-13
|access-date=2013-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Resolution against new KSEB licensees
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/resolution-against-new-kseb-licensees/article2297973.ece
|newspaper=The Hindu
|access-date=2013-07-19}}</ref>

==Water management==
[[Thrissur]] city receives about 29 million liters per day (MLD) from [[Peechi Dam]] and [[Karuvannur River]] against the required amount of 50 MLD. This demand is expected to rise to 80 MLD by 2051. Many residential apartments, houses use ground water resources to meet its water needs.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/390956/Thrissur/8-december-2014#page/24/1
|title=Drinking water to come from Karuvannur
|publisher=Mathrubhumi
|access-date=2014-12-09}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Thrissur Corporation wards]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Thrissur topics}}

[[Category:Government of Thrissur]]

Kalki, Maharashtra

2026-01-23T07:11:37Z

Onlinemcadegree: minor cleanup

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Kalki
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = mr
|settlement_type = Village
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|etymology =
|nickname =
|coordinates = 
|population_total =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = India
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = Maharashtra
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|website = 
}}
'''Kalki''' is a small [[village]] in [[Ratnagiri district]], [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]].<ref name="COI-1"/> The [[2011 Census of India]] recorded a total of 641 residents in the village.<ref name="COI-1"/> Kalki's geographical area is {{convert|515|hectare|acre}}.<ref name="COI-1"/>

==References==
<references>

<ref name="COI-1">{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2732_PART_B_DCHB_RATNAGIRI.pdf | title=District Census Handbook | publisher=[[Census of India]] | accessdate=16 April 2016|page=84}}</ref>

</references>

[[Category:Villages in Ratnagiri district]]

Baba Adhav

2026-01-15T11:33:06Z

Onlinemcadegree: started article.

{{Short description|Indian social activist (1930–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}

'''Babasaheb Pandurang Adhav''' (1 June 1930 – 8 December 2025) was an Indian social and labour activist and author.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=51HFCQAAQBAJ&dq=Baba+Adhav&pg=PA218 |title=Towards a Global History of Domestic and Caregiving Workers |date=26 May 2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-28014-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Adhav was born in [[Maharashtra]] on 1 June 1930.

He was a major figure in the social and labour movement in Maharashtra, and a follower of [[Satyashodhak Samaj|Satyashodhak]]. He spent his life organizing underprivileged workers, notably porters, [[Pulled rickshaw|rickshaw pullers]] and construction workers, ensuring they received social security.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5RTAAAAYAAJ&q=Baba+Adhav |title=The Secularist: Bulletin of the Indian Secular Society |date=2004 |publisher=Indian Secular Society. |language=en}}</ref> He established the '<nowiki/>''Hamal Panchayat''<nowiki/>' which organized porters in Maharashtra, including [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=Shelley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRmEDwAAQBAJ&dq=Baba+Adhav&pg=PA62 |title=Living Wage: Regulatory Solutions to Informal and Precarious Work in Global Supply Chains |date=17 January 2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-256600-3 |language=en}}</ref> He led the revolutionary movement '''One Village One Water''<nowiki/>' to fight against [[Caste-related violence in India|caste discrimination]] and tried to establish equality.<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Hanlon |first=Rosalind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMrsTj1NeYC&dq=Baba+Adhav&pg=PR10 |title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India |date=22 August 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52308-0 |language=en}}</ref>

Adhav was admitted to Poona Hospital in early December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Socialist leader Baba Adhav critical, political leaders visit hospital |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/health/health-news/socialist-leader-baba-adhav-critical-political-leaders-visit-hospital/ar-AA1RQZD4?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1 |access-date=9 December 2025 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> He died on 8 December, at the age of 95.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2025 |title=Renowned socialist leader Baba Adhav, 95, passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/renowned-socialist-leader-baba-adhav-95-passes-away/article70373873.ece |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adhav, Baba}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]

Musakaan (2018 TV series)

2025-12-21T16:08:53Z

Onlinemcadegree: Made New Details Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{for|the Hindi film|Muskaan}}
{{Notability|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Musakaan (Tv Series).jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name = 
| genre = {{ubl|[[Soap opera]]|[[Family drama]]}}
| creator = Rashmi Sharma
| developer =
| writer = Rashmi Sharma Sushill Choubey Shilpa Choubey Aayush Agrawal
| screenplay = Sancheeta Bose
| story = Rashmi Sharma
| director = Dilip kumar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sharad Malhotra]]
* [[Yesha Rughani]]
}}
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 499

| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Guddu Jha Aayush Agrawal
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Pawan Kumar Marut
* Rashmi Sharma
}}
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 21 minutes
| company = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms Pvt. Ltd.
| budget =
| network = [[Star Bharat]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|5|29}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2020|1|4}}
| related = 
}}
'''''Musakaan''''' ({{translation}} ''Smile'') is an Indian television series produced by Rashmi Sharma, under the banner of Rashmi Sharma Telefilms Pvt. Ltd., which premiered on 29 May 2018 on [[Star Bharat]], replacing [[Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2018 TV series)|''Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki'']].<ref name='abp1'>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/videos/trailer-of-star-bharat-s-new-show-muskaan-looks-intriguing-690620|title=Trailer|website=ABP Live|date=30 April 2018}}</ref><ref name='m1'>{{cite web|title=First promo of Star Bharat's 'Musakaan'|date=2 May 2018|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/video-first-promo-star-bharats-muskaan/}}</ref> It starred
[[Sharad Malhotra]] and [[Yesha Rughani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/yesha-rughani-bags-the-lead-role-opposite-ssharad-malhotra-in-star-bharats-muskaan_136667|title=Yesha Rughani bags the lead role opposite Ssharad Malhotra in Star Bharat's 'Muskaan'|website=India Forums|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story is about Aarti, a bar-dancer and her daughter Muskaan, who faces social ostracism because of Aarti's profession and yearns to stay with her. Muskaan studies in [[Darjeeling]]; Aarti is in [[Kolkata]]. Later, Muskaan starts to live with Aarti, in her brothel. Aarti fears about Muskaan's future. Aarti is framed for a murder and is jailed. Teerath Singh aka Sir Ji and brothel owner, Tabassum ask Aarti to separate from Muskaan if she wants Muskaan to study. Unwillingly, Aarti agrees and parts ways from Muskaan.

Muskaan grows up to be timid and strong-minded, dedicated to her studies. She collides with Raunak Singh, and they fall in love and face many hurdles along the way. Aarti has lost her memory and thinks that Muskaan is still a child. Raunak turns out to be Teerath's son. Eventually, Aarti regains her memory and reunites with Muskaan. But, she dies in a bomb blast planned by Teerath. With Raunak's help, Muskaan trains to become a police officer to give Teerath his utmost punishment. Later, Raunak and Muskaan happily get married. Muskaan delivers twin daughters, but Teerath escapes with one of them, bribing the nurse to lie that baby has died. Later, Muskaan and Raunak meet with an accident and Muskaan is presumed dead.

Muskaan is alive and lives as Mira Bose in [[Bangladesh]] hiding from the police, as falsely framed for a murder, and returns to find Raunak. Teerath lives with Muskaan and Raunak's daughter, Roshni while Raunak has married a woman named Nisha to take care of his daughter, Khushi. Eventually, Muskaan and Raunak meet each other and find about Roshni. Nisha tries to separate them, but is exposed and apologises to Raunak and Muskaan. Teerath is arrested for his crimes. Finally, Muskaan and Raunak get married again and live happily ever after with Khushi and Roshni.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Yesha Rughani]] as Muskaan Bose Singh / Mira Bose (Fake) – Arati and Subodh's daughter; Raunak's wife; Khushi and Roshni's mother.
** Sonakshi Save as Child Muskaan Bose
* [[Sharad Malhotra]] as Raunak Singh – Gayatri and Teerath's son; Dolly and Lovely's brother; Nisha's ex-husband; Muskaan's husband; Khushi and Roshni's father.

===Recurring===
* Avyana Chhorwani as Khushi Singh – Muskaan and Raunak's elder daughter; Nisha's foster daughter; Roshni's twin sister.
* Maahi Soni as Roshni Singh – Muskaan and Raunak's younger daughter; Khushi's twin sister.
* Arina Dey as Aarti Farazi Bose – Former bar-dancer; Subodh's wife; Suzanne's sister; Musakaan's mother; Khushi and Roshni's grandmother. (Dead)
* [[Sudesh Berry]] as Teerath Singh aka Sirji – A brothel owner; Gayatri's husband; Dolly, Lovely and Raunak's father; Khushi and Roshni's grandfather.
* [[Moonmoon Banerjee]] as Gayatri Singh – Teerath's wife; Dolly, Lovely and Raunak's mother; Khushi and Roshni's grandmother.
* Devanshee Vyas as Damini "Dolly" Singh – Gayatri and Teerath's elder daughter; Lovely and Raunak's sister.
* Vandana Singh as Lovely Singh – Gayatri and Teerath's younger daughter; Dolly and Raunak's sister. (Dead)
* Kirtida Mistry as Nisha Singh – Raunak's ex-wife; Khushi's foster mother.
* Shital Antani as Sheetal Singh Bhatia – Bunty's mother; Raunak's aunt
* Tarun Khurana as Hanumant Yadav – Raunak's close friend
* Puneesh Sharma as Balbir "Bunty" Bhatia – Dolly, Lovely and Raunak's cousin
* Anamika Tiwari as Tabassum – Brothel owner
* [[Lavina Tandon]] as Suzzane Farazi – Aarti's sister; Musakaan's aunt
* [[Karam Rajpal]] as Sujoy Das – Rakhi's son; Sapna's brother; Musakaan's lover
* [[Jyotsna Chandola]] as Sapna Das – Rakhi's daughter; Sujoy's sister
* [[Richa Soni]] as Rakhi Das – Sujoy and Sapna's mother
* Aaditya Bajpayee as Rahul Patel – Raunak's colleague
* [[Tanu Khan]] as Kajal Bisht – Balraj and Pramila's daughter; Raunak's lover
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Balraj Bisht – Pramila's husband; Kajal's father
* Preeti Puri as Pramila Bisht – Balraj's wife; Kajal's mother
* [[Sangeeta Panwar]] as Kamlesh – Hukum and Malik's mother
* Shaurya Vardhan Sharma as Inspector Manohar Basu
* [[Aashish Kaul]] as Dinesh Sinha – A V.I.P. Guest
* Amit Kher as Mahesh Chaddha – Bar Head
* Sanarika as Kriti – bar dancer
* Himanshi Jain / Preetika Chauhan as Jaya
* Shivam Singh Raghuvanshi as Mr.Raichand (Jaya's groom-to-be)
* Monisha Doley as Lomi
* Aishana Singh as Deepa
* Avinash Singh Chouhan as Bouncer
* Mahi Khan as Neha
* [[Deepraj Rana]] as Malik

==References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|id=8633432}}

{{Star Bharat Programmes}}

[[Category:Star Bharat original programming]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian prostitution TV series]]
[[Category:Works about prostitution in India]]

Krishnarao Phulambrikar

2025-12-08T06:53:15Z

Onlinemcadegree: New Initial Bio W/ Infobox...

{{Short description|Indian musician (1898–1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Master Krishnarao Phulambrikar
| image = Master Krishnarao Phulambrikar.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 20 January 1898
| birth_place = [[Alandi|Devachi Alandi]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|1974|10|20}}
| death_place = [[Pune]]
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername = Master Krishnarao, Master Krishna
| occupation = [[Classical musician]] [[Vocalist]], Film and Drama artist
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Hindustani music]] Marathi Sangeet Natak Marathi and Hindi film music
| spouse = Radhabai Phulambrikar
| domesticpartner =
| children = Three
| parents = Ganesh Phulambrikar Mathurabai Phulambrikar
| website = www.masterkrishnarao.com
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] Vishnudas Bhave Gold Medal Balgandharva Gold Medal Sangeetkalanidhi
}}
'''Krishnaji Ganesh Phulambrikar''' (1898–1974), popularly known as '''Master Krishnarao''', was a musical genius - an Indian vocalist, classical musician and composer of [[Hindustani music]].<ref name="Krishnarao Phulambrikar">{{cite web |url=http://www.parrikar.org/vpl/?page_id=672 |title=Krishnarao Phulambrikar |publisher=Vijaya Parrikar Library |date=2016 |access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref> He was credited with the creation of three Hindustani [[ragas]] and several [[bandish]]es. Phulambrikar, a recipient of the [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]],<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship">{{cite web |url=http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Fellows.html |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |date=2016 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727131515/http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Fellows.html |archive-date=27 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> was also the music composer of several movies, including [[Dharmatma (1935 film)|Dharmatma]], a 1935 Hindi film starring [[Bal Gandharva]], a renowned [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] singer<ref name="Dharmatma on IMDb">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0267425/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |title=Dharmatma on IMDb |publisher=IMDb |date=2016 |access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref> and [[Padosi (film)|Padosi]], a 1941 directorial venture of [[V. Shantaram]].<ref name="Padosi on IMDb">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0331308/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |title=Padosi on IMDb |publisher=IMDb |date=2016 |access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1971, for his contributions to music.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Krishnarao Phulambrikar was born in 1898 at [[Alandi|Devachi Alandi]], a town in the periphery of [[Pune]], in the western Indian state of [[Maharashtra]] to the [[Deshastha Brahmin]] couple Ganesh Phulambrikar (who was Vedmurti) and Mathura bai.<ref name="Krishnarao Phulambrikar 'Krishnadas'">{{cite web |url=https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=108 |title=Krishnarao Phulambrikar 'Krishnadas' |publisher=Swar Ganga Music Foundation |date=2016 |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-date=1 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901110353/https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=108 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also ventured into [[Marathi theatre]] as a child artist by performing as an actor-singer in ''Sant Sakhu'', a musical drama produced by ''Natyakalapravartak Mandali''. He also acted in other musical dramas produced by this drama company. And at this drama company, he first got a chance to learn Indian classical music from Sawai Gandharva who used to act in the musical dramas of this company. Later, he approached the renowned singer, [[Bhaskarbuwa Bakhale]] in 1911 who trained the young boy in [[Gwalior gharana|Gwalior]], [[Agra gharana|Agra]] and [[Jaipur Gharana Lineage|Jaipur]] [[gharanas]] of [[Hindustani music]] and their guru-shishya relationship lasted till Bakhale's death in 1922.<ref name="Deodhar1993">{{cite book |author=B. R. Deodhar |title=Pillars of Hindustani music |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAkUAQAAIAAJ |date=1 October 1993 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-555-1}}</ref> The tutelage under Bakhale also gave him opportunity to meet and get associated with [[Bal Gandharva]], who would later go on to become a noted [[Marathi cinema|Marathi singer]].<ref name="1898 – 1974 Master Krishnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar">{{cite web |url=https://fb1site.wordpress.com/2015/11/23/1898-1974-master-krishnaji-prabhakar-khadilkar/ |title=1898 – 1974 Master Krishnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar |publisher=FB1 |date=2016 |access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref> His first solo concert was when he was 13 years of age (he was awarded the title of ''Sangeet Kalanidhi'' in 1930 by Jagadguru Shankaracharya Dr.Kurtkoti), which preceded several concerts in India and abroad, including a trip to China as a Government of India delegate in 1953.<ref name="Krishnarao Phulambrikar 'Krishnadas'" />

Phulambrikar served as the director of ''Pune Bharat Gayan Samaj'', a music academy founded by his mentor [[Bhaskarbuwa Bakhale]] in Pune.<ref name="The Pillars & Mentors">{{cite web |url=http://www.punebharatgayansamaj.org/history.html |title=The Pillars & Mentors |publisher=Pune Bharat Gayan Samaj |date=2016 |access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref> Besides his career as a classical vocalist and as a film music composer, he scored music for several plays which included ''Menaka'', ''Savitri'', Asha-Nirasha, ''Amritasidhhi'', ''Kanhopatra'', ''Nand Kumar'' and ''Vidhi Likhit'' for ''Gandharva Sangeet Natak Mandali'', a drama company founded by [[Bal Gandharva]], during the period 1915–1933 and acted in a few of them. Later, he also composed music for a few plays such as ''Kulavadhu'', ''Ek Hota Mhatara'', ''Kone Eke Kali'' and ''Bhagyoday'' for Natyaniketan where the lead singer actress was [[Jyotsna Bhole]].<ref name="Krishnarao Phulambrikar 'Krishnadas'" /> On the academic front, he compiled the compositions taught to him by Bakhale as well as his own compositions and published them as a 7-volume book, ''Raag Samgraha''.<ref name="Books on Indian Classical Music">{{cite web |url=https://www.swarganga.org/books.php |title=Books on Indian Classical Music |publisher=Swar Ganga Music Foundation |date=2016 |access-date=16 July 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Master Krishnarao (1897- )">{{cite web |url=http://www.moutal.eu/audio-archives/vocal/h-m/289-master-krishnarao-1897-.html |title=Master Krishnarao (1897- ) |publisher=Moutal |date=2016 |access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref> Besides his notations are available in print under the titles, ''Rashtra Sangeet'', ''Shishu Sangeet'', ''Amar Sangeet'', ''Mohan Maal'', ''Natya Geet Notations'' and ''Chitra Geet Notations''. He also tutored several musicians, film and drama artists. [[Ram Marathe]], Yogini Joglekar, Saraswati Rane, Haribhau Deshpande, Anjanibai Kalgutkar, Madhusudan Kanetkar, Jaymala Shiledar, Dr.Pabalkar, Bapurao Ashtekar, Dattopant Bhope, Pitre buwa, Suhas Datar, Sudhakar Joshi, Ravindra Joshi, Mohan Karve, Rangnath Karkare, Shivram Gadgil, Balwant Dixit and his daughter, Veena Chitko are some of his notable disciples.<ref name="Krishnarao Phulambrikar 'Krishnadas'" />

== Hindustani music career ==
Phulambrikar was known to have had expertise in [[khayal]] and [[Thumri]] traditions of classical music rendition and was aligned to the [[Agra gharana]].<ref name="Krishnarao Phulambrikar 'Krishnadas'" /> He created several [[ragas]] by merging the nuances of different ragas; thus he created ''Tilak Kedar'' based on Tilak Kamod and Kedar ragas, Mangal Todi on [[Todi (raga)|Todi]] and Madhyam, Shiva Kalyan on [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyan]] and [[Shivaranjani]], Bilvabibhas on [[Bilaval]] and [[Bibhas]] and Jaunkali based on [[Jaunpuri (raga)|Jaunpuri]] and [[Ramkali]] ragas. He was reported to have initiated the practice of creating new Natyapadas<ref name="Agra gharana & areas of Impact">{{cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/56174/12/12_chapter%205.pdf |title=Agra gharana & areas of Impact |publisher=Shodh Ganga |date=2016 |access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref> and composed many [[bandish]]es such as ''Ratiya Mein Jagi'' ([[Kanada (raga group)|Rag Nayaki Kanada]]), ''Lalan Tumabina Kaun'' ([[Kanada (raga group)|Rag Kaunsi Kanada]]), ''Rang Rang Mukhape'' ([[Adana (raga)|Rag Adana]]), ''Chahu Barasan Lagi'' ([[Bhopali|Rag Bhopali]]), ''Kahu Ki Reet'' ([[Malkaush|Rag Malkaush]]), ''Hori Khela! Bahar'' ([[Patdeep|Rag Patdeep]]), ''E Ma Badal Aye'' ([[Malhar|Rag Malhar]]), Mai Ri Aaj ([[Hindol|Rag Hindol Bahar]]), Mai Pritam Karo Dulhan Pe ([[Kalyani (raga)|Rag Shiv Kalyan]]).<ref name="The raags of the Ganesh pandals: The magic of Master Krishnarao">{{cite web |url=http://scroll.in/article/755954/the-raags-of-the-ganesh-pandals-the-magic-of-master-krishnarao |title=The raags of the Ganesh pandals: The magic of Master Krishnarao |publisher=Scroll.in |date=19 September 2015 |access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref> ''Tori Binati'', ''Shyamamohan Pyare'', ''Khelat Hai Giridhari'', ''Shyam Bajaye tore Gharame Muraliya'', all in [[Bhairavi (raga)|Rag Bhairavi]], were some of his notable thumris in Bhairavi, earning him the sobriquet, ''Bhairavi ke Badshah'' and the style he developed came to be known as ''Khayali Thumri'' or ''Madhyamgram Thumri''.<ref name="Regional Varieties of Thumri">{{cite web |url=http://www.nadsadhna.com/Pages/IndianMusic/Gharanas.asp?About=Baneras |title=Regional Varieties of Thumri |publisher=Nad Sadhna |date=2016 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-date=22 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322100208/http://nadsadhna.com/pages/indianmusic/Gharanas.asp?About=Baneras |url-status=dead }}</ref> He tuned the Indian national song, [[Vande Mataram]], in Raag [[Jhinjhoti]] and tried unsuccessfully to promote the song as the [[National Anthem of India|national anthem]].<ref name="Krishnarao Phulambrikar 'Krishnadas'" /><ref name="वंदे मातरम्"/> At the request of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Master Krishnarao composed music for Buddha Vandana and also sang it in his voice. Dr.Ambedkar arranged for its recording and that record was played during the mass conversion ceremony held at Nagpur on the 14th of October 1956.<ref name="वंदे मातरम्">{{cite news |last1=Bawiskar |first1=Vijay |title=वंदे मातरम् अन् बुद्ध वंदनेचे स्वरयात्री |url=https://www.lokmat.com/manthan/vande-mataram-and-swarayatri-of-buddha-vandana-a-a948-c301/ |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[Lokmat]] |date=16 April 2023 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

== Film career ==
Soon after he received the Sangeet Kalanidhi title from Dr. Kurtkoti, the Shankaracharya of Karvir Peeth, he was contracted by [[Prabhat Film Company]]<ref name="The Talkie Era ">{{cite web |url=https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/music_hist.html |title=The Talkie Era |publisher=Colostate |date=2016 |access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref> owned by [[V. Shantaram]] and other partners,<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book |author1=K. Moti Gokulsing |author2=Wimal Dissanayake |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA259 |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9 |pages=259–}}</ref> to compose music for its forthcoming film, [[Dharmatma (1935 film)|Dharmatma]], where he was re-united with his old associate, [[Bal Gandharva]], who played the role of [[Sant Eknath]], the protagonist of the movie.<ref name="Full Cast & Crew">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0267425/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |title=Full Cast & Crew |publisher=IMDb |date=2016 |access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref> The film which was released in 1935 had sixteen songs, many of them sung by Bal Gandharva. A year later, his next Hindi film was released under the name, [[Amar Jyoti]], again a Prabhat Film Company production.<ref name="Amar Jyoti (1936)">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0268915/?ref_=nm_flmg_com_7 |title=Amar Jyoti (1936) |publisher=IMDb |date=2016 |access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref> The film was reported to have been critically acclaimed and was the first Indian film to be screened at the [[Venice Film Festival]].<ref name="Rishi2012">{{cite book |author=Tilak Rishi |title=Bless You Bollywood!: A Tribute to Hindi Cinema on Completing 100 Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r623sWyGm0sC&pg=PA155 |year=2012 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1-4669-3963-9 |pages=155–}}</ref> ''Wahan'', another Prabhat production released in 1937, this time with a new director, K. Narayan Kale, was his next film,<ref name="Wahan (1937)">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0232919/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |title=Wahan (1937) |publisher=IMDb |date=2016 |access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref> followed by the musical [[Gopal Krishna (1938 film)|Gopal Krishna]] in 1938 directed by Damle and S Fattelal.<ref name="Gopal Krishna (1938)">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0158642/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |title=Gopal Krishna (1938) |publisher=IMDb |date=2016 |access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref> He composed music for 15 films which included [[Padosi (film)|Padosi]], another Shantaram film and the film featured a ten-minute song, ''Lakh lakh chanderi'', reportedly with complex choreography.<ref name="Ranade2006">{{cite book |author=Ashok Damodar Ranade |title=Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1wqkWsIjYC&pg=PA166 |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia |isbn=978-81-85002-64-4 |pages=166–}}</ref> He played the lead role of Sant Savata Mali in the movie ''Bhakticha Mala'' released by Rajkamal Kalamandir. He composed the music for this movie and also sang his own songs in this movie. Many aspiring composers of that period - [[Vasant Desai]], C.Ramchandra, [[Sudhir Phadke]], [[Purushottam Laxman Deshpande]], [[Snehal Bhatkar]], Dinkarrao Amembal (alias D Amel) and Gajananrao Watve got inspired by his school of musical thought.<ref name="Krishnarao Phulambrikar 'Krishnadas'" />

== Honors and later years ==
Master Krishnarao Phulambrikar received the Vishnudas Bhave Gold Medal of the Government of Maharashtra in 1969<ref name="Krishnarao Phulambrikar 'Krishnadas'" /> and the Government of India awarded him the civilian honor of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1971.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> He was the first recipient of the Balgandharv Gold Medal. The [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] honored him with the [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna Puraskar]] in 1972.<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship" /> In 1961, he suffered a facial paralysis which forced him to abandon his career as a singer in 1969.<ref name="Krishnarao Phulambrikar 'Krishnadas'" /> On his 60th birthday, a 9-day music conference was held in [[Pune]], and many notable musicians across India attended.<ref name="Krishnarao Phulambrikar 'Krishnadas'" /> He died on 20 October 1974, at the age of 76.<ref name="Ranade2006(2)">{{cite book |author=Ashok Damodar Ranade |title=Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1wqkWsIjYC&pg=PA163 |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia |isbn=978-81-85002-64-4 |pages=163–}}</ref> The story of his life has been documented in his biography, ''Bola Amrit Bola'' which was published posthumously in 1985.<ref name="Agra gharana & areas of Impact" /> Every two years an award in his memory is presented to a music critic or author of music book by Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad, Pune. As his family originated from Phulambri in Marathwada, a drama theatre has been named "Master Krishnarao Phulambrikar Natyagruha" in Jalna, Marathwada in his honour. Every year, Pune Bharat Gayan Samaj celebrates his birth and death anniversaries. His daughter, Veena Chitko, who died in September 2015, was a notable light classical musician.<ref name="Musical Nite in memory of late Usha Ghosh">{{cite web |url=http://www.afternoondc.in/culture/musical-nite-in-memory-of-late-usha-ghosh/article_149309 |title=Musical Nite in memory of late Usha Ghosh |publisher=Afternoon Despatch and Courier |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821155048/http://www.afternoondc.in/culture/musical-nite-in-memory-of-late-usha-ghosh/article_149309 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:100%"
! scope="col" style="width:13%" | Film
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:23%" | Director
! scope="col" style="width:17%" | Producer
! scope="col" style="width:42%" | Additional info
|-
|[[Dharmatma (1935 film)|Dharmatma]]||1935 ||[[V. Shantaram]] || [[Prabhat Film Company]] ||Originally titles Mahatma
|-
|[[Amar Jyoti]]||1936 ||[[V. Shantaram]] || [[Prabhat Film Company]] || [[Shanta Apte]], who sang 3 songs, also acted in the film
|-
|Wahan||1937 ||K. Narayan Kale || [[Prabhat Film Company]] || [[Shanta Apte]] acted and sang in the film
|-
|[[Gopal Krishna (1938 film)|Gopal Krishna]]||1938 ||[[Vishnupant Govind Damle]], Sheikh Fattelal || [[Prabhat Film Company]] || Remake of [[Gopal Krishna (1929 film)|1929 silent film]] of the same name
|-
|[[Manoos]]||1939 ||[[V. Shantaram]] || [[Prabhat Film Company]] || [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] assisted in music composing
|-
|[[Aadmi (1939 film)|Aadmi]] ||1939 ||[[V. Shantaram]] || [[Prabhat Film Company]] || Remake of [[Manoos]]
|-
|[[Padosi (film)|Padosi]] ||1941 ||[[V. Shantaram]] || [[Prabhat Film Company]]||Bilingual in Hindi and Marathi, in Marathi the name was ''Shejari''
|-
|Lakharani||1945 ||[[Vishram Bedekar]] || [[Prabhat Film Company]] || [[Durga Khote]] starrer
|-
|[[Vasantsena (1942 film)|Vasantasena]]||1942 ||[[Gajanan Jagirdar]] || [[Prabhat Film Company]] || Film won the [[National Film Awards|National award]] for second best Marathi film<ref name="9thaward">{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx |title=9th National Film Awards |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]] |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=2 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Bhakticha Mala ||1944 ||[[Keshavrao Date]] || [[Prabhat Film Company]] ||Bilingual (Mali in Marathi), Krishnarao played the lead role
|-
|Meri Amanat||1947 ||[[Prabhakar Gupte]] and Shreekant Sutar ||Vikas Picture || Krishnarao acted and sang in the film, music composed by Shridhar Parsekar<ref name="Indian films and posters from 1930">{{cite web |url=https://bombaymann2.blogspot.ae/2014/02/film-meri-amaanat1947.html |title=Indian films and posters from 1930 |publisher=Bombay Mann |date=2016 |access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
|Sant Ramdas||1949 ||Raja Nene || ||Devotional film
|-
|[[Pooja (1954 film)|Pooja]]||1954||[[Bhagwan Das Varma]]||[[Varma Films]] || [[Mohammed Rafi]] accompanied Krishnarao in the song Rumjhum Ke Bajao Bansari Murali
|-
|Keechak Vadh||1959 ||Tara Harish and Yashwant Pethkar ||Manik Studios ||[[Lata Mangeshkar]] sang a duet with [[Mohammed Rafi]] and three solos in the film<ref name="Keechak Vadh">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/keechak_vadh.htm |title=Keechak Vadh |publisher=Hindi Geet Mala |date=2016 |access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
|Vithu Majha Lekurwala||1962 ||Datta Dharmadhikari ||Manik Studios ||[[Asha Bhonsle]] sang a song in the film<ref name="Marathi Songs's Lyrics">{{cite web |url=http://geetmanjusha.com/lyrics/12496-vithu-maza-lekurwala-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE |title=Marathi Songs's Lyrics |publisher=Geet Manjusha |date=2016 |access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
|Tai Telin||1967 || ||Aryan Film Company ||A biopic about [[Tai Telin]]
|}

== See also ==
{{portal|India|Music|Film}}
* [[Bal Gandharva]]
* [[Bhaskarbuwa Bakhale]]
* [[List of Marathi people]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/np-krishnarao%20phulambrikar,%20master$1891%201974/ |title=Krishnarao Phulambrikar, Master |publisher=WorldCat |date=2016 |access-date=16 July 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ulhaskashalkar.com/#!gurus/zar5q |title=Nagesh Dattatreya Kashalkar |publisher=Ulhas Kashalkar |date=2016 |access-date=16 July 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0471495/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cr2 |title=Master Krishnarao |publisher=Internet Movie Database |work=Profile |date=2016 |access-date=16 July 2016}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phulambrikar, Krishnarao}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pune district]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian classical composers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language singers]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Hindustani composers]]
[[Category:Singers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]

Bad Cop (TV series)

2025-12-02T07:30:45Z

Onlinemcadegree: started new pg.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bad Cop poster.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| genre = {{ubl|[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Crime drama]]}}
| creator =
| based_on = [[Bad Cop - kriminell gut]]
| inspired_by =
| writer = {{ubl|[[Rensil D'Silva]]|[[Rehan Khan]]}}
| director = [[Aditya Datt]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Anurag Kashyap]] [[Gulshan Devaiah]] [[Saurabh Sachdeva]]
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| runtime = 24–35 minutes
| executive_producer = Aradhana Bhola
| producer = Leena Tandon
| cinematography = Anik Ram Verma
| editor = Jitendra Dongare
| company = [[Fremantle (company)|Fremantle Media]]
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|6|21}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Bad Cop''''' is [[Hindi]]-language [[Crime fiction|crime]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series written by [[Rensil D'Silva]] and [[Rehan Khan]] and directed by [[Aditya Datt]]. It stars [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Gulshan Devaiah]], [[Harleen Sethi]], [[Saurabh Sachdeva]], Anupam K. Sinha, Subham Sharma, Shatrughan Kumar, and Aishwarya Sushmita.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bad Cop Web Series (2024) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/bad-cop-web-series-126274 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |access-date=21 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |title='Bad Cop' teaser: Anurag Kashyap, Gulshan Devaiah lock horns in upcoming crime show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/bad-cop-teaser-anurag-kashyap-gulshan-devaiah-lock-horns-in-upcoming-disney-plus-hotstar-crime-show-2546325-2024-05-31 |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=31 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

The series was adapted from German television series ''[[Bad Cop - kriminell gut]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Anurag Kashyap, Gulshan Devaiah to Headline Disney+ Hotstar's 'Bad Cop,' Fremantle India's First Fiction Series (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/asia/anurag-kashyap-disney-hotstar-fremantle-bad-cop-1236019690/ |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=31 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Raj Singh |first=Kashvi |title=Anurag Kashyap Says OTT's 'Golden Time' Is Over: 'It's Turning Into TV, Dictated By Algorithm' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/anurag-kashyap-says-otts-golden-time-is-over-its-turning-into-tv-dictated-by-algorithm-8929665.html |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=11 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |title=Disney Plus Hotstar drops Bad Cop Trailer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/bad-cop-trailer-raises-all-expectations-on-the-web-series-898278 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=10 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Gulshan Devaiah]] in [[dual role]]s as:
** [[Police Inspector|Inspector]] Karan Naik, Arjun's twin brother
*** Amol Khatnani as Young Karan
** Arjun Chavan, a thief and Karan's twin brother
*** Alok Khatnani as Young Arjun
* [[Harleen Sethi]] as [[Station house officer|SHO]] Devika Naik, Karan's wife
* [[Aishwarya Sushmita]] as Kirki, Arjun's partner and love interest
* Keya Ingle as Rhea Naik
* [[Anurag Kashyap]] as Kazbe
* [[Saurabh Sachdeva]] as DCP Aarif Khan, Anand Mishra's friend
* [[Deepraj Rana]] as Journalist Anand Mishra, Aarif's friend
* Krunal Pandit as Rawal, Kazbe's Lawyer
* Sandeep Shridhar Dhabale as Inspector Raahil, Karan's partner
* Deepak Kamboj as Raghav, Kazbe's nephew
* Shubham Sharma as Mandaar
* Palle Singh as Bala
* Yogi Rajora as Gurdas

== Release ==
The series was released on 21 June 2024 on [[Over-the-top media service|OTT platform]] [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Bad Cop', starring Gulshan Devaiah and Anurag Kashyap, locks premiere date on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bad-cop-starring-gulshan-devaiah-and-anurag-kashyap-locks-premiere-date-on-disney-hotstar/article68262638.ece |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=7 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |title=OTT releases this week: Bigg Boss OTT, Bad Cop, The Bear, Kota Factory and more |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ott-releases-this-week-bigg-boss-ott-bad-cop-the-bear-kota-factory-and-more-101718890291187.html |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 June 2024}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 2 stars for the series and wrote "It has no paucity of thrills and chases. But owing to the mechanical, formulaic manner of the mounting, the technical finesse that is on show is of a strictly superficial variety."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Bad Cop Review: An Overly Hurried, Steadfastly Middling Thriller |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bad-cop-review-an-overly-hurried-steadfastly-middling-thriller-2-stars-5936186 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=21 June 2024}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated "Snappy dialogues and action sequences abound, and like I said, each episode wraps quickly."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Bad Cop review: Gulshan Devaiah-Anurag Kashyap series is fully 'filmi' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bad-cop-review-gulshan-devaiah-anurag-kashyap-series-is-fully-filmi-9404595/ |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 June 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] for ''[[Rediff.com]]'' felt the series is "not unwatchable" and opined "Even [[Hussain Dalal]]'s pungent dialogue, with profanity considerably toned down, does not help lift this humourless show."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |title=Bad Cop Review: Déjà Vu |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/bad-cop-review/20240621.htm |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=21 June 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Shilajit Mitra for ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined "The performances, likewise, feel second-guessed."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |title='Bad Cop' series review: Gulshan Devaiah, Anurag Kashyap rub along in generic thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bad-cop-series-review-gulshan-devaiah-anurag-kashyap-rub-along-in-generic-thriller/article68308767.ece |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Reviewing for ''[[India Today]]'', Zinia Bandyopadhyay gave 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "The series stops at being a masala potboiler that does not intrigue you. The screenplay is feeble, and the sequences are too formulaic for it to turn up as a decent thriller."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Zinia |title='Bad Cop' Review: Gulshan Devaiah-starrer doesn't rise beyond stereotypical, filmy thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/bad-cop-review-gulshan-devaiah-anurag-kashyap-sourabh-sachdeva-disney-hotstar-2556630-2024-06-22 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=22 June 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> Troy Ribeiro of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' gave some positive review on the series, stating "Yes, the writing is weak, but the dialogues written by Hussain Dalal are worth mentioning. They are dramatically classic and shine in the narrative."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ribeiro |first=Troy |title=Bad Cop Review: Gulshan Devaiah, Anurag Kashyap's Show Shines With Ace Production Values & High-Octane Action |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review/bad-cop-review-gulshan-devaiah-anurag-kashyaps-show-shines-with-ace-production-values-high-octane-action |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=19 June 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Sushmita Dey of ''[[Times Now]]'' wrote "It may provide fleeting entertainment".<ref>{{cite news |last=Dey |first=Sushmita |title=Bad Cop Review: Gulshan Devaiah, Anurag Kashyap Shine In This Overcooked Cat-And-Mouse Chase Drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/bad-cop-review-gulshan-devaiah-anurag-kashyap-shine-in-this-overcooked-cat-and-mouse-chase-drama-review-111142472 |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=20 June 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Suparna Sharma of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' wrote " Datt, with the help of talented actors, smart cinematography and editing, is able to create interesting characters and infuse some tension in the plot."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Suparna |title='Bad Cop' review: Excellent acting and cool stunts, but let down by a bad script |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/06/20/bad-cop-has-excellent-acting-and-cool-stunts-but-is-let-down-by-a-bad-script.html |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=20 June 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|32458829}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/sg/tv/bad-cop/1271317409 Bad Cop] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]

National Campaign for People's Right to Information

2025-11-05T11:25:30Z

Onlinemcadegree: Made Some Post W/ Refs!

{{EngvarB|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''National Campaign for People's Right to Information''' ('''NCPRI''') was established in 1996 to advocate for a legal backing to citizens right to information. This resulted in the historic and pro-people law - the [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]. More recently, this movement has also campaigned for [[Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011|Grievance redressal bill]] and [[Whistleblower protection in India|Whistleblowers protection bill]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-10/india/37597519_1_grievance-redressal-bill-ncpri-redressal-mechanism | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130728091102/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-10/india/37597519_1_grievance-redressal-bill-ncpri-redressal-mechanism | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 July 2013 | title=Grievance redressal Bill could be the next RTI | date=10 March 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | accessdate=28 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ncpri-brainstorms-grievance-redress-whistleblower-protection/article2529918.ece | title=NCPRI brainstorms Grievance Redress, Whistleblower Protection | work=The Hindu | date=12 October 2011 | accessdate=28 July 2013| last1=Subrahmaniam | first1=Vidya }}</ref> It is a network of organisations and individuals who use the Right to Information law to demand transparency and accountability of government, but also support the use of the RTI in various other sectors to demand accountability.

==History==
The campaign has its roots in the work and experiences of the [[Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan]]. It was established in 1996 at a gathering of more than a hundred activist organisations. Later that year, it drafted the first version of a [[Right to Information]] Law in India, along with the [[Press Council of India]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Baviskar|first=Amita|title=Winning the right to information in India: Is knowledge power?|date=2010|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|editor=John Gaventa and Rosemary McGee}}</ref> The city of Beawar now has an official plaque that pays tribute to the Chang Gate protest which has a pivotal moment in the fight for the RTI.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RTI Diary |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/rti-diary/300016|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Outlook India Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-27|title=Memorial on RTI struggle unveiled in Beawar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/memorial-on-rti-struggle-unveiled-in-beawar/story-UnApyHJPtqYXOmZCF8eJzK.html|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Mohammed|date=2016-05-28|title=RTI gets a memorial in Rajasthan|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rti-gets-a-memorial-in-rajasthan/article8657410.ece|access-date=2020-12-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=chatterjee|first=radhika|title=Lifting the Veil of State Secrecy, One Application at a Time|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/19586/Lifting-the-Veil-of-State-Secrecy-One-Application-at-a-Time|access-date=2020-12-08|website=The Citizen|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Anti-Corruption Bills ==
The National Campaign for People's Right to Information demanded the Whistleblowers Protection Bill, 2011, be amended, including by a clearer definition of victimization, protection for persons other than the whistleblowers who provide relevant information, penalty for mala fide revelation of the identity of whistleblowers, a time limit for complaints and provision for filing anonymous complaints.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/1nZz2SIzkgWIR2DPeW0FhL/Approve-Whistleblowers-Protection-Bill-in-the-budget-session.html|title=Approve Whistleblowers Protection Bill in the budget session: NCPRI|date=19 April 2013|website=mint}}</ref>

The campaign has steadily fought for the passage of the Whistleblower Protection bill since September 2010. As a part of public action for the passage of the bill, families of whistleblowers gathered in Delhi to demand the immediate passage of the bill.<ref>{{cite news|last=IANS|title=NCPRI for early passage of whistleblowers protection bill|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ncpri-for-early-passage-of-whistleblowers-protection-bill-113120201694_1.html|accessdate=1 March 2014|newspaper=Times of India|date=2 December 2013}}</ref> The [[Whistleblower protection in India|Whistleblower Protection bill]] was passed on 21 February 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last=PTI|title=Whistleblowers' Protection Bill passed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/whistleblowers-protection-bill-passed/article5717263.ece|accessdate=1 March 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 February 2014}}</ref>

The other Bill that the NCPRI advocated for was a [[Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011|Grievance Redressal Bill]].

== Affiliate Organisations & Resources ==
There are several organizations and individuals that are part of the NCPRI eco-system.

# Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative ([[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative|CHRI]])
# Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan ([[Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan|MKSS]])
# [https://www.swadeshijagranmanch.com/ Swadeshi Jagran Manch]
# [https://snsindia.org/ Satark Nagrik Sangathan] (SNS India)

== Important RTI's ==

# On [[Electoral Bond]]s: - [https://www.deccanherald.com/national/electoral-bonds-worth-rs-6492-crore-sold-since-march-2018-sbi-received-rs-347-crore-in-commission-922074.html SBI received Rs. 3.47 crore as commission, Dec 2020] - [https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/electoral-bonds-scourge-of-democracy-918468.html Rs. 1000 Electoral Bond unclaimed] - [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/poll-bonds-worth-6000-cr-sold-in-2-years-rti-query/article30537471.ece Quantity of Bonds sold since 2018] - [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/2-3-donations-for-top-parties-from-electoral-bonds-data-6215186/ 2/3 donations to parties via bonds] - [https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/first-edit/more-party-funding-ever-more-opaque-796908.html More Party Funding, Ever More Opaque]

== Important Television Debates, Articles, Interviews, Books & Lectures ==

#15 Years of RTI, Nikhil Dey in Frontline Magazine, December 2020<ref>{{Cite web|last=Katakam|first=Anupama|title=Nikhil Dey: 'RTI helped change the culture of governance'|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/interview-nikhil-dey-rti-helped-change-the-culture-of-governance/article33229947.ece|access-date=2020-12-16|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref>
#[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kaBhFCgyWsA&feature=youtu.be Pustak Lokarpan Lecture] by [[Aruna Roy]], November 2020
# Bhaskar Prabhu on [https://mumbai.citizenmatters.in/care-about-mumbai-heres-what-you-can-do-to-make-it-better-21836 Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]
# [https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/six-years-on-lokpal-is-a-non-starter/article30794590.ece Six Years On, Lokpal is a Non-Starter, The Hindu]<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Johri|first1=Amrita|last2=Bhardwaj|first2=Anjali|date=2020-02-12|title=Six years on, Lokpal is a non-starter|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/six-years-on-lokpal-is-a-non-starter/article30794590.ece|access-date=2020-12-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
# Moneylife Foundation Annual RTI Lectures: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spkBUfwW1Zc&list=PLsCRxS5KEZIC35kNJkxBfgN8f4sB5J6iV "Is Good Governance the Right of a Citizen in Democracy?"], Sept 2019
# 5 November 2001, [[Noam Chomsky]] on '[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zk3W3bEFw5U Militarism, Democracy and People's Right to Information]' at the Delhi School of Economics
#Capturing Institutional Change: The Case of the Right to Information Act in India, 2021, by Himanshu Jha <ref>{{Cite web|title=Capturing Institutional Change: The Case of the Right to Information Act in India - Oxford Scholarship|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780190124786.001.0001/oso-9780190124786|access-date=2020-12-20|website=oxford.universitypressscholarship.com|year=2021|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190124786.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-012478-6|last1=Jha|first1=Himanshu|editor1-first=Rahul|editor1-last=Mukherjee|editor2-first=Subrata K|editor2-last=Mitra|editor3-first=Raghbendra|editor3-last=Jha}}</ref>

== NCPRI Conventions, Public Meetings, Activities & Hearings ==
# Jan Manch on Electoral Bonds, RTI Amendments & Whistleblower Protection Bill, December 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre's Access to Information on Electoral Bonds' Donors Is Unfair: Opposition|url=https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-electoral-bonds-donor|access-date=2020-12-09|website=The Wire}}</ref>

==Campaigns of NCPRI==
* Right to Information
* Right to Reject
* Right to be left alone
* Digital Free Speech initiative
* India Against Corruption
* Electoral Reforms<ref>[https://www.ncpri.in/ Campaigns of NCPRI from Official website of NCPRI accessed 23.12.2023]</ref>

==Recent activities==
The National Campaign for People's Right to Information met the Prime Minister on 19 August 2013 to submit a petition seeking deferring amendments related to the exclusion of the political parties from the ambit of the Right to Information Act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/activists-meet-pm-to-protest-against-rti-amendments/articleshow/21919587.cms|title=Activists meet PM to protest against RTI amendments|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Dhananjay Dubey, brother of murdered whistleblower [[Satyendra Dubey]], and the National Campaign for People's Right to Information started a petition signed by over 10,000 people demanding the immediate passage of the Whistleblower Protection and Grievance Redress bills.<ref>{{cite web|title=Petition for passage of Whistleblower Protection bill|url=https://www.change.org/en-IN/petitions/leaders-of-political-parties-pass-the-whistle-blowers-protection-bill-and-the-citizens-grievance-redressal-bill-in-the-february-2014-session-of-parliament|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref>

The NCPRI supports and endorses efforts towards accountability and transparency in various domains.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==External links==
1. [https://www.ncpri.in/ Official website of NCPRI]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Political advocacy groups in India]]

Anwesh Sahoo

2025-11-02T01:58:20Z

Onlinemcadegree: started new article

{{Short description|Indian artist, blogger}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=May 2019}}
{{fan POV|date=May 2019}}
{{unreliable sources|date=May 2019}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anwesh Sahoo
| image = Anwesh Sahoo 02.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|7|4}}
| birth_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=ODIA BOY TO REPRESENT INDIA AT GAY WORLD|url=http://incredibleorissa.com/anwesh-sahoo-odisha-india-gay-world/|work=inredibleodisha.com|date=29 January 2016 |access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[IIIT Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mr. Gay World 2016 Finalist Was Asked Questions About His Sexuality, His Answers Will Make You His Fan For Life|url=http://www.filtercopy.com/posts/mr-gay-world-2016-finalist-was-asked-questions-about-his-sexuality-his-answers-will-make-you-his-fan-for-life|work=filtercopy.com|access-date=12 May 2016|archive-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522160740/http://www.filtercopy.com/posts/mr-gay-world-2016-finalist-was-asked-questions-about-his-sexuality-his-answers-will-make-you-his-fan-for-life|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[NIFT]]
[[University College Cork]]
| occupation = {{flat list|
*Artist
*Writer
*Model
*TEDxSpeaker<ref>{{cite web|title=TEDxXIMB|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/21458|work=ted.com|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref>
*Blogger
}}
| years_active = 2016–present
| height = {{height|m=1.73}}
| other names =
}}

'''Anwesh Kumar Sahoo''' (born<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/anweshs1|title=Security Check Required|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2017-05-05}}</ref> 4 July 1995) is an Indian artist, blogger,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pink-pages.co.in/news-digest/anwesh-sahoo-selected-mr-gay-india-2016/|title=Anwesh Sahoo selected Mr. Gay India 2016 – Pink Pages|date=30 January 2016|work=Pink Pages|access-date=2017-05-06|language=en-US|archive-date=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806142256/https://pink-pages.co.in/news-digest/anwesh-sahoo-selected-mr-gay-india-2016/|url-status=dead}}</ref> writer, model, actor and a [[TED (conference)|TEDx]] speaker. He was crowned [[Mr Gay India|Mr. Gay World India]] 2016, becoming the youngest winner of the crown at the age of 20.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/odisha-boy-anwesh-sahoo-to-represent-india-at-mr-gay-world/16903180|title=Odisha boy Anwesh Sahoo to represent India at Mr Gay World|work=mid-day|access-date=2017-05-06|language=en}}</ref> He represented India at the [[Mr Gay World|Mr. Gay World]] 2016 pageant held in [[Malta]], Europe and made it to the Top 12. He is a recipient of the [[Troy Perry]] Award for compassionate activism, making him the first Indian to be honored with the award.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://fiftyshadesofgay.co.in/anwesh-sahoo-honoured-with-the-troy-perry-award/|title=Anwesh Sahoo Honoured With The Troy Perry Award - FIFTY SHADES OF GAY|date=2018-10-09|work=FIFTY SHADES OF GAY|access-date=2018-10-09|language=en-GB|archive-date=10 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010011810/http://fiftyshadesofgay.co.in/anwesh-sahoo-honoured-with-the-troy-perry-award/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He's a graduate in Electronics and Communication Engineering<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iiitd.ac.in/convocation17/graduating.html|title=Graduating Students List {{!}} IIIT-Delhi 6th Convocation|website=www.iiitd.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref> from [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi|IIIT Delhi]], and holds a double master's degree, first earning a Master of Design from [[National Institute of Fashion Technology|NIFT]], New Delhi in 2020, followed by a [[Master of Science]] from [[University College Cork]], [[Ireland]] in 2024.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://fiftyshadesofgay.co.in/and-thats-how-you-grow-anwesh-sahoo/|title="And That's How You Grow" : Anwesh Sahoo - FIFTY SHADES OF GAY|date=2018-06-26|work=FIFTY SHADES OF GAY|access-date=2018-08-29|language=en-GB|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829212300/http://fiftyshadesofgay.co.in/and-thats-how-you-grow-anwesh-sahoo/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pahaldesign.com/pahal-toppers-result-2018/|title=Pahal Toppers Result 2018 - Pahal Design|work=Pahal Design|access-date=2018-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DIGvob9vii-/?img_index=1 |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> Anwesh went on to work for [[Aristocrat Gaming]], an Australian MNC, as a [[Technical artist|Technical Artist]].<ref>https://www.linkedin.com/in/theeffeminare/</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Anwesh was born in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]] on 4 July 1995 to Jagannath Sahoo, an Engineer with [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]], and Kanak Sahoo, a homemaker. Anwesh grew up in a small township of [[Kaniha]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://updateodisha.com/2016/01/28/odishas-anwesh-won-mr-gay-world-india-to-represent-gay-world-4096/|title=Odisha's Anwesh won Mr. Gay World India, to represent Gay World|date=28 January 2016|website=Update Odisha|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> in Odisha. At age 13, he and his parents moved to [[Noida|Noida, Uttar Pradesh]]. He completed his schooling at Vishwa Bharati Public School in Noida, and has mentioned of multiple instances of bullying<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/cover-story/200316/bullied-but-didn-t-bow.html|title=Bullied but didn't bow|date=20 March 2016|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2017-05-06|language=en}}</ref> throughout his school life in his interviews and blog posts.

In an interview<ref>{{Citation|last=Gaylaxy|title=Coming Out Story of Mr. Gay World India Anwesh Sahoo|date=18 October 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThpxauzFdZ0&t=195s|access-date=2017-05-05}}</ref> with [[Gaylaxy]] Magazine, he said how he had a very good childhood until he started middle school and the bullying intensified. He said his only escape was his books and the dream of acing his 12th boards. He went on to score 95%<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/2016/05/30/meet-anwesh-sahoo-the-one-and-only-indian-at-mr-gay-world-2016|title=Meet Anwesh Sahoo, The IIIT-ian Who Rocked The Mr Gay World Show|work=The Quint|access-date=2017-05-06|language=en}}</ref> in his [[Higher Secondary Examination|Higher Secondary Exams]]. He also secured an All India Rank of 15 in the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]]'s exam in 2018, and is a student of M.Des at NIFT, New Delhi.<ref name=":2" />

He came out as gay to his sister at the age of 16, and by the age of 18 had started writing a blog 'The Effeminare', to combat homophobia in his own little way and create awareness related to [[Homosexuality in India|LGBTIQ issues in India]]. He went on to write an article called Under the Lucky Star<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pink-pages.co.in/general/front-page/lucky-star/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910045729/http://pink-pages.co.in/general/front-page/lucky-star/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2014|title=Under the Lucky Star – Pink Pages|date=15 June 2014|work=Pink Pages|access-date=2017-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref> for [[Pink Pages|Pink-Pages]], a National LGBT Magazine in India, where he came out to the readers and later on, also to his parents through the article. In his article he writes, "''There is an underlying sense of security that only the walls of the closet can ensure. But then follows the phase of suffocation. The walls that once protected us begin to make us feel restricted. And what follows is the "end of self denial". This is when it all gets better.''" He went on to write another article the following year for Pink-Pages called 'Growing Up Gay',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pink-pages.co.in/specials-2/growing-up-gay/growing-up-gay-not-regretting-my-past/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903180817/http://pink-pages.co.in/specials-2/growing-up-gay/growing-up-gay-not-regretting-my-past/|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 September 2015|title=Growing up Gay: Not regretting my past – Pink Pages|date=3 September 2015|work=Pink Pages|access-date=2017-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref> where he spoke of how contrary to the reactions of people, growing up gay in India isn't half as bad. He continued to write for online forums that same year.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== Career ==
[[File:Anwesh-pink-pages orig.jpg|thumb|Anwesh on the cover of Pink Pages in 2016, becoming the only writer/contributor to be later featured on the cover of the magazine.]]
Sahoo was a 3rd year engineering student<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/everyone-at-mr-gay-world-wanted-my-skin-mr-gay-world-india-anwesh-sahoo/17238161|title=Everyone at Mr Gay World wanted my skin: Mr Gay World-India, Anwesh Sahoo|work=mid-day|access-date=2017-05-06|language=en}}</ref> at IIIT Delhi, when he was crowned Mr. Gay World India, and at 20 was the youngest<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/people/new-normal-377|title=The new normal|date=12 May 2016|work=asianage.com/|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> contestant at the World pageant. His campaign Fitting Out gained widespread acclaim that year,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/anwesh-sahoo-is-changing-the-discourse-116070101314_1.html|title=Anwesh Sahoo is changing the discourse|last=Krishna|first=Geetanjali|date=2016-07-02|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-07-15}}</ref> garnering the highest<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/anwesh-sahoo-is-changing-the-discourse-116070101314_1.html|title=Anwesh Sahoo is changing the discourse|last=Krishna|first=Geetanjali|date=2 July 2016|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> marks at the World pageant. He was featured by [[Deutsche Welle]],<ref>{{Citation|last=(www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche Welle|title=Mr. Gay India in a land of contradictions {{!}} All media content {{!}} DW {{!}} 24.02.2016|url=http://www.dw.com/en/mr-gay-india-in-a-land-of-contradictions/av-19071058|language=en|access-date=2017-06-16}}</ref> Germany's public international broadcaster where he spoke about coming out in a nation where indulging in homosexual acts could land you in jail.

Post winning Mr. Gay World India, he became a part of the 50 Shades of Gay<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fiftyshadesofgay.co.in/how-a-small-town-boy-became-mr-gay-world-india/|title=How a small town boy became Mr Gay World India – FSOG|website=fiftyshadesofgay.co.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828020343/http://fiftyshadesofgay.co.in/how-a-small-town-boy-became-mr-gay-world-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref> campaign shot by Shubham Mehrotra and was featured on the [[Gay Star News]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/mr-gay-india-supreme-courts-refusal-hear-challenge/|title=Mr Gay India speaks up about Supreme Court's refusal to hear challenge banning gay sex|date=30 June 2016|work=Gay Star News|access-date=2017-05-06|language=en-GB}}</ref> that year. He became the first former contributor of [[Pink Pages]] to feature on the cover<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pink-pages.co.in/general/release/pp22/pink-pages-july-2016/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611215731/http://pink-pages.co.in/general/release/pp22/pink-pages-july-2016/|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2016|title=Pink Pages – July 2016 – Pink Pages|date=11 June 2016|work=Pink Pages|access-date=2017-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> of the magazine in its June 2016 issue. Anwesh later gained mainstream visibility due to a video he shot with [[Gaysi]] called ''Silly Questions Straight People Ask Gay Men'' that went viral over the Internet and was subsequently featured on numerous Indian and International websites including [[BuzzFeed]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/srishtidixit/mr-gay-india-2016-answers-all-the-questions|title=Mr. Gay India 2016 Answered All Kinds of Ridiculous Questions People Have About Gay Men|work=BuzzFeed|access-date=2017-05-06|language=en}}</ref> India, [[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] India, Vagabomb and Logo TV's NEWNOWNEXT.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newnownext.com/mr-gay-india-answers-insane-questions-from-straight-people/05/2016/|title=Mr. Gay India Answers Insane Questions From Straight People|work=LOGO News|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> Another video featuring him belly dancing to a popular Bollywood number 'My Name is Lakhan' went viral later that year in December, with popular websites and news outlets featuring him including [[The Indian Express|Indian Express]],{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}} Storypick,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.storypick.com/mr-gay-india-belly-dancing/|title=Mr Gay India's Belly Dance On 'My Name Is Lakhan' Will Make You Go Dhina-Dhin-Dha!|last=Srivastava|first=Rachna|date=27 December 2016|work=Storypick|access-date=2017-05-06|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Queerty]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.queerty.com/mr-gay-indias-bellydancing-skills-point-20161227|title=Mr. Gay India's bellydancing skills are on point|date=27 December 2016|access-date=2017-05-06|website=[[Queerty]]}}</ref> and Vagabomb.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vagabomb.com/Mr-Gay-India-Belly-Danced-to-My-Name-Is-Lakhan-Giving-Us-Our-Favourite-Dance-Mashup-of-2016/|title=Mr Gay India Belly Danced to My Name Is Lakhan, Giving Us Our Favourite Dance Mashup of 2016|last=VagaBomb|date=26 December 2016|work=VagaBomb|access-date=2017-05-06|language=En}}</ref>
[[File:4D4D0322-64E6-422E.jpg|left|thumb|Anwesh Sahoo received the Young Alumni Award at IIIT Delhi in 2022 for his remarkable contribution to representing and supporting the queer community through his work in Tech, Art, and Design.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi on LinkedIn: #iiitd #iiitdalumni #youngalumniawards |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/iiit-delhi_iiitd-iiitdalumni-youngalumniawards-activity-6976396684234747904-_cHS |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref>]]

He also works as a writer for Swaddle,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theswaddle.com/author/sahoo/|title=Anwesh Sahoo {{!}} Author at|last=Swaddle|first=The|website=The Swaddle|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> a parenting website where he writes on sexuality and gender related issues for parents. Some of his notable works on the site include, "What do you do if you think your child is Gay?",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theswaddle.com/i-think-my-child-is-gay/|title=What to Do if You Think Your Child Is Gay|last=Swaddle|first=The|date=20 April 2017|work=The Swaddle|access-date=2017-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> and "Gender and Sexuality Terms: A Sensitive Glossary for Parents<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theswaddle.com/queer-meaning-gender-sexuality-glossary-parents/|title=Sexuality Terms and Gender Terms: A Sensitive Glossary for Parents|last=Swaddle|first=The|date=May 4, 2016|work=The Swaddle|access-date=2017-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref>". Anwesh has also written of his experience of being bullied online post winning the crown of Mr. Gay India, where he was criticized for not being 'pretty enough' and being 'too dark' to represent India on his blog ''The Effeminare'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theeffeminare.wordpress.com/2016/11/24/ugly-enough-to-be-mr-gay-world-india/|title=Ugly Enough to be Mr. Gay World India|last=Effeminare|first=The|date=24 November 2016|website=THE EFFEMINARE|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> which was later published on Gaylaxy<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/blogs/ugly-enough-mr-gay-india-online-bullying-abuse-faced-gay-community/#gs.OcOSbG0|title=Ugly Enough to be Mr. Gay World India : The Online Bullying and Abuse That I Faced from the Gay Community After Being Crowned Mr. Gay India – Gaylaxy Magazine|website=www.gaylaxymag.com|date=19 December 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> Magazine and covered by Pinksixty News.<ref>{{Citation|last=OUTtv|title=Pinksixty News {{!}} Friday Dec 23|date=22 December 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6j1MzfrOA0|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> He also organized [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]]'s first pride<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/IIT-D-holds-DUs-first-pride-march/articleshow/54937739.cms|title=IIT-D holds DU's first pride march – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> walk in association with [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT Delhi]]'s Annual fest [[Rendezvous (festival)|Rendezvous]] to create awareness and promote acceptance for the LGBTIQ community. Anwesh has also been photographed<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/city-at-eye-level/|title=City at Eye Level|date=9 March 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> by British photographer [[Olivia Arthur]] for a photo-series exploring sexuality in [[Mumbai]], India which were later exhibited at the FOCUS Photography Festival, 2017 at Elysium Mansion, Colaba. Anwesh was named as one of the emerging LGBT Role Models<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianwomenblog.org/these-people-broke-barriers-emerged-as-the-lgbt-role-models-in-2016/|title=These People Broke Barriers & Emerged As The LGBT Role Models In 2016|last=Godhawat|first=Jayati|date=2016-12-23|work=Indian Women Blog - Stories of Indian Women|access-date=2018-02-27|language=en-US|archive-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041218/http://www.indianwomenblog.org/these-people-broke-barriers-emerged-as-the-lgbt-role-models-in-2016/|url-status=dead}}</ref> of 2016 by [[Indian Women Blog]], alongside transgender rights activist [[Laxmi Narayan Tripathi]], and Business Analyst [[Himanshu Singh]].
He was the ambassador for 'Dance4Pride<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/lgbtq-community-members-dance-to-dhol-beats-in-flashmob/articleshow/58108601.cms|title=LGBTQ community members dance to dhol beats in flashmob – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref>' event organized by Delhi-based organization ''Those in Need'' in association with [[Scruff (app)|Scruff]] in April 2017. He has featured in a social media campaign for Delhi-based brand ''Poem''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/370099313017910/videos/1952290271465465/|title=Ridhima Sekhri Photography|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> ''bags.'' Anwesh has been a contributor for [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]], India with his article called "''The Problem with Stereotypes<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/column-the-problem-with-stereotypes-2447485|title=The problem with stereotypes {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=May 23, 2017|work=dna|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en-US}}</ref>''" which was published on 23 May 2017. He shared his coming out story in the article writing, ''"The problem with stereotypes isn't that they're wrong, it's that they are incomplete."'' Sahoo made an appearance in [[National Geographic (U.S. TV channel)|National Geographic]] Channel's [[National Geographic Explorer|Explorer]] Season 10, Episode 12 (uncredited), that released on 22 May 2017. On October 6, 2018, Anwesh was awarded the [[Troy Perry]] Award for compassionate activism, in Los Angeles, California, making him the first Indian to be a recipient of this honor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/NationalInstituteofFashionTechnologyIndia/photos/pb.414904071970234.-2207520000.1539110293./1698901380237157/?type=3&theater|title=NIFT|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-09}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> He has been listed in Times India's list of 11 most inspiring LGBTIQA+ Indians<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here Are 11 People From India's LGBTQIA+ Community Who Have Inspired Us With Their Stories|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/here-are-11-people-from-india-s-lgbtqia-community-who-have-inspired-us-with-their-stories-369051.html|date=2019-06-12|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref> with the likes of [[Vikram Seth]] and Keshav Suri, and in 2020 was featured in Vogue India<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 queer Indian influencers you should be following on Instagram|url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/queer-indian-instagram-influencers-you-should-be-following-on-instagram|website=Vogue India|date=11 February 2020 |language=en-IN|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref> in the list of 5 queer Indian influencers you should be following on Instagram.

=== Acting Experience ===
[[File:Anwesh and Kaneez Surka for Bumble India.jpg|left|thumb|<nowiki>Anwesh Sahoo and Kaneez Surka on the second season of Bumble's Dating These Days | 2021</nowiki>]]
Anwesh began his acting career with an [[Television advertisement|ad film]] in 2017 with [https://www.facebook.com/kraftly/ Kraftly]<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Discover Yourself|url=https://www.facebook.com/kraftly/videos/discover-yourself/1664537873608227/ |access-date=10 July 2017 |publisher=Kraftly |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Kraftly {{!}} Discover Yourself|url=https://www.facebook.com/madovermarketing/videos/kraftly-discover-yourself/1539257529473509/ |date=14 July 2017|access-date=2023-08-14 |publisher=Mad over Marketing |language=en}}</ref> alongside [[Nargis Nandal]] (from [[Gulmohar (2023 film)|Gulamohar]] fame). He followed this with another ad film for Indian dessert chain 'Frozen Bottle'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Say Yes To Love! {{!}} Love is a feeling free of fear and doubts, and the time has come to embrace love no matter who we feel it for! So this Valentine's, say #YesToLove with... {{!}} By Frozen Bottle {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/FrozenBottle/videos/say-yes-to-love/304944710164010/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref> His major break came in 2021 with Dating These Days Season 2 for [[Bumble]] that released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] (and later on Bumble's YouTube channel<ref name=":4">{{Citation |title=Dating These Days with Kaneez Surka and Anwesh Sahoo {{!}} Let's Get Intimate |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylsX3x3KorY |access-date=2023-08-14 |language=en}}</ref>) where he featured alongside [[Kaneez Surka]], [[Gurbani Judge|Bani J]], [[Sayani Gupta]], [[Ayush Mehra]], and Yashaswini.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-24 |title=Bumble to launch Dating These Days S2, series on dating during pandemic |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bumble-launch-dating-these-days-s2-series-dating-during-pandemic-155699 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=The News |date=2021-10-06 |title=Kaneez Surka, Anwesh Sahoo feature on Bumble's 'Dating These Days' series |url=https://mediabrief.com/kaneez-surka-anwesh-sahoo-feature-on-bumbles-dating-these-days-series/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 23, 2021 |title=Bumble to launch second edition of content series Dating These Days on September 28 |url=http://www.buzzincontent.com/story/bumble-to-launch-second-edition-of-content-series-dating-these-days-on-september-28/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=www.buzzincontent.com}}</ref> In 2022 Anwesh grabbed another major ad campaign for [[Absolut]] Glassware<ref>{{Citation |title=Be an #AbsolutAlly {{!}} You're Gay, Right? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHuD0-6HzBw |access-date=2023-08-14 |language=en}}</ref> alongside Indian supermodel [[Anjali Lama]], Olympian [[Dutee Chand]], and drag artist Durga Gawde, that focused on sharing ways to be a strong ally to the LGBTQ+ community.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Gouri|last1=Bhuyan|first2=Mikhail|last2=Khan
|date=2023-02-02 |title=Here's Why We Need To Build Towards Stronger Allyship With The LGBTQIA+ Community |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-voices/heres-why-we-need-to-build-towards-stronger-allyship-with-the-lgbtqia-community |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title=Laqshya Media Group's Inventech creates AI algorithm gesture technology for Absolut Glassware: Best Media Info |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2023/03/laqshya-media-group-s-inventech-creates-ai-algorithm-gesture-technology-for-absolut-glassware |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=www.bestmediainfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=MN4U |date=2023-02-22 |title=Famous Innovations extends Absolut Glassware's digital campaign on allyship to outdoor |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/famous-innovations-extends-absolut-glasswares-digital-campaign-on-allyship-to-outdoor/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=MediaNews4U |language=en-US}}</ref> Anwesh has also modelled for British photographer [[Olivia Arthur]] for [[Magnum Photos]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Magnum Digest: February 7, 2020 • Magnum Photos Magnum Photos |url=https://www.magnumphotos.com/newsroom/magnum-digest/magnum-digest-february-7-2020/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Magnum Photos |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Private/Mumbai • Olivia Arthur • Magnum Photos Magnum Photos |url=https://www.magnumphotos.com/newsroom/society/in-private-mumbai/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Magnum Photos |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Notable Artworks ===
Anwesh began illustrating at the age of 4, and later went on to pursue art professionally as a [[Visual designer|Visual Designer]] and [[Illustrator|Digital Illustrator]]. Some of his notable works include an inclusive 'Deck of Cards' for [[Disney+|Disney]], wallpapers for [[WhatsApp]], digital posters for [[Google]] and [[Netflix]], cover art for Queersapien by [[Rupa Publications]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CmDsj8vPd0h/?img_index=1 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=QUEERSAPIEN {{!}} Rupa Publications |url=https://rupapublications.co.in/books/queersapien/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CmidsP6syBD/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> for ‘Queers in Quarantine’ by Norway-based Mohini Books<ref>{{Cite news |last=Modi |first=Chintan Girish |date=July 28, 2023 |title=Review: Queers in QuarantineEdited by Koyote Millar and Rahul Sen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/queers-in-quarantine-a-collection-of-voices-reflections-and-perspectives-on-the-lgbtq-experience-during-covid19-101690546443610.html |access-date=June 24, 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cqfu6-XvQ9r/?img_index=1 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> and later for 'The Garden Tantra'<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Garden Tantra |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/199514764-the-garden-tantra |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}</ref> by Oslo-based author [[Vikram Kolmannskog]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C0W-m_LI5nn/?img_index=2 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

Sahoo is also a contributing author to the "Queer Compassion in 15 Comics" comic book edited by Andrew Thomas, Megan Aston, and Phillip Joy, where he wrote and illustrated the comic "Effeminared: Under the Lucky Star", further showcasing his talent and commitment to queer representation and storytelling.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://services.publishing.umich.edu/Books/Q/Queer-Compassion-in-15-Comics |title=Queer Compassion in 15 Comics |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Joy |first1=Phillip |url=https://www.fulcrum.org/epubs/gt54kq994?locale=en#page=35 |title=Ebook of Queer Compassion in 15 Comics |last2=Thomas |first2=Andrew |last3=Aston |first3=Megan |date=2024 |publisher=Lever Press |isbn=978-1-64315-057-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C5I_GAio7Tu/?img_index=1 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> Furthermore, he designed the film poster for the documentary film Amma's Pride,<ref>{{Citation |last=Krish |first=Shiva |title=Amma's Pride |date=2024-05-29 |type=Documentary, Short |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15528752/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |others=Arun Kumar, Srija}}</ref> directed by Shiva Krish, which premiered at the Krakow Film Festival in Poland in May 2024.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C8Co_pwvLC5/?img_index=1 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C6dXwdcvvQy/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
[[File:Whatsapp wallpapers Anwesh.png|left|thumb|<nowiki>Pride Reimagined, Umbrella and The Watering Can, Resilience | Artworks by Anwesh for WhatsApp</nowiki>]]

==== Wallpapers for WhatsApp ====
All illustrations in the entire series re-imagine the Universe of ''Effeminare'' and ''patachitra'' (an old Odiya traditional art form) and amalgamates it with maximalism and over the top, opulent fashion references. Anwesh used elements from the nature, especially [[Chilika Lake|Chilika lake]] (where he would visit during his summer holidays). He also aimed at initiating a conversation around safe and hygienic sex practices (the purple illustration in the series is called, 'Umbrella and The Watering Can').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wallpapers for WhatsApp {{!}} The Effeminare |url=https://www.behance.net/gallery/148072031/Wallpapers-for-WhatsApp-The-Effeminare |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=[[Behance]] |date=July 2022 |language=english}}</ref>

==== Artworks for Google ====
[[File:CyberArt 1.jpg|thumb|<nowiki>Anwesh's cyber-fashion artwork as part of his Melanin Everyday series | 2023</nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anwesh Sahoo on Instagram: "How could your life size dwoll not be taking over the ultimate #Barbiecore trendzzzz!!! Inspired hugely by a bunch of references, from Iris Van Herpen's designs meeting Gauri and Nainika's meeting #Barbiecore meeting Effeminare. 💕💗💖💞💓🌸💘💝🌷🎀👛🦩🐷 #cyberfashion Picture 1 and 3 by @satvik.kishore25 Picture 2 and 4 by @luvechristian Art and post produced by yours truly 💝 . . . . . . . . . . . . #theeffeminare #art #fashion #gauriandnainika #anweshsahoo #irisvanherpen #pink #barbie #meninpink" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CvRykODvd3e/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Instagram |language=en}}</ref>]]
Anwesh has also created multiple artworks for Google as part of their 'Search for Change' campaign. He uses his artworks as a way to educate the masses on the pertinence of allyship, and how it acts as a source of hope, inspiration and strength for folx struggling to come out, and to those ostracised by their communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anwesh Sahoo on Instagram: "Coming out to yourself is one heck of a journey, but coming out to your family, your closest acquaintances is a different ball game altogether. People have often asked me, "weren't you scared of what your family had to say?" And you know what? I probably wasn't as scared as I was when I first came out to myself, because I was already actively looking for my answers via a range resources online: from a YouTube video of Tyler Oakley, or a Freddie Mercury documentary I looked up for on Google Search, or speaking to a queer person in a different part of the world on Google Hangouts. So when I did finally come out to my parents and to my sister, I re-directed them to all of these incredible resources I had used to educate myself on the queer community at large. And believe me, they might not accept every piece of information you throw their way at first, but with a pocket full of patience, perseverance and time, they will finally come around. And honestly, it's still a journey of constant change - for me, my family, my friends, but at least we're walking towards that Tree of Knowledge hand in hand, and that's all that matters. #SearchForChange @googleindia #ad #pride . . . . . . . . . . #anweshsahooart #anweshsahoo #queerartists #connecting_entertainment #google" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Ct8XpZ7Pcfm/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Instagram |language=en}}</ref>

==== Artworks for Netflix ====
His captivating artworks have also been featured by [[Netflix]] India on their official Instagram page.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C8ZNvWIsVbQ/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C7MEvxmvX0U/?img_index=1 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> His notable work includes the poster/fan art<ref name=":10" /> for the Indian period drama television series '''''[[Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar]]''''', created and directed by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]. Sahoo's artistry was further showcased with an illustration celebrating a summer adventure featuring beloved characters from popular shows, including Charlie from Heartstopper, David from Schitt's Creek, Eric from Sex Education, Fabiola from Never Have I Ever, and Dhruv from Class.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C8Y2SSUPbGw/?img_index=1 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> This artwork, accompanied by the caption, "In my world, they’re all friends 🥰" highlighted the beauty of diverse friendships and the joy of summer.

=== TEDx Experience ===
[[File:Anwesh at TEDxCVS 2018.jpg|left|thumb|Anwesh at TEDxCVS in Delhi in 2018]]
Anwesh has spoken at 4 TEDx events: TEDxMAIS<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/TEDxMAIS/photos/pb.197644620320865.-2207520000.1481551233./1164847186933932/?type=3|title=TEDxMAIS|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> 2016 ([[Mallya Aditi International School]], Bangalore), TEDxXIMB<ref>{{Citation|last=TEDx Talks|title=Tapping into Your Alice {{!}} Anwesh Sahoo {{!}} TEDxXIMB|date=9 March 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETQ2G1FsBjE|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> 2017 (Xavier's Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar), TEDxCVS<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/25124|title=TEDxCVS {{!}} TED|website=www.ted.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Sahoo |first=Anwesh |title=HOW I CHOSE TO BE GAY, FEMME AND SEXY |date=2018-04-10 |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/anwesh_sahoo_how_i_chose_to_be_gay_femme_and_sexy |access-date=2023-08-14}}</ref> ([[College of Vocational Studies|College of Vocational Studies, Delhi University]]) in 2018 and TEDxXIMB again in 2022.<ref name=":5">{{Citation |last=Sahoo |first=Anwesh |title=Five ways to be successfully gay in India |date=2021-12-13 |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/anwesh_sahoo_five_ways_to_be_successfully_gay_in_india |access-date=2023-08-14}}</ref> At the first event, Anwesh spoke of the need to break out of the [[Gender binary|Gender Binary]]. Through the talk, he challenged a world where sex and gender are often used interchangeably when in reality there exists a clear distinction between the two. He imagines a world where one's identity isn't limited to the binary male or female, but can manifest as a spectrum of infinite possibilities.<ref>{{Citation|last=TEDx Talks|title=Breaking out of the Gender Binary {{!}} Anwesh Sahoo {{!}} TEDxMAIS|date=2017-06-14|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNNQCXa1cXk|access-date=2017-06-16}}</ref> His second TEDx talk, "Tapping into your Alice,"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170117/jsp/odisha/story_130639.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015045/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170117/jsp/odisha/story_130639.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 August 2017|title=TedX talks inspire|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2017-06-16}}</ref> related to growing up in a society that did not know how to deal with those who did not conform to gender stereotypes, in addition to how adulthood drains us of our belief in magic. Anwesh's third talk was called, "Growing up gay in India, and learning to be confident",<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=TEDx Talks|title=Growing up gay in India and learning to be confident {{!}} Anwesh Sahoo {{!}} TEDxCVS|date=2018-04-10|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlTvydVl9MM&t=298s|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/tedxcvsdu/photos/a.351436235266513.1073741827.351428015267335/367711703638966/?type=3&theater|title=TEDx CVS|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-14}}</ref> where he spoke of how "Effeminacy and femininity aren't euphemisms for indignity; being gay, femme, brown, being me, is sexy and powerful!".<ref name=":1" /> In 2022, Anwesh returned to the stage of TEDx and spoke extensively on the need for allyship and the need to go beyond just policy-making at workplace. He talked about the struggles of being openly gay in India, where homosexuality continues to be a taboo. He banked on his experience and urged everyone not to be afraid of judgments and speak their minds, for that is the true definition of freedom.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Five ways to be successfully gay in India {{!}} Anwesh Sahoo {{!}} TEDxXIMB |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILZ6JcDWUIM |access-date=2023-08-14 |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Sahoo's contributions to art, design, and activism have been widely recognized through various prestigious awards. His work not only showcases his exceptional talent but also his commitment to representing and supporting the queer community. Below is a list of the accolades he has received:

* '''[[Troy Perry]] Medal of Pride for Compassionate Activism''' (2018)<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Rev Troy |title=LGBTQ+ Rights Activist & Founder of Metropolitan Community Churches |url=https://revtroyperry.com/troy-perry-awards |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Rev. Troy D. Perry |language=en-US}}</ref>
** Presented by the International Charter for Compassion. This award honors fearless LGBTQ+ young people and community leaders who are making an impact through social and spiritual activism.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anwesh Kumar Sahoo |url=https://www.ourpride.org/troy-perry-awards-1/anwesh-kumar-sahoo |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=OUR PRIDE |language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi|IIIT Delhi]] Young Alumni Award''' (2022)<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CiRtGOJPCNQ/?next=/p/BR88CJ0hBYm/&hl=bg |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
** Awarded for his contribution in representing and supporting the queer community through his work in Tech, Art, and Design.
* '''[https://www.wahstory.com/ WAHStory] Spotlight Awards''' (2024)
** Winner in the 30 under 30 category.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WAHStory |title=Mr. Gay World India {{!}} TEDx Speaker {{!}} Anwesh Sahoo {{!}} WAHStory |url=https://www.wahstory.com/story/mr-gay-world-india-tedx-speaker-anwesh-sahoo |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=WAHStory.com |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Rising Talent Award''' (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C8OrEwQvD-U/?img_index=1 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
** Awarded by the [[Dainik Jagran|Jagran]] Influencer & Creator Awards.
* '''[[Kraków Film Festival|Krakow Film Festival]]''' (2024)
** Recognition for the film poster design of "Amma's Pride."<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />

==See also==
* [[Mr Gay India]]
* [[Mr India World]]
* [[Rohit Khandelwal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sushant Divgikar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mr Gay India]]
|years=2014}}
{{s-aft|after= {{flagicon|IND}} Darshan Mandhana}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahoo, Anwesh}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian gay artists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ models]]
[[Category:Artists from Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Gay models]]
[[Category:Male beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]

Anju Modi

2025-10-27T09:36:31Z

Onlinemcadegree: started a details

{{short description|Indian costume designer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
'''Anju Modi''' is an Indian costume designer who designed for [[Bajirao Mastani]] (2015) and Ram Leela (2013). She earned [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design]] in 2016.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Anju-Modi-after-Filmfare-win-Sanjay-almost-made-me-cry-while-working-on-Bajirao-Mastani/articleshow/50641813.cms?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C7122184164 Anju Modi after Filmfare win: Sanjay almost made me cry while working on 'Bajirao Mastani']</ref>

She has been an integral part of the Indian Fashion Industry since the year 1990. Over the years, the Indian fashion industry has witnessed the founder member of the Fashion Design Council of India (FDCI)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fdci.org/Member.aspx?mid=930968558&cat=1 |title=Fellow Designer Members |access-date=29 November 2018 |archive-date=10 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810085356/http://www.fdci.org/Member.aspx?mid=930968558&cat=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> successfully straddle<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://strandofsilk.com/blog/anju-modi/news/anju-modi-silver-lining |title=ANJU MODI - SILVER LINING |access-date=29 November 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129183839/https://strandofsilk.com/blog/anju-modi/news/anju-modi-silver-lining |url-status=dead }}</ref> the roles of an artisan and a designer. Modi is committed to stimulate the growth of Indian textile and craftsmen.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/anju-modi-on-her-textile-journeys-across-india-in-the-80s-and-designing-for-chiranjeevis-sye-raa-narasimha-reddy/article20550378.ece Anju Modi: Design has no language]</ref>

==Brand philosophy==
Anju Modi's endeavor muses on the philosophy that '''''Design has no language'''''.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/anju-modi-on-her-textile-journeys-across-india-in-the-80s-and-designing-for-chiranjeevis-sye-raa-narasimha-reddy/article20550378.ece Design has no language]</ref> The designer whose expertise with weaves and crafts is well known, considers weavers and craftsmen her mentors. The concept and inspirations behind Modi's couture metamorphose on account of her state of mind<ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/designer-anju-modi-says-that-couture-in-india-has-become-more-focussed-and-design-oriented-1028528.html Designer Anju Modi says that couture in India has become more focussed and design oriented]</ref> at a particular moment. The core of her collections is the couture and the craftsmanship behind it. Inspired by the charm that reflects in the history of India, Modi has always been enthusiastic about working<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/anju-modi-interview-fashion-deisgner-films-rooted-in-history-designer-anju-modi-4540141/ Would love to work on films rooted in history: Designer Anju Modi]</ref> with film makers who focus on historical characters, rooted in history or mythologies.

She has been collaborating with artisans<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/costumes-gaining-importance-in-indian-cinema-designer-anju-modi-interview-114012400383_1.html Costumes gaining importance in Indian cinema: Designer Anju Modi]</ref> across the country for a long period of time. She has created an extensive library in areas like weaving, vegetable dyeing, block printing and old traditional embroidery. The driving force behind each of her collections is the Indian heritage, through which she brings out the contemporary charm. Actors like [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Kriti Sanon]] and Jacqueline Fernandes have been seen wearing Modi's ensembles at various occasions.

One of her collection video that depicts a coming-of-age story of a young girl becoming a bride, seems to further reinstate. “The movie starts with a girl playing around in a waterbody with blooming lotuses surrounding her. The vibe is all about innocence and mischievousness. She then gets ready for the union in a red outfit to depict passion and positive energy," she elaborates. The models can be seen dressed in pieces from her latest collection that are as classic as they are breezy and versatile.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vouge|date=23 September 2020|title=Anju Modi on creating a couture collection and finding opportunities amid a pandemic|work=[[Vogue India|Vogue]]|url=https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/anju-modi-india-couture-week-2020-bridal-wear-finding-opportunities-amid-a-pandemic|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Costume designer===
*[[Goliyon ki Raslila- Ram Leela]] (2013)
*[[Bajirao Mastani]] (2016)
*[[Syeraa Narsimha Reddy]] (2019)

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Award !! Film !! Result
|-
| 2016 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design]] || [[Bajirao Mastani]] || {{won}}
|-
| 2016 || [[Asian Film Award for Best Costume Design]] || [[Bajirao Mastani]] || {{nom}}
|-
| 2014 || Apsara Award for Best Costume Design || rowspan="4"|[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]] || {{won}}
|-
| 2014 || IBN Live Movie Award for Best Costume Design || {{won}}
|-
| 2014 || Screen Weekly Award for Best Costume Design || {{won}}
|-
| 2014 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design]] || {{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDB name|5203890}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestCostumeDesign}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Modi, Anju}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion stylists]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Varanasi–Deoghar Vande Bharat Express

2025-10-21T06:52:52Z

Onlinemcadegree:

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Varanasi Junction – Deoghar Junction ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Vande Bharat at gaya.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = Varanasi Junction – Deoghar Junction Vande Bharat Express At Gaya Junction
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]]
| first = {{start date|2024|09|15|df=y}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|16 September 2024}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways (NR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}} '''(BSB)'''
| stops = 06
| end = {{stnlnk|Deoghar Junction}} '''(DGHR)'''
| distance = {{convert|456|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 07 hrs 20 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Tuesdays}}
| trainnumber = 22500/22499
| line_used = *[[Mughalsarai-Kanpur section|Varanasi–DDU line]]
*[[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section|DDU–Gaya section]]
*[[Gaya-Kiul line]]
*[[Asansol–Patna section|Patna–Asansol section (till Jasidih Junction)]]
*[[Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line|Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line (till Deoghar Junction)]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|62|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|384|m|ft}} (16 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = '''''(TBC)'''''
| map = {{Varanasi – Deoghar VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}
The 22500/22499 '''Varanasi - Deoghar ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 61st [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], connecting the [[Ganges]] city of [[Varanasi]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] with the holy pilgrimage city of [[Deoghar]] in [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=इटावा और टूंडला में भी होगा Vande Bharat का स्टॉपेज, यहां जानें आगरा कैंट से वाराणसी वंदे भारत की सभी डिटेल्स |url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/india-hindi/vande-bharat-express-to-stop-etawah-and-tundla-on-varanasi-agra-route-heres-all-you-need-to-know-varanasi-deoghar-vande-bharat-express-datails-7239980/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.india.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Bihar welcomes four more Vande Bharat Express trains, routes include Patna-Tatanagar and Bhagalpur-Howrah – Check list |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-bihar-welcomes-four-more-vande-bharat-express-trains-routes-include-patna-tatanagar-and-bhagalpur-howrah-check-list-3611485/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

This express train was inaugurated on September 15 2024, by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conferencing]] from the capital city of [[Ranchi]] instead of physically inaugurating at [[Tatanagar Junction railway station|Tatanagar Junction]] in [[Jharkhand]] due to continuous rains in Jamshedpur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Athrady |first=Ajith |title=PM Modi flags off six Vande Bharat Express trains in poll-bound Jharkhand |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jharkhand/pm-modi-flags-off-six-vande-bharat-express-trains-in-poll-bound-jharkhand-3191585 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2024 |title=PM's Jamshedpur Visit Canceled Due to Rain, Will Inaugurate Online from Ranchi |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur/story-pm-s-visit-to-jamshedpur-canceled-due-to-heavy-rain-online-inauguration-planned-201726376249295.html |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=Live Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-15 |title=PM Modi flags off six Vande Bharat trains at Jharkhand's Tatanagar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/pm-modi-flags-off-six-vande-bharat-trains-at-jharkhands-tatanagar/articleshow/113361896.cms?UTM_Source=Google_Newsstand&UTM_Campaign=RSS_Feed&UTM_Medium=Referral |access-date=2024-09-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=PM Modi to flag off six Vande Bharat Express trains in poll-bound Jharkhand |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/jharkhand/pm-modi-to-flag-off-six-vande-bharat-express-trains-in-poll-bound-jharkhand-3191357 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=PM Modi to flag off six new Vande Bharat Express trains during Jharkhand visit today – Full list of routes here |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-pm-modi-to-flag-off-six-new-vande-bharat-express-trains-during-jharkhand-visit-today-full-list-of-routes-here-3611206/ |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=गया-हावड़ा, पटना-टाटा और वाराणसी-देवघर के बीच चलेंगी नई वंदे भारत एक्सप्रेस ट्रेनें, 15 सितंबर को शुभारंभ - New Vande Bharat Express trains will run between Gaya Howrah Patna Tata and Varanasi Deoghar |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/gaya-new-vande-bharat-express-trains-will-run-between-gaya-howrah-patna-tata-and-varanasi-deoghar-23795319.html?utm_source=article_detail&utm_medium=CRE&utm_campaign=latestnews_CRE |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is currently operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi Jn]], [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction railway station|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Jn]], [[Sasaram Junction railway station|Sasaram Jn]], [[Gaya Junction railway station|Gaya Jn]], [[Nawada railway station|Nawada]], [[Kiul Junction railway station|Kiul Jn]], [[Jasidih Junction railway station|Jasidih Jn]] and [[Deoghar Junction railway station|Deoghar Jn]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=22500/Varanasi - Deoghar Vande Bharat Express - Varanasi to Deoghar NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/varanasi-deoghar-vande-bharat-express-22500/235312/334/9604 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> It currently operates with train numbers 22500/22499 on 6 days a week basis.

== Rakes ==
It is the fifty-eighth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation]] and forty-first [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|''Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train'']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Service ==
The 22500/22499 Varanasi - Deoghar Vande Bharat Express currently operates '''6 days''' a week, covering a distance of {{convert|456|km|0|abbr=on}} in a travel time of 07 hrs 20 mins with average speed of 62 km/h. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) will be confirmed after commercial run.

== See also ==

* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatiman Express]]
* [[Varanasi Junction railway station]]
* [[Deoghar Junction railway station]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varanasi-Deoghar Vande Bharat Express}}
[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Transport in Deoghar]]

Nateran

2025-08-17T20:46:52Z

Onlinemcadegree: Made Some Entry More To Come!

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nateran
|native_name =
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|settlement_type = Town
|image_skyline =
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|pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
|pushpin_label_position = right
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|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|coordinates = {{coord|23.682369|N|77.907488|E|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = 
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vidisha district]]
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

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|population_total =
}}
'''Nateran''' is a small town in the [[Vidisha District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. Its a tehsil in the [[Vidisha district]].<ref name="vidisha">{{cite web|url=https://vidisha.nic.in/en/tehsil/|title=Tehsil {{pipe}} District Vidisha, Government of Madhya Pradesh {{pipe}} India|website=vidisha.nic.in|access-date=2024-04-02}}</ref>

Nateran had a population of 4,742 as of the 2011 census.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/481500-nateran-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Nateran Village Population - Nateran - Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh|website=census2011.co.in|access-date=2024-04-02}}</ref>

It is 35 km away from the district headquarters. The region is predominantly [[Agrarian society|agrarian]]. Its main agriculture product is [[soybean|soybeans]].<ref name="fallingrain">{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Nateran.html|website=fallingrain.com|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Nateran, India|access-date=2024-04-02}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Vidisha district]]

M. S. Ramaiah

2025-08-17T01:09:51Z

Onlinemcadegree: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Indian educationist, philanthropist, industrialist (1922–1997)}}
{{Cleanup press release|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = M. S. Ramaiah
| native_name = ಎಂ. ಎಸ್. ರಾಮಯ್ಯ
| image = MS Ramaiah 2022 stamp of India 2.jpg
| caption = Ramaiah on a 2022 stamp of India
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1922|4|20}}
| birth_place = [[Madhugiri]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1997|12|25|1922|4|20}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| nationality = Indian
| parents = Sampangappa Ramaiah Narasamma
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* Venkatamma
* Laxmigowramma
}}
| profession = {{flatlist|
* Engineering contractor
* [[educationist]]
* [[industrialist]]
* [[philanthropist]]
}}
}}
[[File:Devaraj Urs.JPG|thumb|MS Ramaiah, with [[Devraj Urs]], former Chief Minister of Karnataka, 1972–1977]]
'''Mathikere Sampige Ramaiah''' (b. 20 April 1922 – 25 December 1997) was an [[educationist]], [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]], and [[industrialist]], involved in [[infrastructure]] projects in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Brett |first1=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI_hm2JqWFYC&dq=M.+S.+Ramaiah&pg=PT77 |title=From Bangalore to Brooklyn |last2=Mason |first2=Andrea |date= June 2017|publisher=Primedia E-launch LLC |isbn=978-1-62209-013-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-22 |title=Special cover and Corporate My Stamp of Dr. Ramaiah released |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/special-cover-and-stamp-of-dr-ramaiah-released/article65345887.ece |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[File:MS Ramiah with Governor of Karnataka, Khurshid Alam Khan.jpg|thumb|MS Ramaiah, with H.E. [[Khurshid Alam Khan]], Governor of Karnataka, 1991–1999]]

== Early life ==
Mathikere Sampangi Ramaiah was born on 20 April 1922, in [[Madhugiri]] to Sampangappa and Narasamma. He completed his primary education in Mathikere, which was then in the outskirts of [[Bangalore]] city and then moved on to agriculture due to paucity of funds. Later he went to work for the Indian Railways as a fireman for the Mysore Narrow Gauge Steam rail, for about two years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-12-13 |title=Gadkari launches biography on Dr MS Ramaiah |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/Dec/13/gadkari-launches-biography-on-dr-ms-ramaiah-2641079.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

As a contractor, he started off as a supplier of bricks for military camps in Bangalore during [[World War II]]. His immense success in the field of civil works was marked by the construction of some of the major projects in the state, such as the canals of the Ghataprabha Project, Talakalale Dam and the Dharma Project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How M R Seetharam has created a legacy for MSRIT in the realm of education |url=https://www.edexlive.com/happening/2019/may/22/how-m-r-seetharam-is-carrying-the-msrits-hard-earned-legacy-and-continues-to-remain-one-among-the-w-6238.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Edex Live |language=en}}</ref>

== Achievements ==

=== MSR Group of Institutions ===
In 1962, Ramaiah established the Gokula Education Foundation, which marked the beginning of the Ramaiah Institute of Technology (MSRIT, Bangalore). In 1979, the M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Medical College was set up and as a requisite for medical education, the M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Teaching Hospital was founded. With a vision of a multi-specialty center, the M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Institute of Nephro-urology, M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Institute of Oncology and M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Institute of Cardiology was set up; the founding of M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Medical Teaching Hospital in 1985 added on to his list of milestones.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-12-13 |title=Gadkari launches biography on Dr MS Ramaiah |url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/gadkari-launches-biography-on-dr-ms-ramaiah/12130820 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Nagpur Today : Nagpur News |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Institutions founded by M.S. Ramaiah''':
* 1962: [[M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology]]
* 1979: M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Medical College
* 1985: M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Medical Teaching Hospital
* 1987: M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Institute of Nursing Education & Research
* 1991: M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Dental College
* 1992: M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah College of Pharmacy; M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Institute of Hotel Management
* 1993: M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Composite Junior College
* 1994: M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah College of Arts, Science & Commerce; M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Vidhyaniketan
* 1995: [[Ramaiah Institute of Management|M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Management]]
* 1996: M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Institute of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation; P{{nbsp}}G Course in Nursing [MSc (N)]
* 1997: M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Polytechnic
* 1999: M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, now [[M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences]]
* 2004: M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah College of Education
* 2006: M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah International Medical School
* 2012: M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Advanced Learning Center; M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Institute of Neurosciences; M.{{nbsp}}S. Ramaiah Clinical Research Centre
* 2013: [[M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences]]

== Religion ==

M S Ramaiah was a deeply religious Hindu. He left an indelible mark in all his activities, as the President of Karnataka’s ancient shrine [[Kaiwara]]. In renovating the Ashram of Yogi Narayana Yatindra, the space provided sanctuary to a huge number of devotees along with the provision of free food every day. He organized for the giving away of alms at religious congregations, particularly Sadhu Sangama.

== Industrialisation ==
With M Vishweswariah as a role model, Ramaiah believed in industrialization and was its pioneer. The industries he promoted include:

* Kvaerner John Brown (India) Pvt. Ltd
* M. S. R. & Sons Investments Ltd
* Indo-Malaysian Technopolis Pvt. Ltd
* M. S. Ramaiah Investments and Properties Ltd

== Journalism ==

Being a multi-faceted personality with a political opinion, Ramaiah developed a deep interest in journalism. In 1956, he acquired ''Thainadu'', then the oldest Kannada daily in Mysore State, and not only led for it to thrive, but he also started ''Gokula'', a Kannada weekly, and ''Kailasa'', a monthly. These became a herald of a neo-tri-colour nationalist era and are considered as model publications even today.

== Humanitarian and philanthropic initiatives ==

The setting up of M. S. Ramaiah Charities Trust led to the assistance of impecunious and meritorious students to pursue a bright career. This trust provides a scholarship of around 25 lakhs to exemplary and backward class students annually. It also supports scholarships for candidates appearing for civil service exams such as the IAS and IPS.

Realising the importance of development in any society, Ramaiah was responsible for the construction of housing facilities for poor and middle-class families to live at reasonable and affordable prices. Earlier a suburb, the locality{{where|date=January 2024}} has now turned into a modern downtown of a quarter million population.

Being the Chairman of the Reception Committee, he organised the Kannada Sahithya Sammelana at Kaiwara in 1990. This hosted the perfect suburban setting for the neoteric and literary minds of Kannada literature to convene.

== Honours and awards ==

* Doctor of Letters, Honoris Causa, Tumkur University, posthumous
* Doctor of Science, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum, posthumous

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Biography|Business and economics|Education|India}}
* [https://www.ramaiah-india.org/ M. S. Ramaiah official website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramaiah, M.S.}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]

Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir

2025-08-05T18:40:12Z

Onlinemcadegree: minor edit

{{Short description|Organized breaches of fundamental human rights in Pakistani-administered Kashmir}}
{{about|human rights abuses in Pakistani-administered territory|human rights abuses throughout the larger region|Human rights abuses in Kashmir|human rights abuses in Indian-administered territory|Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Human rights abuse]]s in [[Azad Kashmir]], Pakistan, have been issue, ranging from [[Missing person|forced disappearances]],<ref name=ALRC>{{cite news|title=Pakistan: Thousands Of Persons Remain Missing|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1008/S00470/pakistan-thousands-of-persons-remain-missing.htm|newspaper=Scoop|date=27 August 2010|author=Asian Legal Resource Centre|access-date=10 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004152707/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1008/S00470/pakistan-thousands-of-persons-remain-missing.htm|archive-date=4 October 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=Disappeared>{{cite news|title=The quest for missing persons continue|url=http://www.dawn.com/2012/02/14/no-end-to-agony-of-missing-persons-2.html|newspaper=Dawn|date=February 14, 2012|quote=reported cases of missing persons during 2011 included 43 from Punjab, 25 from Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, eight from Sindh, two from Azad Kashmir and 17 from Balochistan.|access-date=March 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318192848/http://www.dawn.com/2012/02/14/no-end-to-agony-of-missing-persons-2.html|archive-date=March 18, 2012|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> claimed torture<ref name=Watch>{{cite book|last=Watch|first=Human Rights|title="With Friends Like These..." Human Rights Violations in Azad Kashmir|year=2006|publisher=Human Rights Watch|page=54}}</ref> to political repression and electoral fraud<ref name=Piano>{{cite book|last=Piano|first=Aili|title=Freedom in the World 2009: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties|year=2009|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-0122-4|page=860}}</ref> and suppression of [[freedom of speech]].<ref name="Suppression of free speech">{{cite book|title=Human Rights Watch World Report 2007|year=2007|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-58322-740-4|page=306}}</ref> According to the human rights commission of Pakistan, [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) carries out extensive surveillance operations on the press and pro-independence groups, they have carried out arbitrary arrests in which people have been tortured and several have died.<ref name=Piano /> Asian Legal Resource Centre (ALRC) is cited to indicate that dozens have disappeared after their arrests in Pakistan-held Kashmir.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} A significant number of cases point to the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]]’s involvement in these disappearances".<ref name=ALRC/>

[[Brad Adams]], the Asia director at Human Rights Watch has said in 2006 "Although ‘azad’ means ‘free,’ the residents of Azad Kashmir are anything but free. The Pakistani authorities govern Azad Kashmir with strict controls on basic freedoms".<ref name=Adams>{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Brad|title=Pakistan: 'Free Kashmir' Far From Free|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/09/20/pakistan-free-kashmir-far-free|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2012-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314000110/http://www.hrw.org/news/2006/09/20/pakistan-free-kashmir-far-free|archive-date=2013-03-14|url-status=live}}</ref> Adams cited a law where those who opposed Pakistan's position on Kashmir were not allowed to contest regional elections, as an example of "political repression".<ref name="TN">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/645684-hrw-alleges-abuses-in-ajk-tariq-azim-rejects-report|title=HRW alleges abuses in AJK Tariq Azim rejects report|date=22 September 2006|access-date=7 May 2017|work=The News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507063106/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/645684-hrw-alleges-abuses-in-ajk-tariq-azim-rejects-report|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The report also detailed it could not find evidence that Pakistan's security agencies were held accountable for incidents involving torture or mistreatment.<ref name="TN"/>

Adams says that the problems were not "rampant" but they needed to be addressed, and that the severity of [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|human rights issues in Indian-administered Kashmir]] were "much, much, much greater".<ref name="TN"/> Pakistan's Information Minister [[Tariq Azim Khan]] rejected the contents of the report and said that Azad Kashmir was free of human rights violations.<ref name="TN"/>

The United Nations [[OHCHR reports on Kashmir]] document a number of human rights violations in "PaK" - "Restrictions on the rights to freedom of expression and association, impact of counter-terrorism on human rights, land rights, restrictions on the freedom of religion or belief and enforced or involuntary disappearances."<ref>Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (8 July 2019). [https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/IN/KashmirUpdateReport_8July2019.pdf Update of the Situation of Human Rights in Indian-Administered Kashmir and Pakistan-Administered Kashmir from May 2018 to April 2019.] United Nations. Retrieved on 27 April 2020.</ref><ref>Office of the United Nations High Commissionefor Human Rights (14 June 2018). [https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/PK/DevelopmentsInKashmirJune2016ToApril2018.pdf Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Kashmir: Developments in the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir from June 2016 to April 2018, and General Human Rights Concerns in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan] United Nations. Retrieved on 27 April 2020.</ref>

== Pakistan's official response ==
In response to the Human Rights Watch report, Tariq Azim (former Information Minister) said: “This report shows that the people who wrote it had lack of knowledge, and unfortunately they painted a wrong and misleading picture about the human rights situation in Azad Kashmir,” and rejected the report by stating: "Azad Kashmir is free of human rights violations."

In response to Pakistan's statement, Brad Adams (Asia Director, Human Rights Watch) said: “The extent and the severity of the human rights situation on the Indian side is much, much, much greater.” HRW clarified: “We are not saying that the problem is rampant (in Azad Kashmir),” and added: “We say that the problem needs to be addressed.” This acknowledges that issues exist in Azad Kashmir, but not at an extreme or widespread level. Pakistan often compares the situation in Azad Kashmir with Indian-administered Kashmir, which as per HRW’s own words makes the issue appear relatively smaller.<ref>HRW alleges abuses in AJK; Tariq Azim rejects report. The News. 22 September 2006. [https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/645684-hrw-alleges-abuses-in-ajk-tariq-azim-rejects-report](https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/645684-hrw-alleges-abuses-in-ajk-tariq-azim-rejects-report)</ref>

==Notable incidents==
In 2011, Afzaal Suleria stated that the ISI kidnapped and killed a doctor which led to demonstrations against the ISI.<ref name="Choudhry"/> While speaking to Dr Shabir Choudhry, Afzaal Suleria, President of the [[United Kashmir People's National Party]] - Azad Kashmir Chapter said: <blockquote>“Another innocent Azad Kashmiri has become a victim of the ISI. We people are constantly harassed and victimised because we oppose the Pakistani occupation of our motherland.”<ref name=Choudhry>{{cite web|last=Choudhry|first=Shabir|title=PAKISTAN: Another Azad Kashmiri becomes the victim of ISI butchery|url=http://www.humanrights.asia/news/forwarded-news/AHRC-FPR-027-2011|publisher=Asian Human Rights Commission|access-date=2012-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327114952/http://www.humanrights.asia/news/forwarded-news/AHRC-FPR-027-2011/|archive-date=2012-03-27|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote> Other Kashmir National Party leaders, Abbas Butt, Dr [[Shabir Choudhry]], Asim Mirza, Nawaz Majid, and others have strongly denounced this brutal killing and demanded those responsible must be held accountable for their actions.<ref name=Choudhry/>

On 7 May 2011, Dr Rizwan, resident of Muzaffarabad was kidnapped by ISI from his house and 23 May, he was killed.<ref name="Choudhry" />

[[Sardar Arif Shahid]], President of All Parties National Alliance was allegedly assassinated by [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] on 14 May 2013 outside his house in Rawalpindi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-22559730|title=Kashmiris protest at killing of Sardar Arif Shahid|date=16 May 2013|work=BBC News}}</ref>

In October 2019, the People National Alliance organised a rally to free Kashmir from Pakistani rule. As a result of the police trying to stop the rally, 100 people were injured.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shams |first1=Shamil |title=Why calls for independence are getting louder in Pakistani Kashmir |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-calls-for-independence-are-getting-louder-in-pakistani-kashmir/a-50949454 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=6 December 2020 |date=23 October 2019}}</ref>

On 21 August 2020, Tanveer Ahmed, a British National, was arrested by police after he removed a [[Flag of Pakistan]] from a public square in [[Dadyal]]. In November, his wife told the [[BBC]] that he has held a number of hunger strikes in protest at being denied bail, had become extremely weak and is being tortured.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54921606.amp|title=Fears grow for British man detained in Pakistan-administered Kashmir|date=13 November 2020|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

In January 2021, All Azad Kashmir School teachers Organisation had organized a peaceful rally for pay hike. Some 2,000 teachers took part in it. However, the police [[baton charge]]d the protesters, leading to dozens being injured. Few days after this incident, 68 teachers were arrested by the police.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1600154|title=Batons, tear gas used to disperse teachers' procession in AJK|date=7 January 2021|publisher=Dawn}}</ref>

==Politics==

According to [[Human Rights Watch]],
<blockquote>the Pakistani government represses democratic freedoms, muzzles the press and practices routine torture.<ref name=HRW/></blockquote>

Tight controls on freedom of expression have been a hallmark of government policy in Azad Kashmir. Pakistan has prevented the creation of independent media in the territory through bureaucratic restrictions and coercion. Under Azad Kashmir's constitution, which Pakistan enforced in 1974, election candidates are “prescreened” to ensure that only those who support Kashmir's union with Pakistan can contest elections. Anyone who wants to take part in public life in Azad Kashmir has to sign a pledge of loyalty to Pakistan, while anyone who publicly supports or peacefully works for an independent Kashmir faces persecution.<ref name=HRW>{{cite news|title=Pakistan: 'Free Kashmir' Far From Free|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/09/20/pakistan-free-kashmir-far-free|access-date=8 August 2012|newspaper=Human Rights Watch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314000110/http://www.hrw.org/news/2006/09/20/pakistan-free-kashmir-far-free|archive-date=14 March 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch:
<blockquote>“The electoral law undermines Kashmiris’ basic political rights by barring them from seeking office if they oppose Kashmir's accession to Pakistan [..] Those who favor independence invite the ire of Pakistan's abusive intelligence agencies and military, and they risk being beaten and jailed.”<ref name="HRW Brad">{{cite news|title=Pakistan: Abuses Feared in Kashmir Elections|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/07/05/pakistan-abuses-feared-kashmir-elections|access-date=8 August 2012|newspaper=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> </blockquote>

==See also==
* [[Kashmir conflict]], a territorial conflict between India and Pakistan over the region of Kashmir
** [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]], an overview of organized abuses in Indian-administered Kashmir
* [[Human rights in Pakistan]], an overview of the state of human rights throughout Pakistan
** [[Human rights violations in Balochistan]], an overview of organized abuses in the Pakistani province of Balochistan related to a separatist insurgency in that region
** [[Human rights abuses in Sindh]], an aspect of politics and organized crime in the Pakistani province of Sindh

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir| ]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Pakistan]]
[[Category:War crimes in the Kashmir conflict|*]]

Shish Gumbad

2025-07-05T23:49:14Z

Onlinemcadegree: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Shish Gumbad
| native_name =
| native_language =
| image = Shish Gumbad, Lodhi Gardens, Delhi.JPG
| caption = Shish Gumbad at [[Lodi Gardens]]
| type = [[Tomb]]
| locmapin = India New Delhi
| coordinates = {{coord|28|35|37.3884|N|77|13|12.6192|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Lodi Gardens]]
| area =
| built = 1489-1517 [[Common Era|CE]]
| architect =
| architecture = [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] & [[Hindu architecture]]
| governing_body = [[Archaeological Survey of India]] & [[New Delhi Municipal Council|NDMC]]
| owner = [[Government of Delhi]]
| designation1 = Ancient monument
| designation1_offname = Shish Gumbad
| designation1_date = 9 Apr 1936
| designation1_number = N-DL-76
}}
'''Shish Gumbad''' ("glazed dome"), also spelt '''Shisha Gumbad''', is a [[tomb]] from the [[Lodi dynasty]] and is thought to have possibly been constructed between 1489 and 1517 [[Common Era|CE]];<ref name="Unknown Tomb">{{cite news|title=Unknown Tomb|publisher=competentauthoritydelhi.co.in|access-date=15 October 2015|url=http://competentauthoritydelhi.co.in/MonumentViewer.aspx?ID=16}}</ref> the historian [[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Simon Digby]] has argued on the basis of an inscription in the adjoining mosque that it was completed in 1494 [[Common Era|CE]].<ref name="Simon Digby 1975, pp. 550">[[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Simon Digby]], ''The Tomb of Buhlul Lodi'', The Bulletin of SOAS, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1975, pp. 550–61.</ref> The Shish Gumbad (glass dome) houses graves, whose occupants are not unequivocally identifiable. Historians have suggested, the structure might have been dedicated either to an unknown family, which was part of the Lodi family and of [[Sikandar Lodi]]'s court,<ref name="Who rests under that dome">{{cite news|title=Who rests under that dome|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 October 2015|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/down-memory-lane-who-rests-under-that-dome/article7141334.ece}}</ref><ref name="Tombs within Lodi Gardens">{{cite news|title=Tombs within Lodi Gardens|publisher=Delhi information website|access-date=15 October 2015|url=http://www.delhiinformation.in/tourism/tombs/tombswithinlodigarden.html}}</ref><ref name="Lodi Garden attraction">{{cite news|title=Lodi Garden attraction|publisher=[[Expedia]]|access-date=15 October 2015|url=https://www.expedia.co.nz/Lodhi-Garden-New-Delhi.d6074796.Attraction}}</ref><ref name="Heritage of the Gumbads">{{cite news|title=Heritage of the Gumbads|date=30 May 2015|publisher=Delhi: Unknown Tales of a City (Chapter 32)|isbn=9789351941255|access-date=15 October 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPjSCQAAQBAJ&q=shish+gumbad&pg=PT99}}</ref> or to [[Bahlul Lodi]] (died 12 July 1489) himself, who was chief of the [[Afghans|Afghan]] [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)|Lodi]] tribe, founder and [[Sultan]] of the [[Lodi dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name="Simon Digby 1975, pp. 550">[[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Simon Digby]], ''The Tomb of Buhlul Lodi'', The Bulletin of SOAS, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1975, pp. 550–61.</ref>

Shish Gumbad is situated in the [[Lodi Gardens]] in [[Delhi]] and the area where the tomb is situated was formally called ''village Khairpur''.<ref name="Alphabetical List of Monuments in Delhi">{{cite news|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments in Delhi|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|access-date=15 October 2015|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_delhi.asp}}</ref><ref name="Important gardens">{{cite news|title=Important gardens|publisher=[[New Delhi Municipal Council]]|access-date=15 October 2015|url=https://www.ndmc.gov.in/Departments/Horticulture/Important%20Gardens%20of%20NDMC.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210194715/https://www.ndmc.gov.in/Departments/Horticulture/Important%20Gardens%20of%20NDMC.pdf|archive-date=10 December 2015}}</ref>

==History==
The exact date of construction of Shish Gumbad is not known. There are four monuments (tombs) in the [[Lodi Gardens]] including the Shish Gumbad. The oldest of the four tombs is the tomb of Muhammad Shah (who belonged to the [[Sayyid dynasty]]). Shah's tomb was constructed in 1444 [[Common Era|CE]] by [[Sayyid dynasty#Alam Shah|Ala-ud-din Alam Shah]]. During the rule of [[Sikander Lodi]], the [[Bara Gumbad]] and adjacent mosque were constructed. [[Sikander Lodi]]'s tomb was built by [[Ibrahim Lodi]] in 1517. The Shish Gumbad is said to have been constructed between 1489-1517 [[Common Era|CE]] by [[Ibrahim Lodi]].<ref name="Important gardens"/><ref name="Bara Gumbad">{{cite news|title=Bara Gumbad|publisher=orientalarchitecture.com|access-date=15 October 2015|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/india/delhi/baragumbad.php}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2015}}

Among historians there is no agreement on who the occupants of the graves inside the structure are. The Shish Gumbad might have been dedicated either to an unknown family, which was part of the [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi family]] and of [[Sikandar Lodi]]'s court,<ref name="Who rests under that dome"/><ref name="Tombs within Lodi Gardens"/><ref name="Lodi Garden attraction"/><ref name="Heritage of the Gumbads"/> or to [[Bahlul Lodi]] (died 12 July 1489) himself, who was chief of the [[Afghans|Afghan]] [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)|Lodi]] tribe, and founder and [[Sultan]] of the [[Lodi dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name="Simon Digby 1975, pp. 550"/><ref>C.E. Bosworth, ''The New Islamic Dynasties'', (Columbia University Press, 1996), 304.</ref><ref name="Ten sites in Delhi you must visit">{{cite news|title=Ten sites in Delhi you must visit|publisher=[[Zee News]]|access-date=15 October 2015|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/travel/feature/ten-architectural-sites-in-delhi-you-must-visit_1638040.htm}}</ref>

Initially, all the monuments were built independently and were not in one confine. In early 20th century, a park was developed which was inaugurated by [[Marie Freeman-Thomas, Marchioness of Willingdon|Lady Willingdon]] on 9 Apr 1936 bringing the four monuments in one confine.<ref name="Important gardens"/>

==Construction==
Constructed between 1489-1517 CE, the Shish Gumbad is constructed in a square shape. Using a combination of [[Bracket (architecture)|bracket]] and [[lintel]] beams, the [[architecture]] is a blend of [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] and [[Indian Architecture|Indian architectures]]. Although the Gumbad has an external semblance of spanning two floors, the structure is in fact only one floor. The western wall of the Gumbad consists of [[mihrab]] which also served as a [[mosque]]. The main chamber of the monument measures {{Convert|10|m2|ft2|0}}.<ref name="Bystanders of the past">{{cite news|title=Bystanders of the past|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 October 2015|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/bystanders-of-the-past/article3754244.ece}}</ref><ref name="Lodi Gardens, New Delhi">{{cite news|title=Lodi Gardens, New Delhi|publisher=fiftyplustravels.com|access-date=15 October 2015|url=http://www.fiftyplustravels.com/?p=1138}}</ref>

The ceiling is decorated with plaster work that contains Quranic inscriptions and floral designs. The monument was originally decorated with blue [[Enamel paint|enamelled]] tiles that shined like glass. The Gumbad hence got its name "Shish Gumbad". The blue tile embellishment presently only remains on top of the main frontage in traces.

==Location==
The Shish Gumbad is located in and is a part of the Lodi Gardens in [[Delhi]], India. The village where the monument stands was previously called ''Khairpur''. The garden is bounded by [[Amrita Shergill Marg]] in the West, North-West and North, Max Mueller Marg on the East and [[Lodi Road]] on the South Side. Safdarjang Tomb is situated on the South-West corner of the Lodi Garden.

==Picture gallery==
<gallery>
File:Shisha Gumbad information board 01.JPG|Monument information board displayed in Lodi gardens.
File:Shisha Gumbad at Lodhi Garden, New Delhi.jpg|Rear view of Shish Gumbad
File:Shisha Gumbad blue tiles.JPG|Tiles on top of main entrance
File:Sheesh Gumbad 3 Sep 2010-4.JPG|Dome interior ceiling
File:Lodhi Garden - Graves at Shish Gumbad 2.jpg|Graves in main chamber
File:Sheesh Gumbad 004.jpg|Carvings on South entrance
File:Sheesh Gumbad evening.JPG|Shish Gumbad view from south (main entrance) side
File:Sheesh Gumbad and Bara Gumbad.jpg |[[Bara Gumbad]] Shish Gumbad
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
* [[Bara Gumbad]]
* [[Lodi Gardens]]
* [[Tomb of Bahlol Lodi]]
* [[Tomb of Sikandar Lodi]]
* [[Tomb of Ibrahim Lodi|Ibrahim Lodi's Tomb]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|History}}
{{Delhi landmarks}}
{{Delhi}}
[[Category:Lodi dynasty]]
[[Category:Burial sites of the Lodi dynasty]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Lodi dynasty]]
[[Category:Mausoleums in Delhi]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]

Sudhir Ranjan Pattjoshi

2025-06-10T09:36:09Z

Onlinemcadegree:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharmagarh]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Mousadhi Bag]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Sudhir Ranjan Pattjoshi''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Dharmgarh Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/dharmgarh-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916713.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Dharmgarh, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's SUDHIR RANJAN PATTJOSHI wins Dharmgarh with 87890 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/dharmgarh-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548461-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pattjoshi, Sudhir Ranjan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Boram block

2025-04-02T15:51:39Z

Onlinemcadegree: creating basic stub more to come

{{other uses|Boram (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Boram
| nickname = 
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Dimna Lake, Jamshedpur.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Dimna Lake in Boram block - Dalma Hills in the background
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|22.9568|N|86.2844|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 244.41
| population_total = 69013
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 832112
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0657
| registration_plate = JH 05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 58.02%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Jugsalai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jugsalai]]
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Boram block''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] that forms an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[Dhalbhum subdivision]] of [[East Singhbhum district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
The laying of the foundation stone of the steel plant by [[Tata Steel]] (then known as Tata Iron and Steel Company) in 1907 at Sakchi Kalimati in Singhbhum district marked the beginning of the industrialisation of the area. The first police station in the area was opened in 1912 at [[Jugsalai]]. The Kalimati Sakchi village was renamed ‘[[Jamshedpur]]’ in 1917. Dhalbhum subdivision was created in 1920 with Jamshedpur as headquarters. Jamshedpur Notified Area was established in 1924. East Singhbhum district, with Jamshedpur as headquarters, was set up in 1990.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | work = Brief Summary of the District | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
Boram is located at {{coord|22.9568|N|86.2844|E|display=inline}}.

“The district forms a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract”. The Seraikela Dhalbhumgarh upland and the Dalma range are natural divisions of the district. The main rivers are the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] and the [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 7: Natural Divisions |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

The district consists of two subdivisions - (1) Dhalbhum subdivision with Patamda, Boram, Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai and Potka CD blocks, and (2) Ghatshila subdivision with Ghatshila, Dhalbhumgarh, Musabani, Dumaria, Gurbandha, Chakulia and Baharagora CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jamshedpur.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ | title = East Singhbhum | work = Subdivisions and blocks | publisher = East Singhbhum district administration | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

[[Dimna Lake]] was constructed by Tata Steel in Boram block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jamshedpur.nic.in/tourist-place/dimna-lake/ | title = East Singhbhum | work = Tourist Places - Dimna Lake | publisher = East Singhbhum district administration | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

Boram CD block is bounded by the [[Barabazar (community development block)|Barabazar]] CD block in the Purulia district of the West Bengal state on the north, the [[Patamda block|Patamda]] CD block on the east, the [[Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai block|Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai]] CD block on the south, and the [[Nimdih block|Nimdih]] CD block in Seraikela Kharswan district on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/purbi-singhbhum.html | title = Purba Singhbhum CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/saraikela.html | title = Saraikela Kharsawan CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/puruliya.html | title = Puruliya CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref>

Boram CD block has an area of 244.41 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref>[[Boram, Purvi Singhbhum#Civic administration|Boram]] police station serves Boram CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 8 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref> The headquarters of Boram CD block is located at [[Boram, Purvi Singhbhum|Boram]] village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 78: Map of Boram CD block |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Boram CD block had a total population of 69,013, all of which were rural. There were 35,142 (51%) males and 33,871 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 10,510. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 3,250 (4.71%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 29,147 (42.23%).<ref name=census2011/> Note: There seems to be a mismatch between the ST and language figures. The figures quoted here are as officially published on the internet. Percentages have been calculated.

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Boram CD block was 33,943 (58.02% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 21,559 (72.45% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 12,384 (43.08% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 29.37%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Purbi Singhbhum district was 76.13%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title= Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand |work= Provisional Population Totals, Literacy Rate in 2011 column |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India| access-date = 9 December 2021}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 9 December 2021}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Purbi Singhbhum district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Language in Boram CD block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 78.38 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 18.16 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Kurmali language|Karmali]] |value3 = 1.23 |color3 = indianred
|label4 = Other languages |value4= 2.23 |color4 = grey
}}

According to the ''Population by Mother Tongue 2011'' data, in the Boram subdistrict, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was the mother-tongue of 54,025 persons forming 78.38% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Santali language|Santali]] (13,329/19.34%), [[Hindi]] (845 / 1.23%), and persons with other languages as mother-tongue (730/ 0.05%). Other languages include [[Kharia language|Kharia]] with 370 speakers.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Note: An attempt has been made to include all language groups each with at least 500 persons as their mother-tongue and only those groups with less than 500 persons as their mother-tongue are included in the “other languages” category. Comparatively smaller language groups with 200+ persons as their mother-tongue are mentioned in the text. Many languages have sub-groups. Those who are interested can see the reference for more details.

[[Hindi]] is the [[official language]] in Jharkhand and [[Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=8 December 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Boram CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|76.23}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|22.42}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.00}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.35}}
}}

According to the ''Population by Religious Communities 2011'' data, in the Boram subdistrict, [[Hindus]] numbered 52,608 and formed 76.23% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) Other religious communities (15,486/ 22.44%), [[Muslims]] (690/ 1.00%), [[Christians]] (49/ 0.07%), and persons who did not state their religion (180/ 0.26%).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Economy==

===Overview===
[[NITI Aayog]] (National Institution for Transforming India) has released the National Multidimensional Poverty Index (NMPI) baseline report in November 2021. “MPI is calculated using 12 segments - nutrition, child and adolescent mortality, antenatal care, years of schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets and bank account, as compared to the previous approach of just considering the poverty line”. Approximately 25.01% population of the country was multidimensionally poor. State-wise Bihar was the poorest with 51.91% of the population being poor, followed by Jharkhand with 42.16% of the population being poor.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cclg.in/2021/12/04/national-multidimensional-poverty-index/ | title = National Multidimensional Poverty Index | publisher = The Charter | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211211233100/https://cclg.in/2021/12/04/national-multidimensional-poverty-index/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://journalsofindia.com/national-multidimensional-poverty-index-by-niti-aayog/?print=pdf | title = National Multidimensional Poverty Index by NITI Aayog | publisher = journalsofindia.com | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211211233100/https://journalsofindia.com/national-multidimensional-poverty-index-by-niti-aayog/?print=pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> The silver lining in this scenario is that within Jharkhand, the richest districts are East Singhbhum, Dhanbad, Bokaro, and Ranchi. These districts are having industries and/or mining activity. However, CD blocks still largely dependent on agriculture have remained traditional.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://finance.jharkhand.gov.in/updates/eco-serv2013-14/ExecutiveSummary2013-14.pdf | title = Jharkhand Economic Survey 2013-2014 | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Boram CD block'''
|value1 = 32.24
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 38.56
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.64
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 26.56
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Boram CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 10,644 and formed 32.24%, agricultural labourers numbered 12,733 and formed 38.56%, household industry workers numbered 872 and formed 2.64% and other workers numbered 8,770 and formed 26.56%. Total workers numbered 33,019 and formed 47.84% of the total population non-workers numbered 35,944 and formed 52.16% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Tables 30 and 33, Pages 40, 50-51 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 73 inhabited villages in Boram CD block. In 2011, 61 villages had power supply. 2 villages had tap water, 73 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 73 villages had hand pumps, and all villages have drinking water facility. 12 villages had post offices, 9 villages had sub post offices, 39 villages had mobile phone coverage. 73 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 28 villages had bus service (public/ private), 4 villages had taxi/ vans, 9 villages had tractors. 2 villages had bank branches, x village had agricultural credit society, 1 village had cinema/ video hall, 12 villages had availability of newspapers, 44 villages had [[public distribution system|ration shops]], 30 villages had weekly [[Haat bazaar|haat]], 56 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 777-781, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Boram CD block had 1 village with pre-primary school, 70 villages with primary schools, 32=villages with middle schools, 3 villages with secondary schools, 3 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 777-778, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
Boram CD block had 1 village with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]], 8 villages with primary health subcentres, 1 village with maternity and child welfare centre, 1 village with dispensary, 1 village with family welfare centre, 1 village with medicine shop.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Blocks of Purbi Singhbhum district}}
{{Kolhan Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in East Singhbhum district]]

Chandur-Tek

2025-02-22T18:05:28Z

Onlinemcadegree: general reworked information for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandur -Tek
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Chikodi]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chandur-Tek''' is a village in [[Belagavi district]] in the southern state of Karnataka, India.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210946/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/ Village Directory], 2001 Census of India</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}
{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Chikodi-geo-stub}}

Khalasi

2025-01-20T13:57:03Z

Onlinemcadegree: New First Entry Needs Work...

{{short description|Traditional craftsmen of Beypore engaged in Uru construction}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Traditional_carpenters_on_Uru.jpg|thumb|Traditional workers at Beypore repairing an Uru]]
'''Khalasis''' are skilled natives engaged in constructing [[handicraft|handmade]] seagoing [[Uru (boat)|Uru]] boats at [[Beypore]] port town of [[Kerala]], India. Since the majority of them are traditional [[Mappila Muslims]], they are also called '''Mappila Khalasis'''. They also draw Urus ashore for repair and maintenance. ''Khalasi'' in [[Arabic]] means dockyard worker, sailor, or lascar.<ref name="KT">{{cite web |title=Mappila Khalasis, Urus, Traditional trading vessels, Beypore, Kozhikode |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2011/mappila-khalasis/148 |publisher=Kerala Tourism |access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref>

Dabber (daver), slenky,{{clarify|date=December 2022}} ropes and pulley were the only tools used. The Khalasis mainly relied on physical strength, skill and teamwork. Many of them are skilled divers. Khalasis work under a leader called Mooppan. Khalasis are employed at Cochin and Visakhapatnam ports. The services of Khalasis were utilized by the Railways for retrieving the bodies from the water in the [[Peruman railway accident|Peruman Rail Accident]] (July 1988).

==History==
According to Keralatourism.org, history of Khalasis dates back to some 2000 years. Beypore was a timber outlet which attracted seafaring people, especially the [[Arabs]]. Eventually a naval vessel building industry developed in Beypore, their main job was constructing Arab trading [[dhow]]s. Traditional Khalasi families hails from Beypore and [[Chaliyam]]. Sailors and merchants from European and [[Mediterranean]] countries sought the service of Khalasis for their craftsmanship. They use the principle of pulleys for moving Urus, using equipment such as pulleys, wooden rails, rollers, ropes, and hawsers. Beside Uru making, the skill set of Khalasis were also used in the construction of [[Idukki Dam]], Feroke Bridge, Vadakkumbadu Bridge, and Mahanadi Bridge.<ref name="KT"/>

Some say that Uru making in Beypore is as old as the beginning of maritime trade with [[Mesopotamia]]. Dhows are called Urus in Beypore. Urus are perhaps the largest handicraft in the world. The art of Uru making is endemic to Beypore. Uru making is undocumented, it was passed down through generations through [[oral tradition]] and training. There are no build plans, sketches, drawings, or blueprints. From conception to completion, the designed is in the mind of the master carpenter or ''maistri'' of a yard, who assigns work to his assistants. The hull and the frame are made in a building yard while fitment of engine and customisation are done elsewhere. Urus traversed the [[Indian Ocean]] for spice and silk trade. In present-day, urus are built on order for Arabs and royalty in [[Middle East]] as luxury yachts and floating restaurants.<ref>{{cite news|title=The boat-makers of Beypore|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-boatmakers-of-beypore/article4884192.ece|access-date=29 August 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 July 2013}}</ref> Khalasis do not use any machinery.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khalasis - The unsung heroes of Beypore |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/may/01/khalasis---the-unsung-heroes-of-beypore-249318.html |access-date=29 August 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=1 May 2011}}</ref>

Arabs were skilled in making wooden dhows. The early Arab traders arrived in the [[Malabar Coast]] for export of spices taught the local natives their craft so that they could build dhows at Beypore and transfer it to their land. Availability of superior quality [[teak]] from [[Nilambur]] could have been another reason why Arabs chose Beypore for construction of dhows, as there was a port and Chaliyar has deep waters. With the arrival of modern transport methods, Uru construction declined by 1970s and not a single Uru was built for the next 10 to 15 years.<ref>{{cite news |author1=K. Praveen Kumar |title=As Arab millionaires delight in Beypore's traditional wooden boats, marvelous craft at risk from lack of experts|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/as-arab-millionaires-delight-in-beypores-traditional-wooden-boats-marvelous-craft-at-risk-from-lack-of-experts-4298483.html |access-date=29 August 2021 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=11 January 2018}}</ref>

Another interpretation says the word ''khalasi'' means black and white. Khalasis had Arab ancestry, they had Arab father and [[Malayali]] Malabari mother. The Arab trade with urus were popular in the [[medieval period]]. Khalasis were mainly populated in Beypore and also Chaliyam and at the shores of [[Chaliyar]]. Khalasis were employed for the construction of [[Indian Railway]] by the British.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Thafseer |title=Relocating Mappila Khalasis in The History of Malabar |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/436632873/Relocating-Mappila-Khalasis-in-the-History-of-Malabar |publisher=Scribd |access-date=29 August 2021 |date=14 November 2019}}</ref>

As the Khalasis exert pressure on the handles with the accompaniment of their traditional work songs that fill the entire atmosphere with vigour and vitality the huge mass. Their skill also had been utilised for building the huge clock in the makkah royal clock tower which possesses the world record of tallest and largest clock in the world. The incredible skill of Khalasis was also used to winch out the bogies during some of the major train accidents in India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101220063516/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861823618/khalasi.html Encarta definition]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5uuKrnc6vQ&feature=player_embedded Mappila Khalasis Video]
*[http://beypore.wordpress.com/history-of-beypore/ History of khalasi at Beypore]
* https://www.jstor.org/stable/4394759?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

[[Category:Marine occupations]]
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:Transport culture of India]]

Kothapalli (Haveli)

2024-11-01T10:22:42Z

Onlinemcadegree: New The Stub Basic Info...

{{Short description|Village in Telangana, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{About|village in Kothapalli Mandal, [[Karimnagar District]], [[Telangana]], India|other places with the same name|Kothapalle (disambiguation){{!}}Kothapalle|text=Note: "Kothapalli (Haveli)" should not be confused with "Kothapalli H", which is a separate village 150 km to the north}}{{Infobox place
| name = Kothapalli
| settlement_type = [[Revenue village]]
| image_skyline = Chikati Gudi, Kothapali Haveli, Telangana - 6.jpg
| image_caption = Chikati Gudi ruins within Kothapalli Haveli, 2021
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|29|47|N|79|05|36|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name =India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of subdistricts in India|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Kothapalli
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| elevation_m = 294
| population_total = 11058
| population_as_of = 2011
| native_name = కొత్తపల్లి
| native_name_lang = te
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 505451
| area_total_km2 = 16.06
}}

'''Kothapalli (Haveli)''' ({{Langx|te|కొత్తపల్లి}}), or '''Kothapalli''', is a [[Revenue Village]] and a semi-town in Kothapalli Mandal, [[Karimnagar district]], [[Telangana]], India. The village used to be in the [[Karimnagar mandal]] of the old [[Karimnagar district]]. Following the district reorganization of Telangana, it was included in the newly formed Kothapalli Mandal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO's/New%20District%20Gos/Karimnagar.pdf |title=GO. Rt. No. 362 Revenue (DA-CMRF) Department |date=22 August 2016 |publisher=Government of Telangana |page=4}}</ref> Kothapalli was formed as a [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] on 2 August 2018, as part of the Municipal Amendment Bill by the [[Government of Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=రాష్ట్రంలో కొత్త పురపాలికలు ఇవే... |url=https://www.ntnews.com/telangana-news/new-municipalities-in-telangana-state-1-1-561519.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913190605/https://www.ntnews.com/telangana-news/new-municipalities-in-telangana-state-1-1-561519.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |website=ntnews |language=te}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Kothapalli (Haveli) is situated on the northeastern portion of Kothapalli Mandal, near an artificial lake named "Kothapalli Ceruvu" ({{Langx|te|కొత్తపల్లి చెరువు}}). The village covers an area of 1606 hectares of land, with the [[National Highway 563 (India)|National Highway 563]] running through its southwestern edge.

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Indian Census, the village has 2,821 households. Out of the 11,058 total population, 5,401 are males and 5,657 are females. The number of scheduled castes is 2,143 while the number of scheduled tribes is 118. Its census location code is 572308.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011. |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |access-date=4 March 2023 |place=Row 584296}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2023, a Government Medical College was opened in the town. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://medicaldialogues.in/amp/state-news/telangana/coming-soon-five-new-medical-colleges-in-telangana-govt-sanctions-funds-105260 | title=Coming Soon: Five new medical colleges in Telangana, govt sanctions funds | date=8 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindudayashankar.com/news/traffic-diversion-on-karimnagar-jagtial-road-for-virtual-inauguration-of-govt-medical-college-in-kothapalli-on-september-15/amp/ | title=Traffic diversion on Karimnagar-Jagtial road for virtual inauguration of Govt Medical College in Kothapalli on September 15 | date=12 September 2023 }}</ref>

== Administrative status ==
The village used to be a part of [[Karimnagar mandal]] within [[Karimnagar district]]. After the formation of Telangana as a separate state in 2014, the government made Kothapalli (Haveli) and 11 surrounding villages into a new mandal starting on 10 November 2016.<ref name=":0" />

== Ancient temples ==
[[File:Chikati Gudi, Kothapali Haveli, Telangana - 28.jpg|thumb|Internal view of Chikati Gudi in Kothapalli Haveli]]
The ruins of Chikati Gudi ({{Langx|te|చీకటి గుడి}}), an ancient [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple, can be found within the village. It is somewhat similar to the main Shiva temple found in Nagunur village 9 km to the east. It is one of the many Hindu, Jain and Buddhist ruins in Telangana. Following independence, the interior of the temple was cleaned, but the structure remained neglected for decades. Unlike other Hindu temples, which usually have their entrances on their east side, Chikati Gudi faces southward and has a porch there for entrance.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

Like other important temples in India, Chikati Gudi stands on a large platform, measuring about 2 meters from the base to the surface. The surface is molded, and the base extends about 3.2 meters around the temple to provide a [[circumambulation]] path for the visitors.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

Its mandapa (hall) is shared by three [[Garbhagriha|garbhagriya]] (sanctums, built in the trikutesvara design). The walls are carved with many cells and frams by sculptors, and the pillars are finely carved sculptures.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

The doorways to the sanctums are carved with [[Nataraja]] on the architrave. It is believed that the temple have been dedicated to the principle deity [[Shiva]].{{fact|date=June 2023}}

==Transport==
[[National Highway 563 (India)|National Highway 563]] runs through this town.
===Rail===
Kothapalli has an existing railway station ([[Kottapalli railway station|KPHI]]) and is connected to [[Peddapalli–Nizamabad line|Nizambad-Peddapalli]] railway line. Kothapalli is also a part of the new [[Kothapalli–Manoharabad line|Kothapalli-Manoharabad]] railway line which will connect [[Karimnagar]] to [[Hyderabad]] and multiple important districts in between which were hitherto unconnected on the railway map.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/jun/16/age-old-wait-ends-siddipet-sircilla-gajwel-set-for-rail-connectivity-2466192.html | title=Age-old wait ends; Siddipet, Sircilla & Gajwel set for rail connectivity }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Karimnagar district]]